Added FOLDOC dictionary parsing for technical words

2 files changed, 182058 insertions, 5 deletions

diff --git a/bladictionary.py b/bladictionary.py
index e7038b7..c3e135a 100755
--- a/bladictionary.py
+++ b/bladictionary.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import optparse
 from lxml import etree
 import sqlite3
 
-VERSION = "2.1.8b"
+VERSION = "2.1.10b"
 class Definition(object):
 
 	#ID is relative to the word type, eg noun 1, noun 2, verb 1, verb 2, not to the entire list
@@ -151,8 +151,8 @@ def parse_args():
 	parser.add_option( "-c", "--channel", action = "store", help = "The IRC channel of the request")
 	options, args = parser.parse_args( args )
 
-	types = ["n", "noun", "v", "verb", "adj", "adjective", "adv", "adverb"]
-	dicts = ["wn", "wordnet", "oed", "db"]
+	types = ["n", "noun", "v", "verb", "adj", "adjective", "adv", "adverb", "tech"]
+	dicts = ["wn", "wordnet", "oed", "db", "foldoc"]
 
 	word = ""
 	word_type = ""
@@ -296,6 +296,55 @@ def get_sql(word):
 
 	return items
 
+def parse_foldoc(word, refer = False):
+
+	file = open("dictionaries/foldoc.txt")
+	word_line = ""
+	word_len = len(word.split(" "))
+	found = False
+	count_blank = 0
+	items = []
+	#If it's been referred from another definition, include the new word
+	if refer:
+		definition = word + ". "
+	else: 
+		definition = ""
+
+	for line in file:
+		line = line.strip()
+		word_parts = line.split(" ")
+		word_part = ""
+		if not found:
+			#Read the appropriate number of words depending on how many were specified
+			for part in word_parts[0:word_len]:
+				word_part += part + " "
+			word_part = word_part.strip()
+
+			#Ignore case
+			if word_part.lower() == word.lower():
+				found = True
+
+		#Foldoc definitions are split over multiple lines, so keep reading once we've found it
+		else:
+			
+			if len(line) == 0:
+				count_blank += 1
+				if count_blank == 1:
+					continue
+				else:
+					break
+			if line[0] == "{" and line[-1] == "}":
+				parse_foldoc(line.strip("{} "), True)
+			for part in word_parts:
+				definition += part.strip("{").replace("}", "") + " "
+
+	if not found:
+		return
+	else:
+		item = Definition(word, 0, "foldoc", "tech", definition, [], [], [])
+		items.append(item)
+		return items
+
 
 
 def main():
@@ -312,9 +361,12 @@ def main():
 		xml = get_xml(word, word_dict)
 
 		if xml is None:
-			return
+			print "Error finding definitions for " + word
+			sys.exit( 1 )
 
 		items = parse_xml(xml)
+	elif word_dict == "foldoc" or word_type == "tech":
+		items = parse_foldoc(word)
 	else:
 		if word_dict is None or word_dict == "":
 			word_dict = "db"
@@ -336,7 +388,7 @@ def main():
 	else:
 		max_length = 460
 
-	types = ["n", "v", "adj", "adv"]
+	types = ["n", "v", "adj", "adv", "tech"]
 	type_id = 0
 
 	all_types = word_type is ""
diff --git a/dictionaries/foldoc.txt b/dictionaries/foldoc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..101d139
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dictionaries/foldoc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,182001 @@
+Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
+
+	<introduction> FOLDOC is a searchable dictionary of acronyms,
+	jargon, programming languages, tools, architecture, operating
+	systems, networking, theory, conventions, standards,
+	mathematics, telecoms, electronics, institutions, companies,
+	projects, products, history, in fact anything to do with
+	computing.
+
+	Copyright 1985 by Denis Howe
+
+	Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+	document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
+	License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the
+	Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, Front-
+	or Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the
+	section entitled "{GNU Free Documentation License}".
+
+	Please refer to the dictionary as "The Free On-line Dictionary
+	of Computing, http://foldoc.org/, Editor Denis Howe" or
+	similar.  Please make the URL both text (for humans) and a
+	hyperlink (for Google).
+
+	The dictionary has been growing since 1985 and now contains
+	nearly 15,000 definitions in over five megabytes of text.
+	Entries are cross-referenced to each other and to related
+	resources elsewhere on the net.
+
+	Where {LaTeX} commands for certain non-{ASCII} symbols are
+	mentioned, they are described in their own entries.  "\" is
+	also used to represent the Greek lower-case lambda used in
+	{lambda-calculus}.  Cross-references to other entries look
+	{like this}.  Note that not all cross-references actually lead
+	anywhere yet, but if you find one that leads to something
+	inappropriate, please {let me know (feedback.html)}.  Dates
+	after entries indicate when that entry was last updated.  They
+	do not imply that it was up-to-date at that time.
+
+	You can search the latest version of the dictionary on the
+	{WWW} at URL http://foldoc.org/.  If you find an entry that is
+	wrong or inadequate please let me know.
+
+	See {Pronunciation} for how to interpret the pronunciation given
+	for some entries.
+
+	{More about FOLDOC (about.html)}.
+
+	(2007-07-25)
+
+Acknowledgements
+
+	<introduction> Many thanks to the thousands of {contributors
+	(contributors.html)} and especially to the Guest Editors, mirror
+	site maintainers and the maintainers of the following resources
+	from which some entries originate:
+
+	Mike Sendall's STING Software engineering glossary
+	<sendall@dxpt01.cern.ch>, 1993-10-13,
+
+	Bill Kinnersley's {Language List
+	(http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Extras/langlist.htm)}
+	v2.2, 1994-01-15,
+
+	Mark Hopkins' catalogue of Free Compilers and Interpreters
+	v6.4, 1994-02-28,
+
+	The on-line hacker {Jargon File} v3.0.0, 1993-07-27,
+
+	Internet Users' Glossary (RFC 1392, FYI 18), Jan 1993.
+
+	John Cross's computer glossary, 1994-11-01.
+
+	John Bayko's Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present,
+	v4.0.0, 1994-08-18.
+
+	{Electronic Commerce Dictionary}.
+
+	(2014-09-11)
+
+Missing definition
+
+	<introduction> First, this is an (English language)
+	__computing__ dictionary.  It includes lots of terms from
+	related fields such as mathematics and electronics, but if
+	you're looking for (or want to submit) words from other
+	subjects or general English words or other languages, try
+	{(http://wikipedia.org/)}, {(http://onelook.com/)},
+	{(http://yourdictionary.com/)} or
+	{(http://reference.allrefer.com/)}.
+
+	If you've already searched the dictionary for a computing term
+	and it's not here then please __don't tell me__.  There are,
+	and always will be, a great many missing terms, no dictionary
+	is ever complete.  I use my limited time to process the
+	corrections and definitions people have submitted and to add
+	the {most frequently requested missing terms (missing.html)}.
+
+	Try one of the sources mentioned above or
+	{(http://techweb.com/encyclopedia/)},
+	{(http://whatis.techtarget.com/)} or
+	{(http://google.com/)}.
+
+	See {the Help page (help.html)} for more about missing definitions
+	and bad cross-references.
+
+	(2014-09-20)
+
+!
+
+	{exclamation mark}
+
+"
+
+	{double quote}
+
+#
+
+	{hash}
+
+$
+
+	{dollar}
+
+$1
+
+	<programming> The first {positional parameter} in {shell}
+	programming and related languages.  Occurrences of $1 are
+	replaced by the first {actual argument} provided by the user
+	when the {shell script} is run.  $2 is replaced by the second
+	argument, and so on up to $9.
+
+	You may have arrived at this entry by following a {URL} like
+	"http://foldoc.org?$1", which is actually a {template} used to
+	generate pointers to FOLDOC definitions by replacing "$1" with
+	the term to be defined, e.g. in a {wiki} {interwiki map}.
+
+	(2006-09-10)
+
+%
+
+	{percent}
+
+'
+
+	{single quote}
+
++
+
+	{plus}
+
+,
+
+	{comma}
+
+/
+
+	{oblique stroke}
+
+0
+
+	{zero}
+
+0/1 knapsack problem
+
+	<application> The {knapsack problem} restricted so that the
+	number of each item is zero or one.
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+1
+
+	{one}
+
+100BaseFX
+
+	<networking> {Fast Ethernet} over {optical fibre}.
+
+	(1998-03-23)
+
+100BaseT
+
+	<networking> Any of several {Fast Ethernet} 100 {MBps}
+	{CSMA/CD} standards for {twisted pair} cables, including:
+	100BaseTx (100 Mbps over two-pair {Cat5} or better cable),
+	100BaseT4 (100 Mbps over four-pair {Cat3} or better cable),
+	100BaseT2 (in committee; 100 Mbps over two-pair Cat3 or better
+	cable).  All are standards (or planned standards) under {IEEE}
+	{802.3}.
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+100BaseTX
+
+	<networking> The predominant form of {Fast Ethernet}.
+	100BaseTX runs over two pairs of wires in {category 5} cable.
+
+	(1998-06-30)
+
+100BaseVG
+
+	<networking> A 100 {MBps} {Ethernet} standard specified to run
+	over four pairs of {category 3} {UTP} wires (known as voice
+	grade, hence the "VG").  It is also called 100VG-AnyLAN
+	because it was defined to carry both {Ethernet} and {token
+	ring} {frame} types.
+
+	100BaseVG was originally proposed by {Hewlett-Packard},
+	ratified by the {ISO} in 1995 and practically extinct by 1998.
+
+	100BaseVG started in the IEEE 802.3u committee as {Fast
+	Ethernet}.  One faction wanted to keep {CSMA/CD} in order to
+	keep it pure Ethernet, even though the {collision domain}
+	problem limited the distances to one tenth that of {10baseT}.
+	Another faction wanted to change to a polling architecture
+	from the hub (they called it "demand priority") in order to
+	maintain the 10baseT distances, and also to make it a
+	{deterministic} {protocol}.  The CSMA/CD crowd said, "This is
+	802.3 -- the Ethernet committee.  If you guys want to make a
+	different protocol, form your own committee".  The IEEE 802.12
+	committee was thus formed and standardised 100BaseVG.  The
+	rest is history.
+
+	(1998-06-30)
+
+100VG-AnyLAN
+
+	{100BaseVG}
+
+10base2
+
+	<networking> (Or "cheapernet") The variant of {Ethernet} that
+	uses thin {coaxial} cable (RG-58 or similar), as opposed to
+	{10base5} cable.
+
+	The "10" means 10 {Mbps}, "base" means "baseband" as opposed
+	to {radio frequency} and "2" means a maximum single cable
+	length of 200m.
+
+	(1995-11-14)
+
+10base5
+
+	<networking> An {Ethernet} network cabling specification
+	operating at ten {Mbps}, "baseband" (as opposed to {radio
+	frequency}), and with a maximum single cable length of 500
+	metres.  This is normally carried on {RG8} cable.
+
+	Compare {10base2}, {10baseT}.
+
+	(2002-06-17)
+
+10baseT
+
+	<networking> A variant of {Ethernet} which allows stations to
+	be attached via {twisted pair} cable.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+120 reset
+
+	<jargon> /wuhn-twen'tee ree'set/ (After 120 volts, US mains
+	voltage) To cycle power on a computer in order to reset or
+	unjam it.
+
+	Compare {Big Red Switch}, {power cycle}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+1-2-3
+
+	{Lotus 1-2-3}
+
+1394
+
+	{High Performance Serial Bus}
+
+1541
+
+	{Commodore 1541}
+
+1581
+
+	{Commodore 1581}
+
+16000
+
+	{National Semiconductor 16000}
+
+16450
+
+	<hardware> A {UART} with a one-byte {FIFO} buffer.  The 16450
+	is a higher speed, fixed version of the {8250}.  It was
+	superseded by the {16550}.
+
+	The 16450 was used for the {IBM PC AT} and {PS/2} but will not
+	work in a {IBM PC XT}.
+
+	(2004-03-21)
+
+16550
+
+	<hardware> A version of the {16450} {UART} with a 16-byte
+	{FIFO}.  Superseded by the 16550A.
+
+	This chip might not operate correctly with all software.
+
+	The 16C550 is a {CMOS} version.
+
+	(2004-03-24)
+
+16550A
+
+	<hardware> A version of the {16550} {UART}.  Superseded by the
+	{16650}.
+
+	(2003-07-05)
+
+16650
+
+	<hardware> A version of the {16550A} {UART} with a 32-byte
+	{FIFO}.  Superseded by the {16750C}.
+
+	(2003-07-05)
+
+16750C
+
+	<hardware> A {UART} with a 64-byte {FIFO}.
+
+	The 16C750 is a {CMOS} version.
+
+	[Is there a 16750 (with no "C" on the end)?]
+
+	(2004-03-24)
+
+16 bit
+
+	<architecture, programming> Using {words} containing sixteen
+	{bits}.  This adjective often refers to the number of bits
+	used internally by a computer's {CPU}.  E.g. "The {Intel 8086}
+	is a sixteen bit processor".  Its external {data bus} or
+	{address bus} may be narrower.  The term may also refer to the
+	size of an instruction in the computer's {instruction set} or
+	to any other item of data.
+
+	See also {16-bit application}.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+16-bit application
+
+	<operating system> Software for {MS-DOS} or {Microsoft
+	Windows} which originally ran on the 16-bit {Intel 8088} and
+	{80286} {microprocessors}.  These used a {segmented address
+	space} to extend the range of addresses from what is possible
+	with just a 16-bit address.  Programs with more than 64
+	kilobytes of code or data therefore had to waste time
+	switching between {segments}.  Furthermore, programming with
+	segments is more involved than programming in a {flat address
+	space}, giving rise to {warts} like {memory models} in {C} and
+	{C++}.
+
+	Compare {32-bit application}.
+
+	(1996-04-06)
+
+16C550
+
+	{16550}
+
+16C750
+
+	{16750C}
+
+16C850
+
+	<hardware> A version of the {16450} {UART} in {CMOS} with
+	128-{byte} {FIFO}.
+
+	(2004-03-24)
+
+1802
+
+	<processor> An 8-bit {microprocessor} manufactured as CDP1802
+	by {HARRIS Semiconductor}.  It has been around for ten years
+	at least and is ideally suited for {embedded} applications.
+	Some of its features are: 8-bit parallel organisation with
+	bidirectional {data bus} and {multiplexed address bus}; static
+	design -- no minimum {clock rate}; bit-programmable output
+	port; four input pins which are directly tested by branch
+	instructions; flexible programmable I/O mode; single-phase
+	clock, with on-chip oscillator; 16 x 16 register matrix to
+	implement multiple {program counters}, pointers, or
+	{registers}
+
+	(1995-11-21)
+
+192.168.1.1
+
+	<networking> The default {IP address} used to connect to many
+	brands of {router} to set them up.  It can be used from a {web
+	browser} in the {URL} {(http://192.168.1.1)}.  This URL, and
+	the necessary default login details, are often printed on the
+	router.  The same address may also be accessible via a
+	{telnet} {command line interface}.
+
+	This is a {private address} that is only visible when
+	connected directly to the router, i.e. it will not be routed
+	by other network hardware.
+
+	{i19216811.com (http://www.i19216811.com/)}.
+
+	(2012-09-20)
+
+1NF
+
+	{database normalisation}
+
+1TBS
+
+	{indent style}
+
+1.TR.6
+
+	<networking, protocol> A {control channel protocol} for
+	{ISDN}.  It is a national {standard} in Germany but is being
+	replaced by {Euro-ISDN}.
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+2
+
+	<convention, character> In names of translation software,
+	infix 2 often represents the word "to" with the connotation
+	"translate to", as in {dvi2ps} ({DVI} to {PostScript}),
+	int2string (integer to string) and {texi2roff} ({Texinfo} to
+	[nt]{roff}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+20-GATE
+
+	<language> An algebraic language for the {G-20}, developed at
+	{Carnegie} around 1965.
+
+	(1995-02-27)
+
+2780
+
+	{Binary Synchronous Transmission}
+
+2B1D
+
+	{Basic Rate Interface}
+
+2B1Q
+
+	{two-binary, one-quaternary}
+
+2B+D
+
+	{Basic Rate Interface}
+
+2NF
+
+	{database normalisation}
+
+2.PAK
+
+	<language> An {artificial intelligence} language with
+	{coroutines}.
+
+	["The 2.PAK Language: Goals and Description", L.F. Melli, Proc
+	IJCAI 1975].
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+32000
+
+	{National Semiconductor 32000}
+
+3270
+
+	{IBM 3270}
+
+32-bit application
+
+	<architecture, operating system> {IBM PC} software that runs
+	in a 32-bit {flat address space}.
+
+	The term {32-bit application} came about because {MS-DOS} and
+	{Microsoft Windows} were originally written for the {Intel
+	8088} and {80286} {microprocessors}.  These are {16 bit}
+	microprocessors with a {segmented address space}.  Programs
+	with more than 64 kilobytes of code and/or data therefore had
+	to switch between {segments} quite frequently.  As this
+	operation is quite time consuming in comparison to other
+	machine operations, the application's performance may suffer.
+	Furthermore, programming with segments is more involved than
+	programming in a flat address space, giving rise to some
+	complications in programming languages like "{memory models}"
+	in {C} and {C++}.
+
+	The shift from 16-bit software to 32-bit software on {IBM PC}
+	{clones} became possible with the introduction of the {Intel
+	80386} microprocessor.  This microprocessor and its successors
+	support a segmented address space with 16-bit and 32 bit
+	segments (more precisely: segments with 16- or 32-bit address
+	offset) or a linear 32-bit address space.  For compatibility
+	reasons, however, much of the software is nevertheless written
+	in 16-bit models.
+
+	{Operating systems} like {Microsoft Windows} or {OS/2} provide
+	the possibility to run 16-bit (segmented) programs as well as
+	32-bit programs.  The former possibility exists for {backward
+	compatibility} and the latter is usually meant to be used for
+	new software development.
+
+	See also {Win32s}.
+
+	(1995-12-11)
+
+3780
+
+	{Binary Synchronous Transmission}
+
+386
+
+	{Intel 80386}
+
+386BSD
+
+	<operating system> (Or "jolix /joh'liks/) A {free software}
+	{port} originally derived from the generally available parts
+	of the "{Berkeley Net Release/2}" to the {Intel} {i386}
+	architecture by William Jolitz and friends.  The name Jolix is
+	used to differentiate it from {BSDI}'s port based on the same
+	source tape, which is called {BSD/386}.
+
+	Many new and innovative features were added to 386BSD
+	following its original release in June 1992.  An unofficial
+	{patchkit}, available from many {anonymous FTP} archives,
+	solves many of the problems associated with 386BSD Version
+	0.1.  In addition, many common Unix packages have been ported.
+
+	386BSD has been superseded by {FreeBSD}, {NetBSD} and {OpenBSD}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/386bsd-faq/part1/faq.html)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-06-08)
+
+386SPART.PAR
+
+	<operating system> (Or "{WIN386.SWP}") 386SPART.PAR is a
+	{hidden file} created by {Windows 3.1} for use as {virtual
+	memory} {swap file}.  It is generally found in the {root
+	directory}, however it may appear elsewhere (typically in the
+	WINDOWS directory).  Its size depends on how much virtual
+	memory you have set up under (Control Panel) Enhanced under
+	Virtual Memory.  If you move or delete this file Windows will
+	complain the next time you start it with a Swap File error.
+
+	{Windows 95} uses a similar file, except it is named
+	WIN386.SWP, and the controls for it are located under Control
+	Panel - System - Performance tab - Virtual Memory.
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+386SX
+
+	{Intel 80386SX}
+
+3Com Corporation
+
+	<company, networking> A manufacturer of {local area network}
+	equipment.
+
+	3Com was founded in 1979.  They acquired {BICC Data Networks}
+	in 1992, {Star-Tek} in 1993, {Synernetics} in 1993, {Centrum}
+	in 1994, {NiceCom} in 1994 {AccessWorks}, {Sonix
+	Communications}, {Primary Access} and {Chipcom} in 1995 and
+	{Axon} and {OnStream Networks} in 1996.  They merged with
+	{U.S. Robotics} in 1997.
+
+	{(http://3com.com/)}.
+
+	(1998-04-03)
+
+3DNow!
+
+	<architecture> A {floating point} {SIMD} extention from {AMD}.
+
+	[Extension of what?  To do what?]
+
+	(2001-12-23)
+
+3DNow! Professional
+
+	<architecture> A {floating point} {SIMD} extention from {AMD},
+	compatible with {Intel}'s {SSE}, introduced with the
+	{Athlon}-4.
+
+	[Relationship to {3DNow!}?]
+
+	(2001-12-23)
+
+3DO
+
+	<company, games, standard> A set of specifications created and
+	owned by the 3DO company, which is a partnership of seven
+	different companies.  These specs are the blueprint for making
+	a 3DO Interactive Multiplayer and are licensed to hardware and
+	software producers.
+
+	A 3DO system has an {ARM60} 32-bit {RISC} {CPU} and a graphics
+	engine based around two custom designed graphics and animation
+	processors.  It has 2 Megabytes of {DRAM}, 1 Megabyte of
+	{VRAM}, and a double speed {CD-ROM} drive for main storage.
+
+	The {Panasonic} 3DO system can run 3DO Interactive software,
+	play audio CDs (including support for CD+G), view {Photo-CDs},
+	and will eventually be able to play {Video CDs} with a special
+	add-on {MPEG}1 {full-motion video} cartridge.  Up to 8
+	{controllers} can be {daisy-chain}ed on the system at once.  A
+	keyboard, mouse, light gun, and other peripherals may also
+	some day be hooked into the system, although they are not
+	currently available (December 1993).  The 3DO can display
+	{full-motion video}, fully {texture map}ped 3d landscapes,
+	all in 24-bit colour.  {Sanyo} and {AT&T} will also release
+	3DO systems.  Sanyo's in mid 1994 and AT&T in late 1994.
+
+	There will be a 3DO add-on cartridge based on the {PowerPC} to
+	enable the 3DO to compete with {Sony}'s {Playstation} console
+	and {Sega}'s {Saturn} console, both of which have a higher
+	specification than the original 3DO.  The add-on is commonly
+	known as the M2 or Bulldog.  It should hit the shops by
+	Christmas 1995 and will (allegedly) do a million flat shaded
+	polygons per second.
+
+	{3DO Home (http://3do.com/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:rec.games.video.3do}.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+3GL
+
+	{third generation language}
+
+3NF
+
+	{database normalisation}
+
+3Station
+
+	<computer, networking> The archetypal {diskless workstation},
+	developed by {Bob Metcalfe} at {3Com} and first available in
+	1986/1987.
+
+	The 3Station/2E had a 10 {MHz} {80286} {processor}, 1 {MB} of
+	{RAM} (expandable to 5 MB), {VGA} compatible graphics with 256
+	{KB} of {video RAM}, and integrated {AUI}/{BNC} network
+	{transceivers} for {LAN} access.
+
+	The product used a single {printed-circuit board} with four
+	custom {ASICs}.  It had no {floppy disk drive} or {hard disk},
+	it was booted from a {server} and stored all {end-user}
+	{files} there.
+
+	3Com advertised "significant cost savings" due to the
+	3Station's ease of installation and low maintenance (this
+	would now be referred to under the banner of "{TCO}").
+
+	The 3Station cost somewhere between an {IBM PC} {clone} and an
+	IBM PC of the day.  It was not commercially successful.
+
+	(2000-07-05)
+
+3-tier
+
+	{three-tier}
+
+404
+
+	<abuse> Someone who's clueless.  From the {web}
+	message "404, URL Not Found" meaning that the document you've
+	tried to access can't be located.
+
+	"Don't bother asking him...he's 404, man".
+
+	404 is one of the standard response codes of the {telnet}
+	{protocol} on which the web's {HTTP} is based.
+
+	The first 4 indicates a client error such as a mistyped URL.
+	The middle 0 refers to a general syntax error.  The last 4
+	just indicates the specific error in the group of 40x, which
+	also includes 400: Bad Request, 401: Unauthorized, etc.
+
+	(2000-03-18)
+
+4.2BSD
+
+	{Berkeley Software Distribution}
+
+431A
+
+	<hardware> The type of plug which fits a standard "type 600"
+	{British Telecom} telephone socket.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+4.3BSD
+
+	{Berkeley Software Distribution}
+
+4510
+
+	<processor> A {65CE02} with two {6526} IO controllers.
+
+	Used in the {Commodore 65}.
+
+	(1996-04-06)
+
+473L Query
+
+	<language> An English-like {query language} for the US Air
+	Force {473L} system.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 665].
+
+	["Headquarters USAF Command and Control System Query
+	Language", Info Sys Sci, Proc 2nd Congress, Spartan Books
+	1965, pp.57-76].
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+486
+
+	{Intel 486}
+
+486DX
+
+	{Intel 486}
+
+486SX
+
+	{Intel 486SX}
+
+4GL
+
+	{fourth generation language}
+
+4NF
+
+	{database normalisation}
+
+51forth
+
+	<language> A subroutine-{threaded} {Forth} for the {8051} by
+	Scott Gehmlich.  It comes with source and documentation.
+
+	{(ftp://smis-novell-1.massey.ac.nz/giovanni/51forth.zip)}.
+
+	(1993-04-03)
+
+56 kbps
+
+	<communications> (56 kilobits per second) The data capacity of
+	a normal single channel digital telephone channel in North
+	America.  The figure is derived from the {bandwidth} of 4 kHz
+	allocated for such a channel and the 16-bit encoding (4000
+	times 16 = 64000) used to change {analogue} signals to
+	digital, minus the 8000 bit/s used for signalling and
+	supervision.
+
+	At the end of 1997 there were two rival {modem} designs
+	capable of this rate: {k56flex} and {US Robotics}' {X2}.  In
+	February 1998 the {ITU} proposed a 56kbps standard called
+	{V.90}, which is expected to be formally approved during
+	September 1998.
+
+	(1998-09-15)
+
+56k line
+
+	<communications> A digital connection (possibly a {leased
+	line}, possibly switched) capable of carrying {56 kbps}.
+
+	Compare {DS0}.
+
+	(2000-07-16)
+
+586
+
+	<processor> What {Intel}'s {Pentium} was not called.
+
+5ESS
+
+	{Number 5 Electronic Switching System}
+
+5NF
+
+	{database normalisation}
+
+5th Glove
+
+	<hardware, virtual reality> A {data glove} and flexor strip
+	kit (5th Glove DFK) sold by {Fifth Dimension Technologies} for
+	$495 ($345 for the left-handed version, $45 for each extra
+	flexor strip).  The DFK provides a data glove, a flexon strip
+	(with an elbow or knee-joint sensor), an interface card,
+	cables, and KineMusica software.  The package uses flexible
+	optical-bending sensing to track hand and arm movement.  The
+	glove can be used with 5DT's ultrasonic tracking system, the
+	5DT Head and Hand tracker ($245), which can track movement
+	from up to two metres away from the unit's transmitter.
+
+	(1998-02-06)
+
+6.001
+
+	<education> /siks dub*l oh wun/, /dub*l oh wun/ or rarely
+	/siks dub*l oh fun/ {MIT}'s introductory computer class for
+	majors, known for its intensity.  Developed by {Gerald
+	Sussman} and {Hal Abelson}, the course is taught in {Scheme}
+	and introduces {recursion}, {higher-order functions},
+	{object-oriented programming} and much more.  Students who
+	grasp the {meta}circular {interpreter} gain entry into the
+	{Knights of the Lambda-Calculus}.  6.001 has been exported to
+	several other colleges, sometimes successfully.  The textbook,
+	"Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs", written
+	with Julie Sussman is a classic that can be found on the
+	shelves of many computer scientists, whether they took the
+	course or not.  Legendary characters from the class, problem
+	sets, and book include the wise Alyssa P. Hacker, Ben
+	Bitdiddle, Lem E. Tweakit and Eva Lu Ator, the careless Louis
+	Reasoner and {Captain Abstraction}.
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+610
+
+	<communications> The standard type of two-wire wall socket and
+	plug used for telephones in Australia.
+
+	[Other countries?  Full name?]
+
+	(1997-06-26)
+
+6309
+
+	{Hitachi 6309}
+
+64-bit
+
+	<architecture> A term describing a computer architecture based
+	around an {ALU}, {registers} and {data bus} which are 64
+	{bit}s wide.
+
+	64-bit processors were quite common in 1996, e.g. {Digital}
+	{Alpha}, versions of {Sun} {SPARC}, {MIPS}, {IBM} {AS/4000}.
+	the {PowerPC} and {Intel} were expected to move to 64 bits at
+	their next generation - {PPC 620} and {Intel P7}.
+
+	A 64-bit {address bus} allows the processor to address 18
+	million {gigabytes} as opposed to the mere 4 gigabytes allowed
+	with 32 bits.  There were in 1996 already {hard disks} which
+	can hold over 4GB.  Floating point calculations can also be
+	more accurate.
+
+	A 64-bit {OS} is needed as well to take advantage of the CPU.
+	In 1996 there were only a few 64-bit operating systems,
+	including {OS/400}, {Digital} {Unix}, {Solaris} (partialy).  A
+	32-bit OS can run on a 64-bit CPU.
+
+	(2004-05-12)
+
+6501
+
+	<hardware> An eight-bit {microprocessor}, the first sold by
+	{MOS Technology}.  The 6501 pin-compatible with the
+	{Motorola 6800} and was the first member of the 650x series.
+	It had an on-chip clock oscillator.
+
+	See also {6502}.
+
+	(2001-02-26)
+
+6502
+
+	<hardware> An eight-bit {microprocessor} designed by {MOS
+	Technology} around 1975 and made by {Rockwell}.
+
+	Unlike the {Intel 8080} and its kind, the 6502 had very few
+	{registers}.  It was an 8-bit processor, with 16-bit {address
+	bus}.  Inside was one 8-bit data register ({accumulator}), two
+	8-bit {index registers} and an 8-bit {stack pointer} (stack
+	was preset from address 256 to 511).  It used these index and
+	stack registers effectively, with more {addressing modes},
+	including a fast zero-page mode that accessed memory locations
+	from address 0 to 255 with an 8-bit address (it didn't have to
+	fetch a second byte for the address).
+
+	Back when the 6502 was introduced, {RAM} was actually faster
+	than {CPU}s, so it made sense to optimise for RAM access
+	rather than increase the number of registers on a chip.
+
+	The 6502 was used in the {BBC Microcomputer}, {Apple II},
+	{Commodore}, {Apple Computer} and {Atari} {personal
+	computers}.  {Steve Wozniak} described it as the first chip
+	you could get for less than a hundred dollars (actually a
+	quarter of the {6800} price).
+
+	The 6502's {indirect jump} instruction, JMP (xxxx), was
+	{broken}.  If the address was hexadecimal xxFF, the processor
+	would not access the address stored in xxFF and xxFF + 1, but
+	rather xxFF and xx00.  The {6510} did not fix this bug, nor
+	was it fixed in any of the other {NMOS} versions of the 6502
+	such as the {8502}.  Bill Mensch at {Western Design Center}
+	was probably the first to fix it, in the {65C02}.
+
+	The 6502 also had undocumented instructions.
+
+	The {65816} is an expanded version of the 6502.
+
+	There is a 6502 {assembler} by Doug Jones <jones@cs.uiowa.edu>
+	which supports {macros} and conditional features and can be
+	used for linkage editing of object files.  It requires
+	{Pascal}.
+
+	See also {cross-assembler}, {RTI}, {Small-C}.
+
+	(2001-01-02)
+
+650x
+
+	<hardware> A family of {microprocessors} from {MOS
+	Technologies}, based on the design of the {Motorola 6800}
+	(introduced around 1975).  The family included the {6502} used
+	in several early {personal computers}.
+
+6510
+
+	<processor> A successor to the {6502}.
+
+	The 6510 was used in the Commodore 64C.  Successors included
+	the {8502} used in the {Commodore 128} line.
+
+	(2001-01-02)
+
+6526
+
+	{MOS Technology 6526}
+
+65816
+
+	<processor> An expanded version of the {6502}, with which it
+	is compatible.  It has 16-bit {index registers} and {stack
+	pointer}, a 16-bit direct page register and a 24-bit {address
+	bus}.  Used in later models of the {Apple II}.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+6800
+
+	{Motorola 6800}
+
+68000
+
+	{Motorola 68000}
+
+68020
+
+	{Motorola 68020}
+
+68030
+
+	{Motorola 68030}
+
+68040
+
+	{Motorola 68040}
+
+68050
+
+	{Motorola 68050}
+
+68060
+
+	{Motorola 68060}
+
+6809
+
+	{Motorola 6809}
+
+680x0
+
+	{Motorola 680x0}
+
+686
+
+	<processor> {Pentium Pro} or possibly {Cyrix 6x86}.
+
+	(1997-05-26)
+
+68HC11
+
+	{Motorola 68HC11}
+
+68LC040
+
+	{Motorola 68LC040}
+
+6to4
+
+	<networking> A {protocol} for transitioning from {IPv4} to
+	{IPv6}.  Networks may use 6to4 (or other transitioning protocols)
+	until they support native {dual-stack}.
+
+	Because 6to4 is a form of {tunnelling}, it requires
+	{encapsulation} by a {protocol converter}.  This can cause
+	performance problems due to increased {latency} and decreased
+	{MTU} sizes, as described in {RFC 6343
+	(http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6343)}.
+
+	{RFC 3056 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3056)}.
+
+	(2012-12-24)
+
+6x86
+
+	{Cyrix 6x86}
+
+754
+
+	{IEEE Floating Point Standard}
+
+80186
+
+	{Intel 80186}
+
+80188
+
+	{Intel 80188}
+
+80/20 rule
+
+	{eighty-twenty rule}
+
+802.1
+
+	{IEEE 802.1}
+
+802.11a
+
+	<networking> A radio-based {LAN} {protocol} which speaks
+	{OFDM} at 5GHz, one of the two {wi-fi} protocols.
+
+	(2003-09-02)
+
+802.11b
+
+	<networking> An {IEEE} {wireless} {local area networks} (WLAN)
+	{standard} {protocol} which speaks {DSSS} at 2.4GHz.  802.11b
+	is one of the two {wi-fi} protocols.  It operates at 11
+	megabits per second (Mbps) compared with {802.11g} which
+	operates at 54 Mbps.
+
+	(2004-01-11)
+
+802.11g
+
+	<networking, standard> An {IEEE} {wireless} {local area
+	network} (WLAN) {standard} {protocol}, expected to be approved
+	in June 2003.  802.11g offers wireless transmission over
+	relatively short distances at up to 54 megabits per second
+	(Mbps).
+
+	802.11g operates in the 2.4 GHz range and is thus compatible
+	with {802.11b} (11 Mbps Wi-Fi).
+
+	(2004-01-11)
+
+802.2
+
+	{IEEE 802.2}
+
+802.3
+
+	{IEEE 802.3}
+
+80286
+
+	{Intel 80286}
+
+8031
+
+	{Intel 8051}
+
+80386
+
+	{Intel 80386}
+
+8048
+
+	{Intel 8048}
+
+80486
+
+	{Intel 486}
+
+8051
+
+	{Intel 8051}
+
+8052
+
+	{Intel 8051}
+
+8080
+
+	{Intel 8080}
+
+8086
+
+	{Intel 8086}
+
+8088
+
+	{Intel 8088}
+
+80x86
+
+	{Intel 80x86}
+
+822
+
+	{RFC 822}
+
+82430FX
+
+	{Triton I}
+
+82430HX
+
+	{Triton II}
+
+82430MX
+
+	{Mobile Triton}
+
+82430VX
+
+	{Triton VX}
+
+8250
+
+	<hardware> A {UART} that can operate at a maximum of 9600 {baud}.
+
+	The 8250 is used in {IBM PC XT} computers.  It works in an
+	{IBM PC AT} under {DOS} but generates unwanted {interrupts}
+	when used at 9600 {baud}.  The {IBM PC} {BIOS} has a bug fix
+	for this chip.
+
+	(2004-03-21)
+
+8.3
+
+	<file system, filename extension> A common shorthand for the
+	limits on filename length imposed by the {file system} used by
+	{MS-DOS} and {Microsoft Windows} - at most eight characters,
+	followed by a ".", followed by a {filename extension} of at
+	most three characters.
+
+	{Windows 95} supports long filenames by using multiple
+	directory entries per file.  The extra entries are hidden.  It
+	also automatically derives an 8.3 name for each file for
+	{backward compatibility} so that older versions of DOS can
+	still access the file.
+
+	(1998-10-05)
+
+8450
+
+	<hardware> A {serial IO chip} with a one-{byte} {FIFO}.  The
+	8450 was introduced with the {Intel 8080}.
+
+	(2004-03-21)
+
+8514
+
+	<hardware> An {IBM} graphics {display standard} supporting a
+	{resolution} of 1024 x 768 {pixels} with 256 colours at 43.5
+	Hz ({interlaced}), or 640 x 480 at 60 Hz interlaced.
+
+	8514 was introduced at the same time as {VGA} and was
+	superseded by {XGA}.
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+8514-A
+
+	{8514}
+
+88000
+
+	{Motorola 88000}
+
+88open
+
+	<body> A consortium with the aim of creating a multi-vendor
+	open computing environment based on the {Motorola 88000}
+	{RISC} processor family.
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+8-bit clean
+
+	{eight-bit clean}
+
+8N1
+
+	<jargon> Common shorthand for "eight data bits, no {parity},
+	one {stop bit}", the most common configuration for {serial
+	lines}, e.g. {EIA-232}.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+8 queens problem
+
+	{eight queens puzzle}
+
+8 queens puzzle
+
+	{eight queens puzzle}
+
+8x86
+
+	{Intel 80x86}
+
+90-90 Rule
+
+	{Ninety-Ninety Rule}
+
+9PAC
+
+	<tool> 709 PACkage.
+
+	A {report generator} for the {IBM 7090}, developed in 1959.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.314. "IBM 7090 Prog Sys, SHARE 7090 9PAC Part
+	I: Intro and Gen Princs", IBM J28-6166, White Plains, 1961].
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+:-)
+
+	{emoticon}
+
+;
+
+	{semicolon}
+
+<
+
+	{less than}
+
+=
+
+	{equals}
+
+>
+
+	{greater than}
+
+?
+
+	{question mark}
+
+??
+
+	<programming> A {Perl} quote-like {operator} used to delimit a
+	{regular expression} (RE) like "?FOO?" that matches FOO at
+	most once.  The normal "/FOO/" form of regular expression will
+	match FOO any number of times.  The "??" operator will match
+	again after a call to the "reset" operator.
+
+	The operator is usually referred to as "??" but, taken
+	literally, an empty RE like this (or "//") actually means to
+	re-use the last successfully matched regular expression or, if
+	there was none, the empty pattern (which will always match).
+
+	{Unix manual page}: perlop(1).
+
+	(2009-05-28)
+
+@
+
+	{commercial at}
+
+\
+
+	{backslash}
+
+\{@}
+
+	<chat> A rare {emoticon} supposed to represent a rose.
+
+	(2013-06-26)
+
+A#
+
+	<language> /A sharp/ A separable component of Version 2 of the
+	{AXIOM*} computer algebra system.  It provides a programming
+	language with an {optimising compiler}, an {intermediate code}
+	{interpreter}, and a library of data structures and
+	mathematical {abstractions}.  The compiler produces
+	{stand-alone executable} programs, {object} libraries in
+	{native} {operating system} formats, {portable} {bytecode}
+	libraries, {C} and {Lisp} {source code}.
+
+	The A# programming language has support for {object-oriented}
+	and {functional programming} styles.  Both types and functions
+	are {first class} values that can be manipulated with a range
+	of flexible and composable {primitives} and user programs.
+	The A# language design places particular emphasis on
+	compilation for efficient {machine code} and portability.
+
+	Ports have been made to various 16, 32, and 64 bit
+	architectures: {RS/6000}, {SPARC}, {DEC Alpha}, {i386},
+	{i286}, {Motorola 680x0}, {S 370}; several {operating
+	systems}: {Linux}, {AIX}, {SunOS}, {HP/UX}, {Next}, {Mach} and
+	other {Unix} systems, {OS/2}, {DOS}, {Microsoft Windows},
+	{VMS} and {CMS}; {C} compilers: {Xlc}, {gcc}, {Sun},
+	{Borland}, {Metaware} and {MIPS} C.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+A-0
+
+	<language> (Or A0) A language for the {UNIVAC I} or II, using
+	{three-address code} instructions for solving mathematical
+	problems.  A-0 was the first language for which a {compiler}
+	was developed.  It was produced by {Grace Hopper}'s team at
+	{Remington Rand} in 1952.  Later internal versions were A-1,
+	A-2, A-3, AT-3.  AT-3 was released as {MATH-MATIC}.
+
+	["The A-2 Compiler System", Rem Rand, 1955].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 12].
+
+	(1995-12-03)
+
+a1
+
+	<language> Address 1 code.
+
+	An a1 code {interpreter}, by Matthew Newhook
+	<matthew@engr.mun.ca> was used to test compiler output.  It
+	requires {gcc} 2.4.2 or higher and is portable to computers
+	with {memory segment} protection.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.mun.ca/pub/a1)}.
+
+	(1994-07-19)
+
+A1 security
+
+	{Orange Book}
+
+A20 handler
+
+	<software, storage> {IBM PC} memory manager software providing
+	{HMA}.  {XMM}s usually provide this functionality.  Named
+	after the 21st address line (A20), controlling the access to
+	HMA.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+A-3
+
+	{ARITH-MATIC}
+
+A3D
+
+	<hardware> (Aureal 3-Dimensional?) A technology developed by
+	{Aureal} that delivers sound with a three-dimensional effect
+	through two speakers.  Many modern {sound cards} and PC games
+	now support this feature.
+
+	A3D differs from the various forms of {surround sound} in that
+	it only requires two speakers, while surround sound typically
+	requires four or five.  It is sometimes less convincing than
+	surround sound but is supposedly better in {interactive}
+	environments.  For example, PC games in which sounds often
+	move from one speaker to another favour A3D, while
+	pre-recorded video favours surround sound.
+
+	{(http://a3d.com/)}.
+
+	(1999-01-26)
+
+A4C
+
+	{Authentication, Authorization, Accounting, Auditing and Charging}
+
+a56
+
+	<language> An {assembler} for the {Motorola} {DSP56000} and
+	{DSP56001} {digital signal processors} by Quinn Jensen
+	<jensenq@qcj.icon.com>.  Version 1.1 is available from an
+	{alt.sources} archive or {(ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/)}.
+
+	(1992-08-10)
+
+AAC
+
+	{Advanced Audio Coding}
+
+AADL
+
+	{Axiomatic Architecture Description Language}
+
+AAL
+
+	{ATM Adaptation Layer}
+
+AAP
+
+	{Association of American Publishers}
+
+AAP DTD
+
+	<standard> A {DTD} for a standard {SGML} document type for
+	scientific documents, defined by the {Association of American
+	Publishers}.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+aard
+
+	<programming, tool> (Dutch for "earth") A tool to check memory
+	use for {C++} programs, written by Steve Reiss
+	<spr@cs.brown.edu> (who names his programs after living
+	systems).
+
+	Aard tracks the state of each byte of memory in the {heap} and
+	the {stack}.  The state can be one of Undefined,
+	Uninitialised, Free or Set.  The program can detect invalid
+	transitions (i.e. attempting to set or use undefined or free
+	storage or attempting to access uninitialised storage).
+
+	In addition, the program keeps track of heap use through
+	{malloc} and {free} and at the end of the run reports memory
+	blocks that were not freed and that are not accessible
+	(i.e. {memory leaks}).
+
+	The tools works using a spliced-in {shared library} on
+	{SPARCs} running {C++} 3.0.1 under {SunOS} 4.X.
+
+	{(ftp://wilma.cs.brown.edu/pub/aard.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1998-03-03)
+
+AARP
+
+	{Apple Address Resolution Protocol}
+
+AARP probe packets
+
+	<networking> {AARP} {packets} sent out on a nonextended
+	{AppleTalk} network to discover whether a randomly selected
+	node ID is being used by any node.  If not, the sending node
+	uses the node ID.  If so, it chooses a different ID and sends
+	more AARP probe packets.
+
+	(1997-05-03)
+
+AAUI
+
+	{Apple Attachment Unit Interface}
+
+A&B
+
+	<communications> A {bit signaling procedure} used in most {T1}
+	transmission facilities where one bit from every sixth frame
+	of each of 24 T1 {subchannels} is used for carrying
+	{supervisory signaling}.
+
+	[What does it stand for?  Is this the same as "{bit
+	robbing}"?]
+
+	(1997-05-05)
+
+abbrev
+
+	<jargon> /*-breev'/, /*-brev'/ Common abbreviation for
+	"abbreviation".
+
+	(1995-02-27)
+
+Abbreviated Test Language for Avionics Systems
+
+	<language> (ATLAS) A Mil-spec language for automatic testing
+	of avionics equipment.  ATLAS replaced {Gaelic} and several
+	other test languages.
+
+	["IEEE Standard ATLAS Test Language", IEEE Std 416-1976].
+
+	(2000-04-03)
+
+ABC
+
+	1. <computer> {Atanasoff-Berry Computer}.
+
+	2. <language> An {imperative language} and programming
+	environment from {CWI}, Netherlands.  It is interactive,
+	structured, high-level, and easy to learn and use.  It is a
+	general-purpose language which you might use instead of
+	{BASIC}, {Pascal} or {AWK}.  It is not a systems-programming
+	language but is good for teaching or prototyping.
+
+	ABC has only five data types that can easily be combined;
+	{strong typing}, yet without declarations; data limited only
+	by memory; refinements to support top-down programming;
+	nesting by indentation.  Programs are typically around a
+	quarter the size of the equivalent {Pascal} or {C} program,
+	and more readable.
+
+	ABC includes a programming environment with {syntax-directed}
+	editing, {suggestions}, {persistent variables} and multiple
+	workspaces and {infinite precision} arithmetic.
+
+	An example function words to collect the set of all words in a
+	document:
+
+	   HOW TO RETURN words document:
+	      PUT {} IN collection
+	      FOR line in document:
+	         FOR word IN split line:
+	            IF word not.in collection:
+	               INSERT word IN collection
+	      RETURN collection
+
+	{Interpreter}/{compiler}, version 1.04.01, by Leo Geurts,
+	Lambert Meertens, Steven Pemberton <Steven.Pemberton@cwi.nl>.
+	ABC has been ported to {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {Atari}, {Macintosh}.
+
+	{(http://cwi.nl/cwi/projects/abc.html)}.
+
+	{FTP eu.net (ftp://ftp.eu.net/programming/languages/abc)},
+	{FTP nluug.nl (ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/programming/languages/abc)},
+	{FTP uunet (ftp://ftp.uu.net/languages/abc)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <abc-list-request@cwi.nl>.
+
+	E-mail: <abc@cwi.nl>.
+
+	["The ABC Programmer's Handbook" by Leo Geurts, Lambert
+	Meertens and Steven Pemberton, published by Prentice-Hall
+	(ISBN 0-13-000027-2)].
+
+	["An Alternative Simple Language and Environment for PCs" by
+	Steven Pemberton, IEEE Software, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 1987,
+	pp. 56-64.]
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+	2. <language> Argument, Basic value, C?.
+
+	An {abstract machine} for implementation of {functional
+	languages} and its intermediate code.
+
+	[P. Koopman, "Functional Programs as Executable
+	Specifications", 1990].
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+ABC ALGOL
+
+	<language> An extension of {ALGOL 60} with arbitrary data
+	structures and user-defined operators, for {symbolic
+	mathematics}.
+
+	["ABC ALGOL, A Portable Language for Formula Manipulation
+	Systems", R.P. van de Riet, Amsterdam Math Centrum 1973].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+ABCL/1
+
+	<language> An Object-Based Concurrent Language.
+
+	The language for the {ABCL} {MIMD} system, written by Akinori
+	Yonezawa <matsu@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp> of Department of
+	Information Science, {Tokyo University} in 1986.  ABCL/1 uses
+	{asynchronous} {message passing} to {objects}.  It requires
+	{Common Lisp}.  Implementations in {KCL} and {Symbolics Lisp}
+	are available from the author.
+
+	{(ftp://camille.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <abcl@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>.
+
+	["ABCL: An Object-Oriented Concurrent System", A. Yonezawa ed,
+	MIT Press 1990].  (1990-05-23).
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+ABCL/c+
+
+	<language> A {concurrent} {object-oriented} language, an
+	extension of {ABCL/1} based on {C}.
+
+	["An Implementation of An Operating System Kernel using
+	Concurrent Object Oriented Language ABCL/c+", N. Doi et al in
+	ECOOP '88, S. Gjessing et al eds, LNCS 322, Springer 1988].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+ABCL/R
+
+	<language> A {reflective} subset of {ABCL/1}, written in
+	ABCL/1 by Yonezawa of {Tokyo Institute of Technology} in 1988.
+
+	{(ftp://camille.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pub/abclr)}.
+
+	["Reflection in an Object-Oriented Concurrent Language",
+	T. Watanabe et al, SIGPLAN Notices 23(11):306-315 (Nov 1988)].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+ABCL/R2
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented}, {concurrent}, {reflective}
+	language based on {Hybrid Group Architecture}. ABCL/R2 was
+	produced by <masuhara@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>,
+	<matsu@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>, <takuo@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>,
+	<yonezawa@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>, at the {Tokyo Institute of
+	Technology} in 1992.
+
+	As a reflective language, an ABCL/R2 program can dynamically
+	control its own behaviour, such as {scheduling} policy, from
+	within a user-program.  This system has almost all functions
+	of {ABCL/1} and is written in {Common Lisp}.
+
+	{(ftp://camille.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pub/abclr2/)}.
+
+	(1993-01-28)
+
+abduction
+
+	<logic> The process of {inference} to the best explanation.
+
+	"Abduction" is sometimes used to mean just the generation of
+	hypotheses to explain observations or conclusionsm, but the
+	former definition is more common both in philosophy and
+	computing.
+
+	The {semantics} and the implementation of abduction cannot be
+	reduced to those for {deduction}, as explanation cannot be
+	reduced to implication.
+
+	Applications include fault diagnosis, plan formation and
+	{default reasoning}.
+
+	{Negation as failure} in {logic programming} can both be given
+	an abductive interpretation and also can be used to implement
+	abduction.  The abductive semantics of negation as failure
+	leads naturally to an {argumentation}-theoretic interpretation
+	of default reasoning in general.
+
+	[Better explanation?  Example?]
+
+	["Abductive Inference", John R. Josephson
+	<jj@cis.ohio-state.edu>].
+
+	(2000-12-07)
+
+ABEND
+
+	<jargon> /o'bend/, /*-bend'/ ABnormal END.  Abnormal
+	termination (of {software}); {crash}; {lossage}.  Derives from
+	an error message on the {IBM 360}; used jokingly by hackers
+	but seriously mainly by {code grinders}.  Usually capitalised,
+	but may appear as "abend".  Hackers will try to persuade you
+	that ABEND is called "abend" because it is what system
+	operators do to the computer late on Friday when they want to
+	call it a day, and hence is from the German "Abend" =
+	"Evening".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+AberMUD
+
+	<games> The first popular {open source} {MUD}.  The first
+	version of AberMUD, named after Aberystwyth, UK, was written
+	in {B} by Alan Cox, Richard Acott, Jim Finnis, and Leon
+	Thrane, at University of Wales, Aberystwyth for an old
+	{Honeywell} {mainframe} and opened in 1987.  The gameplay was
+	heavily influenced by {MUD1}, written by Roy Trubshaw and
+	Richard Bartle, which Alan Cox had played at the University of
+	Essex.  In late 1988, Alan Cox ported AberMUD to {C} so it
+	could run under {UNIX} on Southampton University's Maths
+	machines.  This version was named AberMUD2.  Various other
+	versions followed.
+
+	(2008-11-24)
+
+ABI
+
+	{Application Binary Interface}
+
+ABLE
+
+	<language> A simple language for accountants.
+
+	["ABLE, The Accounting Language, Programming and Reference
+	Manual," Evansville Data Proc Center, Evansville, IN, Mar
+	1975].
+
+	[Listed in SIGPLAN Notices 13(11):56 (Nov 1978)].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+ABM
+
+	{Asynchronous Balanced Mode}
+
+ABNF
+
+	{Augmented Backus-Naur Form}
+
+abort
+
+	<programming> To terminate a program or {process} abnormally
+	and usually suddenly, with or without {diagnostic}
+	information.  "My program aborted", "I aborted the
+	transmission".  The noun form in computing is "abort", not
+	"abortion", e.g. "We've had three aborts over the last two
+	days".
+
+	If a {Unix} {kernel} aborts it is known as a {panic}.
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+ABP
+
+	1. <networking> {Alternating bit protocol}.
+
+	2. {Microsoft} {Address Book Provider}.
+
+ABR
+
+	{automatic baud rate detection}
+
+abscissa
+
+	<mathematics> The horizontal or x coordinate on an (x, y)
+	graph; the input of a function against which the output is
+	plotted.
+
+	The vertical or y coordinate is the "{ordinate}".
+
+	See {Cartesian coordinates}.
+
+	(1997-07-08)
+
+ABSET
+
+	<language> An early {declarative language} from the
+	{University of Aberdeen}.
+
+	["ABSET: A Programming Language Based on Sets", E.W. Elcock et
+	al, Mach Intell 4, Edinburgh U Press, 1969, pp.467-492].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+absolute path
+
+	<file system> A {path} relative to the {root directory}.  Its
+	first character must be the {pathname separator}.
+
+	(1996-11-21)
+
+absolute pathname
+
+	<file system> A {pathname} relative to the {root directory}.
+
+	(1996-11-21)
+
+abstract
+
+	<philosophy> A description of a concept that leaves out some
+	information or details in order to simplify it in some useful
+	way.
+
+	Abstraction is a powerful technique that is applied in many
+	areas of computing and elsewhere.  For example: {abstract
+	class}, {data abstraction}, {abstract interpretation},
+	{abstract syntax}, {Hardware Abstraction Layer}.
+
+	(2009-12-09)
+
+abstract class
+
+	<programming> In {object-oriented programming}, a {class}
+	designed only as a parent from which sub-classes may be
+	derived, but which is not itself suitable for instantiation.
+	Often used to "abstract out" incomplete sets of features which
+	may then be shared by a group of sibling sub-classes which add
+	different variations of the missing pieces.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+abstract data type
+
+	<programming> (ADT) A kind of {data abstraction} where a
+	type's internal form is hidden behind a set of {access
+	functions}.  Values of the type are created and inspected only
+	by calls to the access functions.  This allows the
+	implementation of the type to be changed without requiring any
+	changes outside the {module} in which it is defined.
+
+	{Objects} and ADTs are both forms of data abstraction, but
+	objects are not ADTs.  Objects use procedural abstraction
+	(methods), not type abstraction.
+
+	A classic example of an ADT is a {stack} data type for which
+	functions might be provided to create an empty stack, to
+	{push} values onto a stack and to {pop} values from a stack.
+
+	{Reynolds paper
+	(http://cis.upenn.edu/~gunter/publications/documents/taoop94.html)}.
+
+	{Cook paper "OOP vs ADTs"
+	(http://wcook.org/papers/OOPvsADT/CookOOPvsADT90.pdf)}.
+
+	(2003-07-03)
+
+abstract interpretation
+
+	<theory> A partial execution of a program which gains
+	information about its {semantics} (e.g. control structure,
+	flow of information) without performing all the calculations.
+	Abstract interpretation is typically used by compilers to
+	analyse programs in order to decide whether certain
+	optimisations or transformations are applicable.
+
+	The objects manipulated by the program (typically values and
+	functions) are represented by points in some {domain}.  Each
+	abstract domain point represents some set of real
+	("{concrete}") values.
+
+	For example, we may take the abstract points "+", "0" and "-"
+	to represent positive, zero and negative numbers and then
+	define an abstract version of the multiplication operator, *#,
+	which operates on abstract values:
+
+		*# | + 0 -
+		---|------
+		+  | + 0 -
+		0  | 0 0 0
+		-  | - 0 +
+
+	An interpretation is "safe" if the result of the abstract
+	operation is a safe approximation to the abstraction of the
+	concrete result.  The meaning of "a safe approximation"
+	depends on how we are using the results of the analysis.
+
+	If, in our example, we assume that smaller values are safer
+	then the "safety condition" for our interpretation (#) is
+
+		a# *# b# <= (a * b)#
+
+	where a# is the abstract version of a etc.
+
+	In general an interpretation is characterised by the {domains}
+	used to represent the basic types and the abstract values it
+	assigns to constants (where the constants of a language
+	include primitive functions such as *).  The interpretation of
+	constructed types (such as user defined functions, {sum types}
+	and {product types}) and expressions can be derived
+	systematically from these basic domains and values.
+
+	A common use of {abstract interpretation} is {strictness
+	analysis}.
+
+	See also {standard interpretation}.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+abstraction
+
+	1. Generalisation; ignoring or hiding details to capture some
+	kind of commonality between different instances.  Examples are
+	{abstract data types} (the representation details are hidden),
+	{abstract syntax} (the details of the {concrete syntax} are
+	ignored), {abstract interpretation} (details are ignored to
+	analyse specific properties).
+
+	2. <programming> Parameterisation, making something a function
+	of something else.  Examples are {lambda abstractions} (making
+	a term into a function of some variable), {higher-order
+	functions} (parameters are functions), {bracket abstraction}
+	(making a term into a function of a variable).
+
+	Opposite of {concretisation}.
+
+	(1998-06-04)
+
+abstract machine
+
+	1. <language> A processor design which is not intended to be
+	implemented as {hardware}, but which is the notional executor
+	of a particular {intermediate language} (abstract machine
+	language) used in a {compiler} or {interpreter}.  An abstract
+	machine has an {instruction set}, a {register set} and a model
+	of memory.  It may provide instructions which are closer to
+	the language being compiled than any physical computer or it
+	may be used to make the language implementation easier to
+	{port} to other {platforms}.
+
+	A {virtual machine} is an abstract machine for which an
+	{interpreter} exists.
+
+	Examples: {ABC}, {Abstract Machine Notation}, {ALF}, {CAML},
+	{F-code}, {FP/M}, {Hermes}, {LOWL},
+	{Christmas}, {SDL}, {S-K reduction machine}, {SECD}, {Tbl},
+	{Tcode}, {TL0}, {WAM}.
+
+	2. <theory> A procedure for executing a set of instructions in
+	some formal language, possibly also taking in input data and
+	producing output.  Such abstract machines are not intended to
+	be constructed as {hardware} but are used in thought
+	experiments about {computability}.
+
+	Examples: {Finite State Machine}, {Turing Machine}.
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+Abstract Machine Notation
+
+	<language> (AMN) A language for specifying {abstract machines}
+	in the {B-Method}, based on the mathematical theory of
+	{Generalised Substitutions}.
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+abstract syntax
+
+	<language, data> A form of representation of data that is
+	independent of machine-oriented structures and encodings and
+	also of the physical representation of the data.  Abstract
+	syntax is used to give a high-level description of programs
+	being compiled or messages passing over a communications link.
+
+	A {compiler}'s internal representation of a program will
+	typically be an {abstract syntax tree}.  The abstract syntax
+	specifies the tree's structure is specified in terms of
+	categories such as "statement", "expression" and
+	"{identifier}".  This is independent of the source syntax
+	({concrete syntax}) of the language being compiled (though it
+	will often be very similar).
+
+	A {parse tree} is similar to an abstract syntax tree but it
+	will typically also contain features such as parentheses which
+	are syntactically significant but which are implicit in the
+	structure of the {abstract syntax tree}.
+
+	(1998-05-26)
+
+Abstract Syntax Notation 1
+
+	<language, standard, protocol> (ASN.1, X.208, X.680) An
+	{ISO}/{ITU-T} {standard} for transmitting structured {data} on
+	{networks}, originally defined in 1984 as part of {CCITT
+	X.409} '84.  ASN.1 moved to its own standard, X.208, in 1988
+	due to wide applicability.  The substantially revised 1995
+	version is covered by the X.680 series.
+
+	ASN.1 defines the {abstract syntax} of {information} but does
+	not restrict the way the information is encoded.  Various
+	ASN.1 encoding rules provide the {transfer syntax} (a
+	{concrete} representation) of the data values whose {abstract
+	syntax} is described in ASN.1.  The standard ASN.1 encoding
+	rules include {BER} (Basic Encoding Rules - X.209), {CER}
+	(Canonical Encoding Rules), {DER} (Distinguished Encoding
+	Rules) and {PER} (Packed Encoding Rules).
+
+	ASN.1 together with specific ASN.1 encoding rules facilitates
+	the exchange of structured data especially between
+	{application programs} over networks by describing data
+	structures in a way that is independent of machine
+	architecture and implementation language.
+
+	{OSI} {Application layer} {protocols} such as {X.400} {MHS}
+	{electronic mail}, {X.500} directory services and {SNMP} use
+	ASN.1 to describe the {PDU}s they exchange.
+
+	Documents describing the ASN.1 notations: {ITU-T} Rec. X.680,
+	{ISO} 8824-1; {ITU-T} Rec. X.681, {ISO} 8824-2; {ITU-T}
+	Rec. X.682, {ISO} 8824-3; {ITU-T} Rec. X.683, {ISO} 8824-4
+
+	Documents describing the ASN.1 encoding rules: {ITU-T}
+	Rec. X.690, {ISO} 8825-1; {ITU-T} Rec. X.691, {ISO} 8825-2.
+
+	[M. Sample et al, "Implementing Efficient Encoders and
+	Decoders for Network Data Representations", IEEE Infocom 93
+	Proc, v.3, pp. 1143-1153, Mar 1993.  Available from Logica,
+	UK].
+
+	See also {snacc}.
+
+	(2005-07-03)
+
+abstract syntax tree
+
+	<compiler> (AST) A data structure representing something which
+	has been parsed, often used as a {compiler} or {interpreter}'s
+	internal representation of a program while it is being
+	optimised and from which {code generation} is performed.  The
+	range of all possible such structures is described by the
+	{abstract syntax}.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Abstract-Type and Scheme-Definition Language
+
+	<language> (ASDL) A language developed as part of {Esprit}
+	project {GRASPIN}, as a basis for generating {language-based
+	editors} and environments.  It combines an {object-oriented}
+	type system, syntax-directed translation schemes and a
+	target-language interface.
+
+	["ASDL - An Object-Oriented Specification Language for
+	Syntax-Directed Environments", M.L. Christ-Neumann et al,
+	European Software Eng Conf, Strasbourg, Sept 1987, pp.77-85].
+
+	(1996-02-19)
+
+Abstract Windowing Toolkit
+
+	{Abstract Window Toolkit}
+
+Abstract Window Toolkit
+
+	<graphics> (AWT) {Java}'s {platform}-independent {windowing},
+	graphics, and user-interface {toolkit}.  The AWT is part of
+	the {Java Foundation Classes} (JFC) - the standard {API} for
+	providing a {graphical user interface} (GUI) for a Java
+	program.
+
+	Compare: {SWING}.
+
+	["Java in a Nutshell", O'Reilly].
+
+	{(http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/awt/)}.
+
+	(2000-07-26)
+
+ABSYS
+
+	<language> An early {declarative language} from the
+	{University of Aberdeen} which anticipated a number of
+	features of Prolog.
+
+	["ABSYS: An Incremental Compiler for Assertions", J.M. Foster
+	et al, Mach Intell 4, Edinburgh U Press, 1969, pp. 423-429].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+AC2
+
+	<audio> An {audio} format, succeded by {AC3}.
+
+	(2001-12-18)
+
+AC3
+
+	<audio> An {audio} format by Sony[?], the successor of {AC2}.
+	AC3 is used for multi-channel {audio} for {digital video}.
+
+	(2001-12-18)
+
+ACA
+
+	{Application Control Architecture}
+
+ACAP
+
+	{Application Configuration Access Protocol}
+
+Accelerated Graphics Port
+
+	<hardware, graphics> (AGP) A {bus} specification by {Intel}
+	which gives low-cost 3D {graphics cards} faster access to
+	{main memory} on {personal computers} than the usual {PCI}
+	bus.
+
+	AGP dynamically allocates the PC's normal {RAM} to store the
+	screen image and to support {texture mapping}, {z-buffering}
+	and {alpha blending}.
+
+	Intel has built AGP into a {chipset} for its {Pentium II}
+	microprocessor.  AGP cards are slightly longer than a PCI
+	card.
+
+	AGP operates at 66 {MHz}, doubled to 133 MHz, compared with
+	PCI's 33 Mhz.  AGP allows for efficient use of {frame buffer}
+	memory, thereby helping 2D graphics performance as well.
+
+	AGP provides a coherent memory management design which allows
+	scattered data in system memory to be read in rapid bursts.
+	AGP reduces the overall cost of creating high-end graphics
+	subsystems by using existing system memory.
+
+	{Specification
+	(http://developer.intel.com/technology/agp/downloads/agp20.htm)}.
+
+	(2004-07-19)
+
+accelerator
+
+	<hardware> Additional hardware to perform some function faster
+	than is possible in software running on the normal {CPU}.
+	Examples include {graphics accelerators} and {floating-point
+	accelerators}.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Accent
+
+	<language> A very high level interpreted language from
+	{CaseWare, Inc.} with strings and tables.  It is {strongly
+	typed} and has remote function calls.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+accept
+
+	<library, networking> {Berkeley} {Unix} networking {socket}
+	library routine to satisfy a connection request from a remote
+	{host}.  A specified socket on the local host (which must be
+	capable of accepting the connection) is connected to the
+	requesting socket on the remote host.  The remote socket's
+	socket address is returned.
+
+	{Unix manual pages}: accept(2), connect(2).
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Acceptable Use Policy
+
+	<networking> (AUP) Rules applied by many {transit networks}
+	which restrict the use to which the network may be put.  A
+	well known example is {NSFNet} which does not allow commercial
+	use.  Enforcement of AUPs varies with the network.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+acceptance testing
+
+	<programming> Formal testing conducted to determine whether a
+	system satisfies its acceptance criteria and thus whether the
+	customer should accept the system.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+Acceptance, Test Or Launch Language
+
+	<language> (ATOLL) The language used for automating the
+	checking and launch of Saturn rockets.
+
+	["SLCC ATOLL User's Manual", IBM 70-F11-0001, Huntsville AL
+	Dec 1970].
+
+	(2000-04-03)
+
+acceptor
+
+	{Finite State Machine}
+
+Access
+
+	1. <language> An English-like query language used in the
+	{Pick} {operating system}.
+
+	2. <database, product> {Microsoft Access}.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Access Control List
+
+	<networking> (ACL) A list of the services available on a
+	{server}, each with a list of the {hosts} permitted to use the
+	service.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+access method
+
+	<networking> 1. The way that network devices access the
+	network medium.
+
+	2. Software in an {SNA} processor that controls the flow of
+	data through a {network}.
+
+	[{physical layer}?]
+
+	(1998-03-02)
+
+access permission
+
+	{permission}
+
+access point
+
+	<networking> (AP) Any device that acts as a communication hub
+	to allow users of a {wireless network} to connect to a {wired
+	LAN}.  APs are important for providing heightened wireless
+	{security} and for extending the physical range of service a
+	wireless user has access to.
+
+	(2010-03-21)
+
+access time
+
+	<hardware, storage> The average time interval between a
+	storage peripheral (usually a {disk drive} or {semiconductor}
+	memory) receiving a request to read or write a certain
+	location and returning the value read or completing the write.
+
+	(1997-06-14)
+
+ACCLAIM
+
+	<project> A European Union {ESPRIT} {Basic Research Action}.
+
+	[What's it about?]
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Accounting File
+
+	<operating system> A file which holds records of the resources
+	used by individual jobs.  These records are used to regulate,
+	and calculate charges for, resources.  An entry is opened in
+	the accounting file as each job begins.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+accounting management
+
+	<networking> The process of identifying individual and group
+	access to various network resources to ensure proper access
+	capabilities ({bandwidth} and security) or to properly charge
+	the various individuals and departments.  Accounting
+	management is one of five categories of {network management}
+	defined by {ISO} for management of {OSI} {networks}.
+
+	(1997-05-05)
+
+Account Representative
+
+	<job> A person in a company who identifies new accounts,
+	analyses customer needs, proposes business solutions,
+	negotiates and oversees the implementation of new projects.
+
+	(2004-03-08)
+
+ACCU
+
+	{Association of C and C++ Users}
+
+accumulator
+
+	<processor> In a {central processing unit}, a {register} in
+	which intermediate results are stored.  Without an
+	accumulator, it would be necessary to write the result of each
+	calculation (addition, multiplication, {shift}, etc.) to {main
+	memory} and read them back.  Access to main memory is slower
+	than access to the accumulator which usually has direct paths
+	to and from the {arithmetic and logic unit} (ALU).
+
+	The {canonical} example is summing a list of numbers.  The
+	accumulator is set to zero initially, each number in turn is
+	added to the value in the accumulator and only when all
+	numbers have been added is the result written to main memory.
+
+	Modern CPUs usually have many registers, all or many of which
+	can be used as accumulators.  For this reason, the term
+	"accumulator" is somewhat archaic.  Use of it as a synonym for
+	"register" is a fairly reliable indication that the user has
+	been around for quite a while and/or that the architecture
+	under discussion is quite old.  The term in full is almost
+	never used of microprocessor registers, for example, though
+	symbolic names for arithmetic registers beginning in "A"
+	derive from historical use of the term "accumulator" (and not,
+	actually, from "arithmetic").  Confusingly, though, an "A"
+	register name prefix may also stand for "address", as for
+	example on the {Motorola} {680x0} family.
+
+	2. <programming> A register, memory location or variable being
+	used for arithmetic or logic (as opposed to addressing or a
+	loop index), especially one being used to accumulate a sum or
+	count of many items.  This use is in context of a particular
+	routine or stretch of code.  "The FOOBAZ routine uses A3 as an
+	accumulator."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-04-20)
+
+accuracy
+
+	<mathematics> How close to the real value a measurement is.
+
+	Compare {precision}.
+
+	(1998-04-19)
+
+ACE
+
+	1. {Advanced Computing Environment}.
+
+	2. {Adaptive Communication Environment}.
+
+ACF
+
+	{Advanced Communications Function}
+
+ACF/NCP
+
+	{Advanced Communication Function/Network Control Program}
+
+ACIA
+
+	{Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter}
+
+ACID
+
+	<programming> A {mnemonic} for the properties a transaction
+	should have to satisfy the {Object Management Group}
+	{Transaction Service} specifications.  A transaction should be
+	{Atomic}, its result should be Consistent, Isolated
+	(independent of other transactions) and Durable (its effect
+	should be permanent).
+
+	The {Transaction Service} specifications which part of the
+	{Object Services}, an adjunct to the {CORBA} specifications.
+
+	(1997-05-15)
+
+ACIS
+
+	<graphics> Andy, Charles, Ian's System.
+
+	A {geometric engine} that most {CAD} packages now use.  ACIS
+	uses a sophisticated {object-oriented} approach for modelling,
+	the data is stored in {boundary representation}.  Acis is
+	owned by {Spatial Technologies}.
+
+	[How does this differ from "solid modelling"?].
+
+	(1996-03-21)
+
+ACK
+
+	1. <character> /ak/ The {mnemonic} for the ACKnowledge
+	character, {ASCII} code 6.
+
+	2. <communications> A message transmitted to indicate that
+	some data has been received correctly.  Typically, if the
+	sender does not receive the ACK message after some
+	predetermined time, or receives a {NAK}, the original data
+	will be sent again.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+ACL
+
+	1. {Access Control List}.
+
+	2. {Association for Computational Linguistics}.
+
+	3. A Coroutine Language.
+
+	A {Pascal}-based implementation of {coroutines}.
+
+	["Coroutines", C.D. Marlin, LNCS 95, Springer 1980].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+ACM
+
+	1. <body> The {Association for Computing}.
+
+	2. <communications> {addressed call mode}.
+
+ACME
+
+	<company, jargon> /ak'mee/ 1. A Company that Makes Everything.
+	The {canonical} imaginary business.  Possibly also derived
+	from the word "acme" meaning "highest point".
+
+	2. A program for {MS-DOS}.
+
+	[What does it do?]
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+ACOM
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 705}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+acorn
+
+	{Acorn Computers Ltd.}
+
+Acorn Archimedes
+
+	{Archimedes}
+
+Acorn Computer Group
+
+	<company> A holding company for {Acorn Computers} Limited,
+	Acorn Australia, Acorn New Zealand, Acorn GmbH and {Online
+	Media}.  Acorn Computer Group owns 43% of {Advanced RISC
+	Machines} Ltd.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Acorn Computers Ltd.
+
+	<company> A UK computer manufacturer, part of the {Acorn
+	Computer Group} plc.  Acorn was founded on 1978-12-05, on a
+	kitchen table in a back room.  Their first creation was an
+	electronic slot machine.  After the {Acorn System 1}, 2 and 3,
+	Acorn launched the first commercial {microcomputer} - the
+	{ATOM} in March 1980.  In April 1981, Acorn won a contract
+	from the {BBC} to provide the {PROTON}.  In January 1982 Acorn
+	launched the {BBC Microcomputer} System.  At one time, 70% of
+	microcomputers bought for UK schools were BBC Micros.
+
+	The Acorn Computer Group went public on the Unlisted
+	Securities Market in September 1983.  In April 1984 Acorn won
+	the Queen's Award for Technology for the BBC Micro and in
+	September 1985 {Olivetti} took a controlling interest in
+	Acorn.  The {Master} 128 Series computers were launched in
+	January 1986 and the BBC {Domesday} System in November 1986.
+
+	In 1983 Acorn began to design the Acorn RISC Machine (ARM),
+	the first low-cost, high volume {RISC} processor chip (later
+	renamed the {Advanced RISC Machine}).  In June 1987 they
+	launched the {Archimedes} range - the first 32-bit {RISC}
+	based {microcomputers} - which sold for under UKP 1000.  In
+	February 1989 the R140 was launched.  This was the first
+	{Unix} {workstation} under UKP 4000.  In May 1989 the A3000
+	(the new {BBC Microcomputer}) was launched.
+
+	In 1990 Acorn formed {Advanced RISC Machines} Ltd. (ARM) in
+	partnership with {Apple Computer, Inc.} and {VLSI} to develop
+	the ARM processor.  Acorn has continued to develop {RISC}
+	based products.
+
+	With 1992 revenues of 48.2 million pounds, Acorn Computers was
+	the premier supplier of {Information Technology} products to
+	UK education and had been the leading provider of 32-bit RISC
+	based {personal computers} since 1987.
+
+	Acorn finally folded in the late 1990s.  Their operating
+	system, {RISC OS} was further developed by a consortium of
+	suppliers.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.sys.acorn},
+	{news:comp.sys.acorn.announce}, {news:comp.sys.acorn.tech},
+	{news:comp.binaries.acorn}, {news:comp.sources.acorn},
+	{news:comp.sys.acorn.advocacy}, {news:comp.sys.acorn.games}.
+
+	{Acorn's FTP server (ftp://ftp.acorn.co.uk/)}.
+
+	{HENSA software archive
+	(http://micros.hensa.ac.uk/micros/arch.html)}.  {Richard
+	Birkby's Acorn page (http://csv.warwick.ac.uk/~phudv/)}.
+	{RiscMan's Acorn page (http://geko.com.au/riscman/)}.
+	{Acorn On The Net (http://stir.ac.uk/~rhh01/Main.html)}.
+	{"The Jungle" by Simon Truss
+	(http://csc.liv.ac.uk/users/u1smt/u1smt.html)}.
+
+	[Recent history?]
+
+	(2000-09-26)
+
+Acorn Online Media
+
+	<company> A company formed in August 1994 by {Acorn Computer
+	Group} plc to exploit the {ARM} RISC in television {set-top
+	box} decoders.  They planned to woo {British
+	Telecommunications} plc to use the box in some of its {video
+	on demand} trials.
+
+	The "STB1" box was based on an {ARM8} core with additional
+	circuits to enable {MPEG} to be decoded in software - possibly
+	dedicated instructions for interpolation, inverse {DCT} or
+	{Huffman} table extraction.  A prototype featured audio {MPEG}
+	chips, Acorn's {RISC OS} {operating system} and supported
+	{Oracle Media Objects} and {Microword}.  Online planned to
+	reduce component count by transferring functions from boards
+	into the single RISC chip.
+
+	The company was origianlly wholly owned by Acorn but was
+	expected to bring in external investment.
+
+	[Article by nobody@tandem.com cross-posted from
+	tandem.news.computergram, 1994-07-07].
+
+	In 1996 they releasd the imaginatively titled "Set Top Box 2"
+	(STB20M) with a 32 MHz {ARM 7500} and 2 to 32 MB {RAM}.  There
+	was also a "Set Top Box 22".
+
+	{(http://www.khantazi.org/Archives/MachineLst.html#STB1)}.
+	{(http://www.mcmordie.co.uk/acornhistory/riscpc700.shtml)}.
+	{(http://acorn.chriswhy.co.uk/NC.html)}.
+
+	(2007-11-12)
+
+Acorn RISC Machine
+
+	<processor> The original name of the {Advanced RISC Machine}.
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+ACOS
+
+	<language> A {BBS} language for {PRODOS 8} on {Apple II}.
+	{Macos} is a hacked version of ACOS.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+acoustic coupler
+
+	<hardware, communications> A device used to connect a {modem}
+	to a telephone line via an ordinary handset.  The acoustic
+	coupler converts electrical signals from the {modem} to sound
+	via a loudspeaker, against which the mouthpiece of a telephone
+	handset is placed.  The earpiece is placed against a
+	{microphone} which converts sound to electrical signals which
+	return to the modem.  The handset is inserted into a
+	sound-proof box containing the louspeaker and microphone to
+	avoid interference from ambient noise.
+
+	Acousitic couplers are now rarely used since most modems have
+	a direct electrical connection to the telephone line.  This
+	avoids the signal degradation caused by conversion to and from
+	audio.  Direct connection is not always possible, and was
+	actually illegal in the United Kingdom before {British
+	Telecom} was privatised.  BT's predecessor, the General Post
+	Office, did not allow subscribers to connect their own
+	equipment to the telephone line.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+ACP
+
+	{Algebra of Communicating Processes}
+
+ACPI
+
+	{Advanced Configuration and Power Interface}
+
+Acrobat
+
+	<text, product> A product from {Adobe Systems, Inc.}, for
+	manipulating documents stored in {Portable Document Format}.
+	Acrobat provides a {platform}-independent means of creating,
+	viewing, and printing documents.
+
+	{Acropolis: the magazine of Acrobat publishing
+	(http://acropolis.com/acropolis)}.
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+acronym
+
+	<jargon> An identifier formed from some of the letters (often
+	the initials) of a phrase and used as an abbreviation.
+
+	A {TLA} is a {meta}-acronym, i.e. an acronym about acronyms.
+
+	{This dictionary (FOLDOC)} contains a great many acronyms; see
+	{the contents page (/contents/all.html)} for a list.
+
+	(2014-08-14)
+
+ACSE
+
+	{Association Control Service Element}
+
+ACT
+
+	1. <software> {Annual Change Traffic}.
+
+	2. <company> {Ada Core Technologies}.
+
+ACT++
+
+	<language> A {concurrent} extension of {C++} based on
+	{actors}.
+
+	["ACT++: Building a Concurrent C++ With Actors", D.G. Kafura
+	TR89-18, VPI, 1989].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Act1
+
+	<language> An {actor} language descended from {Plasma}.
+
+	["Concurrent Object Oriented Programming in Act1",
+	H. Lieberman in Object Oriented Concurrent Programming,
+	A. Yonezawa et al eds, MIT Press 1987].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+ACT 1
+
+	{Algebraic Compiler and Translator}
+
+Act2
+
+	<language> An {actor} language.
+
+	["Issues in the Design of Act2", D. Theriault, TR728, MIT AI
+	Lab, June 1983].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Act3
+
+	<language> A high-level {actor} language by {Carl Hewitt}.  A
+	descendant of {Act2} which provides support for automatic
+	generation of {customers} and for {delegation} and
+	{inheritance}.
+
+	["Linguistic Support of Receptionists for Shared Resources",
+	C. Hewitt et al in Seminar on Concurrency, S.D. Brookes et al
+	eds, LNCS 197, Springer 1985, pp. 330-359].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Actalk
+
+	<language> A {Smalltalk}-based {actor} language developed by
+	J-P Briot in 1989.
+
+	["Actalk: A Testbed for Classifying and Designing Actor
+	Languages in the Smalltalk-80 Environment", J-P. Briot, Proc
+	ECOOP '89, pp. 109-129].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Actis
+
+	<programming> An approach to integrated {CASE} by {Apollo}.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+activation record
+
+	<compiler> (Or "data frame", "stack frame") A data structure
+	containing the variables belonging to one particular {scope}
+	(e.g. a procedure body), as well as links to other activation
+	records.
+
+	Activation records are usually created (on the {stack}) on
+	entry to a block and destroyed on exit.  If a procedure or
+	function may be returned as a result, stored in a variable and
+	used in an outer scope then its activation record must be
+	stored in a {heap} so that its variables still exist when it
+	is used.  Variables in the current {scope} are accessed via
+	the {frame pointer} which points to the current activation
+	record.  Variables in an outer scope are accessed by following
+	chains of links between activation records.  There are two
+	kinds of link - the {static link} and the {dynamic link}.
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+active DBMS
+
+	<database> A conventional or passive {DBMS} combined with a
+	means of event detection and condition monitoring.  Event
+	handling is often rule-based, as with an {expert system}.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Active Directory
+
+	<operating system> A {directory service} from {Microsoft
+	Corporation}, similar in concept to {Novell} {Netware
+	Directory Services (NDS)}, that also integrates with the user
+	organisation's {DNS} structure and is interoperable with
+	{LDAP}.  Active Directory is included in {Windows 2000}.
+
+	(2000-03-28)
+
+Active Language I
+
+	<tool, mathematics> An early interactive mathematics system
+	for the {XDS 930} at the {University of California at
+	Berkeley}.
+
+	["Active Language I", R. de Vogelaere in Interactive Systems
+	for Experimental Applied Mathematics, A-P 1968].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+active matrix display
+
+	<hardware> A type of {liquid crystal display} where each
+	display element (each {pixel}) includes an active component
+	such as a {transistor} to maintain its state between scans.
+
+	Contrast {passive matrix display}.
+
+	(1995-12-09)
+
+Active Measurement Project
+
+	<networking, tool, project> (AMP) An {NLANR} project
+	undertaking site-to-site measurement across the {HPC}
+	networks.  This work is intended to compliment the
+	measurements taken by {MCI} and {Abilene} within the networks'
+	infrastructure.  Currently {round trip times}, {topology}, and
+	{packet loss} are being measured.
+
+	(2004-01-18)
+
+Active Monitor
+
+	<networking> A process in an {IBM} {token ring} network which
+	ensures a token is present on the ring, removes circulating
+	frames with unknown or invalid destinations, and performs
+	introductions between machines on the ring.
+
+	(1996-06-18)
+
+active object
+
+	<programming> An {object} each {instance} of which has its own
+	{thread} running as well as its own copies of the object's
+	{instance variables}.
+
+	(1998-03-08)
+
+Active Reconfiguring Message
+
+	<hardware> (ARM) An efficient mechanism which allows
+	reconfiguration of the hardware logic of a system according to
+	the particular data received or transmitted.
+
+	In ARM each message contains extra information in a
+	Reconfiguring {Header} in addition to the data to be
+	transferred.  Upon arrival of the message the Reconfiguring
+	Header is extracted, decoded and used to perform on-the-fly
+	hardware reconfiguration.  As soon as the hardware has been
+	reconfigured the data information of the message can be
+	processed.
+
+	[In what contect is this term used?]
+
+	(1997-06-06)
+
+Active Server Pages
+
+	<web, programming> (ASP) A {scripting} environment
+	for {Microsoft Internet Information Server} in which you can
+	combine {HTML}, scripts and reusable {ActiveX} {server}
+	components to create dynamic {web pages}.
+
+	IIS 4.0 includes scripting engines for {Microsoft Visual
+	Basic} Scripting Edition ({VBScript}) and {Microsoft JScript}.
+	{ActiveX} scripting engines for {Perl} and {REXX} are
+	available through third-party developers.
+
+	[URL?]
+
+	(1999-12-02)
+
+ActiveX
+
+	<programming> A type of {COM} component that can
+	self-register, also known as an "ActiveX control".  All COM
+	objects implement the "IUnknown" interface but an ActiveX
+	control usually also implements some of the standard
+	interfaces for embedding, user interface, methods, properties,
+	events, and persistence.
+
+	ActiveX controls were originally called "{OLE} Controls", and
+	were required to provide all of these interfaces but that
+	requirement was dropped, and the name changed, to make ActiveX
+	controls lean enough to be downloaded as part of a web page.
+
+	Because ActiveX components can support the OLE embedding
+	interfaces, they can be included in web pages.  Because they
+	are COM objects, they can be used from languages such as
+	{Visual Basic}, {Visual C++}, {Java}, {VBScript}.
+
+	["Understanding ActiveX and OLE", David Chappell, MS Press,
+	1996].
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/com/tech/activex.asp)}.
+
+	(2002-04-19)
+
+ActiveX Data Objects
+
+	<database, Microsoft, programming> (ADO) {Microsoft}'s
+	{library} for accessing data sources through {OLE DB}.
+	Typically it is used to query or modify data stored in a
+	relational database.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/ado270/htm/adostartpage1.asp)}.
+
+	(2003-07-08)
+
+ACT ONE
+
+	<language, specification> A specification language.
+
+	["An Algebraic Specification Language with Two Levels of
+	Semantics", H. Ehrig et al, Tech U Berlin 83-1983-02-03].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Actor
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} language for {Microsoft
+	Windows} written by Charles Duff of the {Whitewater Group} ca.
+	1986.  It has {Pascal}/{C}-like {syntax}.  Uses a
+	{token-threaded} {interpreter}.  {Early binding} is an option.
+
+	["Actor Does More than Windows", E.R. Tello, Dr Dobb's J
+	13(1):114-125 (Jan 1988)].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+actor
+
+	1. <programming> In {object-oriented} programming, an {object}
+	which exists as a {concurrent} process.
+
+	2. <operating system> In {Chorus}, the unit of resource
+	allocation.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Actors
+
+	<theory> A model for {concurrency} by {Carl Hewitt}.  Actors
+	are autonomous and concurrent {objects} which execute
+	{asynchronously}.  The Actor model provides flexible
+	mechanisms for building parallel and {distributed} software
+	systems.
+
+	{(http://osl.cs.uiuc.edu/)}.
+
+	["Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes", C. Hewitt et al,
+	IFIP 77, pp. 987-992, N-H 1977].
+
+	["ACTORS: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed
+	Systems", Gul A. Agha <agha@cs.uiuc.edu>, Cambridge Press, MA,
+	1986].
+
+	(1999-11-23)
+
+actor/singer/waiter/webmaster
+
+	<web> An elaboration of the ages-old concept of the
+	actor/singer/waiter, someone who waits tables __for now__, but
+	who has aspirations of breaking into the glamorous worlds of
+	acting or New Media or both!
+
+	He keeps going to auditions and sending a resumes to {C|Net
+	(http://cnet.com/)} because you have to pay your dues.
+
+	His credits include being on "Friends" (as an extra), in "ER"
+	(actually, in an ER - he twisted his ankle once; but he counts
+	the x-rays as screen credits), and having been the webmaster
+	of an extensive multimedia interactive website (his hotlist of
+	"Simpsons" links).
+
+	(1998-04-04)
+
+Actra
+
+	<language> A {multi-processor} {exemplar}-based {Smalltalk}.
+
+	[LaLonde et al, OOPSLA '86].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+actual argument
+
+	<programming> A value, expression, or reference passed to a
+	{function} or {subroutine} when it is called and which
+	replaces or is bound to the corresponding {formal argument}.
+
+	See: {argument}.
+
+	(2002-07-02)
+
+Actus
+
+	<language> {Pascal} with parallel extensions, similar to the
+	earlier {Glypnir}.  It has parallel constants and {index
+	sets}.  Descendants include {Parallel Pascal}, {Vector C} and
+	{CMU}'s language {PIE}.
+
+	["A Language for Array and Vector Processors," R.H. Perrott,
+	ACM TOPLAS 1(2):177-195 (Oct 1979)].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+AD
+
+	{Administrative Domain}
+
+ad
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Andorra.
+
+	(1999-01-26)
+
+Ada
+
+	<language> (After {Ada Lovelace}) A {Pascal}-descended
+	language, designed by Jean Ichbiah's team at {CII Honeywell}
+	in 1979, made mandatory for Department of Defense software
+	projects by the Pentagon.  The original language was
+	standardised as "Ada 83", the latest is "{Ada 95}".
+
+	Ada is a large, complex, {block-structured} language aimed
+	primarily at {embedded} applications.  It has facilities for
+	{real-time} response, {concurrency}, hardware access and
+	reliable run-time error handling.  In support of large-scale
+	{software engineering}, it emphasises {strong typing}, {data
+	abstraction} and {encapsulation}.  The type system uses {name
+	equivalence} and includes both {subtypes} and {derived types}.
+	Both fixed and {floating-point} numerical types are supported.
+
+	{Control flow} is fully bracketed: if-then-elsif-end if,
+	case-is-when-end case, loop-exit-end loop, goto.  Subprogram
+	parameters are in, out, or inout.  Variables imported from
+	other packages may be hidden or directly visible.  Operators
+	may be {overloaded} and so may {enumeration} literals.  There
+	are user-defined {exceptions} and {exception handlers}.
+
+	An Ada program consists of a set of packages encapsulating
+	data objects and their related operations.  A package has a
+	separately compilable body and interface.  Ada permits
+	{generic packages} and subroutines, possibly parametrised.
+
+	Ada support {single inheritance}, using "tagged types" which
+	are types that can be extended via {inheritance}.
+
+	Ada programming places a heavy emphasis on {multitasking}.
+	Tasks are synchronised by the {rendezvous}, in which a task
+	waits for one of its subroutines to be executed by another.
+	The conditional entry makes it possible for a task to test
+	whether an entry is ready.  The selective wait waits for
+	either of two entries or waits for a limited time.
+
+	Ada is often criticised, especially for its size and
+	complexity, and this is attributed to its having been designed
+	by committee.  In fact, both Ada 83 and Ada 95 were designed
+	by small design teams to be internally consistent and tightly
+	integrated.  By contrast, two possible competitors, {Fortran
+	90} and {C++} have both become products designed by large and
+	disparate volunteer committees.
+
+	See also {Ada/Ed}, {Toy/Ada}.
+
+	{Home of the Brave Ada Programmers
+	(http://lglwww.epfl.ch/Ada/)}.  {Ada FAQs
+	(http://lglwww.epfl.ch/Ada/FAQ/)} (hypertext), {text only
+	(ftp://lglftp.epfl.ch/pub/Ada/FAQ)}.
+
+	{(http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/)},
+	{(ftp://ajpo.sei.cmu.edu/)},
+	{(ftp://stars.rosslyn.unisys.com/pub/ACE_8.0)}.
+
+	E-mail: <adainfo@ajpo.sei.cmu.edu>.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.ada}.
+
+	{An Ada grammar (ftp://primost.cs.wisc.edu/)} including a lex
+	scanner and yacc parser is available.  E-mail:
+	<masticol@dumas.rutgers.edu>.
+
+	{Another yacc grammar and parser for Ada by Herman Fischer
+	(ftp://wsmr-simtel20.army.mil/PD2:<ADA.EXTERNAL-TOOLS>GRAM2.SRC)}.
+
+	An {LR parser} and {pretty-printer} for {Ada} from NASA is
+	available from the {Ada Software Repository}.
+
+	{Adamakegen} generates {makefiles} for {Ada} programs.
+
+	["Reference Manual for the Ada Programming Language", ANSI/MIL
+	STD 1815A, US DoD (Jan 1983)].  Earlier draft versions
+	appeared in July 1980 and July 1982.  ISO 1987.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-08-12)
+
+Ada++
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} extension to {Ada},
+	implemented as an Ada {preprocessor}.  Obsoleted by {Ada 95}
+	which includes object-oriented features.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-09-19)
+
+Ada 83
+
+	<language> The original {Ada}, as opposed to {Ada 95}.
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+Ada 95
+
+	<language> A revision and extension of {Ada} (Ada 83) begun in
+	1988 and completed on 1994-12-01 by a team lead by Tucker Taft
+	of {Intermetrics}.  Chris Anderson was the Project Manager.
+	The printed standard was expected to be available around
+	1995-02-15.
+
+	Additions include {object-orientation} ({tagged types},
+	{abstract types} and {class-wide types}), hierarchical
+	libraries and synchronisation with shared data (protected
+	types) similar to {Orca}.  It lacks {multiple inheritance} but
+	supports the construction of multiple inheritance type
+	hierarchies through the use of {generics} and {type
+	composition}.
+
+	{GNAT} aims to be a free implementation of Ada 95.
+
+	You can get the standard from the {Ada Joint Program Office
+	(http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/ajpo/index.shtml)}.
+
+	["Introducing Ada 9X", J.G.P. Barnes, Feb 1993].
+
+	(1999-12-02)
+
+Ada 9X
+
+	<language> The working title for {Ada 95} before its adoption
+	as an {ISO} {standard}.
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+ADABAS
+
+	<database> A {relational database} system by {Software AG}.
+	While it was initially designed for large {IBM} {mainframe}
+	systems (e.g. {S/370} in the late 1970s), it has been ported
+	to numerous other {platforms} over the last few years such as
+	several flavors of {Unix} including {AIX}.
+
+	ADABAS stores its data in tables (and is thus "relational")
+	but also uses some non-relational techniques, such as
+	{multiple values} and {periodic groups}.
+
+	(1995-10-30)
+
+Ada Core Technologies
+
+	<company> (ACT) The company that maintains {GNAT}.
+
+	Ada Core Technologies was founded in 1994 by the original
+	authors of the GNAT compiler.  ACT provides software for {Ada
+	95} development.
+
+	{(http://gnat.com/)}.
+
+	(2000-10-28)
+
+Ada/Ed
+
+	<language, education> An {interpreter}, editor, and {run-time
+	environment} for {Ada}, intended as a teaching tool.  Ada/Ed
+	does not have the capacity, performance, or robustness of
+	commercial Ada compilers.  Ada/Ed was developed at {New York
+	University} as part of a project in language definition and
+	software prototyping.
+
+	AdaEd runs on {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {Atari ST}, and {Amiga}.
+
+	It handles nearly all of {Ada 83} and was last validated with
+	version 1.7 of the {ACVC} tests.  Being an interpreter, it
+	does not implement most {representation clauses} and thus does
+	not support systems programming close to the machine level.
+
+	Latest version: 1.11.0a+, as of 1994-08-18.  A later version
+	is known as {GW-Ada}.
+
+	E-mail: Michael Feldman <mfeldman@seas.gwu.edu>.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/amiga/languages/ada)},
+	{(ftp://cnam.cnam.fr/pub/Ada/Ada-Ed)}.  {For Amiga
+	(ftp://cs.nyu.edu/pub/adaed)}.
+
+	{RISC OS port
+	(ftp://micros.hensa.ac.uk/micros/arch/riscos/c/c052)}.
+
+	(1999-11-04)
+
+Adaline
+
+	<architecture> Name given by Widrow to {adaptive linear
+	neurons}, that is {neurons} (see {McCulloch-Pitts}) which
+	learn using the {Widrow-Huff Delta Rule}.  See also
+	{Madaline}.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+Ada Lovelace
+
+	<person> (1811-1852) The daughter of Lord Byron, who became
+	the world's first programmer while cooperating with {Charles
+	Babbage} on the design of his mechanical computing engines in
+	the mid-1800s.
+
+	The language {Ada} was named after her.
+
+	[{"Ada, Enchantress of Numbers Prophit of the Computer Age",
+	Betty Alexandra Toole (http://well.com/user/adatoole)}].
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	(1999-07-17)
+
+ADAM
+
+	{A Data Management system}
+
+Adam7
+
+	<graphics, algorithm> One of the {progressive coding} methods
+	used in {PNG} {images}.  Adam7, named after its author, Adam
+	M. Costello, consists of seven distinct passes over the image.
+	Each pass transmits a subset of the {pixels} in the image.
+	The pass in which each pixel is transmitted is defined by
+	replicating the following 8-by-8 pattern over the entire
+	image, starting at the top left:
+
+	 1 6 4 6 2 6 4 6
+	 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
+	 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6
+	 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
+	 3 6 4 6 3 6 4 6
+	 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
+	 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6
+	 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
+
+	(2000-09-12)
+
+Adamakegen
+
+	<tool> A program that generates {makefiles} for {Ada}
+	programs.  Adamakegen was written by Owen O'Malley
+	<owen@schwartz-omalley.com>.  It requires {Icon} and runs
+	under {Verdix} and {SunAda}.
+
+	Latest version: 2.6.3, as of 1993-03-02.
+
+	{Adamakegen Home
+	(http://schwartz-omalley.com/people/owen/tools/adamakegen.html)}.
+
+	(2004-08-21)
+
+ADAMO
+
+	<database> A data management system written at {CERN}, based
+	on the {Entity-Relationship model}.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+Adam Osborne
+
+	<person> The ex-book publisher who founded {Osborne Computer
+	Corporation}.
+
+	(2007-05-21)
+
+Ada-O
+
+	<language> An {Ada} subset developed at the {University of
+	Karlsruhe} in 1979, used for {compiler} {bootstrapping}.  It
+	lacks {overloading}, {derived types}, {real numbers}, tasks
+	and {generics}.
+
+	["Revised Ada-O Reference Manual", G. Persch et al, U
+	Karlsruhe, Inst fur Infor II, Bericht Nr 9/81].
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+Adaplan
+
+	<language> A {functional database} language based upon
+	{Backus}' {FP} language.
+
+	[Erwig&Lipeck, Proc. DBPL-3, 1991].
+
+	(1995-05-07)
+
+Adaplex
+
+	<language, database> An extension of {Ada} for {functional
+	databases}.
+
+	["Adaplex: Rationale and Reference Manual 2nd ed", J.M. Smith
+	et al, Computer Corp America, Cambridge MA, 1983].
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+Ada Programming Support Environment
+
+	<tool, project> (APSE) A program or set of programs to support
+	software development in the Ada language.
+
+	[Examples?]
+
+	(1997-06-30)
+
+ADAPT
+
+	<language> A subset of {APT}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 606].
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+Adaptable User Interface
+
+	<tool, product> (AUI, Oracle Toolkit) A toolkit from {Oracle}
+	allowing applications to be written which will be portable
+	between different {windowing systems}.  AUI provides one {call
+	level interface} along with a resource manager and editor
+	across a range of "standard" {GUIs}, including {Macintosh},
+	{Microsoft Windows} and the {X Window System}.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+Adaptec
+
+	<company> A company specialising in the aera of movement of
+	data between computers.  Adaptec designs hardware and software
+	products to transfer data from a computer to a {peripheral}
+	device or {network}.
+
+	Founded in 1981, the company achieved profitability in 1984,
+	went public in 1986, and to date has achieved 54 consecutive
+	profitable quarters.
+
+	Revenues for fiscal 1997 were $934 million, a 42% increase
+	over the prior year.  Net income, excluding acquisition
+	charges, for fiscal year 1997 was $198 million or $1.72 per
+	share.
+
+	{(http://adaptec.com)}.
+
+	(1999-08-25)
+
+adaptive answering
+
+	<communications> A feature which allows a {faxmodem} to answer
+	the telephone and decide whether the incoming call is a fax or
+	data call.  Most {Class 1} faxmodems do this.  The
+	{U.S. Robotics} Class 1 implementation however seems not to do
+	it, it must be set to answer as either one or the other.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+Adaptive Communication Environment
+
+	<communications, tool> A {C++} wrapper library for
+	communications from the {University of California at Irvine}.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+Adaptive Digital Pulse Code Modulation
+
+	<communications> (ADPCM) A {compression} technique which
+	records only the difference between samples and adjusts the
+	coding scale dynamically to accomodate large and small
+	differences.  ADPCM is simple to implement, but introduces
+	much {noise}.
+
+	[Used where?  Does the {Sony} minidisk use ADPCM or {ATRAC}?]
+
+	(1998-12-10)
+
+adaptive learning
+
+	<algorithm> (Or "{Hebbian} learning") Learning where a system
+	programs itself by adjusting weights or strengths until it
+	produces the desired output.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+adaptive routing
+
+	{dynamic routing}
+
+Adaptive Server Enterprise
+
+	<database (ASE) The {relational database management system}
+	that started life in the mid-eighties [first release?] as
+	"Sybase SQL Server".  For a number of years {Microsoft} was a
+	Sybase distributor, reselling the Sybase product for {OS/2}
+	and (later) {Windows NT} under the name "Microsoft SQL
+	Server".
+
+	Around 1994, Microsoft basically bought a copy of the {source
+	code} of Sybase SQL Server and then went its own way.  As
+	competitors, Sybase and Microsoft have been developing their
+	products independently ever since.  Microsoft has mostly
+	emphasised ease-of-use and "Window-ising" the product, while
+	Sybase has focused on maximising performance and reliability,
+	and running on high-end hardware.
+
+	When releasing version 11.5 in 1997, Sybase renamed its
+	product to "ASE" to better distinguish its database from
+	Microsoft's.  Both ASE and MS SQL Server call their query
+	language "Transact-SQL" and they are very similar.
+
+	Sybase SQL Server was the first true {client-server} RDBMS
+	which was also capable of handling real-world workloads.  In
+	contrast, other DBMSs have long been monolithic programs; for
+	example, {Oracle} only "bolted on" client-server functionality
+	in the mid-nineties.  Also, Sybase SQL Server was the first
+	commercially successful RDBMS supporting {stored procedures}
+	and {triggers}, and a cost-based {query optimizer}.
+
+	As with many other technology-driven competitors of Microsoft,
+	Sybase has lost market share to MS's superior marketing,
+	though many consider it has the superior system.
+
+	{(http://sypron.nl/whatis_ase.html)}.
+
+	(2003-07-02)
+
+Adaptive Simulated Annealing
+
+	<language> (ASA) An {algorithm} for global optimisation of
+	generic {functions} by Lester Ingber
+	<ingber@alumni.caltech.edu> <ingber@ingber.com>.
+
+	Latest version: 20.5, as of 2000-02-29.
+
+	{(http://alumni.caltech.edu/~ingber/)}.
+
+	{(http://ingber.com/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <asa-request@alumni.caltech.edu>.
+
+	(2000-02-29)
+
+Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding
+
+	<algorithm> (ATRAC) An audio compression {algorithm},
+	introduced by {Sony} for its {Mini Disk}, which relies on the
+	masking of low-amplitude frequency components by temporaly
+	adjacent high-amplitude components.  ATRAC consists of a
+	three-band {subband encoder} (0...5.5, 5.5...11, 11...22 kHz)
+	and a {MDCT} based transformation encoder.
+
+	[Does Sony Minidisk use {ADPCM}?]
+
+	(2001-12-13)
+
+Adaptor
+
+	<tool> (Automatic DAta Parallelism TranslatOR) A source to
+	source transformation tool that transforms {data parallel}
+	programs written in {Fortran 77} with {array} extensions,
+	parallel loops, and layout directives to parallel programs
+	with explicit {message passing}.  ADAPTOR generates {Fortran
+	77} host and node programs with message passing.  The new
+	generated source codes have to be compiled by the compiler of
+	the parallel computer.
+
+	Version 1.0 runs on {CM-5}, {iPCS/860}, {Meiko CS1}/CS2, {KSR
+	1}, {SGI}, {Alliant} or a network of {Suns} or {RS/6000s}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.gmd.de/gmd/adaptor/adp_1.0.tar.Z)}.
+
+	[Connection with Thomas Brandes and GMD?]
+
+	(1993-06-01)
+
+Ada Semantic Interface Specification
+
+	<language> (ASIS) An intermediate representation for {Ada}.
+
+	E-mail: <sblake@thomsoft.com>.
+
+	See also {Diana}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Ada Software Repository
+
+	<language> A collection of {Ada} programs?
+
+	{(http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/asr/)}.
+
+	(1995-01-06)
+
+ADC
+
+	{Analog to Digital Converter}
+
+ADCCP
+
+	{Advanced Data Communications Control Protocol}
+
+A/D converter
+
+	{Analog to Digital Converter}
+
+ADCU
+
+	{application developer customer unit}
+
+AD/Cycle
+
+	<tool, product> Application Development cycle.
+
+	A set of {SAA}-compatible {IBM}-sponsored products for program
+	development, running on workstations accessing a central
+	repository on a {mainframe}.  The stages cover requirements,
+	analysis and design, production of the application, building
+	and testing and maintenance.  Technologies used include code
+	generators and {knowledge based systems} as well as languages
+	and debuggers.
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+ADD 1 TO COBOL GIVING COBOL
+
+	<humour, language> (From COBOL's equivalent syntax to C's C++)
+	A tongue-in-cheek suggestion by Bruce Clement for an
+	{object-oriented} {COBOL}.
+
+	[SIGPLAN Notices 27(4):90-91 (Apr 1992)].
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+ADDD
+
+	<tool> A Depository of Development Documents.
+
+	A {public domain} Software Engineering Environment from {GMD}
+	developed as part of the {STONE} project.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+additive
+
+	<mathematics> A function f : X -> Y is additive if
+
+	 for all Z <= X
+	 f (lub Z)  =  lub { f z : z in Z }
+
+	(f "preserves {lubs}").  All additive functions defined over
+	{cpos} are {continuous}.
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\subseteq}, "lub" as \sqcup ).
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+address
+
+	1. <networking> {e-mail address}.
+
+	2. <networking> {IP address}.
+
+	3. <networking> {MAC address}.
+
+	4. <storage, programming> An unsigned integer used to select
+	one fundamental element of storage, usually known as a {word}
+	from a computer's {main memory} or other storage device.  The
+	{CPU} outputs addresses on its {address bus} which may be
+	connected to an {address decoder}, {cache controller}, {memory
+	management unit}, and other devices.
+
+	While from a hardware point of view an address is indeed an
+	integer most {strongly typed} programming languages disallow
+	mixing integers and addresses, and indeed addresses of
+	different data types.  This is a fine example for {syntactic
+	salt}: the compiler could work without it but makes writing
+	bad programs more difficult.
+
+	(1997-07-01)
+
+address book
+
+	<messaging> A collection of electronic {contacts} for use in an
+	{electronic mail} system, {mobile phone} or any other system for
+	exchanging messages with other people or organisations.
+
+	(2014-06-20)
+
+address bus
+
+	<processor> The connections between the {CPU} and memory which
+	carry the {address} from/to which the CPU wishes to read or
+	write.  The number of bits of address bus determines the
+	maximum size of memory which the processor can access.
+
+	See also {data bus}.
+
+	(1995-03-22)
+
+addressed call mode
+
+	<communications> (ACM) A mode that permits control signals and
+	commands to establish and terminate calls in {V.25bis}.
+
+	(1997-05-07)
+
+addressee
+
+	<communications> One to whom something is addressed.
+	E.g. "The To, CC, and {BCC} {headers} list the addressees of
+	the e-mail message".  Normally an addressee will eventually be
+	a {recipient}, unless there is a failure at some point (an
+	e-mail "{bounces}") or the message is redirected to a
+	different addressee.
+
+	(2000-03-22)
+
+addressing mode
+
+	1. <processor, programming> One of a set of methods for
+	specifying the {operand}(s) for a {machine code} instruction.
+	Different processors vary greatly in the number of addressing
+	modes they provide.  The more complex modes described below
+	can usually be replaced with a short sequence of instructions
+	using only simpler modes.
+
+	The most common modes are "register" - the operand is stored
+	in a specified {register}; "absolute" - the operand is stored
+	at a specified memory address; and "{immediate}" - the operand
+	is contained within the instruction.
+
+	Most processors also have {indirect addressing} modes, e.g.
+	"register indirect", "memory indirect" where the specified
+	register or memory location does not contain the operand but
+	contains its address, known as the "{effective address}".  For
+	an absolute addressing mode, the effective address is
+	contained within the instruction.
+
+	Indirect addressing modes often have options for pre- or post-
+	increment or decrement, meaning that the register or memory
+	location containing the {effective address} is incremented or
+	decremented by some amount (either fixed or also specified in
+	the instruction), either before or after the instruction is
+	executed.  These are very useful for {stacks} and for
+	accessing blocks of data.  Other variations form the effective
+	address by adding together one or more registers and one or
+	more constants which may themselves be direct or indirect.
+	Such complex addressing modes are designed to support access
+	to multidimensional arrays and arrays of data structures.
+
+	The addressing mode may be "implicit" - the location of the
+	operand is obvious from the particular instruction.  This
+	would be the case for an instruction that modified a
+	particular control register in the CPU or, in a {stack} based
+	processor where operands are always on the top of the stack.
+
+	2. In {IBM} {System 370}/{XA} the addressing mode bit controls
+	the size of the {effective address} generated.  When this bit
+	is zero, the CPU is in the 24-bit addressing mode, and 24 bit
+	instruction and operand effective addresses are generated.
+	When this bit is one, the CPU is in the 31-bit addressing
+	mode, and 31-bit instruction and operand effective addresses
+	are generated.
+
+	["IBM System/370 Extended Architecture Principles of
+	Operation", Chapter 5., 'Address Generation', BiModal
+	Addressing].
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+address mask
+
+	<networking> (Or "subnet mask") A {bit mask} used to identify
+	which bits in an {IP address} correspond to the {network
+	address} and {subnet} portions of the address.  This mask is
+	often referred to as the subnet mask because the network
+	portion of the address can be determined by the {class}
+	inherent in an IP address.  The address mask has ones in
+	positions corresponding to the network and subnet numbers and
+	zeros in the host number positions.
+
+	(1996-03-21)
+
+address resolution
+
+	<networking> Conversion of an {Internet address} into the
+	corresponding physical address ({Ethernet address}).  This is
+	usually done using {Address Resolution Protocol}.
+
+	The {resolver} is a library routine and a set of processes
+	which converts {hostnames} into {Internet addresses}, though
+	this process in not usually referred to as {resolution}.  See
+	{DNS}.
+
+	(1996-04-09)
+
+Address Resolution Protocol
+
+	<networking, protocol> (ARP) A method for finding a {host}'s
+	{Ethernet address} from its {Internet address}.  The sender
+	broadcasts an ARP {packet} containing the {Internet address}
+	of another host and waits for it (or some other host) to send
+	back its Ethernet address.  Each host maintains a {cache} of
+	address translations to reduce delay and loading.  ARP allows
+	the Internet address to be independent of the Ethernet address
+	but it only works if all hosts support it.
+
+	ARP is defined in {RFC 826}.
+
+	The alternative for hosts that do not do ARP is {constant
+	mapping}.
+
+	See also {proxy ARP}, {reverse ARP}.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+address space
+
+	<operating system, architecture> The range of addresses which
+	a processor or process can access, or at which a {device} can
+	be accessed.  The term may refer to either {physical address}
+	or {virtual address}.
+
+	The size of a processor's address space depends on the width
+	of the processor's {address bus} and address {registers}.
+
+	Each device, such as a memory {integrated circuit}, will have
+	its own local address space which starts at zero.  This will
+	be mapped to a range of addresses which starts at some base
+	address in the processor's address space.
+
+	Similarly, each {process} will have its own address space,
+	which may be all or a part of the processor's address space.
+	In a {multitasking} system this may depend on where in memory
+	the process happens to have been loaded.  For a process to be
+	able to run at any address it must consist of
+	{position-independent code}.  Alternatively, each process may
+	see the same local address space, with the {memory management
+	unit} mapping this to the process's own part of the
+	processor's address space.
+
+	(1999-11-01)
+
+Address Strobe
+
+	<storage> (AS) One of the input signals of a memory device,
+	especially {semiconductor} memory, which is asserted to tell
+	the memory device that the {address} inputs are valid.  Upon
+	receiving this signal the selected memory device starts the
+	memory access (read/write) indicated by its other inputs.
+
+	It may be driven directly by the {processor} or by a {memory
+	controller}.
+
+	(1996-10-02)
+
+ADELE
+
+	<language> A language for specification of {attribute
+	grammars}, used by the {MUG2} {compiler compiler}.
+
+	["An Overview of the Attribute Definition Language ADELE",
+	H. Ganziger in GI3, Fachesprach "Compiler-Compiler",
+	W. Henhapl ed, Munchen Mar 1982, pp.22-53].
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+ADES
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 704}.
+
+	Version: ADES II.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+ad hoc
+
+	Contrived purely for the purpose in hand rather than planned
+	carefully in advance.  E.g. "We didn't know what to do about
+	the sausage rolls, so we set up an ad-hoc committee".
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+ad-hockery
+
+	<jargon> /ad-hok'*r-ee/ (Purdue) 1. Gratuitous assumptions
+	made inside certain programs, especially {expert systems},
+	which lead to the appearance of semi-intelligent behaviour but
+	are in fact entirely arbitrary.  For example, {fuzzy-matching}
+	of input tokens that might be typing errors against a symbol
+	table can make it look as though a program knows how to spell.
+
+	2. Special-case code to cope with some awkward input that
+	would otherwise cause a program to fail, presuming normal
+	inputs are dealt with in some cleaner and more regular way.
+	Also called "ad-hackery", "ad-hocity" (/ad-hos'*-tee/),
+	"ad-crockery".
+
+	See also {ELIZA effect}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+ad-hoc polymorphism
+
+	{overloading}
+
+Aditi
+
+	<database, project> The Aditi Deductive Database System.  A
+	multi-user {deductive database} system from the Machine
+	Intelligence Project at the {University of Melbourne}.  It
+	supports base {relations} defined by {facts} (relations in the
+	sense of {relational databases}) and {derived relations}
+	defined by {rules} that specify how to compute new information
+	from old information.
+
+	Both base relations and the rules defining derived relations
+	are stored on disk and are accessed as required during query
+	evaluation.  The rules defining derived relations are
+	expressed in a {Prolog}-like language, which is also used for
+	expressing queries.
+
+	Aditi supports the full structured data capability of Prolog.
+	Base relations can store arbitrarily nested terms, for example
+	arbitrary length lists, and rules can directly manipulate such
+	terms.  Base relations can be indexed with {B-trees} or
+	multi-level signature files.
+
+	Users can access the system through a {Motif}-based query and
+	database administration tool, or through a command line
+	interface.  There is also in interface that allows {NU-Prolog}
+	programs to access Aditi in a transparent manner.  Proper
+	{transaction processing} is not supported in this release.
+
+	The beta release runs on {SPARC}/{SunOS4}.1.2 and
+	{MIPS}/{Irix}4.0.
+
+	E-mail: <aditi@cs.mu.oz.au>.
+
+	(1992-12-17)
+
+adjacency
+
+	<networking> A relationship between two {network} devices,
+	e.g. {routers}, which are connected by one media segment so
+	that a packet sent by one can reach the other without going
+	through another network device.  The concept of adjacency is
+	important in the exchange of routing information.
+
+	Adjacent {SNA} {nodes} are nodes connected to a given node
+	with no intervening nodes.  In {DECnet} and {OSI}, adjacent
+	nodes share a common segment ({Ethernet}, {FDDI}, {Token
+	Ring}).
+
+	(1998-03-10)
+
+adjacent
+
+	{adjacency}
+
+ADL
+
+	1. <games> {Adventure Definition Language}.
+
+	2. <language> {Ada} Development Language.
+
+	R.A. Lees, 1989.
+
+	3. <programming> {API} Definition Language.
+
+	A project for Automatic Interface Test Generation.
+
+	(1995-11-17)
+
+AdLog
+
+	<language> A language which adds a {Prolog} layer to {Ada}.
+
+	["AdLog, An Ada Components Set to Add Logic to Ada",
+	G. Pitette, Proc Ada-Europe Intl Conf Munich, June 1988].
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+ADM
+
+	<language> A picture {query language}, extension of {Sequel2}.
+
+	["An Image-Oriented Database System", Y. Takao et al, in
+	Database Techniques for Pictorial Applications, A. Blaser ed,
+	pp. 527-538].
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+ADMD
+
+	{Administration Management Domain}
+
+admin
+
+	{system administrator}
+
+Administration Management Domain
+
+	<networking> (ADMD) An {X.400} {Message Handling System}
+	{public service carrier}.  The ADMDs in all countries
+	worldwide together provide the X.400 {backbone}.  Examples:
+	{MCImail} and {ATTmail} in the U.S., {British Telecom}
+	{Gold400mail} in the U.K.
+
+	See also {PRMD}.
+
+	[RFC 1208].
+
+	(1997-05-07)
+
+administrative distance
+
+	<networking> A rating of the trustworthiness of a {routing}
+	information source set by the router administrator.  In
+	{Cisco} {routers}, administrative distance is a number between
+	0 and 255 (the higher the value, the less trustworthy the
+	source).
+
+	(1998-03-10)
+
+Administrative Domain
+
+	<networking> (AD) A collection of {hosts} and {routers}, and
+	the interconnecting network(s), managed by a single
+	{administrative authority}.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+admissible
+
+	<algorithm> A description of a {search algorithm} that is
+	guaranteed to find a minimal solution path before any other
+	solution paths, if a solution exists.  An example of an
+	admissible search algorithm is {A* search}.
+
+	(1999-07-19)
+
+ADO
+
+	{ActiveX Data Objects}
+
+Adobe Systems, Inc.
+
+	<company> A California {font} foundry and {software} house.
+	Adobe created the {PostScript} {page description language} and
+	wrote the {Blue Book}, {Green Book}, {Red Book} and {White
+	Book} on it.  They also developed {PDF}.  Adobe took over
+	{Frame Technology Corporation} in late 1995/early 1996.
+
+	{(http://adobe.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <postmaster@adobe.com>.
+
+	Address: Silicon Valley, California, USA.
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+Adobe Type Manager
+
+	<text, tool, product> (ATM) Software that produces
+	{PostScript} {outline fonts} on screen and paper.  There are
+	versions that run under {Microsoft Windows} and on the
+	{Macintosh}.  ATM can do {hinting}, {multiple master} and
+	{anti-aliasing}.
+
+	(1998-03-10)
+
+ADPCM
+
+	{Adaptive Digital Pulse Code Modulation}
+
+ADR
+
+	{Astra Digital Radio}
+
+ADS
+
+	An {expert system}.
+
+ADSL
+
+	{Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line}
+
+ADSP
+
+	{AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol}
+
+ADSU
+
+	{ATM Data Service Unit}
+
+ADT
+
+	{abstract data type}
+
+Advanced Audio Coding
+
+	<audio> (AAC) A successor to {MP3}, allowing lower {bit rates}
+	and more stable quality.
+
+	See {MPEG-2 AAC Low Profile} and {MPEG-4 AAC Main Profile}.
+
+	(2001-12-02)
+
+Advanced Communication Function/Network Control Program
+
+	<networking> (ACF/NCP, usually called just "NCP") The primary
+	{SNA} {network control program}, one of the {ACF} products.
+	ACF/NCP resides in the {communications controller} and
+	interfaces with {ACF/VTAM} in the {host processor} to control
+	network communications.
+
+	NCP can also communicate with multiple {hosts} using {local
+	channel} or remote links ({PU} type 5 or PU type 4) thus
+	enabling cross {domain} application communication.  In a
+	multiple {mainframe} SNA environment, any terminal or
+	application can access any other application on any host using
+	cross domain logon.
+
+	See also {Emulator program}.
+
+	[Communication or Communications?]
+
+	(1999-01-29)
+
+Advanced Communications Function
+
+	<networking> (ACF) A group of {IBM} {SNA} products that
+	provide {distributed processing} and resource sharing such as
+	{VTAM} and {NCP}.
+
+	[Communication or Communications?]
+
+	(1997-05-07)
+
+Advanced Computing Environment
+
+	<body> (ACE) A consortium to agree on an {open} architecture
+	based on the {MIPS R4000} chip.  A computer architecture ARCS
+	will be defined, on which either {OS/2} or {Open Desktop} can
+	be run.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
+
+	<hardware, standard> (ACPI) An open industry standard
+	developed by {Intel}, {Microsoft}, and {Toshiba} for
+	configuration and {power management}.
+
+	The key element of the standard is power management with two
+	important improvements.  First, it puts the {OS} in control of
+	power management.  In the currently existing {APM} model most
+	of the power management tasks are run by the {BIOS}, with
+	limited intervention from the OS.  In ACPI, the BIOS is
+	responsible for the dirty details of communicating with
+	hardware equipment but the control is in the OS.
+
+	The other important feature is bringing power management
+	features now available only in {portable computers} to
+	{desktop computers} and {servers}.  Extremely low consumption
+	states, i.e., in which only memory, or not even memory is
+	powered, but from which ordinary interrupts (real time clock,
+	keyboard, modem, etc.) can quickly wake the system, are today
+	available in portables only.  The standard should make these
+	available for a wider range of systems.
+
+	For ACPI to work the operating system, the {motherboard}
+	chipset, and for some functions even the {CPU} has to be
+	designed for it.  Microsoft is heavily driving a move toward
+	ACPI, both {Windows NT 5.0} and {Windows 98} will support it.
+	It remains to be seen how much hardware manufacturers will
+	embrace the technology and whether other operating system
+	vendors will support it.
+
+	{ACPI Information Page (http://teleport.com/~acpi/)}.
+
+	(1998-03-27)
+
+Advanced Data Communications Control Protocol
+
+	<protocol> An {ANSI} {standard} {bit-oriented} {data link}
+	control {protocol}.
+
+	(1997-05-07)
+
+Advanced Encryption Standard
+
+	<cryptography, algorithm> (AES) The {NIST}'s replacement for
+	the {Data Encryption Standard} (DES).  The Rijndael
+	/rayn-dahl/ {symmetric block cipher}, designed by Joan Daemen
+	and Vincent Rijmen, was chosen by a NIST contest to be AES.
+
+	AES is Federal Information Processing Standard FIPS-197.
+
+	AES currently supports 128, 192 and 256-bit keys and
+	encryption blocks, but may be extended in multiples of 32
+	bits.
+
+	{(http://csrc.nist.gov/CryptoToolkit/aes/)}.
+
+	{Rijndael home page
+	(http://esat.kuleuven.ac.be/~rijmen/rijndael/)}.
+
+	(2003-07-04)
+
+Advanced Function Presentation
+
+	<printer, language> (AFP) A {page description language} from
+	{IBM} introduced in 1984 initially as Advanced Function
+	Printing.  AFP was first developed for {mainframes} and then
+	brought to {minicomputers} and {workstations}.  It is
+	implemented on the various {platforms} by {Print Services
+	Facility} (PSF) software, which generates the {native} IBM
+	printer language, {IPDS} and, depending on the version,
+	{PostScript} and LaserJet {PCL} as well.  IBM calls AFP a
+	"printer architecture" rather than a page description
+	language.
+
+Advanced Function Printing
+
+	{Advanced Function Presentation}
+
+Advanced Intelligent Tape
+
+	<storage> (AIT) A form of {magnetic tape} and drive using
+	{AME} developed by {Sony} for storing large amounts of data.
+	An AIT can store over 50 {gigabytes} and transfer data at six
+	megabytes/second (in February 1999).  AIT features high speed
+	file access, long head and media life, the {ALDC compression}
+	{algorithm}, and a {MIC} chip.
+
+	{(http://aittape.com/)}.
+
+	{Seagate
+	(http://seagate.com/support/tape/scsiide/sidewinder/ait_main_page.shtml)}.
+
+	(1999-04-16)
+
+Advanced Interactive eXecutive
+
+	<operating system> (AIX) {IBM}'s version of {Unix}, taken as
+	the basis for the {OSF} {standard}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.sys.unix.aix}.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
+
+	<company> (AMD) A US manufacturer of {integrated circuits},
+	founded in 1969.  AMD was the fifth-largest IC manufacturer in
+	1995.  AMD focuses on the personal and networked computation
+	and communications market.  They produce {microprocessors},
+	{embedded processors} and related peripherals, memories,
+	{programmable logic devices}, circuits for telecommunications
+	and networking applications.
+
+	In 1995, AMD had 12000 employees in the USA and elsewhere and
+	manufacturing facilities in Austin, Texas; Aizu-Wakamatsu,
+	Japan; Bangkok, Thailand; Penang, Malaysia; and Singapore.
+
+	AMD made the {AMD 2900} series of {bit-slice} {TTL} components
+	and clones of the {Intel 80386} and {Intel 486}
+	{microprocessors}.
+
+	{AMD Home (http://amd.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Sunnyvale, CA, USA.
+
+	(1995-02-27)
+
+Advanced Network Systems Architecture
+
+	<networking> (ANSA) A "{software bus}" based on a model for
+	distributed systems developed as an {ESPRIT} project.
+
+	{(http://ansa.co.uk/)}.
+
+	(1996-04-01)
+
+Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking
+
+	<networking, product> (APPN) IBM data communications support
+	that routes data in a network between two or more {APPC}
+	systems that need not be adjacent.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Advanced Power Management
+
+	<hardware> (APM) A feature of some displays, usually but not
+	always, on {laptop computers}, which turns off power to the
+	display after a preset period of inactivity to conserve
+	electrical power.  Monitors with this capability are usually
+	refered to as "green monitors", meaning environmentally
+	friendly.
+
+	Not to be confused with a {screen blanker} which is {software}
+	that causes the display to go black (by setting every {pixel}
+	to black) to prevent {burn-in}.
+
+	(1997-08-25)
+
+Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
+
+	<integrated circuit> (APIC) A {Programmable Interrupt
+	Controller} (PIC) that can handle {interrupts} from and for
+	multiple {CPUs}, and, usually, has more available interrupt
+	lines that a typical PIC.
+
+	(2003-03-18)
+
+Advanced Program-to-Program Communications
+
+	<networking, product> (APPC) An implementation of the {IBM}
+	{SNA}/{SDLC} {LU6.2} {protocol} that allows interconnected
+	systems to communicate and share the processing of programs.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Advanced Research Projects Agency
+
+	{Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}
+
+Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
+
+	<networking> (ARPANET) A pioneering longhaul {wide area
+	network} funded by {DARPA} (when it was still called "ARPA"?).
+	It became operational in 1968 and served as the basis for
+	early networking research, as well as a central {backbone}
+	during the development of the {Internet}.  The ARPANET
+	consisted of individual {packet switching} computers
+	interconnected by {leased lines}.  {Protocols} used include
+	{FTP} and {telnet}.  It has now been replaced by {NSFnet}.
+
+	[1968 or 1969?]
+
+	(1994-11-17)
+
+Advanced Revelation
+
+	<database> (AREV) A {database development environment} for
+	{personal computers} available from {Revelation Software}
+	since 1982.  Originally based on the {PICK} {operating
+	system}, there are over one million users worldwide in 1996.
+
+	(1996-12-12)
+
+Advanced RISC Computing Specification
+
+	<standard, hardware> (ARC, previously ARCS) The baseline
+	hardware requirements for an {ACE}-compatible system.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+Advanced RISC Machine
+
+	<processor> (ARM, Originally {Acorn} RISC Machine).  A series
+	of low-cost, power-efficient 32-bit {RISC} {microprocessors}
+	for embedded control, computing, {digital signal processing},
+	{games}, consumer {multimedia} and portable applications.  It
+	was the first commercial RISC microprocessor (or was the {MIPS
+	R2000}?) and was licensed for production by {Asahi Kasei
+	Microsystems}, {Cirrus Logic}, {GEC Plessey Semiconductors},
+	{Samsung}, {Sharp}, {Texas Instruments} and {VLSI Technology}.
+
+	The ARM has a small and highly {orthogonal instruction set},
+	as do most RISC processors.  Every instruction includes a
+	four-bit code which specifies a condition (of the {processor
+	status register}) which must be satisfied for the instruction
+	to be executed.  Unconditional execution is specified with a
+	condition "true".
+
+	Instructions are split into load and store which access memory
+	and arithmetic and logic instructions which work on
+	{registers} (two source and one destination).
+
+	The ARM has 27 registers of which 16 are accessible in any
+	particular processor mode.  R15 combines the {program counter}
+	and processor status byte, the other registers are general
+	purpose except that R14 holds the {return address} after a
+	{subroutine} call and R13 is conventionally used as a {stack
+	pointer}.  There are four processor modes: user, {interrupt}
+	(with a private copy of R13 and R14), fast interrupt (private
+	copies of R8 to R14) and {supervisor} (private copies of R13
+	and R14).  The {ALU} includes a 32-bit {barrel-shifter}
+	allowing, e.g., a single-{cycle} shift and add.
+
+	The first ARM processor, the ARM1 was a prototype which was
+	never released.  The ARM2 was originally called the Acorn RISC
+	Machine.  It was designed by {Acorn Computers Ltd.} and used
+	in the original {Archimedes}, their successor to the {BBC
+	Micro} and {BBC Master} series which were based on the
+	eight-bit {6502} {microprocessor}.  It was clocked at 8 MHz
+	giving an average performance of 4 - 4.7 {MIPS}.  Development
+	of the ARM family was then continued by a new company,
+	{Advanced RISC Machines Ltd.}
+
+	The {ARM3} added a {fully-associative} on-chip {cache} and
+	some support for {multiprocessing}.  This was followed by the
+	{ARM600} chip which was an {ARM6} processor {core} with a
+	4-kilobyte 64-way {set-associative} {cache}, an {MMU} based on
+	the MEMC2 chip, a {write buffer} (8 words?) and a
+	{coprocessor} interface.
+
+	The {ARM7} processor core uses half the power of the {ARM6}
+	and takes around half the {die} size.  In a full processor
+	design ({ARM700} chip) it should provide 50% to 100% more
+	performance.
+
+	In July 1994 {VLSI Technology, Inc.} released the {ARM710}
+	processor chip.
+
+	{Thumb} is an implementation with reduced code size
+	requirements, intended for {embedded} applications.
+
+	An {ARM800} chip is also planned.
+
+	{AT&T}, {IBM}, {Panasonic}, {Apple Coputer}, {Matsushita} and
+	{Sanyo} either rely on, or manufacture, ARM 32-bit processor
+	chips.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.sys.arm}.
+
+	(1997-08-05)
+
+Advanced RISC Machines Ltd.
+
+	<company> (ARM) A company formed in 1990 by {Acorn Computers}
+	Ltd., {Apple Computer, Inc.} and {VLSI Technology} to market
+	and develop the {Advanced RISC Machine} {microprocessor}
+	family, originally designed by Acorn.
+
+	ARM Ltd. also designs and licenses peripheral chips and
+	supplies supporting software and hardware tools.  In April
+	1993, Nippon Investment and Finance, a Daiwa Securities
+	company, became ARM's fourth investor.  In May 1994 Samsung
+	became the sixth large company to have a licence to use the
+	ARM processor core.
+
+	The success of ARM Ltd. and the strategy to widen the
+	availability of RISC technology has resulted in its chips now
+	being used in a range of products including the {Apple
+	Newton}.  As measured by an independent authority, more ARM
+	processors were shipped than {SPARC} chips in 1993.  ARM has
+	also sold three times more chips than the {PowerPC}
+	consortium.
+
+	{(http://systemv.com/armltd/index.html)}.
+
+	E-mail: armltd.co.uk.
+
+	Address: Advanced RISC Machines Ltd.  Fulbourn Road, Cherry
+	Hinton, Cambridge CB1 4JN, UK.
+
+	Telephone: +44 (1223) 400 400.  Fax: +44 (1223) 400 410.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+Advanced SCSI Peripheral Interface
+
+	<storage, programming> (ASPI) A set of libraries designed to
+	provide programs running under {Microsoft Windows} with a
+	consistent interface for accessing {SCSI} devices.  ASPI has
+	become a {de facto standard}.
+
+	The ASPI layer is a collection of programs ({DLLs}) that
+	together implement the ASPI interface.  Many problems are
+	caused by device manufacturers packaging incomplete sets of
+	these DLLs with their hardware, often with incorrect date
+	stamps, causing newer versions to get replaced with old.
+	ASPICHK from Adaptec will check the ASPI components installed
+	on a computer.
+
+	The latest ASPI layer as of March 1999 is 1014.
+
+	The {ATAPI} standard for {IDE} devices makes them look to the
+	system like SCSI devices and allows them to work through ASPI.
+
+	{(http://resource.simplenet.com/primer/aspi.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-03-30)
+
+Advanced Software Environment
+
+	<programming> (ASE) An {object-oriented} {application support
+	system} from {Nixdorf}.
+
+	(1995-09-12)
+
+Advanced STatistical Analysis Program
+
+	<tool, electronics> (ASTAP) A program for analysing electronic
+	circuits and other networks.
+
+	["Advanced Statistical Analysis Program (ASTAP) Program
+	Reference Manual", SH-20-1118, IBM, 1973].
+
+	(2000-01-27)
+
+Advanced Technology Attachment
+
+	<storage, hardware, standard> (ATA, AT Attachment or
+	"Integrated Drive Electronics", IDE) A {disk drive} interface
+	{standard} based on the {IBM PC} {ISA} 16-bit {bus} but also
+	used on other {personal computers}.  ATA specifies the power
+	and data signal interfaces between the {motherboard} and the
+	integrated {disk controller} and drive.  The ATA "bus" only
+	supports two devices - master and slave.
+
+	ATA drives may in fact use any physical interface the
+	manufacturer desires, so long as an embedded translator is
+	included with the proper ATA interface.  ATA "controllers" are
+	actually direct connections to the ISA bus.
+
+	Originally called IDE, the ATA interface was invented by
+	{Compaq} around 1986, and was developed with the help of
+	{Western Digital}, {Imprimis}, and then-upstart {Conner
+	Peripherals}.  Efforts to standardise the interface started in
+	1988; the first draft appeared in March 1989, and a finished
+	version was sent to {ANSI} group X3T10 (who named it "Advanced
+	Technology Attachment" (ATA)) for ratification in November
+	1990.
+
+	X3T10 later extended ATA to {Advanced Technology Attachment
+	Interface with Extensions} (ATA-2), followed by {ATA-3} and
+	{ATA-4}.
+
+	{X3T10 (http://symbios.com/x3t10/)}.
+
+	(1998-10-08)
+
+Advanced Technology Attachment Interface with Extensions
+
+	<storage, standard> (ATA-2, Enhanced Integrated Drive
+	Electronics, EIDE) A proposed (May 1996 or earlier?)
+	{standard} from {X3T10} (document 948D rev 3) which extends
+	the {Advanced Technology Attachment} interface while
+	maintaining compatibility with current {IBM PC} {BIOS}
+	designs.
+
+	ATA-2 provides for faster data rates, 32-bit transactions and
+	(in some drives) {DMA}.  Optional support for power saving
+	modes and removable devices is also in the standard.
+
+	ATA-2 was developed by {Western Digital} as "Enhanced
+	Integrated Drive Electronics" (EIDE) around 1994.
+	{Marketroids} call it "Fast ATA" or "Fast ATA-2".
+
+	ATA-2 was followed by {ATA-3} and {ATA-4} ("Ultra DMA").
+
+	(2000-10-07)
+
+Advanced Video Coding
+
+	{H.264}
+
+Advanced WavEffect
+
+	<multimedia, music, hardware> (AWE) The kind of synthesis used
+	by the {EMU 8000} music synthesizer {integrated circuit} found
+	on the {SB AWE32} card.
+
+	(1996-12-15)
+
+Advantage Gen
+
+	<language, software> A {CASE} tool for {rapid application
+	development} which generates code from graphical {business
+	process models}.  Formerly called Information Engineering
+	Facility (IEF) and produced by {Texas Instruments}, it was
+	then bought by {Sterling Software, Inc.} who renamed it to
+	COOL:Gen to fit into their COOL line of products.  {Computer
+	Associates International, Inc.} then acquired {Sterling
+	Software, Inc.}, and renamed the tool "Advantage Gen".
+
+	In 2003, CA are supporting Advantage Gen and adding support
+	for {J2EE}/{EJB}, enhanced web enablement, {Web services}, and
+	{.Net}.
+
+	Latest version: 6.5, as of 2003-04-14.
+
+	{(http://www3.ca.com/Solutions/Product.asp?ID=256)}.
+
+	(2003-06-23)
+
+ADVENT
+
+	<games> /ad'vent/ The prototypical computer {adventure} game,
+	first implemented by Will Crowther for a {CDC} computer
+	(probably the {CDC 6600}?) as an attempt at computer-refereed
+	fantasy gaming.
+
+	ADVENT was ported to the {PDP-10}, and expanded to the
+	350-point {Classic} puzzle-oriented version, by Don Woods of
+	the {Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory} (SAIL).  The
+	game is now better known as Adventure, but the {TOPS-10}
+	{operating system} permitted only six-letter filenames.  All
+	the versions since are based on the SAIL port.
+
+	David Long of the {University of Chicago} Graduate School of
+	Business Computing Facility (which had two of the four
+	{DEC20s} on campus in the late 1970s and early 1980s) was
+	responsible for expanding the cave in a number of ways, and
+	pushing the point count up to 500, then 501 points.  Most of
+	his work was in the data files, but he made some changes to
+	the {parser} as well.
+
+	This game defined the terse, dryly humorous style now expected
+	in text adventure games, and popularised several tag lines
+	that have become fixtures of hacker-speak: "A huge green
+	fierce snake bars the way!"  "I see no X here" (for some noun
+	X).  "You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike."
+	"You are in a little maze of twisty passages, all different."
+	The "magic words" {xyzzy} and {plugh} also derive from this
+	game.
+
+	Crowther, by the way, participated in the exploration of the
+	Mammoth & Flint Ridge cave system; it actually *has* a
+	"Colossal Cave" and a "Bedquilt" as in the game, and the "Y2"
+	that also turns up is cavers' jargon for a map reference to a
+	secondary entrance.
+
+	See also {vadding}.
+
+	[Was the original written in Fortran?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-04-01)
+
+Adventure Definition Language
+
+	<language, games> (ADL) An {adventure} game language
+	{interpreter} designed by Ross Cunniff <cunniff@fc.hp.com> and
+	Tim Brengle in 1987.  ADL is semi-{object-oriented} with
+	{Lisp}-like {syntax} and is a superset of {DDL}.  It is
+	available for {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {Amiga} and {Acorn}
+	{Archimedes}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.games/volume2)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/systems/amiga/fish/fish/f0/ff091)}.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+ADVSYS
+
+	<language, games> An {adventure} game language designed by
+	David Betz in 1986.  ADVSYS is {object-oriented} and
+	{Lisp}-like.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.games/volume2)}.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+adware
+
+	<software> Any kind of {software} which is distributed free of
+	charge along with advertisements that are either placed on the
+	{website} from which the software is distributed or displayed
+	by the program while it is running.
+
+	{Nagware} might be considered a special case of adware where
+	the program tries to persuade the user to buy a license for
+	the program itself.
+
+	(2007-11-20)
+
+AE
+
+	{Application Executive}
+
+ae
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the United Arab Emirates.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+AED
+
+	{Automated Engineering Design}
+
+AEGIS
+
+	<operating system> A {Unix} variant that was used on {Apollo}
+	{workstations} before Apollo was bought by {Hewlett Packard}.
+	AEGIS has some advantages over standard {BSD} or {System V}
+	Unix.  It includes faster file access and a richer command
+	set; there are commands to find out which {process} is running
+	on a particular node, which process is locking a particular
+	file, etc.
+
+	(1997-02-25)
+
+Aegis
+
+	<programming, tool> A {CASE} tool for project {change
+	management} written by Peter Miller, with minor contributions
+	by a few others.  Aegis is licensed using the {GNU GPL} but is
+	not a GNU project.
+
+	{Aegis Home (http://aegis.sourceforge.net/)}.
+
+	(2005-03-24)
+
+Aeolus
+
+	<language> A {concurrent} language with {atomic transactions}.
+
+	["Rationale for the Design of Aeolus", C. Wilkes et al, Proc
+	IEEE 1986 Intl Conf Comp Lang, IEEE 1986, pp.107-122].
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+AEP
+
+	{Application Environment Profile}
+
+aeroplane rule
+
+	<convention> "Complexity increases the possibility of failure;
+	a twin-engine aeroplane has twice as many engine problems as a
+	single-engine aeroplane."
+
+	By analogy, in both software and electronics, the implication
+	is that simplicity increases robustness and that the right way
+	to build reliable systems is to put all your eggs in one
+	basket, after making sure that you've built a really *good*
+	basket.
+
+	While simplicity is a useful design goal, and twin-engine
+	aeroplanes do have twice as many engine problems, the analogy
+	is almost entirely bogus.  Commercial passenger aircraft are
+	required to have at least two engines (on different wings or
+	nacelles) so that the aeroplane can land safely if one engine
+	fails.  As Albert Einstein said, "Everything should be made as
+	simple as possible, but not simpler".
+
+	See also {KISS Principle}.
+
+	(1999-03-22)
+
+AES
+
+	1. <programming> {Application environment specification}.
+
+	2. <security> {Advanced Encryption Standard}.
+
+AESOP
+
+	{An Evolutionary System for On-line Programming}
+
+af
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Afghanistan.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+AFAC
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 704}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+AFAIK
+
+	<chat> as far as I know.
+
+affine transformation
+
+	<mathematics> A {linear transformation} followed by a
+	{translation}.  Given a {matrix} M and a {vector} v,
+
+	  A(x) = Mx + v
+
+	is a typical affine transformation.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+affordance
+
+	<graphics> A visual clue to the function of an object.
+
+	(1998-10-15)
+
+AFIPS
+
+	{American Federation of Information Processing Societies}
+
+AFJ
+
+	{April Fool's Joke}
+
+AFK
+
+	<chat> away from keyboard.
+
+aflex
+
+	<tool> A {Lex}-like {scanner generator} that produce {Ada}
+	output from IRUS (Irvine Research Unit in Software).  aflex
+	comes with {ayacc}.
+
+	Version 1.2a.
+
+	Mailing list: <irus-software-request@ics.uci.edu>.
+
+	{(ftp://liege.ics.uci.edu/pub/irus/aflex-ayacc_1.2a.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1993-01-06)
+
+AFNOR
+
+	<body, standard> Association Francaise pour la Normalisation.
+
+	The French national {standards} institute, a member of {ISO}.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+AFP
+
+	1. <protocol> {Appletalk Filing Protocol}.
+
+	2. <printer, language> {Advanced Function Presentation}.
+
+AFS
+
+	{Andrew File System}
+
+AFUU
+
+	{Association Française des Utilisateurs d'Unix}
+
+ag
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Antigua and Barbuda.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+agent
+
+	<networking> In the {client-server} model, the part of the
+	system that performs information preparation and exchange on
+	behalf of a {client} or {server}.  Especially in the phrase
+	"intelligent agent" it implies some kind of automatic process
+	which can communicate with other agents to perform some
+	collective task on behalf of one or more humans.
+
+	(1995-04-09)
+
+aggregate type
+
+	<programming> A data {type} composed of multiple elements.  An
+	aggregate can be homogeneous (all elements have the same type)
+	e.g. an {array}, a list in a {functional language}, a string
+	of characters, a file; or it can be heterogeneous (elements
+	can have different types) e.g. a {structure}.  In most
+	languages aggregates can contain elements which are themselves
+	aggregates. e.g. a list of lists.
+
+	See also {union}.
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+aggregation
+
+	<programming> A composition technique for building a new
+	{object} from one or more existing objects that support some
+	or all of the new object's required interfaces.
+
+	(1996-01-07)
+
+aggregator
+
+	<networking> A program for watching for new content at
+	user-specified {RSS} feeds.
+
+	An example is {BottomFeeder}.
+
+	{(http://directory.google.com/Top/Reference/Libraries/Library_and_Information_Science/Technical_Services/Cataloguing/Metadata/RDF/Applications/RSS/News_Readers/)}.
+
+	(2003-09-29)
+
+AGL
+
+	<programming> (Atelier de Genie Logiciel) French for {IPSE}.
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+AGM Theory for Belief Revision
+
+	<artificial intelligence> (After the initials of the authors
+	who established the field - Alchourron, Makinson and
+	Gardenfors).  A method of {belief revision} giving minimal
+	properties a revision process should have.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+Agner Krarup Erlang
+
+	<person> (1878-1929) A Danish mathematician.  {Erlang} the
+	language and unit were named after him.
+
+	Interested in the theory of {probability}, in 1908 Erlang
+	joined the Copenhagen Telephone Company where he studied the
+	problem of waiting times for telephone calls.
+
+	He worked out how to calculate the fraction of callers
+	who must wait due to all the lines of an exchange being in
+	use.  His formula for loss and waiting time was published in
+	1917.  It is now known as the "Erlang formula" and is still
+	in use today.
+
+	{Biography
+	(http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Erlang.html)},
+	{Biography
+	(http://pass.maths.org.uk/issue2/erlang/index.html)}.
+
+	(2005-02-26)
+
+AGORA
+
+	<language> A distributed {object-oriented language}.
+
+AGP
+
+	{Accelerated Graphics Port}
+
+AGP graphics
+
+	{Accelerated Graphics Port}
+
+A Hardware Programming Language
+
+	<language> (AHPL) A {register}-level language by Hill and
+	Peterson, some of whose operators resemble {APL}.
+
+	HPSIM2 is a function-level simulator, available from Engrg
+	Expt Sta, {University of Arizona}.
+
+	["Digital Systems: Hardware Organization and Design", F. Hill
+	et al, Wiley 1987].
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+AHDL
+
+	{Analog Hardware Design Language}
+
+AHPL
+
+	{A Hardware Programming Language}
+
+AI
+
+	{artificial intelligence}
+
+ai
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Anguilla.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+AIA
+
+	{Application Integration Architecture}
+
+AI-complete
+
+	<artificial intelligence, jargon> /A-I k*m-pleet'/ (MIT,
+	Stanford: by analogy with "{NP-complete}") A term used to
+	describe problems or subproblems in {artificial intelligence},
+	to indicate that the solution presupposes a solution to the
+	"strong AI problem" (that is, the synthesis of a human-level
+	intelligence).  A problem that is AI-complete is, in other
+	words, just too hard.
+
+	See also {gedanken}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+AID
+
+	{Algebraic Interpretive Dialogue}
+
+AIDA
+
+	<language> 1. A {functional} dialect of {Dictionary APL} by
+	M. Gfeller.
+
+	["APL Arrays and Their Editor", M. Gfeller, SIGPLAN Notices
+	21(6):18-27 (June 1986) and SIGAPL Conf Proc].
+
+	2. An intermediate representation language for {Ada} developed
+	at the {University of Karlsruhe} in 1980.  AIDA was merged
+	with {TCOL.Ada} to form {Diana}.
+
+	["AIDA Introduction and User Manual", M. Dausmann et al, U
+	Karlsruhe, Inst fur Inform II, TR Nr 38/80].
+
+	["AIDA Reference Manual", ibid, TR Nr 39/80, Nov 1980].
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+AIDS
+
+	<jargon> /aydz/ A* Infected Disk Syndrome ("A*" is a
+	{glob} pattern that matches, but is not limited to, {Apple
+	Computer}), this condition is quite often the result of
+	practicing unsafe {SEX}.
+
+	See {virus}, {worm}, {Trojan horse}, {virgin}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+AIDX
+
+	<abuse, operating system> /aydkz/ A derogatory term for
+	{IBM}'s perverted version of {Unix}, {AIX}, especially for the
+	AIX 3.? used in the {IBM RS/6000} series (some hackers think
+	it is funnier just to pronounce "AIX" as "aches").  A victim
+	of the dreaded "hybridism" disease, this attempt to combine
+	the two main currents of the Unix stream ({BSD} and {USG
+	Unix}) became a monstrosity to haunt system administrators'
+	dreams.  For example, if new accounts are created while many
+	users are logged on, the load average jumps quickly over 20
+	due to silly implementation of the user databases.
+
+	For a quite similar disease, compare {HP-SUX}.  Also, compare
+	{Macintrash} {Nominal Semidestructor}, {Open DeathTrap},
+	{ScumOS}, {sun-stools}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+AIFF
+
+	{Audio IFF}
+
+AI International
+
+	<company> One of distributors of {Prolog++}, subsumed by
+	{Customer Engagement Company} before December 1998.
+
+	(1998-12-13)
+
+Aiken code
+
+	<data> An alternative form of the {Binary Coded Decimal} (BCD)
+	system for encoding numbers.  Where BCD encodes each decimal
+	digit in normal binary, Aiken code uses the encoding shown
+	below.  This is supposed to be less prone to corruption.
+
+	The following table shows the encoding of each decimal digit,
+	D, in BCD and Aiken code:
+
+	 D  BCD  Aiken
+	 0  0000  0000
+	 1  0001  0001
+	 2  0010  0010
+	 3  0011  0011
+	 4  0100  0100
+	 5  0101  1011 (inverted 4)
+	 6  0110  1100 (inverted 3)
+	 7  0111  1101 (inverted 2)
+	 8  1000  1110 (inverted 1)
+	 9  1001  1111 (inverted 0)
+
+	The Aiken code was probably designed by {Howard Aiken} in the
+	1940s or 1950s for use in data transmission.
+
+	Compare: {Gray code}.
+
+	[What is it good for and why?]
+
+	(2007-07-16)
+
+AI koan
+
+	<humour> /A-I koh'an/ One of a series of pastiches of Zen
+	teaching riddles created by {Danny Hillis} at the {MIT AI Lab}
+	around various major figures of the Lab's culture.
+
+	See also {ha ha only serious}, {mu}.
+
+	In reading these, it is at least useful to know that {Marvin
+	Minsky}, {Gerald Sussman}, and Drescher are {AI} researchers
+	of note, that {Tom Knight} was one of the {Lisp machine}'s
+	principal designers, and that {David Moon} wrote much of Lisp
+	Machine Lisp.
+
+					 * * *
+
+	A novice was trying to fix a broken Lisp machine by turning
+	the power off and on.
+
+	Knight, seeing what the student was doing, spoke sternly: "You
+	cannot fix a machine by just power-cycling it with no
+	understanding of what is going wrong."
+
+	Knight turned the machine off and on.
+
+	The machine worked.
+
+					 * * *
+
+	One day a student came to Moon and said: "I understand how to
+	make a better garbage collector.  We must keep a reference
+	count of the pointers to each cons."
+
+	Moon patiently told the student the following story:
+
+	     "One day a student came to Moon and said: `I understand
+	     how to make a better garbage collector...
+
+	[Pure reference-count garbage collectors have problems with
+	circular structures that point to themselves.]
+
+					 * * *
+
+	In the days when Sussman was a novice, Minsky once came to him
+	as he sat hacking at the PDP-6.
+
+	"What are you doing?", asked Minsky.
+
+	"I am training a randomly wired neural net to play
+	Tic-Tac-Toe", Sussman replied.
+
+	"Why is the net wired randomly?", asked Minsky.
+
+	"I do not want it to have any preconceptions of how to play",
+	Sussman said.
+
+	Minsky then shut his eyes.
+
+	"Why do you close your eyes?", Sussman asked his teacher.
+
+	"So that the room will be empty."
+
+	At that moment, Sussman was enlightened.
+
+					 * * *
+
+	A disciple of another sect once came to Drescher as he was
+	eating his morning meal.
+
+	"I would like to give you this personality test", said the
+	outsider, "because I want you to be happy."
+
+	Drescher took the paper that was offered him and put it into
+	the toaster, saying: "I wish the toaster to be happy, too."
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+AIMACO
+
+	{AIr MAterial COmmand compiler}
+
+Aimnet
+
+	<networking, company> An {Internet} {access provider} for
+	individuals and corporations.  They provide {dial-up}, {SLIP},
+	{PPP} and {shell accounts} as well as {ISDN}.
+
+	{(http://aimnet.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Cupertino, CA 95014, USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (408) 253 0900
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+AIR
+
+	<standard> A future {infrared} standard from {IrDA}.  AIR will
+	provide in-room multipoint to multipoint connectivity.  AIR
+	supports a data rate of 4 Mbps at a distance of 4 metres, and
+	250 Kbps at up to 8 metres.  It is designed for cordless
+	connections to multiple peripherals and meeting room
+	collaboration applications.
+
+	See also {IrDA Data} and {IrDA Control}
+
+	(1999-10-14)
+
+AIr MAterial COmmand compiler
+
+	<language> (AIMACO) A modification of {FLOW-MATIC}.  AIMACO
+	was supplanted by {COBOL}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 378].
+
+	(1995-02-20)
+
+airplane rule
+
+	{aeroplane rule}
+
+AIT
+
+	{Advanced Intelligent Tape}
+
+AIX
+
+	{Advanced Interactive eXecutive}
+
+Ajax
+
+	<programming> (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML) A collection
+	of techniques for creating interactive {web applications}
+	without having to reload the complete {web page} in response
+	to each user input, thus making the interaction faster.  AJAX
+	typically uses the {XMLHttpRequest} browser object to exchange
+	data asynchronously with the {web server}.  Alternatively, an
+	{IFrame} object or dynamically added <script> tags may be used
+	instead of XMLHttpRequest.
+
+	Despite the name, Ajax can combine any browser scripting
+	language (not just {JavaScript}) and any data representation
+	(not just XML).  Alternative data formats include {HTML},
+	plain text or {JSON}.
+
+	Several Ajax {frameworks} are now available to simplify Ajax
+	development.
+
+	(2007-10-04)
+
+AKC
+
+	{Ascending Kleene Chain}
+
+AKCL
+
+	{Austin Kyoto Common Lisp}
+
+A. K. Erlang
+
+	{Agner Krarup Erlang}
+
+AKL
+
+	{Andorra Kernel Language}
+
+AL
+
+	1. {Assembly Language}.
+
+	2. {artificial life}.
+
+al
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Albania.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Aladdin Enterprises
+
+	<company> A small, privately owned, US software consulting and
+	development company, founded in 1986, best known as the
+	original developer of {Ghostscript}.
+
+	Address: San Francisco Peninsula, California, USA.
+
+	Not to be confused with {Aladdin Systems, Inc.}.
+
+	{Aladdin Enterprises Home (http://aladdin.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+Aladdin Systems, Inc.
+
+	<company> The company that developed and distributes {Stuffit}
+	and other {utility software} for the {Macintosh}, {Microsoft
+	Windows}, and {Palm} {handheld computers}.
+
+	Not to be confused with {Aladdin Enterprises}.
+
+	{Aladdin Systems Home (http://aladdinsys.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-09-20)
+
+ALADIN
+
+	1. <language> {A Language for Attributed Definitions}.
+
+	2. <tool> An interactive mathematics system for the {IBM 360}.
+
+	["A Conversational System for Engineering Assistance: ALADIN",
+	Y. Siret, Proc Second Symp Symb Algebraic Math, ACM Mar 1971].
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+ALAM
+
+	<language> A language for {symbolic mathematics}, especially
+	General Relativity.
+
+	See also {CLAM}.
+
+	["ALAM Programmer's Manual", Ray D'Inverno, 1970].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+Alan F. Shugart
+
+	<person> The man who founded {Shugart Associates} and later
+	co-founded {Seagate Technology}.  Alan Shugart left Shugart
+	Associates in 1974 [did he quit or was he fired?] and took a
+	break from the disk-drive business.  In 1979, he and {Finis
+	Conner} founded a new company that at first was called Shugart
+	Technology and later {Seagate Technology}.
+
+	(2000-02-09)
+
+A-language
+
+	<language> An early {ALGOL}-like {surface syntax} for {Lisp}.
+
+	["An Auxiliary Language for More Natural Expression--The
+	A-language", W. Henneman in The Programming Language LISP,
+	E.C. Berkeley et al eds, MIT Press 1964, pp.239- 248].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+A Language Encouraging Program Hierarchy
+
+	<language> (ALEPH) A language developed in about 1975.
+
+	["On the Design of ALEPH", D. Grune, CWI, Netherlands 1986].
+
+	(1997-02-27)
+
+A Language for Attributed Definitions
+
+	<language> (ALADIN) A language for formal specification of
+	{attributed grammars}.  ALADIN is the input language for the
+	{GAG} compiler generator.  It is {applicative} and {strongly
+	typed}.
+
+	["GAG: A Practical Compiler Generator", Uwe Kastens
+	<uwe@uni-paderborn.de> et al, LNCS 141, Springer 1982].
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+A Language with an Extensible Compiler
+
+	<language> (ALEC) A language Implemented using {RCC} on an
+	{ICL 1906A}.
+
+	["ALEC - A User Extensible Scientific Programming Language",
+	R.B.E. Napper et al, Computer J 19(1):25-31].
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+Alan Kay
+
+	<person> The leader of the Software Concepts Group at {Xerox}
+	{Palo Alto Research Centre} which developed {Smalltalk}, the
+	pioneering {object-oriented programming} system, in 1972.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+Alan M. Turing
+
+	{Alan Turing}
+
+Alan Shugart
+
+	{Alan F. Shugart}
+
+Alan Turing
+
+	<person> Alan M. Turing, 1912-06-22/3? - 1954-06-07.  A
+	British mathematician, inventor of the {Turing Machine}.
+	Turing also proposed the {Turing test}.  Turing's work was
+	fundamental in the theoretical foundations of computer
+	science.
+
+	Turing was a student and fellow of {King's College Cambridge}
+	and was a graduate student at {Princeton University} from 1936
+	to 1938.  While at Princeton Turing published "On Computable
+	Numbers", a paper in which he conceived an {abstract machine},
+	now called a {Turing Machine}.
+
+	Turing returned to England in 1938 and during World War II, he
+	worked in the British Foreign Office.  He masterminded
+	operations at {Bletchley Park}, UK which were highly
+	successful in cracking the Nazis "Enigma" codes during World
+	War II.  Some of his early advances in computer design were
+	inspired by the need to perform many repetitive symbolic
+	manipulations quickly.  Before the building of the {Colossus}
+	computer this work was done by a roomful of women.
+
+	In 1945 he joined the {National Physical Laboratory} in London
+	and worked on the design and construction of a large computer,
+	named {Automatic Computing Engine} (ACE).  In 1949 Turing
+	became deputy director of the Computing Laboratory at
+	Manchester where the {Manchester Automatic Digital Machine},
+	the worlds largest memory computer, was being built.
+
+	He also worked on theories of {artificial intelligence}, and
+	on the application of mathematical theory to biological forms.
+	In 1952 he published the first part of his theoretical study
+	of morphogenesis, the development of pattern and form in
+	living organisms.
+
+	Turing was gay, and died rather young under mysterious
+	circumstances.  He was arrested for violation of British
+	homosexuality statutes in 1952.  He died of potassium cyanide
+	poisoning while conducting electrolysis experiments.  An
+	inquest concluded that it was self-administered but it is now
+	thought by some to have been an accident.
+
+	There is an excellent biography of Turing by Andrew Hodges,
+	subtitled "The Enigma of Intelligence" and a play based on it
+	called "Breaking the Code".  There was also a popular summary
+	of his work in Douglas Hofstadter's book "Gödel, Escher,
+	Bach".
+
+	{(http://AlanTuring.net/)}.
+
+	(2001-10-09)
+
+ALARP
+
+	{As Low As Reasonably Practicable}
+
+A-law
+
+	<standard> The {ITU-T} {standard} for {nonuniform quantising
+	logarithmic compression}.
+
+	The equation for A-law is
+
+	      |    A
+	      | ------- (m/mp)                   |m/mp| =< 1/A
+	      | 1+ln A
+	  y = |
+	      | sgn(m)
+	      | ------ (1 + ln A|m/mp|)   1/A =< |m/mp| =< 1
+	      | 1+ln A
+
+	Values of u=100 and 255, A=87.6, mp is the Peak message value,
+	m is the current quantised message value.  (The formulae get
+	simpler if you substitute x for m/mp and sgn(x) for sgn(m);
+	then -1 <= x <= 1.)
+
+	Converting from {u-LAW} to A-LAW introduces {quantising
+	errors}.  u-law is used in North America and Japan, and A-law
+	is used in Europe and the rest of the world and international
+	routes.
+
+	[The Audio File Formats FAQ]
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+ALC
+
+	1. {Assembly Language Compiler}.
+
+	2. {Airline Line Control}.
+
+Alcool-90
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} extension of {ML} with
+	run-time {overloading} and a type-based notion of {modules},
+	{functors} and {inheritance}.  It is built on {CAML Light}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.inria.fr/lang/alcool)}.
+
+	E-mail: <Francois.Rouaix@inria.fr>.
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+ALCOR
+
+	<language> A subset of {ALGOL}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 180].
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+Aldat
+
+	<language> A {database} language, based on {extended algebra}.
+
+	[Listed by M.P. Atkinson & J.W. Schmidt in a tutorial in
+	Zurich, 1989].
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+ALDES
+
+	{ALgorithm DEScription}
+
+ALDiSP
+
+	{Applicative Language for Digital Signal Processing}
+
+ALEC
+
+	{A Language with an Extensible Compiler}
+
+ALEF
+
+	<language> A programming language from {Bell Labs}.  ALEF
+	boasts few new ideas but is instead a careful synthesis of
+	ideas from other languages.  The result is a practical general
+	purpose programming language which was once displacing {C} as
+	their main implementation language.  Both {shared variables}
+	and {message passing} are supported through language
+	constructs.
+
+	A {window system}, {user interface}, {operating system}
+	network code, {news reader}, {mailer} and variety of other
+	tools in {Plan 9} are now implemented using ALEF.
+
+	(1997-02-13)
+
+ALEPH
+
+	1. <language> {A Language Encouraging Program Hierarchy}.
+
+	2. <tool> A system for formal {semantics} written by Peter
+	Henderson ca. 1970.
+
+	[CACM 15(11):967-973 (Nov 1972)].
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+Aleph
+
+	<text, language> ["Aleph: A language for typesetting", Luigi
+	Semenzato <luigi@cs.berkeley.edu> and Edward Wang
+	<edward@cs.berkeley.edu> in Proceedings of Electronic
+	Publishing, 1992 Ed. Vanoirbeek & Coray Cambridge University
+	Press 1992].
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+aleph 0
+
+	<mathematics> The {cardinality} of the first {infinite}
+	{ordinal}, {omega} (the number of {natural numbers}).
+
+	Aleph 1 is the cardinality of the smallest {ordinal} whose
+	cardinality is greater than aleph 0, and so on up to aleph
+	omega and beyond.  These are all kinds of {infinity}.
+
+	The {Axiom of Choice} (AC) implies that every set can be
+	{well-ordered}, so every {infinite} {cardinality} is an aleph;
+	but in the absence of AC there may be sets that can't be
+	well-ordered (don't posses a {bijection} with any {ordinal})
+	and therefore have cardinality which is not an aleph.
+
+	These sets don't in some way sit between two alephs; they just
+	float around in an annoying way, and can't be compared to the
+	alephs at all.  No {ordinal} possesses a {surjection} onto
+	such a set, but it doesn't surject onto any sufficiently large
+	ordinal either.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+alert
+
+	<operating system> /*'l*rt/ An audible and/or visual message
+	intended to inform a system's users or administrators about a
+	change in the operating conditions of that system or about
+	some kind of error condition.  In a {graphical user
+	interface}, an alert would typically be displayed as a small
+	window containing the message and a button to click to dismiss
+	the window.
+
+	(1999-03-29)
+
+Alex
+
+	<language> 1. A {polymorphic} language being developed by
+	Stephen Crawley <sxc@itd.dtso.oz.au> of Defence Science & Tech
+	Org, Australia.  Alex has {abstract data types}, {type
+	inference} and {inheritance}.
+
+	2. <language> An {ISWIM}-like language with {exception
+	handling}.
+
+	["An Exception Handling Construct for Functional Languages",
+	M. Brez et al, in Proc ESOP88, LNCS 300, Springer 1988].
+
+	3. <tool> A {scanner generator}.  {Alexis} is its input
+	language.
+
+	["Alex: A Simple and Efficient Scanner Generator", H.
+	Mossenbock, SIGPLAN Notices 21(5), May 1986].
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+Alexis
+
+	<language> Alex Input Specification.
+
+	The input language for the {scanner generator} {Alex}.
+
+	(1995-04-23)
+
+ALF
+
+	{Algebraic Logic Functional language}
+
+Alfl
+
+	<language> A lazy function language.  A {weakly typed}, {lazy}
+	{functional language} developed by Paul Hudak
+	<hudak-paul@cs.yale.edu> of Yale in 1983.  Alfl is implemented
+	as a {Scheme} {preprocessor} for the {Orbit} compiler, by
+	transforming laziness into {force}-and-{delay}.
+
+	["Alfl Reference Manual and Programmer's Guide", P. Hudak,
+	YALEU/DCS/RR322, Yale U, Oct 1984].
+
+	See also {ParAlfl}.
+
+	(1995-04-24)
+
+algebra
+
+	<mathematics, logic> 1. A loose term for an {algebraic
+	structure}.
+
+	2. A {vector space} that is also a {ring}, where the vector
+	space and the ring share the same addition operation and are
+	related in certain other ways.
+
+	An example algebra is the set of 2x2 {matrices} with {real
+	numbers} as entries, with the usual operations of addition and
+	matrix multiplication, and the usual {scalar} multiplication.
+	Another example is the set of all {polynomials} with real
+	coefficients, with the usual operations.
+
+	In more detail, we have:
+
+	(1) an underlying {set},
+
+	(2) a {field} of {scalars},
+
+	(3) an operation of scalar multiplication, whose input is a
+	scalar and a member of the underlying set and whose output is
+	a member of the underlying set, just as in a {vector space},
+
+	(4) an operation of addition of members of the underlying set,
+	whose input is an {ordered pair} of such members and whose
+	output is one such member, just as in a vector space or a
+	ring,
+
+	(5) an operation of multiplication of members of the
+	underlying set, whose input is an ordered pair of such members
+	and whose output is one such member, just as in a ring.
+
+	This whole thing constitutes an `algebra' iff:
+
+	(1) it is a vector space if you discard item (5) and
+
+	(2) it is a ring if you discard (2) and (3) and
+
+	(3) for any scalar r and any two members A, B of the
+	underlying set we have r(AB) = (rA)B = A(rB).  In other words
+	it doesn't matter whether you multiply members of the algebra
+	first and then multiply by the scalar, or multiply one of them
+	by the scalar first and then multiply the two members of the
+	algebra.  Note that the A comes before the B because the
+	multiplication is in some cases not commutative, e.g. the
+	matrix example.
+
+	Another example (an example of a {Banach algebra}) is the set
+	of all {bounded} {linear operators} on a {Hilbert space}, with
+	the usual {norm}.  The multiplication is the operation of
+	{composition} of operators, and the addition and scalar
+	multiplication are just what you would expect.
+
+	Two other examples are {tensor algebras} and {Clifford
+	algebras}.
+
+	[I. N. Herstein, "Topics in Algebra"].
+
+	(1999-07-14)
+
+ALGEBRAIC
+
+	<language> An early system on {MIT}'s {Whirlwind}.
+
+	[CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+algebraic
+
+	<theory> In {domain theory}, a {complete partial order} is
+	algebraic if every element is the {least upper bound} of some
+	{chain} of {compact} elements.  If the set of compact elements
+	is {countable} it is called {omega-algebraic}.
+
+	[Significance?]
+
+	(1995-04-25)
+
+Algebraic Compiler and Translator
+
+	<language> (ACT 1) A language and {compiler} for the {Royal
+	McBee} {LGP-30}, designed around 1959, apparently by Clay
+	S. Boswell, Jr, and programmed by {Mel Kaye}.
+
+	{(http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/lgp-30-man.html)}
+
+	(2008-08-04)
+
+algebraic data type
+
+	<programming> (Or "sum of products type") In {functional
+	programming}, new types can be defined, each of which has one
+	or more {constructors}.  Such a type is known as an algebraic
+	data type.  E.g. in {Haskell} we can define a new type,
+	"Tree":
+
+		data Tree = Empty | Leaf Int | Node Tree Tree
+
+	with constructors "Empty", "Leaf" and "Node".  The
+	constructors can be used much like functions in that they can
+	be (partially) applied to arguments of the appropriate type.
+	For example, the Leaf constructor has the functional type Int
+	-> Tree.
+
+	A constructor application cannot be reduced (evaluated) like a
+	function application though since it is already in {normal
+	form}.  Functions which operate on algebraic data types can be
+	defined using {pattern matching}:
+
+		depth :: Tree -> Int
+		depth Empty	 = 0
+		depth (Leaf n)	 = 1
+		depth (Node l r) = 1 + max (depth l) (depth r)
+
+	The most common algebraic data type is the list which has
+	constructors Nil and Cons, written in Haskell using the
+	special syntax "[]" for Nil and infix ":" for Cons.
+
+	Special cases of algebraic types are {product types} (only one
+	constructor) and {enumeration types} (many constructors with
+	no arguments).  Algebraic types are one kind of {constructed
+	type} (i.e. a type formed by combining other types).
+
+	An algebraic data type may also be an {abstract data type}
+	(ADT) if it is exported from a {module} without its
+	constructors.  Objects of such a type can only be manipulated
+	using functions defined in the same {module} as the type
+	itself.
+
+	In {set theory} the equivalent of an algebraic data type is a
+	{discriminated union} - a set whose elements consist of a tag
+	(equivalent to a constructor) and an object of a type
+	corresponding to the tag (equivalent to the constructor
+	arguments).
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+Algebraic Interpretive Dialogue
+
+	<language> (AID) A version of {Joss} II for the {PDP-10}.
+
+	["AID (Algebraic Interpretive Dialogue)", DEC manual, 1968].
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+Algebraic Logic Functional language
+
+	<language> (ALF) A language by Rudolf Opalla
+	<opalla@julien.informatik.uni-dortmund.de> which combines
+	{functional programming} and {logic programming} techniques.
+
+	ALF is based on {Horn clause} logic with equality which
+	consists of {predicates} and Horn clauses for {logic
+	programming}, and functions and equations for {functional
+	programming}.  Any functional expression can be used in a
+	{goal} literal and arbitrary predicates can occur in
+	conditions of equations.  ALF uses {narrowing} and
+	{rewriting}.
+
+	ALF includes a compiler to {Warren Abstract Machine} code and
+	{run-time support}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.germany.eu.net/pub/programming/languages/LogicFunctional)}.
+
+	["The Implementation of the Functional-Logic Language ALF",
+	M. Hanus and A. Schwab].
+
+	(1992-10-08)
+
+Algebraic Manipulation Package
+
+	<mathematics, tool> (AMP) A {symbolic mathematics} program
+	written in {Modula-2}, seen on {CompuServe}.
+
+	(1994-10-19)
+
+Algebraic Specification Language
+
+	1. <language> (ASL)
+
+	["Structured Algebraic Specifications: A Kernel Language",
+	M. Wirsing, Theor Comput Sci 42, pp.123-249, Elsevier 1986].
+
+	2. <language> (ASF) A language for equational specification of
+	{abstract data types}.
+
+	["Algebraic Specification", J.A. Bergstra et al, A-W 1989].
+
+	(1995-12-13)
+
+algebraic structure
+
+	<mathematics> Any formal mathematical system consisting of a
+	set of objects and operations on those objects.  Examples are
+	{Boolean algebra}, numerical algebra, set algebra and matrix
+	algebra.
+
+	[Is this the most common name for this concept?]
+
+	(1997-02-25)
+
+Algebra of Communicating Processes
+
+	<theory> (ACP)
+
+	Compare {CCS}.
+
+	["Algebra of Communicating Processes with Abstraction",
+	J.A. Bergstra & J.W. Klop, Theor Comp Sci 37(1):77-121 1985].
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+ALGOL
+
+	{ALGOL 60}
+
+ALGOL 58
+
+	<language> An early version of {ALGOL 60}, originally known as
+	"IAL".
+
+	{Michigan Algorithm Decoder} (MAD), developed in 1959, was
+	based on IAL.
+
+	["Preliminary report - International Algebraic Language", CACM
+	1(12):8, 1958].
+
+	[Details?  Relationship to ALGOL 60?]
+
+	(1999-12-10)
+
+ALGOL 60
+
+	<language> ALGOrithmic Language 1960.
+
+	A portable language for scientific computations.  ALGOL 60 was
+	small and elegant.  It was {block-structured}, nested,
+	{recursive} and {free form}.  It was also the first language
+	to be described in {BNF}.
+
+	There were three {lexical} representations: hardware,
+	reference, and publication.  The only structured data types
+	were {arrays}, but they were permitted to have lower bounds
+	and could be dynamic.  It also had {conditional expressions};
+	it introduced :=; if-then-else; very general "for" loops;
+	switch declaration (an array of statement {labels}
+	generalising {Fortran}'s {computed goto}).  Parameters were
+	{call-by-name} and {call-by-value}.  It had {static} local
+	"own" variables.  It lacked user-defined types, character
+	manipulation and {standard I/O}.
+
+	See also {EULER}, {ALGOL 58}, {ALGOL 68}, {Foogol}.
+
+	["Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60", Peter Naur
+	ed., CACM 3(5):299-314, May 1960].
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+ALGOL 60 Modified
+
+	<language>
+
+	["A Supplement to the ALGOL 60 Revised Report", R.M. DeMorgan
+	et al, Computer J 19(4):364].
+
+	[SIGPLAN Notices 12(1) 1977].
+
+	An erratum in [Computer J 21(3):282 (Aug 1978)] applies to
+	both.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+ALGOL 60 Revised
+
+	<language> (Or "Revised ALGOL 60") A revision of {Algol 60}
+	which still lacked {standard I/O}.
+
+	["Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60", Peter
+	Naur ed, CACM 6(1):1-17 (Jan 1963)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.773].
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+ALGOL 68
+
+	<language> An extensive revision of {ALGOL 60} by Adriaan van
+	Wijngaarden et al.  ALGOL 68 was discussed from 1963 by
+	Working Group 2.1 of {IFIP}.  Its definition was accepted in
+	December 1968.
+
+	ALGOL 68 was the first, and still one of very few, programming
+	languages for which a complete formal specification was
+	created before its implementation.  However, this
+	specification was hard to understand due to its formality, the
+	fact that it used an unfamiliar {metasyntax} notation (not
+	{BNF}) and its unconventional terminology.
+
+	One of the singular features of ALGOL 68 was its {orthogonal}
+	design, making for freedom from arbitrary rules (such as
+	restrictions in other languages that arrays could only be used
+	as parameters but not as results).  It also allowed {user
+	defined data types}, then an unheard-of feature.
+
+	It featured {structural equivalence}; automatic type
+	conversion ("{coercion}") including {dereferencing}; {flexible
+	arrays}; generalised loops (for-from-by-to-while-do-od),
+	if-then-else-elif-fi, an integer case statement with an 'out'
+	clause (case-in-out-esac); {skip} and {goto} statements;
+	{blocks}; {procedures}; user-defined {operators}; {procedure
+	parameters}; {concurrent} execution (par-begin-end);
+	{semaphores}; generators "heap" and "loc" for {dynamic
+	allocation}.  It had no {abstract data types} or {separate
+	compilation}.
+
+	{(http://www.bookrags.com/research/algol-68-wcs/)}.
+
+	(2007-04-24)
+
+ALGOL 68C
+
+	<language> A variant of {ALGOL 68} developed by S. Bourne and
+	Mike Guy of {Cambridge University} in 1975 and used as the
+	implementation language for the {CHAOS} OS for the {CAP}
+	{capability} computer.  ALGOL 68C was ported to the {IBM 360},
+	{VAX}/{VMS} and several other {platforms}.
+
+	(1995-05-02)
+
+ALGOL 68-R
+
+	<language> A restriction of {ALGOL 68} permitting {one-pass
+	compilation}, developed at the Royal Signals Radar
+	Establishment, Malvern, Worcester, UK in April 1970.
+
+	{Identifiers}, modes and operators must be declared before
+	use.  There is no {automatic proceduring} and no
+	{concurrency}.  It was implemented in {ALGOL 60} under {GEORGE
+	3} on an {ICL 1907F}.
+
+	["ALGOL 68-R, Its Implementation and Use", I.F. Currie et al,
+	Proc IFIP Congress 1971, N-H 1971, pp. 360-363].
+
+	(1995-05-03)
+
+ALGOL 68 Revised
+
+	<language> A significant simplification of {ALGOL 68}.
+
+	["Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68," A. Van
+	Wijngaarden et al, Acta Informatica 5:1-236, 1975, also
+	Springer 1976, and SIGPLAN Notices 12(5):1-70, May 1977].
+
+	(1995-05-03)
+
+ALGOL 68RS
+
+	<language> An extension of {ALGOL 68} supporting {function
+	closures} by the Royal Signals Radar Establishment, Malvern
+	UK.  It has been ported to {Multics} and {VAX}/{VMS}.
+
+	(1995-05-04)
+
+ALGOL 68S
+
+	<language> A subset of {ALGOL 68} allowing simpler
+	compilation, intended mainly for numerical computation.  It
+	was rewritten in {BLISS} for the {PDP-11}, and later in
+	{Pascal}.  It is available as {shareware} from Charles Lindsey
+	<chl@cs.man.ac.uk>.
+
+	Version 2.3 runs on {Sun-3} under {SunOS} 4.x and {Atari}
+	under {GEMDOS} (or potentially other computers supported by
+	the {Amsterdam Compiler Kit}).
+
+	["A Sublanguage of ALGOL 68", P.G. Hibbard, SIGPLAN Notices
+	12(5), May 1977].
+
+	(1995-05-04)
+
+ALGOL C
+
+	<language> A variant of {ALGOL 60} developed by Clive Feather
+	of {Cambridge University} ca. 1981.  ALGOL C added
+	{structures} and {exception} handling.  It was designed for
+	beginners and students.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+ALGOL D
+
+	<language>
+
+	["A Proposal for Definitions in ALGOL", B.A. Galler et al,
+	CACM 10:204-219, 1967].
+
+ALGOL N
+
+	<language> A successor to {ALGOL 60} proposed by Yoneda.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+ALGOL W
+
+	<language> A derivative of {ALGOL 60}.  It introduced {double
+	precision}, {complex numbers}, bit strings and dynamic data
+	structures.  It is parsed entirely by {operator precedence}
+	and used the {call-by-value-result} calling convention.
+
+	["A Contribution to the Development of Algol", N. Wirth, CACM
+	9(6):413-431, June 1966].
+
+	["ALGOL W Implementation", H. Bauer et al, TR CS98, Stanford
+	U, 1968].
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+ALGOL X
+
+	<language> A proposed successor to {ALGOL 60}, a "short-term
+	solution to existing difficulties".  Three designs were
+	proposed, by {Wirth}, Seegmuller and van Wijngaarden.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 194].
+
+	(1995-05-07)
+
+ALGOL Y
+
+	<language> A proposed successor to {ALGOL 60}, a "radical
+	reconstruction".  Originally a language that could manipulate
+	its own programs at {run time}, it became a collection of
+	features that were not accepted for {ALGOL X}.
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+algorithim
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{algorithm}".
+
+	(1997-02-25)
+
+algorithm
+
+	<algorithm, programming> A detailed sequence of actions to
+	perform to accomplish some task.  Named after the Iranian,
+	Islamic mathematician, astronomer, astrologer and geographer,
+	{Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi}.
+
+	Technically, an algorithm must reach a result after a {finite}
+	number of steps, thus ruling out {brute force} search methods
+	for certain problems, though some might claim that brute force
+	search was also a valid (generic) algorithm.  The term is also
+	used loosely for any sequence of actions (which may or may not
+	terminate).
+
+	{Paul E. Black's Dictionary of Algorithms, Data Structures,
+	and Problems (http://nist.gov/dads/)}.
+
+	(2002-02-05)
+
+ALgorithm DEScription
+
+	<language> (ALDES) ["The Algorithm Description Language
+	ALDES", R.G.K. Loos, SIGSAM Bull 14(1):15-39 (Jan 1976)].
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+ALgorIthmic ASsembly language
+
+	<language> (ALIAS) A machine oriented variant of {BLISS}.
+	ALIAS was implemented in {BCPL} for the {PDP-9}.
+
+	["ALIAS", H.E. Barreveld, Int Rep, Math Dept, Delft U Tech,
+	Netherlands, 1973].
+
+	(1997-03-13)
+
+Algorithmic Language
+
+	{Algol 60}
+
+Algorithmic Model
+
+	<programming> A method of estimating software cost using
+	mathematical {algorithms} based on the parameters which are
+	considered to be the major cost drivers.  These estimate of
+	effort or cost are based primarily on the size of the software
+	or {Delivered Source Instructions} (DSI)s, and other
+	productivity factors known as {Cost Driver Attributes}.
+
+	See also {Parametric Model}.
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+Algorithmic Processor Description Language
+
+	<language> (APDL) An {ALGOL 60}-like language for describing
+	computer design, for the {CDC G-21}.
+
+	["The Description, Simulation, and Automatic Implementation of
+	Digital Computer Processors", J.A. Darringer, Ph.D Thesis EE
+	Dept, CMU May 1969].
+
+	(1995-11-26)
+
+Algorithmic Test Case Generation
+
+	<programming> A computational method for identifying test
+	cases from data, logical relationships or other software
+	{requirements} information.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+ALGY
+
+	<language> An early language for {symbolic mathematics}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 520].
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+ALIAS
+
+	{ALgorIthmic ASsembly language}
+
+alias
+
+	1. <operating system> A name, usually short and easy to
+	remember and type, that is translated into another name or
+	string, usually long and difficult to remember or type.  Most
+	{command interpreters} (e.g. {Unix}'s {csh}) allow the user to
+	define aliases for commands, e.g. "alias l ls -al".  These are
+	loaded into memory when the interpreter starts and are
+	expanded without needing to refer to any file.
+
+	2. <networking> One of several alternative {hostnames} with
+	the same {Internet address}.  E.g. in the {Unix} {hosts}
+	database (/etc/hosts or {NIS} map) the first field on a line
+	is the {Internet address}, the next is the official hostname
+	(the "{canonical} name" or "{CNAME}"), and any others are
+	aliases.
+
+	Hostname aliases often indicate that the host with that alias
+	provides a particular network service such as {archie},
+	{finger}, {FTP}, or {web}.  The assignment of
+	services to computers can then be changed simply by moving an
+	alias (e.g. www.doc.ic.ac.uk) from one {Internet address} to
+	another, without the clients needing to be aware of the
+	change.
+
+	3. <file system> The name used by {Apple computer, Inc.} for
+	{symbolic links} when they added them to the {System 7}
+	{operating system} in 1991.
+
+	(1997-10-22)
+
+	4. <programming> Two names ({identifiers}), usually of local
+	or global {variables}, that refer to the same resource
+	({memory} location) are said to be aliased.  Although names
+	introduced in {programming languages} are typically mapped to
+	different {memory} locations, aliasing can be introduced by
+	the use of {address} arithmetic and {pointers} or
+	language-specific features, like {C++} {references}.
+
+	Statically deciding (e.g. via a {program analysis} executed by a
+	sophisticated {compiler}) which locations of a {program} will be
+	aliased at run time is an {undecidable} problem.
+
+	[G. Ramalingam: "The Undecidability of Aliasing", ACM
+	Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS),
+	Volume 16, Issue 5, September 1994, Pages: 1467 - 1471,
+	ISSN:0164-0925.]
+
+	(2004-09-12)
+
+aliasing
+
+	1. <jargon> When several different identifiers refer to the
+	same object.  The term is very general and is used in many
+	contexts.
+
+	See {alias}, {aliasing bug}, {anti-aliasing}.
+
+	2. <hardware> (Or "shadowing") Where a hardware device
+	responds at multiple addresses because it only decodes a
+	subset of the {address lines}, so different values on the
+	other lines are ignored.
+
+	(1998-03-13)
+
+aliasing bug
+
+	{stale pointer bug}
+
+Alice
+
+	<computer, parallel> A parallel {graph rewriting} computer
+	developed by {Imperial College}, {University of Edinburgh} and
+	{ICL}.
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+alife
+
+	{artificial life}
+
+A-Life
+
+	{artificial life}
+
+ALJABR
+
+	<tool> An implementation of {MACSYMA} for the {Macintosh} by
+	{Fort Pond Research}.
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+al-Khwarizmi
+
+	{Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi}
+
+Allegro
+
+	<operating system> The code name for the major {Mac OS}
+	release due in mid-1998.
+
+	{(http://devworld.apple.com/mkt/informed/appledirections/mar97/roadmap.html)}.
+
+	(1997-10-15)
+
+all-elbows
+
+	<jargon> Said of a {TSR} (terminate-and-stay-resident)
+	{mess-dos} program, such as the N pop-up calendar and
+	calculator utilities that circulate on {BBS} systems:
+	unsociable.  Used to describe a program that {rude}ly steals
+	the resources that it needs without considering that other
+	TSRs may also be resident.  One particularly common form of
+	rudeness is lock-up due to programs fighting over the keyboard
+	interrupt.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+ALLIANCE
+
+	<tool> A complete set of {CAD} tools for teaching Digital
+	{CMOS} {VLSI} Design in Universities.  It includes a {VHDL}
+	compiler and simulator, {logic synthesis} tools, and automatic
+	place and route tools.  ALLIANCE is the result of a ten years
+	effort at University Pierre et Marie Curie (PARIS VI, France).
+
+	It runs on {Sun-4}, not well supported: {MIPS}/{Ultrix},
+	{386}/{SystemV}.
+
+	Latest version: 1.1, as of 1993-02-16.
+
+	(1993-02-16)
+
+allow-none
+
+	<programming> An annotation in {GTk} documentation indicating
+	that the annotated entity may be null.
+
+	{(http://live.gnome.org/GObjectIntrospection/Annotations)}.
+
+	(2009-09-29)
+
+ALLOY
+
+	<language> A language by Thanasis Mitsolides
+	<mitsolid@cs.nyu.edu> which combines {functional programming},
+	{object-oriented programming} and {logic programming} ideas,
+	and is suitable for {massively parallel} systems.
+
+	Evaluating modes support serial or parallel execution, {eager
+	evaluation} or {lazy evaluation}, {nondeterminism} or multiple
+	solutions etc.  ALLOY is simple as it only requires 29
+	primitives in all (half of which are for {object oriented
+	programming} support).
+
+	It runs on {SPARC}.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.nyu.edu/pub/local/alloy/)}.
+
+	["The Design and Implementation of ALLOY, a Parallel Higher
+	Level Programming Language", Thanasis Mitsolides
+	<mitsolid@cs2.nyu.edu>, PhD Thesis NYU 1990].
+
+	(1991-06-11)
+
+ALM
+
+	1. <programming> {application lifecycle management}.
+
+	2. <language> {Assembly Language for Multics}.
+
+Aloha
+
+	<networking> (From the Hawaiian greeting) A system of
+	{contention resolution} devised at The {University of Hawaii}.
+	{Packets} are {broadcast} when ready, the sender listens to
+	see if they collide and if so re-transmits after a random
+	time.  {Slotted Aloha} constrains packets to start at the
+	beginning of a time slot.  Basic Aloha is appropriate to long
+	propagation time nets (e.g. satellite).  For shorter
+	propagation times, {carrier sense} {protocols} are possible.
+
+	(1995-12-10)
+
+Aloha Net
+
+	<networking> (From the Hawaiian greeting) One of the first
+	functioning {networks} in the USA, conceived and implimented
+	at the {University of Hawaii} campus at Manoa.  Its purpose
+	was to link the University {mainframe} computer to client
+	computers located on outer islands at University campuses.
+	Put in place in the early 1970s, it was dubed the Aloha Net.
+	{Key punch} cards were fed through a reader, and sent over the
+	commercial phone lines.
+
+	(1995-12-10)
+
+Alonzo Church
+
+	<person> A twentieth century mathematician and logician, and
+	one of the founders of computer science.  Church invented the
+	{lambda-calculus} and posited a version of the {Church-Turing
+	thesis}.
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+ALP
+
+	<language> A {list processing} extension of {Mercury
+	Autocode}.
+
+	["ALP, An Autocode List-Processing Language", D.C. Cooper et
+	al, Computer J 5:28-31, 1962].
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+ALPAK
+
+	<library> A subroutine package used by {ALTRAN}.
+
+	["The ALPAK System for Nonnumerical Algebra on a Digital
+	Computer", W.S. Brown, Bell Sys Tech J 42:2081, 1963].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 502].
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+ALPHA
+
+	<language> (Or "Input") An extension of {ALGOL 60} for the
+	{M-20} computer developed by A.P. Ershov at Novosibirsk in
+	1961.  ALPHA includes {matrix} operations, {slices}, and
+	complex arithmetic.
+
+	["The Alpha Automatic Programming System", A.P. Ershov ed.,
+	A-P 1971].
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+Alpha
+
+	1. <tool> A {compiler generator} written by Andreas Koschinsky
+	<koschins@cs.tu-berlin.de> and described in his thesis at the
+	{Technische Universitaet Berlin}.  Alpha takes an {attribute
+	grammar} and uses {Bison} and {Flex} to generate a {parser}, a
+	{scanner} and an {ASE evaluator} (Jazayeri and Walter).
+
+	The documentation is in german.
+
+	(1993-02-16)
+
+	2. <processor> {DEC Alpha}.
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+Alpha AXP 21164
+
+	<processor> A 1 {GIPS} version of the {DEC Alpha} processor.
+	The first commercially available sequential 1 GIPS processor.
+	Announced 1994-09-7.
+
+	{(http://digital.com/info/semiconductor/dsc-21164.html)}.
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+alpha/beta pruning
+
+	<games, algorithm> An optimisation of the {minimax}
+	{algorithm} for choosing the next move in a two-player game.
+	The position after each move is assigned a value.  The larger
+	this value, the better the position is for me.  Thus, I will
+	choose moves with maximum value and you will choose moves with
+	minimum value (for me).
+
+	If it is my move and I have already found one move M with
+	value alpha then I am only interested in other moves with
+	value greater than alpha.  I now consider another of my
+	possible moves, M', to which you could reply with a move with
+	value beta.  I know that you would only make a different reply
+	if it had a value less than beta.  If beta is already less
+	than alpha then M' is definitely worth less than M so I can
+	reject it without considering any other replies you might
+	make.
+
+	The same reasoning applies when considering my replies to your
+	reply.  An alpha cutoff is when your reply gives a lower value
+	than the current maximum (alpha) and a beta cutoff is when my
+	reply to your reply gives a higher value than the current
+	minimum value of your reply (beta).
+
+	In short, if you've found one possible move, you need not
+	consider another move which your opponent can force to be
+	worse than the first one.
+
+	(1997-05-05)
+
+alphabetic language
+
+	<human language> A written human language in which symbols
+	reflect the pronunciation of the words.  Examples are English,
+	Greek, Russian, Thai, Arabic and Hebrew.  Alphabetic languages
+	contrast with {ideographic languages}.
+
+	{I18N Encyclopedia
+	(http://i18ngurus.com/encyclopedia/alphabetic_language.html)}.
+
+	(2004-08-29)
+
+alpha conversion
+
+	<theory> In {lambda-calculus} and {reduction}, the renaming of
+	a {formal parameter} in a {lambda abstraction}.  This does not
+	change the meaning of the abstraction.  For example:
+
+		\ x . x+1  <-->  \ y . y+1
+
+	If the {actual argument} to a lambda abstraction contains
+	instances of the abstraction's formal parameter then it is
+	necessary to rename the parameter before applying the
+	abstraction to avoid {name capture}.
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+Alpha EV6
+
+	{EV6}
+
+Alpha Geek
+
+	<job> The head {geek} or geek's geek.  When no one else knows
+	the answer, or several techno-types give conflicting advise,
+	or the error message says "consult your administrator" and you
+	*are* the administrator, you ask the Alpha Geek.
+
+	(1997-06-25)
+
+alphanumeric
+
+	<character> A decimal digit or a letter (upper or lower case).
+	Typically, "letters" means only English letters ({ASCII} A-Z
+	plus a-z) but it may also include non-English letters in the
+	Roman alphabet, e.g., e-{acute}, c-{cedilla}, the {thorn
+	letter}, and so on.  Perversely, it may also include the
+	{underscore} character in some contexts.
+
+	(1997-09-11)
+
+alpha particle
+
+	{bit rot}
+
+Alphard
+
+	<language> (Named after the brightest star in Hydra) A
+	{Pascal}-like language developed by Wulf, Shaw and London of
+	{CMU} in 1974.  Alphard supports {data abstraction} using the
+	'form', which combines a specification and an implementation.
+
+	["Abstraction and Verification in Alphard: Defining and
+	Specifying Iteration and Generators", Mary Shaw, CACM
+	20(8):553-563, Aug 1977].
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+alpha testing
+
+	<programming> Testing of software at the developer's site by
+	the customer.  The stage before {beta testing}.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+ALPS
+
+	<language> 1. An interpreted {algebraic language} for the
+	{Bendix G15} developed by Dr. Richard V. Andree (? - 1987),
+	Joel C. Ewing and others of the {University of Oklahoma} from
+	Spring 1966 (possibly 1965).
+
+	Dale Peters <dpeters@theshop.net> reports that in the summer
+	of 1966 he attended the second year of an {NSF}-sponsored
+	summer institute in mathematics and computing at the
+	University of Oklahoma.  Dr. Andree's computing class mostly
+	used the language GO-GO, later renamed ALPS.  The language
+	changed frequently during the class, which was occasionally
+	disorienting.  Dale believes it was also used in Summer 1965
+	and that it was about this time that {John G. Kemeny} (one of
+	the designers of {Dartmouth BASIC}, 1963) saw it during a
+	visit.
+
+	Dr. Andree's January 1967 class mimeo notes on ALPS begin:
+	"ALPS is a new programming language designed and perfected by
+	Mr. Harold Bradbury, Mr. Joel Ewing and Mr. Harold Wiebe,
+	members of the O.U. Mathematics Computer Consultants Group
+	under the direction of Dr. Richard V. Andree.  ALPS is
+	designed to be used with a minimum of training to solve
+	numerical problems on a computer with typewriter stations and
+	using man-computer cooperation by persons who have little
+	familiarity with advanced mathematics."
+
+	The initial version of what evolved into ALPS was designed and
+	implemented by Joel Ewing (a pre-senior undergrad) in G15
+	{machine language} out of frustration with the lack of
+	applications to use the G15's dual-case alphanumeric I/O
+	capabilities.  Harold Wiebe also worked on the code.  Others,
+	including Ralph Howenstine, a member of the O.U. Math Computer
+	Consultants Group, contributed to the design of extensions and
+	Dr. Andree authored all the instructional materials, made the
+	outside world aware of the language and encouraged work on the
+	language.
+
+	(2006-10-10)
+
+	2. A parallel {logic language}.
+
+	["Synchronization and Scheduling in ALPS Objects",
+	P. Vishnubhotia, Proc 8th Intl Conf Distrib Com Sys, IEEE
+	1988, pp. 256-264].
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+alt
+
+	<character> /awlt/ 1. The alt {modifier key} on many
+	{keyboards}, including the {IBM PC}.  On some keyboards and
+	{operating systems}, (but not the IBM PC) the alt key sets bit
+	7 of the character generated.
+
+	See {bucky bits}.
+
+	2. The "{clover}" or "Command" key on a {Macintosh}; use of
+	this term usually reveals that the speaker hacked PCs before
+	coming to the Mac (see also {feature key}).  Some Mac hackers,
+	confusingly, reserve "alt" for the Option key (and it is so
+	labelled on some Mac II keyboards).
+
+	3. (Obsolete {PDP-10}; often "ALT") An alternate name for the
+	{ASCII} ESC character (Escape, ASCII 27), after the keycap
+	labelling on some older {terminals}; also "altmode"
+	(/awlt'mohd/).  This character was almost never pronounced
+	"escape" on an {ITS} system, in {TECO} or under {TOPS-10},
+	always alt, as in "Type alt alt to end a TECO command" or
+	"alt-U onto the system" (for "log onto the [ITS] system").
+	This usage probably arose because alt is easier to say.
+
+	4. <messaging> One of the {Usenet} {newsgroup} {hierarchies}.
+	It was founded by {John Gilmore} and {Brian Reid}.  The alt
+	hierarchy is special in that anyone can create new groups here
+	without going though the normal voting proceduers, hence the
+	regular appearence of new groups with names such as
+	"alt.swedish.chef.bork.bork.bork".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-04-12)
+
+ALTAC
+
+	<language> An extended {Fortran II} for the {Philco 2000},
+	built on {TAC}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.146].
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+Altair 8800
+
+	<computer> An {Intel 8080}-based machine made by {MITS}.  The
+	Altair was the first popular {microcomputer} kit.
+
+	It appeared on the cover of the January 1975 "Popular
+	Electronics" magazine with an article (probably) by Leslie
+	Solomon.  Leslie Solomon was an editor at Popular Electronics
+	who had a knack for spotting kits that would interest people
+	and make them buy the magazine.  The Altair 8800 was one such.
+	The MITS guys took the prototype Altair to New York to show
+	Solomon, but couldn't get it to work after the flight.
+	Nonetheless, he liked it, and it appeared on the cover as "The
+	first minicomputer in a kit."
+
+	Solomon's blessing was important enough that some MITS
+	competitors named their product the "SOL" to gain his favour.
+	Some wags suggested {SOL} was actually an abbreviation for the
+	condition in which kit purchasers would find themselves.
+
+	{Bill Gates} and Paul Allen saw the article on the Altair 8800
+	in Popular Electronics.  They realised that the Altair, which
+	was programmed via its binary front panel needed a {high level
+	language}.  Legend has it that they called MITS with the claim
+	that they had a {BASIC} {interpreter} for the Altair.  When
+	MITS asked them to demo it in Albuquerque, they wrote one on
+	the plane.  On arrival, they entered the machine code via the
+	front panel and demonstrated and sold their "product."  Thus
+	was born "Altair BASIC."
+
+	The original Altair BASIC ran in less than 4K of RAM because a
+	"loaded" Altair had 4K memory.  Since there was no {operating
+	system} on the Altair, Altair BASIC included what we now think
+	of as {BIOS}.  It was distributed on {paper tape} that could
+	be read on a {Teletype}.  Later versions supported the 8K
+	Altair and the 16K {diskette}-based Altair (demonstrating
+	that, even in the 1970s, {Microsoft} was committed to
+	{software bloat}).  Altair BASIC was ported to the {Motorola
+	6800} for the Altair 680 machine, and to other 8080-based
+	microcomputers produced by MITS' competitors.
+
+	{PC-History.org Altair 8800 page
+	(http://pc-history.org/altair_8800.htm)}.
+
+	[Forrest M. Mimms, article in "Computers and Electronics",
+	(formerly "Popular Electronics"), Jan 1985(?)].
+
+	[Was there ever an "Altair 9000" microcomputer?]
+
+	(2002-06-17)
+
+Alta Vista
+
+	<web> A {website} provided by {Digital}
+	which features a very fast Web and {Usenet} {search engine}.
+
+	As of April 1996 its word index is 33GB in size.  AltaVista is
+	currently (June 1996) the largest Web index, with 30 million
+	pages from 225,000 servers, and three million articles from
+	14,000 {Usenet} news groups.  It is accessed over 12 million
+	times per weekday.
+
+	{(http://altavista.digital.com/)}.
+
+	(1996-06-10)
+
+alt bit
+
+	/awlt bit/ alternate bit.  See {meta bit}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+ALTER
+
+	<database> An {SQL} {Data Definition Language} command that
+	adds or removes {columns} or {indexes} to/from a {table} or
+	modifies the table definition in some other way.  This differs
+	from the INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE ({Data Modification
+	Language}) commands in that those change the data stored in
+	the table but not its definition.
+
+	{MySQL ALTER TABLE command
+	(http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/alter-table.html)}.
+
+	(2009-11-10)
+
+Alternating bit protocol
+
+	<networking> (ABP) A simple {data link layer} {protocol} that
+	retransmits lost or corrupted messages.
+
+	Messages are sent from transmitter A to receiver B.  Assume
+	that the channel from A to B is initialised and that there are
+	no messages in transit.  Each message contains a data part, a
+	{checksum}, and a one-bit {sequence number}, i.e. a value that
+	is 0 or 1.
+
+	When A sends a message, it sends it continuously, with the
+	same sequence number, until it receives an acknowledgment
+	({ACK}) from B that contains the same sequence number.  When
+	that happens, A complements (flips) the sequence number and
+	starts transmitting the next message.
+
+	When B receives a message from A, it checks the checksum.  If
+	the message is not corrupted B sends back an ACK with the same
+	sequence number.  If it is the first message with that
+	sequence number then it is sent for processing.  Subsequent
+	messages with the same sequence bit are simply acknowledged.
+	If the message is corrupted B sends back an negative/error
+	acknowledgment ({NAK}).  This is optional, as A will continue
+	transmitting until it receives the correct ACK.
+
+	A treats corrupted ACK messages, and NAK messages in the same
+	way.  The simplest behaviour is to ignore them all and
+	continue transmitting.
+
+	(2000-10-28)
+
+altmode
+
+	{alt}
+
+ALTRAN
+
+	<language> A {Fortran} extension for {rational algebra}
+	developed by W.S. Brown of {Bell Labs} ca. 1968.
+
+	["The ALTRAN System for Rational Function Manipulation - A
+	Survey", A.D. Hall, CACM 14(8):517-521 (Aug 1971)].
+
+	(1995-06-01)
+
+alt.sources
+
+	<messaging, programming> A {Usenet} {newsgroup} for posting
+	program {source code}.
+
+	{Archive (ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/usenet/alt.sources/)}.
+
+	(1995-10-18)
+
+ALU
+
+	1. <processor> {Arithmetic and Logic Unit}.
+
+	2. <body> {Association of Lisp Users}.
+
+Aluminum Book
+
+	<publication>
+
+	["Common LISP: The Language, 2nd Edition", {Guy L. Steele
+	Jr.}, Digital Press 1990, ISBN 1-55558-041-6].
+
+	Due to a technical screwup some printings of the second
+	edition are actually what the author calls "yucky green".
+
+	{On-line version
+	(http://cs.cmu.edu/Groups/AI/html/cltl/cltl2.html)}.
+
+	See also {book titles}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-06-25)
+
+Alvey
+
+	<project, body> A funding programme for collaborative research
+	in the UK.
+
+	(1995-06-01)
+
+AM
+
+	1. <communications> {Amplitude Modulation}.
+
+	2. <artificial intelligence> A program by {Doug Lenat} to
+	discover concepts in elementary mathematics.  AM was written
+	in 1976 in {Interlisp}.  From 100 fundamental concepts and
+	about 250 {heuristics} it discovered several important
+	mathematical concepts including subsets, disjoint sets, sets
+	with the same number of elements, and numbers.  It worked by
+	filling slots in {frames} maintaining an agenda of
+	resource-limited prioritised tasks.
+
+	AM's successor was {Eurisko}.
+
+	{(http://homepages.enterprise.net/hibou/aicourse/lenat.txt)}.
+
+	(1999-04-19)
+
+am
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Armenia.
+
+	Used for the {vanity domain} "i.am".
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Amanda
+
+	<language> A {functional programming language} derived mostly
+	from {Miranda} with some small changes.  Amanda was written by
+	Dick Bruin and implemented on {MS-DOS} and {NeXT}.  It is
+	available as an {interperator} only.
+
+	(1998-04-27)
+
+A Manufacturing Language
+
+	<language, robotics> (AML) A {high-level language} developed
+	by {IBM} in the 1980s for industrial {robots}.
+
+	["AML: A Manufacturing Language", R.H. Taylor et al, Inst J
+	Robot Res 1(3):19-43].
+
+	(1995-09-25)
+
+amateur packet radio
+
+	<communications> (PR) The use of {packet radio} by amateurs to
+	communicate between computers.  PR is a complete amateur radio
+	computer network with "digipeaters" (relays), mailboxes (BBS)
+	and other special nodes.
+
+	In Germany, it is on HF, say, 2m (300 and 1200 BPS), 70cm
+	(1200 to 9600 BPS), 23cm (normally 9600 BPS and up, currently
+	most links between digipeaters) and higher frequencies.  There
+	is a KW (short wave) Packet Radio at 300 BPS, too.
+
+	Satellites with OSCAR (Orbiting Sattelite Carring Amateur
+	Radio) transponders (mostly attached to commercial satellites
+	by the AMateur SATellite (AMSAT) group) carry Packet Radio
+	mailboxes or {digipeaters}.
+
+	There are both on-line and off-line services on the packet
+	radio network: You can send {electronic mail}, read bulletins,
+	chat, transfer files, connect to on-line DX-Clusters (DX=far
+	distance) to catch notes typed in by other HAMs about the
+	hottest international KW connections currently coming up (so
+	you can pile up).
+
+	PR uses {AX.25} (an {X.25} derivative) as its {transport
+	layer} and sometimes even {TCP/IP} is transmitted over AX.25.
+	AX.25 is like X.25 but the adressing uses HAM "calls" like
+	"DG8MGV".
+
+	There are special "wormholes" all over the world which
+	"tunnel" amateur radio traffic through the {Internet} to
+	forward mail.  Sometimes mails travels over satelites.
+	Normally amateur satellites have strange orbits, however the
+	mail forwarding or mailbox satellites have very predictable
+	orbits.  Some wormholes allow HAMs to bridge from Internet to
+	{AMPR-NET}, e.g. db0fho.ampr.org or
+	db0fho.et-inf.fho-emden.de, but only if you are registered
+	HAM.
+
+	Because amateur radio is not for profit, it must not be
+	interconnected to the {Internet} but it may be connected
+	through the Internet.  All people on the (completely free)
+	amateur radio net must be licensed radio amateurs and must
+	have a "call" which is unique all over the world.
+
+	There is a special {domain} AMPR.ORG (44.*.*.*) for amateur
+	radio reserved in the IP space.  This domain is split between
+	countries, which can further subdivide it.  For example
+	44.130.*.* is Germany, 44.130.58.* is Augsburg (in Bavaria),
+	and 44.130.58.20 is dg8mgv.ampr.org (you may verify this with
+	{nslookup}).
+
+	Mail transport is only one aspect of packet radio.  You can
+	talk interactively (as in {chat}), read files, or play silly
+	games built in the Packet Radio software.  Usually you can use
+	the autorouter to let the digipeater network find a path to
+	the station you want.  However there are many (sometimes
+	software incompatible) digipeaters out there, which the router
+	cannot use.  Paths over 1000 km are unlikely to be useable for
+	{real-time} communication and long paths can introduce
+	significant delay times (answer latency).
+
+	Other uses of amateur radio for computer communication include
+	{RTTY} ({baudot}), {AMTOR}, {PACTOR}, and {CLOVER}.
+
+	{A huge hamradio archive (ftp://ftp.ucsd.edu/hamradio/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:rec.radio.amateur.packet}.
+
+	(2001-05-12)
+
+Amber
+
+	<language> 1. A {functional programming} language which adds
+	{CSP}-like {concurrency}, {multiple inheritance} and
+	{persistence} to {ML} and generalises its type system.  It is
+	similar to {Galileo}.  Programs must be written in two type
+	faces, roman and italics!  It has both {static types} and
+	{dynamic types}.
+
+	There is an implementation for {Macintosh}.
+
+	["Amber", L. Cardelli, TR Bell Labs, 1984].
+
+	2.  An {object-oriented} distributed language based on a
+	subset of {C++}, developed at {Washington University} in the
+	late 1980s.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+AMBIT
+
+	<language> Algebraic Manipulation by Identity Translation
+	(also claimed: "Acronym May Be Ignored Totally").
+
+	An early {pattern-matching} language, developed by
+	C. Christensen of Massachusetts Computer Assocs in 1964, aimed
+	at algebraic manipulation.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 454-457].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+AMBIT/G
+
+	<language> {AMBIT} for graphs.
+
+	["An Example of the Manipulation of Directed Graphs in the
+	AMBIT/G Programming Language", C. Christensen, in Interactive
+	Systems for Experimental Applied Mathematics, M. Klerer et al,
+	eds, Academic Press 1968, pp. 423-435].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+AMBIT/L
+
+	<language> {AMBIT} for lists.
+
+	A variant of AMBIT supporting list handling and {pattern
+	matching} rules based on two-dimensional diagrams.
+
+	["An Introduction to AMBIT/L, A Diagrammatic Language for List
+	Processing", Carlos Christensen, Proc 2nd ACM Symp Symb and
+	Alg Manip (Mar 1971)].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+AMBIT/S
+
+	<language> {AMBIT} for strings.
+
+AMBUSH
+
+	<language> A language for {linear programming} problems in a
+	materials processing and transportation network.
+
+	["AMBUSH - An Advanced Model Builder for Linear Programming",
+	T.R. White et al, National Petroleum Refiners Assoc Comp Conf
+	(Nov 1971)].
+
+	(1995-06-19)
+
+AMD
+
+	1. <company> {Advanced Micro Devices}.
+
+	2. <jargon> According to Don Olivier <don@hsph.harvard.edu>,
+	his system manager came in to work one morning to find his IBM
+	system down with a message on the console that said "AMD
+	failure".  After he and the service rep had puzzled over
+	documentation for an hour or so they called headquarters and
+	eventually learned that it the failure was in the cooling
+	system: an AMD is an "air movement device", IBM for "fan".
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+AMD 29000
+
+	<processor> A {RISC} {microprocessor} descended from the
+	{Berkley RISC} design.  Like the {SPARC} design that was
+	introduced shortly afterward, the 29000 has a large {register
+	set} split into local and global sets.  But though it was
+	introduced before the SPARC, it has a more elegant method of
+	register management.
+
+	The 29000 has 64 global registers, in comparison to the
+	SPARC's eight.  In addition, the 29000 allows variable sized
+	windows allocated from the 128 register stack {cache}.  The
+	current window or stack frame is indicated by a stack pointer,
+	a pointer to the caller's frame is stored in the current
+	frame, like in an ordinary stack (directly supporting stack
+	languages like {C}, a {CISC}-like philosophy).  Spills and
+	fills occur only at the ends of the cache, and registers are
+	saved/loaded from the memory stack.  This allows variable
+	window sizes, from 1 to 128 registers.  This flexibility, plus
+	the large set of global registers, makes {register allocation}
+	easier than in SPARC.
+
+	There is no special {condition code register} - any general
+	register is used instead, allowing several condition codes to
+	be retained, though this sometimes makes code more complex.
+	An {instruction prefetch} buffer (using {burst mode}) ensures
+	a steady instruction stream.  To reduce delays caused by a
+	branch to another stream, the first four new instructions are
+	cached and next time a cached branch (up to sixteen) is taken,
+	the cache supplies instructions during the initial memory
+	access delay.
+
+	Registers aren't saved during interrupts, allowing the
+	interrupt routine to determine whether the overhead is
+	worthwhile.  In addition, a form of register access control is
+	provided.  All registers can be protected, in blocks of 4,
+	from access.  These features make the 29000 useful for
+	embedded applications, which is where most of these processors
+	are used, allowing it the claim to be "the most popular RISC
+	processor".  The 29000 also includes an {MMU} and support for
+	the {AMD 29027} {FPU}.
+
+	(1995-06-19)
+
+AMD 29027
+
+	<processor> The {FPU} for the {AMD 29000}.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+Amdahl
+
+	1. <company> {Amdahl Corporation}.
+
+	2. <person> {Gene Amdahl}.
+
+Amdahl Corporation
+
+	<company> A US computer manufacturer.  Amdahl is a major
+	supplier of large {mainframes}, {UNIX} and {Open Systems}
+	software and servers, data storage subsystems, data
+	communications products, applications development software,
+	and a variety of educational and consulting services.
+
+	Amdahl products are sold in more than 30 countries for use in
+	both open systems and {IBM} plug-compatible mainframe
+	computing environments.
+
+	Quarterly sales $397M, profits $13M (Aug 1994).
+
+	In 1997 Amdahl became a division of {Fujitsu}.
+
+	{(http://amdahl.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-05-23)
+
+Amdahl's Law
+
+	<parallel> (Named after {Gene Amdahl}) If F is the fraction of
+	a calculation that is sequential, and (1-F) is the fraction
+	that can be parallelised, then the maximum {speedup} that can
+	be achieved by using P processors is 1/(F+(1-F)/P).
+
+	[Gene Amdahl, "Validity of the Single Processor Approach to
+	Achieving Large-Scale Computing Capabilities", AFIPS
+	Conference Proceedings, (30), pp. 483-485, 1967].
+
+	(2002-10-16)
+
+AMD Am2901
+
+	<processor> A 4-bit {bit-slice} processor from {Advanced Micro
+	Devices}.  It featured sixteen 4-bit {registers} and a 4-bit
+	{ALU} and operation signals to allow carry/borrow or shift
+	operations and such to operate across any number of other
+	2901s.  An {address sequencer} (such as the {2910}) could
+	provide control signals with the use of custom {microcode} in
+	{ROM}.
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+AMD Am2903
+
+	<processor> A {bit-slice} prcessor from {Advanced Micro
+	Devices} which featured hardware multiply.
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+AMD Am2910
+
+	<processor> An {address sequencer} from {Advanced Micro
+	Devices}.
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+AMD K7
+
+	{Athlon}
+
+American National Standard
+
+	<standard> (ANS) A common prefix for {ANSI} documents or
+	standards, e.g.: "ANS {Forth}", or "American National Standard
+	X3.215-1994".
+
+	(1998-07-01)
+
+American National Standards Institute
+
+	<body, standard> (ANSI) The private, non-profit organisation
+	(501(c)3) responsible for approving US {standards} in many
+	areas, including computers and communications.  ANSI is a
+	member of {ISO}.  ANSI sells ANSI and ISO (international)
+	standards.
+
+	{ANSI Home (http://ansi.org/)}.
+
+	Address: New York, NY 10036, USA.  Sales: 1430 Broadway, NY NY
+	10018.  Telephone: +1 (212) 642 4900.
+
+	(2004-01-14)
+
+American Society of Mechanical Engineers
+
+	<body> (ASME) A group involved in {CAD} standardisation.
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+American Standard Code for Information Interchange
+
+	The basis of character sets used in almost all present-day
+	computers.  {US-ASCII} uses only the lower seven {bits}
+	({character points} 0 to 127) to convey some {control codes},
+	space, numbers, most basic punctuation, and unaccented letters
+	a-z and A-Z.  More modern coded character sets (e.g.,
+	{Latin-1}, {Unicode}) define extensions to ASCII for values
+	above 127 for conveying special Latin characters (like
+	accented characters, or German ess-tsett), characters from
+	non-Latin writing systems (e.g., Cyrillic, or {Han
+	characters}), and such desirable {glyphs} as distinct open-
+	and close-quotation marks.  ASCII replaced earlier systems
+	such as {EBCDIC} and {Baudot}, which used fewer bytes, but
+	were each {broken} in their own way.
+
+	Computers are much pickier about spelling than humans; thus,
+	hackers need to be very precise when talking about characters,
+	and have developed a considerable amount of verbal shorthand
+	for them.  Every character has one or more names - some
+	formal, some concise, some silly.
+
+	Individual characters are listed in this dictionary with
+	alternative names from revision 2.3 of the {Usenet} ASCII
+	pronunciation guide in rough order of popularity, including
+	their official {ITU-T} names and the particularly silly names
+	introduced by {INTERCAL}.
+
+	See {V} {ampersand}, {asterisk}, {back quote}, {backslash},
+	{caret}, {colon}, {comma}, {commercial at}, {control-C},
+	{dollar}, {dot}, {double quote}, {equals}, {exclamation mark},
+	{greater than}, {hash}, {left bracket}, {left parenthesis},
+	{less than}, {minus}, {parentheses}, {oblique stroke},
+	{percent}, {plus}, {question mark}, {right brace}, {right
+	brace}, {right bracket}, {right parenthesis}, {semicolon},
+	{single quote}, {space}, {tilde}, {underscore}, {vertical
+	bar}, {zero}.
+
+	Some other common usages cause odd overlaps.  The "#", "$",
+	">", and "&" characters, for example, are all pronounced "hex"
+	in different communities because various assemblers use them
+	as a prefix tag for {hexadecimal} constants (in particular,
+	"#" in many assembler-programming cultures, "$" in the {6502}
+	world, ">" at {Texas Instruments}, and "&" on the {BBC Micro},
+	{Acorn Archimedes}, {Sinclair}, and some {Zilog Z80}
+	machines).  See also {splat}.
+
+	The inability of {US-ASCII} to correctly represent nearly any
+	language other than English became an obvious and intolerable
+	{misfeature} as computer use outside the US and UK became the
+	rule rather than the exception (see {software rot}).  And so
+	national extensions to US-ASCII were developed, such as
+	Latin-1.
+
+	Hardware and software from the US still tends to embody the
+	assumption that US-ASCII is the universal character set and
+	that words of text consist entirely of byte values 65-90 and
+	97-122 (A-Z and a-z); this is a major irritant to people who
+	want to use a character set suited to their own languages.
+	Perversely, though, efforts to solve this problem by
+	proliferating sets of national characters produced an
+	evolutionary pressure (especially in protocol design, e.g.,
+	the {URL} standard) to stick to {US-ASCII} as a subset common
+	to all those in use, and therefore to stick to English as the
+	language encodable with the common subset of all the ASCII
+	dialects.  This basic problem with having a multiplicity of
+	national character sets ended up being a prime justification
+	for {Unicode}, which was designed, ostensibly, to be the *one*
+	ASCII extension anyone will need.
+
+	A system is described as "{eight-bit clean}" if it doesn't
+	mangle text with byte values above 127, as some older systems
+	did.
+
+	See also {ASCII character table}, {Yu-Shiang Whole Fish}.
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+American Telephone and Telegraph, Inc.
+
+	<company, telecommunications, Unix> (AT&T) One of the largest US
+	telecommunications providers, also noted for being the birthplace
+	of the {Unix} {operating system} and the {C} and {C++} programming
+	languages.
+
+	AT&T was incorporated in 1885, but traces its lineage to
+	Alexander Graham Bell and his invention of the telephone in
+	1876.  As parent company of the former {Bell System}, AT&T's
+	primary mission was to provide telephone service to virtually
+	everyone in the United States.  In its first 50 years, AT&T
+	established subsidiaries and allied companies in more than a
+	dozen other countries.  It sold these interests in 1925 and
+	focused on achieving its mission in the United States.  It
+	did, however, continue to provide international long distance
+	service.
+
+	The Bell System was dissolved at the end of 1983 with AT&T's
+	divestiture of the Bell telephone companies.
+
+	AT&T split into three parts in 1996, one of which is {Lucent
+	Tecnologies}, the former systems and equipment portion of AT&T
+	(including Bell Laboratories).
+
+	See also {3DO}, {Advanced RISC Machine}, {Berkeley Software
+	Distribution}, {Bell Laboratories}, {Concurrent C}, {Death
+	Star}, {dinosaurs mating}, {InterNIC}, {System V}, {Nawk},
+	{Open Look}, {rc}, {S}, {Standard ML of New Jersey}, {Unix
+	International}, {Unix conspiracy}, {USG Unix}, {Unix System
+	Laboratories}.
+
+	{AT&T Home (http://att.com/)}.
+
+	(2002-06-21)
+
+American Wire Gauge
+
+	<hardware, standard> (AWG, sometimes "Brown and Sharpe Wire
+	Gauge") A U.S. {standard} set of non-ferrous wire conductor
+	sizes.  Typical household wiring is AWG number 12 or 14.
+	Telephone wire is usually 22, 24, or 26.  The higher the gauge
+	number, the smaller the diameter and the thinner the wire.
+	Thicker wire is better for long distances due to its lower
+	resistance per unit length.
+
+	(2001-03-26)
+
+America On-Line, Inc.
+
+	<company, communications> (AOL) A US on-line service provider
+	based in Vienna, Virginia, USA.  AOL claims to be the largest
+	and fastest growing provider of on-line services in the world,
+	with the most active subscriber base.  AOL offers its three
+	million subscribers {electronic mail}, interactive newspapers
+	and magazines, conferencing, software libraries, computing
+	support, and on-line classes.
+
+	In October 1994 AOL made {Internet} {FTP} available to its
+	members and in May 1995, full Internet access including
+	{web}.
+
+	AOL's main competitors are {Prodigy} and {Compuserve}.
+
+	{(http://aol.com/)}.
+
+	(1997-08-26)
+
+America's Multimedia Online
+
+	<company, web> (AMO) An {Internet} technologies
+	company which invented {Never Offline} in 1995 and was
+	officially started in 1996.
+
+	{(http://amo.net/)}.
+
+	E-mail: AMO <amo@amo.net>.
+
+	Address: Albuquerque, NM, USA.
+
+	(1999-11-03)
+
+AMI
+
+	{Alternate Mark Inversion}
+
+Amiga
+
+	<computer> A range of home computers first released by
+	{Commodore Business Machines} in early 1985 (though they did
+	not design the original - see below).  Amigas were popular for
+	{games}, {video processing}, and {multimedia}.  One notable
+	feature is a hardware {blitter} for speeding up graphics
+	operations on whole areas of the screen.
+
+	The Amiga was originally called the Lorraine, and was
+	developed by a company named "Amiga" or "Amiga, Inc.", funded
+	by some doctors to produce a killer game machine.  After the
+	US game machine market collapsed, the Amiga company sold some
+	{joysticks} but no Lorraines or any other computer.  They
+	eventually floundered and looked for a buyer.
+
+	Commodore at that time bought the (mostly complete) Amiga
+	machine, infused some money, and pushed it through the final
+	stages of development in a hurry.  Commodore released it
+	sometime[?] in 1985.
+
+	Most components within the machine were known by nicknames.
+	The {coprocessor} commonly called the "Copper" is in fact the
+	"{Video} Timing Coprocessor" and is split between two chips:
+	the instruction fetch and execute units are in the "Agnus"
+	chip, and the {pixel} timing circuits are in the "Denise" chip
+	(A for address, D for data).
+
+	"Agnus" and "Denise" were responsible for effects timed to the
+	{real-time} position of the video scan, such as midscreen
+	{palette} changes, {sprite multiplying}, and {resolution}
+	changes.  Different versions (in order) were: "Agnus" (could
+	only address 512K of {video RAM}), "Fat Agnus" (in a {PLCC}
+	package, could access 1MB of video RAM), "Super Agnus"
+	(slightly upgraded "Fat Agnus").  "Agnus" and "Fat Agnus" came
+	in {PAL} and {NTSC} versions, "Super Agnus" came in one
+	version, jumper selectable for PAL or NTSC.  "Agnus" was
+	replaced by "Alice" in the A4000 and A1200, which allowed for
+	more {DMA} channels and higher bus {bandwidth}.
+
+	"Denise" outputs binary video data (3*4 bits) to the "Vidiot".
+	The "Vidiot" is a hybrid that combines and amplifies the
+	12-bit video data from "Denise" into {RGB} to the {monitor}.
+
+	Other chips were "Amber" (a "flicker fixer", used in the A3000
+	and Commodore display enhancer for the A2000), "Gary" ({I/O},
+	addressing, G for {glue logic}), "Buster" (the {bus
+	controller}, which replaced "Gary" in the A2000), "Buster II"
+	(for handling the Zorro II/III cards in the A3000, which meant
+	that "Gary" was back again), "Ramsey" (The {RAM} controller),
+	"DMAC" (The DMA controller chip for the WD33C93 {SCSI adaptor}
+	used in the A3000 and on the A2091/A2092 SCSI adaptor card for
+	the A2000; and to control the {CD-ROM} in the {CDTV}), and
+	"Paula" ({Peripheral}, Audio, {UART}, {interrupt} Lines, and
+	{bus Arbiter}).
+
+	There were several Amiga chipsets: the "Old Chipset" (OCS),
+	the "Enhanced Chipset" (ECS), and {AGA}.  OCS included
+	"Paula", "Gary", "Denise", and "Agnus".
+
+	ECS had the same "Paula", "Gary", "Agnus" (could address 2MB
+	of Chip RAM), "Super Denise" (upgraded to support "Agnus" so
+	that a few new {screen modes} were available).  With the
+	introduction of the {Amiga A600} "Gary" was replaced with
+	"Gayle" (though the chipset was still called ECS).  "Gayle"
+	provided a number of improvments but the main one was support
+	for the A600's {PCMCIA} port.
+
+	The AGA chipset had "Agnus" with twice the speed and a 24-bit
+	palette, maximum displayable: 8 bits (256 colours), although
+	the famous "{HAM}" (Hold And Modify) trick allows pictures of
+	256,000 colours to be displayed.  AGA's "Paula" and "Gayle"
+	were unchanged but AGA "Denise" supported AGA "Agnus"'s new
+	screen modes.  Unfortunately, even AGA "Paula" did not support
+	High Density {floppy disk drives}.  (The Amiga 4000, though,
+	did support high density drives.)  In order to use a high
+	density disk drive Amiga HD floppy drives spin at half the
+	rotational speed thus halving the data rate to "Paula".
+
+	Commodore Business Machines went bankrupt on 1994-04-29,
+	the German company {Escom AG} bought the rights to the Amiga
+	on 1995-04-21 and the Commodore Amiga became the Escom
+	Amiga.  In April 1996 Escom were reported to be making the
+	{Amiga} range again but they too fell on hard times and
+	{Gateway 2000} (now called Gateway) bought the Amiga brand
+	on 1997-05-15.
+
+	Gateway licensed the Amiga operating system to a German
+	hardware company called {Phase 5} on 1998-03-09.  The
+	following day, Phase 5 announced the introduction of a
+	four-processor {PowerPC} based Amiga {clone} called the
+	"{pre\box}".  Since then, it has been announced that the
+	new operating system will be a version of {QNX}.
+
+	On 1998-06-25, a company called {Access Innovations Ltd}
+	announced {plans (http://micktinker.co.uk/aaplus.html)} to
+	build a new Amiga chip set, the {AA+}, based partly on the AGA
+	chips but with new fully 32-bit functional core and 16-bit AGA
+	{hardware register emulation} for {backward compatibility}.
+	The new core promised improved memory access and video display
+	DMA.
+
+	By the end of 2000, Amiga development was under the control of
+	a [new?] company called {Amiga, Inc.}.  As well as continuing
+	development of AmigaOS (version 3.9 released in December
+	2000), their "Digital Environment" is a {virtual machine} for
+	multiple {platforms} conforming to the {ZICO} specification.
+	As of 2000, it ran on {MIPS}, {ARM}, {PPC}, and {x86}
+	processors.
+
+	{(http://amiga.com/)}.
+
+	{Amiga Web Directory (http://cucug.org/amiga.html)}.
+
+	{amiCrawler (http://amicrawler.com/)}.
+
+	Newsgroups: {news:comp.binaries.amiga},
+	{news:comp.sources.amiga}, {news:comp.sys.amiga},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.advocacy},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.announce},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.applications},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.audio}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.datacomm},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.emulations}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.games},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.graphics},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.hardware},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.introduction},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.marketplace}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.misc},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.multimedia},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.programmer},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.reviews}, {news:comp.sys.amiga.tech},
+	{news:comp.sys.amiga.telecomm}, {news:comp.Unix.amiga}.
+
+	See {aminet}, {Amoeba}, {bomb}, {exec}, {gronk}, {guru
+	meditation}, {Intuition}, {sidecar}, {slap on the side},
+	{Vulcan nerve pinch}.
+
+	(2003-07-05)
+
+Amiga E
+
+	<tool> An {Amiga} {E} {compiler} by Wouter van Oortmerssen.
+
+	Amiga E compiles 20000 lines/minute on a 7 Mhz Amiga.  It
+	allows {in-line} {assembly code} and has an integrated
+	{linker}.  It has a large set of integrated functions and
+	{modules}.  V2.04 includes as modules a flexible {type}
+	system, quoted expressions, {immediate} and typed lists, low
+	level {polymorphism} and {exception} handling.  It is written
+	in {assembly language} and E.
+
+	Version 2.1b
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/pub/aminet/dev/e/AmigaE21b.lha)}.
+	{(ftp://amiga.physik.unizh.ch/amiga/dev/lang/AmigaE21b.lha)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.sys.amiga.programmer}.
+
+	(1997-08-26)
+
+Aminet
+
+	<networking> (Amiga network) A collection of {FTP} {mirrors}
+	that contain several {gigabytes} of {freely distributable
+	software} for the {Amiga} range of computers.
+
+	{Home, ftp.wustl.edu (ftp://ftp.wustl.edu)}.
+
+	(1997-08-31)
+
+AML
+
+	{A Manufacturing Language}
+
+AML/E
+
+	<language, robotics> (AML Entry) A simple version of {AML},
+	implemented on the {IBM PC}, with a graphic display of the
+	robot position.
+
+	(1995-10-03)
+
+AMO
+
+	{America's Multimedia Online}
+
+Amoeba
+
+	1. <operating system> A distributed {operating system}
+	developed by {Andrew S. Tanenbaum} and others of {Vrije
+	Universiteit, Amsterdam}.  Amoeba is only available under
+	licence from the VUA, but is free of charge and includes all
+	{source}, {binaries} and documentation.
+
+	{(http://am.cs.vu.nl/)}.
+
+	[Features?]
+
+	2. <computer, abuse> A derogatory term for {Commodore}'s
+	{Amiga} {personal computer}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-05-07)
+
+AMP
+
+	1. <mathematics, tool> {Algebraic Manipulation Package}.
+
+	2. <networking, tool> {Active Measurement Project}.
+
+amper
+
+	{ampersand}
+
+Ampere
+
+	<unit, electronics> (Amp, A) The unit of electrical current
+	flow.  One Amp is the current that will flow through a
+	one-{ohm} resistance when one {Volt} {DC} is applied across
+	it.
+
+	(2004-01-18)
+
+ampersand
+
+	<character> "&" {ASCII} character 38.
+
+	Common names: {ITU-T}, {INTERCAL}: ampersand; amper; and.
+	Rare: address (from {C}); reference (from C++); bitand;
+	background (from {sh}); pretzel; amp.
+
+	A common symbol for "and", used as the "address of" operator
+	in {C}, the "reference" operator in {C++} and a {bitwise and}
+	or {logical and} operator in several programming languages.
+	{Visual BASIC} uses it as the {string concatenation}
+	{operator} and to prefix {octal} and {hexadecimal} numbers.
+
+	{UNIX} {shells} use the character to indicate that a task
+	should be run in the {background} (single "&" suffix) or
+	(following C's {lazy and}), in a {compound command} of the
+	form "a && b" to indicate that the command b should only be
+	run if command a terminates successfully.
+
+	The ampersand is a ligature (combination) of the cursive
+	letters "e" and "t", invented in 63 BC by Marcus Tirus [Tiro?]
+	as shorthand for the Latin word for "and", "et".
+
+	The word ampersand is a conflation (combination) of "and, per
+	se and".  Per se means "by itself", and so the phrase
+	translates to "&, standing by itself, means 'and'".  This was
+	at the end of the alphabet as it was recited by children in
+	old English schools.  The words ran together and were
+	associated with "&".  The "ampersand" spelling dates from
+	1837.
+
+	{Take our word for it
+	(http://takeourword.com/Issue010.html)}.
+
+	(2012-07-18)
+
+AMPL
+
+	<language> Along with {mpl}, the intrinsic parallel languages
+	for {MasPar}'s computers.  AMPL and mpl are parallel variants
+	of {C}.  Ampl is actually now a {gcc} port.
+
+	["AMPL: Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a
+	Multiprocessing Language", R. Dannenberg, CMU 1981].
+
+	["Loglan Implementation of the AMPL Message Passing System",
+	J. Milewski SIGPLAN Notices 19(9):21-29 (Sept 1984)].
+
+	[Are these the same language?]
+
+	(1995-11-01)
+
+AMPLE
+
+	<language, music> A {FORTH}-like language for programming the
+	500/5000 series of add-on music synthesisers for the {BBC
+	Microcomputer}.  AMPLE was produced by Hybrid Technologies,
+	Cambridge, England in the mid 1980s.  Many AMPLE programs were
+	published in Acorn User magazine.
+
+	(1995-11-01)
+
+Amplitude Modulation
+
+	<communications> (AM) A method of encoding {data} by varying
+	the {amplitude} of a constant {frequency} {carrier}.
+
+	Contrast {Frequency Modulation}.
+
+	(2001-04-30)
+
+amp off
+
+	<jargon> (Purdue) To run in {background}.  From the {Unix}
+	{shell} "&" (ampersand) operator.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-11-14)
+
+AMPPL-II
+
+	{Associative Memory Parallel Processing Language}
+
+AMPS
+
+	{Advanced Mobile Phone Service}
+
+AMS
+
+	{Andrew Message System}
+
+AMTRAN
+
+	{Automatic Mathematical TRANslation}
+
+Amulet
+
+	<processor> An implementation or the {Advanced RISC Machine}
+	{microprocessor} architecture using the {micropipeline} design
+	style.  In April 1994 the Amulet group in the Computer Science
+	department of {Manchester University} took delivery of the
+	AMULET1 {microprocessor}.  This was their first large scale
+	asynchronous circuit and the world's first implementation of a
+	commercial microprocessor architecture (ARM) in {asynchronous
+	logic}.
+
+	Work was begun at the end of 1990 and the design despatched
+	for fabrication in February 1993.  The primary intent was to
+	demonstrate that an asynchronous microprocessor can consume
+	less power than a synchronous design.
+
+	The design incorporates a number of concurrent units which
+	cooperate to give instruction level compatibility with the
+	existing synchronous part.  These include an Address unit,
+	which autonomously generates instruction fetch requests and
+	interleaves ({nondeterministic}ally) data requests from the
+	Execution unit; a {Register} file which supplies operands,
+	queues write destinations and handles data dependencies; an
+	Execution unit which includes a multiplier, a shifter and an
+	{ALU} with data-dependent delay; a Data interface which
+	performs byte extraction and alignment and includes an
+	{instruction prefetch} buffer, and a control path which
+	performs {instruction decode}.  These units only synchronise
+	to exchange data.
+
+	The design demonstrates that all the usual problems of
+	processor design can be solved in this asynchronous framework:
+	backward {instruction set} compatibility, {interrupts} and
+	exact {exceptions} for {memory faults} are all covered.  It
+	also demonstrates some unusual behaviour, for instance
+	{nondeterministic} prefetch depth beyond a branch instruction
+	(though the instructions which actually get executed are, of
+	course, deterministic).  There are some unusual problems for
+	{compiler} {optimisation}, as the metric which must be used to
+	compare alternative code sequences is continuous rather than
+	discrete, and the {nondeterminism} in external behaviour must
+	also be taken into account.
+
+	The chip was designed using a mixture of custom {datapath} and
+	compiled control logic elements, as was the synchronous ARM.
+	The fabrication technology is the same as that used for one
+	version of the synchronous part, reducing the number of
+	variables when comparing the two parts.
+
+	Two silicon implementations have been received and preliminary
+	measurements have been taken from these.  The first is a 0.7um
+	process and has achieved about 28 kDhrystones running the
+	standard {benchmark} program.  The other is a 1 um
+	implementation and achieves about 20 kDhrystones.  For the
+	faster of the parts this is equivalent to a synchronous {ARM6}
+	clocked at around 20MHz; in the case of AMULET1 it is likely
+	that this speed is limited by the memory system cycle time
+	(just over 50ns) rather than the processor chip itself.
+
+	A fair comparison of devices at the same geometries gives the
+	AMULET1 performance as about 70% of that of an {ARM6} running
+	at 20MHz.  Its power consumption is very similar to that of
+	the ARM6; the AMULET1 therefore delivers about 80 MIPS/W
+	(compared with around 120 from a 20MHz ARM6).  Multiplication
+	is several times faster on the AMULET1 owing to the inclusion
+	of a specialised asynchronous multiplier.  This performance is
+	reasonable considering that the AMULET1 is a first generation
+	part, whereas the synchronous ARM has undergone several design
+	iterations.  AMULET2 (currently under development) is expected
+	to be three times faster than AMULET1 - 120 k{dhrystones} -
+	and use less power.
+
+	The {macrocell} size (without {pad ring}) is 5.5 mm by 4.5 mm
+	on a 1 micron {CMOS} process, which is about twice the area of
+	the synchronous part.  Some of the increase can be attributed
+	to the more sophisticated organisation of the new part: it has
+	a deeper {pipeline} than the clocked version and it supports
+	multiple outstanding memory requests; there is also
+	specialised circuitry to increase the multiplication speed.
+	Although there is undoubtedly some overhead attributable to
+	the asynchronous control logic, this is estimated to be closer
+	to 20% than to the 100% suggested by the direct comparison.
+
+	AMULET1 is code compatible with {ARM6} and is so is capable of
+	running existing {binaries} without modification.  The
+	implementation also includes features such as interrupts and
+	memory aborts.
+
+	The work was part of a broad {ESPRIT} funded investigation
+	into low-power technologies within the European {Open
+	Microprocessor systems Initiative} (OMI) programme, where
+	there is interest in low-power techniques both for portable
+	equipment and (in the longer term) to alleviate the problems
+	of the increasingly high dissipation of high-performance
+	chips.  This initial investigation into the role {asynchronous
+	logic} might play has now demonstrated that asynchronous
+	techniques can be applied to problems of the scale of a
+	complete {microprocessor}.
+
+	{(http://cs.man.ac.uk/amulet)}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+an
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Netherlands Antilles
+	(Dutch Antilles).
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+analog
+
+	<spelling> American spelling of {analogue}.
+
+	(1995-11-14)
+
+analog computer
+
+	{analogue computer}
+
+Analog Hardware Design Language
+
+	<language> (AHDL) A language under development by the US Air
+	Force.
+
+	(1995-04-09)
+
+analogue
+
+	<electronics> (US: "analog") A description of a continuously
+	variable signal or a circuit or device designed to handle such
+	signals.  The opposite is "discrete" or "{digital}".
+
+	Analogue circuits are much harder to design and analyse than
+	digital ones because the designer must take into account
+	effects such as the gain, linearity and power handling of
+	components, the resistance, capacitance and inductance of PCB
+	tracks, wires and connectors, interference between signals,
+	power supply stability and more.  A digital circuit design,
+	especially for high switching speeds, must also take these
+	factors into account if it is to work reliably, but they are
+	usually less critical because most digital components will
+	function correctly within a range of parameters whereas such
+	variations will corrupt the outputs of an analogue circuit.
+
+	See also {analogue computer}.
+
+	(1995-11-14)
+
+analogue computer
+
+	<computer, hardware> A machine or electronic circuit designed
+	to work on numerical data represented by some physical
+	quantity (e.g. rotation or displacement) or electrical
+	quantity (e.g. voltage or charge) which varies continuously,
+	in contrast to {digital} signals which are either 0 or 1.
+
+	For example, the turning of a wheel or changes in voltage can
+	be used as input.  Analogue computers are said to operate in
+	{real time} and are used for research in design where many
+	different shapes and speeds can be tried out quickly.  A
+	computer model of a car suspension allows the designer to see
+	the effects of changing size, stiffness and damping.
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+Analogy Model
+
+	<programming> A method of estimating the cost of a proposed
+	software project by extrapolating from the costs and schedules
+	of similar completed projects.
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+analytical CRM
+
+	<business> Software which helps a business build customer
+	relationships and analyse ways to improve them.
+
+	[Typical functions?  Example?]
+
+	(2007-06-11)
+
+Analytical Engine
+
+	<history> A design for a general-purpose digital computer
+	proposed by {Charles Babbage} in 1837 as a successor to his
+	earlier special-purpose {Difference Engine}.
+
+	The Analytical Engine was to be built from brass gears powered
+	by steam with input given on {punched cards}.  Babbage could
+	never secure enough funding to build it, and so it was, and
+	never has been, constructed.
+
+	{(http://fourmilab.ch/babbage/)}.
+
+	(1998-10-19)
+
+Analytical Machine
+
+	{Analytical Engine}
+
+Analytical Solutions Forum
+
+	<body, standard> (ASF) The {business intelligence} trade body
+	that, in October 1999, replaced the ineffective {OLAP Council}
+	intending to produce standards for {OLAP}.  The ASF managed
+	the remarkably achievement of being even less effective and
+	eventually disappeared, its only achievement having been the
+	issuing of a press release announcing its formation.
+
+	(2005-05-28)
+
+anchor
+
+	{hypertext link}
+
+ANCP
+
+	<language> An early system on the {Datatron 200} series.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(1995-11-15)
+
+AND
+
+	<logic> (Or "conjunction") The {Boolean} function which is
+	true only if all its arguments are true.  The {truth table}
+	for the two argument AND function is:
+
+	 A | B | A AND B
+	 --+---+---------
+	 F | F |    F
+	 F | T |    F
+	 T | F |    F
+	 T | T |    T
+
+	AND is often written as an inverted "V" in texts on logic.  In
+	the {C} programming language it is represented by the &&
+	(logical and) {operator}.
+
+	(1997-11-15)
+
+ANDF
+
+	{Architecture Neutral Distribution Format}
+
+Andorra-I
+
+	<language> A {parallel} {logic programming} language with the
+	{OR-parallelism} of {Aurora} and the {AND-parallelism} of
+	{Parlog}.
+
+	["Andorra-I: A Parallel Prolog System that Transparently
+	Exploits both And- and Or-Parallelism", V.S Costa et al,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 26(7):83-93 (July 1991)].
+
+	[Imperial College?  Who?]
+
+	(1995-11-24)
+
+Andorra Kernel Language
+
+	<language> (AKL) The successor to {KAP} by S. Janson
+	<sverker@sics.se>.
+
+	A prototype implementation is available from the author.
+
+	["Programming Paradigms of the Andorra Kernel Language",
+	S. Janson et al in Logic Programming: Proc 1991 Intl Symp, MIT
+	Press 1991].
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+Andorra-Prolog
+
+	<language>
+
+	["Andorra-Prolog: An Integration of Prolog and Committed
+	Choice Languages", S. Haridi et al, Intl Conf Fifth Gen Comp
+	Sys 1988, ICOT 1988].
+
+	(1995-11-24)
+
+Andrei Markov
+
+	<person> 1856-1922.  The Russian mathematician, after who
+	{Markov chains} were named.
+
+	{Biography
+	(http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Markov.html)}.
+
+	[Other contributions?]
+
+	(1995-10-06)
+
+Andrew File System
+
+	<operating system, storage> (AFS) The distributed {file
+	system} of the {Andrew Project}, adopted by the {OSF} as part
+	of their {Distributed Computing Environment}.
+
+	{Frequently Asked Questions
+	(http://transarc.com/Product/AFS/FAQ/faq.html)}.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+Andrew Fluegelman
+
+	<person> A successful attorney, editor of {PC World Magazine},
+	and author of the {MS-DOS} communications program {PC-TALK
+	III}, written in 1982.  He once owned the trademark
+	"{freeware}" but it wasn't enforced after his disappearance.
+
+	In 1985, Fluegelman was diagnosed with cancer.  He was last
+	seen a week later, on 1985-07-06, when he left his Marin
+	County home to go to his office in Tiburon.  He called his
+	wife later that day and has not been heard from since.  His
+	car was found at Vista Point on the north end of the Golden
+	Gate Bridge.
+
+	[San Francisco Examiner Sunday Magazine, October 1985].
+
+	{Shareware history (http://paulspicks.com/history.asp)}.
+
+	{NEWSBYTES article
+	(http://textfiles.fisher.hu/news/freeware.txt)}.
+
+	{(http://doenetwork.bravepages.com/579dmca.html)}.
+
+	(2003-07-25)
+
+Andrew Message System
+
+	<messaging> A {multimedia} interface to {electronic mail} and
+	{bulletin boards}, developed as part of the {Andrew Project}.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+Andrew Project
+
+	<project> A distributed system project for support of
+	educational and research computing at {Carnegie Mellon
+	University}, named after Andrew Carnegie, an American
+	philanthropist who provided money to establish CMU.
+
+	See also {Andrew File System}, {Andrew Message System},
+	{Andrew Toolkit}, {class}.
+
+	{Home FTP (ftp://emsworth.andrew.cmu.edu)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.soft-sys.andrew}.
+
+	[More detail?]
+
+	(1997-11-17)
+
+Andrew S. Tanenbaum
+
+	{Andrew Tanenbaum}
+
+Andrew Tanenbaum
+
+	<person> Professor Andrew S. Tanenbaum (1941-) of the {Vrije
+	Universiteit, Amsterdam} in The Netherlands.  Tanenbaum is
+	famous for his work and books on computer architecture,
+	{operating systems} and {networks}.
+
+	He wrote the textbook "Computer Networks", Second Edition,
+	Prentice-Hall, 1981, which describes the {International
+	Standards Organisation}, {Open Systems Interconnection}
+	(ISO-OSI) network model.
+
+	See {Amoeba}, {Mac-1}, {Mic-1}, {Mic-2}, {Micro Assembly
+	Language}, {MINIX}, {MicroProgramming Language}, {standard}.
+
+	[Home page?]
+
+	(1996-04-23)
+
+Andrew Toolkit
+
+	<tool> (ATK) A {portable} {user interface} toolkit developed
+	as part of the {Andrew project}, running on the {X Window
+	System} and distributed with {X11R5}.
+
+	(1995-11-24)
+
+Andy Tanenbaum
+
+	{Andrew Tanenbaum}
+
+An Evolutionary System for On-line Programming
+
+	<database> (AESOP) An early interactive {query system} on the
+	{IBM 1800} using a {light pen}.
+
+	["AESOP: A Final Report: A Prototype Interactive Information
+	Control System", J.K. Summers et al, in Information System
+	Science and Technology, D. Walker ed, 1967].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 703].
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+Angel
+
+	<operating system> A single {address space}, {micro-kernel}
+	{operating system} for {multiprocessor} computers, developed
+	at {Imperial College} and {City University}, London, UK.
+
+	[Ariel Burton]
+
+	(1995-11-24)
+
+angle bracket
+
+	<character> Either of the characters "<" (less-than, {ASCII}
+	60) and ">" (greater-than, ASCII 62).  Typographers in the
+	{Real World} use angle brackets which are either taller and
+	slimmer (the {ISO} "{Bra}" and "{Ket}" characters), or
+	significantly smaller (single or double guillemets) than the
+	less-than and greater-than signs.
+
+	See {broket}.
+
+	(1995-11-24)
+
+Anglo-Saxon point
+
+	{ATA point}
+
+angry fruit salad
+
+	<abuse> A bad visual-interface design that uses too many
+	colours.  (This term derives, of course, from the bizarre
+	day-glo colours found in canned fruit salad).  Too often one
+	sees similar effects from interface designers using colour
+	window systems such as {X}; there is a tendency to create
+	displays that are flashy and attention-getting but
+	uncomfortable for long-term use.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-11-24)
+
+ANI
+
+	{Automatic Number Identification}
+
+Animated GIF
+
+	<graphics, file format> (GIF89a) A variant of the {GIF}
+	{image} format, often used on {web} pages to
+	provide moving {icons} and banners.
+
+	The GIF89a format supports multiple "frames" that give the
+	impression of motion when displayed in sequence, much like a
+	flip book.  The animation may repeat continuously or play
+	once.
+
+	Animated GIFs aren't supported by earlier {web browsers},
+	however the first frame of the image is still shown.
+
+	There are many utilities to create animated GIFs from a
+	sequence of individual GIF files.  There are also utilities
+	that will produce animated GIFs automatically from a piece of
+	text or a single image.
+
+	One problem with this format is the size of the files
+	produced, as they are by definition a sequence of individual
+	images.  Apart from minimising the number of frames, the best
+	way to decrease file size is to assist the {LZW} compression
+	by using blocks of solid colour, avoid {dithering}, and use
+	fewer colours.  If areas of an image don't change from one
+	frame to another, they don't need to be redrawn so make the
+	area a transparent block in the second frame.
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+animation
+
+	<graphics> The creation of artificial moving images.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.graphics.animation}.  {FAQ
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/news-info/comp.graphics.animation)}.
+
+	(1995-11-24)
+
+Animus
+
+	["Constraint-Based Animation: The Implementation of Temporal
+	Constraints in the Animus System", R. Duisberg, PhD Thesis U
+	Washington 1986].
+
+	(1995-11-24)
+
+ANL
+
+	{Argonne National Laboratory}
+
+Anna
+
+	{ANNotated Ada}
+
+annealing
+
+	{simulated annealing}
+
+annotate
+
+	{annotation}
+
+ANNotated Ada
+
+	<language, specification> (Anna) A {specification} language
+	developed at {Stanford University} ca. 1980 for formally
+	specifying {Ada} programs.  It has a Specification Analyzer
+	and a Consistency Checking System.  It adds semantic
+	{assertions} in the form of Ada {comments}.
+
+	{(ftp://anna.stanford.edu/pub/anna/)}.
+
+	["ANNA - A Language for Annotating Ada Programs", David
+	Luckham et al, Springer 1987].
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+annotation
+
+	1. <programming, compiler> Extra information associated with a
+	particular point in a document or program.  Annotations may be
+	added either by a {compiler} or by the programmer.  They are
+	not usually essential to the correct function of the program
+	but give hints to improve performance.
+
+	2. <hypertext> A new commentary {node} linked to an existing
+	node.  If readers, as well as authors, can annotate nodes,
+	then they can immediately provide feedback if the information
+	is misleading, out of date or plain wrong.
+
+	(1995-11-26)
+
+annoybot
+
+	<messaging> /*-noy-bot/ An irksome {IRC} {robot}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-12-23)
+
+annoyware
+
+	<software> {Shareware} that reminds you frequently that you
+	are using an unregistered copy.
+
+	(1998-04-29)
+
+Annual Change Traffic
+
+	<software> (ACT) The fraction of the software product's
+	{source code} which changes during a year, either through
+	addition or modification.  The ACT can be used to determine
+	the product size in order to estimate software maintenance
+	effort.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+annulled branch
+
+	{delayed control-transfer}
+
+anonymous FTP
+
+	<networking> An interactive service provided by many
+	{Internet} {hosts} allowing any user to transfer documents,
+	files, programs, and other archived data using {File Transfer
+	Protocol}.  The user logs in using the special {user name}
+	"ftp" or "anonymous" and his {e-mail address} as {password}.
+	He then has access to a special directory hierarchy containing
+	the publically accessible files, typically in a subdirectory
+	called "pub".  This is usually a separate area from files used
+	by local users.
+
+	A reference like
+
+		ftp: euagate.eua.ericsson.se /pub/eua/erlang/info
+
+	means that files are available by anonymous FTP from the host
+	called euagate.eua.ericsson.se in the directory (or file)
+	/pub/eua/erlang/info.  Sometimes the {hostname} will be
+	followed by an {Internet address} in parentheses.  The
+	directory will usually be given as a path relative to the
+	anonymous FTP login directory.  A reference to a file
+	available by FTP may also be in the form of a {URL} starting
+	"ftp:".
+
+	See also {Archie}, {archive site}, {EFS}, {FTP by mail},
+	{web}.
+
+	(1995-11-26)
+
+ANother Tool for Language Recognition
+
+	<tool> (ANTLR) The {parser generator} in the {Purdue
+	Compiler-Construction Tool Set}.
+
+	(1995-10-26)
+
+ANR
+
+	{Automatic Network Routing}
+
+ANS
+
+	{American National Standard}
+
+ANSA
+
+	{Advanced Network Systems Architecture}
+
+ANSI
+
+	{American National Standards Institute}
+
+ANSI C
+
+	<language, standard> (American National Standards Institute C)
+	A revision of {C}, adding {function prototypes}, {structure
+	passing}, {structure assignment} and standardised library
+	functions.  {ANSI} X3.159-1989.
+
+	{cgram} is a {grammar} for ANSI C, written in {Scheme}.
+	{unproto} is a program for removing function prototypes to
+	translate ANSI C to standard C.  {lcc} is a {retargetable}
+	{compiler} for ANSI C.
+
+	(1995-11-26)
+
+ANSI Minimal BASIC
+
+	<language, standard> ANS X3.60-1978.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-11-29)
+
+ANSI/SPARC
+
+	{ANSI Standards Planning And Requirments Committee}
+
+ANSI/SPARC Architecture
+
+	<architecture> (Or "ANSI/SPARC model") {ANSI/SPARC}'s layered
+	model of {database} architecture comprising a {physical
+	schema}, a {conceptual schema} and user {views}.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(1998-12-17)
+
+ANSI/SPARC model
+
+	{ANSI/SPARC Architecture}
+
+ANSI X12
+
+	<standard> Standards defining the structure, format, and
+	content of business transactions conducted through {Electronic
+	Data Interchange} (EDI).  ANSI X12 is produced by the
+	committee ASC X12, supported by the {Data Interchange
+	Standards Association, Inc.} (DISA).
+
+	[{(http://onlinewbc.org/Docs/procure/standard.html)}].
+
+	(1999-09-18)
+
+ANSI Z39.50
+
+	<networking, standard> Information Retrieval Service
+	Definition and Protocol Specification for Library
+	Applications, officially known as ANSI/NISO Z39.50-1992, and
+	ANSI/NISO Z39.50-1995.  This {standard}, used by {WAIS},
+	specifies an {OSI} {application layer} service to allow an
+	application on one computer to query a {database} on another.
+
+	Z39.50 is used in libraries and for searching some databases
+	on the {Internet}.  The US {Library of Congress
+	(http://lcweb.loc.gov/z3950/agency/)} is the official
+	maintanence agency for Z39.50.
+
+	{Index Data}, a Danish company, have released a lot of Z39.50
+	code.  Their {website} explains the relevant {ISO} {standards}
+	and how they are amicably converging in Z39.50 version 4.0.
+
+	{Overview (http://nlc-bnc.ca/ifla/VI/5/op/udtop3.htm)}.
+
+	{Z39.50 resources
+	(http://lamp.cs.utas.edu.au/net.html#Z3950)}.
+
+	(1996-07-22)
+
+antenna gain
+
+	<radio> The factor by which a {radio antenna} of a given shape
+	focusses the emitted power into a smaller beamwidth compared
+	with an omnidirectional antenna.
+
+	(2008-02-26)
+
+Anthony Hoare
+
+	<person> (C. Anthony R. Hoare, Tony) A computer scientist
+	working on programming languages, especially {parallel} ones.
+	Hoare was responsible for {Communicating Sequential Processes}
+	(CSP).
+
+	See also: {pointer}, {Simone}.
+
+	[Did he invent the Hoare {powerdomain}?  Other details?]
+
+	(1999-07-22)
+
+anti-aliasing
+
+	<graphics> A technique used on a {grey-scale} or colour
+	{bitmap display} to make diagonal edges appear smoother by
+	setting {pixels} near the edge to intermediate colours
+	according to where the edge crosses them.
+
+	The most common example is black characters on a white
+	background.  Without anti-aliasing, diagonal edges appear
+	jagged, like staircases, which may be noticeable on a low
+	{resolution} display.  If the display can show intermediate
+	greys then anti-aliasing can be applied.  A pixel will be
+	black if it is completely within the black area, or white if
+	it is completely outside the black area, or an intermediate
+	shade of grey according to the proportions of it which overlap
+	the black and white areas.  The technique works similarly with
+	other foreground and background colours.
+
+	"Aliasing" refers to the fact that many points (which would
+	differ in the real image) are mapped or "aliased" to the same
+	pixel (with a single value) in the digital representation.
+
+	(1998-03-13)
+
+antichain
+
+	<mathematics> A subset S of a {partially ordered set} P is an
+	antichain if,
+
+	 for all x, y in S,  x <= y  =>  x = y
+
+	I.e. no two different elements are related.
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\subseteq}).
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+antisymmetric
+
+	<mathematics> A {relation} R is antisymmetric if,
+
+	 for all x and y,  x R y and y R x  =>  x == y.
+
+	I.e. no two different elements are mutually related.
+
+	{Partial orders} and {total orders} are antisymmetric.  If R
+	is also {symmetric}, i.e.
+
+	 x R y  =>  y R x
+
+	then
+
+	 x R y  =>  x == y
+
+	I.e. different elements are not related.
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+antivirus
+
+	{antivirus software}
+
+antivirus program
+
+	{antivirus software}
+
+antivirus software
+
+	<tool> Programs to detect and remove computer {viruses}.  The
+	simplest kind scans executable files and {boot blocks} for a
+	list of known viruses.  Others are constantly active,
+	attempting to detect the actions of general classes of
+	viruses.  antivirus software should always include a regular
+	update service allowing it to keep up with the latest viruses
+	as they are released.
+
+	(1998-02-25)
+
+ANTLR
+
+	{ANother Tool for Language Recognition}
+
+ANU
+
+	{Australian National University}
+
+ANU ML
+
+	<language> An implementation of {SML} by the {Australian
+	National University} for {Motorola 68020}, {Vax} and
+	{Pyramid}.
+
+	(1995-11-26)
+
+any key
+
+	<humour, hardware> The key that particularly confused {users}
+	look for on their computer keyboards when instructed to "Press
+	any key to continue".  "But my keyboard doesn't have a key
+	labelled 'any'!".
+
+	{Compaq FAQ
+	(http://web14.compaq.com/falco/detail.asp?FAQnum=FAQ2859)}.
+
+	(2003-09-30)
+
+anytime algorithm
+
+	<algorithm> An {algorithm} that returns a sequence of
+	approximations to the correct answer such that each
+	approximation is no worse than the previous one, i.e. the
+	algorithm can be stopped at _any time_.
+
+	{Newton-Raphson iteration} applied to finding the {square
+	root} of a number b is another example:
+
+		x = (x + b / x) / 2
+
+	Each new x is closer to the square root than the previous one.
+
+	Applications might include a {real-time} control system or a
+	chess program that is allowed a fixed thinking time.
+
+	(2007-06-19)
+
+ao
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Angola.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+AOCE
+
+	{Apple Open Collaboration Environment}
+
+AOL
+
+	{America On-Line}
+
+AOP
+
+	{aspect-oriented programming}
+
+AOS
+
+	1. /aws/ (East Coast), /ay-os/ (West Coast) A
+	{PDP-10} instruction that took any memory location and added 1
+	to it.  AOS meant "Add One and do not Skip".  Why, you may
+	ask, does the "S" stand for "do not Skip" rather than for
+	"Skip"?  Ah, here was a beloved piece of PDP-10 folklore.
+	There were eight such instructions: AOSE added 1 and then
+	skipped the next instruction if the result was Equal to zero;
+	AOSG added 1 and then skipped if the result was Greater than
+	0; AOSN added 1 and then skipped if the result was Not 0; AOSA
+	added 1 and then skipped Always; and so on.  Just plain AOS
+	didn't say when to skip, so it never skipped.
+
+	For similar reasons, AOJ meant "Add One and do not Jump".
+	Even more bizarre, SKIP meant "do not SKIP"!  If you wanted to
+	skip the next instruction, you had to say "SKIPA".  Likewise,
+	JUMP meant "do not JUMP"; the unconditional form was JUMPA.
+	However, hackers never did this.  By some quirk of the 10's
+	design, the {JRST} (Jump and ReSTore flag with no flag
+	specified) was actually faster and so was invariably used.
+	Such were the perverse mysteries of assembler programming.
+
+	2. /A-O-S/ or /A-os/ A {Multics}-derived {operating system}
+	supported at one time by {Data General}.
+
+	A spoof of the standard AOS system administrator's manual
+	("How to Load and Generate your AOS System") was created,
+	issued a part number, and circulated as photocopy folklore; it
+	was called "How to Goad and Levitate your CHAOS System".
+
+	3. Algebraic Operating System, in reference to those
+	calculators which use {infix} {operators} instead of {postfix
+	notation}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-11-26)
+
+APA
+
+	{Application Portability Architecture}
+
+Apache
+
+	<web, project> A {open source} {HTTP} server for
+	{Unix}, {Windows NT}, and other {platforms}.  Apache was
+	developed in early 1995, based on code and ideas found in the
+	most popular HTTP server of the time, {NCSA httpd} 1.3.  It
+	has since evolved to rival (and probably surpass) almost any
+	other {Unix} based HTTP server in terms of functionality, and
+	speed.  Since April 1996 Apache has been the most popular HTTP
+	server on the {Internet}, in May 1999 it was running on 57% of
+	all web servers.
+
+	It features highly configurable error messages, {DBM}-based
+	{authentication} {databases}, and {content negotiation}.
+
+	Latest version: 1.3.9, as of 1999-10-27.
+
+	{(http://apache.org/httpd.html)}.
+
+	{FAQ (http://apache.org/docs/misc/FAQ.html)}.
+
+	(1999-10-27)
+
+Apache Software Foundation
+
+	<open source, body> (ASF) A consortium that manages the
+	development of the {Apache} {web server}, dozens of {XML}- and
+	{Java}-based projects (under the name {Jakarta}), the {Ant}
+	build tool, the {Geronimo} {J2EE} server, the {SpamAssassin}
+	anti-{SPAM} tool, and much more.
+
+	{Apache Home (http://apache.org/)}.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+APAL
+
+	{Array Processor Assembly Language}
+
+APAREL
+
+	{A PArse REquest Language}
+
+A PArse REquest Language
+
+	<language> (APAREL) A {PL/I} extension to provide {BNF}
+	{parsing} routines, for {IBM 360}.
+
+	["APAREL: A Parse Request Language", R.W. Balzer et al, CACM
+	12(11) (Nov 1969)].
+
+	(1995-11-26)
+
+APC
+
+	{Association for Progressive Communications}
+
+APDL
+
+	{Algorithmic Processor Description Language}
+
+APE
+
+	<audio, compression> A {lossless} {audio} {compression}
+	{algorithm} from {MonkeysAudio}.
+
+	(2001-12-20)
+
+apE
+
+	<graphics> A graphics package from the Ohio Supercomputer
+	Centre.
+
+	(1995-11-29)
+
+API
+
+	{Application Program Interface}
+
+APIC
+
+	{Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller}
+
+APL
+
+	{A Programming Language}
+
+APL2
+
+	<language> An {APL} extension from {IBM} with nested {arrays}.
+
+	["APL2 Programming: Language Reference", IBM, Aug 1984.  Order
+	No. SH20-9227-0].
+
+	(1995-11-29)
+
+APLGOL
+
+	<language> An {APL} variant with {ALGOL}-like control
+	structure, from {Hewlett-Packard}(?).
+
+	(1995-11-29)
+
+APLWEB
+
+	<text, tool> A {Web} to {APL} and {Web} to {TeX} translator by
+	Dr. Christoph von Basum of The University of Bielefeld,
+	Germany.
+
+	{(ftp://watserv1.uwaterloo.ca/languages/apl/aplweb/)}.
+
+	(1992-12-27)
+
+APM
+
+	{Advanced Power Management}
+
+Apollo Computer
+
+	<company> A company making {workstations} often used for
+	{CAD}.
+
+	From 1980 to 1987, Apollo were the largest manufacturer of
+	network {workstations}.  Apollo workstations ran {Aegis}, a
+	proprietary {operating system} with a {Posix}-compliant {Unix}
+	alternative frontend.  Apollo's networking was particularly
+	elegant, among the first to allow {demand paging} over the
+	network, and allowing a degree of {network transparency} and
+	low {sysadmin}-to-machine ratio that is still unmatched.
+
+	Apollo's largest customers were Mentor Graphics (electronic
+	design), GM, Ford, Chrysler, and Boeing (mechanical design).
+	Apollo was acquired by {Hewlett-Packard} in 1989, and
+	gradually closed down over the period 1990-1997.
+
+	(2003-07-18)
+
+apostrophe
+
+	{single quote}
+
+app
+
+	{application program}
+
+APPC
+
+	{Advanced Program-to-Program Communications}
+
+AppKit
+
+	<tool> A set of objects used by the {application builder} for
+	the {NEXTSTEP} environment.
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+APPLE
+
+	<language> A revision of {APL} for the {Illiac IV}.
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+Apple
+
+	{Apple Computer, Inc.}
+
+Apple Address Resolution Protocol
+
+	<networking> (AARP) {Apple}'s system to allow {AppleTalk}
+	{protocol} to work over networks other than {LocalTalk}, such
+	as {Ethernet} or {Token Ring}.  {AppleTalk} {nodes} announce
+	their presence to the network so that other nodes can address
+	messages to them.  AARP maps between AppleTalk addresses and
+	other schemes.  It is actually a general address mapping
+	protocol that can be used to map between addresses at any
+	protocol level.
+
+	[G. Sidhu, R. Andrews, and A. Oppenheimer, "Inside AppleTalk",
+	Addison Wesley, 1990].
+
+	(2006-04-18)
+
+Apple Attachment Unit Interface
+
+	<hardware, networking> (AAUI) A 14-position, 0.050-inch-spaced
+	ribbon contact connector.  Early {Power Macs} and Quadras had
+	an AAUI (Apple Attachment Unit Interface) {port} (rectangular
+	shaped) for {Ethernet}, which requires a {transceiver}.  To
+	use {twisted pair} cabling, you would need to get a {twisted
+	pair} transceiver for the computer with an AAUI port.  Some
+	{Power Mac} computers had both an AAUI and {RJ-45} port; you
+	can use one or the other, but not both.
+
+	The pin-out is:
+
+	  Pin   Signal Name     Signal Description
+	  ----  --------------  ---------------------------------
+	  1     FN Pwr          Power (+12V @ 2.1W or +5V @ 1.9W)
+	  2     DI-A            Data In circuit A
+	  3     DI-B            Data In circuit B
+	  4     VCC             Voltage Common
+	  5     CI-A            Control In circuit A
+	  6     CI-B            Control In circuit B
+	  7     +5V             +5 volts (from host)
+	  8     +5V             Secondary +5 volts (from host)
+	  9     DO-A            Data Out circuit A
+	  10    DO-B            Data Out circuit B
+	  11    VCC             Secondary Voltage Common
+	  12    NC              Reserved
+	  13    NC              Reserved
+	  14    FN Pwr          Secondary +12V @ 2.1W or +5V @ 1.9W
+	  Shell Protective Gnd  Protective Ground
+
+	AAUI signals have the same description, function, and
+	electrical requirements as the {AUI} signals of the same name,
+	as detailed in {IEEE 802.3}-1990 CSMA/CD Standard, section 7.
+
+	(2000-02-10)
+
+Apple Computer, Inc.
+
+	<company> Manufacturers of the {Macintosh} range of {personal
+	computers} as well as the earlier {Apple I}, {Apple II} and
+	{Lisa}.  Founded on 1 April 1976 by {Steve Jobs} and {Steve
+	Wozniak}.
+
+	Apples were among the first {microcomputers}.  They originally
+	used the {6502} processor and are still being made (August
+	1994), now using the {65816}.  The {Apple II} line, which
+	includes the {Apple I}, is the longest existing line of
+	microcomputers.
+
+	Steve Jobs left Apple (involuntarily) and started {NeXT} and
+	later returned when Apple bought NeXT in late 1997(?).
+
+	Quarterly sales $2150M, profits $138M (Aug 1994).
+	{(http://apple.com/)}.
+
+	[Dates?  More?]
+
+	(1998-03-13)
+
+Apple II
+
+	<computer> An 8-bit {personal computer} with a {6502}
+	processor, from {Apple Computer}.  It was invented by {Steve
+	Wozniak} and was very popular from about 1980 until the first
+	several years of {MS-DOS} {IBM PCs}.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+Apple Macintosh
+
+	{Macintosh}
+
+Apple Newton
+
+	<computer> A {Personal Digital Assistant} produced by {Apple
+	Computer}.  The Newton provides a clever, {user-friendly}
+	interface and relies solely on pen-based input.  Eagerly
+	anticipated, the Newton uses handwriting recognition software
+	to "learn" the users handwriting and provide reliable
+	{character recognition}.
+
+	Various third-party software applications are available and
+	add-on {peripherals} like wireless {modems} for {Internet}
+	access are being sold by {Apple Computer, Inc.} and its
+	licensees.
+
+	{Newton Inc.}'s {NewtonOS} competes with {Microsoft
+	Corporation}'s {Windows CE}, and was to be compatible with
+	{DEC}'s {StrongARM} SA-1100, an embedded 200MHz
+	{microprocessor}, which was due in 1998.
+
+	{(http://newton.apple.com/)}.
+
+	{Handwriting recognition example
+	(http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~jxm/tablespoons.html)}.
+
+	(1997-09-12)
+
+Apple Open Collaboration Environment
+
+	<tool> (AOCE) Software for {electronic mail} and directory
+	services.
+
+	(1995-03-08)
+
+AppleScript
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} {shell} language for the
+	{Macintosh}, approximately a superset of {HyperTalk}.
+
+	(1995-12-10)
+
+Applesoft BASIC
+
+	<language> A version of {BASIC} for {Apple} computers.
+
+	(1995-12-10)
+
+applet
+
+	<web> A {Java} program which can be distributed as
+	an attachment in a {web} document and executed by a
+	Java-enabled {web browser} such as Sun's {HotJava},
+	{Netscape Navigator} version 2.0, or {Internet Explorer}.
+
+	Navigator severely restricts the applet's file system and
+	network access in order to prevent accidental or deliberate
+	security violations.  Full Java applications, which run
+	outside of the browser, do not have these restrictions.
+
+	Web browsers can also be extended with {plug-ins} though these
+	differ from applets in that they usually require manual
+	installation and are {platform}-specific.  Various other
+	languages can now be embedded within {HTML} documents, the
+	most common being {JavaScript}.
+
+	Despite Java's aim to be a "write once, run anywhere"
+	language, the difficulty of accomodating the variety of
+	browsers in use on the Internet has led many to abandon
+	client-side processing in favour of {server}-side Java
+	programs for which the term {servlet} was coined.
+
+	Merriam Webster "Collegiate Edition" gives a 1990 definition:
+	a short application program especially for performing a simple
+	specific task.
+
+	(2002-07-12)
+
+Appletalk
+
+	<networking, protocol> A proprietary {local area network}
+	{protocol} developed by {Apple Computer, Inc.} for
+	communication between Apple products (e.g. {Macintosh}) and
+	other computers.  This protocol is independent of the {network
+	layer} on which it runs.  Current implementations exist for
+	{Localtalk}, a 235 kilobyte per second local area network and
+	{Ethertalk}, a 10 megabyte per second local area network.
+
+	(1995-03-08)
+
+AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (ADSP) A {protocol} which provides a simple
+	transport method for data accross a network.
+
+	(1996-06-18)
+
+AppleTalk Filing Protocol
+
+	<networking> (AFP) A {client/server} {protocol} used in
+	{AppleTalk} communications networks.  In order for non-{Apple}
+	networks to access data in an {AppleShare} {server}, their
+	protocols must translate into the AFP language.
+
+	See also: {Columbia AppleTalk Package}.
+
+	(1998-06-28)
+
+apple-touch-icon
+
+	<programming> (apple-touch-icon.png) {Apple}'s default {icon}
+	(image) used to represent a {website}, e.g. when saved as a
+	{bookmark} or on the {home screen} of an {iOS} device such as an
+	{iPhone} or {iPad}.
+
+	Apple's scheme allows a site to offer images of different sizes so
+	the client can choose the most appropriate one according to its
+	screen size and resolution.
+
+	Apple devices and applications completely ignore the {favicon}.ico
+	{de facto standard} which, while somewhat quirky in its use of the
+	{ico} format, has been pretty much universally adopted elsewhere.
+	Conversely, apple-touch-icon.png will be ignored by non-Apple
+	devices, possibly because its 16x16 resolution would look pretty
+	shabby on most smart phones.
+
+	{(https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/AppleApplications/Reference/SafariWebContent/ConfiguringWebApplications/ConfiguringWebApplications.html)
+	Apple documentation}.
+
+	(2014-08-03)
+
+appletviewer
+
+	<web, testing> A simplified {web browser} used for
+	testing {applets}.  You can't browse {HTML} with it but you
+	can run applets to test them before embedding them in a {web
+	page}.
+
+	(2004-08-22)
+
+application
+
+	1. {application program}.
+
+	2. {function application}.
+
+Application Binary Interface
+
+	<programming> (ABI) The interface by which an {application
+	program} gains access to {operating system} and other
+	services.  It should be possible to run the same compiled
+	{binary} applications on any system with the right ABI.
+
+	Examples are {88open}'s {Binary Compatibility Standard}, the
+	{PowerOpen Environment} and {Windows sockets}.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Application Configuration Access Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (ACAP) A {protocol} which enhances {IMAP} by
+	allowing the user to set up {address books}, user options, and
+	other data for universal access.  Currently (Feb 1997) no
+	Internet proprietary products have implemented ACAP because
+	the {Internet Engineering Task Force} has not yet approved the
+	final specification.  This was expected early in 1997.
+
+	["Your E-Mail Is Obsolete", Byte, Feb 1997].
+
+	(1997-05-03)
+
+Application Control Architecture
+
+	<programming> (ACA) {DEC}'s implementation of {ORB}.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Application Developer
+
+	<job> Someone who does {application development}.
+
+	(2013-08-15)
+
+application development
+
+	<programming> Writing {computer programs} to meet specific
+	{requirements}; the job of an Application Developer.  Application
+	development often includes responsibility for {requirements
+	capture} and/or {testing} as well as actual {programming} (the
+	more limited activity implied by the term {programmer}).
+
+	(2013-08-15)
+
+application enablement services
+
+	<programming> {IBM}-speak for {APIs} to services such as
+	telecoms, database, etc. within and between address spaces.
+
+	(1999-01-20)
+
+Application environment specification
+
+	<programming> (AES) A set of specifications from {OSF} for
+	programming and {user interfaces}, aimed at providing a
+	consistent application environment on different hardware.  It
+	includes "O/S" for the {operating system} (user commands and
+	program interfaces), "U/E" for the User Environment ({Motif}),
+	and "N/S" for Network services.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Application Executive
+
+	<language> (AE) An {embeddable language}, written as a {C}
+	{interpreter} by Brian Bliss at UIUC.  AE is compiled with an
+	{application} and thus exists in the same process and address
+	space.  It includes a {dbx} {symbol table} scanner to access
+	compiled variables and routines, or you can enter them
+	manually by providing a type/name declaration and the address.
+	When the {interpreter} is invoked, {source code} fragments are
+	read from the input stream (or a string), parsed, and
+	evaluated immediately.  The user can call compiled functions
+	in addition to a few {built-in} intrinsics, declare new data
+	types and data objects, etc.  Different input streams can be
+	evaluated in parallel on {Alliant} computers.
+
+	AE has been ported to {SunOS} (cc or {gcc}), {Alliant FX} and
+	{Cray YMP} (soon).
+
+	{(ftp://sp2.csrd.uiuc.edu/pub/at.tar.Z)}.
+	{(ftp://sp2.csrd.uiuc.edu/pub/bliss/ae.tex.Z)}.
+
+	(1992-04-21)
+
+Application Integration Architecture
+
+	<standard> (AIA) {DEC}'s "open standards" specifications.
+
+application layer
+
+	<networking> The top layer of the {OSI} seven layer model.
+	This layer handles issues like {network transparency},
+	resource allocation and problem partitioning.  The application
+	layer is concerned with the user's view of the network
+	(e.g. formatting {electronic mail} messages).  The
+	{presentation layer} provides the application layer with a
+	familiar local representation of data independent of the
+	format used on the network.
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+application lifecycle management
+
+	<programming> (ALM) A combination of {software engineering},
+	{requirements management}, {architecture}, {coding},
+	{testing}, {tracking} and {release management}.
+
+	(2009-06-10)
+
+Application Portability Architecture
+
+	<programming> (APA) {DEC}'s plan for portable applications
+	software.
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+application program
+
+	<programming, operating system> (Or "application", "app") A
+	complete, self-contained program that performs a specific
+	function directly for the user.  This is in contrast to
+	{system software} such as the {operating system} {kernel},
+	{server} processes, {libraries} which exists to support
+	application programs and {utility programs}.
+
+	Editors for various kinds of documents, {spreadsheets}, and
+	text formatters are common examples of applications.  Network
+	applications include clients such as those for {FTP},
+	{electronic mail}, {telnet} and {WWW}.
+
+	The term is used fairly loosely, for instance, some might say
+	that a client and server together form a distributed
+	application, others might argue that editors and compilers
+	were not applications but {utility programs} for building
+	applications.
+
+	One distinction between an application program and the
+	operating system is that applications always run in {user
+	mode} (or "non-privileged mode"), while operating systems and
+	related utilities may run in {supervisor mode} (or "privileged
+	mode").
+
+	The term may also be used to distinguish programs which
+	communicate via a {graphical user interface} from those which
+	are executed from the {command line}.
+
+	(2007-02-02)
+
+Application Program Interface
+
+	<programming> (API, or "application programming interface")
+	The interface (calling conventions) by which an {application
+	program} accesses {operating system} and other services.  An
+	API is defined at {source code} level and provides a level of
+	{abstraction} between the application and the {kernel} (or
+	other privileged utilities) to ensure the {portability} of the
+	code.
+
+	An API can also provide an interface between a {high level
+	language} and lower level utilities and services which were
+	written without consideration for the {calling conventions}
+	supported by compiled languages.  In this case, the API's main
+	task may be the translation of parameter lists from one format
+	to another and the interpretation of {call-by-value} and
+	{call-by-reference} arguments in one or both directions.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Application Programming Interface
+
+	{Application Program Interface}
+
+Application Protocol Data Unit
+
+	<networking> (APDU) A {packet} of data exchanged between two
+	{application} programs across a {network}.  This is the
+	highest level view of communication in the {OSI} {seven layer
+	model} and a single packet exchanged at this level may
+	actually be transmitted as several packets at a lower layer as
+	well as having extra information (headers) added for {routing}
+	etc.
+
+	(1995-12-19)
+
+Applications Development Manager
+
+	<job> (Or "Director") The person in a company who plans and
+	oversees multiple projects and {project managers}.  The
+	Applications Development Managers works with the {CIO} and
+	senior management to determine systems development strategy
+	and standards.  He or she administers department budget and
+	reviews project managers.
+
+	(2004-03-06)
+
+application server
+
+	1.  <software> A {designer}'s or {developer}'s suite of
+	{software} that helps {programmers} isolate the {business
+	logic} in their {programs} from the {platform}-related code.
+	{Application} {servers} can handle all of the {application}
+	{logic} and {connectivity} found in {client-server}
+	{applications}.  Many {application} {servers} also offer
+	features such as {transaction management}, {clustering} and
+	{failover}, and {load balancing}; nearly all offer {ODBC}
+	support.
+
+	{Application} {servers} range from small {footprint},
+	web-based {processors} for intelligent appliances or remote
+	{embedded} devices, to complete environments for assembling,
+	deploying, and maintaining {scalable} {multi-tier}
+	applications across an {enterprise}.
+
+	2.  <software> Production {programs} run on a mid-sized
+	computer that handle all {application} operations between
+	{browser}-based computers and an organisation's back-end
+	business {applications} or {databases}.  The {application}
+	{server} works as a translator, allowing, for example, a
+	customer with a {browser} to search an online retailer's
+	{database} for pricing information.
+
+	3.  <hardware> The device on which {application} {server}
+	{software} runs.  {Application Service Providers} offer
+	commercial access to such devices.
+
+	{Citrix Application Serving White Paper
+	(http://citrix.com/press/corpinfo/application_serving_wp_0700.pdf)}.
+
+	{Application Server Sites, a list maintained by Vayda & Herzum
+	(http://componentfactory.org/links/appl.htm)}.
+
+	{The Application Server Zone at DevX,
+	(http://appserver-zone.com/default.asp)}.
+
+	{TechMetrix Research's Application Server Directory,
+	(http://techmetrix.com/trendmarkers/techmetrixasd.php3)}.
+
+	(2001-03-30)
+
+Application Service Element
+
+	<networking> (ASE) Software in the {presentation layer} of the
+	{OSI} seven layer model which provides an abstracted interface
+	layer to service {application protocol data units} (APDU).
+	Because {applications} and {networks} vary, ASEs are split
+	into common services and specific services.
+
+	Examples of services provided by the {common application
+	service element} (CASE) include remote operations (ROSE) and
+	{database} {concurrency control and recovery} (CCR).
+
+	The {specific application service element} (SASE) provides
+	more specialised services such as file transfer, database
+	access, and order entry.
+
+	{Csico docs
+	(http://cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/osi_prot.htm)}.
+
+	(2003-09-27)
+
+application service provider
+
+	<business, networking> (ASP) A service (usually a business)
+	that provides remote access to an {application program} across
+	a {network} {protocol}, typically {HTTP}.  A common example is
+	a {website} that other websites use for accepting payment by
+	credit card as part of their {online ordering} systems.
+
+	As this term is complex-sounding but vague, it is widely used
+	by {marketroids} who want to avoid being specific and clear at
+	all costs.
+
+	(2001-03-26)
+
+applications language
+
+	{Ousterhout's dichotomy}
+
+application software
+
+	{application program}
+
+Application Software Installation Server
+
+	(ASIS) Something at {CERN}.
+
+	[What?]
+
+	(1999-10-21)
+
+Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
+
+	<hardware> (ASIC) An {integrated circuit} designed to perform
+	a particular function by defining the interconnection of a set
+	of basic circuit building blocks drawn from a library provided
+	by the circuit manufacturer.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Applications Programming Interface
+
+	{Application Programming Interface}
+
+applications software
+
+	{application program}
+
+application testing
+
+	{system testing}
+
+Application Visualisation System
+
+	<tool, graphics> (AVS) A portable, modular, {Unix}-based
+	graphics package supported by a consortium of vendors
+	including {Convex}, {DEC}, {IBM}, {HP}, {SET Technologies},
+	{Stardent} and {WaveTracer}.
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+applicative language
+
+	<language> A {functional language}.  Sometimes used loosely
+	for any {declarative language} though {logic programming}
+	languages are declarative but not applicative.
+
+	(1995-12-24)
+
+Applicative Language for Digital Signal Processing
+
+	<language> (ALDiSP) A {functional language} with special
+	features for {real-time} {I/O} and numerical processing,
+	developed at the {Technical University of Berlin} in 1989.
+
+	["An Applicative Real-Time Language for DSP - Programming
+	Supporting Asynchronous Data-Flow Concepts", M. Freericks
+	<mfx@cs.tu-berlin.de> in Microprocessing and Microprogramming
+	32, N-H 1991].
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+applicative order reduction
+
+	<programming> An {evaluation strategy} under which an
+	expression is evaluated by repeatedly evaluating its leftmost
+	innermost {redex}.  This means that a function's arguments are
+	evaluated before the function is applied.  This method will
+	not terminate if a function is given a non-terminating
+	expression as an argument even if the function is not {strict}
+	in that argument.  Also known as {call-by-value} since the
+	values of arguments are passed rather than their names.  This
+	is the evaluation strategy used by {ML}, {Scheme}, {Hope} and
+	most {procedural languages} such as {C} and {Pascal}.
+
+	See also {normal order reduction}, {parallel reduction}.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+APPLOG
+
+	<language> A language which unifies {logic programming} and
+	{functional programming}.
+
+	["The APPLOG Language", S. Cohen in Logic Programming, deGroot
+	et al eds, P-H 1986, pp.39-276].
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+APPN
+
+	{Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking}
+
+approximation algorithm
+
+	<algorithm> An {algorithm} for an {optimisation} problem that
+	generates {feasible} but not necessarily {optimal} solutions.
+
+	Unlike "{heuristic}", the term "approximation algorithm" often
+	implies some proven worst or average case bound on
+	performance.  The terms are often used interchangeably
+	however.
+
+	(1997-10-28)
+
+April Fool's Joke
+
+	<humour, event> (AFJ) Elaborate April Fool's hoaxes are a
+	long-established tradition on {Usenet} and {Internet}; see
+	{kremvax} for an example.  In fact, April Fool's Day is the
+	*only* seasonal holiday marked by customary observances on the
+	hacker networks.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+A Programming Language
+
+	<language> (APL) A programming language designed originally by
+	Ken Iverson at Harvard University in 1957-1960 as a notation
+	for the concise expression of mathematical {algorithms}.  It
+	went unnamed (or just called Iverson's Language) and
+	unimplemented for many years.  Finally a subset, APL\360, was
+	implemented in 1964.
+
+	APL is an interactive array-oriented language and programming
+	environment with many innovative features.  It was originally
+	written using a non-standard {character set}.  It is
+	{dynamically typed} with {dynamic scope}.  APL introduced
+	several functional forms but is not {purely functional}.
+
+	Dyalog APL/W and Visual APL are recognized .{NET} languages.
+
+	Dyalog APL/W, APLX and APL2000 all offer {object-oriented}
+	extensions to the language.
+
+	ISO 8485 is the 1989 standard defining the language.
+
+	Commercial versions: APL SV, VS APL, Sharp APL, Sharp APL/PC,
+	APL*PLUS, APL*PLUS/PC, APL*PLUS/PC II, MCM APL, Honeyapple,
+	DEC APL, {APL+Win, APL+Linux, APL+Unix and VisualAPL
+	(http://www.apl2000.com/)}, {Dyalog APL
+	(http://www.dyalog.com/)}, {IBM APL2
+	(http://www-306.ibm.com/software/awdtools/apl/)}, {APLX
+	(http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl/)}, {Sharp APL
+	(http://www.soliton.com/services_sharp.html)}
+
+	Open source version: {NARS2000 (http://www.nars2000.org/)}.
+
+	{APL wiki (http://aplwiki.com/)}.
+
+	See also {Kamin's interpreters}.
+
+	{APLWEB (http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl/)} translates {WEB} to
+	APL.
+
+	["A Programming Language", Kenneth E. Iverson, Wiley, 1962].
+
+	["APL: An Interactive Approach", 1976].
+
+	(2009-08-11)
+
+APSE
+
+	{Ada Programming Support Environment}
+
+APT
+
+	1. <language> {Automatically Programmed Tools}.
+
+	2. <company> {Audio Processing Technology}.
+
+APX III
+
+	<language> An early system on the {Datatron 200} series.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-05-04)
+
+aq
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Antarctica.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+AQL
+
+	<language> A picture {query language}, extension of {APL}.
+
+	["AQL: A Relational Database Management System and Its
+	Geographical Applications", F. Antonacci et al, in Database
+	Techniques for Pictorial Applications, A. Blaser ed,
+	pp. 569-599].
+
+	(1995-05-04)
+
+ar
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Argentina.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+arbitrary precision calculator
+
+	<tool> An arbitrary precision {C}-like calculator.
+	{Interpreter} version 1.26.4 by David I. Bell
+	<dbell@canb.auug.org.au>.  Ported to {Linux}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/calc)}.
+
+	(1993-06-15)
+
+ARC
+
+	{Advanced RISC Computing Specification}
+
+arc
+
+	1. <file format, tool> An old {archive} format for {IBM PC}.
+	The format is now so obscure that it is only likely to be
+	supported by jack-of-all-trades decompression programs such as
+	{WINZIP}.
+
+	2. <mathematics, data> An {edge} in a {tree}.  "{branch}" is a
+	generally more common synonym.
+
+	(1998-12-29)
+
+Arcade
+
+	<networking> A UK {BBS} for the {Acorn} {Archimedes}.  Also
+	has links with {Demon Internet}.
+
+	Telephone: +44 (181) 654 2212 (24hrs, most speeds).
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+ArchBSD
+
+	<operating system> 4.4 {BSD-Lite} for the {Acorn}
+	{Archimedes}.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+archie
+
+	<tool, networking> A system to automatically gather, index and
+	serve information on the {Internet}.  The initial
+	implementation of archie by {McGill University} School of
+	Computer Science provided an indexed directory of filenames
+	from all {anonymous FTP} archives on the Internet.  Later
+	versions provide other collections of information.
+
+	See also {archive site}, {Gopher}, {Prospero}, {Wide Area
+	Information Servers}.
+
+	(1995-12-28)
+
+Archimedes
+
+	<computer> A family of {microcomputers} produced by {Acorn
+	Computers}, Cambridge, UK.  The Archimedes, launched in June
+	1987, was the first {RISC} based {personal computer}
+	(predating {Apple Computer}'s {Power Mac} by some seven
+	years).  It uses the {Advanced RISC Machine} (ARM) processor
+	and includes Acorn's {multitasking} {operating system} and
+	{graphical user interface}, {RISC OS} on {ROM}, along with an
+	interpreter for Acorn's enhanced {BASIC}, {BASIC V}.
+
+	The Archimedes was designed as the successor to Acorn's
+	sucessful {BBC Microcomputer} series and includes some
+	backward compatibility and a {6502} {emulator}.  Several
+	utilities are included free on disk (later in ROM) such as a
+	{text editor}, paint and draw programs.  Software emulators
+	are also available for the {IBM PC} as well as add-on {Intel}
+	processor cards.
+
+	There have been several series of Archimedes: A300, A400,
+	A3000, A5000, A4000 and {RISC PC}.
+
+	{Usenet FAQ
+	(ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/acorn/)}.
+	{Archive site list
+	(http://cs.vu.nl/~gerben/acorn/acorn-archives.txt)}.
+	{HENSA archive (ftp://micros.hensa.ac.uk/)}.  {Stuttgart
+	archive (ftp://ftp.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/systems/acorn)}.
+
+	See also {Crisis Software}, {Warm Silence Software}.
+
+	(1998-04-03)
+
+architecture
+
+	<architecture> Design, the way components fit together.  The
+	term is used particularly of {processors}, both individual and
+	in general.  "The {ARM} has a really clean architecture".  It
+	may also be used of any complex system, e.g. "software
+	architecture", "network architecture".
+
+	(1995-05-02)
+
+Architecture Neutral Distribution Format
+
+	<programming, operating system> (ANDF) An emerging {OSF}
+	{standard} for software distribution.  Programs are compiled
+	into ANDF before distribution and {executables} are produced
+	from it for the local target system.  This allows software to
+	be developed and distributed in a single version then
+	installed on a variety of hardware.
+
+	See also {UNCOL}.
+
+	["Architecture Neutral Distribution Format: A White Paper",
+	Open Software Foundation, Nov 1990].
+
+	(1995-10-20)
+
+archive
+
+	1. <file format> A single file containing one or (usually)
+	more separate files plus information to allow them to be
+	extracted (separated) by a suitable program.
+
+	Archives are usually created for software distribution or
+	{backup}.  {tar} is a common format for {Unix} archives, and
+	{arc} or {PKZIP} for {MS-DOS} and {Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	2. <operating system> To transfer files to slower, cheaper
+	media (usually {magnetic tape}) to free the {hard disk} space
+	they occupied.  This is now normally done for long-term
+	storage but in the 1960s, when disk was much more expensive,
+	files were often shuffled regularly between disk and tape.
+
+	3. <networking> {archive site}.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+archive site
+
+	<networking> (Or "FTP site", "FTP archive") An {Internet} {host}
+	where program source, documents, {e-mail} or {news} messages are
+	stored for public access via {anonymous FTP}, {Gopher},
+	{web} or other document distribution system.  There may
+	be several archive sites ({mirrors}) for, e.g., a {Usenet}
+	{newsgroup} though one may be recognised as the main one.
+
+	FTP servers were common on the Internet for about ten years but
+	have been largely replaced by {web servers} since the invention of
+	the {World-Wide Web} and its {HTTP} protocol.
+
+	Some well-known archive sites included {Imperial College, UK
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/)}, {UUNET, USA (ftp://ftp.uu.net/)}, {GNU
+	archive site}.
+
+	The {archie} service attempted to index the contents of FTP
+	archives, foreshadowing the indexing of the web by {Google} and
+	others.
+
+	(2014-07-06)
+
+ARCnet
+
+	<networking> A {network} developed by {DataPoint}.  ARCnet was
+	{proprietary} until the late 1980s and had about as large a
+	marketshare as {Ethernet} among small businesses.  It was
+	almost as fast and was considerably cheaper at the time.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+ARCS
+
+	{ARC}
+
+Arctic
+
+	<language, music> A {real-time} {functional language}, used
+	for music synthesis.
+
+	["Arctic: A Functional Language for Real-Time Control",
+	R.B. Dannenberg, Conf Record 1984 ACM Symp on LISP and
+	Functional Prog, ACM].
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+arena
+
+	<programming> The area of memory attached to a {Unix} process
+	by the {brk} and {sbrk} {system calls} and used by {malloc} as
+	dynamic storage.  So named from a "malloc: corrupt arena"
+	message emitted when some early versions detected an
+	impossible value in the free block list.
+
+	See {overrun screw}, {aliasing bug}, {memory leak}, {memory
+	smash}, {smash the stack}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-12-28)
+
+ARES
+
+	<language> A pictorial {query language}.
+
+	["A Query Manipulation System for Image Data Retrieval",
+	T. Ichikawa et al, Proc IEEE Workshop Picture Data Description
+	and Management, Aug 1980, pp. 61-67].
+
+	(1995-10-10)
+
+AREV
+
+	{Advanced Revelation}
+
+AREXX
+
+	<language> {REXX} for the {Amiga}.
+
+	{ARexxGuide
+	(http://halcyon.com/robin/www/arexxguide/main.html)}.
+
+	(1996-02-06)
+
+arg
+
+	{argument}
+
+argument
+
+	<programming> (Or "arg") A value or reference passed to a
+	{function}, {procedure}, {subroutine}, command or program, by
+	the caller.  For example, in the function definition
+
+		square(x) = x * x
+
+	x is the {formal argument} or "parameter", and in the call
+
+		y = square(3+4)
+
+	3+4 is the {actual argument}.  This will execute the function
+	square with x having the value 7 and return the result 49.
+
+	There are many different conventions for passing arguments to
+	functions and procedures including {call-by-value},
+	{call-by-name}, {call-by-reference}, {call-by-need}.  These
+	affect whether the value of the argument is computed by the
+	caller or the callee (the function) and whether the callee can
+	modify the value of the argument as seen by the caller (if it
+	is a variable).
+
+	Arguments to functions are usually, following mathematical
+	notation, written in parentheses after the function name,
+	separated by commas (but see {curried function}).  Arguments
+	to a program are usually given after the command name,
+	separated by spaces, e.g.:
+
+		cat myfile yourfile hisfile
+
+	Here "cat" is the command and "myfile", "yourfile", and
+	"hisfile" are the arguments.
+
+	(2006-05-27)
+
+Argus
+
+	<language> A successor to {CLU}, from LCS at {MIT}.  Argus
+	supports {distributed programming} through {guardians} (like
+	{monitors}, but can be created dynamically) and {atomic
+	actions} (indivisible activity).  It also has {cobegin} and
+	coend.
+
+	["Argus Reference Manual", B. Liskov et al., TR-400, MIT/LCS,
+	1987].
+
+	["Guardians and Actions: Linguistic Support for Robust,
+	Distributed Programs", B. Liskov <liskov@lcs.mit.edu> et al,
+	TOPLAS 5(3):381-404 (1983)].
+
+	(1995-12-28)
+
+Ariel
+
+	<language> An {array}-oriented language for the {CDC 6400}.
+
+	["Ariel Reference Manual", P. Devel, TR 22, CC UC Berkeley,
+	Apr 1968].
+
+	["A New Survey of the Ariel Programming Language", P. Deuel,
+	TR 4, Ariel Consortium, UC Berkeley, June 1972].
+
+	[Deuel or Devel?]
+
+	(1995-12-29)
+
+ARI Service
+
+	<company> The trading name of the remnants of {AST Research,
+	Inc.}.  ARI Services is a wholly owned subsidiary of {Samsung
+	Electronics Co. Ltd.}, of Seoul, Korea.  They no longer
+	manufacture or distribute computer hardware, but they continue
+	to provide worldwide technical and service support to owners
+	of systems that they manufactured.
+
+	{AST Computers, LLC} is a separate company.
+
+	Headquarters: 16225 Alton Parkway, POB 57005, Irvine,
+	California 92619-7005, USA.
+
+	{(http://ari-service.com/)}.
+
+	(2000-03-28)
+
+ARITH-MATIC
+
+	<language> An extension of {Grace Hopper}'s {A-2} programming
+	language, developed in about 1955.  ARITH-MATIC was originally
+	known as A-3, but was renamed by the marketing department of
+	{Remington Rand UNIVAC}.
+
+	{(http://cispom.boisestate.edu/cis221emaxson/hophtm.htm)}.
+
+	[How was A-2 extended?]
+
+	(2001-01-27)
+
+Arithmetic and Logic Unit
+
+	<processor> (ALU or "mill") The part of the {central
+	processing unit} which performs operations such as addition,
+	subtraction and multiplication of integers and {bit-wise}
+	{AND}, {OR}, {NOT}, {XOR} and other {Boolean} operations.  The
+	CPU's instruction decode logic determines which particular
+	operation the ALU should perform, the source of the {operands}
+	and the destination of the result.
+
+	The width in {bits} of the words which the ALU handles is
+	usually the same as that quoted for the processor as a whole
+	whereas its external busses may be narrower.  {Floating-point}
+	operations are usually done by a separate "{floating-point
+	unit}".  Some processors use the ALU for address calculations
+	(e.g. incrementing the {program counter}), others have
+	separate logic for this.
+
+	(1995-03-24)
+
+arithmetic mean
+
+	<mathematics> The {mean} of a list of N numbers calculated by
+	dividing their sum by N.  The arithmetic mean is appropriate
+	for sets of numbers that are added together or that form an
+	{arithmetic series}.  If all the numbers in the list were
+	changed to their arithmetic mean then their total would stay
+	the same.
+
+	For sets of numbers that are multiplied together, the
+	{geometric mean} is more appropriate.
+
+	(2007-03-20)
+
+arity
+
+	<programming> The number of {arguments} a {function} or
+	{operator} takes.  In some languages functions may have
+	variable arity which sometimes means their last or only
+	argument is actually a list of arguments.
+
+	(1997-07-21)
+
+arj
+
+	<tool, file format> An archive format for the {IBM PC}.  ARJ
+	files are handled by the ARJ program, created by the American
+	programmer Robert Jung.
+
+	[Available from?  Compare with PKZIP?]
+
+	(1996-11-03)
+
+Arjuna
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented programming} system developed
+	by a team led by Professor Santosh Shrivastava at the
+	{University of Newcastle}, implemented entirely in {C++}.
+	Arjuna provides a set of tools for the construction of
+	{fault-tolerant} {distributed} applications.  It exploits
+	features found in most object-oriented languages (such as
+	{inheritance}) and only requires a limited set of system
+	capabilities commonly found in conventional {operating
+	systems}.  Arjuna provides the programmer with {classes} that
+	implement {atomic transactions}, {object level recovery},
+	{concurrency} control and {persistence}.  The system is
+	{portable}, modular and flexible; the system software has been
+	available via FTP since 1992.
+
+	{(http://arjuna.ncl.ac.uk/)}.
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+ARL
+
+	{ASSET Reuse Library}
+
+ARM
+
+	1. <processor> {Advanced RISC Machine}.
+
+	Originally {Acorn} RISC Machine.
+
+	2. <company> {Advanced RISC Machines} Ltd.
+
+	3. <publication> ["The Annotated C++ Reference Manual",
+	Margaret A. Ellis and Bjarne Stroustrup, Addison-Wesley,
+	1990].
+
+	4. <hardware> {Active Reconfiguring Message}.
+
+	(1997-10-03)
+
+ARM610
+
+	<processor> A 32-bit {RISC} {microprocessor} based on the
+	{ARM6} processor core designed by {Advanced RISC Machines}
+	Ltd.
+
+	The ARM610 is the successor to the {ARM3} processor and is
+	produced by {VLSI Technology Inc}.  It consumes 500mW at 33MHz
+	with a 5V supply.
+
+	(1995-12-29)
+
+ARM7
+
+	<processor> A {RISC} {microprocessor} architecture from
+	{Advanced RISC Machines} Ltd. (ARM).  Building upon the {ARM6}
+	family, the goal of the ARM7 design was to offer higher levels
+	of raw compute performance at even lower levels of power
+	consumption.  The ARM7 architecture is now (Dec 1994) the most
+	powerful low voltage {RISC} processor available on the market.
+
+	The ARM7 offers several architectural extensions which address
+	specific market needs, encompassing fast multiply and
+	innovative embedded {ICE} support.  Software development tools
+	are available.
+
+	The ARM7 architecture is made up of a core CPU plus a range of
+	system peripherals which can be added to a CPU core to give a
+	complete system on a chip, e.g. 4K or 8K {cache}, {Memory
+	Management Unit}, {Write Buffer}, {coprocessor} interface,
+	{ICEbreaker} embedded {ICE} support and {JTAG} {boundary
+	scan}.  The {ARM710} {microprocessor} is built around the ARM7
+	core.
+
+	{(http://systemv.com/armltd/arm7.html)}.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+ARM710
+
+	<processor> A 32-bit {RISC} {microprocessor} based on the
+	{ARM7} processor core designed by {Advanced RISC Machines}
+	Ltd.  The A710 is the successor to the {ARM610} processor.  It
+	was released in July 1994 by {VLSI Technology Inc}.
+
+	The ARM710 can run at 40MHz (fastest sample 55MHz) dissipating
+	500mW with a 5V supply or 25MHz with 3.3V supply.  It has an 8
+	kilobyte on-chip {cache}, {memory management unit} and {write
+	buffer}.
+
+	The ARM700 and ARM710 processors represent a significant
+	improvement over the {ARM610} processors.  They have a higher
+	maximum clock speed and a number of architectural improvements
+	such as double the size of internal cache, this means that
+	more of any process can be executed internally without
+	accessing the (relatively) slow external memory.  Other
+	improvements are an improved {write buffer} and an enlarged
+	{Translation Lookaside Buffer} in the {MMU}.  All of these
+	improvements increase the performance of the system and
+	deliver more real performance than a simple comparison of
+	clock speeds would indicate.
+
+	The ARM710 has been optimised for integer performance.  The
+	FPA11 {floating point} {coprocessor} has a peak throughput of
+	up to 5 {MFLOPS} and achieves an average throughput in excess
+	of 3 MFLOPS for a range of calculations.
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+ARM7500
+
+	<processor> An {ARM7} core with I/O and {VIDC20} all on one
+	{integrated circuit}.
+
+	(1994-09-23)
+
+ARM8
+
+	<processor> A {RISC} {microprocessor} {core} designed by
+	{Advanced RISC Machines} Ltd. with 50000 {transistors}.  The
+	design of the ARM8 is not yet public but it is not
+	{superscalar}.  The ARM8 will form the core of the {ARM800}
+	{microprocessor} {integrated circuit}.
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+ARM800
+
+	<processor> A {microprocessor} based on the {ARM8} processor
+	core designed by {Advanced RISC Machines} Ltd.  Planned
+	features include a 60-100Mhz {clock rate}; 0.35-0.4 micron
+	silicon fabrication; an improvement on the {ARM7}'s 1.4
+	cycle/instruction; a 16 Kbyte {cache}.
+
+	Some estimates were 100 MIPS and 120 Kdhrystones at 70Mhz
+	(twice the {ARM700}).  Samples of the ARM800 are expected to
+	be available in late 1995.
+
+	It may run on a voltage below 3.3V.
+
+	{Digital Semiconductor}'s Hudson fab is 0.35 micron and they
+	have announced a licensing deal for the ARM architecture (see
+	{StrongARM}).
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+ARM Ltd
+
+	{Advanced RISC Machines Ltd.}
+
+ARMM
+
+	{Automated Retroactive Minimal Moderation}
+
+armour-plated
+
+	{bulletproof}
+
+ARP
+
+	{Address Resolution Protocol}
+
+ARPA
+
+	{Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}
+
+ARPANET
+
+	{Advanced Research Projects Agency Network}
+
+ARQ
+
+	{Automatic Repeat Request}
+
+array
+
+	1. <programming> A collection of identically typed data items
+	distinguished by their indices (or "subscripts").  The number
+	of dimensions an array can have depends on the language but is
+	usually unlimited.
+
+	An array is a kind of {aggregate} data type.  A single
+	ordinary variable (a "{scalar}") could be considered as a
+	zero-dimensional array.  A one-dimensional array is also known
+	as a "{vector}".
+
+	A reference to an array element is written something like
+	A[i,j,k] where A is the array name and i, j and k are the
+	indices.  The {C} language is peculiar in that each index is
+	written in separate brackets, e.g. A[i][j][k].  This expresses
+	the fact that, in C, an N-dimensional array is actually a
+	vector, each of whose elements is an N-1 dimensional array.
+
+	Elements of an array are usually stored contiguously.
+	Languages differ as to whether the leftmost or rightmost index
+	varies most rapidly, i.e. whether each row is stored
+	contiguously or each column (for a 2D array).
+
+	Arrays are appropriate for storing data which must be accessed
+	in an unpredictable order, in contrast to {lists} which are
+	best when accessed sequentially.  Array indices are
+	{integers}, usually {natural numbers}, whereas the elements of
+	an {associative array} are identified by strings.
+
+	2. <architecture> A {processor array}, not to be confused with
+	an {array processor}.
+
+	(2007-10-12)
+
+array processor
+
+	<processor> (Or "vector processor") A {computer}, or extension
+	to its {arithmetic unit}, that is capable of performing
+	simultaneous computations on elements of an {array} or table
+	of data in some number of dimensions.
+
+	The {IBM AltiVec} (the "Velocity Engine" used in the {Apple
+	G4} computers) is a vector processor.
+
+	Common uses for array processors include analysis of fluid
+	dynamics and rotation of {3d} objects, as well as data
+	retrieval, in which elements of a {database} are scanned
+	simultaneously.  Array processors are very rare now (1998).
+
+	{Array presentation
+	(http://cs.njit.edu/leon/105/c5/index.htm)}.
+
+	(2003-09-11)
+
+Array Processor Assembly Language
+
+	<language> (APAL) The {assembly language} for the {DAP}
+	parallel computer.
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+Array Theory
+
+	<theory> A theory developed by Trenchard More Jr. and used as
+	the basis for the {NIAL} language.
+
+	Papers are available from the IBM Cambridge Scientific Center,
+	Cambridge MA.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+arrow key
+
+	<hardware> One of four keys on a {keyboard} marked with arrows
+	pointing up, down, left and right.  The arrow keys are used
+	for such things as moving the {cursor} in a text document, for
+	moving the {input focus} between the fields of a form or
+	sometimes for scrolling a picture.
+
+	(1998-06-26)
+
+ART
+
+	<language> A {real-time} {functional language}.  It timestamps
+	each data value when it was created.
+
+	["Applicative Real-Time Programming", M. Broy, PROC IFIP 1983,
+	N-H].
+
+	(1996-01-15)
+
+Artemis microkernel
+
+	<operating system> A {microkernel} currently under development
+	by Dave Hudson <dave@humbug.demon.co.uk>, scheduled for
+	release under {GPL} in May 1995.  It is targeted at
+	{embedded} applications on {Intel 80386}, {Intel 486} and
+	{Pentium} based systems.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+Artifex
+
+	<programming, tool> A {CASE} environment from {ARTIS} of Turin
+	for the development of large {event-driven} distributed
+	systems.  It has code-generation and rapid prototyping
+	features.
+
+	(1996-01-24)
+
+artificial intelligence
+
+	<artificial intelligence> (AI) The subfield of computer
+	science concerned with the concepts and methods of {symbolic
+	inference} by computer and symbolic {knowledge representation}
+	for use in making inferences.  AI can be seen as an attempt to
+	model aspects of human thought on computers.  It is also
+	sometimes defined as trying to solve by computer any problem
+	that a human can solve faster.  The term was coined by
+	Stanford Professor {John McCarthy}, a leading AI researcher.
+
+	Examples of AI problems are {computer vision} (building a
+	system that can understand images as well as a human) and
+	{natural language processing} (building a system that can
+	understand and speak a human language as well as a human).
+	These may appear to be modular, but all attempts so far (1993)
+	to solve them have foundered on the amount of context
+	information and "intelligence" they seem to require.
+
+	The term is often used as a selling point, e.g. to describe
+	programming that drives the behaviour of computer characters
+	in a game.  This is often no more intelligent than "Kill any
+	humans you see; keep walking; avoid solid objects; duck if a
+	human with a gun can see you".
+
+	See also {AI-complete}, {neats vs. scruffies}, {neural
+	network}, {genetic programming}, {fuzzy computing},
+	{artificial life}.
+
+	{ACM SIGART (http://sigart.acm.org/)}.  {U Cal Davis
+	(http://phobos.cs.ucdavis.edu:8001)}.  {CMU Artificial
+	Intelligence Repository
+	(http://cs.cmu.edu/Web/Groups/AI/html/repository.html)}.
+
+	(2002-01-19)
+
+Artificial Intelligence Lab
+
+	{MIT AI Lab}
+
+Artificial Life
+
+	<algorithm, application> (a-life) The study of synthetic
+	systems which behave like natural living systems in some way.
+	Artificial Life complements the traditional biological
+	sciences concerned with the analysis of living organisms by
+	attempting to create lifelike behaviours within computers and
+	other artificial media.  Artificial Life can contribute to
+	theoretical biology by modelling forms of life other than
+	those which exist in nature.  It has applications in
+	environmental and financial modelling and network
+	communications.
+
+	There are some interesting implementations of artificial life
+	using strangely shaped blocks.  A video, probably by the
+	company Artificial Creatures who build insect-like robots in
+	Cambridge, MA (USA), has several mechanical implementations of
+	artificial life forms.
+
+	See also {evolutionary computing}, {Life}.
+
+	[Christopher G. Langton (Ed.), "Artificial Life", Proceedings
+	Volume VI, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of
+	Complexity.  Addison-Wesley, 1989].
+
+	{Yahoo! (http://yahoo.com/Science/Artificial_Life/)}.
+
+	{Santa Fe Institute (http://alife.santafe.edu/)}.
+
+	{The Avida Group
+	(http://krl.caltech.edu/avida/Avida.html)}.
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+artificial neural network
+
+	<artificial intelligence> (ANN, commonly just "neural network"
+	or "neural net") A network of many very simple processors
+	("units" or "neurons"), each possibly having a (small amount
+	of) local memory.  The units are connected by unidirectional
+	communication channels ("connections"), which carry numeric
+	(as opposed to symbolic) data.  The units operate only on
+	their local data and on the inputs they receive via the
+	connections.
+
+	A neural network is a processing device, either an
+	{algorithm}, or actual hardware, whose design was inspired by
+	the design and functioning of animal brains and components
+	thereof.
+
+	Most neural networks have some sort of "training" rule whereby
+	the weights of connections are adjusted on the basis of
+	presented patterns.  In other words, neural networks "learn"
+	from examples, just like children learn to recognise dogs from
+	examples of dogs, and exhibit some structural capability for
+	generalisation.
+
+	Neurons are often elementary non-linear signal processors (in
+	the limit they are simple threshold discriminators).  Another
+	feature of NNs which distinguishes them from other computing
+	devices is a high degree of interconnection which allows a
+	high degree of parallelism.  Further, there is no idle memory
+	containing data and programs, but rather each neuron is
+	pre-programmed and continuously active.
+
+	The term "neural net" should logically, but in common usage
+	never does, also include biological neural networks, whose
+	elementary structures are far more complicated than the
+	mathematical models used for ANNs.
+
+	See {Aspirin}, {Hopfield network}, {McCulloch-Pitts neuron}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.ai.neural-nets}.
+
+	(1997-10-13)
+
+Artisoft, Inc.
+
+	<company, networking> A company, known for the {LANtastic}
+	range of networking products.  Originally providers of
+	proprietary, {peer-to-peer} network hardware and software for
+	small installations, Artisoft now also sells {Ethernet} and
+	{Novell}-compatible hardware and software.
+
+	{(http://artisoft.com/)}.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (800) 809 1257.
+
+	Address: Tucson, Arizona, USA; Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
+
+	(1995-04-24)
+
+Artistic license
+
+	<legal> The {open source license} applicable to {Perl}.
+
+	(1999-12-29)
+
+ARTSPEAK
+
+	<language> An early simple language for {plotter} graphics.
+
+	["The Art of Programming, ARTSPEAK", Henry Mullish, Courant
+	Inst (Nov 1974)].
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+AS
+
+	1. <networking> {Autonomous System}.
+
+	2. <storage> {Address Strobe}.
+
+as
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for American Samoa.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+as31
+
+	<tool, programming> An {8031}/{8051} {assembler} by Ken
+	Stauffer <stauffer@cpsc.ucalgary.ca> and Theo Deraadt which
+	produces a variety of {object code} output formats.  The
+	distribution includes an {assembler}, {yacc} {parser}, and
+	documentation.  as31 runs on {Sun-3}, {Sun-4}, {SunOS 4.0},
+	{Tandy 6000}, and {Xenix}.
+
+	Latest version: 1, as of 1990-01-26.
+
+	{as31 Home (http://pjrc.com/tech/8051/#as31_assembler)}.
+
+	(2002-05-07)
+
+AS400
+
+	{AS/400}
+
+AS/400
+
+	<computer> An {IBM} {minicomputer} for small business and
+	departmental users, released in 1988 and still in production
+	in October 1998.
+
+	Features include a menu-driven interface, {multi-user}
+	support, terminals that are (in the grand {IBM} tradition)
+	incompatible with anything else including the {IBM 3270}
+	series, and an extensive library-based {operating system}.
+
+	The machine survives because its {API} layer allows the
+	{operating system} and {application programs} to take
+	advantage of advances in hardware without recompilation and
+	which means that a complete system that costs $9000 runs the
+	exact same operating system and software as a $2 million
+	system.  There is a 64-bit {RISC} processor operating system
+	implementation.
+
+	Programming languages include {RPG}, {assembly language}, {C},
+	{COBOL}, {SQL}, {BASIC}, and {REXX}.  Several {CASE} tools are
+	available: {Synon}, {AS/SET}, {Lansa}.
+
+	{(http://as400.ibm.com/)}.
+
+	(1999-07-26)
+
+ASA
+
+	{Adaptive Simulated Annealing}
+
+asap
+
+	<chat> As soon as possible.
+
+	(1999-10-13)
+
+asbestos
+
+	<jargon> Used as a modifier to anything intended to protect
+	one from {flames}; also in other highly {flame}-suggestive
+	usages.  E.g., {asbestos longjohns}, {asbestos cork award}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-02-06)
+
+asbestos cork award
+
+	<humour> Once, long ago at {MIT}, there was a {flamer} so
+	consistently obnoxious that another hacker designed, had made,
+	and distributed posters announcing that said flamer had been
+	nominated for the "asbestos cork award".  (Any reader in doubt
+	as to the intended application of the cork should consult the
+	etymology under {flame}.)  Since then, it is agreed that only
+	a select few have risen to the heights of bombast required to
+	earn this dubious dignity - but there is no agreement on
+	*which* few.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-02-06)
+
+asbestos longjohns
+
+	<humour> Notional garments donned by {Usenet} posters just
+	before emitting a remark they expect will elicit {flamage}.
+	This is the most common of the {asbestos} coinages.  Also
+	"asbestos underwear", "asbestos overcoat", etc.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-04)
+
+ascender
+
+	<text> A lowercase letter that extends above the "x-height"
+	(the height of the letter "x"), such as "d", "t", or "h".
+	Also used to denote the part of the letter extending above the
+	x-height.
+
+	Compare {descender}.
+
+	(1998-03-27)
+
+ASCI
+
+	<spelling> Did you mean {ASCII}?
+
+ASCII
+
+	{American Standard Code for Information Interchange}
+
+ASCII art
+
+	<graphics> (Or "character graphics", "ASCII graphics") The
+	fine art of drawing diagrams using the {ASCII} character set
+	(mainly "|-/\+").
+
+	See also {boxology}.  Here is a serious example:
+
+	   o----)||(--+--|<----+   +---------o + D O
+	     L  )||(  |        |   |             C U
+	   A I  )||(  +-->|-+  |   +-\/\/-+--o -   T
+	   C N  )||(        |  |   |      |        P
+	     E  )||(  +-->|-+--)---+--)|--+-o      U
+	        )||(  |        |          | GND    T
+	   o----)||(--+--|<----+----------+
+
+	   A power supply consisting of a full wave rectifier
+	   circuit feeding a capacitor input filter circuit
+
+	                         Figure 1.
+
+	And here are some very silly examples:
+
+	   |\/\/\/|     ____/|              ___    |\_/|    ___
+	   |      |     \ o.O|   ACK!      /   \_  |` '|  _/   \
+	   |      |      =(_)=  THPHTH!   /      \/     \/      \
+	   | (o)(o)        U             /                       \
+	   C      _)  (__)                \/\/\/\  _____  /\/\/\/
+	   | ,___|    (oo)                       \/     \/
+	   |   /       \/-------\         U                  (__)
+	  /____\        ||     | \    /---V  `v'-            oo )
+	 /      \       ||---W||  *  * |--|   || |`.         |_/\
+
+			//-o-\\
+		 ____---=======---____
+	     ====___\   /.. ..\   /___====      Klingons rule OK!
+	   //        ---\__O__/---        \\
+	   \_\                           /_/
+
+					    _____
+				    __...---'-----`---...__
+			       _===============================
+	  ,----------------._/'      `---..._______...---'
+	  (_______________||_) . .  ,--'
+	      /    /.---'         `/
+	     '--------_- - - - - _/
+		       `--------'
+
+				   Figure 2.
+
+	There is an important subgenre of ASCII art that puns on the
+	standard character names in the fashion of a rebus.
+
+	 +--------------------------------------------------------+
+	 |      ^^^^^^^^^^^^                                      |
+	 | ^^^^^^^^^^^            ^^^^^^^^^                       |
+	 |                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ |
+	 |        ^^^^^^^         B       ^^^^^^^^^               |
+	 |  ^^^^^^^^^          ^^^            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^      |
+	 +--------------------------------------------------------+
+		     "A Bee in the Carrot Patch"
+
+	                       Figure 3.
+
+	Within humorous ASCII art, there is, for some reason, an
+	entire flourishing subgenre of pictures of silly cows.  One is
+	shown in Figure 2; here are three more:
+
+		  (__)              (__)              (__)
+		  (\/)              ($$)              (**)
+	   /-------\/        /-------\/        /-------\/
+	  / | 666 ||        / |=====||        / |     ||
+	 *  ||----||       *  ||----||       *  ||----||
+	    ~~    ~~          ~~    ~~          ~~    ~~
+	  Satanic cow    This cow is a Yuppie   Cow in love
+
+				  Figure 4.
+
+	{(http://gagme.wwa.com/~boba/scarecrow.html)}.
+
+	(1996-02-06)
+
+ASCIIbetical order
+
+	<jargon, programming> /as'kee-be'-t*-kl or'dr/ Used to
+	indicate that data is sorted in {ASCII} collated order rather
+	than alphabetical order.  The main difference is that, in
+	ASCII, all the upper case letters come before any of the lower
+	case letters so, e.g., "Z" comes before "a".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-04-08)
+
+ASCIIbonics
+
+	<chat> (From {ASCII} and Ebonics) A style of text
+	communication in English which is most common on {talk}
+	systems such as {irc}.  Its notable characteristics are:
+
+	Typing all in lowercase (and occasionally all in uppercase).
+
+	Copious use of abbreviations of the sort "u" for "you" "1" for
+	"one" (and therefore "some1" for "someone", "ne1" for
+	"anyone"), "2" for "to", "r" for "are", etc.
+
+	A general lack of punctuation, except for strings of question
+	marks and exclamation marks.
+
+	Common use of the idiom "m or f?", meant to elicit a statement
+	of the listener's gender.
+
+	Typical extended discourse in ASCIIbonics: "hey wasup ne1 want
+	2 {cyber}?"  "m or f?"
+
+	ASCIIbonics is similar to the way {B1FF} talked, although B1FF
+	used more punctuation (lots more), and used all uppercase,
+	rather than all lowercase.  What's more, B1FF was only
+	interested in {warez}, and so never asked "m or f?".
+
+	It has been widely observed that some of the purest examples
+	of ASCIIbonics come from non-native speakers of English.
+
+	The phenomenon of ASCIIbonics predates by several years the
+	use of the word "ASCIIbonics", as the word could only have
+	been coined in or after late 1996, when "Ebonics" was first
+	used in the US media to denote the US English dialects known
+	in the linguistic literature as "Black Vernacular English".
+
+	(1997-06-21)
+
+ASCII character table
+
+	<character> The following list gives the {octal}, decimal and
+	{hexadecimal} {ASCII} codes for each character along with its
+	printed representation and common name(s).
+
+	  Oct Dec Hex  Name
+	  000   0 0x00 NUL
+	  001   1 0x01 SOH, Control-A
+	  002   2 0x02 STX, Control-B
+	  003   3 0x03 ETX, Control-C
+	  004   4 0x04 EOT, Control-D
+	  005   5 0x05 ENQ, Control-E
+	  006   6 0x06 ACK, Control-F
+	  007   7 0x07 BEL, Control-G
+	  010   8 0x08 BS, backspace, Control-H
+	  011   9 0x09 HT, tab, Control-I
+	  012  10 0x0a LF, line feed, newline, Control-J
+	  013  11 0x0b VT, Control-K
+	  014  12 0x0c FF, form feed, NP, Control-L
+	  015  13 0x0d CR, carriage return, Control-M
+	  016  14 0x0e SO, Control-N
+	  017  15 0x0f SI, Control-O
+	  020  16 0x10 DLE, Control-P
+	  021  17 0x11 DC1, XON, Control-Q
+	  022  18 0x12 DC2, Control-R
+	  023  19 0x13 DC3, XOFF, Control-S
+	  024  20 0x14 DC4, Control-T
+	  025  21 0x15 NAK, Control-U
+	  026  22 0x16 SYN, Control-V
+	  027  23 0x17 ETB, Control-W
+	  030  24 0x18 CAN, Control-X
+	  031  25 0x19 EM, Control-Y
+	  032  26 0x1a SUB, Control-Z
+	  033  27 0x1b ESC, escape
+	  034  28 0x1c FS
+	  035  29 0x1d GS
+	  036  30 0x1e RS
+	  037  31 0x1f US
+	  040  32 0x20 space
+	  041  33 0x21 !, exclamation mark
+	  042  34 0x22 ", double quote
+	  043  35 0x23 #, hash
+	  044  36 0x24 $, dollar
+	  045  37 0x25 %, percent
+	  046  38 0x26 &, ampersand
+	  047  39 0x27 ', quote
+	  050  40 0x28 (, open parenthesis
+	  051  41 0x29 ), close parenthesis
+	  052  42 0x2a *, asterisk
+	  053  43 0x2b +, plus
+	  054  44 0x2c ,, comma
+	  055  45 0x2d -, minus
+	  056  46 0x2e ., full stop
+	  057  47 0x2f /, oblique stroke
+	  060  48 0x30 0, zero
+	  061  49 0x31 1
+	  062  50 0x32 2
+	  063  51 0x33 3
+	  064  52 0x34 4
+	  065  53 0x35 5
+	  066  54 0x36 6
+	  067  55 0x37 7
+	  070  56 0x38 8
+	  071  57 0x39 9
+	  072  58 0x3a :, colon
+	  073  59 0x3b ;, semicolon
+	  074  60 0x3c <, less than
+	  075  61 0x3d =, equals
+	  076  62 0x3e >, greater than
+	  077  63 0x3f ?, question mark
+	 0100  64 0x40 @, commercial at
+	 0101  65 0x41 A
+	 0102  66 0x42 B
+	 0103  67 0x43 C
+	 0104  68 0x44 D
+	 0105  69 0x45 E
+	 0106  70 0x46 F
+	 0107  71 0x47 G
+	 0110  72 0x48 H
+	 0111  73 0x49 I
+	 0112  74 0x4a J
+	 0113  75 0x4b K
+	 0114  76 0x4c L
+	 0115  77 0x4d M
+	 0116  78 0x4e N
+	 0117  79 0x4f O
+	 0120  80 0x50 P
+	 0121  81 0x51 Q
+	 0122  82 0x52 R
+	 0123  83 0x53 S
+	 0124  84 0x54 T
+	 0125  85 0x55 U
+	 0126  86 0x56 V
+	 0127  87 0x57 W
+	 0130  88 0x58 X
+	 0131  89 0x59 Y
+	 0132  90 0x5a Z
+	 0133  91 0x5b [, open square bracket
+	 0134  92 0x5c \, backslash
+	 0135  93 0x5d ], close square bracket
+	 0136  94 0x5e ^, caret
+	 0137  95 0x5f _, underscore
+	 0140  96 0x60 `, back quote
+	 0141  97 0x61 a
+	 0142  98 0x62 b
+	 0143  99 0x63 c
+	 0144 100 0x64 d
+	 0145 101 0x65 e
+	 0146 102 0x66 f
+	 0147 103 0x67 g
+	 0150 104 0x68 h
+	 0151 105 0x69 i
+	 0152 106 0x6a j
+	 0153 107 0x6b k
+	 0154 108 0x6c l
+	 0155 109 0x6d m
+	 0156 110 0x6e n
+	 0157 111 0x6f o
+	 0160 112 0x70 p
+	 0161 113 0x71 q
+	 0162 114 0x72 r
+	 0163 115 0x73 s
+	 0164 116 0x74 t
+	 0165 117 0x75 u
+	 0166 118 0x76 v
+	 0167 119 0x77 w
+	 0170 120 0x78 x
+	 0171 121 0x79 y
+	 0172 122 0x7a z
+	 0173 123 0x7b {, open curly bracket
+	 0174 124 0x7c |, vertical bar
+	 0175 125 0x7d }, close curly bracket
+	 0176 126 0x7e ~, tilde
+	 0177 127 0x7f delete
+
+	See {NUL}, {SOH}, {STX}, {ETX}, {ETX}, {EOT}, {ENQ}, {ACK},
+	{BEL}, {BS}, {HT}, {line feed}, {VT}, {FF}, {CR}, {SO}, {SI},
+	{DLE}, {XON}, {DC1}, {DC2}, {DC3}, {DC4}, {NAK}, {SYN}, {ETB},
+	{CAN}, {EM}, {SUB}, {ESC}, {FS}, {GS}, {RS}, {US}, {space},
+	{exclamation mark}, {double quote}, {hash}, {dollar},
+	{percent}, {ampersand}, {quote}, {open parenthesis}, {close
+	parenthesis}, {asterisk}, {plus}, {comma}, {minus}, {full
+	stop}, {oblique stroke}, {colon}, {semicolon}, {less than},
+	{equals}, {greater than}, {question mark}, {commercial at},
+	{open square bracket}, {backslash}, {close square bracket},
+	{caret}, {underscore}, {back quote}, {open curly bracket},
+	{vertical bar}, {close curly bracket}, {tilde}, {delete}.
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+ASCII graphics
+
+	{ASCII art}
+
+ASDIMPL
+
+	{ASDO IMPlementation Language}
+
+ASDL
+
+	{Abstract-Type and Scheme-Definition Language}
+
+ASDO IMPlementation Language
+
+	<language> (ASDIMPL) A {C}-like language, run on {Burroughs}'
+	{mainframes} in the early 1980s, and {cross-compile}d to
+	{x86}-based {embedded processors}.
+
+	(1996-02-06)
+
+ASE
+
+	1. <programming> {Advanced Software Environment}.
+
+	2. <networking> {Application Service Element}.
+
+	3. <database> {Adaptive Server Enterprise}.
+
+A* search
+
+	<algorithm> A {graph} search {algorithm}.  A* is guaranteed to
+	find a minimal solution path before any other solution paths,
+	if a solution exists, in other words, it is an "{admissible}"
+	search algorithm.  Each path is assigned a value based on the
+	cost of the path (e.g. its length) and an (under)estimate of
+	the cost of completing the path, i.e. the cost of a path from
+	the end of the current path to a solution.
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+ASF
+
+	1. <language> {Algebraic Specification Language}.
+
+	2. <body> {Analytical Solutions Forum}.
+
+ash
+
+	<tool> A {Bourne Shell} clone by Kenneth Almquist.  It works
+	pretty well.  For running scripts, it is sometimes better and
+	sometimes worse than {Bash}.
+
+	Ash runs under {386BSD}, {NetBSD}, {FreeBSD}, and {Linux}.
+
+	{FTP Linux version
+	(ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux/ports/ash-linux-0.1.tar.gz)}.
+
+	(1995-07-20)
+
+Ashmedai
+
+	<tool> A {symbolic mathematics} package by Michael Levine
+	<levine@cpwsca.psc.edu> that influenced {SMP} and {FORM}.
+	There are versions for the {Univac 1108} and {VAX}/{VMS}.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+Ashton-Tate Corporation
+
+	<company> The original vendor of {dBASE} and joint developers
+	of {EEMS}.  Ashton-Tate was founded by Charles Tate and Ashton
+	was his pet parrot's name.  The parrot lived in the lobby of
+	the company's LA headquarters.
+
+	In the early 1990s Ashton-Tate was taken over by Borland
+	International, Inc., who later became {Borland Software
+	Corporation}.
+
+	[Dates?  Address?]
+
+	(2004-12-05)
+
+ASIC
+
+	{Application-Specific Integrated Circuit}
+
+Asiliant Technologies
+
+	<company> A company founded by a group of former {Chips and
+	Technologies} employees with experience with the CHIPS
+	products, suppliers, distributors and customers.  Asiliant
+	offer C&T's {industry standard} {Flat Panel} and {CRT
+	controller} family.
+
+	(2006-09-19)
+
+A Simulation Process-Oriented Language
+
+	<language, simulation> (ASPOL) An {ALGOL}-like language for
+	computer {simulation}.
+
+	["Process and Event Control in ASPOL", M.H. MacDougall, Proc
+	Symp on Simulation of Computer Systems, NBS (Aug 1975)].
+
+	(1996-03-25)
+
+ASIS
+
+	1. {Application Software Installation Server}.
+
+	2. <language> {Ada Semantic Interface Specification}.
+
+ASK
+
+	{Amplitude Shift Keying}
+
+ASL
+
+	1. <language> {Algebraic Specification Language}.
+
+	2. <chat> A rather gruff way of asking someone their age, sex,
+	and location.
+
+	(2008-01-21)
+
+ASL+
+
+	<language, specification> An {algebraic specification
+	language} by David Aspinall of the {University of Edinburgh}.
+	ASL+ has rules for proving the satisfaction of specifications.
+	It can also be viewed as a {type theory} with {subtyping},
+	featuring {contravariant refinement} for {Pi-abstracted}
+	specifications and a notion of {stratified equality} for
+	{higher-order objects}.
+
+	(1994-09-14)
+
+As Low As Reasonably Practicable
+
+	<legal> (ALARP) A term from {UK health and safety
+	(http://hse.gov.uk/risk/theory/alarpglance.htm)} law that
+	mandates reducting the risk to workers to the point where the
+	cost of further reduction is grossly disproportionate to the
+	benefit.
+
+	(2010-10-05)
+
+ASM
+
+	{assembly language}
+
+ASME
+
+	{American Society of Mechanical Engineers}
+
+ASN
+
+	{Autonomous System Number}
+
+ASN.1
+
+	{Abstract Syntax Notation 1}
+
+ASP
+
+	1. <web> {Active Server Pages}.
+
+	2. <networking> {application service provider}.
+
+	3. <language> A {query language}(?).
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.702].
+
+	4. <processor> {Attached Support Processor}.
+
+	(2000-07-08)
+
+ASPECT
+
+	<tool, programming> An {IPSE} developed by an {Alvey} project,
+	using {Z} to specify the {object-management system} and tool
+	interface.
+
+	(1996-03-25)
+
+ASpecT
+
+	<language> Algebraic specification of {abstract data types}.
+	A {strict} {functional language} that compiles to {C}.
+
+	Versions of ASpecT are available for {Sun}, {Ultrix}, {NeXT},
+	{Macintosh}, {OS/2} 2.0, {Linux}, {RS/6000}, {Atari}, {Amiga}.
+
+	{(ftp://wowbagger.uni-bremen.de/pub/programming/languages)}.
+
+	(1996-03-25)
+
+aspect
+
+	<programming> In {aspect-oriented programming}, a modular unit
+	of control over {emergent entities}.
+
+	(1999-08-31)
+
+aspect-oriented programming
+
+	<programming> (AOP) A style of programming that attempts to
+	abstract out features common to many parts of the code beyond
+	simple functional modules and thereby improve the {quality} of
+	software.
+
+	Mechanisms for defining and composing {abstractions} are
+	essential elements of programming languages.  The design style
+	supported by the abstraction mechanisms of most current
+	languages is one of breaking a system down into parameterised
+	components that can be called upon to perform a function.
+
+	But many systems have properties that don't necessarily align
+	with the system's functional components, such as failure
+	handling, {persistence}, communication, replication,
+	coordination, {memory management}, or {real-time} constraints,
+	and tend to cut across groups of functional components.
+
+	While they can be thought about and analysed relatively
+	separately from the basic functionality, programming them
+	using current {component-oriented languages} tends to result
+	in these aspects being spread throughout the code.  The
+	{source code} becomes a tangled mess of instructions for
+	different purposes.
+
+	This "tangling" phenomenon is at the heart of much needless
+	complexity in existing software systems.  A number of
+	researchers have begun working on approaches to this problem
+	that allow programmers to express each of a system's aspects
+	of concern in a separate and natural form, and then
+	automatically combine those separate descriptions into a final
+	executable form.  These approaches have been called
+	aspect-oriented programming.
+
+	{Xerox AOP homepage
+	(http://parc.xerox.com/csl/projects/aop/)}.
+
+	{AspectJ (http://AspectJ.org/)}.
+
+	{ECOOPP'99 AOP workshop
+	(http://wwwtrese.cs.utwente.nl/aop-ecoop99/)}.
+
+	(1999-11-21)
+
+aspect ratio
+
+	<graphics> The ratio of width to height of a {pixel}, {image},
+	or {display screen}.  Square pixels (1:1) are considered
+	preferable but displays are usually about 5:4.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+ASPEN
+
+	<language> A {toy language} for teaching {compiler}
+	construction.
+
+	["ASPEN Language Specifications", T.R. Wilcox, SIGPLAN Notices
+	12(11):70-87, Nov 1977].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+ASPI
+
+	{Advanced SCSI Peripheral Interface}
+
+ASPIK
+
+	<language, specification> A multiple-style specification
+	language.
+
+	["Algebraic Specifications in an Integrated Software
+	Development and Verification System", A. Voss, Diss, U
+	Kaiserslautern, 1985].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Aspirin
+
+	<language, tool> A {freeware} language from {MITRE
+	Corporation} for the description of {neural networks}.  A
+	compiler, bpmake, is included.  Aspirin is designed for use
+	with the {MIGRAINES} interface.
+
+	Version: 6.0, as of 1995-03-08.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cognet.ucla.edu/alexis/)}.
+
+	(1995-03-08)
+
+ASPLE
+
+	<language> A {toy language}.
+
+	["A Sampler of Formal Definitions", M. Marcotty et al,
+	Computing Surveys 8(2):191-276 (Feb 1976)].
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+ASPOL
+
+	{A Simulation Process-Oriented Language}
+
+ASQC
+
+	{American Society for Quality Control}
+
+ASR
+
+	{Automatic Send Receive}
+
+assembler
+
+	<programming> A program which converts {assembly language}
+	into {machine code}.
+
+	(1996-03-25)
+
+ASSEMBLY
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 702}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):1959-05-16].
+
+	(1996-06-27)
+
+assembly code
+
+	{assembly language}
+
+Assembly Language
+
+	<language, robotics> (AL) A language for industrial {robots}
+	developed at {Stanford University} in the 1970s.
+
+	["The AL Language for an Intelligent Robot", T. Binford in
+	Langages et Methods de Programation des Robots Industriels,
+	pp. 73-88, IRIA Press 1979].
+
+	["AL User's Manual", M.S. Mujtaba et al, Stanford AI Lab, Memo
+	AIM-323 (Jan 1979)].
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+assembly language
+
+	<language> (Or "assembly code") A symbolic representation of
+	the {machine language} of a specific {processor}.  Assembly
+	language is converted to {machine code} by an {assembler}.
+	Usually, each line of assembly code produces one machine
+	instruction, though the use of {macros} is common.
+
+	Programming in assembly language is slow and error-prone but
+	is the only way to squeeze every last bit of performance out
+	of the hardware.
+
+	{Filename extension}: .s ({Unix}), .asm ({CP/M} and others).
+
+	See also {second generation language}.
+
+	(1996-09-17)
+
+Assembly Language Compiler
+
+	<language> (ALC) An alternative name for {IBM 360} {assembly
+	language}.
+
+	Compare {BAL}.
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+Assembly Language for Multics
+
+	<language> (ALM) The {assembly language} of the {GE-645} in
+	which critical portions of the {Multics} {kernel} were
+	written.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+as sensible as a dictionary
+
+	<humour> In Lewis Carroll's {Through the Looking Glass and what
+	Alice found there
+	(http://www.Germany.EU.net/books/carroll/alice.html)}, in the
+	chapter {The Garden of Live Flowers
+	(http://www.Germany.EU.net/books/carroll/alice_21.html#SEC24)},
+	the Red Queen is talking to Alice about what she's been up to:
+
+	"I only wanted to see what the garden was like, your Majesty -"
+
+	"That's right," said the Queen, patting her on the head, which Alice
+	didn't like at all, "though, when you say "garden" - I've seen
+	gardens, compared with which this would be a wilderness."
+
+	Alice didn't dare argue the point, but went on: "- and I thought I'd
+	try and find my way to the top of that hill -"
+
+	"When you say "hill"", the Queen interrupted, "I could show you hills,
+	in comparison with which you'd call that a valley."
+
+	"No, I shouldn't," said Alice, surprised into contradicting her at
+	last: "a hill can't be a valley, you know.  That would be nonsense -"
+
+	The Red Queen shook her head.  "You may call it "nonsense" if you
+	like," she said, "but I've heard nonsense, compared with which that
+	would be as sensible as a dictionary!"
+
+	Alice curtseyed again, as she was a little afraid from the Queen's
+	tone that she was a little offended: and they walked on in silence
+	till they got to the top of the little hill.
+
+	Thanks to Simon James for the text and to Sean Gugler for the
+	URLs.
+
+	(2014-06-22)
+
+assertion
+
+	<programming> 1. An expression which, if false, indicates an
+	{error}.  Assertions are used for {debugging} by catching
+	{can't happen} errors.
+
+	2. In {logic programming}, a new {fact} or {rule} added to the
+	database by the program at {run time}.  This is an
+	{extralogical} or impure feature of logic programming
+	languages.
+
+	(1997-06-30)
+
+ASSET
+
+	{Asset Source for Software Engineering Technology}
+
+asset management
+
+	<business> The process whereby a large organisation collects
+	and maintains a comprehensive list of the items it owns such
+	as hardware and software.  This data is used in connection
+	with the financial aspects of ownership such as calculating
+	the total cost of ownership, depreciation, licensing,
+	maintenance, and insurance.
+
+	(1997-03-30)
+
+Asset Source for Software Engineering Technology
+
+	<project> (ASSET) A programme to promote software {reuse} by
+	the US {DoD}.
+
+	See also {ASSET Reuse Library}.
+
+	(1996-08-19)
+
+assigned numbers
+
+	<standard> The {RFC} {STD 2} documenting the currently
+	assigned values from several series of numbers used in network
+	{protocol} implementations.  This RFC is updated periodically
+	and, in any case, current information can be obtained from the
+	{Internet Assigned Numbers Authority} (IANA).  If you are
+	developing a protocol or application that will require the use
+	of a link, {socket}, {port}, protocol, etc., you should
+	contact the IANA to receive a number assignment.
+
+	(1996-08-19)
+
+assignment
+
+	<programming> Storing the value of an expression in a
+	{variable}.  This is commonly written in the form "v = e".  In
+	{Algol} the assignment operator was ":=" (pronounced
+	"becomes") to avoid mathematicians qualms about writing
+	statements like x = x+1.
+
+	Assignment is not allowed in {functional languages}, where an
+	{identifier} always has the same value.
+
+	See also {referential transparency}, {single assignment},
+	{zero assignment}.
+
+	(1996-08-19)
+
+assignment problem
+
+	<mathematics, algorithm> (Or "linear assignment") Any problem
+	involving minimising the sum of C(a, b) over a set P of pairs
+	(a, b) where a is an element of some set A and b is an element
+	of set B, and C is some function, under constraints such as
+	"each element of A must appear exactly once in P" or similarly
+	for B, or both.
+
+	For example, the a's could be workers and the b's projects.
+
+	The problem is "linear" because the "cost function" C()
+	depends only on the particular pairing (a, b) and is
+	independent of all other pairings.
+
+	{(http://forum.swarthmore.edu/epigone/comp.soft-sys.matlab/bringhyclu)}.
+	{(http://soci.swt.edu/capps/prob.htm)}.
+	{(http://mat.gsia.cmu.edu/GROUP95/0577.html)}.
+	{(http://informs.org/Conf/WA96/TALKS/SB24.3.html)}.
+
+	[Algorithms?]
+
+	(1999-07-12)
+
+Association Control Service Element
+
+	<networking> (ACSE) The {OSI} method for establishing a call
+	between two {application programs}.  ACSE checks the
+	identities and contexts of the application entities, and could
+	apply an {authentication} security check.
+
+	Documents: {ITU} Rec. X.227 ({ISO} 8650), X.217 (ISO 8649)
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+Association for Computational Linguistics
+
+	<body> (ACL) The international scientific and professional
+	society for people working on problems involving {natural
+	language} and computation.  Membership includes the ACL
+	quarterly journal, "Computational Linguistics", reduced
+	registration at most ACL-sponsored conferences, discounts on
+	ACL-sponsored publications, and participation in ACL Special
+	Interest Groups.  The ACL started in 1968; there are more
+	than 2000 members worldwide.
+
+	E-mail: <acl@aclweb.org>.
+
+	{(http://cs.columbia.edu/~acl/)}.
+
+	(1999-08-31)
+
+Association for Computing
+
+	<body> (ACM, before 1997 - "Association for Computing
+	Machinery") The largest and oldest international scientific
+	and educational computer society in the industry.  Founded in
+	1947, only a year after the unveiling of {ENIAC}, ACM was
+	established by mathematicians and electrical engineers to
+	advance the science and application of {Information
+	Technology}.  {John Mauchly}, co-inventor of the ENIAC, was
+	one of ACM's founders.
+
+	Since its inception ACM has provided its members and the world
+	of computer science a forum for the sharing of knowledge on
+	developments and achievements necessary to the fruitful
+	interchange of ideas.
+
+	ACM has 90,000 members - educators, researchers,
+	practitioners, managers, and engineers - who drive the
+	Association's major programs and services - publications,
+	special interest groups, chapters, conferences, awards, and
+	special activities.
+
+	The ACM Press publishes journals (notably {CACM}), book
+	series, conference proceedings, {CD-ROM}, {hypertext},
+	{video}, and specialized publications such as curricula
+	recommendations and self-assessment procedures.
+
+	{(http://info.acm.org/)}.
+
+	(1998-02-24)
+
+Association for Computing Machinery
+
+	{Association for Computing}
+
+Association for Progressive Communications
+
+	<body, philosophy> (APC) A world-wide organisation of
+	like-minded computer networks providing a global
+	communications network dedicated to the free and balanced flow
+	of information.
+
+	The APC defends and promotes non-commercial, productive online
+	space for NGOs (Non-Governmental Organisations) and
+	collaborates with like-minded organisations to ensure that the
+	information and communication needs of civil society are
+	considered in telecommunications, donor and investment policy.
+
+	A few of APC's partner organisations include The {Institute
+	for Global Communications} (USA), GreenNet (UK), Nicarao
+	(Nicaragua) Enda-Tiers Monde (Senegal) and GlasNet (Ukraine).
+
+	These organisations serve people working toward goals that
+	include the prevention of warfare, elimination of militarism
+	and poverty, protection of the environment, human rights,
+	social and economic justice, participatory democracy,
+	non-violent conflict resolution, and the promotion of
+	sustainable development.
+
+	{(http://apc.org/english/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <apcadmin@apc.org>.
+
+	(2000-10-08)
+
+Association for SIMULA Users
+
+	<body> See {SIMULA}.
+
+	Address: Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm,
+	Sweden.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+Association Française des Utilisateurs d'Unix
+
+	<body> (et des systèmes ouverts, AFUU) French Association of
+	{Unix} Users.
+
+	{(http://afuu.fr/)}.
+
+	(1996-06-07)
+
+Association of American Publishers
+
+	<body, publication> <body> (AAP) A group engaged in
+	standardisation efforts in document preparation.
+
+	(2000-01-27)
+
+Association of C and C++ Users
+
+	<body> (ACCU) A community of people with an interest in the
+	{C} family of programming languages: {K&R C}, {ANSI C}, and
+	{C++}.  The community includes professional programmers, the
+	suppliers of {compilers}, and those who are just interested in
+	the languages.  ACCU members are using C and C++ on a wide
+	range of platforms - {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {OS/2}, {CP/M} - home
+	computers, {IBM PCs}, {workstations}, and {super-computers}.
+	Although the organisation is based in the UK, the membership
+	is worldwide.  There are members in the US, mainland Europe,
+	Russia, the Middle East, and Australia.
+
+	E-mail: <info@accu.org>, <membership@accu.org>,
+	<academic@accu.org> (Academic Liaison Officer).
+
+	Address: The Membership Secretary, 64 Southfield Road, Oxford
+	OX4 1PA, United Kingdom.
+
+	(1996-12-02)
+
+Association of Lisp Users
+
+	<body> (ALU) A user group which aims to promote {Lisp}, help
+	inform and educate Lisp users in general, and help represent
+	Lisp users as a group to the vendors.  The ALU holds an annual
+	conference and supports the formation of inter-vendor
+	standards.  ALU has international membership and is
+	incorporated in the US.
+
+	{(http://cs.rochester.edu/u/miller/ALU/home.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} {newsgroups}: {news:comp.org.lisp-users}
+	{news:comp.std.lisp}.
+
+	Mailing list: <alu@ai.sri.com>.
+
+	(1996-12-07)
+
+associative array
+
+	<programming> (Or "hash", "map", "dictionary") An {array}
+	where the {indices} are not just {integers} but may be
+	arbitrary strings.
+
+	{awk} and its descendants (e.g. {Perl}) have associative
+	arrays which are implemented using {hash coding} for faster
+	look-up.
+
+	(2007-10-02)
+
+associative memory
+
+	{content addressable memory}
+
+Associative Memory Parallel Processing Language
+
+	<language> (AMPPL-II) A language from the early 1970s.
+
+	(1995-11-14)
+
+associativity
+
+	<programming> The property of an {operator} that says whether
+	a sequence of three or more expressions combined by the
+	operator will be evaluated from left to right (left
+	associative) or right to left (right associative).  For
+	example, in {Perl}, the {lazy and} operator && is left
+	associative so in the expression:
+
+	  $i >= 0 && $x[$i] >= 0 && $y[$x[$i]] == 0
+
+	the left-most && is evaluated first, whereas = is right
+	associative, so in
+
+	  $a = $b = 42
+
+	the right-most assignment is performed first.
+
+	(2007-06-16)
+
+AST
+
+	<company> 1. {ARI Service}.
+
+	2. {AST Computers, LLC}.
+
+	(2000-03-21)
+
+ASTAP
+
+	{Advanced STatistical Analysis Program}
+
+AST Computers, LLC
+
+	<company> The private company formed in January 1999 when
+	Mr. Beny Alagem, the former chairman of {Packard Bell NEC,
+	Inc.}, bought the name and intellectual property of {AST
+	Research, Inc.}.  AST Computers, LLC provide {hardware,
+	software}, and services for small US businesses.
+
+	{Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.}, of Seoul, Korea, owns a
+	minority stake.
+
+	{(http://ast.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Los Angeles, CA, USA.
+
+	(2000-03-28)
+
+asterisk
+
+	<character> "*" {ASCII} code 42.  Common names include: star;
+	{INTERCAL}: {splat}; {ITU-T}: asterisk.  Rare: {wild card};
+	gear; dingle; mult; spider; aster; times; twinkle; {glob};
+	{Nathan Hale}.
+
+	Commonly used as the multiplication operator and as the
+	{Kleene star}.  Often doubled, as in "x**2", to mean "to the
+	power".  In {C} and related languages, asterisk is used as the
+	{dereference} operator, "*p" meaning "the thing pointed to by
+	p".
+
+	(2006-09-10)
+
+asterix
+
+	<spelling> Do you mean "{asterisk}" (the star-shaped
+	character), or {Asterix the Gaul
+	(http://webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=asterixwebring&index)},
+	the popular French cartoon by Goscinny and Uderzo?
+
+	(2000-07-26)
+
+Astra Digital Radio
+
+	<audio> {Digital Radio} over satellite, compatible with analog
+	television transmissions.  Alternatively the normal TV
+	subcarriers can be modulated by a {MPEG-1 Layer-2} 48 kHz 192
+	kbps signal.  Quality is better than analog carriers and only
+	needs half the {bandwidth} (analog stereo = 2 carrier, digital
+	stereo = 1 carrier).  Quality is limited and the data rate
+	can't be increased.
+
+	(2001-12-13)
+
+Astral
+
+	<language> A programming language based on {Pascal}, never
+	implemented.
+
+	["ASTRAL: A Structured and Unified Approach to Database Design
+	and Manipulation", T. Amble et al, in Proc of the Database
+	Architecture Conf, Venice, June 1979].
+
+	(2000-01-27)
+
+AST Research, Inc.
+
+	<company> A company, formed some time before 1980, that was a
+	leading {personal computer} manufacturer.  AST developed
+	{desktop computers}, {mobile computers}, and {servers} that
+	were sold in more than 100 countries worldwide.  In January
+	1999 the name and intellectual property were acquired by a new
+	company named {AST Computers, LLC}.  As of 2000-03-02 it was
+	trading as {ARI Service}.
+
+	(2000-03-21)
+
+asymmetrical modulation
+
+	<communications> A scheme to maximise use of a communications
+	line by giving a larger share of the {bandwidth} to the
+	{modem} at the end which is transmitting the most information.
+
+	Only one end of the connection has full bandwidth, the other
+	has only a fraction of the bandwidth.  Normally, which end
+	gets the full bandwidth is chosen dynamically.
+
+	Asymmetrical modulation was made famous by the {HST} mode of
+	the early high-speed modems from {US Robotics}.
+
+	(1998-03-13)
+
+Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
+
+	<communications, protocol> (ADSL, or Asymmetric Digital
+	Subscriber Loop) A form of {Digital Subscriber Line} in which
+	the bandwidth available for {downstream} connection is
+	significantly larger then for {upstream}.  Although designed
+	to minimise the effect of {crosstalk} between the upstream and
+	downstream channels this setup is well suited for {web
+	browsing} and {client}-{server} applications as well as for
+	some emerging applications such as {video on demand}.
+
+	The data-rate of ADSL strongly depends on the length and
+	quality of the line connecting the end-user to the telephone
+	company.  Typically the upstream data flow is between 16 and
+	640 {kilobits} per second while the downstream data flow is
+	between 1.5 and 9 {megabits} per second.  ADSL also provides a
+	voice channel.
+
+	ADSL can carry digital data, analog voice, and broadcast
+	{MPEG2} video in a variety of implementations to meet customer
+	needs.
+
+	["Data Cooks, But Will Vendors Get Burned?", "Supercomm
+	Spotlight On ADSL" & "Lucent Sells Paradine", Wilson & Carol,
+	Inter@ctive Week Vol. 3 #13, p1 & 6, June 24 1996].
+
+	See also {Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation}, {Discrete
+	MultiTone}.
+
+	{ADSL Forum (http://adsl.com/)}.
+
+	(1998-05-18)
+
+Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop
+
+	{Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line}
+
+asynchronous
+
+	<architecture> Not synchronised by a shared signal such as
+	{clock} or {semaphore}, proceeding independently.
+
+	Opposite: {synchronous}.
+
+	1. <operating system> A {process} in a {multitasking} system
+	whose execution can proceed independently, "in the
+	{background}".  Other processes may be started before the
+	asynchronous process has finished.
+
+	2. <communications> A communications system in which data
+	transmission may start at any time and is indicated by a
+	{start bit}, e.g. {EIA-232}.  A data {byte} (or other element
+	defined by the {protocol}) ends with a {stop bit}.  A
+	continuous marking condition (identical to stop bits but not
+	quantized in time), is then maintained until data resumes.
+
+	(1995-12-08)
+
+Asynchronous Balanced Mode
+
+	<protocol> A communication mode of {HDLC} and derivative
+	{protocols}, supporting {peer-oriented} {point-to-point}
+	communications between two {nodes}, where either node can
+	initiate transmission.
+
+	(1997-05-07)
+
+Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter
+
+	<communications, hardware> (ACIA) A kind of {integrated
+	circuit} that provides data formatting and control to {EIA-232}
+	serial interfaces.
+
+	[Is this the same as a {UART}?]
+
+	(1997-05-07)
+
+asynchronous logic
+
+	<architecture> A {data-driven} circuit design technique where,
+	instead of the components sharing a common {clock} and
+	exchanging data on clock edges, data is passed on as soon as
+	it is available.  This removes the need to distribute a common
+	clock signal throughout the circuit with acceptable {clock
+	skew}.  It also helps to reduce power dissipation in {CMOS}
+	circuits because {gates} only switch when they are doing
+	useful work rather than on every clock edge.
+
+	There are many kinds of asynchronous logic.  Data signals may
+	use either "dual rail encoding" or "data bundling".  Each dual
+	rail encoded {Boolean} is implemented as two wires.  This
+	allows the value and the timing information to be communicated
+	for each data bit.  Bundled data has one wire for each data
+	bit and another for timing.  Level sensitive circuits
+	typically represent a logic one by a high voltage and a logic
+	zero by a low voltage whereas transition signalling uses a
+	change in the signal level to convey information.  A speed
+	independent design is tolerant to variations in gate speeds
+	but not to propagation delays in wires; a delay insensitive
+	circuit is tolerant to variations in wire delays as well.
+
+	The purest form of circuit is delay-insensitive and uses
+	dual-rail encoding with transition signalling.  A transition
+	on one wire indicates the arrival of a zero, a transition on
+	the other the arrival of a one.  The levels on the wires are
+	of no significance.  Such an approach enables the design of
+	fully delay-insensitive circuits and automatic layout as the
+	delays introduced by the layout compiler can't affect the
+	functionality (only the performance).  Level sensitive designs
+	can use simpler, stateless logic gates but require a "return
+	to zero" phase in each transition.
+
+	{(http://cs.man.ac.uk/amulet/async/)}.
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+Asynchronous Transfer Mode
+
+	<communications> (ATM, or "fast packet") A method for the
+	dynamic allocation of {bandwidth} using a fixed-size {packet}
+	(called a cell).
+
+	See also {ATM Forum}, {Wideband ATM}.
+
+	{ATM acronyms
+	(http://atmforum.com/atmforum/acronym_index.html)}.
+
+	{Indiana acronyms
+	(http://cell-relay.indiana.edu/cell-relay/FAQ/ATM-Acronyms.html)}.
+
+	[More detail?  Data rate(s)?]
+
+	(1996-04-01)
+
+asyncronous
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{asynchronous}".
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+AT
+
+	{IBM PC AT}
+
+at
+
+	1. <character> {commercial at}.
+
+	2. <networking> The {country code} for Austria.
+
+AT-3
+
+	<language> The original name of {MATH-MATIC}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 135].
+
+	(2000-02-24)
+
+ATA
+
+	{Advanced Technology Attachment}
+
+ATA-2
+
+	{Advanced Technology Attachment Interface with Extensions}
+
+ATA-4
+
+	<storage> /ul'tr* D M A/ (Or "Ultra DMA", "UDMA", "Ultra-ATA",
+	"Ultra-DMA/33") A development of the {Advanced Technology
+	Attachment} specifications which gives nearly twice the
+	maximum transfer speed of the {ATA-3} standard ({PIO} Mode 4).
+
+	ATA-4 Extensions Ultra DMA/33 Synchronous DMA Mode maximum
+	burst transfer rates:
+
+		Mode 	Cycle Time 	Transfer Rate
+			ns		MB/s
+		0 	235 		16
+		1 	160 		24
+		2 	120 		33
+
+	This is achieved by improving timing windows in the {protocol}
+	on the ATA interface; reducing propagation delays by
+	{pipelining} data transfers and transferring data in
+	{synchronous} (strobed) mode.
+
+	Developed by {Quantum Corporation}, ATA-4 has been freely
+	licensed to manufacturers and is supported by {Intel
+	Corporation}.
+
+	(1998-09-30)
+
+Atanasoff-Berry Computer
+
+	<computer> (ABC) An early design for a binary calculator, one
+	of the predecessors of the {digital computer}.  The ABC was
+	partially constructed between 1937 and 1942 by Dr. {John
+	Vincent Atanasoff} and Clifford Berry at {Iowa State College}.
+	As well as {binary} arithmetic, it incorporated {regenerative
+	memory}, {parallel processing}, and separation of memory and
+	computing functions.
+
+	The electronic parts were mounted on a rotating drum, making
+	it hybrid electronic/electromechanical.  It was designed to
+	handle only a single type of mathematical problem and was not
+	automated.  The results of a single calculation cycle had to
+	be retrieved by a human operator, and fed back into the
+	machine with all new instructions, to perform complex
+	operations.  It lacked any serious form of logical control or
+	{conditional} statements.
+
+	Atanasoff's patent application was denied because he never
+	have a completed, working product.  Ideas from the ABC were
+	used in the design of {ENIAC} (1943-1946).
+
+	{(http://cs.iastate.edu/jva/jva-archive.shtml)}.
+
+	(2003-09-28)
+
+Atanasoff, John Vincent
+
+	{John Vincent Atanasoff}
+
+ATAPI
+
+	{AT Attachment Packet Interface}
+
+ATA point
+
+	<unit, text> (Or "Anglo-Saxon point") One of the two most
+	common variants of the {point}, equal to 0.3514598 mm, or
+	0.0138366 inch, or 1/72.272 inch.  The ATA point is used on
+	the island of the United Kingdom and on the American
+	continent.
+
+	[What point do they use in Ireland?]
+
+	(2002-03-11)
+
+Atari
+
+	<company, computer> A maker of arcade games, home video game
+	systems, and home computers, especially during the 1970s and
+	1980s.  Atari are best known for their range of 16- and 32-bit
+	{microcomputers}, notable for having a built-in {MIDI}
+	interface.  As of February 1994 the range included the Atari
+	520ST, 1040ST, Mega ST, STe, STacy, Mega STe, TT, and Falcon.
+	There are also emulators that run on the Apple {Macintosh} and
+	{IBM PC}/XT/AT.
+
+	Atari ceased to be a separate company in 1996 when merged with
+	{JTS}.  In 1998, JTS sold the Atari assets to Hasbro.  In
+	2001, {Infogrames} North America operations officially changed
+	their name to Atari.
+
+	{(http://atarigames.com/)}.
+
+	{Usenet newsgroups}: {news:comp.binaries.atari.st},
+	{news:comp.sys.atari.st.tech}, {news:comp.sources.atari.st},
+	{news:comp.sys.atari.st}, {news:comp.sys.atari.advocacy},
+	{news:comp.sys.atari.programmer}.
+
+	{Michigan U (ftp://atari.archive.umich.edu)}, {UK
+	(ftp://micros.hensa.ac.uk/)}, {Germany
+	(ftp://ftp.Germany.EU.net)} [192.76.144.75], {Netherlands
+	(ftp://ftp.cs.ruu.nl/)} [131.211.80.17], {UK
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/systems/atari/umich)}.
+
+	(2008-07-23)
+
+Atari ST
+
+	<computer> A {personal computer} released by {Atari} in 1985.
+	The "ST" stands for "Sixteen/Thirty-two", from the {Motorola
+	68000}'s 16-bit {external bus} and 32-bit processor.  The
+	original 520ST model had an external {floppy drive} and power
+	supply whereas the 1040ST had them built-in.  The 520 and
+	later 520STFM came with 512 KB of {RAM}, the 1040 had 1 MB.
+	Several upgraded models followed, up to the 1993 {Motorola
+	68030} based {Falcon}.
+
+	The ST was the first home computer with built-in {MIDI ports}
+	and plenty of MIDI software.  A wide range of other software
+	from office to games was also available.
+
+	(2006-10-30)
+
+AT Attachment
+
+	{Advanced Technology Attachment}
+
+AT Attachment Packet Interface
+
+	<storage> (ATAPI) Part of the {EIDE} interface that provides
+	additional commands to control a {CD-ROM} drive or {magnetic
+	tape}.
+
+	[Winn L. Rosch "The Winn L. Rosch Hardware Bible"
+	(Third Edition), Sams Publishing, 1994].
+
+	(1998-11-01)
+
+AT bus architecture
+
+	{Industry Standard Architecture}
+
+AtFS
+
+	{Attributed File System}
+
+Athena
+
+	{Project Athena}
+
+Atherton Technology
+
+	<company> The comapny that developed the {Software BackPlane}
+	{CASE} framework.  Their {Atherton Tool Integration Services}
+	were the basis for the ATIS standard.
+
+	(2000-02-24)
+
+Athlon
+
+	<hardware> (K7) {AMD}'s 7th generation {x86} {processor},
+	released in June 1999.
+
+	Athlon uses a {Slot A} {motherboard} and is not compatible
+	with {Slot 1} motherboards.
+
+	[Details?  Reference?]
+
+	(1999-08-05)
+
+ATIS
+
+	{A Tools Integration Standard}
+
+ATK
+
+	{Andrew Toolkit}
+
+ATLAS
+
+	{Abbreviated Test Language for Avionics Systems}
+
+Atlas Autocode
+
+	<language> The {Autocode} for the {Ferranti} {Atlas}, which
+	may have been the first commercial computer with
+	{hardware-paged} {virtual memory}.  Whereas other {autocodes}
+	were basically {assembly languages}, Atlas Autocode was
+	high-level and {block-structured}, resembling a cross between
+	{Fortran} and {ALGOL 60}.  It had {call-by value}, {loops},
+	{declarations}, {complex numbers}, {pointers}, {heap} and
+	{stack} storage generators, {dynamic arrays}, and extensible
+	{syntax}.
+
+	(2000-04-03)
+
+ATM
+
+	1. <communications> {Asynchronous Transfer Mode}.
+
+	2. Automatic Teller Machine - a cash dispenser.
+
+	3. <chat> At the moment.
+
+	4. <text> {Adobe Type Manager}.
+
+ATM Forum
+
+	<networking, body> An international non-profit arganisation
+	aiming to encourage the user of {Asynchronous Transfer
+	Mode} through {interoperability} specifications and to promote
+	cooperation and awareness.
+
+	The ATM Forum consists of a worldwide Technical Committee,
+	three Marketing Committees for North America, Europe and
+	Asia-Pacific as well as the User Committee, through which ATM
+	end-users participate.
+
+	Worldwide Headquarters: 2570 West El Camino Real, Suite 304
+	Mountain View, CA 94040-1313 USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (650) 949 6700.
+
+	E-mail: ATM Forum <info@atmforum.com>.
+
+	{(http://atmforum.com/)}.
+
+	(1999-06-14)
+
+ATMP
+
+	{Asynchronous Transfer Mode Protocol}?
+
+	(2001-03-03)
+
+atob
+
+	<tool> /A too B/ {Utility software} that converts {ASCII} to
+	{binary}.  The reverse process is {btoa}.
+
+	[Algorithm?]
+
+	(1997-08-08)
+
+ATOLL
+
+	{Acceptance, Test Or Launch Language}
+
+atomic
+
+	<jargon> (From Greek "atomos", indivisible) Indivisible;
+	cannot be split up.
+
+	For example, an instruction may be said to do several things
+	"atomically", i.e. all the things are done immediately, and
+	there is no chance of the instruction being half-completed or
+	of another being interspersed.  Used especially to convey that
+	an operation cannot be interrupted.
+
+	An atomic {data type} has no internal structure visible to the
+	program.  It can be represented by a flat {domain} (all
+	elements are equally defined).  Machine {integers} and
+	{Booleans} are two examples.
+
+	An atomic {database transaction} is one which is guaranteed to
+	complete successfully or not at all.  If an error prevents a
+	partially-performed transaction from proceeding to completion,
+	it must be "backed out" to prevent the database being left in
+	an inconsistent state.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-04-03)
+
+A Tools Integration Standard
+
+	<software, library> (ATIS) An {object-oriented} interface to a
+	set of services that allows the saving, accessing and managing
+	of information in a common repository.  Developed by {Atherton
+	Technology} and {DEC}, based on an extended version of the
+	{Software BackPlane}, proposed as an industry standard.
+
+	(1994-10-25)
+
+ATRAC
+
+	{Adaptive TRansform Acoustic Coding}
+
+ATS
+
+	{Attribute Translation System}
+
+at sign
+
+	{commercial at}
+
+AT&T
+
+	{American Telephone and Telegraph, Inc.}
+
+Attachment Unit Interface
+
+	<networking> (AUI) The part of the {IEEE} {Ethernet}
+	{standard} located between the {MAC}, and the {MAU}.  The AUI
+	is a {transceiver} cable that provides a path between a
+	{node}'s Ethernet interface and the MAU.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+AT&T Bell Labs
+
+	{Bell Laboratories}
+
+attenuation
+
+	<communications> The progressive reduction in {amplitude} of a
+	signal as it travels farther from the point of origin.
+
+	For example, an electric signal's amplitude reduces with
+	distance due to electrical {impedance}.  Attenuation is
+	usually measured in {decibels} [per metre?].
+
+	Attenuation does not imply appreciable modification of the
+	shape of the waveform (distortion), though as the signal
+	amplitude falls the {signal-to-noise ratio} will also fall
+	unless the channel itself is noise free or the signal is
+	amplified at some intermediate point(s) along the channel.
+
+	["Networking Essentials, second edition",
+	Microsoft Corporation, pub. Microsoft Press 1997].
+
+	(2003-07-29)
+
+atto-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+attoparsec
+
+	<unit, humour> About 31 mm (one inch).  "atto-" is the
+	standard {SI} {prefix} for multiplication by 10^-18.  A parsec
+	(parallax-second) is 3.26 light-years; an attoparsec is thus
+	3.26 * 10^-18 light years.  Thus, one attoparsec per
+	{microfortnight} is about one inch per second.
+
+	This unit is reported to be in use (though probably not very
+	seriously) among hackers in the UK.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+attribute
+
+	<data> A named value or relationship that exists for some or
+	all {instances} of some {entity} and is directly associated
+	with that instance.
+
+	Examples include the {href} attribute of an {HTML} {anchor}
+	element, the {columns} of a {database} {table} considered as
+	attributes of each row, and the {members} ({properties} and
+	{methods} of an {object} in {OOP}.  This contrasts with the
+	contents of some kind of container (e.g. an array), which are
+	typically not named.  The contents of an {associative array},
+	though they might be considered to be named by their key
+	values, are not normally thought of as attributes.
+
+	(2001-02-04)
+
+Attributed File System
+
+	<storage> (AtFS) The basis of the {Shape_VC} toolkit.
+
+	Cooperative work within projects is supported by a status
+	model controlling visibility of version objects, locking, and
+	"long transactions" for synchronising concurrent updates.  The
+	concept of object attributes provides a basis for storing
+	management information with versions and passing this
+	information between individual tools.  This mechanism is
+	useful for building integrated environments from a set of
+	unrelated tools.
+
+	(2000-02-24)
+
+Attribute Translation System
+
+	<grammar, tool> (ATS) A {BNF}-based {parser generator} from
+	the {University of Saskatchewan}(?).  ATS generates
+	table-driven {LL1} {parsers} with full {insert-only error
+	recovery}.  It also has full left-attribute semantic handling,
+	which is a dream compared to using {YACC}'s parser actions.
+
+	(2000-04-08)
+
+ATX
+
+	<hardware, standard> An {open} {PC} {motherboard}
+	specification by {Intel}.
+
+	ATX is a development of the {Baby AT} specification with the
+	motherboard rotated 90 degrees in the chassis.  The {CPU} and
+	{SIMM} sockets have been relocated away from the {expansion
+	card} slots meaning that all the slots support full-length
+	cards.  More {I/O} functions are integrated on the
+	motherboard.  As the longer edge of the board is now at the
+	back of the chassis, there is more space for connectors; also,
+	the I/O opening on the back panel of the chassis has been
+	defined as double the previous height, allowing vendors to add
+	extra on-board I/O functions over and above the standard.
+
+	Most {Pentium Pro} boards use this {form factor}.
+
+	As well as the motherboard size, layout, and placement, the
+	ATX specification also includes requirements for power supply
+	and fan specification and location.
+
+	The full size ATX board measures 305mm wide by 244mm deep.
+	There is also a Mini-ATX form factor, 284mm by 208mm.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://developer.intel.com/design/motherbd/atx.htm)}.
+
+	(2001-07-16)
+
+au
+
+	1. <networking> The two character {country code} for Australia
+	used in {Internet} {domain names}.
+
+	2. <filename extension> {audio}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+aubergine
+
+	<jargon> A secret term used to refer to computers in the
+	presence of computerphobic third parties.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+audio
+
+	<file format> Sound, one component of {multimedia}.  Computers
+	(and audio compact discs and digital audio tape) work with
+	{digital audio}, in contrast to vinyl disks or analogue tape.
+
+	(1999-07-30)
+
+audiographics
+
+	{Audiographic Teleconferencing}
+
+audiographic teleconferencing
+
+	<communications> (Or "electronic whiteboarding", "screen
+	sharing") A form of {teleconferencing} in {real time} using
+	both an {audio} and a data connection.  The computer screen is
+	shared by more than one site, and used as an electronic
+	blackboard, overhead projector or still video projector.  Some
+	systems allow for sharing software also.
+
+	(1995-10-06)
+
+Audio IFF
+
+	<file format, music> (AIFF) A format developed by {Apple
+	Computer} Inc. for storing high-quality {digital audio} and
+	musical instrument information.  It is also used by {SGI} and
+	several professional audio packages.
+
+	(1994-10-10)
+
+AudioOne
+
+	<tool, music> Digital recording and editing software developed
+	by {BizTrack Software Development} for the dance, music, and
+	audio industries.  AudioOne includes a waveform recorder that
+	allows signal manipulation, editing, and recording.
+
+	(1996-09-28)
+
+Audio Processing Technology
+
+	<company> (APT) A company that produces {codecs} based on
+	{predictive analysis} rather than {frequency coding}.
+
+	(1996-01-15)
+
+Audio Video Interleave
+
+	<multimedia> (AVI) An {audio}-{video} {standard} designed by
+	{Microsoft}.  Apparently proprietary and {Microsoft
+	Windows}-specific.
+
+	{(http://www2.echo.lu/oii/en/video.html#AVI)}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+Augmented Backus-Naur Form
+
+	<language> An extension of {Backus-Naur Form} documented in
+	{RFC 2234}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+AUI
+
+	1. <tool, product> {Adaptable User Interface}.
+
+	2. <networking> {Attachment Unit Interface}.
+
+A'UM
+
+	<language> A {stream}-based, {concurrent}, {logic},
+	{object-oriented} language by K. Yoshida and Takashi Chikayama
+	<chikayama@klic.org>, built on top of {KL1}.
+
+	["A'UM - A Stream-based Concurrent Logic Object-Oriented
+	Language", K. Yoshida et al, Proc 3rd Intl Conf Fifth Gen
+	Comp Sys, Springer 1988, pp. 638-649].
+
+	(2000-07-16)
+
+AUP
+
+	{acceptable use policy}
+
+Aurora
+
+	["The Aurora Or-Parallel Prolog System", E. Lusk et al, Proc
+	3rd Intl Conf on Fifth Generation Comp Systems, pp. 819-830,
+	ICOT, A-W 1988].
+
+Austin Kyoto Common Lisp
+
+	<language> (AKCL) A collection of ports, bug fixes, and
+	performance improvements to {KCL} by William Schelter
+	<wfs@cli.com>, <wfs@math.utexas.edu>, University of Texas.
+
+	Version 1-615 includes ports to {Decstation} 3100,
+	{HP9000}/300, {i386}/{Sys V}, {IBM-PS2}/{AIX}, {IBM-RT}/{AIX},
+	{SGI}, {Sun-3}/{Sunos} 3 or 4, {Sun-4}, {Sequent Symmetry},
+	{IBM370}/{AIX}, {VAX}/{BSD VAX}/{Ultrix}, {NeXT}.
+
+	{(ftp://rascal.ics.utexas.edu/pub/akcl-1-609.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1992-04-29)
+
+authentication
+
+	<security> The verification of the identity of a person or
+	process.  In a communication system, authentication verifies
+	that messages really come from their stated source, like the
+	signature on a (paper) letter.  The most common form of
+	authentication is typing a user name (which may be widely
+	known or easily guessable) and a corresponding {password} that
+	is presumed to be known only to the individual being
+	authenticated.  Another form of authentication is
+	{biometrics}.
+
+	(2007-02-22)
+
+authoring
+
+	<hypertext> Creating a {hypertext} or {hypermedia} document.
+
+	(1994-11-07)
+
+autobaud
+
+	{automatic baud rate detection}
+
+autobogotiphobia
+
+	{bogotify}
+
+AutoCAD
+
+	<product, tool> A {CAD} {software} package for mechanical
+	engineering, marketed by {Autodesk, Inc.}
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+Autocode
+
+	<language> 1. The {assembly language} accepted by {AUTOCODER}.
+
+	2. A generic term for symbolic {assembly language}.  Versions
+	of Autocode were developed for {Ferranti} {Atlas}, {Titan},
+	{Mercury} and {Pegasus} and {IBM 702} and {IBM 705}.
+
+	(2001-05-14)
+
+AUTOCODER
+
+	<language> Possibly the first primitive {compiler}.  AUTOCODER
+	was written by Alick E. Glennie in 1952.  It translated
+	symbolic statements into {machine language} for the
+	{Manchester Mark I} computer.
+
+	Autocoding later came to be a generic term for {assembly
+	language} programming.
+
+	(1994-11-07)
+
+autoconf
+
+	<software, tool> The {GNU project}'s tool that configures a
+	source code distribution to compile and run on a different
+	platform.
+
+	Among {open source} {hackers}, a mere running {binary} of a
+	program is not considered a full release; what's interesting
+	is a source tree that can be built into binaries using
+	standard tools.  Since the mid-1990s, autoconf, {automake},
+	and {libtools} have been the standard way to make a
+	distribution portable so that it can be built on multiple
+	{operating systems} without change.
+
+	(2002-09-20)
+
+autoconfiscate
+
+	<software, jargon> A term coined by Noah Friedman meaning to
+	set up or modify a {source-code} distribution so that it
+	configures and builds using the {GNU project}'s
+	{autoconf}/automake/libtools suite.
+
+	(2002-09-20)
+
+Autodesk, Inc.
+
+	<company> The distributors of the {AutoCAD} {CAD} package.
+
+	Address: Sausalito, CA, USA.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+AUTOEXEC.BAT
+
+	<operating system> The {batch file} containing commands,
+	loaded by {MS-DOS} after running {CONFIG.SYS}.  AUTOEXEC.BAT
+	contains normal DOS commands and can be used for additional
+	system configuration such as setting paths and variables,
+	configuring network connections and running {application
+	programs}.
+
+	(1995-03-18)
+
+AUTOGRAF
+
+	<tool> A system for describing {bar charts}.
+
+	["User's Manual for AUTOGRAF", Cambridge Computer Assoc, Dec
+	1972].
+
+	(2001-05-14)
+
+AUTOGRP
+
+	{AUTOmated GRouPing system}
+
+Auto Idle
+
+	A facility provided by some {Intel} {clock doubled}
+	{microprocessors} where the internal clock can be slowed to
+	the external {clock rate} while the processor is waiting for
+	data from memory, returning to full speed as soon as the data
+	arrives.
+
+	See also {System Management Mode}.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+Autolisp
+
+	<language> A dialect of {Lisp} used by the {Autocad} {CAD}
+	package from {Autodesk}.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+autoloader
+
+	{stack loader}
+
+automagically
+
+	<jargon> /aw-toh-maj'i-klee/ or /aw-toh-maj'i-k*l-ee/
+	Automatically, but in a way that, for some reason (typically
+	because it is too complicated, or too ugly, or perhaps even
+	too trivial), the speaker doesn't feel like explaining to you.
+
+	E.g. "The C-INTERCAL compiler generates C, then automagically
+	invokes {cc} to produce an executable."
+
+	See {magic}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-05-18)
+
+automata
+
+	{automaton}
+
+automata theory
+
+	{automaton}
+
+Automated Engineering Design
+
+	<language> (AED) (Or "ALGOL Extended for Design") A systems
+	language for the {IBM 7090} and {IBM 360} developed at {MIT}
+	System Laboratory ca. 1965 by a team led by Douglas T. Ross
+	(now at {Softech}).  AED is an extension of {ALGOL 60} with
+	{records} ("plexes"), pointers, and {dynamic allocation}.
+	{DYNAMO II} was written in AED, as was the first {BCPL}
+	{compiler}.
+
+	Versions: AED-0, AED-1, AED-JR.
+
+	["The Automated Engineering Design (AED) Approach to
+	Generalized Computer-Aided Design", D.T. Ross, Proc ACM 22nd
+	Natl Conf, 1967].
+
+	[Sammet 1969 and 1978].
+
+	(1995-03-26)
+
+AUTOmated GRouPing system
+
+	<tool, mathematics> (AUTOGRP) An interactive statistical
+	analysis system, an extension of {CML}.
+
+	["AUTOGRP: An Interactive Computer System for the Analysis of
+	Health Care Data", R.E. Mills et al, Medical Care 14(7), Jul
+	1976].
+
+	(1994-11-07)
+
+Automated Retroactive Minimal Moderation
+
+	<messaging> (ARMM) A {Usenet} robot created by Dick Depew of
+	Munroe Falls, Ohio.  ARMM was intended to automatically cancel
+	posts from anonymous-posting sites.  Unfortunately, the
+	robot's recogniser for anonymous postings triggered on its own
+	automatically-generated control messages!  Transformed by this
+	stroke of programming ineptitude into a monster of
+	Frankensteinian proportions, it broke loose on the night of
+	1993-03-31 and proceeded to {spam} {news:news.admin.policy}
+	with a recursive explosion of over 200 messages.
+
+	Reactions varied from amusement to outrage.  The pathological
+	messages crashed at least one mail system, and upset people
+	paying line charges for their {Usenet} feeds.  One poster
+	described the ARMM debacle as "instant {Usenet} history" (also
+	establishing the term {despew}), and it has since been widely
+	cited as a cautionary example of the havoc the combination of
+	good intentions and incompetence can wreak on a network.
+
+	Compare {Great Worm}; {sorcerer's apprentice mode}.  See also
+	{software laser}, {network meltdown}.
+
+	(1996-01-08)
+
+automated testing
+
+	<testing> Software testing assisted with software tools
+	that require no operator input, analysis, or evaluation.
+
+	(2001-05-20)
+
+AUTOMATH
+
+	<language, mathematics> A very high level language for writing
+	proofs, from Eindhoven, Netherlands.
+
+	["The Mathematical Language AUTOMATH, Its Usage and Some of
+	its Extensions", N.G. deBruijn, in Symp on Automatic
+	Demonstration, LNM 125, Springer 1970].
+
+	(2001-07-09)
+
+Automatically Programmed Tools
+
+	<language> (APT) A language for numerically controlled machine
+	tools.
+
+	Versions: APT II (IBM 704, 1958), APT III (IBM 7090, 1961).
+
+	["APT Part Programming", McGraw-Hill].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 605].
+
+	(1995-05-04)
+
+automatic baud rate detection
+
+	<communications> (ABR, autobaud) A process by which a
+	receiving device determines the speed, {code level}, and {stop
+	bits} of incoming data by examining the first character,
+	usually a preselected sign-on character.  ABR allows the
+	receiving device to accept data from a variety of transmitting
+	devices operating at different speeds without needing to
+	establish data rates in advance.
+
+	(1996-06-18)
+
+automatic hyphenation
+
+	<text> A feature of some {word processors} which can insert
+	{hyphens} into words which would otherwise extend beyond the
+	right hand margin of the page.
+
+	More advanced word processors may have options to control the
+	position of the hyphen, to restrict certain words from being
+	hyphenated, and to allow custom dictionaries of hyphenation
+	points to be built up.
+
+	(1996-08-02)
+
+Automatic Mathematical TRANslation
+
+	<mathematics, tool> (AMTRAN) A system developed by NASA in
+	Huntsville in 1966 for the {IBM 1620}, based on the
+	{Culler-Fried} System.  It required a special terminal.
+
+	["AMTRAN: An Interactive Computing System", J. Reinfelds, Proc
+	FJCC 37:537- 542, AFIPS (Fall 1970)].
+
+	(1995-11-14)
+
+Automatic Network Routing
+
+	<protocol> (ANR) A {source routing protocol} used to route
+	{LU6.2} session and control traffic from {node} to node
+	through a {High Performance Routing} network or {subnet}.  ANR
+	operates at the lower end of the {SNA} {Path Control layer}.
+
+	[Relationship to {OS/390}?]
+
+	(1997-05-08)
+
+Automatic Number Identification
+
+	<communications> (ANI) A service that tells the recipient of a
+	telephone call the telephone number of the person making the
+	call.  This number can be passed to computer equipment to
+	automatically retrieve associated information about the caller,
+	i.e. account status, billing records, etc.
+
+	See {CTI}.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+Automatic Repeat Request
+
+	<communications> (ARQ) A {modem} error control {protocol} in
+	which the receiver asks the transmitter to resend corrupted
+	data.
+
+	(1995-11-14)
+
+Automatic Send Receive
+
+	<hardware> (ASR) Part of a designation for a hard-copy
+	{terminal}, manufactured by {Teletype Corporation}, which
+	could be commanded remotely to send the contents of its {paper
+	tape} reader.  The ASR-33 was the most common {minicomputer}
+	terminal in the early 1970s.
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
+
+	{Mark 1}
+
+automation
+
+	Automatic, as opposed to human, operation or control of a
+	process, equipment or a system; or the techniques and
+	equipment used to achieve this.  Most often applied to
+	computer (or at least electronic) control of a manufacturing
+	process.
+
+	See also {design automation}, {office automation},
+	{manularity}, {Manufacturing Automation Protocol}, {PEARL},
+	{QBE}.
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+Automatische Rechenplanfertigung
+
+	<language> A programming language published in 1952 by Heinz
+	Rutishauser (1918-70).
+
+	[Features?]
+
+	(2001-07-09)
+
+automaton
+
+	<robotics, mathematics, algorithm> (Plural automata) A
+	machine, {robot}, or {formal system} designed to follow a
+	precise sequence of instructions.
+
+	Automata theory, the invention and study of automata, includes
+	the study of the capabilities and limitations of computing
+	processes, the manner in which systems receive input, process
+	it, and produce output, and the relationships between
+	behavioural theories and the operation and use of automated
+	devices.
+
+	See also {cellular automaton}, {finite state machine}.
+
+	(1996-04-23)
+
+Automatrix, Inc.
+
+	<company> The company which produced {CAM-PC}.
+
+	Address: Ballston Spa, NY, USA.
+
+	{(http://automatrix.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+Autonomous System
+
+	<networking, routing> (AS) A collection of {routers} under a
+	single administrative authority, using a common {Interior
+	Gateway Protocol} for routing {packets}.
+
+	(2001-09-16)
+
+Autonomous System Number
+
+	<networking, routing> (ASN) Used for {routing} on the
+	{Internet}.
+
+	[Does each ASN uniquely identify an {Autonomous System}?]
+
+	(2001-09-16)
+
+Autopass
+
+	<programming>
+
+	["Autopass: An Automatic Programming System for
+	Computer-Controlled Mechanical Assembly", L.I. Lieberman et
+	al, IBM J Res Dev 21(4):321-333, 1979].
+
+	(2001-09-16)
+
+autopilot code
+
+	<jargon, humour> {Code} that was written by a programmer on
+	"auto-pilot" who wasn't really thinking about what they were
+	doing.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2014-08-21)
+
+autoprojector
+
+	<theory> A self-applicable {partial evaluator}.
+
+	(2001-09-16)
+
+AUTO-PROMPT
+
+	<language> A {numerical control} language from {IBM} for {3D}
+	milling.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.606].
+
+	(2001-09-25)
+
+Autostat
+
+	<language> A language for statistical programming.
+
+	["Autostat: A Language for Statistical Programming",
+	A.S. Douglas et al, Computer J 3:61, 1960].
+
+	(2001-09-25)
+
+autostereogram
+
+	{SIRDS}
+
+A/UX
+
+	<operating system> (Apple's UniX) {Apple}'s first version of
+	{Unix} for {Macintosh} computers.  A/UX merges the {Macintosh
+	Finder} ({GUI}) with a Unix core, offering functions from both
+	systems.  It will run on some late-model {Motorola 68000}
+	Macs, but not on the {Power Mac}.
+
+	A/UX is based on {AT&T} Unix {System V}.2.2 with numerous
+	extensions from V.3, V.4 and {BSD} 4.2/4.3.  It also provides
+	full {POSIX} compliance.
+
+	A/UX 3.x.x incorporates {System 7} for the Macintosh, thus
+	supporting the vast majority of Macintosh {applications}.
+	System 7 and Unix are fully integrated under A/UX 3.x.x with
+	the Unix file system being seen as a disk drive by the Finder.
+
+	{jagubox's A/UX Home Page
+	(http://jagubox.gsfc.nasa.gov/aux/Info/FAQ.auxl)}.
+
+	(1997-12-13)
+
+auxiliary storage
+
+	<storage> An obsolete term for a {hard disk} {drive}.
+
+	(1997-04-14)
+
+av
+
+	{avatar}
+
+availability
+
+	<systems> The degree to which a system suffers degradation or
+	interruption in its service to the customer as a consequence of
+	failures of one or more of its parts.
+
+	One of the components of {RAS}.
+
+	(2000-08-13)
+
+Avalon/C++
+
+	<language, parallel> A {concurrent} extension of {C++} with
+	servers and transactions developed in 1986 for
+	{fault-tolerant} {distributed} systems.  Avalon/C++ was
+	influenced by {Argus}.
+
+	["Camelot and Avalon: A Distributed Transaction Facility",
+	J.L. Eppinger et al, Morgan Kaufmann 1990].
+
+	(2002-01-13)
+
+Avalon/Common LISP
+
+	<language> A {LISP} dialect available as a prototype only.
+
+	["Reliable Distributed Computing with Avalon/Common LISP",
+	S.M. Clamen et al, CMU-CS-89-186 and Proc Intl Conf on
+	Computer Languages, Mar 1990].
+
+	(2002-02-03)
+
+avatar
+
+	1. <chat, virtual reality> An {image} representing a user in a
+	multi-user {virtual reality} (or VR-like, in the case of
+	{Palace}) space.
+
+	2. (CMU, Tektronix) {root}, {superuser}.  There are quite a
+	few {Unix} computers on which the name of the superuser
+	account is "avatar" rather than "root".  This quirk was
+	originated by a {CMU} hacker who disliked the term
+	"superuser", and was propagated through an ex-CMU hacker at
+	{Tektronix}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-09-14)
+
+AVC
+
+	{H.264}
+
+average seek time
+
+	<storage> The {mean} time it takes to move the {head} of a
+	{disk drive} from one {track} to another, averaged over the
+	source and destination cylinders.  Usually measured in
+	{milliseconds} (ms).
+
+	The average seek time gives a good measure of the speed of the
+	drive in a multi-user environment where successive read/write
+	request are largely uncorrelated.
+
+	Ten ms is common for a {hard disk} and 200 ms for an
+	eight-speed {CD-ROM}.
+
+	(2007-03-16)
+
+AverStar
+
+	<company> The US software engineering company that developed
+	{Hal}, under their former name, "Intermetrics".  Other
+	products include {CS-4}, {Red}, {Mwave Developers Toolkit}
+	({multimedia} for {IBM PC}), {cross-compilers} for {C} and
+	{C++}; {Ada '83}, {Ada 95}, and {SAMeDL}.  AverStar also
+	supply {client/server} systems; custom software applications
+	and {turnkey} systems; independent verification and
+	validation; {CAE} integration technology; languages and
+	compilers: {Ada}, {C}, {C++}, {HDLs} ({MHDL}), {Modula},
+	{SPL/1}.
+
+	Address: Intermetrics, Inc., 733 Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA
+	02138, USA.  Telephone: +1 (617) 661 1840.  Fax: +1 (617) 868
+	2843.
+
+	Address: 7918 Jones Branch Drive, McLean, Va 22102, USA.
+	Telephone: +1 (703) 827-2606.  Fax: +1 (703) 827-5560.
+
+	Also Houston, TX, Huntington Beach, CA, Warminster, PA, and
+	others.
+
+	{AverStar Home (http://averstar.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-02-17)
+
+AVI
+
+	{Audio Video Interleave}
+
+Avon
+
+	<language> A {dataflow} language.
+
+	["AVON: A Dataflow Language", A. Deb, ICS 87, Second Intl Conf
+	on Supercomputing, v.3, pp.9-19, ISI 1987].
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+AVS
+
+	{Application Visualisation System}
+
+aw
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Aruba.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+AWE
+
+	{Advanced WavEffect}
+
+AWG
+
+	{American Wire Gauge}
+
+awk
+
+	1. <tool, language> (Named from the authors' initials) An
+	interpreted language included with many versions of {Unix} for
+	massaging text data, developed by Alfred Aho, Peter Weinberger,
+	and Brian Kernighan in 1978.  It is characterised by {C}-like
+	syntax, declaration-free variables, {associative arrays}, and
+	field-oriented text processing.
+
+	There is a {GNU} version called {gawk} and other varients
+	including {bawk}, {mawk}, {nawk}, {tawk}.  {Perl} was inspired
+	in part by awk but is much more powerful.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: awk(1).
+
+	{netlib WWW
+	(http://plan9.att.com/netlib/research/index.html)}.  {netlib
+	FTP (ftp://netlib.att.com/netlib/research/)}.
+
+	["The AWK Programming Language" A. Aho, B. Kernighan,
+	P. Weinberger, A-W 1988].
+
+	2. <jargon> An expression which is awkward to manipulate
+	through normal {regexp} facilities, for example, one
+	containing a {newline}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-10-06)
+
+AWT
+
+	{Abstract Window Toolkit}
+
+aXe
+
+	<tool> A {text editor} for the {X Window System}.  No longer
+	maintained.
+
+	(1998-03-13)
+
+AXIOM
+
+	<language> A commercially available subset of the
+	{Scratchpad}, {symbolic mathematics} system from {IBM}.
+
+	["Axiom - The Scientific Computing System", R. Jenks et al,
+	Springer 1992].
+
+	[Relationship with {AXIOM*}?]
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+axiom
+
+	<logic> A {well-formed formula} which is taken to be true
+	without proof in the construction of a {theory}.
+
+	Compare: {lemma}.
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+AXIOM*
+
+	<mathematics, tool> A {symbolic mathematics} system.
+
+	{A#} is one component of AXIOM*.
+
+	Version: 2.
+
+	[Relationship with {AXIOM}?]
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+Axiomatic Architecture Description Language
+
+	<language, architecture, parallel> (AADL) A language allowing
+	concise modular specification of {multiprocessor}
+	architectures from the compiler/operating-system interface
+	level down to chip level.  AADL is rich enough to specify
+	target architectures while providing a concise model for
+	clocked {microarchitectures}.
+
+	["AADL: A Net-Based Specification Method for Computer
+	Architecture Design", W. Damm et al in Languages for Parallel
+	Architectures, J.W. deBakker ed, Wiley, 1989].
+
+	(2003-06-30)
+
+axiomatic semantics
+
+	<theory> A set of assertions about properties of a system and
+	how they are effected by program execution.  The axiomatic
+	semantics of a program could include pre- and post-conditions
+	for operations.  In particular if you view the program as a
+	state transformer (or collection of state transformers), the
+	axiomatic semantics is a set of invariants on the state which
+	the state transformer satisfies.
+
+	E.g. for a function with the type:
+
+		sort_list :: [T] -> [T]
+
+	we might give the precondition that the argument of the
+	function is a list, and a postcondition that the return value
+	is a list that is sorted.
+
+	One interesting use of axiomatic semantics is to have a
+	language that has a {finitely computable} sublanguage that is
+	used for specifying pre and post conditions, and then have the
+	compiler prove that the program will satisfy those conditions.
+
+	See also {operational semantics}, {denotational semantics}.
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+axiomatic set theory
+
+	<theory> One of several approaches to {set theory}, consisting
+	of a {formal language} for talking about sets and a collection
+	of {axioms} describing how they behave.
+
+	There are many different {axiomatisations} for set theory.
+	Each takes a slightly different approach to the problem of
+	finding a theory that captures as much as possible of the
+	intuitive idea of what a set is, while avoiding the
+	{paradoxes} that result from accepting all of it, the most
+	famous being {Russell's paradox}.
+
+	The main source of trouble in naive set theory is the idea
+	that you can specify a set by saying whether each object in
+	the universe is in the "set" or not.  Accordingly, the most
+	important differences between different axiomatisations of set
+	theory concern the restrictions they place on this idea (known
+	as "comprehension").
+
+	{Zermelo Fränkel set theory}, the most commonly used
+	axiomatisation, gets round it by (in effect) saying that you can
+	only use this principle to define subsets of existing sets.
+
+	NBG (von Neumann-Bernays-Goedel) set theory sort of allows
+	comprehension for all {formulae} without restriction, but
+	distinguishes between two kinds of set, so that the sets
+	produced by applying comprehension are only second-class sets.
+	NBG is exactly as powerful as ZF, in the sense that any
+	statement that can be formalised in both theories is a theorem
+	of ZF if and only if it is a theorem of ZFC.
+
+	MK (Morse-Kelley) set theory is a strengthened version of NBG,
+	with a simpler axiom system.  It is strictly stronger than
+	NBG, and it is possible that NBG might be consistent but MK
+	inconsistent.
+
+	{NF (http://math.boisestate.edu/~holmes/holmes/nf.html)} ("New
+	Foundations"), a theory developed by Willard Van Orman Quine,
+	places a very different restriction on comprehension: it only
+	works when the formula describing the membership condition for
+	your putative set is "stratified", which means that it could
+	be made to make sense if you worked in a system where every
+	set had a level attached to it, so that a level-n set could
+	only be a member of sets of level n+1.  (This doesn't mean
+	that there are actually levels attached to sets in NF).  NF is
+	very different from ZF; for instance, in NF the universe is a
+	set (which it isn't in ZF, because the whole point of ZF is
+	that it forbids sets that are "too large"), and it can be
+	proved that the {Axiom of Choice} is false in NF!
+
+	ML ("Modern Logic") is to NF as NBG is to ZF.  (Its name
+	derives from the title of the book in which Quine introduced
+	an early, defective, form of it).  It is stronger than ZF (it
+	can prove things that ZF can't), but if NF is consistent then
+	ML is too.
+
+	(2003-09-21)
+
+Axiom of Choice
+
+	<logic> (AC, or "Choice") An {axiom} of {set theory}:
+
+	If X is a set of sets, and S is the union of all the elements
+	of X, then there exists a function f:X -> S such that for all
+	non-empty x in X, f(x) is an element of x.
+
+	In other words, we can always choose an element from each set
+	in a set of sets, simultaneously.
+
+	Function f is a "choice function" for X - for each x in X, it
+	chooses an element of x.
+
+	Most people's reaction to AC is: "But of course that's true!
+	From each set, just take the element that's biggest,
+	stupidest, closest to the North Pole, or whatever".  Indeed,
+	for any {finite} set of sets, we can simply consider each set
+	in turn and pick an arbitrary element in some such way.  We
+	can also construct a choice function for most simple {infinite
+	sets} of sets if they are generated in some regular way.
+	However, there are some infinite sets for which the
+	construction or specification of such a choice function would
+	never end because we would have to consider an infinite number
+	of separate cases.
+
+	For example, if we express the {real number} line R as the
+	union of many "copies" of the {rational numbers}, Q, namely Q,
+	Q+a, Q+b, and infinitely (in fact uncountably) many more,
+	where a, b, etc. are {irrational numbers} no two of which
+	differ by a rational, and
+
+	  Q+a == {q+a : q in Q}
+
+	we cannot pick an element of each of these "copies" without
+	AC.
+
+	An example of the use of AC is the theorem which states that
+	the {countable} union of countable sets is countable.  I.e. if
+	X is countable and every element of X is countable (including
+	the possibility that they're finite), then the sumset of X is
+	countable.  AC is required for this to be true in general.
+
+	Even if one accepts the axiom, it doesn't tell you how to
+	construct a choice function, only that one exists.  Most
+	mathematicians are quite happy to use AC if they need it, but
+	those who are careful will, at least, draw attention to the
+	fact that they have used it.  There is something a little odd
+	about Choice, and it has some alarming consequences, so
+	results which actually "need" it are somehow a bit suspicious,
+	e.g. the {Banach-Tarski paradox}.  On the other side, consider
+	{Russell's Attic}.
+
+	AC is not a {theorem} of {Zermelo Fränkel set theory} (ZF).
+	Gödel and Paul Cohen proved that AC is independent of ZF,
+	i.e. if ZF is consistent, then so are ZFC (ZF with AC) and
+	ZF(~C) (ZF with the negation of AC).  This means that we
+	cannot use ZF to prove or disprove AC.
+
+	(2003-07-11)
+
+Axiom of Comprehension
+
+	<logic> An {axiom schema} of {set theory} which states:
+	if P(x) is a {property} then
+
+		{x : P}
+
+	is a set.  I.e. all the things with some property form a set.
+
+	Acceptance of this axiom leads to {Russell's Paradox} which is
+	why {Zermelo set theory} replaces it with a restricted form.
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+axiom schema
+
+	<logic> A {formula} in the language of an {axiomatic system},
+	containing one or more.  These {metasyntactic variables} (or
+	"{schematic variables}") that stand for terms or subformulae.
+	An example is the {Axiom of Comprehension}.
+
+	(2009-02-10)
+
+AXLE
+
+	<language> An early {string processing} language in which a
+	program consists of an "assertion table" specifying patterns
+	and an "imperative table" specifying replacements.
+
+	["AXLE: An Axiomatic Language for String Transformations",
+	K. Cohen et al, CACM 8(11):657-661, Nov 1965].
+
+	(2009-02-10)
+
+ayacc
+
+	A {Yacc}-like {parser generator} from the {Irvine Research
+	Unit in Software} written in {Ada} that produce {Ada} output.
+	Comes with {aflex}.
+
+	Version 1.2a.
+
+	{(ftp://liege.ics.uci.edu/pub/irus/aflex-ayacc_1.2a.tar.Z)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <irus-software-request@ics.uci.edu>.
+
+	(1993-01-06)
+
+AYT
+
+	<chat> Are you there?
+
+	(1996-03-09)
+
+az
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Azerbaijan.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+AZERTY
+
+	{QWERTY}
+
+B
+
+	1. {byte}.
+
+	2. <language> A systems language written by {Ken Thompson} in
+	1970 mostly for his own use under {Unix} on the {PDP-11}.  B
+	was later improved by Kerninghan(?) and Ritchie to produce
+	{C}.  B was used as the systems language on {Honeywell}'s
+	{GCOS-3}.
+
+	B was, according to Ken, greatly influenced by {BCPL}, but the
+	name B had nothing to do with BCPL.  B was in fact a revision
+	of an earlier language, {bon}, named after Ken Thompson's
+	wife, Bonnie.
+
+	["The Programming Language B", S.C. Johnson & B.W. Kernighan,
+	CS TR 8, Bell Labs (Jan 1973)].
+
+	[Features?  Differences from C?]
+
+	(1997-02-02)
+
+	3. <language> A simple {interactive} {programming language}
+	designed by {Lambert Meertens} and {Steven Pemberton}.  B was
+	the predecessor of {ABC}.  B was the first published (and
+	implemented) language to use indentation for block structure.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.uni-kl.de/pub/languages/B.tar.Z)}.
+
+	["Draft Proposal for the B Language", Lambert Meertens, CWI,
+	Amsterdam, 1981].
+
+	[{(http://python-history.blogspot.com/2011/07/karin-dewar-indentation-and-colon.html)}].
+
+	4. <language, specification> A specification language by
+	Jean-Raymond Abrial of {B Core UK}, Magdalen Centre, Oxford
+	Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA.  B is related to {Z} and
+	supports development of {C} code from specifications.  B has
+	been used in major {safety-critical system} specifications in
+	Europe, and is currently attracting increasing interest in
+	industry.  It has robust, commercially available tool support
+	for specification, design, proof and code generation.
+
+	E-mail: <Ib.Sorensen@comlab.ox.ac.uk>.
+
+	(1995-04-24)
+
+b
+
+	{bit} or maybe {byte} (B).
+
+	(1996-11-03)
+
+B-0
+
+	<language> The original name of {FLOW-MATIC} from {Remington
+	Rand}.  B-0 was used on the {UNIVAC} I or II about 1958.
+
+	(1997-01-09)
+
+B1FF
+
+	{BIFF}
+
+B1 security
+
+	{Orange Book}
+
+B2B
+
+	{business to business}
+
+B2 security
+
+	{Orange Book}
+
+B3 security
+
+	{Orange Book}
+
+b4
+
+	<chat> before.
+
+ba
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Bosnia and Herzegowina.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Baan
+
+	<company> A provider of {enterprise resource planning} and
+	{manufacturer resource planning} software.
+
+	{(http://baan.com/)}.
+
+	(1998-07-07)
+
+Babbage
+
+	<language> The structured {assembly language} for the {General
+	Electric Company} 4xxx range of computers and their {OS4000}
+	{operating system}.  It is strictly an assembler in that the
+	generated code is relatively predictable but it can be written
+	in a sufficiently structured manner, with indentation, control
+	statements, function and procedure calls, to make the
+	resultant source easy to read and manage.  Even with this
+	visible structure however, it is important to remember that
+	the assembly of the statement is done left to right.
+
+	The British {videotext} system, {Prestel} is programmed in
+	Babbage.
+
+	[Datamation, 1980s].
+
+	(2007-10-24)
+
+Babbage, Charles
+
+	{Charles Babbage}
+
+babbling error
+
+	<networking> An {Ethernet} node attempting to transmit more
+	than 1518 data bytes - the largest allowed Ethernet {packet}.
+	This is why the {Maximum Transmission Unit} for {IP} traffic
+	on Ethernet is 1500.
+
+	[Why 1518?]
+
+	(1998-03-13)
+
+BABEL
+
+	1. A subset of {ALGOL 60}, with many {ALGOL W} extensions.
+
+	["BABEL, A New Programming Language", R.S. Scowen, Natl Phys
+	Lab UK, Report CCU7, 1969].
+
+	2. Mentioned in The Psychology of Computer Programming,
+	G.M. Weinberg, Van Nostrand 1971, p.241.
+
+	3. A language based on {higher-order functions} and
+	{first-order logic}.
+
+	["Graph-Based Implementation of a Functional Logic Language",
+	H. Kuchen et al, Proc ESOP 90, LNCS 432, Springer 1990,
+	pp.271-290].
+
+	["Logic Programming with Functions and Predicates: The
+	Language BABEL", Moreno-Navarro et al, J Logic Prog 12(3) (Feb
+	1992)].
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+BABT
+
+	{British Approval Boards for Telecommunications}
+
+Baby AT
+
+	<hardware> The redesigned {AT} motherboard that had the same
+	size as the {XT} motherboard had (8.5" x 11") and could thus
+	fit into an XT case.  The original 12" x 13" AT motherboards
+	are now largely forgotten.
+
+	Compare {ATX}.
+
+	(1997-02-20)
+
+BABYLON
+
+	A development environment for {expert systems}.  It includes
+	{frames}, {constraints}, a {prolog}-like logic formalism, and
+	a description language for diagnostic applications.  It
+	requires {Common Lisp}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.gmd.de/gmd/ai-research/Software/)}.
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+BACAIC
+
+	Boeing Airplane Company Algebraic Interpreter Coding system.
+
+	A pre-{Fortran} system on the {IBM 701} and {IBM 650}.
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+Bachman
+
+	A proposed a style of {Entity-Relationship model} which
+	differs from Chen's.
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+Bachman Information Systems
+
+	<company> The company which merged with {CADRE} to form
+	{Cayenne Software} in July 1996.
+
+	(1998-02-06)
+
+backbone
+
+	<networking> The top level in a hierarchical {network}.  {Stub
+	networks} and {transit networks} which connect to the same
+	backbone are guaranteed to be interconnected.
+
+	See also: {Internet backbone}.
+
+	(1998-07-02)
+
+backbone cabal
+
+	<networking> A group of large-site administrators who pushed
+	through the {Great Renaming} and reined in the chaos of
+	{Usenet} during most of the 1980s.  The cabal {mailing list}
+	disbanded in late 1988 after a bitter internal cat-fight.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+backbone site
+
+	A key {Usenet}, {electronic mail} and/or {Internet} site; one
+	that processes a large amount of third-party traffic,
+	especially if it is the home site of any of the regional
+	coordinators for the {Usenet} maps.  Notable backbone sites as
+	of early 1993 include {uunet} and the mail machines at
+	{Rutgers University}, UC Berkeley, {DEC}'s Western Research
+	Laboratories, {Ohio State University} and the {University of
+	Texas}.
+
+	Compare {rib site}, {leaf site}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+back door
+
+	<security> (Or "{trap door}", "{wormhole}").  A hole in the
+	security of a system deliberately left in place by designers
+	or maintainers.  The motivation for such holes is not always
+	sinister; some {operating systems}, for example, come out of
+	the box with privileged accounts intended for use by field
+	service technicians or the vendor's maintenance programmers.
+	See also {iron box}, {cracker}, {worm}, {logic bomb}.
+
+	Historically, back doors have often lurked in systems longer
+	than anyone expected or planned, and a few have become widely
+	known.  The infamous {RTM} worm of late 1988, for example,
+	used a back door in the {BSD} Unix "sendmail(8)" {utility}.
+
+	{Ken Thompson}'s 1983 Turing Award lecture to the {ACM}
+	revealed the existence of a back door in early {Unix} versions
+	that may have qualified as the most fiendishly clever security
+	hack of all time.  The C compiler contained code that would
+	recognise when the "login" command was being recompiled and
+	insert some code recognizing a password chosen by Thompson,
+	giving him entry to the system whether or not an account had
+	been created for him.
+
+	Normally such a back door could be removed by removing it from
+	the source code for the compiler and recompiling the compiler.
+	But to recompile the compiler, you have to *use* the compiler
+	- so Thompson also arranged that the compiler would *recognise
+	when it was compiling a version of itself*, and insert into
+	the recompiled compiler the code to insert into the recompiled
+	"login" the code to allow Thompson entry - and, of course, the
+	code to recognise itself and do the whole thing again the next
+	time around!  And having done this once, he was then able to
+	recompile the compiler from the original sources; the hack
+	perpetuated itself invisibly, leaving the back door in place
+	and active but with no trace in the sources.
+
+	The talk that revealed this truly moby hack was published as
+	["Reflections on Trusting Trust", "Communications of the ACM
+	27", 8 (August 1984), pp. 761--763].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-25)
+
+back-end
+
+	<programming> Any software performing either the final stage
+	in a process, or a task not apparent to the user.  A common
+	usage is in a {compiler}.  A compiler's back-end generates
+	{machine language} and performs optimisations specific to the
+	machine's {architecture}.
+
+	The term can also be used in the context of {network}
+	applications.  E.g. "The back-end of the system handles
+	{socket} protocols".
+
+	Contrast {front end}.
+
+	(1996-04-09)
+
+Back End Generator
+
+	<tool> (BEG) A {code generator} developed by H. Emmelmann et
+	al at GMD, University Karlsruhe, Germany.  Its input language
+	is Back End Generator Language (BEGL).
+
+	{(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/gmd/cocktail/beg)}.
+
+	["BEG - A Generator for Efficient Back Ends", H. Emmelmann et
+	al, SIGPLAN Notices 24(7):227-237 (Jul 1989)].
+
+	["BEG - A Back End Generator - User Manual", H. Emmelmann,
+	GMD, U Karlsruhe, 1990].
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(2000-12-16)
+
+Back End Generator Language
+
+	{Back End Generator}
+
+backgammon
+
+	See {bignum}, {moby}, {pseudoprime}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+background
+
+	1. <operating system> A task running in the background (a
+	background task) is detached from the terminal where it was
+	started (and often running at a lower priority); opposite of
+	{foreground}.  This means that the task's input and output
+	must be from/to files (or other processes).
+
+	Nowadays this term is primarily associated with {Unix}, but it
+	appears to have been first used in this sense on {OS/360}.
+
+	Compare {amp off}, {batch}, {slopsucker}.
+
+	2. <jargon> For a human to do a task "in the background" is to
+	do it whenever {foreground} matters are not claiming your
+	undivided attention, and "to background" something means to
+	relegate it to a lower priority.  "For now, we'll just print a
+	list of nodes and links; I'm working on the graph-printing
+	problem in the background."  Note that this implies ongoing
+	activity but at a reduced level or in spare time, in contrast
+	to mainstream "back burner" (which connotes benign neglect
+	until some future resumption of activity).  Some people prefer
+	to use the term for processing that they have queued up for
+	their unconscious minds (often a fruitful tack to take upon
+	encountering an obstacle in creative work).
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+backing store
+
+	1. <storage> Computer memory, usually {magnetic disks},
+	storing data and programs.  Sections of this information can
+	then be copied into the main memory ({RAM}) for processing.
+	Backing store is cheaper but RAM is faster.  Such a hierarchy
+	of memory devices allows a trade-off between performance and
+	cost.
+
+	2. <text> Character storage in memory or on disk, as opposed
+	to displayed or printed characters.  This distinction is
+	important where the visual ordering of characters differs from
+	the order in which they are stored, e.g. bidirectional or
+	non-spacing layout.
+
+	In a {Unicode} encoding, text is stored in sequential order in
+	the backing store.  Logical or backing store order corresponds
+	to the order in which text is typed on the keyboard (after
+	corrections such as insertions, deletions, and overtyping).  A
+	text rendering process converts Unicode text in the backing
+	store to readable text.
+
+	["The Unicode Standard: Worldwide Character Encoding", Version
+	1.0, Vol. 1. Addison-Wesley, 1991].
+
+	(2001-02-25)
+
+back link
+
+	<hypertext> A {link} in one direction implied by the existence
+	of an explicit link in the other direction.
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+backoff
+
+	<networking> A {host} which has experienced a {collision} on a
+	{network} waits for a amount of time before attempting to
+	retransmit.  A random backoff minimises the probability that
+	the same nodes will collide again, even if they are using the
+	same backoff algorithm.  Increasing the backoff period after
+	each collision also helps to prevent repeated collisions,
+	especially when the network is heavily loaded.
+
+	An example algorithm is {binary exponential backoff}.
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+BackOffice
+
+	<software> A suite of network {server} software from
+	{Microsoft} that includes {Windows NT} Server, BackOffice
+	Server (for the integrated development, deployment, and
+	management of BackOffice applications in departments, branch
+	offices, and medium sized businesses); {Exchange Server};
+	{Proxy Server}; {Site Server} for {intranet} publishing,
+	management, and search; Site Server Commerce Edition For
+	comprehensive {Internet commerce} transactions; {Small
+	Business Server} for business operations, resource management,
+	and customer relations; {SNA Server} for the integration of
+	existing and new systems and data; {SQL Server} for scalable,
+	reliable database and data-warehousing; {Systems Management
+	Server} (SMS) for centralised change- and
+	{configuration-management}.
+
+	Latest version: 4.5, as of 2000-12-16.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/backofficeserver/)}.
+
+	(2000-12-16)
+
+backplane
+
+	<hardware, electronics> A {printed circuit board} with slots
+	into which other cards are plugged.
+
+	A backplane,is typically just a connector and does not usually
+	have many active components on it.  This contrasts with a
+	{motherboard}.
+
+	{Designing a backplane
+	(http://iec.org/online/tutorials/design_backplane/index.html)}.
+
+	(2002-09-08)
+
+backport
+
+	<software> To make a feature from a later version of a piece
+	of software available in an earlier version.  Backporting of
+	features enables users of the older version to benefit from a
+	feature without upgrading fully.
+
+	(2003-12-18)
+
+back-propagation
+
+	(Or "backpropagation") A learning {algorithm} for modifying a
+	{feed-forward} {neural network} which minimises a continuous
+	"{error function}" or "{objective function}."
+	Back-propagation is a "{gradient descent}" method of training
+	in that it uses gradient information to modify the network
+	weights to decrease the value of the error function on
+	subsequent tests of the inputs.  Other gradient-based methods
+	from {numerical analysis} can be used to train networks more
+	efficiently.
+
+	Back-propagation makes use of a mathematical trick when the
+	network is simulated on a digital computer, yielding in just
+	two traversals of the network (once forward, and once back)
+	both the difference between the desired and actual output, and
+	the derivatives of this difference with respect to the
+	connection weights.
+
+back quote
+
+	<character> "`" {ASCII} code 96.  Common names: left quote;
+	left single quote; open quote; {ITU-T}: grave accent; grave.
+	Rare: backprime; {INTERCAL}: backspark; unapostrophe; birk;
+	blugle; back tick; back glitch; push; {ITU-T}: opening single
+	quotation mark; quasiquote.
+
+	Back quote is used in {Unix} shells to invoke {command
+	substitution}.
+
+	(1996-11-26)
+
+backronym
+
+	<jargon> (Backward acronym) A word which has been turned into
+	an acronym by inventing an expansion, rather than the other
+	way around.  E.g. "{ping}".
+
+	(2005-06-22)
+
+backside cache
+
+	<hardware, processor> An implementation of {secondary cache}
+	memory that allows it to be directly accessed by the {CPU}.
+
+	Backside cache is used by {Apple Computers, Inc.} in their
+	{PowerPC G3} processor.  Previous PowerPC processors used the
+	{system bus} to access both secondary cache and {main memory}.
+	In the PowerPC G3 a dedicated bus handles only {CPU}/cache
+	transactions.  This bus can operate faster than the system bus
+	thus improving the overall performance of the processor.
+
+	The term apparently derives from the relocation of the
+	secondary cache from the {motherboard} to the processor card
+	itself, i.e. on the backside of the processor card.
+
+	(1998-09-10)
+
+backslash
+
+	<character> "\" {ASCII} code 92.  Common names: escape (from
+	C/Unix); reverse slash; slosh; backslant; backwhack.  Rare:
+	bash; {ITU-T}: reverse slant; reversed virgule; {INTERCAL}:
+	backslat.
+
+	Backslash is used to separate components in {MS-DOS}
+	{pathnames}, and to introduce special character sequence in
+	{C} and {Unix} strings, e.g. "\n" for newline.
+
+	(2000-02-21)
+
+backspace
+
+	<character> (BS) {ASCII} code 8, Control-H.  The {control
+	character} that should cause most output devices to move their
+	current output position back to the previous character so that
+	the next character output will replace (or overprint) it.
+	Inputting a backspace (typically by pressing the backspace
+	key) causes many systems to delete the character before the
+	input cursor, though others use {delete} for this.
+
+	See {twirling baton} for an imaginitive use of backspace.
+
+	(2003-10-25)
+
+backtick
+
+	{back quote}
+
+backtracking
+
+	<algorithm> A scheme for solving a series of sub-problems each
+	of which may have multiple possible solutions and where the
+	solution chosen for one sub-problem may affect the possible
+	solutions of later sub-problems.
+
+	To solve the overall problem, we find a solution to the first
+	sub-problem and then attempt to recursively solve the other
+	sub-problems based on this first solution.  If we cannot, or
+	we want all possible solutions, we backtrack and try the next
+	possible solution to the first sub-problem and so on.
+	Backtracking terminates when there are no more solutions to
+	the first sub-problem.
+
+	This is the algorithm used by {logic programming} languages
+	such as {Prolog} to find all possible ways of proving a
+	{goal}.  An optimisation known as "{intelligent backtracking}"
+	keeps track of the dependencies between sub-problems and only
+	re-solves those which depend on an earlier solution which has
+	changed.
+
+	Backtracking is one {algorithm} which can be used to implement
+	{nondeterminism}.  It is effectively a {depth-first search} of
+	a {problem space}.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+backup
+
+	<operating system> ("back up" when used as a verb) A spare
+	copy of a file, file system, or other resource for use in the
+	event of failure or loss of the original.
+
+	The term commonly refers to a copy of the files on a
+	computer's {disks}, made periodically and kept on {magnetic
+	tape} or other removable medium (also called a "{dump}").
+
+	This essential precaution is neglected by most new computer
+	users until the first time they experience a {disk crash} or
+	accidentally delete the only copy of the file they have been
+	working on for the last six months.  Ideally the backup copies
+	should be kept at a different site or in a fire safe since,
+	though your hardware may be insured against fire, the data on
+	it is almost certainly neither insured nor easily replaced.
+
+	See also {backup software}, {differential backup},
+	{incremental backup}, {full backup}.  Compare {archive},
+	{source code management}.
+
+	(2004-03-16)
+
+Backup Domain Controller
+
+	<networking> (BDC) A server in a {network} of {Microsoft
+	Windows} computers that maintains a copy of the {SAM} database
+	and handles access requests that the {Primary Domain
+	Controller} (PDC) doesn't respond to.  There may be zero or
+	more BDCs in a network.  They increase reliability and reduce
+	load on the PDC.
+
+	(2006-09-18)
+
+backup pumpkin
+
+	{pumpkin}
+
+backup rotation
+
+	<operating system> Any system for re-using {backup} media,
+	e.g. {magnetic tape}.  One extreme would be to use the same
+	media for every backup (e.g. copy disk A to disk B), the other
+	extreme would be to use new media every time.  The trade-off
+	is between the cost of buying and storing media and the
+	ability to restore any version of any file.  One example is
+	the {Grandfather, Father, Son} (GFS) scheme.
+
+	(2004-10-08)
+
+backup software
+
+	<tool, software> {Software} for doing a {backup}, often
+	included as part of the {operating system}.
+
+	Backup software should provide ways to specify what files get
+	backed up and to where.  It may include its own {scheduling}
+	function to automate the procedure or, preferably, work with
+	generic scheduling facilities.  It may include facilities for
+	managing the backup media (e.g. maintaining an index of tapes)
+	and for restoring files from backups.
+
+	Examples are {Unix}'s {dump} command and {Windows}'s
+	{ntbackup}.
+
+	(2004-03-16)
+
+Backus-Naur Form
+
+	<language, grammar> (BNF, originally "Backus Normal Form") A
+	formal {metasyntax} used to express {context-free grammars}.
+	Backus Normal Form was renamed Backus-Naur Form at the
+	suggestion of {Donald Knuth}.
+
+	BNF is one of the most commonly used metasyntactic notations
+	for specifying the {syntax} of programming languages, command
+	sets, and the like.  It is widely used for language
+	descriptions but seldom documented anywhere (how do you
+	document a {metasyntax}?), so that it must usually be learned
+	by osmosis (but see {RFC 2234}).
+
+	Consider this BNF for a US postal address:
+
+	 <postal-address> ::= <name-part> <street-address> <zip-part>
+
+	 <personal-part> ::= <name> | <initial> "."
+
+	 <name-part> ::= <personal-part> <last-name> [<jr-part>] <EOL>
+		       | <personal-part> <name-part>
+
+	 <street-address> ::= [<apt>] <house-num> <street-name> <EOL>
+
+	 <zip-part> ::= <town-name> "," <state-code> <ZIP-code> <EOL>
+
+	This translates into English as: "A postal-address consists of
+	a name-part, followed by a street-address part, followed by a
+	zip-code part.  A personal-part consists of either a first
+	name or an initial followed by a dot.  A name-part consists of
+	either: a personal-part followed by a last name followed by an
+	optional "jr-part" (Jr., Sr., or dynastic number) and
+	end-of-line, or a personal part followed by a name part (this
+	rule illustrates the use of recursion in BNFs, covering the
+	case of people who use multiple first and middle names and/or
+	initials).  A street address consists of an optional apartment
+	specifier, followed by a street number, followed by a street
+	name.  A zip-part consists of a town-name, followed by a
+	comma, followed by a state code, followed by a ZIP-code
+	followed by an end-of-line."
+
+	Note that many things (such as the format of a personal-part,
+	apartment specifier, or ZIP-code) are left unspecified.  These
+	lexical details are presumed to be obvious from context or
+	specified somewhere nearby.
+
+	There are many variants and extensions of BNF, possibly
+	containing some or all of the {regexp} {wild cards} such as
+	"*" or "+".  {EBNF} is a common one.  In fact the example
+	above isn't the pure form invented for the {ALGOL 60} report.
+	"[]" was introduced a few years later in {IBM}'s {PL/I}
+	definition but is now universally recognised.  {ABNF} is
+	another extension.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+Backus Normal Form
+
+	{Backus-Naur Form}
+
+backward analysis
+
+	<theory> An analysis to determine properties of the inputs of
+	a program from properties or context of the outputs.  E.g. if
+	the output of this function is needed then this argument is
+	needed.
+
+	Compare {forward analysis}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+backward chaining
+
+	<algorithm> An {algorithm} for proving a {goal} by recursively
+	breaking it down into sub-goals and trying to prove these
+	until {facts} are reached.  Facts are goals with no sub-goals
+	which are therefore always true.  Backward training is the
+	program execution mechanism used by most {logic programming}
+	language like {Prolog}.
+
+	Opposite: {forward chaining}.
+
+	(2004-01-26)
+
+backward combatability
+
+	<humour> /bak'w*d k*m-bat'*-bil'*-tee/ (Play on "{backward
+	compatibility}") A property of hardware or software revisions
+	in which previous {protocols}, formats, layouts, etc. are
+	irrevocably discarded in favour of "new and improved"
+	protocols, formats and layouts, leaving the previous ones not
+	merely deprecated but actively defeated.  (Too often, the old
+	and new versions cannot definitively be distinguished, such
+	that lingering instances of the previous ones yield crashes or
+	other infelicitous effects, as opposed to a simple "version
+	mismatch" message.)  A backward compatible change, on the
+	other hand, allows old versions to coexist without crashes or
+	error messages, but too many major changes incorporating
+	elaborate backward compatibility processing can lead to
+	extreme {software bloat}.
+
+	See also {flag day}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-06-23)
+
+backward compatibility
+
+	<jargon> Able to share data or commands with older versions of
+	itself, or sometimes other older systems, particularly systems
+	it intends to supplant.  Sometimes backward compatibility is
+	limited to being able to read old data but does not extend to
+	being able to write data in a format that can be read by old
+	versions.
+
+	For example, {WordPerfect} 6.0 can read WordPerfect 5.1 files,
+	so it is backward compatible.  It can be said that {Perl} is
+	backward compatible with {awk}, because Perl was (among other
+	things) intended to replace awk, and can, with a converter,
+	run awk programs.
+
+	See also: {backward combatability}.
+
+	Compare: {forward compatible}.
+
+	(2003-06-23)
+
+backward compatible
+
+	{backward compatibility}
+
+backwards compatibility
+
+	{backward compatibility}
+
+backwards compatible
+
+	{backward compatibility}
+
+BAD
+
+	/B-A-D/ Broken As Designed, a play on "{working as designed}",
+	from {IBM}.  Failing because of bad design and misfeatures
+	rather than because of bugs.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-04-14)
+
+Bad command or file name
+
+	<operating system> The error message printed by {MS DOS} when
+	it can't find a program or command to execute due to a typing
+	error, incorrect PATH variable, or misplaced or missing
+	executable.
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+Bad Thing
+
+	<jargon> (From the 1930 Sellar & Yeatman parody "1066 And All
+	That") Something that can't possibly result in improvement of
+	the subject.  This term is always capitalised, as in
+	"Replacing all of the 9600-baud modems with bicycle couriers
+	would be a Bad Thing".
+
+	Opposite: {Good Thing}.
+
+	British correspondents confirm that {Bad Thing} and {Good
+	Thing} (and probably therefore {Right Thing} and {Wrong
+	Thing}) come from the book referenced in the etymology, which
+	discusses rulers who were Good Kings but Bad Things.  This has
+	apparently created a mainstream idiom on the British side of
+	the pond.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bag on the side
+
+	An extension to an established hack that is supposed to add
+	some functionality to the original.  Usually derogatory,
+	implying that the original was being overextended and should
+	have been thrown away, and the new product is ugly, inelegant,
+	or bloated.  Also "to hang a bag on the side [of]".  "C++?
+	That's just a bag on the side of C."  "They want me to hang a
+	bag on the side of the accounting system."
+
+baklava code
+
+	<humour, programming> Code with too many layers.  Also known as
+	Lasagne Code.
+
+	[john-d-cook, {Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2013-09-14)
+
+BAL
+
+	{Basic Assembly Language}
+
+balanced computing
+
+	<jargon> Matching computer tools to job activities so that the
+	computer system structure parallels the organisation structure
+	and work functions.  Both {personal computers} and employees
+	operate in a decentralised environment with monitoring of
+	achievement of management objectives from centralised
+	corporate systems.
+
+	{(http://moultonco.com/balanced.htm)}.
+
+	(1996-04-15)
+
+balanced tree
+
+	<algorithm> An optimisation of a {tree} which aims to keep
+	equal numbers of items on each {subtree} of each node so as to
+	minimise the maximum path from the root to any {leaf node}.
+	As items are inserted and deleted, the tree is restructured to
+	keep the nodes balanced and the search paths uniform.  Such an
+	{algorithm} is appropriate where the overheads of the
+	reorganisation on update are outweighed by the benefits of
+	faster search.
+
+	A {B-tree} is a kind of {balanced tree} that can have more
+	than two subtrees at each node (i.e. one that is not
+	restricted to being a {binary tree}).
+
+	(2000-01-10)
+
+BALGOL
+
+	<language> {ALGOL} on {Burroughs 220}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 174].
+
+	(1996-04-15)
+
+BALITAC
+
+	Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+BALM
+
+	<language> (Block And List Manipulation) An extensible
+	language, developed by Malcolm Harrison in 1970, with
+	{LISP}-like features and {ALGOL}-like {syntax}, for {CDC
+	6600}.
+
+	["The Balm Programming Language", Malcolm Harrison, Courant
+	Inst, May 1973].
+
+	(2007-03-01)
+
+balun
+
+	<electronics> A transformer connected between a balanced
+	source or load and an unbalanced source or load.  A balanced
+	line has two conductors, with equal currents in opposite
+	directions.  The unbalanced line has just one conductor; the
+	current in it returns via a common ground or earth path.
+
+	(1996-10-17)
+
+bamf
+
+	/bamf/ 1. [Old X-Men comics] Notional sound made by a person
+	or object teleporting in or out of the hearer's vicinity.
+	Often used in {virtual reality} (especially {MUD}) electronic
+	{fora} when a character wishes to make a dramatic entrance or
+	exit.
+
+	2. The sound of magical transformation, used in virtual
+	reality {fora}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Banach algebra
+
+	<mathematics> An {algebra} in which the {vector space} is a
+	{Banach space}.
+
+	(1997-02-25)
+
+Banach inverse mapping theorem
+
+	<mathematics> In a {Banach space} the inverse to a
+	{continuous} {linear mapping} is continuous.
+
+	(1998-06-25)
+
+Banach space
+
+	<mathematics> A {complete} {normed} {vector space}.  Metric is
+	induced by the norm: d(x,y) = ||x-y||.  Completeness means
+	that every {Cauchy sequence} converges to an element of the
+	space.  All finite-dimensional {real} and {complex} normed
+	vector spaces are complete and thus are Banach spaces.
+
+	Using absolute value for the norm, the real numbers are a
+	Banach space whereas the rationals are not.  This is because
+	there are sequences of rationals that converges to
+	irrationals.
+
+	Several theorems hold only in Banach spaces, e.g. the {Banach
+	inverse mapping theorem}.  All finite-dimensional real and
+	complex vector spaces are Banach spaces.  {Hilbert spaces},
+	spaces of {integrable functions}, and spaces of {absolutely
+	convergent series} are examples of infinite-dimensional Banach
+	spaces.  Applications include {wavelets}, {signal processing},
+	and radar.
+
+	[Robert E. Megginson, "An Introduction to Banach Space
+	Theory", Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 183, Springer Verlag,
+	September 1998].
+
+	(2000-03-10)
+
+Banach-Tarski paradox
+
+	<mathematics> It is possible to cut a solid ball into finitely
+	many pieces (actually about half a dozen), and then put the
+	pieces together again to get two solid balls, each the same
+	size as the original.
+
+	This {paradox} is a consequence of the {Axiom of Choice}.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+banana label
+
+	<jargon> The labels used on the sides of {macrotape} reels, so
+	called because they were shaped roughly like blunt-ended
+	bananas.  This term, like macrotapes themselves, is obsolete.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-10-17)
+
+banana phenomenon
+
+	{banana problem}
+
+banana problem
+
+	<programming, humour> From the story of the little girl who
+	said "I know how to spell "banana", but I don't know when to
+	stop".  Not knowing where or when to bring a production to a
+	close (compare {fencepost error}).  One may say "there is a
+	banana problem" of an {algorithm} with poorly defined or
+	incorrect termination conditions, or in discussing the
+	evolution of a design that may be succumbing to {featuritis}
+	(see also {creeping elegance}, {creeping featuritis}).
+
+	{HAKMEM} item 176 describes a banana problem in a {Dissociated
+	Press} implementation.  Also, see {one-banana problem} for a
+	superficially similar but unrelated usage.
+
+	(2010-03-20)
+
+bandwidth
+
+	<communications> The difference between the highest and lowest
+	frequencies of a transmission channel (the width of its
+	allocated band of frequencies).
+
+	The term is often used erroneously to mean {data rate} or
+	capacity - the amount of {data} that is, or can be, sent
+	through a given communications circuit per second.
+
+	[How is data capacity related to bandwidth?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-04-24)
+
+bang
+
+	1. A common spoken name for "!" (ASCII 33), especially when
+	used in pronouncing a {bang path} in spoken hackish.  In
+	{elder days} this was considered a {CMU}ish usage, with {MIT}
+	and {Stanford} hackers preferring {excl} or {shriek}; but the
+	spread of {Unix} has carried "bang" with it (especially via
+	the term {bang path}) and it is now certainly the most common
+	spoken name for "!".  Note that it is used exclusively for
+	non-emphatic written "!"; one would not say "Congratulations
+	bang" (except possibly for humorous purposes), but if one
+	wanted to specify the exact characters "foo!" one would speak
+	"Eff oh oh bang".
+
+	See {pling}, {shriek}, {ASCII}.
+
+	2. An exclamation signifying roughly "I have achieved
+	enlightenment!", or "The dynamite has cleared out my brain!"
+	Often used to acknowledge that one has perpetrated a {thinko}
+	immediately after one has been called on it.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+bang on
+
+	(Or "pound on").  To stress-test a piece of hardware or
+	software: "I banged on the new version of the simulator all
+	day yesterday and it didn't crash once.  I guess it is ready
+	for release."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bang path
+
+	1. <communications> An old-style {UUCP} {electronic-mail
+	address} naming a sequence of hosts through which a message
+	must pass to get from some assumed-reachable location to the
+	addressee (a "{source route}").  So called because each {hop}
+	is signified by a {bang} sign (exclamation mark).  Thus, for
+	example, the path
+
+		...!bigsite!foovax!barbox!me
+
+	directs people to route their mail to computer bigsite
+	(presumably a well-known location accessible to everybody) and
+	from there through the computer foovax to the account of user
+	me on barbox.
+
+	Before {autorouting mailers} became commonplace, people often
+	published compound bang addresses using the { } convention
+	(see {glob}) to give paths from *several* big computers, in
+	the hope that one's correspondent might be able to get mail to
+	one of them reliably. e.g.
+
+		...!{seismo, ut-sally, ihnp4}!rice!beta!gamma!me
+
+	Bang paths of 8 to 10 hops were not uncommon in 1981.
+	Late-night dial-up UUCP links would cause week-long
+	transmission times.  Bang paths were often selected by both
+	transmission time and reliability, as messages would often get
+	lost.
+
+	2. <operating system> A {shebang}.
+
+	(1998-05-06)
+
+banner
+
+	1. The title page added to printouts by most {print spoolers}.
+	Typically includes user or account ID information in very
+	large character-graphics capitals.  Also called a "burst
+	page", because it indicates where to burst (tear apart)
+	fanfold paper to separate one user's printout from the next.
+
+	2. A similar printout generated (typically on multiple pages
+	of fan-fold paper) from user-specified text, e.g. by a program
+	such as {Unix}'s "banner".
+
+	3. {splash screen}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+Banyan
+
+	<company> A {personal computer} networking company, best known
+	for its "{Vines}" products for {local area networks}.
+
+	Address: Westborough MA, USA.
+
+	[More info?]
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+BAP
+
+	1. <language> An early system used on the {IBM 701}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+	2. <language> {Brain Aid Prolog}.
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+BAPI
+
+	{Business Application Programming Interface}
+
+bar
+
+	1. <programming, convention> /bar/ The second {metasyntactic
+	variable}, after {foo} and before {baz}.  E.g. "Suppose
+	function FOO calls functions BAR..."
+
+	2. Often appended to {foo} to produce {foobar}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+Barbara Liskov
+
+	<person> Professor Barbara Liskov was the first US woman to be
+	awarded a PhD in computing, and her innovations can be found
+	in every modern programming language.  She currently (2009)
+	heads the Programming Methodology Group at the {Massachusetts
+	Institute of Technology}.
+
+	Professor Liskov's design innovations have, over the decades,
+	made software more reliable and easier to maintain.  She has
+	invented two computer progamming languages: {CLU}, an
+	{object-orientated language}, and {Argus}, a {distributed
+	programming language}.  Liskov's research forms the basis of
+	modern programming languages such as {Java}, {C#} and {C++}.
+
+	One of the biggest impacts of her work came from her
+	contributions to the use of data abstraction, a method for
+	organising complex programs.  See {Liskov substitution
+	principle}.
+
+	In June 2009 she will receive the {A. M. Turing Award}.
+
+	{Barbara Liskov home (http://www.pmg.csail.mit.edu/~liskov/)}.
+
+	(2009-03-11)
+
+bar code
+
+	<convention> A printed horizontal strip of vertical bars of
+	varying widths, groups of which represent decimal digits and
+	are used for identifying commercial products or parts.  Bar
+	codes are read by a bar code reader and the code interpreted
+	either through {software} or a {hardware} decoder.
+
+	All products sold in open trade are numbered and bar-coded to
+	a worldwide standard, which was introduced in the US in 1973
+	and to the rest of the world in 1977.  The Uniform Code
+	Council in the US, along with the international article
+	numbering authority, EAN International, allocate blocks of
+	unique 12 or 13-digit numbers to member companies through a
+	national numbering authority.  In Britain this is the Article
+	Number Association.  Most companies are allocated 100,000
+	numbers that they can use to identify any of their products,
+	services or locations.
+
+	Each code typically contains a leading "quiet" zone, start
+	character, data character, optional {check digit}, stop
+	character and a trailing quiet zone.  The check digit is used
+	to verify that the number has been scanned correctly.  The
+	quiet zone could be white, red or yellow if viewed by a red
+	scanner.  Bar code readers usually use visible red light with
+	a wavelength between 632.8 and 680 nanometres.
+
+	[Details of code?]
+
+	(1997-07-18)
+
+bare metal
+
+	1. New computer hardware, unadorned with such snares and
+	delusions as an {operating system}, an {HLL}, or even
+	{assembler}.  Commonly used in the phrase "programming on the
+	bare metal", which refers to the arduous work of {bit bashing}
+	needed to create these basic tools for a new computer.  Real
+	bare-metal programming involves things like building {boot
+	PROMs} and {BIOS} chips, implementing basic {monitors} used to
+	test {device drivers}, and writing the assemblers that will be
+	used to write the compiler back ends that will give the new
+	computer a real development environment.
+
+	2. "Programming on the bare metal" is also used to describe a
+	style of {hand-hacking} that relies on bit-level peculiarities
+	of a particular hardware design, especially tricks for speed
+	and space optimisation that rely on crocks such as overlapping
+	instructions (or, as in the famous case described in {The
+	Story of Mel}, interleaving of opcodes on a magnetic drum to
+	minimise fetch delays due to the device's rotational latency).
+	This sort of thing has become less common as the relative
+	costs of programming time and computer resources have changed,
+	but is still found in heavily constrained environments such as
+	industrial embedded systems, and in the code of hackers who
+	just can't let go of that low-level control.  See {Real
+	Programmer}.
+
+	In the world of personal computing, bare metal programming is
+	often considered a {Good Thing}, or at least a necessary evil
+	(because these computers have often been sufficiently slow and
+	poorly designed to make it necessary; see {ill-behaved}).
+	There, the term usually refers to bypassing the BIOS or OS
+	interface and writing the application to directly access
+	device registers and computer addresses.  "To get 19.2
+	kilobaud on the serial port, you need to get down to the bare
+	metal."  People who can do this sort of thing well are held in
+	high regard.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+barf
+
+	/barf/ [mainstream slang for "vomit"] 1.  Term of disgust.
+	This is the closest hackish equivalent of the Val\-speak "gag
+	me with a spoon". (Like, euwww!)  See {bletch}.
+
+	2. To say "Barf!" or emit some similar expression of disgust.
+	"I showed him my latest hack and he barfed" means only that he
+	complained about it, not that he literally vomited.
+
+	3. To fail to work because of unacceptable input, perhaps with
+	a suitable error message, perhaps not.  Examples: "The
+	division operation barfs if you try to divide by 0."  (That
+	is, the division operation checks for an attempt to divide by
+	zero, and if one is encountered it causes the operation to
+	fail in some unspecified, but generally obvious, manner.) "The
+	text editor barfs if you try to read in a new file before
+	writing out the old one".
+
+	See {choke}, {gag}.
+
+	In Commonwealth Hackish, "barf" is generally replaced by
+	"puke" or "vom".  {barf} is sometimes also used as a
+	{metasyntactic variable}, like {foo} or {bar}.
+
+	(1996-02-26)
+
+barfmail
+
+	<messaging> Multiple {bounce messages} accumulating to the
+	level of serious annoyance, or worse.  The sort of thing that
+	happens when an inter-network {mail gateway} goes down or
+	misbehaves.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-05)
+
+barfulation
+
+	/bar`fyoo-lay'sh*n/ Variation of {barf} used around the
+	Stanford area.  An exclamation, expressing disgust.  On seeing
+	some particularly bad code one might exclaim, "Barfulation!
+	Who wrote this, Quux?"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+barfulous
+
+	/bar'fyoo-l*s/ (Or "barfucious", /bar-fyoo-sh*s/) Said of
+	something that would make anyone barf, if only for aesthetic
+	reasons.
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+barnacle code
+
+	<programming, humour> Any piece of {code} (usually a {static
+	method}) that has been appended to a {class} where it doesn't
+	logically belong, due to a lack of anywhere else to put it.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2014-08-10)
+
+barney
+
+	In Commonwealth hackish, "barney" is to {fred} as {bar} is to
+	{foo}.  That is, people who commonly use "fred" as their first
+	{metasyntactic variable} will often use "barney" second.  The
+	reference is, of course, to Fred Flintstone and Barney Rubble
+	in the Flintstones cartoons.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+Baroque
+
+	An early {logic programming} language written by Boyer and
+	Moore in 1972.
+
+	["Computational Logic: Structure Sharing and Proof of program
+	Properties", J. Moore, DCL Memo 67, U Edinburgh 1974].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+baroque
+
+	Feature-encrusted; complex; gaudy; verging on excessive.  Said
+	of hardware or (especially) software designs, this has many of
+	the connotations of {elephantine} or monstrosity but is less
+	extreme and not pejorative in itself.  "{Metafont} even has
+	features to introduce random variations to its letterform
+	output.  Now *that* is baroque!"
+
+	See also {rococo}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+barrel shifter
+
+	<hardware> A hardware device that can shift or rotate a data
+	word by any number of bits in a single operation.  It is
+	implemented like a {multiplexor}, each output can be connected
+	to any input depending on the shift distance.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+barycentric
+
+	<mathematics> Centre of gravity, {mean}.
+
+	(2007-07-10)
+
+base
+
+	<mathematics> {radix}.
+
+base 64
+
+	<file format, algorithm> A file format using 64 {ASCII}
+	characters to encode the six bit {binary data} values 0-63.
+
+	To convert data to base 64, the first byte is placed in the
+	most significant eight bits of a 24-bit buffer, the next in
+	the middle eight, and the third in the least significant eight
+	bits.  If there a fewer than three bytes to encode, the
+	corresponding buffer bits will be zero.  The buffer is then
+	used, six bits at a time, most significant first, as indices
+	into the string
+	"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"
+	and the indicated character output.  If there were only one or
+	two input bytes, the output is padded with two or one "="
+	characters respectively.  This prevents extra bits being added
+	to the reconstructed data.  The process then repeats on the
+	remaining input data.
+
+	Base 64 is used when transmitting binary data through
+	text-only media such as {electronic mail}, and has largely
+	replaced the older {uuencode} encoding.
+
+	(2004-07-17)
+
+baseband
+
+	A transmission medium through which digital signals are sent
+	without frequency shifting.  In general, only one
+	communication channel is available at any given time.
+
+	{Ethernet} is an example of a baseband network.
+
+	See also {broadband}.
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+base class
+
+	{superclass}
+
+baseline
+
+	{released version}
+
+base memory
+
+	<hardware, jargon> The lowest 640 {kilobytes} of memory in an
+	{IBM PC}-compatible computer running {MS-DOS}.  Other PC
+	{operating systems} can usually compensate and "ignore" the
+	fact that there is a 640K limit to base memory.  This was put
+	in place because the original {CPU} - the {Intel 8088} - could
+	only access one {megabyte} of memory, and {IBM} wanted to
+	reserve the upper 384KB for {device drivers}.  The {high
+	memory area} (HMA) lies above 640KB and can be accessed on
+	MS-DOS computers that have an {A20 handler}.
+
+	(1997-05-30)
+
+basename
+
+	<file system> The name of a file which, in contrast to a
+	{pathname}, does not mention any of the {directories}
+	containing the file.  Examples:
+
+		pathname	basename
+		--------	--------
+		/etc/hosts	hosts
+		./alma		alma
+		korte/a.a	a.a
+		a.a		a.a
+
+	See also {pathname}.
+
+	(1996-11-23)
+
+Base Technology
+
+	<company> The company which developed and distributes {Liana}.
+
+	{(http://BaseTechnology.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: Jack Krupansky <Jack@BaseTechnology.com> (owner).
+
+	Address: Base Technology, Attn: Jack Krupansky, 1500 Mass. Ave. NW #114
+	Washington, DC 2005, USA.
+	800-786-9505
+
+	Telephone: +1 800 876 9505.
+
+	(1999-06-29)
+
+bash
+
+	Bourne Again SHell.  {GNU}'s {command interpreter} for {Unix}.
+	Bash is a {Posix}-compatible {shell} with full {Bourne shell}
+	syntax, and some {C shell} commands built in.  The Bourne
+	Again Shell supports {Emacs}-style command-line editing, job
+	control, functions, and on-line help.  Written by Brian Fox of
+	{UCSB}.
+
+	The latest version is 1.14.1.  It includes a {yacc} parser,
+	the interpreter and documentation.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.gnu.org/bash-1.14.1.tar.gz)} or from a
+	{GNU archive site}.  E-mail: <bug-bash@gnu.org>.
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:gnu.bash.bug}.
+
+	(1994-07-15)
+
+BASIC
+
+	<language> Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
+	A simple language originally designed for ease of programming
+	by students and beginners.  Many dialects exist, and BASIC is
+	popular on {microcomputers} with sound and graphics support.
+	Most micro versions are {interactive} and {interpreted}.
+
+	BASIC has become the leading cause of brain-damage in
+	proto-hackers.  This is another case (like {Pascal}) of the
+	cascading lossage that happens when a language deliberately
+	designed as an educational toy gets taken too seriously.  A
+	novice can write short BASIC programs (on the order of 10-20
+	lines) very easily; writing anything longer is painful and
+	encourages bad habits that will make it harder to use more
+	powerful languages.  This wouldn't be so bad if historical
+	accidents hadn't made BASIC so common on low-end micros.  As
+	it is, it ruins thousands of potential wizards a year.
+
+	Originally, all references to code, both {GOTO} and GOSUB
+	(subroutine call) referred to the destination by its line
+	number.  This allowed for very simple editing in the days
+	before {text editors} were considered essential.  Just typing
+	the line number deleted the line and to edit a line you just
+	typed the new line with the same number.  Programs were
+	typically numbered in steps of ten to allow for insertions.
+	Later versions, such as {BASIC V}, allow {GOTO}-less
+	{structured programming} with named {procedures} and
+	{functions}, IF-THEN-ELSE-ENDIF constructs and {WHILE} loops
+	etc.
+
+	Early BASICs had no graphic operations except with graphic
+	characters.  In the 1970s BASIC {interpreters} became standard
+	features in {mainframes} and {minicomputers}.  Some versions
+	included {matrix} operations as language {primitives}.
+
+	A {public domain} {interpreter} for a mixture of {DEC}'s
+	{MU-Basic} and {Microsoft Basic} is {here
+	(ftp://oak.oakland.edu/pub/Unix-c/languages/basic/basic.tar-z)}.
+	A {yacc} {parser} and {interpreter} were in the
+	comp.sources.unix archives volume 2.
+
+	See also {ANSI Minimal BASIC}, {bournebasic}, {bwBASIC},
+	{ubasic}, {Visual Basic}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-15)
+
+Basic Assembly Language
+
+	<language> (BAL) What most people called {IBM 360} {assembly
+	language}.
+
+	See {ALC}.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+BASIC AUTOCODER
+
+	Early system on IBM 7070.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
+	1959).
+
+Basic COBOL
+
+	<language> A subset of {COBOL} from {COBOL-60} standards.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 339].
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+Basic Encoding Rules
+
+	<protocol, standard> (BER) {ASN.1} encoding rules for
+	producing self-identifying and self-delimiting {transfer
+	syntax} for data structures described in {ASN.1} notations.
+
+	BER is an self-identifying and self-delimiting encoding
+	scheme, which means that each data value can be identified,
+	extracted and decoded individually.
+
+	Huw Rogers once described BER as "a triumph of bloated theory
+	over clean implementation".  He also criticises it as designed
+	around bitstreams with arbitrary boundaries between data which
+	can only be determined at a high level.
+
+	Documents: {ITU-T} X.690, {ISO} 8825-1.
+
+	See also {CER}, {DER}, {PER}.
+
+	(1998-05-28)
+
+Basic Fortran
+
+	<language> A subset of {Fortran}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 150].
+
+	(1999-06-09)
+
+Basic Input/Output System
+
+	<operating system> (BIOS, ROM BIOS) The part of the {system
+	software} of the {IBM PC} and compatibles that provides the
+	lowest level interface to {peripheral} devices and controls
+	the first stage of the {bootstrap} process, including
+	installing the {operating system}.  The BIOS is stored in
+	{ROM}, or equivalent, in every PC.  Its main task is to load
+	and execute the operating system which is usually stored on
+	the computer's {hard disk}, but may be loaded from {CD-ROM} or
+	{floppy disk} at install time.
+
+	In order to provide acceptable performance (e.g. for screen
+	display), some software vendors access the routines in the
+	BIOS directly, rather than using the higher level operating
+	system calls.  Thus, the BIOS in the compatible computer must
+	be 100% compatible with the IBM BIOS.
+
+	As if that wasn't bad enough, many {application programs}
+	bypass even the BIOS and address the screen hardware directly
+	just as the BIOS does.  Consequently, {register} level
+	compatibility is required in the compatible's display
+	electronics, which means that it must provide the same storage
+	locations and identification as the original IBM hardware.
+
+	(1999-06-09)
+
+Basic JOVIAL
+
+	<language> A subset of {JOVIAL} written ca. 1965.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.529].
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+Basic Language for Implementation of System Software
+
+	<language> (BLISS, or allegedly, "System Software
+	Implementation Language, Backwards") A language designed by
+	W.A. Wulf at {CMU} around 1969.
+
+	BLISS is an {expression language}.  It is {block-structured},
+	and typeless, with {exception handling} facilities,
+	{coroutines}, a {macro} system, and a highly {optimising
+	compiler}.  It was one of the first non-{assembly languages}
+	for {operating system} implementation.  It gained fame for its
+	lack of a {goto} and also lacks implicit {dereferencing}: all
+	symbols stand for addresses, not values.
+
+	Another characteristic (and possible explanation for the
+	backward acronym) was that BLISS fairly uniformly used
+	backward {keywords} for closing blocks, a famous example being
+	ELUDOM to close a MODULE.  An exception was BEGIN...END though
+	you could use (...) instead.
+
+	DEC introduced the NOVALUE keyword in their dialects to allow
+	statements to not return a value.
+
+	Versions: CMU {BLISS-10} for the PDP-10; CMU {BLISS-11},
+	{BLISS-16}, DEC {BLISS-16C}, DEC {BLISS-32}, {BLISS-36} for
+	{VAX}/{VMS}, {BLISS-36C}.
+
+	["BLISS: A Language for Systems Programming", CACM
+	14(12):780-790, Dec 1971].
+
+	[Did the B stand for "Better"?]
+
+	(1997-03-01)
+
+Basic Multilingual Plane
+
+	<text, standard> (BMP) The first plane defined in
+	{Unicode}/{ISO 10646}, designed to include all {scripts} in
+	active modern use.  The BMP currently includes the Latin,
+	Greek, Cyrillic, Devangari, hiragana, katakana, and Cherokee
+	scripts, among others, and a large body of mathematical,
+	{APL}-related, and other miscellaneous {characters}.  Most of
+	the {Han} {ideographs} in current use are present in the BMP,
+	but due to the large number of ideographs, many were placed in
+	the {Supplementary Ideographic Plane}.
+
+	{Unicode home (http://unicode.org)}.
+
+	(2002-03-19)
+
+Basic Object Adapter
+
+	<architecture> (BOA) Part of the {CORBA} architecture.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2004-06-23)
+
+Basic Object System
+
+	<programming> (BOS) A {C}-callable library that implements the
+	notion of {object} and which uses {Tcl} as its {interpreter}
+	for interpreted {methods} (you can have "compiled" methods in
+	C, and mix compiled and interpreted methods in the same
+	object, plus lots more).  You can subclass and mix in existing
+	objects using BOS to extend, among other things, the set of
+	{tk} {widgets}.  BOS is a {class}-free object system, also
+	called a prototype-based object system; it is modelled loosely
+	on the {Self} system from {Stanford University}.
+
+	Version 1.31 by Sean Levy <Sean.Levy@cs.cmu.edu>.
+
+	{(ftp://barkley.berkeley.edu/tcl)}.
+
+	(1992-08-21)
+
+Basic Operating System
+
+	<operating system> (BOS) An early [when?] {IBM} {operating
+	system}.
+
+	According to folklore, BOS was the predecessor to {TOS} on the
+	{IBM 360} and it was {IPL}'d from a {card reader}.  It may
+	have been intended for very small 360's with no disks and
+	limited tape drives.
+
+	BOS died out really early [when?] as disks such as the 2311
+	and 2314 became common with the {IBM 360}, whereas disks had
+	been a real luxury on the {IBM 7090}.
+
+	(1999-01-29)
+
+Basic Programming Support
+
+	<operating system, tool> (BPS, colloquially: Barely
+	Programming Support) A suite of utility routines from {IBM} to
+	perform very simple procedures like formatting a disk or
+	labelling a tape.  BPS was only available on {punched cards}.
+
+	[Dates?]
+
+	(1998-07-08)
+
+Basic Rate Interface
+
+	<communications> (BRI, 2B+D, 2B1D) An {Integrated Services
+	Digital Network} channel consisting of two 64 {kbps} "bearer"
+	(B) channels and one 16 kbps "delta" (D) channel, giving a
+	total data rate of 144 kbps.  The B channels are used for
+	voice or user data, and the D channel is used for control and
+	signalling and/or {X.25} {packet} networking.  BRI is the kind
+	of ISDN interface most likely to be found in residential
+	service.
+
+	(2002-01-13)
+
+Basic Service Set
+
+	<networking> (BSS) A {wireless local area network} and all the
+	wireless devices (e.g. PCs and laptops) that are associated
+	with it.  A BSS may or may not include an {access point} and
+	is identified by a {BSSID}.
+
+	(2009-05-12)
+
+BASIC V
+
+	The version of the {Basic} programming language which comes on
+	{ROM} in {Acorn}'s {RISC} computers: the {Archimedes} range
+	and the {RiscPC}.  It features REPEAT and WHILE loops,
+	multi-line IF statements, procedures and functions, local
+	variables, error handling, {system calls} and a built-in
+	{assembler}.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+Bastard Operator From Hell
+
+	<humour> (BOFH) A rogue {network operator} character invented
+	by Simon Travaglia <simontrav@hotmail.com>, regularly featured
+	in "Computing" and "DATAMATION" magazine.
+
+	See also: {Dilbert}.
+
+	{(http://angelfire.com/bc/simont/index.html)}.
+
+	(1999-09-17)
+
+bastion host
+
+	{proxy gateway}
+
+batch
+
+	{batch processing}
+
+batch file
+
+	<operating system> (Or script) A {text file} containing
+	{operating system} commands which are executed automatically
+	by the {command-line interpreter}.  In {Unix}, this is called
+	a "{shell script}" since it is the Unix {shell} which includes
+	the {command-line interpreter}.  Batch files can be used as a
+	simple way to combine existing commands into new commands.
+
+	In {Microsoft Windows}, batch files have {filename extension},
+	".bat" or ".cmd".  A special example is {autoexec.bat} which
+	{MS-DOS} runs when Windows starts.
+
+	(2009-09-14)
+
+batch processing
+
+	<programming> A system that takes a sequence (a "batch") of
+	commands or jobs, executes them and returns the results, all
+	without human intervention.  This contrasts with an
+	{interactive} system where the user's commands and the
+	computer's responses are interleaved during a single run.
+
+	A batch system typically takes its commands from a disk file
+	(or a set of {punched cards} or {magnetic tape} in the
+	{mainframe} days) and returns the results to a file (or prints
+	them).  Often there is a queue of jobs which the system
+	processes as resources become available.
+
+	Since the advent of the {personal computer}, the term "batch"
+	has come to mean automating frequently performed tasks that
+	would otherwise be done interactively by storing those
+	commands in a "{batch file}" or "{script}".  Usually this file
+	is read by some kind of {command interpreter} but batch
+	processing is sometimes used with GUI-based applications that
+	define script equivalents for menu selections and other mouse
+	actions.  Such a recorded sequence of GUI actions is sometimes
+	called a "{macro}".  This may only exist in memory and may not
+	be saved to disk whereas a batch normally implies something
+	stored on disk.
+
+	Unix {cron} jobs and Windows scheduled tasks are batch
+	processing started at a predefined time by the system whereas
+	mainframe batch jobs were typically initiated by an operator
+	loading them into a queue.
+
+	(2009-09-14)
+
+bathtub curve
+
+	Common term for the curve (resembling an end-to-end section of
+	one of those claw-footed antique bathtubs) that describes the
+	expected failure rate of electronics with time: initially
+	high, dropping to near 0 for most of the system's lifetime,
+	then rising again as it "tires out".  See also {burn-in
+	period}, {infant mortality}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+baud
+
+	<communications, unit> /bawd/ (plural "baud") The unit in
+	which the information carrying capacity or "{signalling rate}"
+	of a communication channel is measured.  One baud is one
+	symbol (state-transition or level-transition) per second.
+	This coincides with bits per second only for two-level
+	{modulation} with no {framing} or {stop bits}.
+
+	A symbol is a unique state of the communication channel,
+	distinguishable by the receiver from all other possible
+	states.  For example, it may be one of two voltage levels on a
+	wire for a direct digital connection or it might be the phase
+	or frequency of a carrier.
+
+	The term "baud" was originally a unit of telegraph signalling
+	speed, set at one {Morse code} dot per second.  Or, more
+	generally, the reciprocal of the duration of the shortest
+	signalling element.  It was proposed at the International
+	Telegraph Conference of 1927, and named after {J.M.E. Baudot}
+	(1845-1903), the French engineer who constructed the first
+	successful teleprinter.
+
+	The UK {PSTN} will support a maximum rate of 600 baud but each
+	baud may carry between 1 and 16 bits depending on the coding
+	(e.g. {QAM}).
+
+	Where data is transmitted as {packets}, e.g. characters, the
+	actual "data rate" of a channel is
+
+		R D / P
+
+	where R is the "raw" rate in bits per second, D is the number
+	of data bits in a packet and P is the total number of bits in
+	a packet (including packet overhead).
+
+	The term "baud" causes much confusion and is usually best
+	avoided.  Use "bits per second" (bps), "bytes per second" or
+	"characters per second" (cps) if that's what you mean.
+
+	(1998-02-14)
+
+baud barf
+
+	<jargon> /bawd barf/ The garbage one gets on the {display
+	screen} when using a {modem} connection with some {protocol}
+	setting (especially line speed) incorrect, or when someone
+	picks up a voice extension on the same line, or when really
+	bad line noise disrupts the connection.  Baud barf is not
+	completely {random}, by the way; hackers with a lot of
+	serial-line experience can usually tell whether the device at
+	the other end is expecting a higher or lower speed than the
+	{terminal} is set to.  *Really* experienced ones can identify
+	particular speeds.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-02-22)
+
+Baudot
+
+	{Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot}
+
+Baudotbetical order
+
+	<algorithm> /baw do bet' i k*l/ Sorted into an order where
+	numerics and special characters are intermixed by sorting a 5-bit
+	{Baudot code} file ignoring the numeric shift and unshift codes.
+
+	(1997-02-11)
+
+Baudot code
+
+	<communications> (For etymology, see {baud}) A {character set}
+	predating {EBCDIC} and used originally and primarily on {paper
+	tape}.  Use of Baudot reportedly survives in {TDDs} and some
+	HAM radio applications.
+
+	In Baudot, characters are expressed using five {bits}.  Baudot
+	uses two code sub-sets, the "letter set" (LTRS), and the
+	"figure set" (FIGS).  The FIGS character (11011) signals that
+	the following code is to be interpreted as being in the FIGS
+	set, until this is reset by the LTRS (11111) character.
+
+	 binary  hex    LTRS   FIGS
+	 --------------------------
+	  00011  03      A      -
+	  11001  19      B      ?
+	  01110  0E      C      :
+	  01001  09      D      $
+	  00001  01      E      3
+	  01101  0D      F      !
+	  11010  1A      G      &
+	  10100  14      H      #
+	  00110  06      I      8
+	  01011  0B      J      BELL
+	  01111  0F      K      (
+	  10010  12      L      )
+	  11100  1C      M      .
+	  01100  0C      N      ,
+	  11000  18      O      9
+	  10110  16      P      0
+	  10111  17      Q      1
+	  01010  0A      R      4
+	  00101  05      S      '
+	  10000  10      T      5
+	  00111  07      U      7
+	  11110  1E      V      ;
+	  10011  13      W      2
+	  11101  1D      X      /
+	  10101  15      Y      6
+	  10001  11      Z      "
+	  01000  08      CR     CR
+	  00010  02      LF     LF
+	  00100  04      SP     SP
+	  11111  1F      LTRS   LTRS
+	  11011  1B      FIGS   FIGS
+	  00000  00      [..unused..]
+
+	Where CR is {carriage return}, LF is {linefeed}, BELL is the
+	{bell}, SP is space, and STOP is the stop character.
+
+	Note: these bit values are often shown in inverse order,
+	depending (presumably) which side of the {paper tape} you were
+	looking at.
+
+	Local implementations of Baudot may differ in the use of #,
+	STOP, BELL, and '.
+
+	(1997-01-30)
+
+baud rate
+
+	{baud}
+
+bawk
+
+	An {Awk}-like pattern-matching language by Bob Brodt,
+	distributed with {MINIX}.
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+bay
+
+	<hardware> (As in an aeroplane "cargo bay") A space in a
+	cabinet into which a device of a certain size can be
+	physically mounted and connected to power and data.
+
+	Common examples are a "drive bay" into which a {disk drive}
+	(usually either 3.5 inch or 5.25 inch) can be inserted or the
+	space in a {docking station} where you insert a {notebook
+	computer} or {laptop computer} to work as a {desktop computer}
+	or to charge their batteries, print or connect to the office
+	network, etc.
+
+	(1999-01-11)
+
+baz
+
+	/baz/ The third {metasyntactic variable} "Suppose we have
+	three functions: FOO, BAR, and BAZ.  FOO calls BAR, which
+	calls BAZ..." (See also {fum}).  Occasionally appended to
+	{foo} to produce "foobaz".
+
+	Early versions of the Hacker Jargon dictionary derived "baz"
+	as a Stanford corruption of {bar}.  However, Pete Samson
+	(compiler of the {TMRC} lexicon) reports it was already
+	current when he joined TMRC in 1958.  He says "It came from
+	"Pogo".  Albert the Alligator, when vexed or outraged, would
+	shout "Bazz Fazz!" or "Rowrbazzle!"  The club layout was said
+	to model the (mythical) New England counties of Rowrfolk and
+	Bassex (Rowrbazzle mingled with Norfolk/Suffolk/Middlesex/
+	Essex)."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2008-06-30)
+
+bb
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Barbados.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+BBC
+
+	{British Broadcasting Corporation}
+
+BBC Micro
+
+	{BBC Microcomputer}
+
+BBC Microcomputer
+
+	A series of {6502}-based personal computers launched by {Acorn
+	Computers} Ltd. in January 1982, for use in the British
+	Broadcasting Corporation's educational programmes on
+	computing.  The computers are noted for their reliability (many
+	are still in active service in 1994) and both hardware and
+	software were designed for easy expansion.  The 6502-based
+	computers were succeeded in 1987 by the Acorn {Archimedes}
+	family.
+
+	{xbeeb} is a BBC Micro {emulator} for {Unix} and {X11}.
+
+BBC Networking Club
+
+	<body> A {bulletin board} run by the {British Broadcasting
+	Corporation} Education department from April 1994 to 30 Nov
+	1995.
+
+	(1997-01-20)
+
+BBL
+
+	<chat> (I will) be back later.
+
+BBN Butterfly
+
+	<computer> A {supercomputer} developed at {BBN Technologies},
+	named after the "butterfly" multi-stage switching network
+	around which it was built.  It could have up to 512 {CPUs}
+	connected to allow every CPU access to every other CPU's
+	memory, albeit with about 15 times the latency than for its
+	own.  The earlier GP-1000 models used up to 256 {Motorola
+	68020s}.  The later TC-2000 models used up to 512 {Motorola
+	88100s}.
+
+	Language developed for, or ported to, the BBN Butterfly were
+	{Butterfly Common LISP}, {Butterfly Scheme}, {Delirium}, and
+	{MultiScheme}.
+
+	{(http://paralogos.com/DeadSuper/Misc/BBN.html)}.
+
+	(2003-11-10)
+
+BBN Technologies
+
+	<company> A company, originally known as Bolt, Beranek and
+	Newman, Inc. (BBN), based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
+
+	BBN were awarded the original contract to build the {ARPANET}
+	and have been extensively involved in {Internet} development.
+	They are responsible for managing {NNSC}, {CSNET}, and
+	{NEARnet}.
+
+	The language {LOGO} was developed at BBN, as was the {BBN
+	Butterfly} supercomputer.
+
+	{BBN Home (http://bbn.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-11-10)
+
+bboard
+
+	{bulletin board system}
+
+BBS
+
+	{bulletin board system}
+
+BC
+
+	An {arbitrary precision} numeric processing language with
+	{C}-like {syntax}.  Traditionally implemented as a front-end
+	to {DC}.  There is a {GNU} version called {GNU BC}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: bc(1).
+
+BCBF
+
+	{Branch on Chip Box Full}
+
+BCC
+
+	1. {Blind Carbon Copy}.
+
+	2. {Block Check Character}.
+
+	3. {Blocked Call Cleared}.
+
+BCD
+
+	{binary coded decimal}
+
+BCL
+
+	The successor to {Atlas Commercial Language}.
+
+	["The Provisional BCL Manual", D. Hendry, U London 1966].
+
+BC NELIAC
+
+	Version of NELIAC, post 1962.  Sammet 1969, p.197.
+
+BCNU
+
+	Be seein' you.
+
+BCPL
+
+	<language> (Basic CPL) A British systems language developed by
+	Richards in 1969 and descended from {CPL} (Combined
+	Programming Language).  BCPL is low-level, typeless and
+	block-structured, and provides only one-dimensional {arrays}.
+	Case is not significant, but conventionally reserved words
+	begin with a capital.  Flow control constructs include:
+	If-Then, Test-Then-Else, Unless-Do, While-Do, Until-Do,
+	Repeat, Repeatwhile, Repeatuntil, For-to-By-Do, Loop, Break
+	and Switchon-Into-Case-Default-Endcase.  BCPL has conditional
+	expressions, pointers, and manifest constants.  It has both
+	procedures: 'Let foo(bar) Be command' and functions: 'Let
+	foo(bar) = expression'.  'Valof $(..Resultis..$)' causes a
+	compound command to produce a value.  Parameters are
+	{call-by-value}.
+
+	Program segments communicate via the global vector where
+	system and user variables are stored in fixed numerical
+	locations in a single array.
+
+	The first BCPL {compiler} was written in {AED}.  BCPL was used
+	to implement the {TRIPOS} {operating system}, which was
+	subsequently reincarnated as {AmigaDOS}.
+
+	["BCPL - The Language and its Compiler", Martin Richards &
+	Colin Whitby-Stevens, Cambridge U Press 1979].
+
+	See {OCODE}, {INTCODE}.
+
+	Oxford BCPL differed slightly: Test-Ifso-Ifnot, and section
+	brackets in place of $( $).
+
+	The original {INTCODE} {interpreter} for BCPL is available for
+	{Amiga}, {Unix}, {MS-DOS}
+	{(ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/systems/amiga/programming/languages/BCPL/)}.
+
+	A BCPL compiler {bootstrap} kit with an {INTCODE}
+	{interpreter} in {C} was written by Ken Yap
+	<ken@syd.dit.csiro.au>.
+
+	(1995-03-26)
+
+BCS
+
+	1. {British Computer Society}.
+
+	2. {Binary Compatibility Standard}.
+
+bd
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Bangladesh.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+BDC
+
+	{Backup Domain Controller}
+
+BDL
+
+	{Block Diagram Compiler}
+
+BDPA
+
+	{Black Data Processing Associates}
+
+be
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Belgium.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+BEA
+
+	Basic programming Environment for interactive-graphical
+	Applications, from Siemens-Nixdorf.
+
+beam
+
+	<jargon> (From Star Trek Classic's "Beam me up, Scotty!") To
+	transfer {softcopy} of a file electronically; most often in
+	combining forms such as "beam me a copy" or "beam that over to
+	his site".  Compare {blast}, {snarf}, {BLT}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2009-06-09)
+
+beamer
+
+	<video, hardware, communications> A personal video station
+	(PVS) that adds video to standard telephone lines at no
+	additional cost.
+
+	(1999-10-24)
+
+beam search
+
+	<algorithm> An optimisation of the {best first search} {graph
+	search algorithm} where only a predetermined number of paths
+	are kept as candidates.  The number of paths is the "width of
+	the beam".  If more paths than this are generated, the worst
+	paths are discarded.  This reduces the space requirements of
+	best first search.
+
+	(2007-11-03)
+
+bean
+
+	{JavaBeans}
+
+beanie key
+
+	{feature key}
+
+bearer channel
+
+	<communications> Originally, a channel suited for carrying one
+	voice-grade connection.  Typically a {DS0} channel.
+
+	Compare {data channel}.
+
+	(1997-03-7)
+
+bear paw
+
+	<jargon> The {Vulcan nerve pinch} for {SGI} computers.  The
+	five key keyboard combination <left Ctrl><left Alt><left
+	Shift><{numeric keypad} /><F12> resets the graphics subsystem,
+	including the {window manager}.
+
+	(1996-10-28)
+
+Beats the shit outa me
+
+	<exclamation> (BSOM) "I don't understand it".  The last thing
+	you say as you walk out on someone whose system you can't fix.
+
+	(1998-06-15)
+
+Bebo
+
+	<web> A {social networking} website based in
+	California, USA.
+
+	{Bebo Home (http://bebo.com/)}.
+
+	(2006-11-20)
+
+BeBOP
+
+	<language> A language combining sequential and parallel {logic
+	programming}, {object-oriented} and {meta-level programming}.
+	Both {don't know nondeterminism} and {stream AND-parallelism}.
+	{Prolog} {theories} are first order entities and may be
+	updated or passed in messages.  BeBOP is implemented by
+	translation to {NU-Prolog} and {PNU-Prolog}.
+
+	{(ftp://munnari.oz.au/pub/bebop.tar.Z)}.
+
+	E-mail: Andrew Davidson <ad@cs.mu.oz.au>.
+
+	(1996-10-27)
+
+BeBox
+
+	<computer> A {microcomputer} produced by {Be Inc}, containing
+	between two and eight {PowerPCs} (the initial model has two
+	{PPC} 603s). The BeBox can take standard {IBM PC}
+	{peripherals}, such as {ISA} and {PCI} cards, {IDE} and {SCSI}
+	disks, and a standard {PS/2} keyboard.
+
+	Newsgroup: {news:comp.sys.be}.
+
+	{(http://be.com/)}.
+
+	[Dates?]
+
+	(1996-10-05)
+
+BEDO
+
+	{Burst Extended Data Out DRAM}
+
+Bedrock
+
+	A {C++} {class} library for {Macintosh} user interface
+	portability.
+
+beep
+
+	{bell}
+
+beeper
+
+	{pager}
+
+BEG
+
+	{Back End Generator}
+
+@Begin
+
+	<text> The {Scribe} equivalent of {\begin}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+\begin
+
+	<text, chat> The {LaTeX} command used with \end to delimit an
+	environment within which the text is formatted in a certain
+	way.  E.g. \begin{table}...\end{table}.
+
+	Used humorously in writing to indicate a context or to remark
+	on the surrounded text.  For example:
+
+	 \begin{flame}
+	 Predicate logic is the only good programming
+	 language.  Anyone who would use anything else
+	 is an idiot.  Also, all computers should be
+	 tredecimal instead of binary.
+	 \end{flame}
+
+	{Scribe} users at {CMU} and elsewhere used to use @Begin/@End
+	in an identical way (LaTeX was built to resemble Scribe).  On
+	{Usenet}, this construct would more frequently be rendered as
+	"<FLAME ON>" and "<FLAME OFF>" (a la {HTML}), or "#ifdef
+	FLAME" and "#endif FLAME" (a la {C preprocessor}).
+
+	(1998-09-21)
+
+BEGL
+
+	{Back End Generator}
+
+beige toaster
+
+	{Macintosh}
+
+Be Inc
+
+	<company> The company that produced the {BeBox}, founded by
+	Jean-Louis Gassee, former product chief at {Apple}.
+
+	(1996-10-05)
+
+BEL
+
+	{bell}
+
+belief revision
+
+	<artificial intelligence> The area of {theory change} in which
+	preservation of the information in the theory to be changed
+	plays a key role.
+
+	A fundamental issue in belief revision is how to decide what
+	information to retract in order to maintain consistency, when
+	the addition of a new belief to a theory would make it
+	inconsistent.  Usually, an ordering on the sentences of the
+	theory is used to determine priorities among sentences, so
+	that those with lower priority can be retracted.  This
+	ordering can be difficult to generate and maintain.
+
+	The postulates of the {AGM Theory for Belief Revision}
+	describe minimal properties a revision process should have.
+
+	[Better definition?]
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+BELL
+
+	An early system on the {IBM 650} and {Datatron 200} series.
+
+	Versions: BELL L2, BELL L3.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	[Is Datatron version the same?]
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Bell
+
+	<company> {Bell Telephone} or {Bell Laboratories}.
+
+	(1997-04-07)
+
+bell
+
+	<character> {ASCII} 7, ASCII {mnemonic} "BEL", the {character
+	code} which prodces a standard audibile warning from the
+	computer or {terminal}.  In the {teletype} days it really was a
+	bell, since the advent of the {VDU} it is more likely to be a
+	sound sample (e.g. the sound of a bell) played through a
+	loudspeaker.
+
+	Also called "G-bell", because it is typed as Control-G.
+
+	The term "beep" is preferred among some {microcomputer}
+	hobbyists.
+
+	Compare {feep}, {visible bell}.
+
+	(1997-04-08)
+
+Bell 103
+
+	<protocol> The original variant of {V.21} created by {AT&T}
+	when they had a telephone system monopoly in the USA.
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+Bell Communications Research, Inc
+
+	(Bellcore) The research laboratory for the seven regional
+	{Bell Telephone} companies in the USA that were created by the
+	divestiture of {AT&T} in 1984.
+
+	It can be compared to {Bell Laboratories}, for which many
+	Bellcore employees used to work.  Currently jointly owned by
+	the seven baby bells (as they are called), there are rumours
+	that it is to be sold by its current owners to become an
+	independent research laboratory
+
+	Its headquarters are in Livingstone, New Jersey.  It has
+	offices in Morristown, Lincroft, and Piscataway, all in
+	New Jersey, USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (201) 74 3000, +1 (800) 521 CORE.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Bellcore
+
+	{Bell Communications Research, Inc.}
+
+bell curve
+
+	{normal distribution}
+
+Bell Laboratories
+
+	One of {AT&T}'s research sites, in Murray Hill, New Jersey,
+	USA.  It was the birthplace of the {transistor}, {Unix}, {C}
+	and {C++} and the current home of research on {Plan 9} and
+	{ODE}.
+
+	{AT&T Research (http://research.att.com/)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.research.att.com/)}.
+
+	{netlib} sources {(ftp://netlib.att.com)}.
+
+	(1994-11-17)
+
+Bell Labs
+
+	{Bell Laboratories}
+
+bells and whistles
+
+	<jargon> (By analogy with the "toyboxes" on theatre organs).
+	Features added to a program or system to make it more
+	{flavourful} from a hacker's point of view, without
+	necessarily adding to its utility for its primary function.
+	Distinguished from {chrome}, which is intended to attract
+	users.  "Now that we've got the basic program working, let's
+	go back and add some bells and whistles."  No one seems to
+	know what distinguishes a bell from a whistle.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-04-03)
+
+bells, whistles, and gongs
+
+	A standard elaborated form of {bells and whistles}; typically
+	said with a pronounced and ironic accent on the "gongs".
+
+benchmark
+
+	<benchmark> A standard program or set of programs which can be
+	run on different computers to give an inaccurate measure of
+	their performance.
+
+	"In the computer industry, there are three kinds of lies:
+	lies, damn lies, and benchmarks."
+
+	A benchmark may attempt to indicate the overall power of a
+	system by including a "typical" mixture of programs or it may
+	attempt to measure more specific aspects of performance, like
+	graphics, I/O or computation (integer or {floating-point}).
+	Others measure specific tasks like {rendering} polygons,
+	reading and writing files or performing operations on
+	matrices.  The most useful kind of benchmark is one which is
+	tailored to a user's own typical tasks.  While no one
+	benchmark can fully characterise overall system performance,
+	the results of a variety of realistic benchmarks can give
+	valuable insight into expected real performance.
+
+	Benchmarks should be carefully interpreted, you should know
+	exactly which benchmark was run (name, version); exactly what
+	configuration was it run on (CPU, memory, compiler options,
+	single user/multi-user, peripherals, network); how does the
+	benchmark relate to your workload?
+
+	Well-known benchmarks include {Whetstone}, {Dhrystone},
+	{Rhealstone} (see {h}), the {Gabriel benchmarks} for {Lisp},
+	the {SPECmark} suite, and {LINPACK}.
+
+	See also {machoflops}, {MIPS}, {smoke and mirrors}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.benchmarks}.
+
+	{Tennessee BenchWeb (http://netlib.org/benchweb/)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-03-26)
+
+Bend Over, Here It Comes Again
+
+	<humour> (BOHICA) An utterance of frustration by computer
+	support personnel who anticipate being told (usually via
+	phone) to do something that can't be done, by a boss who
+	doesn't know his ass from deep center field about what he's
+	asking his minions to do.
+
+	(1995-09-20)
+
+Benoit B. Mandelbrot
+
+	{Benoit Mandelbrot}
+
+Benoit Mandelbrot
+
+	<person> /ben'wa man'dl-bro/ Benoit B. Mandelbrot.  The {IBM}
+	scientist who wrote several original books on {fractals} and
+	gave his name to the set he was discovered, the {Mandelbrot
+	set} and coined the term "fractal" in 1975 from the Latin
+	fractus or "to break".
+
+	(1997-07-02)
+
+Bentley Systems, Inc.
+
+	<company> The company that sells {MicroStation}.
+
+	Address: Exton, PA, USA.
+
+	{(http://bentley.com/)}.
+
+	(2001-05-18)
+
+BeOS
+
+	<operating system> The {operating system} originally designed
+	to run on the {BeBox} {microcomputer}.  BeOS is good at both
+	{multitasking} and {real-time} operation.  It has a {bash}
+	command shell, with ports of many {GNU} programs by Be, Inc.
+	It has a {GUI} front end (not {X}).  A {C++} {compiler} is
+	supplied with the machine, and there are rumours of other
+	languages being ported in the future.
+
+	BeOs eventually became used on the {x86} and
+	standard {PPC}.
+
+	Be, Inc. went bankrupt in 1999, after releasing the last
+	upgrade of BeOS (R5.0.3), and was sold to {Palm}.
+
+	Several groups are currently (2003) attempting to create an R6
+	version of the OS.  The most likely to succeed are {Yellowtab}
+	and {OpenBeOS}, which is likely to be renamed.
+
+	(2003-05-30)
+
+BER
+
+	1. <protocol, standard> {Basic Encoding Rules}.
+
+	2. <communications> {Bit Error Rate}.
+
+Berkeley
+
+	{University of California at Berkeley}
+
+Berkeley 4.2
+
+	{Berkeley Software Distribution}
+
+Berkeley EDIF200
+
+	translator-building toolkit
+
+	Wendell C. Baker and Prof A. Richard Newton of the Electronics
+	Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering and
+	Computer Sciences at the {University of California, Berkeley}.
+
+	Version 7.6.  Restriction: no-profit without permission.
+
+	{(ftp://ic.berkeley.edu/pub/edif)}.
+
+	(1990-07-01)
+
+Berkeley FP
+
+	<language> A version of {Backus}'s {FP} distributed with
+	{4.2BSD} {Unix}.
+
+	{(ftp://apple.com/ArchiveVol1/Unix_lang)}.
+
+	(1997-12-15)
+
+Berkeley Internet Name Domain
+
+	<networking> (BIND) An implementation of a {DNS} {server}
+	developed and distributed by the {University of California at
+	Berkeley}.
+
+	Many {Internet} {hosts} run BIND, and it is the ancestor of
+	many commercial implementations.
+
+	(1997-12-15)
+
+Berkeley Logo
+
+	<language> A {Logo} {interpreter} by Brian Harvey
+	<bh@cs.berkeley.edu>.  Berkeley Logo programs will run on
+	{Unix}, {IBM PC}, or {Macintosh}.  It doesn't do anything
+	fancy about graphics and only allows one {turtle}.
+
+	Version: 4.6, as of 2000-03-21.
+
+	{MswLogo} is a {Microsoft Windows} {front end}.
+
+	{(ftp://anarres.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/ucblogo)}.
+
+	(2000-03-28)
+
+Berkeley Network
+
+	(B-NET) Top level {Unix} {Ethernet} software developed at the
+	{University of California at Berkeley}.  There are no formal
+	specifications but UCB's {4.2BSD} {Unix} implementation on the
+	{VAX} is the de facto standard.  Distributed by {Unisoft}.
+	Includes net.o driver routines for specific hardware, {pseudo
+	ttys}, {daemons}, hostname command to set/get name, /etc/hosts
+	database of names and {Internet address}es of other hosts,
+	/etc/hosts.equiv host-wide database to control remote access,
+	.rhosts per user version of hosts.equiv.
+
+	UCB's implementation of the {Internet Protocol} includes
+	trailers to improve performance on paged memory management
+	systems such as {VAXen}.  These trailers are an exception to
+	the Internet Protocol specification.
+
+Berkeley Quality Software
+
+	<abuse> (Often abbreviated "BQS") Term used in a pejorative
+	sense to refer to software that was apparently created by
+	rather spaced-out hackers late at night to solve some unique
+	problem.  It usually has nonexistent, incomplete, or incorrect
+	documentation, has been tested on at least two examples, and
+	core dumps when anyone else attempts to use it.  This term was
+	frequently applied to early versions of the "dbx(1)" debugger.
+
+	See also {Berzerkeley}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-15)
+
+Berkeley Software Design, Inc
+
+	<company> (BSDI) A company that sells {BSD/OS}, a commercial
+	version of {Berkeley Standard Distribution} {Unix},
+	networking, and Internet technologies originally developed by
+	the {Computer Systems Research Group} (CSRG) at the
+	{University of California at Berkeley}.
+
+	Leading CSRG computer scientists founded BSDI in 1991.  BSDI's
+	BSD/OS represents over 20 years of development by the
+	worldwide BSD technical community.  BSD technology is known
+	worldwide for its powerful, flexible and portable architecture
+	and advanced development environments.
+
+	BSDI designs, develops, markets, and supports the {BSD/OS}
+	{operating system}, {Internet} server software for {IBM PCs},
+	and other products.  BSDI planned to release an Internet
+	gateway product for {Novell} {IPX} networks in 1995.
+
+	{(http://bsdi.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <bsdi-info@bsdi.com>.
+
+	Address: 5575 Tech Center Drive, #110, Colorado Springs, CO
+	80918, USA.  Telephone: +1 (719) 593 9445.  Fax: +1 (719) 598
+	4238.
+
+	(1996-01-13)
+
+Berkeley Software Distribution
+
+	<operating system> (BSD) A family of {Unix} versions developed
+	by {Bill Joy} and others at the {University of California at
+	Berkeley}, originally for the {DEC} {VAX} and {PDP-11}
+	computers, and subsequently ported to almost all modern
+	general-purpose computers.  BSD Unix incorporates {paged}
+	{virtual memory}, {TCP/IP} networking enhancements and many
+	other features.
+
+	BSD UNIX 4.0 was released on 1980-10-19.  The BSD versions
+	(4.1, 4.2, and 4.3) and the commercial versions derived from
+	them ({SunOS}, {ULTRIX}, {Mt. Xinu}, {Dynix}) held the
+	technical lead in the Unix world until {AT&T}'s successful
+	standardisation efforts after about 1986, and are still widely
+	popular.
+
+	See also {Berzerkeley}, {USG Unix}.
+
+	(2005-01-20)
+
+Berkeley Softworks
+
+	<company> The company that wrote {Graffiti} and a similar
+	scheme for the {Commodore 64} (made it very {Macintosh}-like)
+	and the {Commodore 128} (which could {multitask}).
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+Berkeley Unix
+
+	{Berkeley Software Distribution}
+
+Berkeley Yacc
+
+	<tool> (byacc, previously Zeus, then Zoo) Probably the best
+	variant of the {Yacc} {parser generator}.  Written by Robert
+	Corbett <Robert.Corbett@eng.sun.com>.
+
+	Latest version: 1.9, as of 2000-06-09.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/4bsd/byacc.1.9.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(2000-07-16)
+
+berklix
+
+	/berk'liks/ (From {Berkeley Unix}) {Berkeley Software
+	Distribution}.  Not used at {Berkeley} itself.  May be more
+	common among {suits} attempting to sound like cognoscenti than
+	among hackers, who usually just say "BSD".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+Berners-Lee, Tim
+
+	{Tim Berners-Lee}
+
+Bernoulli Box
+
+	<storage> A high capacity storage device, {Iomega
+	Corporation}'s first popular product, that spins a mylar disk
+	over a read-write head using the {Bernoulli principle}.
+
+	(1997-04-15)
+
+Bernoulli principle
+
+	(Or "air foil principle", after Swiss mathematician Daniel
+	Bernoulli, 1700-1782) The law that pressure in a fluid
+	decreases with the rate of flow.  It has been applied to a
+	class of {hard disk} drives.
+
+	See {Bernoulli Box}.
+
+	(1997-04-15)
+
+Bernstein condition
+
+	<parallel> Processes cannot execute in parallel if one effects
+	values used by the other.  Nor can they execute in parallel if
+	any subsequent process uses data effected by both, i.e. whose
+	value might depend on the order of execution.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+BERR
+
+	{bus error}
+
+Bertrand
+
+	(Named after the British mathematician Bertrand Russell
+	(1872-1970)).  Wm. Leler.  Rule-based specification language
+	based on augmented term rewriting.  Used to implement
+	constraint languages.  The user must explicitly specify the
+	tree-search and the constraint propagation.
+
+	{(ftp://nexus.yorku.ca/pub/scheme/scm/bevan.shar)}.
+
+	["Constraint Programming Languages - Their Specification and
+	Generation", W. Leler, A-W 1988, ISBN 0-201-06243-7].
+
+Bertrand Meyer
+
+	The author of the {Eiffel} Language and many articles on
+	{object-oriented} software techniques.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+Bertrand Russell
+
+	<person> (1872-1970) A British mathematician, the discoverer
+	of {Russell's paradox}.
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+Berzerkeley
+
+	<humour> /b*r-zer'klee/ (From "berserk", via the name of a
+	now-deceased record label) A humorous distortion of "Berkeley"
+	used especially to refer to the practices or products of the
+	{BSD Unix} hackers.
+
+	See {software bloat}, {Missed'em-five}, {Berkeley Quality
+	Software}.
+
+	Mainstream use of this term in reference to the cultural and
+	political peculiarities of UC Berkeley as a whole has been
+	reported from as far back as the 1960s.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-01)
+
+Berzerkley
+
+	{Berzerkeley}
+
+bespoke
+
+	{custom}
+
+best effort
+
+	<networking> A classification of low priority network traffic,
+	used especially the {Internet}.
+
+	Different kinds of traffic have different priorities.
+	{Videoconferencing} and other types of {real-time}
+	communication, for example, require a certain minimum
+	guaranteed {bandwidth} and {latency} and so must be given a
+	high priority.  {Electronic mail}, on the other hand, can
+	tolerate an arbitrarily long delay and is classified as a
+	"best-effort" service.
+
+	[Scientific American, Nov. 1994, pp. 83-84].
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+best first search
+
+	<algorithm> A {graph} search {algorithm} which optimises
+	{breadth first search} by ordering all current paths according
+	to some {heuristic}.  The heuristic attempts to predict how
+	close the end of a path is to a solution.  Paths which are
+	judged to be closer to a solution are extended first.
+
+	See also {beam search}, {hill climbing}.
+
+	(1995-12-09)
+
+Best Fit
+
+	<algorithm> A {resource} allocation scheme (usually for
+	{memory}).  Best Fit tries to determine the best place to put
+	the new data.  The definition of 'best' may differ between
+	implementations, but one example might be to try and minimise
+	the wasted space at the end of the block being allocated -
+	i.e. use the smallest space which is big enough.
+
+	By minimising wasted space, more data can be allocated
+	overall, at the expense of a more time-consuming allocation
+	{routine}.
+
+	Compare {First Fit}.
+
+	(1997-06-02)
+
+BETA
+
+	Kristensen, Madsen <olmadsen@daimi.aau.dk>, Moller-Pedersen &
+	Nygaard, 1983.  Object-oriented language with block structure,
+	coroutines, concurrency, {strong typing}, part objects,
+	separate objects and classless objects.  Central feature is a
+	single abstraction mechanism called "patterns", a
+	generalisation of classes, providing instantiation and
+	hierarchical inheritance for all objects including procedures
+	and processes.
+
+	Mjolner Informatics ApS, Aarhus, implementations for Mac, Sun,
+	HP, Apollo.
+
+	E-mail: <info@mjolner.dk>.
+
+	Mailing list: <usergroup@mjolner.dk>.
+
+	["Object-Oriented Programming in the BETA Programming
+	Language", Ole Lehrmann et al, A-W June 1993, ISBN
+	0-201-62430-3].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-10-31)
+
+beta
+
+	/bay't*/, /be't*/ or (Commonwealth) /bee't*/
+
+	See {beta conversion}, {beta test}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+beta abstraction
+
+	[{lambda-calculus}] The conversion of an expression to an
+	{application} of a {lambda abstraction} to an argument
+	expression.  Some subterm of the original expression becomes
+	the argument of the abstraction and the rest becomes its
+	body. E.g.
+
+		4+1 --> (\ x . x+1) 4
+
+	The opposite of beta abstraction is {beta reduction}.  These
+	are the two kinds of {beta conversion}.
+
+beta conversion
+
+	<theory> A term from {lambda-calculus} for {beta reduction} or
+	{beta abstraction}.
+
+	(1999-01-15)
+
+Betamaxed
+
+	<jargon> When a technology is overtaken in the market by
+	inferior but better marketed competition.  E.g. "Microsoft
+	betamaxed Apple right out of the market".  The Betamex
+	videotape standard lost to VHS.
+
+	(1999-01-15)
+
+beta reduction
+
+	[{lambda-calculus}] The {application} of a {lambda
+	abstraction} to an argument expression.  A copy of the body of
+	the lambda abstraction is made and occurrences of the {bound
+	variable} being replaced by the argument.  E.g.
+
+		(\ x . x+1) 4  -->  4+1
+
+	Beta reduction is the only kind of {reduction} in the {pure
+	lambda-calculus}.  The opposite of beta reduction is {beta
+	abstraction}.  These are the two kinds of {beta conversion}.
+
+	See also {name capture}.
+
+beta test
+
+	{beta testing}
+
+beta testing
+
+	<programming> Evaluation of a pre-release (potentially unreliable)
+	version of a piece of {software} (or possibly {hardware}) by
+	making it available to selected users ("beta testers") before it
+	goes on general distribution.
+
+	Beta testign aims to discover {bugs} that only occur in certain
+	environments or under certain patterns of use, while reducing the
+	volume of feedback to a manageable level.  The testers benefit by
+	having earlier access to new products, features and fixes.
+
+	Beta testing may be preceded by "alpha testing", performed
+	in-house by a handful of users (e.g. other developers or friends),
+	who can be expected to give rapid, high quality feedback on design
+	and {usability}.  Once the product is considered to be usable for
+	its intended purpose it then moves on to "beta testing" by a
+	larger, but typically still limited, number of ordinary users, who
+	may include external customers.
+
+	Some companies such as {Google} or {Degree Jungle
+	(http://www.degreejungle.com/rankings/best-online-colleges)}
+	stretch the definition, claiming their products are "in beta" for
+	many months by millions of users.
+
+	The term derives from early 1960s terminology for {product cycle}
+	checkpoints, first used at {IBM} but later standard throughout the
+	industry.  "{Alpha test}" was the {unit test}, {module test} or
+	{component test} phase; "Beta Test" was initial {system test}.
+	These themselves came from earlier A- and B-tests for hardware.
+	The A-test was a feasibility and manufacturability evaluation done
+	before any commitment to design and development.  The B-test was a
+	demonstration that the engineering model functioned as specified.
+	The C-test (corresponding to today's beta) was the B-test
+	performed on early samples of the production design.
+
+	(2013-06-09)
+
+beta version
+
+	{beta testing}
+
+Bezier
+
+	<graphics> (After Frenchman Pierre Bézier from Regie Renault)
+	A collection of formulae for describing curved lines ({Bezier
+	curve}) and surfaces ({Bezier surface}), first used in 1972 to
+	model automobile surfaces.
+
+	Curves and surfaces are defined by a set of "control points"
+	which can be moved interactively making Bezier curves and
+	surfaces convenient for interactive graphic design.
+
+	["Principles of interactive computer graphics", William
+	M. Newman, Graw-Hill].
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+Bezier curve
+
+	<graphics> A type of curve defined by mathematical formulae,
+	used in {computer graphics}.  A curve with coordinates P(u),
+	where u varies from 0 at one end of the curve to 1 at the
+	other, is defined by a set of n+1 "control points" (X(i),
+	Y(i), Z(i)) for i = 0 to n.
+
+		P(u) = Sum i=0..n [(X(i), Y(i), Z(i)) * B(i, n, u)]
+
+		B(i, n, u) = C(n, i) * u^i * (1-u)^(n-i)
+
+		C(n, i) = n!/i!/(n-i)!
+
+	A Bezier curve (or surface) is defined by its control points,
+	which makes it invariant under any {affine mapping}
+	(translation, rotation, parallel projection), and thus even
+	under a change in the axis system.  You need only to transform
+	the control points and then compute the new curve.  The
+	control polygon defined by the points is itself affine
+	invariant.
+
+	Bezier curves also have the variation-diminishing property.
+	This makes them easier to split compared to other types of
+	curve such as {Hermite} or {B-spline}.
+
+	Other important properties are multiple values, global and
+	local control, versatility, and order of continuity.
+
+	[What do these properties mean?]
+
+	(1996-06-12)
+
+Bezier surface
+
+	<graphics> A surface defined by mathematical formulae, used in
+	{computer graphics}.  A surface P(u, v), where u and v vary
+	orthogonally from 0 to 1 from one edge of the surface to the
+	other, is defined by a set of (n+1)*(m+1) "control points"
+	(X(i, j), Y(i, j), Z(i, j)) for i = 0 to n, j = 0 to m.
+
+		P(u, v) = Sum i=0..n {Sum j=0..m [
+			(X(i, j), Y(i, j), Z(i, j))
+			* B(i, n, u) * B(j, m, v)]}
+
+		B(i, n, u) = C(n, i) * u^i * (1-u)^(n-i)
+
+		C(n, i) = n!/i!/(n-i)!
+
+	Bezier surfaces are an extension of the idea of {Bezier
+	curves}, and share many of their properties.
+
+	(1996-06-12)
+
+bf
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Burkina Faso.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+BFI
+
+	{brute force and ignorance}
+
+bg
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Bulgaria.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+BGA
+
+	{Ball Grid Array}
+
+bgh
+
+	<chat> Be Good Humans.
+
+	(2001-03-28)
+
+BGP
+
+	{Border Gateway Protocol}
+
+bh
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Bahrain.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+BHC Code
+
+	{Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Code}
+
+bi
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Burundi.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+bib
+
+	{BibTeX}
+
+bible
+
+	<publication> The most detailed and authoritative reference
+	for a particular language, {operating system} or other complex
+	software system.  It is also used to denote one of a small
+	number of such books such as {Knuth} and {K&R}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+BIBOP
+
+	{Big bag of pages}
+
+BibTeX
+
+	<text, tool> A {Tex} extension package for bibliographic
+	citations, distributed with {LaTeX}.  BibTeX uses a
+	style-independent bibliography database (.bib file) to produce
+	a list of sources, in a customisable style, from citations in
+	a Latex document.  It also supports some other formats.
+
+	BibTeX is a separate program from LaTeX.  LaTeX writes
+	information about citations and which .bib files to use in a
+	".aux" file.  BibTeX reads this file and outputs a ".bbl" file
+	containing LaTeX commands to produce the source list.  You
+	must then run LaTeX again to incorporate the source list in
+	your document.  In typeset documents, "BibTeX" is written in
+	upper case, with the "IB" slightly smaller and with the "E" as
+	a subscript.  BibTeX is described in the {LaTeX} book by
+	Lamport.
+
+BiCapitalisation
+
+	The act said to have been performed on trademarks (such as
+	{PostScript}, {NeXT}, {NeWS}, {VisiCalc}, {FrameMaker},
+	{TK!solver}, {EasyWriter}) that have been raised above the
+	ruck of common coinage by nonstandard capitalisation.  Too
+	many {marketroid} types think this sort of thing is really
+	cute, even the 2,317th time they do it.
+
+	Compare {studlycaps}.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+BiCMOS
+
+	<hardware> A manufacturing process for semiconductor devices
+	that combines {bipolar} and {CMOS} to give the best balance
+	between available output current and power consumption.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+bidirectional printing
+
+	<hardware> A feature of a printer whose printer head can print
+	both when moving left to right and when moving right to left.
+
+	Also known as "{boustrophedonic}".
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+Bidouilleurs Sans Argent
+
+	<body> (BSA, French for "Moneyless Hackers") An association
+	which aim is to help computer users who can't afford to buy
+	commercial software.  The main purpose of the association is
+	the promotion of {free software}, and distribution of
+	ex-commercial software.  This is clearly an answer to the
+	repressive attitude of the "other" {BSA}.
+
+	Among BSA members are {Richard Stallman}, creator of the {GNU}
+	project.
+
+	{(http://bsa.lu/)}.
+
+	(1998-10-27)
+
+bi-endian
+
+	Silicon schizophrenia.  Processors and other chips that have
+	can be switched to work in {big-endian} or {little-endian}
+	mode.
+
+	The {PowerPC} chip has this ability, which allows it to run
+	the little-endian {Windows NT}, or the big-endian {Mac OS/PPC}.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+BIFF
+
+	/bif/ (Or "B1FF", from {Usenet}) The most famous {pseudo}, and
+	the prototypical {newbie}.  Articles from BIFF are
+	characterised by all uppercase letters sprinkled liberally
+	with bangs, typos, "cute" misspellings (EVRY BUDY LUVS GOOD
+	OLD BIFF CUZ HE'S A K00L DOOD AN HE RITES REEL AWESUM THINGZ
+	IN CAPITULL LETTRS LIKE THIS!!!), use (and often misuse) of
+	fragments of {chat} abbreviations, a long {sig block}
+	(sometimes even a {doubled sig}), and unbounded naivete.  BIFF
+	posts articles using his elder brother's VIC-20.  BIFF's
+	location is a mystery, as his articles appear to come from a
+	variety of sites.  However, {BITNET} seems to be the most
+	frequent origin.  The theory that BIFF is a denizen of BITNET
+	is supported by BIFF's (unfortunately invalid) {electronic
+	mail address}: <BIFF@BIT.NET>.
+
+	[1993: Now It Can Be Told!  My spies inform me that BIFF was
+	originally created by Joe Talmadge <jat@cup.hp.com>, also the
+	author of the infamous and much-plagiarised "Flamer's Bible".
+	The BIFF filter he wrote was later passed to Richard Sexton,
+	who posted BIFFisms much more widely.  Versions have since
+	been posted for the amusement of the net at large. - ESR]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-09-22)
+
+biff
+
+	/bif/ To notify someone of incoming mail.  From the {BSD}
+	utility "biff(1)", which was in turn named after a friendly
+	golden Labrador who used to chase frisbees in the halls at UCB
+	while {4.2BSD} was in development (it had a well-known habit
+	of barking whenever the mailman came).  No relation to {BIFF}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+\big
+
+	<text> Prefix of several {LaTeX} commands implying a larger
+	symbol.  See the command without "big".  Often used to convert
+	a {dyadic} operator into a function which operates on a set.
+	E.g. \sqcup, \bigsqcup.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Big bag of pages
+
+	(BIBOP) Where data objects are tagged with some kind of
+	descriptor (giving their size or type for example) memory can
+	be saved by storing objects with the same descriptor in one
+	"page" of memory.  The most significant bits of an object's
+	address are used as the BIBOP page number.  This is looked up
+	in a BIBOP table to find the descriptor for all objects in
+	that page.
+
+	This idea is similar to the "zones" used in some {Lisp}
+	systems (e.g. {LeLisp}).
+
+	[David R. Hanson.  "A portable storage management system for
+	the Icon programming language".  Software - Practise and
+	Experience, 10:489-500 1980].
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+big blue
+
+	{International Business Machines}
+
+big-endian
+
+	1. <data, architecture> A computer {architecture} in which,
+	within a given multi-{byte} numeric representation, the most
+	significant byte has the lowest address (the word is stored
+	"big-end-first").
+
+	Most processors, including the {IBM 370} family, the {PDP-10},
+	the {Motorola} {microprocessor} families, and most of the
+	various {RISC} designs current in mid-1993, are big-endian.
+
+	See {-endian}.
+
+	2. <networking, standard> A backward {electronic mail
+	address}.  The world now follows the {Internet} {hostname}
+	{standard} (see {FQDN}) and writes e-mail addresses starting
+	with the name of the computer and ending up with the {country
+	code} (e.g. fred@doc.acme.ac.uk).  In the United Kingdom the
+	{Joint Networking Team} decided to do it the other way round
+	(e.g. me@uk.ac.wigan.cs) before the {Internet} {domain}
+	standard was established.  Most {gateway sites} required
+	{ad-hockery} in their {mailers} to handle this.
+
+	By July 1994 this parochial idiosyncracy was on the way out
+	and mailers started to reject big-endian addresses.  By about
+	1996, people would look at you strangely if you suggested such
+	a bizarre thing might ever have existed.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-08-09)
+
+Big Gray Wall
+
+	<jargon> What faces a {VMS} user searching for documentation.
+	A full VMS kit comes on a pallet, the documentation taking up
+	around 15 feet of shelf space before the addition of layered
+	products such as {compilers}, {databases}, multi-vendor
+	networking, and programming tools.  Recent (since VMS version
+	5) DEC documentation comes with grey binders; under VMS
+	version 4 the binders were orange and under version 3 they
+	were blue.  Often contracted to "Gray Wall".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+big iron
+
+	<jargon> (Or "heavy metal [Cambridge]) Large, expensive,
+	ultra-fast computers.  Used generally of {number crunching}
+	{supercomputers} such as {Crays}, but can include more
+	conventional big commercial {IBM}ish {mainframes}.  The term
+	implies approval, in contrast to "{dinosaur}".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-11-09)
+
+BIG-LAN
+
+	["BIG-LAN Frequently Asked Questions Memo", BIG-LAN DIGEST
+	V4:I8, February 14, 1992.]
+
+Bigloo
+
+	<language> A {Scheme} {interpreter}, {compiler} and {run-time
+	system} by Manuel Serrano <Manuel.Serrano@inria.fr> which aims
+	to deliver small, fast stand-alone {applications}.  It
+	supports {modules} and {optimisation}.  Bigloo's features
+	enable Scheme programs to be used where {C} or {C++} might
+	usually be required.
+
+	The Bigloo compiler produces {ANSI C} which is compiled into
+	{stand-alone executables}, {JVM} {bytecode}, or .{NET
+	bytecode}.  Hence Bigloo enables Scheme programs to interwork
+	with C, {Java} and {C#} programs.
+
+	Bigloo conforms to the {IEEE Scheme} {standard} with some
+	extensions for {regular expression} handling.  It runs on
+	{Sun}, {Sony} {News}, {SGI}, {Linux}, {HP-UX} and is easy to
+	port to any {Unix} system.
+
+	Latest version: 2.6f, as of 2005-03-29.
+
+	{Bigloo Home (http://www-sop.inria.fr/mimosa/fp/Bigloo/)}.
+
+	(2005-04-05)
+
+bignum
+
+	<programming> /big'nuhm/ (Originally from {MIT} {MacLISP}) A
+	{multiple-precision} computer representation for very large
+	integers.
+
+	Most computer languages provide a type of data called
+	"integer", but such computer integers are usually limited in
+	size; usually they must be smaller than 2^31 (2,147,483,648)
+	or (on a {bitty box}) 2^15 (32,768).  If you want to work with
+	numbers larger than that, you have to use {floating-point}
+	numbers, which are usually accurate to only six or seven
+	decimal places.  Computer languages that provide bignums can
+	perform exact calculations on very large numbers, such as
+	1000! (the factorial of 1000, which is 1000 times 999 times
+	998 times ... times 2 times 1).  For example, this value for
+	1000! was computed by the {MacLISP} system using bignums:
+
+	40238726007709377354370243392300398571937486421071
+	46325437999104299385123986290205920442084869694048
+	00479988610197196058631666872994808558901323829669
+	94459099742450408707375991882362772718873251977950
+	59509952761208749754624970436014182780946464962910
+	56393887437886487337119181045825783647849977012476
+	63288983595573543251318532395846307555740911426241
+	74743493475534286465766116677973966688202912073791
+	43853719588249808126867838374559731746136085379534
+	52422158659320192809087829730843139284440328123155
+	86110369768013573042161687476096758713483120254785
+	89320767169132448426236131412508780208000261683151
+	02734182797770478463586817016436502415369139828126
+	48102130927612448963599287051149649754199093422215
+	66832572080821333186116811553615836546984046708975
+	60290095053761647584772842188967964624494516076535
+	34081989013854424879849599533191017233555566021394
+	50399736280750137837615307127761926849034352625200
+	01588853514733161170210396817592151090778801939317
+	81141945452572238655414610628921879602238389714760
+	88506276862967146674697562911234082439208160153780
+	88989396451826324367161676217916890977991190375403
+	12746222899880051954444142820121873617459926429565
+	81746628302955570299024324153181617210465832036786
+	90611726015878352075151628422554026517048330422614
+	39742869330616908979684825901254583271682264580665
+	26769958652682272807075781391858178889652208164348
+	34482599326604336766017699961283186078838615027946
+	59551311565520360939881806121385586003014356945272
+	24206344631797460594682573103790084024432438465657
+	24501440282188525247093519062092902313649327349756
+	55139587205596542287497740114133469627154228458623
+	77387538230483865688976461927383814900140767310446
+	64025989949022222176590433990188601856652648506179
+	97023561938970178600408118897299183110211712298459
+	01641921068884387121855646124960798722908519296819
+	37238864261483965738229112312502418664935314397013
+	74285319266498753372189406942814341185201580141233
+	44828015051399694290153483077644569099073152433278
+	28826986460278986432113908350621709500259738986355
+	42771967428222487575867657523442202075736305694988
+	25087968928162753848863396909959826280956121450994
+	87170124451646126037902930912088908694202851064018
+	21543994571568059418727489980942547421735824010636
+	77404595741785160829230135358081840096996372524230
+	56085590370062427124341690900415369010593398383577
+	79394109700277534720000000000000000000000000000000
+	00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+	00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+	00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+	00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+	000000000000000000.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-27)
+
+bigot
+
+	A person who is religiously attached to a particular computer,
+	language, operating system, editor, or other tool (see
+	{religious issues}).  Usually found with a specifier; thus,
+	"Cray bigot", "ITS bigot", "APL bigot", "VMS bigot", "Berkeley
+	bigot".  Real bigots can be distinguished from mere partisans
+	or zealots by the fact that they refuse to learn alternatives
+	even when the march of time and/or technology is threatening
+	to obsolete the favoured tool.  It is truly said "You can tell
+	a bigot, but you can't tell him much."  Compare {weenie}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Big Red Switch
+
+	<jargon> (BRS) IBM jargon for the {power switch} on a computer,
+	especially the "Emergency Pull" switch on an IBM {mainframe} or
+	the power switch on an IBM PC where it really is large and red.
+
+	"This !@%$% {bitty box} is hung again; time to hit the Big Red
+	Switch."
+
+	It is alleged that the emergency pull switch on an {IBM 360}/91
+	actually fired a non-conducting bolt into the main power feed; the
+	BRSes on more recent mainframes physically drop a block into place
+	so that they can't be pushed back in.  People get fired for
+	pulling them, especially inappropriately (see also {molly-guard}).
+
+	Compare {power cycle}, {three-finger salute}, {120 reset}; see
+	also {scram switch}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2014-08-10)
+
+Big Room
+
+	<jargon, humour> The extremely large room with the blue
+	ceiling and intensely bright light (during the day) or black
+	ceiling with lots of tiny night-lights (during the night)
+	found outside all computer installations.  "He can't come to
+	the phone right now, he's somewhere out in the Big Room."
+
+	(1996-03-04)
+
+big win
+
+	<jargon> An {MIT} term for a {Good Thing} or a lucky accident.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-03-06)
+
+bijection
+
+	<mathematics> A {function} is bijective or a bijection or a
+	one-to-one correspondence if it is both {injective} (no two
+	values map to the same value) and {surjective} (for every
+	element of the {codomain} there is some element of the
+	{domain} which maps to it).  I.e. there is exactly one element
+	of the domain which maps to each element of the codomain.
+
+	For a general bijection f from the set A to the set B:
+
+	f'(f(a)) = a where a is in A and f(f'(b)) = b where b is in B.
+
+	A and B could be disjoint sets.
+
+	See also {injection}, {surjection}, {isomorphism},
+	{permutation}.
+
+	(2001-05-10)
+
+Bill Gates
+
+	<person> William Henry Gates III, Chief Executive Officer of
+	{Microsoft}, which he co-founded in 1975 with {Paul Allen}.
+	In 1994 Gates is a billionaire, worth $9.35b and {Microsoft}
+	is worth about $27b.  He was a {computer nerd} who dropped out
+	of Harvard and one of the first programmers to oppose
+	{software piracy} ("Open Letter to Hobbyists," Computer Notes,
+	February 3, 1976).
+
+	(1995-03-02)
+
+Bill Joy
+
+	{William Joy}
+
+binaries
+
+	{binary file}
+
+binary
+
+	1. <mathematics> {Base} two.  A number representation
+	consisting of zeros and ones used by practically all computers
+	because of its ease of implementation using digital
+	electronics and {Boolean algebra}.
+
+	2. <file format> {binary file}.
+
+	3. <programming> A description of an {operator} which takes
+	two {arguments}.  See also {unary}, {ternary}.
+
+	(2005-02-21)
+
+binary coded decimal
+
+	<data> (BCD, packed decimal) A number representation where a
+	number is expressed as a sequence of decimal digits and then
+	each decimal digit is encoded as a four-bit binary number (a
+	{nibble}).  E.g. decimal 92 would be encoded as the eight-bit
+	sequence 1001 0010.
+
+	In some cases, the right-most nibble contains the sign
+	(positive or negative).
+
+	It is easier to convert decimal numbers to and from BCD than
+	binary and, though BCD is often converted to binary for
+	arithmetic processing, it is possible to build {hardware} that
+	operates directly on BCD.
+
+	[Do calculators use BCD?]
+
+	(2001-01-27)
+
+Binary Compatibility Standard
+
+	<programming, standard> (BCS) The {ABI} of {88open}.
+
+	(1997-07-03)
+
+binary counter
+
+	<electronics, hardware> A digital circuit which has a clock
+	input and a number of count outputs which give the number of
+	clock cycles.  The output may change either on rising or
+	falling clock edges.  The circuit may also have a reset input
+	which sets all outputs to zero when asserted.  The counter may
+	be either a {synchronous counter} or a {ripple counter}.
+
+	(1997-07-03)
+
+binary data
+
+	{binary file}
+
+binary exponential backoff
+
+	An {algorithm} for dealing with contention in the use of a
+	network.  To transmit a {packet} the {host} sets a local
+	parameter, L to 1 and transmits in one of the next L {slots}.
+	If a {collision} occurs, it doubles L and repeats.
+
+binary file
+
+	<file format> Any {file format} for {digital} {data} that does
+	not consist of a sequence of printable {characters} ({text}).
+	The term is often used for executable {machine code}.
+
+	All digital data, including characters, is actually binary
+	data (unless it uses some (rare) system with more than two
+	discrete levels) but the distinction between binary and text
+	is well established.  On modern {operating systems} a text
+	file is simply a binary file that happens to contain only
+	printable characters, but some older systems distinguish the
+	two file types, requiring programs to handle them differently.
+
+	A common class of binary files is programs in {machine
+	language} ("{executable} files") ready to load into memory and
+	execute.  Binary files may also be used to store data output
+	by a program, and intended to be read by that or another
+	program but not by humans.  Binary files are more efficient
+	for this purpose because the data (e.g. numerical data) does
+	not need to be converted between the binary form used by the
+	{CPU} and a printable (ASCII) representation.  The
+	disadvantage is that it is usually necessary to write special
+	purpose programs to manipulate such files since most general
+	purpose utilities operate on text files.  There is also a
+	problem sharing binary numerical data between processors with
+	different {endian}ness.
+
+	Some communications {protocols} handle only text files,
+	e.g. most {electronic mail} systems before {MIME} became
+	widespread in about 1995.  The {FTP} utility must be put into
+	"binary" mode in order to copy a binary file since in its
+	default "ascii" mode translates between the different
+	{newline} characters used on the sending and receiving
+	computers.
+
+	Confusingly, some {word processor} files, and {rich text}
+	files, are actually binary files because they contain
+	non-printable characters and require special programs to view,
+	edit and print them.
+
+	(2005-02-21)
+
+binary large object
+
+	<database> (BLOB) A large block of data stored in a
+	{database}, such as an {image} or {sound} file.  A BLOB has no
+	structure which can be interpreted by the {database management
+	system} but is known only by its size and location.
+
+	(1997-11-04)
+
+binary package
+
+	<software> An {archive} file that contains all files and
+	directories that must be installed in order to make a working
+	installation of the program(s) included in the package, and
+	the {maintainer scripts} necessary for the installation.  A
+	binary package is usually specific to a certain {platform}, in
+	contrast to a {source package}.
+
+	(2001-01-27)
+
+binary prefix
+
+	<unit> (Or "IEC prefix") A prefix used with a {unit} of {data} to
+	mean multiplication by a power of 1024.  Binary prefixes are most
+	often used with "{byte}" (e.g. "{kilobyte}") but also with {bit}
+	(e.g. "{megabit}").
+
+	For example, the term {kilobyte} has historically been used to
+	mean 1024 {bytes}, and {megabyte} to mean 1,048,576 bytes.  The
+	multipliers 1024 and 1,048,576 are powers of 1024, which is itself
+	a power of two (1024 = 2^10).  It is this factor of two that gives
+	the name "binary prefix".
+
+	This is in contrast to a {decimal prefix} denoting a power of
+	1000, which is itself a power of ten (1000 = 10^3).  Decimal
+	prefixes are used in science and engineering and are specified in
+	widely adopted {SI} standards.  Note that the actual prefix - kilo
+	or mega - is the same, it is the interpretation that differs.
+
+	The difference between the two interpretations increases with each
+	multiplication, so while 1000 and 1024 differ by only 2.4%, 1000^6
+	and 1024^6 differ by 15%.
+
+	The 1024-based interpretation of prefixes is often still used
+	informally and especially when discussing the storage capacity of
+	{random-access memory}.  This has lead to storage device
+	manufacturers being accused of false marketing for using the
+	decimal interpretation where customers might assume the larger,
+	historical, binary interpretation.
+
+	In an attempt to clarify the distinction, in 1998 the {IEC}
+	specified that kilobyte, megabyte, etc. should only be used for
+	powers of 1000 (following SI).  They specified new prefixes for
+	powers of 1024 containing "bi" for "binary": {kibibyte},
+	{mebibyte}, etc.; an idea originally propsed by {IUPAC}.  IEC also
+	specified new abbreviations Ki, Mi, etc. for the new prefixes.
+	Many other standards bodies such as {NIST}, {IEEE} and {BIPM}
+	support this proposal but as of 2013 its use is rare in
+	non-technical circles.
+
+	Specific units of IEC 60027-2 A.2 and ISO/IEC 80000
+
+	 IEC prefix	   Representations				Customary prefix
+	 Name  Symbol  Base 2  Base		Base 10		Name	Symbol
+						   1024		(approx)
+	 kibi  Ki	   2^10	   1024^1	1.02x10^3	kilo	k, K
+	 mebi  Mi	   2^20	   1024^2	1.05x10^6	mega	M
+	 gibi  Gi	   2^30	   1024^3	1.07x10^9	giga	G
+	 tebi  Ti	   2^40	   1024^4	1.10x10^12	tera	T
+	 pebi  Pi	   2^50	   1024^5	1.13x10^15	peta	P
+	 exbi  Ei	   2^60	   1024^6	1.15x10^18	exa     E
+	 zebi  Zi	   2^70	   1024^7	1.18x10^21	zetta	Z
+	 yobi  Yi	   2^80	   1024^8	1.21x10^24	yotta	Y
+
+	(2013-11-04)
+
+binary search
+
+	<algorithm> A search {algorithm} which repeatedly divides an
+	ordered {search space} in half according to how the required
+	(key) value compares with the middle element.
+
+	The following pseudo-{C} routine performs a binary search
+	return the index of the element of vector "thing[first..last]"
+	equal to "target":
+
+	 if (target < thing[first] || target > thing[last])
+	   return NOT_FOUND;
+	 while (first < last)
+	 {
+	   mid = (first+last)/2;	/* truncate to integer */
+	   if (target == thing[mid])
+	     return mid;
+	   if (target < thing[mid])
+	     last = mid-1;
+	   else
+	     first = mid+1;
+	 }
+	 if (target == thing[last])
+	   return last;
+	 return NOT_FOUND;
+
+	(2003-01-14)
+
+Binary Synchronous Transmission
+
+	<protocol> (Bisynch) An {IBM} link {protocol}, developed in
+	the 1960 and popular in the 1970s and 1980s.
+
+	Binary Synchronous Transmission has been largely replaced in
+	IBM environments with {SDLC}.  Bisync was developed for
+	{batch} communications between a {System 360} computer and the
+	IBM 2780 and 3780 {Remote Job Entry} (RJE) {terminals}.  It
+	supports RJE and on-line terminals in the {CICS}/{VSE}
+	environment.  It operates with {EBCDIC} or {ASCII} {character
+	sets}.  It requires that every message be acknowledged ({ACK})
+	or negatively acknowledged ({NACK}) so it has high
+	transmission overhead.  It is typically character oriented and
+	{half-duplex}, although some of the bisync protocol flavours
+	or dialects support binary transmission and {full-duplex}
+	operation.
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+binary tree
+
+	(btree) A {tree} in which each node has at most two successors
+	or child nodes.  In {Haskell} this could be represented as
+
+		data BTree a = NilTree
+			     | Node a (BTree a) (BTree a)
+
+	See also {balanced tree}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+BIND
+
+	{Berkeley Internet Name Domain}
+
+bindery
+
+	<networking> A {Novell Netware} database that contains
+	definitions for entities such as users, groups, and
+	{workgroups}.  The bindery allows the network supervisor to
+	design an organised and secure operating environment based on
+	the individual requirements of each of these entities.
+
+	The bindery has three components: objects, properties, and
+	property data sets.  Objects represent any physical or logical
+	entity, including users, user groups, file servers.
+	Properties are characteristics of each object (e.g.
+	passwords, account restrictions, {internetwork addresses}).
+	Property data sets are the values assigned to an entity's
+	bindery properties.
+
+	[Netware Version 3.11 "Concepts" documentation (a glossary of
+	Netware-related terms)].
+
+	(1996-03-07)
+
+binding handle
+
+	<networking> An identifier representing the connection between
+	a {client} and {server}.  An association between client/server
+	end-points and {protocols}.
+
+	(1997-03-18)
+
+binding-time analysis
+
+	<compiler> An analysis to identify sub-expressions which can
+	be evaluated at {compile-time} or where versions of a function
+	can be generated and called which are specialised to certain
+	values of one or more arguments.
+
+	See {partial evaluation}.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+BinHex
+
+	<file format> A {Macintosh} format for representing a {binary
+	file} using only {printable characters}.  The file is
+	converted to lines of letters, numbers and punctuation.
+	Because BinHex files are simply text they can be sent through
+	most {electronic mail} systems and stored on most computers.
+	However the conversion to text makes the file larger, so it
+	takes longer to transmit a file in BinHex format than if the
+	file was represented some other way.
+
+	{Filename extension}: .hqx.
+
+	See also {BinHex 4.0}, {uuencode}.
+
+	[Encoding algorithm?]
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Binhex 4.0
+
+	<file format> A seven bit wide representation of a {Macintosh}
+	file with {CRC} error checking.  Binhex 4.0 files are designed
+	for communication of Mac files over long distance, possibly
+	noisy, seven bit wide paths.
+
+	[Difference from other binhex formats?]
+
+	(1996-09-17)
+
+BinProlog
+
+	<language> Probably the fastest freely available {C}-emulated
+	{Prolog}.  BinProlog features:
+
+	logical and permanent {global variables}; backtrackable
+	{destructive assignment}; circular term {unification};
+	extended {DCGs} (now built into the {engine} as "invisible
+	grammars"); {intuitionistic} and {linear implication} based
+	{hypothetical reasoning}; a {Tcl}/{Tk} interface.
+
+	Version 3.30 runs on {SPARC}/{Solaris} 2.x, {SunOS} 4.x; {DEC
+	Alpha} 64-bit version; {DEC} {MIPS}; {SGI} {MIPS}; {68k} -
+	{NeXT}, {Sun-3}; {IBM RS6000}; {HP PA-RISC} (two variants);
+	{Intel 80386}, {Intel 486}/{Linux}, {MS-DOS}, {Microsoft
+	Windows 3.1} (with DOS-extender {go32} v1.10).
+
+	{Multi-BinProlog} is a {multi-threaded} {Linda}-style parallel
+	extension to BinProlog for {Solaris} 2.3.
+
+	{(ftp://clement.info.umoncton.ca/BinProlog/)}.
+
+	E-mail: Paul Tarau <tarau@info.umoncton.ca>.
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+bioinformatics
+
+	<application> The field of science concerning the application
+	of {computer science} and {information technology} to biology;
+	using computers to handle biological information, especially
+	{computational molecular biology}.
+
+	(2005-01-07)
+
+BioMeDical Package
+
+	<language, library, statistics> (BMDP) A statistical language
+	and library of over forty statistical routines developed in
+	1961 at {UCLA}, Health Sciences Computing Facility under
+	Dr. Wilford Dixon.  BMDP was first implemented in {Fortran}
+	for the {IBM 7090}.  Tapes of the original source were
+	distributed for free all over the world.
+
+	BMDP is the second iteration of the original {BIMED} programs.
+	It was developed at {UCLA} Health Sciences Computing facility,
+	with NIH funding.  The "P" in BMDP originally stood for
+	"parameter" but was later changed to "package".  BMDP used
+	keyword parameters to defined what was to be done rather than
+	the fixed card format used by original BIMED programs.
+
+	BMDP supports many statistical funtions: simple data
+	description, {survival analysis}, {ANOVA}, {multivariate
+	analyses}, {regression analysis}, and {time series} analysis.
+
+	BMDP Professional combines the full suite of BMDP Classic
+	(Dynamic) release 7.0 with the BMDP New System 2.0 {Windows}
+	front-end.
+
+	{BMDP from Statistical Solutions
+	(http://statsol.ie/bmdp/bmdp.htm)}.
+
+	(2004-01-14)
+
+biometric device
+
+	{biometrics}
+
+biometrics
+
+	<security, hardware> The use of special input devices to
+	analyse some physical parameter assumed to be unique to an
+	individual, in order to confirm their identity as part of an
+	{authentication} procedure.
+
+	Examples include {fingerprint scanning}, {iris recognition},
+	{facial recognition}, voice recognition ({speaker
+	recognition}), {signature}, {vascular pattern recognition}.
+
+	{(http://www.findbiometrics.com/Pages/guide2.html)}.
+
+	(2007-02-22)
+
+BIOR
+
+	An early system on {UNIVAC} I or II.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-04-01)
+
+BIOS
+
+	{Basic Input/Output System}
+
+BIP
+
+	An incorrect singular of {BIPS}.  One billion instructions per
+	second is 1 BIPS, not 1 BIP.
+
+bipartite graph
+
+	{complete graph}
+
+BIPM
+
+	{Bureau International des Poids et Mesures}
+
+bipolar
+
+	1. <electronics> See {bipolar transistor}.
+
+	2. <communications> In digital transmission, an electrical
+	line signalling method where the mark value alternates between
+	positive and negative polarities.
+
+	See also {AMI}.
+
+	(1995-03-02)
+
+bipolar transistor
+
+	<electronics> A {transistor} made from a sandwich of n- and
+	p-type {semiconductor} material: either npn or pnp.  The
+	middle section is known as the "base" and the other two as the
+	"collector" and "emitter".  When used as an amplifying
+	element, the base to emitter junction is in a "forward-biased"
+	(conducting) condition, and the base to collector junction is
+	"reverse-biased" or non-conducting.  Small changes in the base
+	to emitter current (the input signal) cause either {holes}
+	(for pnp devices) or free {electrons} (for npn) to enter the
+	base from the emitter.  The attracting voltage of the
+	collector causes the majority of these charges to cross into
+	and be collected by the collector, resulting in amplification.
+
+	Contrast {field effect transistor}.
+
+	(1995-10-04)
+
+BIPS
+
+	Billion (10^9) instructions per second.  Same as {GIPS}.
+
+Bird-Meertens Formalism
+
+	<theory, programming> (BMF) (Or "Squiggol") A calculus for
+	derivation of {functional programs} from a specification.  It
+	consists of a set of {higher-order functions} that operate on
+	lists including {map}, {fold}, {scan}, {filter}, inits, tails,
+	{cross product} and {function composition}.
+
+	["A Calculus of Functions for Program Derivation", R.S. Bird,
+	in Res Topics in Fnl Prog, D. Turner ed, A-W 1990].
+
+	["The Squiggolist", ed Johan Jeuring, published irregularly by
+	CWI Amsterdam].
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+Birds Of a Feather
+
+	(BOF) (From the saying "Birds of a feather flock together") An
+	informal discussion group, scheduled on a conference program
+	or formed ad hoc, to consider a specific issue or subject.  It
+	is not clear where or when this term originated, but it is now
+	associated with the {USENIX} conferences for {Unix} techies
+	and was already established there by 1984.  It was used
+	earlier than that at {DECUS} conferences and is reported to
+	have been common at {SHARE} meetings as far back as the early
+	1960s.
+
+	(1994-10-11)
+
+BISDN
+
+	Broadband {Integrated Services Digital Network}.
+
+Bison
+
+	<tool> {GNU}'s replacement for the {yacc} {parser generator}.
+	Bison runs under {Unix} and on {Atari} computers.  It was
+	written by Robert Corbett.
+
+	Latest version: 1.28, as of 2000-05-22.
+
+	As of version 1.24, Bison will no longer apply the {GNU}
+	{General Public License} to your code.  You can use the output
+	files without restriction.
+
+	{FTP GNU.org (ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/)} or your nearest
+	{GNU archive site}.
+
+	E-mail: <bug-bison@gnu.org>.
+
+	{Bison++} is a version which produces {C++} output.
+
+	(2000-07-05)
+
+Bison++
+
+	GNU's Yacc parser generator retargeted to C++ by Alain
+	Coetmeur <coetmeur@icdc.fr>.  Version 1.04.
+
+	{(ftp://iecc.com/pub/file/bison++.tar.gz)}.
+	{(ftp://iecc.com/pub/file/misc++.tar.gz)}.
+	{(ftp://psuvax1.cs.psu.edu/pub/src/gnu/bison++-1.04.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1993-07-08)
+
+BIST
+
+	{Built-in Self Test}
+
+bisync
+
+	{Binary Synchronous Transmission}
+
+bit
+
+	<unit> (b) {binary} digit.
+
+	The unit of information; the amount of information obtained by
+	asking a yes-or-no question; a computational quantity that can
+	take on one of two values, such as false and true or 0 and 1;
+	the smallest unit of storage - sufficient to hold one bit.
+
+	A bit is said to be "set" if its value is true or 1, and
+	"reset" or "clear" if its value is false or 0.  One speaks of
+	setting and clearing bits.  To {toggle} or "invert" a bit is
+	to change it, either from 0 to 1 or from 1 to 0.
+
+	The term "bit" first appeared in print in the computer-science
+	sense in 1949, and seems to have been coined by the eminent
+	statistician, {John Tukey}.  Tukey records that it evolved
+	over a lunch table as a handier alternative to "bigit" or
+	"binit".
+
+	See also {flag}, {trit}, {mode bit}, {byte}, {word}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-01-22)
+
+bit bang
+
+	Transmission of data on a {serial line} accomplished by
+	rapidly changing a single output bit, in software, at the
+	appropriate times.  The technique is a simple loop with eight
+	OUT and SHIFT instruction pairs for each byte.  Input is more
+	interesting.  And {full-duplex} (doing input and output at the
+	same time) is one way to separate the real hackers from the
+	{wannabees}.
+
+	Bit bang was used on certain early models of {Prime}
+	computers, presumably when {UARTs} were too expensive, and on
+	archaic {Zilog Z80} micros with a {Zilog} PIO but no SIO.  In
+	an interesting instance of the {cycle of reincarnation}, this
+	technique is now (1991) coming back into use on some {RISC}
+	architectures because it consumes such an infinitesimal part
+	of the processor that it actually makes sense not to have a
+	{UART}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bit bashing
+
+	(Also "bit diddling" or {bit twiddling}).  Any of several
+	kinds of low-level programming characterised by manipulation
+	of {bit}, {flag}, {nibble}, and other
+	smaller-than-character-sized pieces of data.  These include
+	low-level device control, encryption algorithms, checksum and
+	error-correcting codes, hash functions, some flavours of
+	graphics programming (see {bitblt}), and assembler/compiler
+	code generation.  May connote either tedium or a real
+	technical challenge (more usually the former).  "The command
+	decoding for the new tape driver looks pretty solid but the
+	bit-bashing for the control registers still has bugs."  See
+	also {bit bang}, {mode bit}.
+
+bitblt
+
+	/bit'blit/ [{BLT}] 1. Any of a family of closely related
+	algorithms for moving and copying rectangles of bits between
+	main and display memory on a {bit-mapped} device, or between
+	two areas of either main or display memory (the requirement to
+	do the {Right Thing} in the case of overlapping source and
+	destination rectangles is what makes BitBlt tricky).
+
+	2. {blit}, {BLT}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bit bucket
+
+	<jargon> 1. (Or "{write-only memory}", "WOM") The universal
+	data sink (originally, the mythical receptacle used to catch
+	bits when they fall off the end of a {register} during a
+	{shift} instruction).  Discarded, lost, or destroyed data is
+	said to have "gone to the bit bucket".  On {Unix}, often used
+	for {/dev/null}.  Sometimes amplified as "the Great Bit Bucket
+	in the Sky".
+
+	2. The place where all lost mail and news messages eventually
+	go.  The selection is performed according to {Finagle's Law};
+	important mail is much more likely to end up in the bit bucket
+	than junk mail, which has an almost 100% probability of
+	getting delivered.  Routing to the bit bucket is automatically
+	performed by mail-transfer agents, news systems, and the lower
+	layers of the network.
+
+	3. The ideal location for all unwanted mail responses: "Flames
+	about this article to the bit bucket."  Such a request is
+	guaranteed to overflow one's mailbox with flames.
+
+	4. Excuse for all mail that has not been sent.  "I mailed you
+	those figures last week; they must have landed in the bit
+	bucket."  Compare {black hole}.
+
+	This term is used purely in jest.  It is based on the fanciful
+	notion that bits are objects that are not destroyed but only
+	misplaced.  This appears to have been a mutation of an earlier
+	term "bit box", about which the same legend was current;
+	old-time hackers also report that trainees used to be told
+	that when the CPU stored bits into memory it was actually
+	pulling them "out of the bit box".
+
+	Another variant of this legend has it that, as a consequence
+	of the "parity preservation law", the number of 1 bits that go
+	to the bit bucket must equal the number of 0 bits.  Any
+	imbalance results in bits filling up the bit bucket.  A
+	qualified computer technician can empty a full bit bucket as
+	part of scheduled maintenance.
+
+	In contrast, a "{chad box}" is a real container used to catch
+	{chad}.  This may be related to the origin of the term "bit
+	bucket" [Comments ?].
+
+	(1996-11-20)
+
+bit decay
+
+	{bit rot}
+
+bit diddling
+
+	{bit bashing}
+
+bite
+
+	{byte}
+
+Bit Error Rate
+
+	<data, communications> (BER) The fraction of a message or block of
+	{data} that is wrong.
+
+	(2003-03-25)
+
+bit field
+
+	<data> Part of an item of data, storage location or message,
+	identified as a certain number of contiguous {bits} starting
+	at a certain bit position within the data.  Bit position zero
+	is usually the least significant bit.
+
+	For example, in an {ARM} {machine code} instruction the
+	four-bit field at bits 28 to 31 (the four most significant
+	bits in the 32-bit word) is the "condition code".
+
+	(2007-03-26)
+
+bitmap
+
+	<graphics, file format> A data file or structure which
+	corresponds {bit} for bit with an {image} displayed on a
+	screen, probably in the same format as it would be stored in
+	the display's {video memory} or maybe as a {device independent
+	bitmap}.  A bitmap is characterised by the width and height of
+	the image in {pixels} and the number of bits per pixel which
+	determines the number of shades of grey or colours it can
+	represent.  A bitmap representing a coloured image (a
+	"{pixmap}") will usually have pixels with between one and
+	eight bits for each of the red, green, and blue components,
+	though other colour encodings are also used.  The green
+	component sometimes has more bits that the other two to cater
+	for the human eye's greater discrimination in this component.
+
+	See also {vector graphics}, {image formats}.
+
+	(1996-09-21)
+
+bitmap display
+
+	<hardware> A computer output device where each {pixel}
+	displayed on the {monitor} screen corresponds directly to one
+	or more {bits} in the computer's {video memory}.  Such a
+	display can be updated extremely rapidly since changing a
+	pixel involves only a single processor write to memory
+	compared with a {terminal} or {VDU} connected via a serial
+	line where the speed of the serial line limits the speed at
+	which the display can be changed.
+
+	Most modern {personal computers} and {workstations} have
+	bitmap displays, allowing the efficient use of {graphical user
+	interfaces}, interactive graphics and a choice of on-screen
+	{fonts}.  Some more expensive systems still delegate graphics
+	operations to dedicated hardware such as {graphics
+	accelerators}.
+
+	The bitmap display might be traced back to the earliest days
+	of computing when the Manchester University Mark I(?)
+	computer, developed by F.C. Williams and T. Kilburn shortly
+	after the Second World War.  This used a {storage tube} as its
+	{working memory}.  Phosphor dots were used to store single
+	bits of data which could be read by the user and interpreted
+	as binary numbers.
+
+	[Is this history correct?  Was it ever used to display
+	"graphics"?  What was the resolution?]
+
+	(2002-05-15)
+
+bitmap font
+
+	<text> A {font} where each character is stored as an {array}
+	of {pixels} (a {bitmap}).  Such fonts are not easily scalable,
+	in contrast to {vectored fonts} (like those used in
+	{PostScript}).
+
+	[Examples?]
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+bitmapped display
+
+	{bitmap display}
+
+bit mask
+
+	<programming> A pattern of {binary} values which is combined
+	with some value using {bitwise} AND with the result that bits
+	in the value in positions where the mask is zero are also set
+	to zero.  For example, if, in {C}, we want to test if bits 0
+	or 2 of x are set, we can write
+
+		int mask = 5;	/* binary 101 */
+
+		if (x & mask) ...
+
+	A bit mask might also be used to set certain bits using
+	bitwise OR, or to invert them using bitwise {exclusive OR}.
+
+	(1995-05-12)
+
+BITNET
+
+	<networking> /bit'net/ (Because It's Time NETwork) An academic
+	and research computer network connecting approximately 2500
+	computers.  BITNET provides interactive, {electronic mail} and
+	file transfer services, using a {store and forward}
+	{protocol}, based on {IBM} {Network Job Entry} protocols.
+
+	Bitnet-II encapsulates the Bitnet protocol within {IP}
+	{packets} and depends on the {Internet} to route them.  BITNET
+	traffic and Internet traffic are exchanged via several
+	{gateway} hosts.
+
+	BITNET is now operated by {CREN}.
+
+	BITNET is everybody's least favourite piece of the network.
+	The BITNET hosts are a collection of {IBM} {dinosaurs},
+	{VAXen} (with lobotomised communications hardware), and {Prime
+	Computer} supermini computers.  They communicate using
+	80-character {EBCDIC} card images (see {eighty-column mind});
+	thus, they tend to mangle the {headers} and text of
+	third-party traffic from the rest of the {ASCII}/{RFC 822}
+	world with annoying regularity.  BITNET is also notorious as
+	the apparent home of {BIFF}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-09-02)
+
+bitonal image
+
+	<graphics> An {image} consisting only of a foreground colour
+	and a background colour.
+
+	Compare {monochrome}.
+
+	(1998-03-14)
+
+bit-paired keyboard
+
+	<hardware> (Obsolete, or "bit-shift keyboard") A non-standard
+	keyboard layout that seems to have originated with the
+	{Teletype} {ASR-33} and remained common for several years on
+	early computer equipment.  The ASR-33 was a mechanical device
+	(see {EOU}), so the only way to generate the character codes
+	from keystrokes was by some physical linkage.  The design of
+	the ASR-33 assigned each character key a basic pattern that
+	could be modified by flipping bits if the SHIFT or the CTRL
+	key was pressed.  In order to avoid making the thing more of a
+	Rube Goldberg {kluge} than it already was, the design had to
+	group characters that shared the same basic bit pattern on one
+	key.
+
+	Looking at the {ASCII} chart, we find:
+
+	 high  low bits
+	 bits  0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001
+	 010        !    "    #    $    %    &    '    (    )
+	 011   0    1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9
+
+	This is why the characters !"#$%&'() appear where they do on a
+	Teletype (thankfully, they didn't use shift-0 for space).
+	This was *not* the weirdest variant of the {QWERTY} layout
+	widely seen, by the way; that prize should probably go to one
+	of several (differing) arrangements on {IBM}'s even clunkier
+	026 and 029 card punches.
+
+	When electronic {terminals} became popular, in the early
+	1970s, there was no agreement in the industry over how the
+	keyboards should be laid out.  Some vendors opted to emulate
+	the Teletype keyboard, while others used the flexibility of
+	electronic circuitry to make their product look like an office
+	typewriter.  These alternatives became known as "bit-paired"
+	and "typewriter-paired" keyboards.  To a hacker, the
+	bit-paired keyboard seemed far more logical - and because most
+	hackers in those days had never learned to touch-type, there
+	was little pressure from the pioneering users to adapt
+	keyboards to the typewriter standard.
+
+	The doom of the bit-paired keyboard was the large-scale
+	introduction of the computer terminal into the normal office
+	environment, where out-and-out technophobes were expected to
+	use the equipment.  The "typewriter-paired" standard became
+	universal, "bit-paired" hardware was quickly junked or
+	relegated to dusty corners, and both terms passed into disuse.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-20)
+
+bit pattern
+
+	<data> A sequence of {bits}, in a memory, a communications
+	channel or some other device.  The term is used to contrast
+	this with some higher level interpretation of the bits such as
+	an integer or an {image}.  A {bit string} is similar but
+	suggests an arbitrary, as opposed to predetermined, length.
+
+	(1998-09-27)
+
+bit plane
+
+	<graphics> (Or "bitplane") The memory in a graphic display
+	device which holds a complete one-bit-per-{pixel} image.
+	Several bit planes may be used in conjunction to give more
+	bits per pixel or to overlay several images or mask one with
+	another.
+
+	"Bit plane" may be used as a synonym for "{bitmap}", though
+	the latter suggests the data itself rather than the memory and
+	also suggests a graphics file format.
+
+	(1997-03-16)
+
+bit rate
+
+	<communications, digital signal processing> (Or "bitrate") A
+	{data rate} expressed in bits per second.  This is a similar
+	to {baud} but the latter is more applicable to channels with
+	more than two states.
+
+	The common units of bit rate are {kilobits per second} (Kbps)
+	and {megabits per second} (Mbps).  In data rates, the
+	multipliers "k", "M", etc. stand for powers of 1000 not powers
+	of 1024.
+
+	The term is also commonly used when discussing digital
+	{sampling} and {sample rates}.  For example, the {MP3} audio
+	{compaction} algorithm is often set to ouput files with a
+	bitrate of 120 kbps.  This means that the file contains an
+	average of 120 kilobits for each second of audio (900 KB per
+	minute).  This compares with {CD audio} which is encoded at
+	44100 16-bit stereo samples per second or 1408 kbps.
+
+	(2003-05-19)
+
+bit-robbing
+
+	{in-band signalling}
+
+bit rot
+
+	<jargon> A hypothetical disease the existence of which has
+	been deduced from the observation that unused programs or
+	features will often stop working after sufficient time has
+	passed, even if "nothing has changed".  The theory explains
+	that bits decay as if they were radioactive.  As time passes,
+	the contents of a file or the code in a program will become
+	increasingly garbled.
+
+	People with a physics background tend to prefer the variant
+	"bit decay" for the analogy with particle decay.
+
+	There actually are physical processes that produce such
+	effects (alpha particles generated by trace radionuclides in
+	ceramic chip packages, for example, can change the contents of
+	a computer memory unpredictably, and various kinds of subtle
+	media failures can corrupt files in mass storage), but they
+	are quite rare (and computers are built with {error detection}
+	circuitry to compensate for them).  The notion long favoured
+	among hackers that {cosmic rays} are among the causes of such
+	events turns out to be a myth.
+
+	Bit rot is the notional cause of {software rot}.
+
+	See also {computron}, {quantum bogodynamics}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-03-15)
+
+bit slice
+
+	<architecture> A technique for constructing a {processor} from
+	modules, each of which processes one {bit-field} or "slice" of
+	an {operand}.  Bit slice processors usually consist of an
+	{ALU} of 1, 2, 4 or 8 bits and control lines (including
+	{carry} or {overflow} signals usually internal to the {CPU}).
+	For example, two 4-bit ALUs could be arranged side by side,
+	with control lines between them, to form an 8-bit ALU.  A
+	{sequencer} executes a program to provide data and control
+	signals.
+
+	The {AMD Am2901} is an example.
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+bits per inch
+
+	<unit> (BPI) A measure of the recording density of a {magnetic
+	tape} or {disk}.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+bits per pixel
+
+	<hardware, graphics> (bpp) The number of {bits} of information
+	stored per {pixel} of an {image} or displayed by a {graphics
+	adapter}.  The more bits there are, the more colours can be
+	represented, but the more memory is required to store or
+	display the image.
+
+	A colour can be described by the intensities of red, green and
+	blue ({RGB}) components.  Allowing 8 {bits} (1 {byte}) per
+	component (24 bits per pixel) gives 256 levels for each
+	component and over 16 million different colours - more than
+	the human eye can distinguish.  {Microsoft Windows} [and
+	others?] calls this {truecolour}.  An image of 1024x768 with
+	24 bpp requires over 2 MB of memory.
+
+	"High colour" uses 16 bpp (or 15 bpp), 5 bits for blue, 5 bits
+	for red and 6 bits for green.  This reduced colour precision
+	gives a slight loss of image quality at a 1/3 saving on
+	memory.
+
+	Standard {VGA} uses a {palette} of 16 colours (4 bpp), each
+	colour in the palette is 24 bit.  Standard {SVGA} uses a
+	{palette} of 256 colours (8 bpp).
+
+	Some graphics hardware and software support 32-bit colour
+	depths, including an 8-bit "{alpha channel}" for transparency
+	effects.
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+bits per second
+
+	<communications, unit> (bps, b/s) The unit in which {data
+	rate} is measured.
+
+	For example, a {modem}'s data rate is usually measured in
+	{kilobits} per second.  In 1996, the maximum modem speed for
+	use on the {PSTN} was 33.6 kbps, rising to 56 kbps in 1997.
+
+	Note that kilo- (k), mega- (M), etc. in data rates denote
+	powers of 1000, not 1024.
+
+	(2002-03-23)
+
+bit string
+
+	<programming, data> An ordered sequence of {bits}.  This is
+	very similar to a {bit pattern} except that the term "string"
+	suggests an arbitrary length sequence as opposed to a
+	pre-determined length "pattern".
+
+bit stuffing
+
+	<protocol> A {protocol} which guarantees the receiver of
+	{synchronous} data can recover the sender's clock.  When the
+	data stream sent contains a large number of adjacent bits
+	which cause no transition of the signal, the receiver cannot
+	adjust its clock to maintain proper synchronised reception.
+	To eliminate the possibility of such a pathological case, when
+	a preset number of transitionless bits have been transmitted,
+	a bit which does cause a transition is "stuffed" (transmitted)
+	by the sender.  The receiver follows the same protocol and
+	removes the stuffed bit after the specified number of
+	transitionless bits, but can use the stuffed bit to recover
+	the sender's clock.
+
+	The advantage of bit stuffing is that only a bit (not a
+	{byte}) is inserted in the data stream, and that only when the
+	content of the data stream fails to provide a timing signal to
+	the receiver.  Thus very nearly 100% of the bits transported
+	are useful data.  In contrast, {asynchronous} transmission of
+	data "throws away" a start bit and one or more stop bits for
+	each data byte sent.
+
+	(1996-04-23)
+
+BitTorrent
+
+	<networking> A popular, distributed form of {peer-to-peer}
+	{file sharing} that enables a {client} program to fetch
+	different parts of a file (a "torrent") from different sources
+	in parallel.  The system is designed to encourage users to
+	make downloaded data available for others to upload.  This is
+	aided by a scheme for exchanging unique identifiers, commonly
+	stored in ".torrent" files.  A downloader who does not serve
+	data to others is called a "leech".  A "seed" is a computer
+	that has a complete copy of a file, possibly the original.
+
+	The bittorrent.com site claims there are over 100 million
+	users as of 2007-03-24.
+
+	Most of the data is copyright material like films or
+	commercial software.
+
+	{(http://www.bittorrent.com/what-is-bittorrent)}.
+
+	(2007-03-27)
+
+bit twiddling
+
+	1. (pejorative) An exercise in tuning (see {tune}) in which
+	incredible amounts of time and effort go to produce little
+	noticeable improvement, often with the result that the code
+	becomes incomprehensible.
+
+	2. Aimless small modification to a program, especially for
+	some pointless goal.
+
+	3. {bit bashing}, especially used for the act of frobbing the
+	device control register of a peripheral in an attempt to get
+	it back to a known state.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bitty box
+
+	<abuse> (Or "calculator") /bit'ee boks/ A computer
+	sufficiently small, primitive, or incapable as to cause a
+	hacker acute claustrophobia at the thought of developing
+	software on or for it.  The term is especially used of small,
+	obsolescent, {single-tasking}-only {personal computers} such
+	as the {Atari 800}, {Osborne}, {Sinclair}, {VIC-20}, {TRS-80}
+	or {IBM PC}, but the term is a general pejorative opposite of
+	"real computer" (see {Get a real computer!}).
+
+	See also {mess-dos}, {toaster}, {toy}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+bitwise
+
+	<programming> A bitwise operator treats its operands as a
+	{vector} of {bits} rather than a single number.  {Boolean}
+	bitwise operators combine bit N of each operand using a
+	{Boolean} function ({NOT}, {AND}, {OR}, {XOR}) to produce bit
+	N of the result.
+
+	For example, a bitwise AND operator ("&" in {C}) would
+	evaluate 13 & 9 as (binary) 1101 & 1001 = 1001 = 9, whereas,
+	the logical AND, ({C} "&&") would evaluate 13 && 9 as TRUE &&
+	TRUE = TRUE = 1.
+
+	In some languages, e.g. {Acorn}'s {BASIC V}, the same operators
+	are used for both bitwise and logical operations.  This
+	usually works except when applying NOT to a value x which is
+	neither 0 (false) nor -1 (true), in which case both x and (NOT
+	x) will be non-zero and thus treated as TRUE.
+
+	Other operations at the bit level, which are not normally
+	described as "bitwise" include shift and rotate.
+
+	(1995-05-12)
+
+bitwise complement
+
+	The bitwise complement of a {bit field} is a bit field of the
+	same length but with each zero changed to a one and vice
+	versa.  This is the same as the {ones complement} of a binary
+	integer.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+bixie
+
+	/bik'see/ Variant {emoticons} used on {Byte Information
+	eXchange}.  The {smiley} bixie is <@_@>, apparently intending
+	to represent two cartoon eyes and a mouth.  A few others have
+	been reported.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+biz-core stability
+
+	<security> {Internet} security products which secure the
+	{business core}.
+
+	[Examples?]
+
+	(2003-03-09)
+
+bj
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Benin.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Bjarne Stroustrup
+
+	<person> The father of {C++} and author of the C++ {bible}.
+
+	["The C++ Programming Language", Bjarne Stroustrup,
+	Addison-Wesley, 1986].
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2000-05-12)
+
+BJC4000
+
+	A colour {bubble jet} printer from {Canon}.  Released in
+	September 1994.  It features 720 x 360 dots per inch in black
+	and white mode and 360 x 360 in colour.  It has two
+	cartridges: one for black and one for the three primary
+	colours so it prints true black when printing in colour.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+black art
+
+	A collection of arcane, unpublished, and (by implication)
+	mostly ad-hoc techniques developed for a particular
+	application or systems area (compare {black magic}).  VLSI
+	design and compiler code optimisation were (in their
+	beginnings) considered classic examples of black art; as
+	theory developed they became {deep magic}, and once standard
+	textbooks had been written, became merely {heavy wizardry}.
+	The huge proliferation of formal and informal channels for
+	spreading around new computer-related technologies during the
+	last twenty years has made both the term "black art" and what
+	it describes less common than formerly.  See also {voodoo
+	programming}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+black box
+
+	<jargon> An {abstraction} of a device or system in which only
+	its externally visible behaviour is considered and not its
+	implementation or "inner workings".
+
+	See also {functional testing}.
+
+	(1997-07-03)
+
+black-box testing
+
+	{functional testing}
+
+Black Data Processing Associates
+
+	<body> (BDPA) A non-profit professional association, founded
+	in 1975 to promote positive influence in the {information
+	technology} (IT) industry and how it affects African
+	Americans.  The BDPA facilitates African American professional
+	participation in local and national activities keeping up with
+	developing IT trends.
+
+	BDPA offers a forum for exchanging information and ideas about
+	the computer industry.  It provides numerous networking
+	opportunities through monthly program meetings, seminars, and
+	workshops and the annual national conference.  Membership is
+	open to anyone interested in IT.
+
+	The Foundation provides scholarships to students who compete
+	in an annual {Visual Basic} competition.
+
+	{(http://bdpa.org/conf96)}.
+
+	E-mail: <nbdpa@ix.netcom.com>.
+
+	Telephone: Ms. Pat Drumming, +1 (800) 727-BDPA.
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+black hole
+
+	1. An expression which depends on its own value or a technique
+	to detect such expressions.  In graph reduction, when the
+	reduction of an expression is begun, the root of the
+	expression can be overwritten with a black hole.  If the
+	expression depends on its own value, e.g.
+
+		x = x + 1
+
+	then it will try to evaluate the black hole which will usually
+	print an error message and abort the program.  A secondary
+	effect is that, once the root of the expression has been
+	black-holed, parts of the expression which are no longer
+	required may be freed for garbage collection.
+
+	Without black holes the usual result of attempting to evaluate
+	an expression which depends on itself would be a stack
+	overflow.  If the expression is evaluated successfully then
+	the black hole will be updated with the value.
+
+	Expressions such as
+
+		ones = 1 : ones
+
+	are not black holes because the list constructor, : is lazy so
+	the reference to ones is not evaluated when evaluating ones to
+	WHNF.
+
+	2. Where an {electronic mail} message or {news} aritcle has
+	gone if it disappears mysteriously between its origin and
+	destination sites without returning a {bounce message}.
+	Compare {bit bucket}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+BlackIce
+
+	<software, security> A commercial {firewall} and {intrusion
+	detection} system.
+
+	{BlackIce Home (http://blackice.iss.net/)}.
+
+	(2003-09-13)
+
+black magic
+
+	<jargon> (Or "{FM}") A technique that works, though nobody
+	really understands why.  More obscure than {voodoo
+	programming}, which may be done by {cookbook}.
+
+	Compare {black art}, {deep magic}, and {magic number}.
+
+	(2001-04-30)
+
+blargh
+
+	/blarg/ [MIT] The opposite of {ping}.  An exclamation
+	indicating that one has absorbed or is emitting a quantum of
+	unhappiness.  Less common than {ping}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+blast
+
+	1. {BLT}, used especially for large data sends over a network
+	or comm line.  Opposite of {snarf}.  Usage: uncommon.  The
+	variant "blat" has been reported.
+
+	2. [HP/Apollo] Synonymous with {nuke}.  Sometimes the message
+	"Unable to kill all processes.  Blast them (y/n)?"  would
+	appear in the command window upon logout.
+
+blat
+
+	1. {blast}.
+
+	2. See {thud}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+BLAZE
+
+	A {single assignment} language for {parallel processing}.
+
+	["The BLAZE Language: A Parallel Language for Scientific
+	Programming", P. Mehrotra <mehrotra@csrd.uiuc.edu> et al, J
+	Parallel Comp 5(3):339-361 (Nov 1987)].
+
+BLAZE 2
+
+	An {object-oriented} successor to {BLAZE}.
+
+	["Concurrent Object Access in BLAZE 2", P. Mehrotra et al,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 24(4):40-42 (Apr 1989)].
+
+bleam
+
+	<jargon> To transmit or send data.
+
+	"Bleam that binary to me in an e-mail".
+
+	[Origin?  Used where?]
+
+	(1997-05-14)
+
+bleeper
+
+	{pager}
+
+bletcherous
+
+	/blech'*-r*s/ Disgusting in design or function; aesthetically
+	unappealing.  This word is seldom used of people.  "This
+	keyboard is bletcherous!" (Perhaps the keys don't work very
+	well, or are misplaced.)  The term {bletcherous} applies to
+	the esthetics of the thing so described; similarly for
+	cretinous.  By contrast, something that is "losing" or
+	"bagbiting" may be failing to meet objective criteria.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Bletchley Park
+
+	<body, history> A country house and grounds some 50 miles
+	North of London, England, where highly secret work deciphering
+	intercepted German military radio messages was carried out
+	during World War Two.  Thousands of people were working there
+	at the end of the war, including a number of early computer
+	pioneers such as {Alan Turing}.
+
+	The nature and scale of the work has only emerged recently,
+	with total secrecy having been observed by all the people
+	involved.  Throughout the war, Bletchley Park produced highly
+	important strategic and tactical intelligence used by the
+	Allies, (Churchill's "golden eggs"), and it has been claimed
+	that the war in Europe was probably shortened by two years as
+	a result.
+
+	An exhibition of wartime code-breaking memorabilia, including
+	an entire working {Colossus}, restored by Tony Sale, can be
+	seen at Bletchley Park on alternate weekends.
+
+	The {Computer Conservation Society} (CCS), a specialist group
+	of the {British Computer Society} runs a museum on the site
+	that includes a working {Elliot} {mainframe} computer and many
+	early {minicomputers} and {microcomputers}.  The CCS hope to
+	have substantial facilities for storage and restoration of old
+	artifacts, as well as archive, library and research
+	facilities.
+
+	Telephone: Bletchley Park Trust office +44 (908) 640 404
+	(office hours and open weekends).
+
+	(1998-12-18)
+
+Blind Carbon Copy
+
+	<messaging> (BCC) An {electronic mail} {header} which lists
+	addresses to which a message should be sent, but which will
+	not be seen by the recipients.
+
+	Bcc is defined in {RFC 822} and supported by most e-mail
+	systems.  A normal, non-blind "CC" header would be visible to
+	all recipients, thus allowing them to reply to each other as
+	well as to the sender.  According to RFC 822, the addresses
+	listed in a BCC header are not included in the copies of the
+	message sent to the recipients.  RFC 822 says BCC addresses
+	may appear in the copy sent to "BCC" recipients themselves
+	(though this would be unusual).
+
+	(1998-03-14)
+
+B-LINE
+
+	An early {CAD} language.
+
+	["B-LINE, Bell Line Drawing Language", A.J. Frank, Proc Fall
+	JCC 33 1968].
+
+	(1994-11-17)
+
+blinkenlights
+
+	/blink'*n-li:tz/ Front-panel diagnostic lights on a computer,
+	especially a {dinosaur}.  Derives from the last word of the
+	famous blackletter-Gothic sign in mangled pseudo-German that
+	once graced about half the computer rooms in the
+	English-speaking world.  One version ran in its entirety as
+	follows:
+
+			ACHTUNG!  ALLES LOOKENSPEEPERS!
+
+	  Das computermachine ist nicht fuer gefingerpoken und
+	  mittengrabben.  Ist easy schnappen der springenwerk,
+	  blowenfusen und poppencorken mit spitzensparken.  Ist nicht
+	  fuer gewerken bei das dumpkopfen.  Das rubbernecken
+	  sichtseeren keepen das cotten-pickenen hans in das pockets
+	  muss; relaxen und watchen das blinkenlichten.
+
+	This silliness dates back at least as far as 1959 at Stanford
+	University and had already gone international by the early
+	1960s, when it was reported at London University's ATLAS
+	computing site.  There are several variants of it in
+	circulation, some of which actually do end with the word
+	"blinkenlights".
+
+	In an amusing example of turnabout-is-fair-play, German
+	hackers have developed their own versions of the blinkenlights
+	poster in fractured English, one of which is reproduced here:
+
+	                         ATTENTION
+
+	  This room is fullfilled mit special electronische
+	  equippment.  Fingergrabbing and pressing the cnoeppkes from
+	  the computers is allowed for die experts only!  So all the
+	  "lefthanders" stay away and do not disturben the
+	  brainstorming von here working intelligencies.  Otherwise
+	  you will be out thrown and kicked anderswhere!  Also: please
+	  keep still and only watchen astaunished the blinkenlights.
+
+	See also {geef}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+BLISS
+
+	{Basic Language for Implementation of System Software}
+
+BLISS-10
+
+	<language> A version of {BLISS} from {CMU} for the {PDP-10}.
+
+	(2002-02-01)
+
+BLISS-11
+
+	<language> A {cross-compiler} for the {PDP-11} running on a
+	{PDP-10}.  Written at {CMU} to support the {C.mmp}/{Hydra}
+	project.
+
+	(2002-02-01)
+
+BLISS-16C
+
+	<language> {DEC}'s {cross-compiler} equivalent of {BLISS-11}.
+
+	(2002-02-01)
+
+BLISS-32
+
+	<language> A version of {BLISS} from DEC for {VAX}/{VMS}.
+
+	(2002-02-01)
+
+BLISS-36
+
+	<language> {DEC}'s equivalent of {BLISS-10}.
+
+	(2002-02-01)
+
+blit
+
+	/blit/ 1. To copy a large array of bits from one part of a
+	computer's memory to another part, particularly when the
+	memory is being used to determine what is shown on a display
+	screen.  "The storage allocator picks through the table and
+	copies the good parts up into high memory, and then blits it
+	all back down again."  See {bitblt}, {BLT}, {dd}, {cat},
+	{blast}, {snarf}.  More generally, to perform some operation
+	(such as toggling) on a large array of bits while moving them.
+
+	2. Sometimes all-capitalised as "BLIT": an early experimental
+	{bit-mapped} {terminal} designed by Rob Pike at {Bell Labs},
+	later commercialised as the {AT&T 5620}.  (The folk etymology
+	from "Bell Labs Intelligent Terminal" is incorrect.  Its
+	creators liked to claim that "Blit" stood for the Bacon,
+	Lettuce, and Interactive Tomato).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+blitter
+
+	<hardware, graphics> /blit'r/ (Or "{raster blaster}").  A
+	special-purpose {integrated circuit} or hardware system built
+	to perform {blit} (or "{bit bang}") operations, especially
+	used for fast implementation of {bit-mapped} graphics.
+
+	The {Commodore} {Amiga} and a few other {microcomputers} have
+	these, but in 1991 the trend is away from them (however, see
+	{cycle of reincarnation}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-04-30)
+
+blivet
+
+	/bliv'*t/ [allegedly from a World War II military term meaning
+	"ten pounds of manure in a five-pound bag"] 1. An intractable
+	problem.
+
+	2. A crucial piece of hardware that can't be fixed or replaced
+	if it breaks.
+
+	3. A tool that has been hacked over by so many incompetent
+	programmers that it has become an unmaintainable tissue of
+	hacks.
+
+	4. An out-of-control but unkillable development effort.
+
+	5. An embarrassing bug that pops up during a customer demo.
+
+	6. In the subjargon of computer security specialists, a
+	denial-of-service attack performed by hogging limited
+	resources that have no access controls (for example, shared
+	spool space on a multi-user system).
+
+	This term has other meanings in other technical cultures;
+	among experimental physicists and hardware engineers of
+	various kinds it seems to mean any random object of unknown
+	purpose (similar to hackish use of {frob}).  It has also been
+	used to describe an amusing trick-the-eye drawing resembling a
+	three-pronged fork that appears to depict a three-dimensional
+	object until one realises that the parts fit together in an
+	impossible way.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bloat
+
+	{software bloat}
+
+bloatware
+
+	<jargon, abuse> {Software} suffering from {software bloat}.
+
+	(1995-10-14)
+
+BLOB
+
+	1. {binary large object}.
+
+	2. <architecture> {blitter object}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+block
+
+	1. <unit> A unit of data or memory, often, but not
+	exclusively, on a {magnetic disk} or {magnetic tape}.
+
+	Compare {record}, {sector}.
+
+	(2000-07-17)
+
+	2. <operating system> To delay or sit idle while waiting for
+	something.
+
+	Compare {busy-wait}.
+
+	(2000-07-17)
+
+	3. <programming> A delimited section of {source code} in a
+	{block-structured} language.
+
+	(2004-09-29)
+
+Block And List Manipulation
+
+	{BALM}
+
+Block Diagram Compiler
+
+	<simulation, language> (BDL) A {block diagram} simulation tool,
+	with associated language.
+
+	["A Software Environment for Digital Signal-Processing
+	Simulations," D.H. Johnson & R.E. Vaughan, Circuits Systems
+	and Signal Processing 6(1):31-43, 1987].
+
+	(2000-07-17)
+
+blocked records
+
+	<storage> Several {records} written as a contiguous block on
+	{magnetic tape} so that they may be accessed in a single I/O
+	operation.  Blocking increases the amount of data that may be
+	stored on a tape because there are fewer {inter-block gaps}.
+	It requires that the tape drive or processor have a
+	sufficiently large buffer to store the whole block.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+Block Redundancy Check
+
+	{Longitudinal Redundancy Check}
+
+Block Started by Symbol
+
+	<memory> (BSS) The uninitialised data segment produced by
+	{Unix} {linkers}.  Objects in the bss segment have only a name
+	and a size but no value.
+
+	Executable code is located in the {code segment} and
+	initialised data in the {data segment}.
+
+	(2004-02-24)
+
+block-structured
+
+	<language> Any programming language in which sections of
+	{source code} contained within pairs of matching {delimiters}
+	such as "{" and "}" (e.g. in {C}) or "begin" and "end"
+	(e.g. {Algol}) are executed as a single unit.  A block of code
+	may be the body of a {subroutine} or {function}, or it may be
+	controlled by conditional execution ({if statement}) or
+	repeated execution ({while statement}, {for statement}, etc.).
+
+	In all but the most primitive block structured languages a
+	{variable}'s {scope} can be limited to the block in which it
+	is declared.
+
+	Block-structured languages support {structured programming}
+	where each block can be written without detailed knowledge of
+	the inner workings of other blocks, thus allowing a {top-down
+	design} approach.
+
+	See also {abstract data type}, {module}.
+
+	(2004-09-29)
+
+block transfer computations
+
+	<algorithm, humour> (From the UK television series "Dr. Who")
+	Computations so fiendishly subtle and complex that they could
+	not be performed by machines.  Used to refer to any task that
+	should be expressible as an {algorithm} in theory, but isn't.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-09-28)
+
+blog
+
+	<web> (From "web log") Any kind of diary published on
+	the {web}, usually written by an individual (a
+	"blogger") but also by corporate bodies.
+
+	Blogging is regarded by some as an important social phenomenon as
+	it contributes to the easy exchange of ideas among a large and
+	growing international community ("the blogosphere").
+
+	A blog is just a special kind of {website}.  The {home page}
+	usually shows the most recent article and links to earlier
+	articles, the owner's profile and web logs written by the owner's
+	friends.  There is usually a facility for readers to add comments
+	to the bottom of articles.  Blogs usually provide an {RSS feed} of
+	current articles, allowing readers to subscribe by adding the feed
+	to their favourite RSS reader.
+
+	Many sites, e.g. {(http://blogger.com/)}, let you create a blog
+	for free.  Many blogs consist almost entirely of links to other
+	web logs, some publish original content, a few are worth reading.
+
+	(2013-08-15)
+
+blog-driven development
+
+	{cut-and-waste code}
+
+Bloggs Family, the
+
+	An imaginary family consisting of Fred and Mary Bloggs and
+	their children.  Used as a standard example in knowledge
+	representation to show the difference between extensional and
+	intensional objects.  For example, every occurrence of "Fred
+	Bloggs" is the same unique person, whereas occurrences of
+	"person" may refer to different people.  Members of the Bloggs
+	family have been known to pop up in bizarre places such as the
+	DEC Telephone Directory.  Compare {Mbogo, Dr. Fred}.
+
+Bloombug
+
+	<humour> A {bug} that accidentally generates money.
+
+	[After "Bloomberg"?]
+
+	(2012-11-10)
+
+Blosim
+
+	Block-Diagram Simulator.  A block-diagram simulator. "A Tool
+	for Structured Functional Simulation", D.G. Messerschmitt,
+	IEEE J on Selected Areas in Comm, SAC-2(1):137-147, 1984.
+
+blow an EPROM
+
+	/bloh *n ee'prom/ (Or "blast", "burn") To program a {read-only
+	memory}, e.g. for use with an {embedded system}.  This term
+	arose because the programming process for the {Programmable
+	Read-Only Memory} (PROM) that preceded present-day {Erasable
+	Programmable Read-Only Memory} (EPROM) involved intentionally
+	blowing tiny electrical fuses on the chip.  The usage lives on
+	(it's too vivid and expressive to discard) even though the
+	write process on EPROMs is nondestructive.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+blow away
+
+	<operating system, jargon> To remove (files and directories)
+	from permanent storage, generally by accident.  "He
+	reformatted the wrong partition and blew away last night's
+	netnews".
+
+	Compare: {nuke}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-05)
+
+blowing your buffer
+
+	<jargon> Losing your train of thought.  A reference to {buffer
+	overflow}.
+
+	(1999-01-15)
+
+blow out
+
+	<jargon> (Probably from mining and tunnelling jargon) Of
+	{software}, to fail spectacularly; almost as serious as {crash
+	and burn}.
+
+	See {blow past}, {blow up}, {die horribly}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+blow past
+
+	To {blow out} despite a safeguard.  "The server blew past the
+	5K reserve buffer."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+blow up
+
+	1. Of a scientific computation: to become unstable.  It
+	suggests that the computation is diverging so rapidly that it
+	will soon overflow or at least go {nonlinear}.
+
+	2. {blow out}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+BLOX
+
+	A {visual language}.
+
+BLT
+
+	1. /B-L-T/, /bl*t/ or (rarely) /belt/ Synonym for {blit}.
+	This is the original form of {blit} and the ancestor of
+	{bitblt}.  It refers to any large bit-field copy or move
+	operation (one resource-intensive memory-shuffling operation
+	done on pre-paged versions of {ITS}, {WAITS} and {TOPS-10} was
+	sardonically referred to as "The Big BLT").  The jargon usage
+	has outlasted the {PDP-10} BLock Transfer instruction from
+	which {BLT} derives; nowadays, the {assembly language}
+	{mnemonic} {BLT} almost always means "Branch if Less Than
+	zero".
+
+	2. bacon, lettuce and tomato (sandwich).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Blue
+
+	A language proposed by Softech to meet the {DoD} {Ironman}
+	requirements which led to {Ada}.  ["On the BLUE Language
+	Submitted to the DoD", E.W. Dijkstra, SIGPLAN Notices
+	13(10):10-15 (Oct 1978)].
+
+Blue Book
+
+	1. <publication> Informal name for one of the four standard
+	references on the page-layout and graphics-control language
+	{PostScript}.  The other three official guides are known as
+	the {Green Book}, the {Red Book}, and the {White Book}.
+
+	["PostScript Language Tutorial and Cookbook", Adobe Systems,
+	Addison-Wesley 1985, (ISBN 0-201-10179-3)].
+
+	2. <publication> Informal name for one of the three standard
+	references on Smalltalk.  This book also has green and red
+	siblings.
+
+	["Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation", David
+	Robson, Addison-Wesley 1983, (ISBN 0-201-11371-63)].
+
+	3. <publication> Any of the 1988 standards issued by the
+	{ITU-T}'s ninth plenary assembly.  These include, among other
+	things, the {X.400} {electronic mail} specification and the
+	Group 1 through 4 fax standards.
+
+	See also {book titles}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-10-12)
+
+Blue Box
+
+	<operating system> The complete implementation of the {Mac OS}
+	run-time environment on the more modern {Rhapsody} operating
+	system.  {Blue Box} is not an {emulation} layer; at any given
+	time it will be based on the same source code and ROM image as
+	the current version of Mac OS and will thus incorporate future
+	Mac OS improvements.
+
+	(1997-10-15)
+
+blue dot syndrome
+
+	<graphics, jargon> The inability to display an {image} {file}
+	or {text} embedded in an image file on your monitor.
+
+	[Why?]
+
+	(2002-05-28)
+
+Blue Glue
+
+	{Systems Network Architecture}
+
+Blue Screen of Death
+
+	<humour> (BSOD) The infamous white-on-blue text screen which
+	appears when {Microsoft Windows} crashes.  BSOD is mostly seen
+	on the 16-bit systems such as {Windows 3.1}, but also on
+	{Windows 95} and apparently even under {Windows NT 4}.  It is
+	most likely to be caused by a {GPF}, although Windows 95 can
+	do it if you've removed a required {CD-ROM} from the drive.
+	It is often impossible to recover cleanly from a BSOD.
+
+	The acronym BSOD is sometimes used as a verb, e.g. "{Windoze}
+	just keeps BSODing on me today".
+
+	(1998-09-08)
+
+Blue Screen of Life
+
+	<operating system> (BSOL, by analogy with "{Blue Screen of
+	Death}") The opening screen of {Microsoft} {Windows NT}.
+
+	This screen shows the {file system} loading, and any problems
+	such as conversions from {FAT} to {NTFS} or a scan of a {hard
+	drive}.
+
+	The Blue Screen of Life occurs in one way, as opposed to the
+	{Blue Screen of Death}, which can occur in many different ways
+	and times.
+
+	[Is this term ever used in connection with {Windows 3.x} or
+	{Windows 9x}?]
+
+	(1999-04-18)
+
+Blue Sky Software
+
+	{eHelp Corporation}
+
+Bluetooth
+
+	<protocol, standard> A specification for short-range radio
+	links between mobile computers, mobile phones, digital
+	cameras, and other portable devices.
+
+	{(http://bluetooth.com)}.
+
+	(2001-03-16)
+
+blue wire
+
+	(IBM) Patch wires added to circuit boards at the factory to
+	correct design or fabrication problems.  These may be
+	necessary if there hasn't been time to design and qualify
+	another board version.
+
+	Compare {purple wire}, {red wire}, {yellow wire}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+blurgle
+
+	/bler'gl/ [Great Britain] Spoken {metasyntactic variable}, to
+	indicate some text that is obvious from context, or which is
+	already known.  If several words are to be replaced, blurgle
+	may well be doubled or trebled.  "To look for something in
+	several files use "{grep} string blurgle blurgle"."  In each
+	case, "blurgle blurgle" would be understood to be replaced by
+	the file you wished to search.  Compare {mumble}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bm
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Bermuda.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+BMAN
+
+	{Broadband Metropolitan Area Network}
+
+BMASF
+
+	Basic Module Algebra Specification Language?  "Design of a
+	Specification Language by Abstract Syntax Engineering",
+	J.C.M. Baeten et al, in LNCS 490, pp.363-394.
+
+BMDP
+
+	{BioMeDical Package}
+
+B-Method
+
+	<programming, tool> A system for rigorous or formal
+	development of software using the notion of {Abstract
+	Machines} to specify and design software systems.  The
+	B-Method is supported by the {B-Toolkit}.
+
+	Abstract Machines are specified using the Abstract Machine
+	Notation (AMN) which is in turn based on the mathematical
+	theory of {Generalised Substitutions}.
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+BMF
+
+	{Bird-Meertens Formalism}
+
+BMP
+
+	{Basic Multilingual Plane}
+
+bmp
+
+	<file format, graphics> {Microsoft Windows} {bitmap} format.
+	Bmp files may use {run-length encoding}.
+
+	This is the only graphics format where {compression} actually
+	enlarges the file.  The format is widely used nonetheless.
+
+	[Format?]
+
+	(1998-03-14)
+
+BMWF
+
+	<body> The Austrian, German and Swiss(?) Ministries of
+	Science.
+
+	[Expansion?]
+
+	(1998-12-09)
+
+bn
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Brunei Darussalam.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+BNC
+
+	<hardware> A connector for {coaxial cable} such as that used
+	for some video connections and {RG58} "{cheapernet}"
+	connections.  A BNC connector has a bayonet-type shell with
+	two small knobs on the female connector which lock into spiral
+	slots in the male connector when it is twisted on.
+
+	Different sources expand BNC as Bayonet Navy Connector,
+	British Naval Connector, Bayonet Neill Concelman, or Bayonet
+	Nut Connection.
+
+	(1995-09-18)
+
+BNF
+
+	{Backus-Naur Form}.  Originally Backus Normal Form.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+BNR Pascal
+
+	["Remote Rendezvous", N. Gammage et al, Soft Prac & Exp
+	17(10):741-755 (Oct 1987)].
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+BNR Prolog
+
+	A {constraint logic} language.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+bo
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Bolivia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+BOA
+
+	{Basic Object Adapter}
+
+boa
+
+	[IBM] Any one of the fat cables that lurk under the floor in a
+	{dinosaur pen}.  Possibly so called because they display a
+	ferocious life of their own when you try to lay them straight
+	and flat after they have been coiled for some time.  It is
+	rumored within IBM that channel cables for the 370 are limited
+	to 200 feet because beyond that length the boas get dangerous
+	--- and it is worth noting that one of the major cable makers
+	uses the trademark "Anaconda".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+board
+
+	1. In-context synonym for {bboard}; sometimes used even for
+	{Usenet} newsgroups.
+
+	2. An electronic circuit board.
+
+boat anchor
+
+	1. Like {doorstop} but more severe; implies that the offending
+	hardware is irreversibly dead or useless.  "That was a working
+	motherboard once.  One lightning strike later, instant boat
+	anchor!"
+
+	2. A person who just takes up space.
+
+	3. Obsolete but still working hardware, especially when used
+	of an old S100-bus hobbyist system; originally a term of
+	annoyance, but became more and more affectionate as the
+	hardware became more and more obsolete.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Bob
+
+	David Betz.  A tiny object-oriented language.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.mv.com/pub/ddj/packages/bob15.arc)}.
+
+	[Dr Dobbs J, Sep 1991, p.26].
+
+Bobo the Webmonkey
+
+	<web> What {B1FF} was to {BITNET} users, Bobo the
+	Webmonkey is to {webmonkeys} - the mythical prototype of
+	incompetent web designers everywhere.  In fact, Bobo may be
+	what B1FF became when he grew up.
+
+	Bobo knows about {HTML} only what he has learned from viewing
+	the source of other people's Web pages.
+
+	Bobo doesn't know what a {MIME type} is, even though someone
+	gave him a hardcopy of the {FOLDOC} entry for it.
+
+	Bobo may have used an HTML code validator
+	{(http://validator.w3.org/)} before, but isn't sure.
+
+	Bobo doesn't know what the difference between {GIF} and {JPEG}
+	is.  He thinks {PNG} is a foreign country.
+
+	All the pages Bobo has designed say "Welcome to [organisation]
+	online!" at the top, and say "click here!" at least three
+	times per page.
+
+	Bobo has used {Photoshop} before; he doesn't understand why
+	people keep asking if he's ever been tested for
+	color-blindness.
+
+	Bobo never got that "its" / "it's" distinction real clear, as
+	you can tell from his pages.
+
+	Bobo likes <BLINK>.
+
+	(1998-04-04)
+
+BOCS
+
+	Berard Object and Class Specifier, an Object-oriented CASE
+	tool from Berard Software Engineering.
+
+Boehm B.
+
+	Proposed the COCOMO technique for evaluating the cost of a
+	software project.
+
+BOEING
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 1130}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+BOF
+
+	/B-O-F/ or /bof/ 1. {Birds Of a Feather}.
+
+	2. Boring Old Fart.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+BOFH
+
+	{Bastard Operator From Hell}
+
+bogometer
+
+	<humour> /boh-gom'-*t-er/ A notional instrument for measuring
+	{bogosity}.
+
+	Compare the "wankometer" described in the {wank} entry.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-06-10)
+
+BogoMips
+
+	<unit> (From "bogus", "{MIPS}") The timing unit of the {Linux}
+	{kernel}.
+
+	A BogoMips is an unscientific measurement of {processor} speed
+	made by the {Linux} {kernel} when it {boots}, to calibrate an
+	internal {busy-loop}.
+
+	{BogoMips MiniHowto
+	(http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/BogoMips.html)}.
+
+	(1999-05-06)
+
+bogon
+
+	/boh'gon/ (By analogy with proton/electron/neutron, but
+	doubtless reinforced after 1980 by the similarity to Douglas
+	Adams's "Vogons")
+
+	1. The elementary particle of bogosity (see {quantum
+	bogodynamics}).  For instance, "the Ethernet is emitting
+	bogons again" means that it is broken or acting in an erratic
+	or bogus fashion.
+
+	2. A query {packet} sent from a {TCP/IP} {domain resolver} to
+	a root server, having the reply bit set instead of the query
+	bit.
+
+	3. Any bogus or incorrectly formed packet sent on a network.
+
+	4. A person who is bogus or who says bogus things.  This was
+	historically the original usage, but has been overtaken by its
+	derivative senses.  See also {bogosity}; compare {psyton},
+	{fat electrons}, {magic smoke}.
+
+	The bogon has become the type case for a whole bestiary of
+	nonce particle names, including the "clutron" or "cluon"
+	(indivisible particle of cluefulness, obviously the
+	antiparticle of the bogon) and the futon (elementary particle
+	of {randomness}, or sometimes of lameness).  These are not so
+	much live usages in themselves as examples of a live
+	meta-usage: that is, it has become a standard joke or
+	linguistic maneuver to "explain" otherwise mysterious
+	circumstances by inventing nonce particle names.  And these
+	imply nonce particle theories, with all their dignity or lack
+	thereof (we might note parenthetically that this is a
+	generalisation from "(bogus particle) theories" to "bogus
+	(particle theories)"!).  Perhaps such particles are the
+	modern-day equivalents of trolls and wood-nymphs as standard
+	starting-points around which to construct explanatory myths.
+	Of course, playing on an existing word (as in the "futon")
+	yields additional flavour.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bogon filter
+
+	/boh'gon fil'tr/ Any device, software or hardware, that limits
+	or suppresses the flow and/or emission of bogons.
+	"Engineering hacked a bogon filter between the {Cray} and the
+	{VAXen}, and now we're getting fewer dropped packets."  See
+	also {bogosity}.
+
+bogon flux
+
+	/boh'gon fluhks/ A measure of a supposed field of {bogosity}
+	emitted by a speaker, measured by a {bogometer}; as a speaker
+	starts to wander into increasing bogosity a listener might say
+	"Warning, warning, bogon flux is rising".  See {quantum
+	bogodynamics}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bogosity
+
+	/boh-go's*-tee/ The degree to which something is "bogus" in
+	the hackish sense of "bad".  At CMU, bogosity is measured with
+	a {bogometer}; in a seminar, when a speaker says something
+	bogus, a listener might raise his hand and say "My bogometer
+	just triggered".  More extremely, "You just pinned my
+	bogometer" means you just said or did something so
+	outrageously bogus that it is off the scale, pinning the
+	bogometer needle at the highest possible reading (one might
+	also say "You just redlined my bogometer").  The agreed-upon
+	unit of bogosity is the {microLenat}.
+
+	Also, the potential field generated by a {bogon flux}; see
+	{quantum bogodynamics}.  See also {bogon flux}, {bogon
+	filter}.
+
+	(2002-04-14)
+
+bogo-sort
+
+	<algorithm, humour> /boh"goh-sort"/ (Or "stupid-sort") The
+	archetypical perversely awful {algorithm} (as opposed to
+	{bubble sort}, which is merely the generic *bad* algorithm).
+	Bogo-sort is equivalent to repeatedly throwing a deck of cards
+	in the air, picking them up at random, and then testing
+	whether they are in order.  It serves as a sort of canonical
+	example of awfulness.  Looking at a program and seeing a dumb
+	algorithm, one might say "Oh, I see, this program uses
+	bogo-sort."
+
+	Also known as "monkey sort" after the {Infinite Monkey
+	Theorem}.
+
+	Compare {brute force}, {Lasherism}.
+
+	{An implementation (http://stdout.org/~adam/psort)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-04-07)
+
+bogotify
+
+	<jargon> /boh-go't*-fi:/ To make or become bad.  A program
+	that has been changed so many times as to become completely
+	disorganised has become bogotified.  If you tighten a nut too
+	hard and strip the threads on the bolt, the bolt has become
+	bogotified.
+
+	See also {bogosity}.
+
+	(2003-01-25)
+
+bogue out
+
+	/bohg owt/ To become bogus, suddenly and unexpectedly.  "His
+	talk was relatively sane until somebody asked him a trick
+	question; then he bogued out and did nothing but {flame}
+	afterward."  See also {bogosity}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+BOHICA
+
+	<humour> /bo-hee-ka/ {Bend Over, Here It Comes
+	Again}.
+
+Bohr bug
+
+	<jargon, programming> /bohr buhg/ (From Quantum physics) A
+	repeatable {bug}; one that manifests reliably under a possibly
+	unknown but well-defined set of conditions.
+
+	Compare {heisenbug}.  See also {mandelbug}, {schroedinbug}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+boink
+
+	/boynk/ [{Usenet}: variously ascribed to the TV series
+	"Cheers" "Moonlighting", and "Soap"] 1. To have sex with;
+	compare {bounce}. (This is mainstream slang.) In Commonwealth
+	hackish the variant "bonk" is more common.
+
+	2. After the original Peter Korn "Boinkon" {Usenet} parties,
+	used for almost any net social gathering, e.g. Miniboink, a
+	small boink held by Nancy Gillett in 1988; Minniboink, a
+	Boinkcon in Minnesota in 1989; Humpdayboinks, Wednesday
+	get-togethers held in the San Francisco Bay Area.
+
+	Compare {@-party}.
+
+	3. Variant of "bonk"; see {bonk/oif}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+BOLERO
+
+	<programming> {Software AG}'s {object-oriented} development
+	environment and {application server} for Electronic Business
+	applications.
+
+	(1999-03-06)
+
+Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc.
+
+	{BBN Technologies}
+
+bomb
+
+	1. <software> General synonym for {crash} except that it is
+	not used as a noun.  Especially used of software or {OS}
+	failures.  "Don't run Empire with less than 32K stack, it'll
+	bomb".
+
+	2. <operating system> {Atari ST} and {Macintosh} equivalents
+	of a {Unix} "{panic}" or {Amiga} {guru}, in which {icons} of
+	little black-powder bombs or mushroom clouds are displayed,
+	indicating that the system has died.  On the {Macintosh}, this
+	may be accompanied by a decimal (or occasionally
+	{hexadecimal}) number indicating what went wrong, similar to
+	the {Amiga} {guru meditation} number.  {MS-DOS} computers tend
+	to {lock up} in this situation.
+
+	3. <software> A piece of code embedded in a program that
+	remains dormant until it is triggered.  Logic bombs are
+	triggered by an event whereas time bombs are triggered either
+	after a set amount of time has elapsed, or when a specific
+	date is reached.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+bon
+
+	<language> (From "Bonnie", {Ken Thompson}'s wife) A language
+	designed by {Ken Thompson} and later revised by him to produce
+	{B}.
+
+	[When?  Features?]
+
+	(1997-02-04)
+
+bondage-and-discipline language
+
+	A language (such as {Pascal}, {Ada}, APL, or Prolog) that,
+	though ostensibly general-purpose, is designed so as to
+	enforce an author's theory of "right programming" even though
+	said theory is demonstrably inadequate for systems hacking or
+	even vanilla general-purpose programming.  Often abbreviated
+	"B&D"; thus, one may speak of things "having the B&D nature".
+
+	See {Pascal}.  Compare {languages of choice}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-05)
+
+bonk/oif
+
+	/bonk/, /oyf/ In the {MUD} community, it has become
+	traditional to express pique or censure by "bonking" the
+	offending person.  Convention holds that one should
+	acknowledge a bonk by saying "oif!" and there is a myth to the
+	effect that failing to do so upsets the cosmic bonk/oif
+	balance, causing much trouble in the universe.  Some MUDs have
+	implemented special commands for bonking and oifing.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-18)
+
+Booch method
+
+	<programming> A widely used {object-oriented analysis} and
+	{object-oriented design} method.
+
+	{(http://hsr.ch/div/Booch/BoochReference/)}.
+
+	[Grady Booch, "Object-oriented Analysis and Design with
+	Applications", 2nd edition. Benjamin Cummings, Redwood City,
+	ISBN 0-8053-5340-2, 1993]
+
+	(2000-05-23)
+
+book
+
+	1. <text> {e-book}.
+
+	2. {book titles}.
+
+	3. <computer> {MacBook}.
+
+	4. {O'Reilly and Associates}.
+
+bookmark
+
+	<web> A user's reference to a document on the
+	{web} or other hypermedia system, usually in the
+	form of a {URL} and a title or comment string.
+
+	Most web and {Gopher} {browsers} can save and load
+	a file of bookmarks to allow you to quickly locate documents
+	to which you want to refer again.
+
+	(1997-06-09)
+
+Bookreader
+
+	{DEC}'s {CD-ROM}-based on-line documentation browser.
+
+book titles
+
+	<publication> There is a tradition in hackerdom of informally
+	tagging important textbooks and standards documents with the
+	dominant colour of their covers or with some other conspicuous
+	feature of the cover.  Many of these are described in {this
+	dictionary} under their own entries.  See {Aluminum Book},
+	{Blue Book}, {Cinderella Book}, {Devil Book}, {Dragon Book},
+	{Green Book}, {Orange Book}, {Pink-Shirt Book}, {Purple Book},
+	{Red Book}, {Silver Book}, {White Book}, {Wizard Book},
+	{Yellow Book}, {bible}, {rainbow series}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+Bookviewer
+
+	A hypertext documentation system from Oracle based on Oracle
+	Toolkit.  It allows the user to create private links and
+	bookmarks, and to make multimedia annotations.
+
+bool
+
+	{Boolean}
+
+Boolean
+
+	<logic> 1. {Boolean algebra}.
+
+	<programming> 2. (bool) The type of an expression with two
+	possible values, "true" and "false".  Also, a variable of
+	Boolean type or a function with Boolean arguments or result.
+	The most common Boolean functions are {AND}, {OR} and {NOT}.
+
+	(1997-12-01)
+
+Boolean algebra
+
+	<logic> (After the logician {George Boole})
+
+	1. Commonly, and especially in computer science and digital
+	electronics, this term is used to mean {two-valued logic}.
+
+	2. This is in stark contrast with the definition used by pure
+	mathematicians who in the 1960s introduced "Boolean-valued
+	{models}" into logic precisely because a "Boolean-valued
+	model" is an interpretation of a {theory} that allows more
+	than two possible truth values!
+
+	Strangely, a Boolean algebra (in the mathematical sense) is
+	not strictly an {algebra}, but is in fact a {lattice}.  A
+	Boolean algebra is sometimes defined as a "complemented
+	{distributive lattice}".
+
+	Boole's work which inspired the mathematical definition
+	concerned {algebras} of {sets}, involving the operations of
+	intersection, union and complement on sets.  Such algebras
+	obey the following identities where the operators ^, V, - and
+	constants 1 and 0 can be thought of either as set
+	intersection, union, complement, universal, empty; or as
+	two-valued logic AND, OR, NOT, TRUE, FALSE; or any other
+	conforming system.
+
+	 a ^ b = b ^ a    a V b  =  b V a     (commutative laws)
+	 (a ^ b) ^ c  =  a ^ (b ^ c)
+	 (a V b) V c  =  a V (b V c)          (associative laws)
+	 a ^ (b V c)  =  (a ^ b) V (a ^ c)
+	 a V (b ^ c)  =  (a V b) ^ (a V c)    (distributive laws)
+	 a ^ a  =  a    a V a  =  a           (idempotence laws)
+	 --a  =  a
+	 -(a ^ b)  =  (-a) V (-b)
+	 -(a V b)  =  (-a) ^ (-b)             (de Morgan's laws)
+	 a ^ -a  =  0    a V -a  =  1
+	 a ^ 1  =  a    a V 0  =  a
+	 a ^ 0  =  0    a V 1  =  1
+	 -1  =  0    -0  =  1
+
+	There are several common alternative notations for the "-" or
+	{logical complement} operator.
+
+	If a and b are elements of a Boolean algebra, we define a <= b
+	to mean that a ^ b = a, or equivalently a V b = b.  Thus, for
+	example, if ^, V and - denote set intersection, union and
+	complement then <= is the inclusive subset relation.  The
+	relation <= is a {partial ordering}, though it is not
+	necessarily a {linear ordering} since some Boolean algebras
+	contain incomparable values.
+
+	Note that these laws only refer explicitly to the two
+	distinguished constants 1 and 0 (sometimes written as {LaTeX}
+	\top and \bot), and in {two-valued logic} there are no others,
+	but according to the more general mathematical definition, in
+	some systems variables a, b and c may take on other values as
+	well.
+
+	(1997-02-27)
+
+Boolean logic
+
+	<logic> A {logic} based on {Boolean algebra}.
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+Boolean search
+
+	<information science> (Or "Boolean query") A query using the
+	{Boolean} operators, {AND}, {OR}, and {NOT}, and parentheses
+	to construct a complex condition from simpler criteria.  A
+	typical example is searching for combinatons of keywords on a
+	{web} {search engine}.
+
+	Examples:
+
+		car or automobile
+
+		"New York" and not "New York state"
+
+	The term is sometimes stretched to include searches using
+	other operators, e.g. "near".
+
+	Not to be confused with {binary search}.
+
+	See also: {weighted search}.
+
+	(1999-10-23)
+
+Boole, George
+
+	{George Boole}
+
+Booster
+
+	A {data-parallel} language.
+
+	"The Booster Language", E. Paalvast, TR PL 89-ITI-B-18, Inst
+	voor Toegepaste Informatica TNO, Delft, 1989.
+
+boot
+
+	{bootstrap}
+
+boot block
+
+	<operating system> A program on a {hard disk}, {floppy disk}
+	or other media, which is loaded when the computer is turned on
+	or rebooted and which controls the next phase of loading the
+	actual {operating system}.  The loading and execution of the
+	boot block is usually controlled by {firmware} in {ROM} or
+	{PROM}.  It may be at some fixed location possibly or may be
+	pointed to by the {master boot record}.
+
+	(2009-05-19)
+
+boot disk
+
+	<operating system> The {magnetic disk} (usually a {hard disk})
+	from which an {operating system} {kernel} is loaded (or
+	"bootstrapped").  This second phase in system start-up is
+	performed by a simple bootstrap loader program held in {ROM},
+	possibly configured by data stored in some form of writable
+	{non-volatile storage}.
+
+	{MS-DOS} and {Microsoft Windows} can be configured (in the
+	{BIOS}) to try to boot off either {floppy disk} or {hard
+	disk}, in either order.  By default they first check for the
+	presence of a {floppy disk} in the drive at start-up and try
+	to use that as a boot disk if present.  If no disk is in the
+	drive they then try to boot off the hard disk.
+
+	Some {operating systems}, notably {SunOS} and {Solaris}, can
+	be configured to boot from a network rather than from disk.
+	Such a system can thus run as a {diskless workstation}.
+
+	(1997-06-09)
+
+booting
+
+	{bootstrap}
+
+BOOTP
+
+	The Bootstrap Protocol.
+
+	A {protocol} described in {RFCs} 951 and 1084 and used for
+	booting {diskless workstations}.
+
+	See also {Reverse Address Resolution Protocol}.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+bootstrap
+
+	<operating system, compiler> To load and initialise the
+	{operating system} on a computer.  Normally abbreviated to
+	"{boot}".  From the curious expression "to pull oneself up by
+	one's bootstraps", one of the legendary feats of Baron von
+	Munchhausen.  The {bootstrap loader} is the program that runs
+	on the computer before any (normal) program can run.  Derived
+	terms include {reboot}, {cold boot}, {warm boot}, {soft boot}
+	and {hard boot}.
+
+	The term also applies to the use of a {compiler} to compile
+	itself.  The usual process is to write an {interpreter} for a
+	language, L, in some other existing language.  The compiler is
+	then written in L and the interpreter is used to run it.  This
+	produces an {executable} for compiling programs in L from the
+	source of the compiler in L.  This technique is often used to
+	verify the correctness of a compiler.  It was first used in
+	the {LISP} community.
+
+	See also {My Favourite Toy Language}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2005-04-12)
+
+bootstrap loader
+
+	<operating system> A short {program} loaded from {non-volatile
+	storage} and used to {bootstrap} a computer.
+
+	On early computers great efforts were expended on making the
+	bootstrap loader short, in order to make it easy to {toggle}
+	in via the {front panel} switches.  It was just clever enough
+	to read in a slightly more complex {program} (usually from
+	{punched cards} or {paper tape}), to which it handed control.
+	This {program} in turn read the {application} or {operating
+	system} from a {magnetic tape} drive or {disk drive}.  Thus,
+	in successive steps, the {computer} "pulled itself up by its
+	bootstraps" to a useful operating state.
+
+	Nowadays the bootstrap loader is usually found in {ROM} or
+	{EPROM}, and reads the first stage in from a fixed location on
+	the {disk}, called the "{boot block}".  When this {program}
+	gains control, it is powerful enough to load the actual {OS}
+	and hand control over to it.  A {diskless workstation} can use
+	{bootp} to load its OS from the network.
+
+	(2005-04-12)
+
+boot virus
+
+	An {MS-DOS} {virus} that infects the {boot record} program on
+	{hard disks} and {floppy disks} or the {master boot record} on
+	hard disks.  The virus gets loaded into memory before {MS-DOS}
+	and takes control of the computer, infecting any floppy disks
+	subsequently accessed.  An infected {boot disk} may stop the
+	computer starting up at all.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Border Gateway Protocol
+
+	(BGP) An {Exterior Gateway Protocol} defined in {RFC 1267} and
+	{RFC 1268}.  Its design is based on experience gained with
+	{Exterior Gateway Protocol} (EGP), as defined in {STD} 18,
+	{RFC 904} and EGP usage in the {NSFNet} {backbone}, as
+	described in RFCs 1092 and 1093.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+borf
+
+	<jargon> To uncerimoniously disconnect someone from a system
+	without prior warning.  {BBS} {Sysops} routinely "borf" pest
+	users by turning off the modem or by hitting the "auto-borf"
+	key sequence.
+
+	You can also be "borfed" by software dropping {carrier} due to
+	a {bug}.
+
+	The origin of the term is unknown but it has been in use since
+	at least 1982.
+
+	(1997-03-21)
+
+Borland International, Inc.
+
+	{Borland Software Corporation}
+
+Borland Software Corporation
+
+	<company> A company that sells a variety of {PC} software
+	development and {database} systems.  Borland was founded in
+	1983 and initially became famous for their low-cost software,
+	particularly {Turbo Pascal}, {Turbo C}, and {Turbo Prolog}.
+
+	Current and past products include the {Borland C++} C++ and C
+	developement environment, the {Paradox} and {dBASE}
+	{databases}, {Delphi}, {JBuilder}, and {InterBase}.
+
+	Borland has approximately 1000 employees worldwide and has
+	operations in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Japan,
+	Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.
+
+	Borland sold {Quattro} Pro to {Novell} in 1994 for $100M.
+	Novell later sold the product to {Corel Corporation}, who also
+	bought {Paradox}.  dBASE was sold in March(?) 1999 to {dBase
+	Inc.}
+
+	In Febuary 1998 Borland bought {Visigenic Software, Inc.}.
+
+	The company changed its name to Inprise Corporation on
+	1998-04-29 and then on 2000-11-14 they announced they were
+	changing it back to Borland from the first quarter of 2001.
+
+	Quarterly sales $69M, profits $61M (Aug 1994).
+	$56M, $6.4M (July 2001)
+
+	{(http://borland.com/)}.
+
+	Headquarters: 100 Borland Way, Scotts Valley, CA, 95066, USA.
+	Telephone: +1 (408) 431 1000.
+
+	(2002-03-16)
+
+BOS
+
+	1. <operating system> {Basic Operating System}.
+
+	2. <tool> A data management system written at {DESY} and used
+	in some high energy physics programs.
+
+	3. <programming> The {Basic Object System}.
+
+	(1999-01-20)
+
+Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Code
+
+	<data, communications> (BHC Code) An {error detection and
+	correction} technique based on {Cyclic Redundancy Code}, used
+	in telecommunications applications.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+BOSS
+
+	Bridgport Operating System Software.  A derivative of the {ISO
+	1054} numerical machine control language for milling, etc.
+
+bot
+
+	<networking, chat, web> (From "{robot}") Any type
+	of autonomous {software} that operates as an {agent} for a
+	user or a {program} or simulates a human activity.  On the
+	{Internet}, the most popular bots are programs (called
+	{spiders} or crawlers) used for searching.  They access {web
+	sites}, retrieve documents and follow all the {hypertext
+	links} in them; then they generate catalogs that are accessed
+	by {search engines}.
+
+	A {chatbot} converses with humans (or other bots).  A
+	{shopbot} searches the Web to find the best price for a
+	product.  Other bots (such as {OpenSesame}) observe a user's
+	patterns in navigating a website and customises the site for
+	that user.
+
+	{Knowbots} collect specific information from {websites}.
+
+	(1999-05-20)
+
+botmaster
+
+	<chat> The owner of a {bot}.
+
+	(1997-04-07)
+
+bottom
+
+	<theory> The least defined element in a given {domain}.
+
+	Often used to represent a non-terminating computation.
+
+	(In {LaTeX}, bottom is written as {\perp}, sometimes with the
+	domain as a subscript).
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+BottomFeeder
+
+	<networking> An {RSS} {aggregator}.
+
+	{BottomFeeder Home
+	(http://cincomsmalltalk.com/BottomFeeder)}.
+
+	(2003-09-29)
+
+bottom feeder
+
+	{slopsucker}
+
+bottom-unique
+
+	In {domain theory}, a function f is bottom-unique if
+
+		f x = bottom  <=>  x = bottom
+
+	A bottom-unique function is also {strict}.
+
+bottom-up implementation
+
+	<programming> The opposite of {top-down design}.  It is now
+	received wisdom in most programming cultures that it is best
+	to design from higher levels of abstraction down to lower,
+	specifying sequences of action in increasing detail until you
+	get to actual code.  Hackers often find (especially in
+	exploratory designs that cannot be closely specified in
+	advance) that it works best to *build* things in the opposite
+	order, by writing and testing a clean set of primitive
+	operations and then knitting them together.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+bottom-up model
+
+	<programming> A method for estimating the cost of a complete
+	software project by combining estimates for each component.
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+bottom-up testing
+
+	<programming> An integration testing technique that tests the
+	low-level components first using test drivers for those
+	components that have not yet been developed to call the
+	low-level components for test.
+
+	Compare {bottom-up implementation}.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+botwar
+
+	<chat> The epic struggle of {bots} vying for dominance.
+
+	Botwars are generally (and quite inappropriately) carried out
+	on {talk} systems, typically {IRC}, where botwar crossfire
+	(such as {pingflood}ing) absorbs scarce server resources and
+	obstructs human conversation.
+
+	The wisdom of experience indicates that {Core Wars}, not
+	{talk} systems, are the appropriate venue for aggressive bots
+	and their {botmasters}.
+
+	Compare {penis war}.
+
+	(1997-04-08)
+
+bounce
+
+	1. (Perhaps by analogy to a bouncing check) An {electronic
+	mail} message that is undeliverable and returns an error
+	notification (a "{bounce message}") to the sender is said to
+	"bounce".
+
+	2. To play volleyball.  The now-demolished {D. C. Power Lab}
+	building used by the {Stanford AI Lab} in the 1970s had a
+	volleyball court on the front lawn.  From 5 PM to 7 PM was the
+	scheduled maintenance time for the computer, so every
+	afternoon at 5 would come over the intercom the cry: "Now hear
+	this: bounce, bounce!", followed by Brian McCune loudly
+	bouncing a volleyball on the floor outside the offices of
+	known volleyballers.
+
+	3. To engage in sexual intercourse; probably from the
+	expression "bouncing the mattress", but influenced by Roo's
+	psychosexually loaded "Try bouncing me, Tigger!" from the
+	"Winnie-the-Pooh" books.
+
+	Compare {boink}.
+
+	4. To casually reboot a system in order to clear up a
+	transient problem.  Reported primarily among {VMS} users.
+
+	5. (VM/CMS programmers) Automatic warm-start of a computer
+	after an error.  "I logged on this morning and found it had
+	bounced 7 times during the night"
+
+	6. (IBM) To {power cycle} a peripheral in order to reset it.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+bounce message
+
+	A notification message returned to the sender by a site unable
+	to relay {e-mail} to the intended recipient or the next link
+	in a {bang path}.  Reasons might include a nonexistent or
+	misspelled user name or a {down} relay site.  Bounce messages
+	can themselves fail, with occasionally ugly results; see
+	{sorcerer's apprentice mode} and {software laser}.  The terms
+	"bounce mail" and "barfmail" are also common.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+boundary scan
+
+	The use of {scan registers} to capture state from device input
+	and output pins.  {IEEE} Standard 1149.1-1990 describes the
+	international standard implementation (sometimes called JTAG
+	after the Joint Test Action Group which began the
+	standardisation work).
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+boundary value
+
+	{boundary value analysis}
+
+boundary value analysis
+
+	<programming> A test data selection technique in which values
+	are chosen to lie along data extremes.  Boundary values
+	include maximum, minimum, just inside/outside boundaries,
+	typical values, and error values.  The hope is that, if a
+	systems works correctly for these special values then it will
+	work correctly for all values in between.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+bounded
+
+	<theory> In {domain theory}, a subset S of a {cpo} X is
+	bounded if there exists x in X such that for all s in S, s <=
+	x.  In other words, there is some element above all of S.  If
+	every bounded subset of X has a least upper bound then X is
+	boundedly {complete}.
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\subseteq}).
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+boundedly complete
+
+	<theory> (Or "consistently complete") In {domain theory}, a
+	{complete partial order} is boundedly complete if every {bounded}
+	{subset} has a {least upper bound}.
+
+	(2014-07-01)
+
+bound variable
+
+	1. A bound variable or {formal argument} in a function
+	definition is replaced by the {actual argument} when the
+	function is applied.  In the {lambda abstraction}
+
+		\ x . M
+
+	x is the bound variable.  However, x is a {free variable} of
+	the term M when M is considered on its own.  M is the {scope}
+	of the binding of x.
+
+	2. In logic a bound variable is a quantified variable.  See
+	{quantifier}.
+
+bournebasic
+
+	A {BASIC} {interpreter}.
+
+	comp.sources.misc archives volume 1.
+
+Bourne shell
+
+	(sh, Shellish).  The original {command-line interpreter}
+	{shell} and script language for {Unix} written by S.R. Bourne
+	of {Bell Laboratories} in 1978.  sh has been superseded for
+	interactive use by the {Berkeley} {C shell}, {csh} but still
+	widely used for writing {shell scripts}.
+
+	There were even earlier shells, see {glob}.  [Details?]
+
+	{ash} is a Bourne Shell clone.
+
+	["Unix {Time-Sharing} System: The Unix Shell", S.R. Bourne,
+	Bell Sys Tech J 57(6):1971-1990 (Jul 1978)].
+
+boustrophedonic
+
+	<hardware> (From the Greek "boustrophe-don": turning like oxen
+	in plowing; from "bous": ox, cow; "strephein": to turn) An
+	ancient method of writing using alternate left-to-right and
+	right-to-left lines.  It used for an optimisation performed by
+	some computer typesetting software and moving-head printers to
+	reduce physical movement of the print head.  The adverbial
+	form "boustrophedonically" is also found.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+box
+
+	<computer> 1. A computer; especially in the construction "foo
+	box" where foo is some functional qualifier, like "graphics",
+	or the name of an {operating system} (thus, "{Unix} box",
+	"{MS-DOS} box", etc.)  "We preprocess the data on Unix boxes
+	before handing it up to the {mainframe}."  The plural
+	"{boxen}" is sometimes seen.
+
+	2. Without qualification in an {IBM} {SNA} site, "box" refers
+	specifically to an {IBM} {front-end processor}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+boxed comments
+
+	<programming> {Comments} that occupy several lines by
+	themselves; so called because in {assembler} and {C} code they
+	are often surrounded by a box in a style similar to this:
+
+	 /*************************************************
+	 *
+	 * This is a boxed comment in C style
+	 *
+	 *************************************************/
+
+	Common variants of this style omit the asterisks in column 2
+	or add a matching row of asterisks closing the right side of
+	the box.  The sparest variant omits all but the comment
+	{delimiters} themselves; the "box" is implied.
+
+	Opposite of {winged comments}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-21)
+
+boxen
+
+	/bok'sn/ (By analogy with {VAXen}) A fanciful plural of {box}
+	often encountered in the phrase "Unix boxen", used to describe
+	commodity {Unix} hardware.  The connotation is that any two
+	Unix boxen are interchangeable.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Boxer
+
+	1. <language> A {visual language} by Hal Abelson and Andy
+	diSessa of Berkeley which claims to be the successor to
+	{Logo}.  Boxes are used to represent {scope}.
+
+	2. <tool> A {text editor} for {MS-DOS} and {Microsoft
+	Windows}.
+
+	{(http://boxersoftware.com/users/dhamel)}.
+
+	(2001-04-30)
+
+boxology
+
+	<graphics> /bok-sol'*-jee/ {ASCII art}.
+
+	This term implies a more restricted domain, that of
+	box-and-arrow drawings.  "His report has a lot of boxology in
+	it."
+
+	Compare {macrology}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+Boycott Apple
+
+	Some time before 1989, {Apple Computer, Inc.} started a
+	lawsuit against {Hewlett-Packard} and {Microsoft}, claiming
+	they had breeched Apple's {copyright} on the {look and feel}
+	of the {Macintosh user interface}.  In December 1989, {Xerox}
+	failed to sue {Apple Computer}, claiming that the software for
+	Apple's {Lisa} computer and {Macintosh} {Finder}, both
+	copyrighted in 1987, were derived from two {Xerox} programs:
+	{Smalltalk}, developed in the mid-1970s and {Star},
+	copyrighted in 1981.
+
+	Apple wanted to stop people from writing any program that
+	worked even vaguely like a {Macintosh}.  If such {look and
+	feel} lawsuits succeed they could put an end to {free
+	software} that could substitute for commercial software.
+
+	In the weeks after the suit was filed, {Usenet} reverberated
+	with condemnation for Apple.  {GNU} supporters {Richard
+	Stallman}, {John Gilmore}, and Paul Rubin decided to take
+	action against Apple.  Apple's reputation as a force for
+	progress came from having made better computers; but The
+	{League for Programming Freedom} believed that Apple wanted to
+	make all non-Apple computers worse.  They therefore campaigned
+	to discourage people from using Apple products or working for
+	Apple or any other company threatening similar obstructionist
+	tactics (e.g. {Lotus} and {Xerox}).
+
+	Because of this boycott the {Free Software Foundation} for a
+	long time didn't support {Macintosh} {Unix} in their software.
+	In 1995, the LPF and the FSF decided to end the boycott.
+
+	[Dates?  Other events?  Why did Xerox's case against Apple
+	fail?]
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+bozotic
+
+	<abuse> (From Bozo the Clown, a famous circus personality, via
+	"bozo" - a clod, idiot or generally silly person) any form of
+	clown-like or ludicrous behaviour.  The word also has echoes
+	of "robotic", so bozotic behaviour is mindless, automaton-like
+	stupidity.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-05)
+
+BPEL
+
+	{Web Services Business Process Execution Language}
+
+BPI
+
+	{bits per inch}
+
+bpmake
+
+	{Aspirin}
+
+bpp
+
+	{bits per pixel}
+
+BPR
+
+	{Business Process Re-engineering}
+
+BPS
+
+	{Basic Programming Support}
+
+bps
+
+	{bits per second}
+
+BQS
+
+	{Berkeley Quality Software}
+
+br
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Brazil.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+brace
+
+	<character> {left brace} or {right brace}.
+
+bracket
+
+	<character> (Or square bracket) A {left bracket} or {right
+	bracket}.
+
+	Often used loosely for {parentheses}, {square brackets},
+	{braces}, {angle brackets}, or any other kind of unequal
+	paired {delimiters}.
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+bracket abstraction
+
+	<compiler> An {algorithm} which turns a term into a function
+	of some variable.  The result of using bracket abstraction on
+	T with respect to variable v, written as [v]T, is a term
+	containing no occurrences of v and denoting a function f such
+	that f v = T.  This defines the function f = (\ v . T).  Using
+	bracket abstraction and {currying} we can define a language
+	without {bound variables} in which the only operation is
+	{monadic} function application.
+
+	See {combinator}.
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+braille
+
+	<human language> /breyl/ (Often capitalised) A class of
+	{writing systems}, intended for use by blind and low-vision
+	users, which express {glyphs} as raised dots.  Currently
+	employed braille standards use eight dots per cell, where a
+	cell is a glyph-space two dots across by four dots high; most
+	glyphs use only the top six dots.
+
+	Braille was developed by Louis Braille (pronounced /looy
+	bray/) in France in the 1820s.  Braille systems for most
+	languages can be fairly trivially converted to and from the
+	usual script.
+
+	Braille has several totally coincidental parallels with
+	digital computing: it is {binary}, it is based on groups of
+	eight bits/dots and its development began in the 1820s, at the
+	same time {Charles Babbage} proposed the {Difference Engine}.
+
+	Computers output Braille on {braille displays} and {braille
+	printers} for hard copy.
+
+	{British Royal National Institute for the Blind
+	(http://rnib.org.uk/wesupply/fctsheet/braille.htm)}.
+
+	(1998-10-19)
+
+braille display
+
+	<hardware> (Or "refreshable braille display", "refreshable
+	display") An electromechanical device that renders {braille}
+	with tiny, independently controlled pins used to represent the
+	state of dots in braille cells.  Each pin, in its "on" state,
+	raises above the top of its hole in the screen; in its "off"
+	state, it drops below the top of its hole.  Older systems used
+	tiny solenoids to control the state of the pins; modern
+	systems are {piezoelectric}.
+
+	Typical dimensions of a braille display are 1 line of 40
+	cells, each cell of two-by-eight dots.
+
+	(1998-10-19)
+
+Braille embosser
+
+	{Braille printer}
+
+Braille printer
+
+	<printer> (Or "(Braille) embosser") A {printer}, necessarily
+	an {impact printer}, that renders text as {Braille}.  Blind
+	users call other printers {ink printers}.
+
+	(1999-02-26)
+
+Brain Aid Prolog
+
+	<language> (BAP) A parallel {Prolog} environment for
+	{transputer} systems by Frank Bergmann <fraber@fraber.de>,
+	Martin Ostermann <ost@xan.dfv.rwth-aachen.de>, and Guido von
+	Walter <guido@parsytec.de> of {Brain Aid Systems} GbR.  BAP is
+	based on a model of communicating sequential Prolog processes.
+	The {run-time system} consists of a multi-process {operating
+	system} with support for several applications running
+	concurrently.
+
+	{(http://fraber.de/bap/)}.
+
+	(2002-11-12)
+
+brain-damaged
+
+	1. [generalisation of "Honeywell Brain Damage" (HBD), a
+	theoretical disease invented to explain certain utter
+	cretinisms in Honeywell {Multics}] Obviously wrong; cretinous;
+	{demented}.
+
+	There is an implication that the person responsible must have
+	suffered brain damage, because he should have known better.
+	Calling something brain-damaged is really bad; it also implies
+	it is unusable, and that its failure to work is due to poor
+	design rather than some accident.  "Only six monocase
+	characters per file name?  Now *that's* brain-damaged!"
+
+	2. [especially in the Mac world] May refer to free
+	demonstration software that has been deliberately crippled in
+	some way so as not to compete with the commercial product it
+	is intended to sell.  Synonym {crippleware}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2011-01-04)
+
+brain-dead
+
+	Brain-damaged in the extreme.  It tends to imply terminal
+	design failure rather than malfunction or simple stupidity.
+
+brain dump
+
+	(The act of telling someone) everything one knows about a
+	particular topic.  Typically used when someone is going to let
+	a new party maintain a piece of code.  Conceptually analogous
+	to an operating system {core dump} in that it saves a lot of
+	useful {state} before an exit.  "You'll have to give me a
+	brain dump on FOOBAR before you start your new job at
+	HackerCorp."  At Sun, this is also known as "TOI" (transfer of
+	information).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+brain fart
+
+	<jargon, humour> 1. The actual result of a {braino}, as
+	opposed to the mental {glitch} that is the braino itself.
+	E.g. typing "dir" on a {Unix box} after a session with
+	{MS-DOS}.
+
+	2. A biproduct of a bloated mind producing information
+	effortlessly.  A burst of useful information. "I know you're
+	busy on the Microsoft story, but can you give us a brain fart
+	on the Mitnik bust?"
+
+	(1997-04-29)
+
+Brainfuck
+
+	<language> An eight-instruction programming language created
+	by Urban Müller.  His goal was apparently to create a
+	{Turing-complete} language with the smallest {compiler} ever,
+	for the {Amiga OS} 2.0.  He eventually reduced his compiler to
+	under 200 bytes.
+
+	A Brainfuck program has a pointer that moves within an array
+	of 30000 bytes, initially all set to zero.  The pointer
+	initially points to the beginning of this array.  The language
+	has eight commands, each of which is represented as a single
+	character, and which can be expressed in terms of {C} as
+	follows:
+
+	 >   ==>    ++p;
+	 <   ==>    --p;
+	 +   ==>    ++*p;
+	 -   ==>    --*p;
+	 .   ==>    putchar(*p);
+	 ,   ==>    *p = getchar();
+	 [   ==>    while (*p) {
+	 ]   ==>    }
+
+	{Brian Raiter's Brainfuck page
+	(http://muppetlabs.com/~breadbox/bf/)}.
+
+	(2003-11-18)
+
+braino
+
+	{thinko}
+
+branch
+
+	1. <mathematics> An {edge} in a {tree}.
+
+	2. <programming> A {jump}.
+
+Branch and Hang
+
+	<humour> (BRH) Originally a mythical instruction for the {IBM
+	1130} at {Indiana University}.
+
+	Later some real examples were discovered.  The {Texas
+	Instruments} {TI-980} allowed all {addressing modes} with all
+	instructions, including Store Immediate Extended (stores the
+	value into the extension word of the instruction) and Branch
+	and Link Immediate (makes a subroutine call to the same
+	instruction -- Branch and Hang).
+
+	Compare {HCF}.
+
+	(1997-02-12)
+
+branch coverage testing
+
+	<programming> A test method which aims to ensure that each
+	possible branch from each decision point (e.g. "if" statement)
+	is executed at least once, thus ensuring that all reachable
+	code is executed.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+branch delay slot
+
+	{delayed control-transfer}
+
+Branch on Chip Box Full
+
+	<humour> (BCBF) A mythical {IBM 1130} instruction whose action
+	depended on the contents of the {chip box}.  This was one of a
+	long list of fake {assembly language} instructions that went
+	around {Indiana University} in the 1970s.
+
+	(1997-02-12)
+
+branch prediction
+
+	<processor, algorithm> A technique used in some processors
+	with {instruction prefetch} to guess whether a {conditional
+	branch} will be taken or not and prefetch code from the
+	appropriate location.
+
+	When a branch instruction is executed, its address and that of
+	the next instruction executed (the chosen destination of the
+	branch) are stored in the {Branch Target Buffer}.  This
+	information is used to predict which way the instruction will
+	branch the next time it is executed so that instruction
+	prefetch can continue.  When the prediction is correct (and it
+	is over 90% of the time), executing a branch does not cause a
+	{pipeline break}.
+
+	Some later {CPUs} simply prefetch both paths instead of trying
+	to predict which way the branch will go.
+
+	An extension of the idea of branch prediction is {speculative
+	execution}.
+
+	(1998-03-14)
+
+Branch Target Buffer
+
+	<processor> (BTB) A {register} used to store the predicted
+	destination of a branch in a processor using {branch
+	prediction}?
+
+	[Is this correct?  Examples?]
+
+	(1995-05-05)
+
+branch to Fishkill
+
+	(IBM: from the location of one of the corporation's
+	facilities) Any unexpected jump in a program that produces
+	catastrophic or just plain weird results.
+
+	See {jump off into never-never land}, {hyperspace}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Brazil
+
+	An {operating system} from {Acorn Computers} used on an {ARM}
+	card which could be fitted to an {IBM PC}.  There was also an
+	{ARM} second processor for the {BBC Microcomputer} which used
+	Brazil.  Never used on the {Archimedes}(?).
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+BRB
+
+	<chat> (I will) be right back.
+
+	(1998-01-18)
+
+breadcrumbs
+
+	(After the story "Hansel and Gretel" by the Brothers Grimm).
+
+	1. <web> {Links} displayed across the top of a {web
+	page} listing the most recently visited pages so the reader
+	can quickly jump back to one.  Since this function is provided
+	by the {web browser}, breadcrumbs are a waste of space.
+
+	A better use of the space is to display links to the page's
+	logical parent pages in the information hierarchy.
+
+	2. <programming> Information output by statements inserted
+	into a program for {debugging by printf}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-03-07)
+
+breadth-first search
+
+	<algorithm> A {graph search algorithm} which tries all
+	one-step extensions of current paths before trying larger
+	extensions.  This requires all current paths to be kept in
+	memory simultaneously, or at least their end points.
+
+	Opposite of {depth-first search}.  See also {best first
+	search}.
+
+	(1996-01-05)
+
+break
+
+	1. To cause to be {broken}.  "Your latest patch
+	to the editor broke the paragraph commands."
+
+	2. (Of a program) To stop temporarily, so that it may
+	debugged.  The place where it stops is a "{breakpoint}".
+
+	3. To send an {EIA-232} break (two character widths of line
+	high) over a {serial line}.
+
+	4. [Unix] To strike whatever key currently causes the tty
+	driver to send SIGINT to the current process.  Normally,
+	break, delete or {control-C} does this.
+
+	5. "break break" may be said to interrupt a conversation (this
+	is an example of verb doubling).  This usage comes from radio
+	communications, which in turn probably came from landline
+	telegraph/teleprinter usage, as badly abused in the Citizen's
+	Band craze.
+
+	6. {pipeline break}.
+
+	7. {break statement}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-03-24)
+
+break-even point
+
+	In the process of implementing a new computer language, the
+	point at which the language is sufficiently effective that one
+	can implement the language in itself.  That is, for a new
+	language called, hypothetically, FOOGOL, one has reached
+	break-even when one can write a demonstration compiler for
+	FOOGOL in FOOGOL, discard the original implementation
+	language, and thereafter use working versions of FOOGOL to
+	develop newer ones.  This is an important milestone.  See {My
+	Favourite Toy Language}.
+
+	[There actually is a language called {Foogol}].
+
+breakpoint
+
+	<programming> A point in a {program} that, when reached, triggers
+	some special behavior useful to the process of {debugging};
+	generally, breakpoints are used to either pause program
+	{execution}, and/or {dump} the values of some or all of the
+	program {variables}.  Breakpoints may be part of the program
+	itself; or they may be set by the programmer as part of an
+	{interactive} session with a {debugging tool} for scrutinizing the
+	program's execution.
+
+	(1999-06-07)
+
+break statement
+
+	<programming> A {statement} in the {C} programming language
+	that transfers control out of the innermost enclosing
+	{switch}, {while}, {do}, or {for} statement.  The statement
+	also exists in languages derived from C, such as {C++} and
+	{Java}.
+
+	(2004-03-24)
+
+breath-of-life packet
+
+	({XEROX PARC}) An {Ethernet} {packet} that contains
+	{bootstrap} code, periodically sent out from a working
+	computer to infuse the "breath of life" into any computer on
+	the network that has crashed.  Computers depending on such
+	packets have sufficient hardware or firmware code to wait for
+	(or request) such a packet during the reboot process.
+
+	See also {dickless workstation}.
+
+	The notional "kiss-of-death packet", with a function
+	complementary to that of a breath-of-life packet, is
+	recommended for dealing with hosts that consume too many
+	network resources.  Though "kiss-of-death packet" is usually
+	used in jest, there is at least one documented instance of an
+	{Internet} subnet with limited address-table slots in a
+	gateway computer in which such packets were routinely used to
+	compete for slots, rather like Christmas shoppers competing
+	for scarce parking spaces.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+breedle
+
+	{feep}
+
+BRH
+
+	{Branch and Hang}
+
+BRI
+
+	{Basic Rate Interface}
+
+Brian Reid
+
+	<person> The person who cofounded {Usenet}'s anarchic alt.*
+	{newsgroup} {hierarchy} with {John Gilmore}.
+
+	(1997-04-12)
+
+BRIDGE
+
+	A component of {ICES} for civil engineers.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 616].
+
+bridge
+
+	<networking, hardware> A device which forwards traffic between
+	{network segments} based on {data link layer} information.
+	These segments would have a common {network layer} address.
+
+	Every network should only have one {root bridge}.
+
+	See also {gateway}, {router}.
+
+	(2001-03-04)
+
+Bridgetalk
+
+	<language> A {visual language}.
+
+	(2001-03-04)
+
+briefcase
+
+	<tool> A {Win95}/{WinNT} utility for keeping files on two
+	computers without permanent connection in sync.
+
+	The scenario briefcase was designed for is the combination of
+	an office computer and a {portable} one.  You connect the two
+	before leaving your office, create a briefcase on the portable
+	(if you don't already have one on it), then copy the files you
+	want to work on while away into the briefcase.  You can at
+	this point disconnect the two computers, take the portable
+	with you and work on the files in the briefcase at home or on
+	the road.  When you get back to your office the briefcase
+	utility can automatically update the files you changed on the
+	office computer.
+
+	(1998-05-18)
+
+brightness
+
+	<graphics> (Or "tone", "luminance", "value", "luminosity",
+	"lightness") The coordinate in the {HSB} {colour model} that
+	determines the total amount of light in the colour.  Zero
+	brightness is black and 100% is white, intermediate values are
+	"light" or "dark" colours.
+
+	The other coordinates are {hue} and {saturation}.
+
+	(1999-07-05)
+
+Brilliant
+
+	One of five pedagogical languages based on {Markov}
+	{algorithms}, used in ["Nonpareil, a Machine Level Machine
+	Independent Language for the Study of Semantics", B. Higman,
+	ULICS Intl Report No ICSI 170, U London (1968)].
+
+	See also {Diamond}, {Nonpareil}, {Pearl}, {Ruby}.
+
+bring X to its knees
+
+	To present a computer, operating system, piece of software, or
+	algorithm with a load so extreme or {pathological} that it
+	grinds to a halt.  "To bring a MicroVAX to its knees, try
+	twenty users running {vi} - or four running {Emacs}."
+	Compare {hog}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+British Broadcasting Corporation
+
+	<company> (BBC) The non-commercial UK organisation that
+	commissions, produces and broadcasts television and radio
+	programmes.
+
+	The BBC commissioned the "{BBC Micro}" from {Acorn Computers}
+	for use in a television series about using computers.  They
+	also have one of the world's most respected news websites (on
+	which I work!).
+
+	{BBC Home (http://bbc.co.uk/)}.
+
+	{BBC News (http://news.bbc.co.uk/)}.
+
+	(2003-07-02)
+
+British Library Method
+
+	<algorithm> {Brute force} searching.
+
+	According to legends circulating in the 1970s, in the British
+	Library books are searched for by examining each book
+	sequentially in the first shelf, then the next shelf,
+	continuing until the book is found or the entire library has
+	been searched.
+
+	The term was referred to in a Dutch coursebook, "Inleiding In
+	De Informatica" (Introduction to Informatics) from a course
+	given by C.H.A. Koster and Th.A. Zoethout.  This was based on
+	a course given at the TU Berlin.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(1999-04-14)
+
+British Standards Institute
+
+	<body, standard> (BSI) The British member of {ISO}.
+
+	(1996-06-12)
+
+British Telecom
+
+	<company> (BT) The largest telecommunications provider in the
+	UK.
+
+	Due to regulatory issues, BT had to sell off its interest in
+	McCaw Cellular.  BT sold it to {AT&T} for something like 4B$.
+	BT then invested that in {MCI}.  As a part of the deal, MCI
+	was given BT North America, which was the old {Tymnet}.  MCI
+	laid off about 40% of the Tymnet staff.
+
+	{(http://intervid.co.uk/)}.
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+British Telecom Research Laboratories
+
+	<company> (BTRL) The laboratories where {British Telecom}
+	develops many of its new Network services.
+
+	{(http://labs.bt.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Martlesham Heath, near Ipswich, Suffolk, UK.
+
+	(1995-04-25)
+
+brittle
+
+	<jargon> Said of {software} that is functional but easily
+	broken by changes in operating environment or configuration,
+	or by any minor tweak to the software itself.  Also, any
+	system that responds inappropriately and disastrously to
+	abnormal but expected external stimuli; e.g. a {file system}
+	that is usually totally scrambled by a power failure is said
+	to be brittle.  This term is often used to describe the
+	results of a research effort that were never intended to be
+	robust, but it can be applied to commercially developed
+	software, which displays the quality far more often than it
+	ought to.
+
+	Opposite of {robust}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+broadband
+
+	<communications> A class of communication channel capable of
+	supporting a wide range of frequencies, typically from audio
+	up to video frequencies.  A broadband channel can carry
+	multiple signals by dividing the total capacity into multiple,
+	independent bandwidth channels, where each channel operates
+	only on a specific range of frequencies.
+
+	The term has come to be used for any kind of {Internet}
+	connection with a {download} speed of more than 56 {kbps},
+	usually some kind of {Digital Subscriber Line}, e.g. {ADSL}.
+	A broadband connection is typically always connected, in
+	contrast to a {dial-up} connection, and a fixed monthly rate
+	is charged, often with a cap on the total amount of data that
+	can be transferred.  Domestic broadband connections typically
+	share a telephone line with normal voice calls and the two
+	uses can occur simultaneously without interference.
+
+	See also {baseband}, {narrowband}.
+
+	(2006-03-30)
+
+broadcast
+
+	A transmission to multiple, unspecified recipients.  On
+	Ethernet, a broadcast packet is a special type of multicast
+	packet which all nodes on the network are always willing to
+	receive.
+
+broadcast quality video
+
+	<communications, multimedia> Roughly, {video} with more than
+	30 frames per second at a {resolution} of 800 x 640 {pixels}.
+
+	The quality of moving pictures and sound is determined by the
+	complete chain from camera to receiver.  Relevant factors are
+	the colour temperature of the lighting, the balance of the
+	red, green and blue vision pick-up tubes to produce the
+	correct display colour temperature (which will be different)
+	and the {gamma} pre-correction to cancel the non-linear
+	characteristic of {cathode-ray tubes} in television receivers.
+	The {resolution} of the camera tube and video coding system
+	will determine the maximum number of {pixels} in the picture.
+
+	Different colour coding systems have different defects.  The
+	NTSC system (National Television Systems Committee) can
+	produce {hue} errors.  The PAL system (Phase Alternation by
+	Line) can produce {saturation} errors.
+
+	Television modulation systems are specified by ITU CCIR Report
+	624.  Low-resolution systems have {bandwidths} of 4.2 MHz with
+	525 to 625 lines per frame as used in the Americas and Japan.
+	Medium resolution of 5 to 6.5 MHz with 625 lines is used in
+	Europe, Asia, Africa and Australasia.  {High-Definition
+	Television} (HDTV) will require 8 MHz or more of bandwidth.
+
+	A medium resolution (5.5 MHz in UK) picture can be represented
+	by 572 lines of 402 pixels.  Note the ratio of pixels to lines
+	is not the same as the {aspect ratio}.  A {VGA} display (480n
+	lines of 640 pixels) could thus display 84% of the height of
+	one picture frame.
+
+	Most compression techniques reduce quality as they assume a
+	restricted range of detail and motion and discard details to
+	which the human eye is not sensitive.
+
+	Broadcast quality implies something better than amateur or
+	domestic video and therefore can't be retained on a domestic
+	video recorder.  Broadcasts use quadriplex or U-matic
+	recorders.
+
+	The lowest frame rate used for commercial entertainment is the
+	24Hz of the 35mm cinema camera.  When broadcast on a 50Hz
+	television system, the pictures are screened at 25Hz reducing
+	the running times by 4%.  On a 60Hz system every five movie
+	frames are screened as six TV frames, still at the 4%
+	increased rate.  The six frames are made by mixing adjacent
+	frames, with some degradation of the picture.
+
+	A computer system to meet international standard reproduction
+	would at least VGA resolution, an interlaced frame rate of
+	24Hz and 8 bits to represent the luminance (Y) component.  For
+	a component display system using red, green and blue (RGB)
+	electron guns and phosphor dots each will require 7 bits.
+	Transmission and recording is different as various coding
+	schemes need less bits if other representations are used
+	instead of RGB.  Broadcasts use YUV and compression can reduce
+	this to about 3.5 bits per pixel without perceptible
+	degradation.  High-quality video and sound can be carried on a
+	34 Mbaud channel after being compressed with {ADPCM} and
+	{variable length coding}, potentially in real time.
+
+	(1997-07-04)
+
+broadcast storm
+
+	<networking> A {broadcast} on a {network} that causes multiple
+	{hosts} to respond by broadcasting themselves, causing the
+	storm to grow exponentially in severity.
+
+	See {network meltdown}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+Broadway
+
+	<standard, operating system> A standard which the {X
+	Consortium} is currently (January 1997) developing and plans
+	to release soon as an {open standard}.  A prime goal is to be
+	more {bandwidth}-efficient and easier to develop for (and to
+	{port}) than the {X Window System}, which has been widely
+	described as over-sized, over-featured, over-engineered and
+	incredibly over-complicated.
+
+	{(http://x.org/consortium/broadway.html)}.
+
+	(1997-05-15)
+
+brochureware
+
+	<jargon, business> A planned, but non-existent, product, like
+	{vaporware} but with the added implication that marketing is
+	actively selling and promoting it (they've printed brochures).
+	Brochureware is often deployed to con customers into not
+	committing to a competing existing product.
+
+	The term is now especially applicable to new {websites}, website
+	revisions, and ancillary services such as customer support and
+	product return.
+
+	Owing to the explosion of {database}-driven, {cookie}-using
+	{dot-coms} (of the sort that can now deduce that you are, in
+	fact, a dog), the term is now also used to describe sites made
+	up of {static HTML} pages that contain not much more than
+	contact info and mission statements.  The term suggests that
+	the company is small, irrelevant to the web, local in scope,
+	clueless, broke, just starting out, or some combination
+	thereof.
+
+	Many new companies without product, funding, or even staff,
+	post brochureware with investor info and press releases to
+	help publicise their ventures.  As of December 1999, examples
+	include pop.com and cdradio.com.
+
+	Small-timers that really have no business on the web such as
+	lawncare companies and divorce laywers inexplicably have
+	brochureware made that stays unchanged for years.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-05-10)
+
+broken
+
+	Not working properly (of programs).
+
+broken arrow
+
+	<communications> The error code displayed on line 25 of a {IBM
+	3270} {terminal} (or a {terminal emulator} emulating a 3270)
+	for various kinds of {protocol} violations and "unexpected"
+	error conditions (including connection to a {down} computer).
+	On a PC, simulated with "->/_", with the two centre characters
+	overstruck.
+
+	"Broken arrow" is also military jargon for an accident
+	involving nuclear weapons.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+broker
+
+	{object request broker}
+
+broket
+
+	<character> /broh'k*t/ or /broh'ket/ (From broken bracket)
+	Either of the characters "<" or ">" when used as paired
+	enclosing {delimiters} ({angle brackets}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-21)
+
+brontobyte
+
+	<unit, data> A proposed unit of {data} equal to 10^27 {bytes}.  A
+	brontobyte is 1000^9 bytes or 1000 {yottabytes}.
+
+	"Bronto-" is not an official prefix and the term brontobyte is
+	generally attributed to the IBM Dictionary of Computing.
+
+	One brontobyte would be enough data to store a three-dimensional
+	map of the Earth with one byte for each {voxel} of a
+	one-centimetre grid.
+
+	See {prefix}.
+
+	[Where did IBM get it from?]
+
+	(2013-11-04)
+
+Brooks's Law
+
+	<programming> "Adding manpower to a late software project
+	makes it later" - a result of the fact that the expected
+	advantage from splitting work among N programmers is O(N)
+	(that is, proportional to N), but the complexity and
+	communications cost associated with coordinating and then
+	merging their work is O(N^2) (that is, proportional to the
+	square of N).
+
+	The quote is from Fred Brooks, a manager of {IBM}'s {OS/360}
+	project and author of "{The Mythical Man-Month}".
+
+	The myth in question has been most tersely expressed as
+	"Programmer time is fungible" and Brooks established
+	conclusively that it is not.  Hackers have never forgotten his
+	advice; too often, {management} still does.
+
+	See also {creationism}, {second-system effect}, {optimism}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-09-17)
+
+brouter
+
+	A device which bridges some {packets} (i.e. forwards based on
+	{data link layer} information) and routes other packets (i.e.
+	forwards based on {network layer} information).  The
+	{bridge}/{route} decision is based on configuration
+	information.
+
+Brouwer Fixed-Point Theorem
+
+	<topology> A well-known result in {topology} stating that any
+	{continuous transformation} of an n-dimensional disk must have
+	at least one {fixed point}.
+
+	[Is this correct?]
+
+	(2001-03-29)
+
+Brown and Sharpe Wire Gauge
+
+	{American Wire Gauge}
+
+brown paper bag bug
+
+	<programming> A programming {bug} that is so stupid that it
+	makes the programmer want to put a brown paper bag over his
+	head.
+
+	(2001-01-16)
+
+browser
+
+	<hypertext> A program which allows a person to read
+	{hypertext}.  The browser gives some means of viewing the
+	contents of {nodes} (or "pages") and of {navigating} from one
+	node to another.
+
+	{Netscape Navigator}, {NCSA} {Mosaic}, {Lynx}, and {W3} are
+	examples for browsers for the {web}.  They act as
+	{clients} to remote {web servers}.
+
+	(1996-05-31)
+
+browserconfig.xml
+
+	<web> A {Microsoft} configuration file used to
+	customise the appearance and behaviour of {website} links
+	{pinned} to the {Windows} {start screen} or {desktop} {taskbar}.
+	browserconfig.xml allows the site owner to specify things like
+	{badges} and tile images.
+
+	{browserconfig.xml reference
+	(http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/dn320426%28v=vs.85%29.aspx)}.
+
+	(2014-07-24)
+
+BRS
+
+	{Big Red Switch}
+
+BRUIN
+
+	Brown University Interactive Language.
+
+	A simple interactive language with {PL/I}-like {syntax}, for
+	{IBM 360}.
+
+	["Meeting the Computational Requirements of the University,
+	Brown University Interactive Language", R.G. Munck, Proc 24th
+	ACM Conf, 1969].
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+brute force
+
+	<programming> A primitive programming style in which the
+	programmer relies on the computer's processing power instead
+	of using his own intelligence to simplify the problem, often
+	ignoring problems of scale and applying naive methods suited
+	to small problems directly to large ones.  The term can also
+	be used in reference to programming style: brute-force
+	programs are written in a heavy-handed, tedious way, full of
+	repetition and devoid of any elegance or useful abstraction
+	(see also {brute force and ignorance}).
+
+	The {canonical} example of a brute-force algorithm is
+	associated with the "{travelling salesman problem}" (TSP), a
+	classical {NP-hard} problem:
+
+	Suppose a person is in, say, Boston, and wishes to drive to N
+	other cities.  In what order should the cities be visited in
+	order to minimise the distance travelled?
+
+	The brute-force method is to simply generate all possible
+	routes and compare the distances; while guaranteed to work and
+	simple to implement, this algorithm is clearly very stupid in
+	that it considers even obviously absurd routes (like going
+	from Boston to Houston via San Francisco and New York, in that
+	order).  For very small N it works well, but it rapidly
+	becomes absurdly inefficient when N increases (for N = 15,
+	there are already 1,307,674,368,000 possible routes to
+	consider, and for N = 1000 - well, see {bignum}).  Sometimes,
+	unfortunately, there is no better general solution than brute
+	force.  See also {NP-complete}.
+
+	A more simple-minded example of brute-force programming is
+	finding the smallest number in a large list by first using an
+	existing program to sort the list in ascending order, and then
+	picking the first number off the front.
+
+	Whether brute-force programming should actually be considered
+	stupid or not depends on the context; if the problem is not
+	terribly big, the extra CPU time spent on a brute-force
+	solution may cost less than the programmer time it would take
+	to develop a more "intelligent" algorithm.  Additionally, a
+	more intelligent algorithm may imply more long-term complexity
+	cost and bug-chasing than are justified by the speed
+	improvement.
+
+	When applied to {cryptography}, it is usually known as {brute
+	force attack}.
+
+	{Ken Thompson}, co-inventor of {Unix}, is reported to have
+	uttered the epigram "When in doubt, use brute force".  He
+	probably intended this as a {ha ha only serious}, but the
+	original {Unix} {kernel}'s preference for simple, robust and
+	portable {algorithms} over {brittle} "smart" ones does seem to
+	have been a significant factor in the success of that
+	{operating system}.  Like so many other tradeoffs in software
+	design, the choice between brute force and complex,
+	finely-tuned cleverness is often a difficult one that requires
+	both engineering savvy and delicate aesthetic judgment.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+brute force and ignorance
+
+	<jargon> (BFI) A popular design technique at many software
+	houses - {brute force} coding unrelieved by any knowledge of
+	how problems have been previously solved in elegant ways.
+	Dogmatic adherence to design methods tends to encourage this
+	sort of thing.  Characteristic of early {larval stage}
+	programming; unfortunately, many never outgrow it.
+
+	Also encountered in the variants BFMI - brute force and
+	massive ignorance, and BFBI - brute force and bloody
+	ignorance.
+
+	"Gak, they used a {bubble sort}!  That's strictly BFI."
+
+	Compare {bogosity}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-12)
+
+brute force attack
+
+	<cryptography> A method of breaking a cipher (that is, to
+	decrypt a specific encrypted text) by trying every possible
+	{key}.  The quicker the brute force attack, the weaker the
+	cipher.  Feasibility of brute force attack depends on the key
+	length of the cipher, and on the amount of computational power
+	available to the attacker.  Brute force attack is impossible
+	against the ciphers with variable-size key, such as a
+	{one-time pad} cipher.
+
+	{Breaking ciphers with many workstations
+	(http://distributed.net/projects.html.en)}.
+
+	(2000-01-16)
+
+BS
+
+	{backspace}
+
+bs
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Bahamas.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+BS2000
+
+	<operating system> An {operating system} from {SNI} for
+	{mainframes}.
+
+	{(http://mch.sni.de.public/bs2000/server.htm)}.
+
+	(1997-06-13)
+
+BSA
+
+	1. {Business Software Alliance}.
+
+	2. {Bidouilleurs Sans Argent}.
+
+BSD
+
+	{Berkeley Software Distribution}
+
+BSD386
+
+	{386BSD}
+
+BSDI
+
+	{Berkeley Software Design, Inc.}
+
+BSD/OS
+
+	<operating system> {BSDI}'s commercial version of {Berkeley
+	Standard Distribution} {Unix}.  BSD/OS is a
+	{POSIX}-compatible, {Unix}-like system for the {80386}, {486},
+	and {Pentium}.  It is based on the {BSD} software from {UCB},
+	a number of other sources, and components engineered by BSDI.
+	The initial production release of BSD/OS shipped in March,
+	1993.
+
+	(1996-01-13)
+
+BSD Unix
+
+	{Berkeley Software Distribution}
+
+BSI
+
+	{British Standards Institute}
+
+BSL
+
+	<language> A variant of {IBM}'s {PL/S} systems language.
+	Versions: BSL1, BSL2.
+
+	(1998-06-15)
+
+BSOD
+
+	{Blue Screen of Death}
+
+BSOL
+
+	{Blue Screen of Life}
+
+BSOM
+
+	{Beats the shit outa me}
+
+BSP method
+
+	<programming> A {CASE} method from {IBM}.
+
+	(1998-02-24)
+
+BSRAM
+
+	{Burst Static Random Access Memory}
+
+BSS
+
+	1. <programming> {Block Started by Symbol}.
+
+	2. <networking> {Basic Service Set}
+
+BSS segment
+
+	{Block Started by Symbol}
+
+BST
+
+	<convention> British Summer Time.  The name for
+	daylight-saving time in the UK {GMT} time zone.
+
+	(2000-03-28)
+
+bt
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Bhutan.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+BTB
+
+	{Branch Target Buffer}
+
+btoa
+
+	<tool, messaging, algorithm, file format> /B too A/ A {binary}
+	to {ASCII} conversion utility.
+
+	btoa is a {uuencode} or {base 64} equivalent which addresses
+	some of the problems with the uuencode standard but not as
+	many as the base 64 standard.  It avoids problems that some
+	{hosts} have with spaces (e.g. conversion of groups of spaces
+	to tabs) by not including them in its character set, but may
+	still have problems on non-ASCII systems (e.g. {EBCDIC}).
+
+	btoa is primarily used to transfer {binary files} between
+	systems across connections which are not {eight-bit clean},
+	e.g. {electronic mail}.
+
+	btoa takes adjacent sets of four binary {octets} and encodes
+	them as five ASCII {octets} using ASCII characters '!' through
+	to 'u'.  Special characters are also used: 'x' marks the
+	beginning or end of the archive; 'z' marks four consecutive
+	zeros and 'y' (version 5.2) four consecutive spaces.
+
+	Each group of four octets is processed as a 32-bit integer.
+	Call this 'I'.  Let 'D' = 85^4.  Divide I by D.  Call this
+	result 'R'.  Make I = I - (R * D) to avoid {overflow} on the
+	next step.  Repeat, for values of D = 85^3, 85^2, 85 and 1.
+	At each step, to convert R to the output character add decimal
+	33 (output octet = R + ASCII value for '!').  Five output
+	octets are produced.
+
+	btoa provides some {integrity checking} in the form of a line
+	{checksum}, and facilities for patching corrupted downloads.
+
+	The {algorithm} used by btoa is more efficient than uuencode
+	or base 64.  ASCII files are encoded to about 120% the size of
+	their binary sources.  This compares with 135% for uuencode or
+	base 64.
+
+	{C source (ftp://hpux.csc.liv.ac.uk/hpux/Misc/btoa-5.2/)}.
+	(version 5.2 - ~1994).
+
+	Pre-compiled {MS-DOS} versions are also available.
+
+	(1997-08-08)
+
+B-Toolkit
+
+	<tool, programming, product> A set of software tools designed
+	to support a rigorous or formal development of software
+	systems using the {B-Method}.
+
+	The Toolkit also provides a development environment automating
+	the management of all associated files, ensuring that the
+	entire development, including code and documentation, is
+	always in a consistent state.
+
+	The Toolkit includes: a specification, design and code
+	configuration management system, including integrity and
+	dependency management and source file editing facilities; a
+	set of software specification and design analysis tools, which
+	includes {syntax} checkers, type checkers and a specification
+	animator; a set of verification tools, which includes a
+	proof-obligation generator and automatic and interactive
+	provers; a set of coding tools, which includes a translator,
+	linker, rapid prototyping facilities and a reusable
+	specification/code module library; a documentation tool for
+	automatically producing fully cross-referenced and indexed
+	type-set documents from source files; a re-making tool for
+	automatically re-checking and re-generating specifications,
+	designs, code and documentation after modifications to source
+	files.
+
+	A normal licence costs 25,000 pounds, academic 6,250 pounds.
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+BTOS
+
+	{Convergent Technologies Operating System}
+
+B-tree
+
+	<algorithm> A multi-way {balanced tree}.
+
+	The "B" in B-tree has never been officially defined.  It could
+	stand for "balanced" or "Bayer", after one of the original
+	designers of the algorithms and structure.  A B-tree is _not_
+	(necessarily?) a "{binary tree}".
+
+	A B+-tree (as used by {IBM}'s {VSAM}) is a B-tree where the
+	leaves are also linked sequentially, thus allowing both fast
+	{random access} and sequential access to data.
+
+	[Knuth's Art of Computer Programming].
+
+	[Example algorithm?]
+
+	(2000-01-10)
+
+BTRIEVE
+
+	1. <company> {BTRIEVE Technologies, Inc.}.
+
+	2. <tool> A trademark of {BTRIEVE Technologies, Inc.} for
+	their {ISAM} {index file} manager for {IBM PCs}.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+BTRIEVE Technologies, Inc.
+
+	<company, database> /bee-treev/ (BTI) A provider of
+	{client-server} {database engines}.  BTI was founded by former
+	{Novell, Inc.} employees, including the original developers of
+	the Btrieve database engine.  BTI acquired the database
+	product line from Novell in April, 1994.
+
+	{(http://btrieve.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Austin, Texas, USA.
+
+	(1995-12-14)
+
+BTRL
+
+	<company> {British Telecom Research Laboratories}.
+
+BTS
+
+	{Bug Tracking System}
+
+BTW
+
+	<chat> By the way.
+
+	(2002-06-12)
+
+BUAF
+
+	[alt.fan.warlord] Big Ugly ASCII Font.  A special form of
+	{ASCII art}.  Various programs exist for rendering text
+	strings into block, {bloob}, and pseudo-script fonts in cells
+	between four and six character cells on a side; this is
+	smaller than the letters generated by older {banner} programs.
+	These are sometimes used to render one's name in a {sig
+	block}, and are critically referred to as "BUAF"s.  See
+	{warlording}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+BUAG
+
+	[alt.fan.warlord] Big Ugly ASCII Graphic.  Pejorative term for
+	ugly {ASCII ART}, especially as found in {sig blocks}.  For
+	some reason, mutations of the head of Bart Simpson are
+	particularly common in the least imaginative {sig blocks}.
+
+	See {warlording}.
+
+bubble memory
+
+	A storage device built using materials such as gadolinium
+	gallium garnet which are can be magnetised easily in only one
+	direction.  A film of these materials can be created so that
+	it is magnetisable in an up-down direction.  The magnetic
+	fields tend to join together, some with the north pole facing
+	up, some with the south.
+
+	When a veritcal magnetic field is imposed on this, the areas
+	in opposite alignment to the field shrink to circles, or
+	'bubbles'.  A bubble can be formed by reversing the field in a
+	small spot, and can be destroyed by increasing the field.
+
+	Bubble memory is a kind of {non-volatile storage} but
+	{EEPROM}, {Flash Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory} and
+	ferroelectric technologies, which are also non-volatile, are
+	faster.
+
+	["Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present", V 4.0.0,
+	John Bayko <bayko@hercules.cs.uregina.ca>, Appendix C]
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+bubble sort
+
+	A sorting technique in which pairs of adjacent values in the
+	list to be sorted are compared and interchanged if they are
+	out of order; thus, list entries "bubble upward" in the list
+	until they bump into one with a lower sort value.  Because it
+	is not very good relative to other methods and is the one
+	typically stumbled on by {naive} and untutored programmers,
+	hackers consider it the {canonical} example of a naive
+	algorithm.  The canonical example of a really *bad* algorithm
+	is {bogo-sort}.  A bubble sort might be used out of ignorance,
+	but any use of bogo-sort could issue only from brain damage or
+	willful perversity.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bucky bits
+
+	/buh'kee bits/ 1. Obsolete.  The bits produced by the CONTROL
+	and META shift keys on a SAIL keyboard ({octal} 200 and 400
+	respectively), resulting in a 9-bit keyboard character set.
+	The MIT AI TV (Knight) keyboards extended this with TOP and
+	separate left and right CONTROL and META keys, resulting in a
+	12-bit character set; later, LISP Machines added such keys as
+	SUPER, HYPER, and GREEK (see {space-cadet keyboard}).
+
+	2. By extension, bits associated with "extra" shift keys on
+	any keyboard, e.g.  the ALT on an IBM PC or command and option
+	keys on a Macintosh.
+
+	It has long been rumored that "bucky bits" were named after
+	Buckminster Fuller during a period when he was consulting at
+	Stanford.  Actually, bucky bits were invented by Niklaus Wirth
+	when *he* was at Stanford in 1964--65; he first suggested the
+	idea of an EDIT key to set the 8th bit of an otherwise 7 bit
+	ASCII character.  It seems that, unknown to Wirth, certain
+	Stanford hackers had privately nicknamed him "Bucky" after a
+	prominent portion of his dental anatomy, and this nickname
+	transferred to the bit.  Bucky-bit commands were used in a
+	number of editors written at Stanford, including most notably
+	TV-EDIT and NLS.
+
+	The term spread to MIT and CMU early and is now in general
+	use.  Ironically, Wirth himself remained unaware of its
+	derivation for nearly 30 years, until {GLS} dug up this
+	history in early 1993!  See {double bucky}, {quadruple bucky}.
+
+	(2001-06-22)
+
+buffer
+
+	1. An area of memory used for storing messages.  Typically, a
+	buffer will have other attributes such as an input pointer
+	(where new data will be written into the buffer), and output
+	pointer (where the next item will be read from) and/or a count
+	of the space used or free.  Buffers are used to decouple
+	processes so that the reader and writer may operate at
+	different speeds or on different sized blocks of data.
+
+	There are many different algorithms for using buffers, e.g.
+	first-in first-out (FIFO or shelf), last-in first-out (LIFO or
+	stack), double buffering (allowing one buffer to be read while
+	the other is being written), cyclic buffer (reading or writing
+	past the end wraps around to the beginning).
+
+	2. An electronic device to provide compatibility between two
+	signals, e.g. changing voltage levels or current capability.
+
+buffered write-through
+
+	<memory management> A variation of {write-through} where the
+	{cache} uses a "write buffer" to hold data being written back
+	to {main memory}.  This frees the cache to service read
+	requests while the write is taking place.  There is usually
+	only one stage of buffering so subsequent writes must wait
+	until the first is complete.  Most accesses are reads so
+	buffered write-through is only useful for very slow main
+	memory.
+
+	(1998-04-24)
+
+buffer overflow
+
+	<programming> What happens when you try to store more data in
+	a {buffer} than it can handle.  This may be due to a mismatch
+	in the processing rates of the producing and consuming
+	processes (see {overrun} and {firehose syndrome}), or because
+	the buffer is simply too small to hold all the data that must
+	accumulate before a piece of it can be processed.  For
+	example, in a text-processing tool that {crunch}es a line at a
+	time, a short line buffer can result in {lossage} as input
+	from a long line overflows the buffer and overwrites data
+	beyond it.  Good defensive programming would check for
+	overflow on each character and stop accepting data when the
+	buffer is full.
+
+	See also {spam}, {overrun screw}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+buffer overrun
+
+	{buffer overflow}
+
+bug
+
+	<programming> An unwanted and unintended property of a
+	{program} or piece of {hardware}, especially one that causes
+	it to malfunction.  Antonym of {feature}.  E.g. "There's a bug
+	in the editor: it writes things out backward."  The
+	identification and removal of bugs in a program is called
+	"{debugging}".
+
+	Admiral {Grace Hopper} (an early computing pioneer better
+	known for inventing {COBOL}) liked to tell a story in which a
+	technician solved a {glitch} in the {Harvard Mark II machine}
+	by pulling an actual insect out from between the contacts of
+	one of its relays, and she subsequently promulgated {bug} in
+	its hackish sense as a joke about the incident (though, as she
+	was careful to admit, she was not there when it happened).
+	For many years the logbook associated with the incident and
+	the actual bug in question (a moth) sat in a display case at
+	the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC).  The entire story,
+	with a picture of the logbook and the moth taped into it, is
+	recorded in the "Annals of the History of Computing", Vol. 3,
+	No. 3 (July 1981), pp. 285--286.
+
+	The text of the log entry (from September 9, 1947), reads
+	"1545 Relay #70 Panel F (moth) in relay.  First actual case of
+	bug being found".  This wording establishes that the term was
+	already in use at the time in its current specific sense - and
+	Hopper herself reports that the term "bug" was regularly
+	applied to problems in radar electronics during WWII.
+
+	Indeed, the use of "bug" to mean an industrial defect was
+	already established in Thomas Edison's time, and a more
+	specific and rather modern use can be found in an electrical
+	handbook from 1896 ("Hawkin's New Catechism of Electricity",
+	Theo. Audel & Co.)  which says: "The term "bug" is used to a
+	limited extent to designate any fault or trouble in the
+	connections or working of electric apparatus."  It further
+	notes that the term is "said to have originated in
+	{quadruplex} telegraphy and have been transferred to all
+	electric apparatus."
+
+	The latter observation may explain a common folk etymology of
+	the term; that it came from telephone company usage, in which
+	"bugs in a telephone cable" were blamed for noisy lines.
+	Though this derivation seems to be mistaken, it may well be a
+	distorted memory of a joke first current among *telegraph*
+	operators more than a century ago!
+
+	Actually, use of "bug" in the general sense of a disruptive
+	event goes back to Shakespeare!  In the first edition of
+	Samuel Johnson's dictionary one meaning of "bug" is "A
+	frightful object; a walking spectre"; this is traced to
+	"bugbear", a Welsh term for a variety of mythological monster
+	which (to complete the circle) has recently been reintroduced
+	into the popular lexicon through fantasy {role-playing games}.
+
+	In any case, in jargon the word almost never refers to
+	insects.  Here is a plausible conversation that never actually
+	happened:
+
+	"There is a bug in this ant farm!"
+
+	"What do you mean?  I don't see any ants in it."
+
+	"That's the bug."
+
+	[There has been a widespread myth that the original bug was
+	moved to the Smithsonian, and an earlier version of this entry
+	so asserted.  A correspondent who thought to check discovered
+	that the bug was not there.  While investigating this in late
+	1990, your editor discovered that the NSWC still had the bug,
+	but had unsuccessfully tried to get the Smithsonian to accept
+	it - and that the present curator of their History of
+	American Technology Museum didn't know this and agreed that it
+	would make a worthwhile exhibit.  It was moved to the
+	Smithsonian in mid-1991, but due to space and money
+	constraints has not yet been exhibited.  Thus, the process of
+	investigating the original-computer-bug bug fixed it in an
+	entirely unexpected way, by making the myth true!  - ESR]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-06-29)
+
+bug-compatible
+
+	Said of a design or revision that has been badly compromised
+	by a requirement to be compatible with {fossils} or
+	{misfeatures} in other programs or (especially) previous
+	releases of itself. "{MS-DOS} 2.0 used \ as a path separator
+	to be bug-compatible with some cretin's choice of / as an
+	option character in 1.0."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bug fix
+
+	<programming> A change to a program or system intended to
+	permanently cure a {bug}.  Often a fix for one bug
+	inadvertantly introduces new bugs, hence the need for careful
+	forethought and testing.
+
+	Compare: {workaround}.
+
+	(1998-06-25)
+
+bug fix release
+
+	<programming> A {release} which introduces no new {features},
+	but which merely aims to fix bugs in previous releases.  All
+	too commonly new bugs are introduced at the same time.
+
+	(1996-08-04)
+
+Bugfoot
+
+	{Loch Ness Monster Bug}
+
+bug-for-bug compatible
+
+	Same as {bug-compatible}, with the additional implication that
+	much tedious effort went into ensuring that each (known) bug
+	was replicated.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+buglix
+
+	/buhg'liks/ Pejorative term referring to {DEC}'s {ULTRIX}
+	{operating system} in its earlier *severely* buggy versions.
+	Still used to describe ULTRIX, but without nearly so much
+	venom.  Compare {AIDX}, {HP-SUX}, {Nominal Semidestructor},
+	{Telerat}, {sun-stools}.
+
+bugs
+
+	{bug}
+
+BUGSYS
+
+	<programming> A programming system for {pattern recognition}
+	and preparing animated films, for {IBM 7094} and {IBM 360}.
+
+	["BUGSYS: A Programming System for Picture Processing - Not
+	for Debugging", R.A. Ledley et al, CACM 9(2) (Feb 1966)].
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+bug tracking system
+
+	<programming> (BTS) A system for receiving and filing {bugs}
+	reported against a {software} project, and tracking those bugs
+	until they are fixed.  Most major software projects have their
+	own BTS, the {source code} of which is often available for use
+	by other projects.
+
+	Well known BTSs include {GNATS}, {Bugzilla}, and {Debbugs}.
+
+	(2002-06-12)
+
+Bugzilla
+
+	<programming> The web-based {bug tracking system} used by the
+	{Mozilla} project.
+
+	{Bugzilla home (http://bugzilla.mozilla.org/)}.
+
+	(2002-06-12)
+
+build
+
+	<programming, systems> To process all of a project's {source
+	code} and other digital assets or resources in order to
+	produce a deployable product.  In the simplest case this might
+	mean compiling one file of {C} source to produce an
+	{executable} file.  More complex builds would typically
+	involve compiling multiple source files, building library
+	modules, packaging intermediate build products (e.g. {Java}
+	{class files} in a {jar file}), adding or updating version
+	information and other data about the product (e.g. intended
+	deployment {platform}), running tests and interacting with a
+	{source code control} system.
+
+	The build process is normally automated using tools such as
+	{Unix} {make}, {Apache} {ant} or as part of an {integrated
+	development environment}.  This is taken one step further by
+	{continuous integration} set-ups which periodically build the
+	system while you are working on it.
+
+	(2011-12-16)
+
+built-in
+
+	(Or "primitive") A built-in function or operator is one
+	provided by the lowest level of a language implementation.
+	This usually means it is not possible (or efficient) to
+	express it in the language itself.  Typical examples are the
+	basic arithmetic and {Boolean} operators (in {C} syntax: +, -,
+	*, /, %, !, &&, ||), bit manipulation operators (~, &, |, ^)
+	and I/O primitives.  Other common functions may be provided in
+	libraries but are not built-in if they are written in the
+	language being implemented.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+Built-in Self Test
+
+	(BIST) The technique of designing circuits with additional
+	logic which can be used to test proper operation of the
+	primary (functional) logic.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+Bull
+
+	{Bull Information Systems}
+
+bulletin board
+
+	{bulletin board system}
+
+bulletin board system
+
+	<communications, application> (BBS, bboard /bee'bord/, message
+	board, forum; plural: BBSes) A computer and associated
+	software which typically provides an electronic message
+	database where people can log in and leave messages.  Messages
+	are typically split into {topic groups} similar to the
+	{newsgroups} on {Usenet} (which is like a distributed BBS).
+	Any user may submit or read any message in these public areas.
+
+	The term comes from physical pieces of board on which people
+	can pin messages written on paper for general consumption - a
+	"physical bulletin board".  {Ward Christensen}, the programmer
+	and operator of the first BBS (on-line 1978-02-16) called it a
+	CBBS for "computer bulletin board system".  Since the rise of
+	the {World-Wide Web}, the term has become antiquated, though
+	the concept is more popular than ever, with many {websites}
+	featuring discussion areas where users can post messages for
+	public consumption.
+
+	Apart from public message areas, some BBSes provided archives
+	of files, personal {electronic mail} and other services of
+	interest to the system operator ({sysop}).
+
+	Thousands of BBSes around the world were run from amateurs'
+	homes on {MS-DOS} boxes with a single {modem} line each.
+	Although BBSes were traditionally the domain of hobbyists,
+	many connected directly to the {Internet} (accessed via
+	{telnet}), others were operated by government, educational,
+	and research institutions.
+
+	Fans of {Usenet} or the big commercial {time-sharing} bboards
+	such as {CompuServe}, {CIX} and {GEnie} tended to consider
+	local BBSes the low-rent district of the hacker culture, but
+	they helped connect hackers and users in the personal-{micro}
+	and let them exchange code.
+
+	Use of this term for a {Usenet} newsgroup generally marks one
+	either as a {newbie} fresh in from the BBS world or as a real
+	old-timer predating {Usenet}.
+
+	(2005-09-20)
+
+bulletproof
+
+	Used of an algorithm or implementation considered extremely
+	{robust}; lossage-resistant; capable of correctly recovering
+	from any imaginable exception condition - a rare and valued
+	quality.  Synonym {armor-plated}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Bull Information Systems
+
+	<company> A multinational I.T. group based in Europe with
+	21,000 people and operations in more than 85 countries.  In
+	1997, Bull earned revenues of over $4 billion, including over
+	65% outside of France, its country of origin.  The company is
+	ranked as the third largest {systems integrator} in Europe.
+
+	{(http://bull.com/)}.
+
+	(1998-07-02)
+
+bum
+
+	1. To make highly efficient, either in time or space, often at
+	the expense of clarity.  "I managed to bum three more
+	instructions out of that code."  "I spent half the night
+	bumming the interrupt code."  In {elder days}, {John McCarthy}
+	(inventor of {Lisp}) used to compare some efficiency-obsessed
+	hackers among his students to "ski bums"; thus, optimisation
+	became "program bumming", and eventually just "bumming".
+
+	2. To squeeze out excess; to remove something in order to
+	improve whatever it was removed from (without changing
+	function; this distinguishes the process from a
+	{featurectomy}).
+
+	3.  A small change to an algorithm, program, or hardware
+	device to make it more efficient.  "This hardware bum makes
+	the jump instruction faster."
+
+	Usage: now uncommon, largely superseded by v. {tune} (and
+	{tweak}, {hack}), though none of these exactly capture sense
+	2.  All these uses are rare in Commonwealth hackish, because
+	in the parent dialects of English "bum" is a rude synonym for
+	"buttocks".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bump
+
+	Increment.  E.g. {C}'s {++} operator.  It is used especially of
+	counter variables, pointers and index dummies in "for",
+	"while", and "do-while" loops.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+burble
+
+	[Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky"] Like {flame}, but connotes
+	that the source is truly clueless and ineffectual (mere
+	flamers can be competent).  A term of deep contempt.  "There's
+	some guy on the phone burbling about how he got a DISK FULL
+	error and it's all our comm software's fault."  This is
+	mainstream slang in some parts of England.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
+
+	<body, standard> (BIPM) The standards body that ensures
+	world-wide uniformity of measurements and their traceability
+	to the {International System of Units} (SI).  The BIPM is
+	based in France and operates with the authority of the
+	Convention of the Metre, a diplomatic treaty between fifty-one
+	nations.  It operates through a series of committees, whose
+	members are the national metrology laboratories of the member
+	states of the convention, and through its own laboratory work.
+
+	The BIPM carries out measurement-related research.  It takes
+	part in, and organises, international comparisons of national
+	measurement standards, and it carries out calibrations for
+	member states.
+
+	{BIPM Home (http://www.bipm.org/)}.
+
+	(2014-07-08)
+
+Burge's Language
+
+	Unnamed functional language based on lambda-calculus.
+	Recursive Programming techniques", W.H. Burge, A-W 1975.
+
+buried treasure
+
+	A surprising piece of code found in some program.  While
+	usually not wrong, it tends to vary from {crufty} to
+	bletcherous, and has lain undiscovered only because it was
+	functionally correct, however horrible it is.  Used
+	sarcastically, because what is found is anything *but*
+	treasure.  Buried treasure almost always needs to be dug up
+	and removed.  "I just found that the scheduler sorts its queue
+	using {bubble sort}!  Buried treasure!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+burn-in
+
+	1. <hardware> {screen saver}.
+
+	2. <hardware, testing> {burn-in period}.
+
+burn-in period
+
+	1. <testing> A factory {soak test} intended to increase the
+	chance that components that fail early due to {infant
+	mortality} will fail before the system leaves the factory.
+
+	2. <jargon> When one is so intensely involved in a new project
+	that one forgets basic needs such as food, drink and sleep.
+	Excessive burn-in can lead to burn-out.  See {hack mode},
+	{larval stage}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-01-17)
+
+Burroughs Corporation
+
+	<company> A company which merged with {Sperry Univac} to form
+	{Unisys Corporation}.  They produced the {Datatron 200 series}
+	among other computers.
+
+	(2007-01-16)
+
+Burst EDO
+
+	{Burst Extended Data Out DRAM}
+
+Burst Extended Data Out DRAM
+
+	<storage> (Burst EDO, BEDO) A variant on {EDO DRAM} in which
+	read or write cycles are batched in bursts of four.  The
+	bursts wrap around on a four byte boundary which means that
+	only the two least significant bits of the {CAS} address are
+	modified internally to produce each address of the burst
+	sequence.  Consequently, burst EDO bus speeds will range from
+	40MHz to 66MHz, well above the 33MHz bus speeds that can be
+	accomplished using {Fast Page Mode} or EDO DRAM.
+
+	Burst EDO was introduced sometime before May 1995.
+
+	(1996-06-25)
+
+burst page
+
+	{banner}
+
+Burst Static Random Access Memory
+
+	<storage> (BSRAM) A kind of {SRAM} used primarily for external
+	{Level 2 cache} memory.
+
+	[How does it work?]
+
+	(1998-02-24)
+
+bus
+
+	<architecture, networking> A set of electrical conductors
+	(wires, PCB tracks or connections in an {integrated circuit})
+	connecting various "stations", which can be {functional units}
+	in a computer or {nodes} in a {network}.  A bus is a
+	{broadcast} channel, meaning that each station receives every
+	other station's transmissions and all stations have equal
+	access to the bus.
+
+	Various schemes have been invented to solve the problem of
+	collisions: multiple stations trying to transmit
+	at once, e.g. {CSMA/CD}, {bus master}.
+
+	The term is almost certainly derived from the electrical
+	engineering term "bus bar" - a substantial, rigid power supply
+	conductor to which several connections are made.  This was
+	once written "'bus bar" as it was a contraction of "omnibus
+	bar" - a connection bar "for all", by analogy with the
+	passenger omnibus - a conveyance "for all".
+
+	{More on derivation (/pub/misc/omnibus.html)}.
+
+	There are busses both within the {CPU} and connecting it to
+	external {memory} and {peripheral} devices.  The data bus,
+	address bus and control signals, despite their names, really
+	constitute a single bus since each is useless without the
+	others.
+
+	The width of the data bus is usually specified in {bits} and
+	is the number of parallel connectors.  This and the {clock
+	rate} determine the bus's data rate (the number of {bytes} per
+	second which it can carry).  This is one of the factors
+	limiting a computer's performance.  Most current
+	{microprocessors} have 32-bit busses both internally and
+	externally.  100 or 133 {megahertz} bus clock rates are
+	common.  The bus clock is typically slower than the processor
+	clock.
+
+	Some processors have internal busses which are wider than
+	their external busses (usually twice the width) since the
+	width of the internal bus affects the speed of all operations
+	and has less effect on the overall system cost than the width
+	of the external bus.
+
+	Various bus designs have been used in the {PC}, including
+	{ISA}, {EISA}, {Micro Channel}, {VL-bus} and {PCI}.  Other
+	peripheral busses are NuBus, TURBOchannel, VMEbus, MULTIBUS and
+	STD bus.
+
+	See also {bus network}.
+
+	{Ukranian (http://open-taxi.com/mynews/~adrian/10)}.
+
+	(2010-07-10)
+
+bus error
+
+	<processor> A fatal failure in the execution of a {machine
+	language} instruction resulting from the {processor} detecting
+	an anomalous condition on its {bus}.  Such conditions include
+	invalid address alignment (accessing a multi-byte number at an
+	odd address), accessing a {physical address} that does not
+	correspond to any device, or some other device-specific
+	hardware error.  A bus error triggers a processor-level
+	{exception} which {Unix} translates into a "SIGBUS" {signal}
+	which, if not caught, will terminate the current process.
+
+	(2000-04-04)
+
+Bush, Vannevar
+
+	{Vannevar Bush}
+
+Business Analyst
+
+	<job> A person who analyses the operations of a department or
+	functional unit to develop a general systems solution to the
+	problem.  The solution will typically involve a combination of
+	manual and automated processes.  The business analyst can
+	provide insights into an operation for an {information systems
+	analyst}.
+
+	(2004-03-09)
+
+Business Application Programming Interface
+
+	<business, application, programming> (BAPI) /bap'ee/ A set of
+	{methods} provided by an {SAP} business {object}.
+
+	Release 4.0 of {SAP AG}'s {R/3} system supports
+	{object-oriented programming} via an interface defined in
+	terms of {objects} and {methods} called BAPIs.  For example if
+	a material object provides a function to check availability,
+	the corresponding SAP business object type "Material" might
+	provide a BAPI called "Material.CheckAvailability".
+
+	The definitions of SAP business objects and their BAPIs are
+	kept in an SAP business object repository.  SAP provide
+	{classes} and {libraries} to enable a programming team to
+	build SAP applications that use business objects and BAPIs.
+	Supported environments include {COM} and {Java}.
+
+	The {Open BAPI Network
+	(http://sap.com/solutions/technology/bapis/index.htm)}.
+	gives background information and lists objects and BAPIs.
+
+	(2002-08-30)
+
+Business Process Re-engineering
+
+	<business> (BPR) Any radical change in the way in which an
+	organisation performs its business activities.  BPR involves a
+	fundamental re-think of the business processes followed by a
+	redesign of business activities to enhance all or most of its
+	critical measures - costs, quality of service, staff dynamics,
+	etc.
+
+	(1999-09-27)
+
+Business Software Alliance
+
+	<company> The BSA was created by {Microsoft} in 1988 in an
+	attempt to combat {software theft}.  The alliance includes the
+	majority of leading software publishers including {Novell},
+	{Symantec}, and {Autodesk} and is actively campaigning in over
+	65 countries.
+
+	The BSA operates a three-pronged approach: 1. Lobbying to
+	strengthen copyright laws and co-operation with law
+	enforcement agencies.  2. Educating the public through
+	marketing, roadshows, etc.  3. Bringing legal actions against
+	counterfeiters.  BSA's aims are the same as the {Federation
+	Against Software Theft} but it is not limited to the UK.
+
+	In December 1990 the BSA obtained the first legal order in the
+	UK which allowed a surprise search on a company's offices for
+	suspected copyright infringement.
+
+	{(http://bsa.org/bsa)}.
+
+	UK Office: Business Software Alliance, 1st Floor, Leaconfield
+	House, Curzon Street, London W1Y 8AS, United Kingdom.
+
+	See also {software audit}.
+
+	(1996-05-19)
+
+Business Systems Analyst
+
+	<job> A person who works directly with management and users to
+	analyse, specify, and design {business applications}.  The
+	Business Systems Analyst develops detailed functional, system,
+	and program specifications using {structured design
+	methodologies} and {CASE} tools.  He must have strong business
+	sense and communications skills.  He works with both the
+	{information systems} team and the strategic planning business
+	group.
+
+	(2004-03-09)
+
+business to business
+
+	<business> (B2B) {Electronic commerce} between businesses, as
+	opposed to between a consumer and a business (B2C).
+
+	While derived from "business to business", "B2B" is narrower
+	in meaning.
+
+	(2001-03-26)
+
+bus master
+
+	<architecture> The device in a computer which is driving the
+	{address bus} and bus control signals at some point in time.
+	In a simple architecture only the (single) {CPU} can be bus
+	master but this means that all communications between
+	("slave") I/O devices must involve the CPU.  More
+	sophisticated architectures allow other capable devices (or
+	multiple CPUs) to take turns at controling the bus.  This
+	allows, for example, a {network controller} card to access a
+	{disk controller} directly while the CPU performs other tasks
+	which do not require the bus, e.g. fetching code from its
+	{cache}.
+
+	Note that any device can drive data onto the {data bus} when
+	the CPU reads from that device, but only the bus master drives
+	the {address bus} and control signals.
+
+	{Direct Memory Access} is a simple form of bus mastering where
+	the I/O device is set up by the CPU to read from or write to
+	one or more contiguous blocks of memory and then signal to the
+	CPU when it has done so.  Full bus mastering (or "First Party
+	DMA", "bus mastering DMA") implies that the I/O device is
+	capable of performing more complex sequences of operations
+	without CPU intervention (e.g. servicing a complete {NFS}
+	request).  This will normally mean that the I/O device
+	contains its own processor or {microcontroller}.
+
+	See also {distributed kernel}.
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+bus mastering
+
+	{bus master}
+
+bus network
+
+	<networking> A {network topology} in which all {nodes} are
+	connected to a single wire or set of wires (the bus).  Bus
+	networks typically use {CSMA/CD} techniques to determine which
+	node should transmit data at any given time.
+
+	Some {networks} are implemented as a {bus}, e.g. {Ethernet} -
+	a one-bit bus operating at 10, 100, 1000 or 10,000 {megabits
+	per second}.  Originally Ethernet was a {physical layer} bus
+	consisting of a wire (with {terminators} at each end) to which
+	each node was attached.  {Switched Ethernet}, while no longer
+	physically a bus still acts as one at the logical layers.
+
+bus topology
+
+	{bus}
+
+Busy Beaver
+
+	<theory> (BB) One of a series of sets of {Turing Machine}
+	programs.  The BBs in the Nth set are programs of N states
+	that produce a larger finite number of ones on an initially
+	blank tape than any other program of N states.  There is no
+	program that, given input N, can deduce the productivity
+	(number of ones output) of the BB of size N.
+
+	The productivity of the BB of size 1 is 1.  Some work has been
+	done to figure out productivities of bigger Busy Beavers - the
+	7th is in the thousands.
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+busy-loop
+
+	{tight loop}
+
+busy-wait
+
+	<programming> To wait for an {event} by {spinning} through a
+	{tight loop} or timed-delay loop that {polls} for the event on
+	each pass, as opposed to setting up an {interrupt handler} and
+	continuing execution on another part of the task.  This is a
+	wasteful technique, best avoided on {time-sharing} systems
+	where a busy-waiting program may {hog} the processor.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-06-10)
+
+Butterfly Common LISP
+
+	A parallel version of {Common LISP} for the {BBN Butterfly}
+	computer.
+
+Butterfly Scheme
+
+	A parallel version of {Scheme} for the {BBN Butterfly}
+	computer.
+
+button
+
+	1. <electronics> {push-button}.
+
+	2. <operating system> A graphical representation of an
+	electrical {push-button} appearing as part of a {graphical
+	user interface}.  Moving the {mouse pointer} over the
+	graphical button and pressing one of the physical mouse
+	buttons starts some software action such as closing a window
+	or deleting a file.
+
+	See also {radio button}.
+
+	(1997-07-07)
+
+buzz
+
+	1. Of a program, to run with no indication of progress and
+	perhaps without guarantee of ever finishing; especially said
+	of programs thought to be executing a {tight loop} of code.  A
+	program that is buzzing appears to be {catatonic}, but never
+	gets out of catatonia, while a buzzing loop may eventually end
+	of its own accord.  "The program buzzes for about 10 seconds
+	trying to sort all the names into order."  See {spin}; see
+	also {grovel}.
+
+	2. [ETA Systems] To test a wire or printed circuit trace for
+	continuity by applying an AC rather than DC signal.  Some wire
+	faults will pass DC tests but fail a buzz test.
+
+	3. To process an {array} or list in sequence, doing the same
+	thing to each element.  "This loop buzzes through the tz array
+	looking for a terminator type."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+bv
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Bouvet Island.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+bw
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Botswana.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+bwBASIC
+
+	Bywater BASIC interpreter.
+
+	A {BASIC} {interpreter} by Ted A. Campbell <tcamp@delphi.com>
+	which implements a large superset of the {ANSI Standard for
+	Minimal BASIC} (X3.60-1978) in {ANSI C}, and offers a simple
+	interactive environment including some {shell} program
+	facilities as an extension of BASIC.  The interpreter source
+	has been compiled successfully on a range of {ANSI C}
+	{compilers} on varying {platforms} including {MS-DOS}, {Unix},
+	and {Acorn} {RISC OS}.
+
+	Version 2.10 was posted to {news:comp.sources.misc}, volume
+	40.
+
+	(1993-10-29)
+
+BWQ
+
+	[IBM] Buzz Word Quotient.  The percentage of buzzwords in a
+	speech or documents.  Usually roughly proportional to
+	{bogosity}.  See {TLA}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+by
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Belarus.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+byacc
+
+	{Berkeley Yacc}
+
+by hand
+
+	1. Said of an operation (especially a repetitive, trivial,
+	and/or tedious one) that ought to be performed automatically
+	by the computer, but which a hacker instead has to step
+	tediously through.  "My mailer doesn't have a command to
+	include the text of the message I'm replying to, so I have to
+	do it by hand."  This does not necessarily mean the speaker
+	has to retype a copy of the message; it might refer to, say,
+	dropping into a subshell from the mailer, making a copy of
+	one's mailbox file, reading that into an editor, locating the
+	top and bottom of the message in question, deleting the rest
+	of the file, inserting ">" characters on each line, writing
+	the file, leaving the editor, returning to the mailer, reading
+	the file in, and later remembering to delete the file.
+	Compare {eyeball search}.
+
+	2. By extension, writing code which does something in an
+	explicit or low-level way for which a presupplied library
+	routine ought to have been available.  "This cretinous
+	{B-tree} library doesn't supply a decent iterator, so I'm
+	having to walk the trees by hand."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Byte
+
+	<publication> A popular computing magazine.
+
+	{(http://byte.com)}.
+
+	(1997-03-27)
+
+byte
+
+	<unit> /bi:t/ (B) A component in the machine {data hierarchy}
+	larger than a {bit} and usually smaller than a {word}; now
+	nearly always eight bits and the smallest addressable unit of
+	storage.  A byte typically holds one {character}.
+
+	A byte may be 9 bits on 36-bit computers.  Some older
+	architectures used "byte" for quantities of 6 or 7 bits, and
+	the PDP-10 and IBM 7030 supported "bytes" that were actually
+	{bit-fields} of 1 to 36 (or 64) bits!  These usages are now
+	obsolete, and even 9-bit bytes have become rare in the general
+	trend toward power-of-2 word sizes.
+
+	The term was coined by Werner Buchholz in 1956 during the
+	early design phase for the {IBM} {Stretch} computer.  It was a
+	mutation of the word "bite" intended to avoid confusion with
+	"bit".  In 1962 he described it as "a group of bits used to
+	encode a character, or the number of bits transmitted in
+	parallel to and from input-output units".  The move to an
+	8-bit byte happened in late 1956, and this size was later
+	adopted and promulgated as a standard by the {System/360}
+	{operating system} (announced April 1964).
+
+	James S. Jones <jsjones@graceland.edu> adds:
+
+	I am sure I read in a mid-1970's brochure by IBM that outlined
+	the history of computers that BYTE was an acronym that stood
+	for "Bit asYnchronous Transmission E..?" which related to
+	width of the bus between the Stretch CPU and its CRT-memory
+	(prior to Core).
+
+	Terry Carr <bear@mich.com> says:
+
+	In the early days IBM taught that a series of bits transferred
+	together (like so many yoked oxen) formed a Binary Yoked
+	Transfer Element (BYTE).
+
+	[True origin?  First 8-bit byte architecture?]
+
+	See also {nibble}, {octet}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-09-21)
+
+byte-code
+
+	<file format, software> A {binary} file containing an
+	{executable} program, consisting of a sequence of ({op code},
+	data) pairs.
+
+	Byte-code op codes are most often fixed size binary patterns,
+	but can be variable size.  The data portion consists of zero
+	or more {bits} whose format typically depends on the op code.
+
+	A byte-code program is interpreted by a {byte-code
+	interpreter}.  The advantage of this technique compared with
+	outputing {machine code} for some particular processor is that
+	the same byte-code can be executed on any processor on which
+	the byte-code interpreter runs.  The byte-code may be compiled
+	to machine code ("native code") for speed of execution but
+	this usually requires significantly greater effort for each
+	new taraget architecture than simply porting the interpreter.
+
+	For example, {Java} is compiled to byte-code which runs on the
+	{Java Virtual Machine}.
+
+	(2006-05-29)
+
+byte-code compiler
+
+	<programming, tool> A {compiler} which outputs a program in
+	some kind of {byte-code}.
+
+	Compare: {byte-code interpreter}.
+
+	(1995-11-04)
+
+byte-code interpreter
+
+	<software> A program that {executes} a {byte code} program.
+
+	An example is the {Java Virtual Machine}.
+
+	(1999-11-28)
+
+byte compiler
+
+	{byte-code compiler}
+
+bytesexual
+
+	<jargon> /bi:t" sek"shu-*l/ An adjective used to describe
+	hardware, denotes willingness to compute or pass data in
+	either {big-endian} or {little-endian} format (depending,
+	presumably, on a {mode bit} somewhere).  See also {NUXI
+	problem}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2009-05-28)
+
+Byzantine
+
+	<jargon, architecture> A term describing any system that has
+	so many labyrinthine internal interconnections that it would
+	be impossible to simplify by separation into loosely coupled
+	or linked components.
+
+	The city of Byzantium, later renamed Constantinople and then
+	Istanbul, and the Byzantine Empire were vitiated by a
+	bureaucratic overelaboration bordering on lunacy: quadruple
+	banked agencies, dozens or even scores of superfluous levels
+	and officials with high flown titles unrelated to their actual
+	function, if any.
+
+	Access to the Emperor and his council was controlled by
+	powerful and inscrutable eunuchs and by rival sports factions.
+
+	[Edward Gibbon, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"].
+
+	(1999-01-15)
+
+bz
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Belize.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+bzzzt, wrong
+
+	<jargon> /bzt rong/ ({Usenet}, {Internet}) From the flim "Dead
+	Poets Society", spoofing quiz shows such as "Truth or
+	Consequences" where an incorrect answer earns a blast from the
+	buzzer.
+
+	An expression of mock-rude disagreement, often following a
+	quote from another poster in a {forum}.  The less abbreviated
+	"*Bzzzzt*, wrong, but thank you for playing" is also common.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2009-10-28)
+
+C
+
+	<language> A programming language designed by {Dennis Ritchie}
+	at {AT&T} {Bell Labs} ca. 1972 for systems programming on the
+	{PDP-11} and immediately used to reimplement {Unix}.
+
+	It was called "C" because many features derived from an
+	earlier compiler named "{B}".  In fact, C was briefly named
+	"NB".  B was itself strongly influenced by {BCPL}.  Before
+	{Bjarne Stroustrup} settled the question by designing {C++},
+	there was a humorous debate over whether C's successor should
+	be named "D" or "P" (following B and C in "BCPL").
+
+	C is terse, low-level and permissive.  It has a {macro
+	preprocessor}, {cpp}.
+
+	Partly due to its distribution with {Unix}, C became immensely
+	popular outside {Bell Labs} after about 1980 and is now the
+	dominant language in systems and {microcomputer} applications
+	programming.  It has grown popular due to its simplicity,
+	efficiency, and flexibility.  C programs are often easily
+	adapted to new environments.
+
+	C is often described, with a mixture of fondness and disdain,
+	as "a language that combines all the elegance and power of
+	{assembly language} with all the readability and
+	maintainability of assembly language".
+
+	Ritchie's original C, known as {K&R C} after Kernighan and
+	Ritchie's book, has been {standard}ised (and simultaneously
+	modified) as {ANSI C}.
+
+	See also {ACCU}, {ae}, {c68}, {c386}, {C-Interp}, {cxref},
+	{dbx}, {dsp56k-gcc}, {dsp56165-gcc}, {gc}, {GCT}, {GNU C},
+	{GNU superoptimiser}, {Harvest C}, {malloc}, {mpl},
+	{Pthreads}, {ups}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-01)
+
+C#
+
+	<language> /see sharp/ An {object-oriented} language devised
+	and promoted by {Microsoft}, intended to replace {Java}, which
+	it strongly resembles.
+
+	{(http://csharpindex.com/)}.
+
+	(2001-10-04)
+
+(c)
+
+	<character, legal> An {ASCII} rendition of the encircled "c"
+	{copyright} symbol.  Unfortunately, this rendition is not
+	legally valid: the circle must be complete.  The word
+	"copyright" in full is perfectly adequate though.
+
+	(In {LaTeX} the copyright symbol is written as \copyright).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-08-20)
+
+C*
+
+	<language, parallel> An {object-oriented}, {data-parallel}
+	superset of {ANSI C} with synchronous {semantics}, for the
+	{Connection Machine}, designed by {Thinking Machines}, 1987.
+	C* adds a "domain" data type and a selection statement for
+	parallel execution in domains.
+
+	An unimplemented language called "{Parallel C}" [which one?]
+	influenced the design of {C*}.  {Dataparallel-C} was based on
+	{C*}.
+
+	Latest version: 6.x, as of 1993-07-27.
+
+	["C*: An Extended C Language for Data Parallel Programming",
+	J.R. Rose et al, Proc Second Intl Conf on Supercomputing,
+	L.P. Kartashev et al eds, May 1987, pp 2-16].
+
+	["C* Programming Manual", Thinking Machines Corp, 1986].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-11-14)
+
+C++
+
+	<language> One of the most used {object-oriented} languages, a
+	superset of {C} developed primarily by {Bjarne Stroustrup}
+	<bs@alice.att.com> at {AT&T} {Bell Laboratories} in 1986.
+
+	In C++ a {class} is a user-defined {type}, syntactically a
+	{struct} with {member functions}.  {Constructors} and
+	{destructors} are member functions called to create or destroy
+	{instances}.  A {friend} is a nonmember function that is
+	allowed to access the private portion of a class.  C++ allows
+	{implicit type conversion}, {function inlining}, {overloading}
+	of operators and function names, and {default function
+	arguments}.  It has {streams} for I/O and {references}.
+
+	C++ 2.0 (May 1989) introduced {multiple inheritance},
+	{type-safe linkage}, pointers to members, and {abstract
+	classes}.
+
+	C++ 2.1 was introduced in ["Annotated C++ Reference Manual",
+	B. Stroustrup et al, A-W 1990].
+
+	{MS-DOS
+	(ftp://grape.ecs.clarkson.edu/pub/msdos/djgpp/djgpp.zip)},
+	{Unix ANSI C++
+	(ftp://gnu.org/pub/gnu/g++-1.39.0.tar.Z)} - X3J16
+	committee. (They're workin' on it).
+
+	See also {cfront}, {LEDA}, {uC++}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.c++}.
+
+	["The C++ Programming Language", Bjarne Stroustrup, A-W,
+	1986].
+
+	(1996-06-06)
+
+C+-
+
+	<language> (C More or Less) A subject-oriented language (SOL).
+	Each C+- {class} instance, known as a subject, holds hidden
+	{members}, known as prejudices, agendas or undeclared
+	preferences, which are impervious to outside messages; as well
+	as public members, known as boasts or claims.
+
+	The following {C} {operators} are overridden as shown:
+
+	 >    better than
+	 <    worse than
+	 >>   way better than
+	 <<   forget it
+	 !    not on your life
+	 ==   comparable, other things being equal
+	 !==  get a life, guy!
+
+	C+- is {strongly typed}, based on stereotyping and
+	self-righteous logic.  The {Boolean} {variables} TRUE and
+	FALSE (known as constants in other, less realistic languages)
+	are supplemented with CREDIBLE and DUBIOUS, which are fuzzier
+	than Zadeh's traditional fuzzy categories.  All Booleans can
+	be declared with the modifiers strong and weak.  Weak
+	implication is said to "preserve deniability" and was added at
+	the request of the DoD to ensure compatibility with future
+	versions of {Ada}.  Well-formed falsehoods (WFFs) are
+	{assignment}-compatible with all Booleans.  What-if and
+	why-not interactions are aided by the special conditional
+	EVENIFNOT X THEN Y.
+
+	C+- supports {information hiding} and, among {friend classes}
+	only, rumor sharing.  Borrowing from the {Eiffel} lexicon,
+	non-friend classes can be killed by arranging contracts.  Note
+	that friendships are {intransitive}, {volatile} and
+	non-{Abelian}.
+
+	{Operator precedence} rules can be suspended with the
+	directive #pragma dwim, known as the "{Do what I mean}"
+	{pragma}.
+
+	{ANSIfication} will be firmly resisted. C+-'s slogan is "Be
+	Your Own Standard."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-06-15)
+
+C+@
+
+	<language> (Formerly "Calico").  An {object-oriented language}
+	from {Bell Laboratories} which uniformly represents all data
+	as pointers to self-described objects.  C+@ provides {multiple
+	inheritance} with {delegation} and with control over which
+	{methods} come from which delegated object; and {default
+	methodologies}.  It has a simple {syntax} with emphasis on
+	graphics.  It was originally used for prototyping of
+	telecommunication services.
+
+	The language is patented by AT&T and {Unir Tech} has the
+	exclusive license from Bell Labs to distribute C+@.
+	Unfortunately Unir is owned and operated by well-known
+	anti-{IETF} ranter, Jim Fleming, which may have had something
+	to do with the language's rapid disappearence from the radar
+	screen.
+
+	It runs under {SunOS} and compiles to {Vcode}.
+
+	E-mail: Jim Vandendorpe <jimvan@iexist.att.com>.
+
+	["A Dynamic C-Based Object-Oriented System for Unix", S.
+	Engelstad et al, IEEE Software 8(3):73-85 (May 1991)].
+
+	["The C+@ Programming Language", J. Fleming, Dr Dobbs J, Oct
+	1993, pp.24-32].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2005-01-05)
+
+C-10
+
+	<language> An improved version of {COLINGO}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.702].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+C1 security
+
+	{Orange Book}
+
+c2man
+
+	<tool> An automatic {documentation} extraction tool by Graham
+	Stoney.  c2man extracts comments from {C} source code to
+	generate functional interface documentation in the same format
+	as sections 2 and 3 of the {Unix} Programmer's Manual.  It
+	looks for comments near the objects they document, rather than
+	imposing a rigid {syntax} or requiring the programmer to use a
+	typesetting language.  Acceptable documentation can often be
+	generated from existing code with no modifications.
+
+	c2man supports both {K&R} and {ISO}/{ANSI C} coding styles.
+	Output can be in {nroff} -man, {Texinfo} or {LaTeX} format.
+	It {automagically} documents {enum} parameter and return
+	values, it handles both {C} (/* */) and {C++} (//) style
+	comments, but not C++ grammar (yet).  It requires {yacc},
+	{byacc} or {bison} for syntax analysis; {lex} or {flex} for
+	{lexical analysis} and {nroff}, {groff}, {texinfo} or {LaTeX}
+	to format the output.  It runs under {Unix}, {OS/2} and
+	{MS-DOS}.
+
+	Version 2.0 patchlevel 25 (1995-10-25).
+
+	{Washington FTP
+	(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/usenet/comp.sources.reviewed/volume03/)}.
+	{Stuttgart FTP
+	(ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/archive/comp.sources/reviewed/)}.
+	{Patches
+	(ftp://lth.se/pub/netnews/sources.bugs/volume93/sep/)}.
+
+	Patches posted to {Usenet} newsgroups {news:comp.sources.bugs}
+	and {news:comp.sources.reviewed}.
+
+	(2003-05-02)
+
+C2 security
+
+	{Orange Book}
+
+c386
+
+	<tool> A {compiler} for {K&R C} plus {prototypes} and other
+	{ANSI C} features by Matthew Brandt, Christoph van Wuellen,
+	Keith and Dave Walker.  c386 is targetted to several {68000}
+	and {Intel 80386} {assemblers}, including {gas}.
+	{floating-point} support is by {inline code} or {emulation}.
+	It can produce lots of warnings and generates better code than
+	{ACK}.
+
+	{Version 4.2a
+	(ftp://bugs.nosc.mil/pub/Minix/common-pkgs/c386-4.2.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(2009-11-11)
+
+C5
+
+	<language> An {OPS5} implementation in {C}.
+
+	(2009-11-13)
+
+C64
+
+	{Commodore 64}
+
+c68
+
+	{c386}
+
+CA
+
+	1. <theory, architecture> {cellular automaton}.
+
+	2. <company> {Computer Associates}.
+
+	3. <cryptography> {Certificate Authority}.
+
+ca
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Canada.
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+cable modem
+
+	<communications, hardware> A type of {modem} that allows
+	people to access the {Internet} via their cable television
+	service.
+
+	A cable modem can transfer data at 500 {kbps} or higher,
+	compared with 28.8 kbps for common telephone line modems, but
+	the actual transfer rates may be lower depending on the number
+	of other simultaneous users on the same cable.
+
+	Industry pundits often point out that the cable system still
+	does not have the {bandwidth} or service level in many areas
+	to make this feasible.  For example, it has to be capable of
+	two-way communication.
+
+	See also: {DOCSIS}.
+
+	(2000-12-19)
+
+cache
+
+	<memory management> /kash/ A small fast memory holding
+	recently accessed data, designed to speed up subsequent access
+	to the same data.  Most often applied to processor-memory
+	access but also used for a local copy of data accessible over
+	a network etc.
+
+	When data is read from, or written to, {main memory} a copy is
+	also saved in the cache, along with the associated main memory
+	address.  The cache monitors addresses of subsequent reads to
+	see if the required data is already in the cache.  If it is (a
+	{cache hit}) then it is returned immediately and the main
+	memory read is aborted (or not started).  If the data is not
+	cached (a {cache miss}) then it is fetched from main memory
+	and also saved in the cache.
+
+	The cache is built from faster memory chips than main memory
+	so a cache hit takes much less time to complete than a normal
+	memory access.  The cache may be located on the same
+	{integrated circuit} as the {CPU}, in order to further reduce
+	the access time.  In this case it is often known as {primary
+	cache} since there may be a larger, slower {secondary cache}
+	outside the CPU chip.
+
+	The most important characteristic of a cache is its {hit rate}
+	- the fraction of all memory accesses which are satisfied from
+	the cache.  This in turn depends on the cache design but
+	mostly on its size relative to the main memory.  The size is
+	limited by the cost of fast memory chips.
+
+	The hit rate also depends on the access pattern of the
+	particular program being run (the sequence of addresses being
+	read and written).  Caches rely on two properties of the
+	access patterns of most programs: temporal locality - if
+	something is accessed once, it is likely to be accessed again
+	soon, and spatial locality - if one memory location is
+	accessed then nearby memory locations are also likely to be
+	accessed.  In order to exploit spatial locality, caches often
+	operate on several words at a time, a "{cache line}" or "cache
+	block".  Main memory reads and writes are whole {cache lines}.
+
+	When the processor wants to write to main memory, the data is
+	first written to the cache on the assumption that the
+	processor will probably read it again soon.  Various different
+	policies are used.  In a {write-through} cache, data is
+	written to main memory at the same time as it is cached.  In a
+	{write-back} cache it is only written to main memory when it
+	is forced out of the cache.
+
+	If all accesses were writes then, with a write-through policy,
+	every write to the cache would necessitate a main memory
+	write, thus slowing the system down to main memory speed.
+	However, statistically, most accesses are reads and most of
+	these will be satisfied from the cache.  Write-through is
+	simpler than write-back because an entry that is to be
+	replaced can just be overwritten in the cache as it will
+	already have been copied to main memory whereas write-back
+	requires the cache to initiate a main memory write of the
+	flushed entry followed (for a processor read) by a main memory
+	read.  However, write-back is more efficient because an entry
+	may be written many times in the cache without a main memory
+	access.
+
+	When the cache is full and it is desired to cache another line
+	of data then a cache entry is selected to be written back to
+	main memory or "flushed".  The new line is then put in its
+	place.  Which entry is chosen to be flushed is determined by a
+	"{replacement algorithm}".
+
+	Some processors have separate instruction and data caches.
+	Both can be active at the same time, allowing an instruction
+	fetch to overlap with a data read or write.  This separation
+	also avoids the possibility of bad {cache conflict} between
+	say the instructions in a loop and some data in an array which
+	is accessed by that loop.
+
+	See also {direct mapped cache}, {fully associative cache},
+	{sector mapping}, {set associative cache}.
+
+	(1997-06-25)
+
+cache block
+
+	{cache line}
+
+cache coherency
+
+	<storage> (Or "cache consistency") /kash koh-heer'n-see/ The
+	synchronisation of data in multiple {caches} such that reading
+	a memory location via any cache will return the most recent
+	data written to that location via any (other) cache.
+
+	Some {parallel processors} do not cache accesses to {shared
+	memory} to avoid the issue of cache coherency.  If caches are
+	used with shared memory then some system is required to detect
+	when data in one processor's cache should be discarded or
+	replaced because another processor has updated that memory
+	location.  Several such schemes have been devised.
+
+	(1998-11-10)
+
+cache conflict
+
+	<storage> A sequence of accesses to memory repeatedly
+	overwriting the same {cache} entry.  This can happen if two
+	blocks of data, which are mapped to the same set of cache
+	locations, are needed simultaneously.
+
+	For example, in the case of a {direct mapped cache}, if
+	{arrays} A, B, and C map to the same range of cache locations,
+	thrashing will occur when the following loop is executed:
+
+		for (i=1; i<n; i++)
+			C[i] = A[i] + B[i];
+
+	Cache conflict can also occur between a program loop and the
+	data it is accessing.
+
+	See also {ping-pong}.
+
+	(1997-01-21)
+
+cache consistency
+
+	{cache coherency}
+
+cache hit
+
+	<storage> A request to read from memory which can satisfied
+	from the {cache} without using the {main memory}.
+
+	Opposite: {cache miss}.
+
+	(1997-01-21)
+
+cache line
+
+	<storage> (Or cache block) The smallest unit of memory than
+	can be transferred between the {main memory} and the {cache}.
+
+	Rather than reading a single word or byte from main memory at
+	a time, each cache entry is usually holds a certain number of
+	words, known as a "cache line" or "cache block" and a whole
+	line is read and cached at once.  This takes advantage of the
+	principle of locality of reference: if one location is read
+	then nearby locations (particularly following locations) are
+	likely to be read soon afterward.  It can also take advantage
+	of {page-mode} {DRAM} which allows faster access to
+	consecutive locations.
+
+	(1997-01-21)
+
+cache memory
+
+	{cache}
+
+cache miss
+
+	<storage> A request to read from memory which cannot be
+	satisfied from the {cache}, for which the {main memory} has to
+	be consulted.
+
+	Opposite: {cache hit}.
+
+	(1997-01-21)
+
+Cache On A STick
+
+	<architecture> (COAST) {Intel Corporation} attempt to's
+	standardise the modular {L2 cache} subsystem in
+	{Pentium}-based computers.
+
+	A COAST module should be about 4.35" wide by 1.14" high.
+	According to earlier specifications from {Motorola}, a module
+	between 4.33" and 4.36" wide, and between 1.12" and 1.16" high
+	is within the COAST standard.  Some module vendors, including
+	some major motherboard suppliers, greatly violate the height
+	specification.
+
+	Another COAST specification violated by many suppliers
+	concerns clock distribution in synchronous modules.  The
+	specification requires that the clock tree to each synchronous
+	chip be balanced, i.e. equal length from edge of the connector
+	to individual chips.  An unbalanced clock tree increases
+	reflections and noise.
+
+	For a 256 {kilobyte} cache module the standard requires the
+	same clock be used for both chips but some vendors use
+	separate clocks to reduce loading on the clock driver and
+	hence increase the clock speed.  However, this creates
+	unbalanced loading in other motherboard configurations, such
+	as motherboards with soldered caches in the system.
+
+	(1996-06-10)
+
+caching
+
+	{cache}
+
+CACI
+
+	<company> A company developing and marketing {SIMSCRIPT},
+	{MODSIM} and other {simulation} software products.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (619) 457-9681.
+
+	(1994-09-22)
+
+CACM
+
+	{Communications of the ACM}
+
+CAD
+
+	{Computer Aided Design}
+
+CAD/CAM
+
+	{Computer Aided Design}/Computer Aided Manufacturing.
+
+CADD
+
+	{Computer Aided Detector Design}
+
+Cadence Design Systems
+
+	<company> A company that sells {electronic design automation}
+	software and services.
+
+	{(http://cadence.com/)}.
+
+	See also {Verilog}.
+
+	(1999-04-16)
+
+CADET
+
+	Computer Aided Design Experimental Translator.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 683].
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+CADRE
+
+	<company> The US {software engineering} vendor which merged
+	with {Bachman Information Systems} to form {Cayenne Software}
+	in July 1996.
+
+	(1998-02-08)
+
+CAE
+
+	1. <operating system> {Common Applications Environment}.
+
+	2. <application> {Computer Aided Engineering}.
+
+CAF
+
+	{constant applicative form}
+
+CAFE
+
+	["Job Control Languages: MAXIMOP and CAFE", J. Brandon, Proc
+	BCS Symp on Job Control Languages--Past Present and Future,
+	NCC, Manchester, England 1974].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+CAGE
+
+	Early system on IBM 704.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+CAI
+
+	{Computer-Aided Instruction}
+
+Cairo
+
+	{Windows NT 4}
+
+CAIS
+
+	{Common APSE Interface Specification}
+
+CAIS-A
+
+	Common APSE Interface Set A
+
+	DoD-STD-1838A.
+
+CAiSE
+
+	Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering.
+
+CAJOLE
+
+	<language> (Chris And John's Own LanguagE) A {dataflow}
+	language developed by Chris Hankin <clh@doc.ic.ac.uk> and John
+	Sharp at {Westfield College}.
+
+	["The Data Flow Programming Language CAJOLE: An Informal
+	Introduction", C.L. Hankin et al, SIGPLAN Notices 16(7):35-44
+	(Jul 1981)].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+CAL
+
+	1. {Computer Assisted Learning}.
+
+	2. {Course Author Language}.
+
+Calc
+
+	<tool, mathematics> An extensible, advanced desk calculator
+	and mathematical tool written in {Emacs Lisp} by Dave
+	Gillespie <daveg@synaptics.com>.  Calc runs as part of {GNU
+	Emacs}.  You can use Calc as only a simple four-function
+	calculator, but it also provides additional features including
+	choice of algebraic or {RPN} ({stack}-based) entry,
+	logarithms, trigonometric and financial functions, {arbitrary
+	precision}, complex numbers, vectors, matrices, dates, times,
+	infinities, sets, algebraic simplification, differentiation,
+	and integration.
+
+	Latest version: 2.02, as of 1994-11-08.
+
+	FTP calc-2.02.tar.z from your nearest {GNU archive site}.
+
+	(2000-10-20)
+
+calculator
+
+	{bitty box}
+
+Calculus of Communicating Systems
+
+	(CCS) A mathematical model (a formal language) for describing
+	processes, mostly used in the study of {parallelism}.  A CCS
+	program, written in {behaviour expressions syntax} denotes a
+	process behaviour.  Programs can be compared using the notion
+	of {observational equivalence}.
+
+	["A Calculus of Communicating Systems", LNCS 92, Springer
+	1980].
+
+	["Communication and Concurrency", R. Milner, P-H 1989].
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Calendar API
+
+	{Calendar Application Programming Interface}
+
+Calendar Application Programming Interface
+
+	(CAPI, Calendar API) An {API} for calendar {software}.
+
+	{Microsoft} has defined a CAPI for their {Schedule+}
+	application.
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+Caliban
+
+	A {declarative} annotation language for controlling the
+	partitioning and placement of the evaluation of expressions in
+	a distributed {functional language}.  Designed by Paul Kelly
+	<phjk@doc.ic.ac.uk>, {Imperial College}.
+
+	["Functional Programming for Loosely-coupled Multiprocessors",
+	P. Kelly, Pitman/MIT Press, 1989].
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+Calico
+
+	{C+@}
+
+California State University San Marcos
+
+	(CSUSM)
+
+	{(http://coyote.csusm.edu/)}.
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+callback
+
+	1. <programming> A scheme used in {event-driven} programs
+	where the program registers a {subroutine} (a "callback
+	handler") to handle a certain {event}.  The program does not
+	call the handler directly but when the event occurs, the
+	{run-time system} calls the handler, usually passing it
+	arguments to describe the event.
+
+	2. <communications, security> A {user authentication} scheme
+	used by some computers running {dial-up} services.  The user
+	dials in to the computer and gives his {user name} and
+	{password}.  The computer then hangs up the connection and
+	uses an {auto-dial} {modem} to call back to the user's
+	registered telephone number.  Thus, if an unauthorised person
+	discovers a user's password, the callback will go, not to him,
+	but to the owner of that login who will then know that his
+	account is under attack.
+
+	However, some {PABXs} can be fooled into thinking that the
+	caller has hung up by sending them a dial tone.  When the
+	computer tries to call out on the same line it is not actually
+	dialing through to the authorised user but is still connected
+	to the original caller.
+
+	3. <communications> {cost control callback}.
+
+	(2003-07-13)
+
+call-by-name
+
+	<reduction> (CBN) (Normal order reduction, leftmost, outermost
+	reduction).  An {argument} passing convention (first provided
+	by {ALGOL 60}?)  where argument expressions are passed
+	unevaluated.  This is usually implemented by passing a pointer
+	to a {thunk} - some code which will return the value of the
+	argument and an environment giving the values of its {free
+	variables}.
+
+	This {evaluation strategy} is guaranteed to reach a {normal
+	form} if one exists.
+
+	When used to implement {functional programming} languages,
+	call-by-name is usually combined with {graph reduction} to
+	avoid repeated evaluation of the same expression.  This is
+	then known as {call-by-need}.
+
+	The opposite of call-by-name is {call-by-value} where
+	arguments are evaluated before they are passed to a function.
+	This is more efficient but is less likely to terminate in the
+	presence of infinite data structures and {recursive}
+	functions.
+
+	Arguments to {macros} are usually passed using call-by-name.
+
+	(2006-05-27)
+
+call-by-need
+
+	<reduction> A {reduction strategy} which delays evaluation of
+	{function} {arguments} until their values are needed.  A value
+	is needed if it is an argument to a {primitive} function or it
+	is the condition in a {conditional}.  Call-by-need is one
+	aspect of {lazy evaluation}.
+
+	The term first appears in Chris Wadsworth's thesis "Semantics
+	and Pragmatics of the Lambda calculus" (Oxford, 1971, p. 183).
+	It was used later, by J. Vuillemin in his thesis (Stanford,
+	1973).
+
+	(1995-05-27)
+
+call-by-reference
+
+	<programming> An {argument} passing convention where the
+	address of an argument {variable} is passed to a {function} or
+	{procedure}, as opposed to passing the value of the argument
+	expression.  Execution of the function or procedure may have
+	{side-effects} on the actual argument as seen by the caller.
+	The {C} language's "&" (address of) and "*" (dereference)
+	operators allow the programmer to code explicit
+	call-by-reference.  Other languages provide special syntax to
+	declare reference arguments (e.g. {ALGOL 60}).
+
+	See also {call-by-name}, {call-by-value},
+	{call-by-value-result}.
+
+	(2006-05-27)
+
+call-by-value
+
+	(CBV) An {evaluation strategy} where arguments are evaluated
+	before the function or procedure is entered.  Only the values
+	of the arguments are passed and changes to the arguments
+	within the called procedure have no effect on the actual
+	arguments as seen by the caller.  See {applicative order
+	reduction}, {call-by-value-result}, {strict evaluation},
+	{call-by-name}, {lazy evaluation}.
+
+call-by-value-result
+
+	An argument passing convention where the {actual argument} is
+	a variable V whose value is copied to a local variable L
+	inside the called function or procedure.  If the procedure
+	modifies L, these changes will not affect V, which may also be
+	in scope inside the procedure, until the procedure returns
+	when the final value of L is copied to V.  Under
+	{call-by-reference} changes to L would affect V immediately.
+	Used, for example, by {BBC BASIC V} on the {Acorn}
+	{Archimedes}.
+
+call/cc
+
+	{call-with-current-continuation}
+
+Call Data Record
+
+	<telecommunications> (CDR) A data record that contains
+	information related to a telephone call, including the
+	origination and destination addresses of the call, the time
+	the call started and ended, the duration of the call, the time
+	of day the call was made, toll charges that were added through
+	the network, or charges for operator services.
+
+	[Context?]
+
+	(2010-03-21)
+
+callee
+
+	<programming> The {function} or {subroutine} being called by
+	the {caller}.
+
+	(2001-05-09)
+
+Caller ID
+
+	<communications> (CID) A short piece of text transmitted by
+	some telephone systems describing the origin of a call,
+	e.g. the name of the caller.  Some telephone handsets can
+	display this.  A {computer telephony integration} system might
+	use it to trigger actions on the callee's computer such as
+	looking up the caller in a database and displaying their
+	details on screen.
+
+	There may also be a separate "caller id number" giving the
+	telephone number of the originator of the call.
+
+	(2008-04-30)
+
+calling convention
+
+	<programming> The arrangement of {arguments} for a procedure
+	or function call.  Different programming languages may require
+	arguments to be pushed onto a {stack} or entered in
+	{registers} in left-to-right or right-to left order, and
+	either the caller or the callee can be responsible for
+	removing the arguments.  The calling convention also
+	determines if a variable number of arguments is allowed.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+Call-Level Interface
+
+	<database, standard> (SQL/CLI) A programming interface
+	designed to support {SQL} access to {databases} from
+	shrink-wrapped {application programs}.
+
+	CLI was originally created by a subcommittee of the {SQL
+	Access Group} (SAG).  The SAG/CLI specification was published
+	as the {Microsoft} {Open DataBase Connectivity} (ODBC)
+	specification in 1992.  In 1993, SAG submitted the CLI to the
+	{ANSI} and {ISO} SQL committees.
+
+	SQL/CLI provides an international standard
+	implementation-independent CLI to access SQL databases.
+	{Client-server} tools can easily access databases through
+	{dynamic link libraries}.  It supports and encourages a rich
+	set of client-server tools.
+
+	SQL/CLI is an addendum to 1992 SQL standard (SQL-92).  It was
+	completed as ISO standard ISO/IEC 9075-3:1995 Information
+	technology -- Database languages -- SQL -- Part 3: Call-Level
+	Interface (SQL/CLI).  The current SQL/CLI effort is adding
+	support for {SQL3}.
+
+	{(http://jcc.com/sql_cli.html)}.
+
+	(1996-10-27)
+
+Call Unix
+
+	<communications, tool> (cu) The original {Unix} {virtual
+	terminal} utility.  cu allows a user on one computer to log in
+	to another connected via {Ethernet}, direct {serial line} or
+	{modem}.  It shares some configuration files with {UUCP} in
+	order to be able to use the same connections without conflict.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: cu(1).
+
+	(1997-12-01)
+
+Callware
+
+	<company> The developers of {Phonetastic}.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+call-with-current-continuation
+
+	<Lisp, programming> (call/cc) A {Lisp} control function that
+	takes a function f as its argument and calls f, passing it the
+	current {continuation}, which is itself a function, k.  k,
+	which represents the context of the call to call/cc, takes the
+	result of call/cc (which is the result of f) and returns the
+	final result of the whole program.  Thus if, for example, the
+	final result is to print the value returned by call/cc then
+	anything passed to k will also be printed.
+
+	E.g, in {Scheme}:
+
+	 (define (f k)
+		 (k 1)
+		 (k 2)
+		 3)
+
+	 (display (call-with-current-continuation f))
+
+	Will display 1.
+
+	(2001-04-27)
+
+CALS
+
+	Computer-Aided Acquisition and Logistics Support: a DoD
+	standard for electronic exchange of data with commercial
+	suppliers.
+
+Caltech Intermediate Form
+
+	<language> (CIF) A geometry language for {VLSI} design, in
+	which the primitives are coloured rectangles.
+
+	["Introduction to VLSI Systems", Mead & Conway, A-W 1980,
+	Section 4.5].
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+CAM
+
+	1. <storage, architecture> {content addressable memory}.
+
+	2. <application> {computer aided manufacturing}.
+
+CAM-6
+
+	Software for running {cellular automata}.  CAM-6 has been
+	implemented in hardware as {CAM-PC}.
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+CAMAL
+
+	<tool> CAMbridge ALgebra system.
+
+	A {symbolic mathematics} system used in Celestial Mechanics
+	and General Relativity.  CAMAL was implemented in {BCPL} on
+	{Titan}.
+
+	["CAMAL User's Manual", John P. Fitch, Cambridge U, England
+	(1975)].
+
+	["The Design of the Cambridge Algebra System", S.R. Bourne et
+	al, Proc 2nd Symp of Symb & Alg Manip, SIGSAM 1971].
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Cambridge Lisp
+
+	A flavour of Lisp using BCPL.  Sources owned by Fitznorman
+	partners.
+
+Camelot Library
+
+	<library>
+
+	["The Camelot Library", J. Bloch, in "Guide to the Camelot
+	Distributed Transaction Facility: Release I", A.Z. Spector et
+	al eds, CMU 1988, pp. 29-62].
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+camera ready
+
+	<publication> A final edition of a document or graphic (e.g. a
+	newspaper advertisement or a technical paper for a journal)
+	that is of suitable quality for mass reproduction by making
+	printing plates from the negatives by photoengraving.
+
+	(1996-11-15)
+
+CAMIL
+
+	Computer Assisted/Managed Instructional Language.
+
+	A language used for {CAI} at Lowry AFB, CO.
+
+	["The CAMIL Programming Language", David Pflasterer, SIGPLAN
+	Notices 13(11):43 (Nov 1978)].
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+CAML
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. A language for preparation of animated movies.  1976.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+	2. {Categorical Abstract Machine Language}.
+
+	(2000-07-06)
+
+Caml Light
+
+	A small portable implementation of a version of {CAML} by
+	Xavier Leroy <Xavier.Leroy@inria.fr> and Damien Doligez of
+	{INRIA}.  Caml Light uses a {bytecode interpreter} written in
+	{C}.  It adds a {Modula-2}-like {module} system, {separate
+	compilation}, {lazy streams} for parsing and printing,
+	graphics primitives and an interface with {C}.
+
+	Version 0.6 runs on {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {Macintosh}, {Atari ST}
+	and {Amiga}.  It includes an {interpreter}, {compiler},
+	{Emacs} mode, libraries, {scanner generator}, {parser
+	generator}, {run-time support} and an interactive development
+	environment.
+
+	The latest version, as of April 2003, is 0.75 and runs on
+	{Unix}, {Macintosh} and {Windows}.
+
+	The development of Caml Light has been stopped; current
+	development is on {Objective Caml}.
+
+	{(http://caml.inria.fr/distrib-caml-light-eng.html)}.
+	{(ftp://ftp.inria.fr/lang/caml-light/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <caml@inria.fr>.
+
+	Mailing list: <caml-list@inria.fr>.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.ml}.
+
+	(2003-04-12)
+
+CAM-PC
+
+	<hardware> A {cellular automata} circuit board which is a
+	hardware implementation from {Automatrix} of the {MIT} {CAM-6}
+	machine.  It comes with dozens of experiments and
+	applications.
+
+	{(http://automatrix.com/campc/index.html)}.
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+Campus Wide Information System
+
+	(CWIS) Information and services made publicly available at
+	university sites via {kiosks} running interactive computing
+	systems, possibly via campus networks.  Services routinely
+	include directory information, calendars, {bulletin boards}
+	and {databases}.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+CAN
+
+	{Cancel}
+
+Canada
+
+	Country with {domain} "ca".
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+Cancel
+
+	<character> (CAN, Control-X) {ASCII} character 24.
+
+	(1996-06-28)
+
+Cancelbunny
+
+	{Cancelpoodle}
+
+Cancelm00se
+
+	{Cancelmoose}
+
+Cancelmoose
+
+	<messaging> A semi-mythical being that cancels {Usenet}
+	{articles} posted by others.  (In general, an article can only
+	be cancelled by its original author.)
+
+	The Cancelmoose's usual target is {spam} or extremely
+	excessive {cross-post}ing.
+
+	Some believe that the Cancelmoose exists only in the same
+	mythic sense that {B1FF}, the {NSA line eater} and {Shub
+	Internet} exist; others consider Cancelmoose's historicity to
+	be closer to that of {Kibo}.  The latter group assume that the
+	real Cancelmoose is not one person (or moose), but instead is
+	a cabal of {NNTP} wonks.  However, the Cancelmoose is probably
+	real, seeing as how it has its own {website}.
+
+	{(http://nocem.org/)}.
+
+	(1999-01-14)
+
+Cancelpoodle
+
+	<messaging> (Or Cancelbunny) A manifestation of the
+	{Cancelmoose} in the form of a more selective (and probably
+	not automated) way to cancel {Usenet} articles.
+
+	The term became common during the alt.religion.scientology
+	wars of the mid-90s, during which Cancelpoodles were used.
+	The "poodle" part is an allusion to one of the parties
+	obliquely involved in the fray, who an earlier well-known
+	witticism had compared to "a psychotic poodle".
+
+	(1999-01-14)
+
+candidate key
+
+	<database> One of several possible attributes or combinations
+	of attributes which can be used to uniquely identify a body of
+	information (a "{record}").  The chosen candidate key is
+	called the {primary key}.
+
+	(2006-05-29)
+
+Candle
+
+	Part of the {Scorpion} environment development system.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+candygrammar
+
+	<language> A programming-language grammar that is mostly
+	{syntactic sugar}; a play on "candygram".  {COBOL}, {Apple
+	Computer}'s {Hypertalk} language, and many {4GLs} share this
+	property.  The intent is to be as English-like as possible and
+	thus easier for unskilled people to program.  However,
+	{syntax} isn't what makes programming hard; it's the mental
+	effort and organisation required to specify an {algorithm}
+	precisely.  Thus "candygrammar" languages are just as
+	difficult to program in, and far more painful for the
+	experienced hacker.
+
+	{GLS} notes: The overtones from the 1977 Chevy Chase "Jaws"
+	parody on Saturday Night Live should not be overlooked.
+	Someone lurking outside an apartment door tries to get the
+	occupant to open up, while ominous music plays in the
+	background.  The last attempt is a half-hearted "Candygram!"
+	When the door is opened, a shark bursts in and chomps the poor
+	occupant.  There is a moral here for those attracted to
+	candygrammars.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-09-23)
+
+canonical
+
+	(Historically, "according to religious law")
+
+	1. <mathematics> A standard way of writing a formula.  Two
+	formulas such as 9 + x and x + 9 are said to be equivalent
+	because they mean the same thing, but the second one is in
+	"canonical form" because it is written in the usual way, with
+	the highest power of x first.  Usually there are fixed rules
+	you can use to decide whether something is in canonical form.
+	Things in canonical form are easier to compare.
+
+	2. <jargon> The usual or standard state or manner of
+	something.  The term acquired this meaning in computer-science
+	culture largely through its prominence in {Alonzo Church}'s
+	work in computation theory and {mathematical logic} (see
+	{Knights of the Lambda-Calculus}).
+
+	Compare {vanilla}.
+
+	This word has an interesting history.  Non-technical academics
+	do not use the adjective "canonical" in any of the senses
+	defined above with any regularity; they do however use the
+	nouns "canon" and "canonicity" (not "canonicalness"* or
+	"canonicality"*). The "canon" of a given author is the
+	complete body of authentic works by that author (this usage is
+	familiar to Sherlock Holmes fans as well as to literary
+	scholars).  "The canon" is the body of works in a given field
+	(e.g. works of literature, or of art, or of music) deemed
+	worthwhile for students to study and for scholars to
+	investigate.
+
+	The word "canon" derives ultimately from the Greek "kanon"
+	(akin to the English "cane") referring to a reed.  Reeds were
+	used for measurement, and in Latin and later Greek the word
+	"canon" meant a rule or a standard.  The establishment of a
+	canon of scriptures within Christianity was meant to define a
+	standard or a rule for the religion.  The above non-technical
+	academic usages stem from this instance of a defined and
+	accepted body of work.  Alongside this usage was the
+	promulgation of "canons" ("rules") for the government of the
+	Catholic Church.  The usages relating to religious law derive
+	from this use of the Latin "canon".  It may also be related to
+	arabic "qanun" (law).
+
+	Hackers invest this term with a playfulness that makes an
+	ironic contrast with its historical meaning.  A true story:
+	One Bob Sjoberg, new at the {MIT AI Lab}, expressed some
+	annoyance at the incessant use of jargon.  Over his loud
+	objections, {GLS} and {RMS} made a point of using as much of
+	it as possible in his presence, and eventually it began to
+	sink in.  Finally, in one conversation, he used the word
+	"canonical" in jargon-like fashion without thinking.  Steele:
+	"Aha!  We've finally got you talking jargon too!"  Stallman:
+	"What did he say?"  Steele: "Bob just used "canonical" in the
+	canonical way."
+
+	Of course, canonicality depends on context, but it is
+	implicitly defined as the way *hackers* normally expect things
+	to be.  Thus, a hacker may claim with a straight face that
+	"according to religious law" is *not* the canonical meaning of
+	"canonical".
+
+	(2002-02-06)
+
+Canonical Encoding Rules
+
+	<protocol, standard> (CER) A restricted variant of {BER} for
+	producing unequivocal {transfer syntax} for data structures
+	described by {ASN.1}.
+
+	Whereas {BER} gives choices as to how data values may be
+	encoded, CER and {DER} select just one encoding from those
+	allowed by the basic encoding rules, eliminating all of the
+	options.  They are useful when the encodings must be
+	preserved, e.g. in security exchanges.
+
+	CER and {DER} differ in the set of restrictions that they
+	place on the encoder.  The basic difference between CER and
+	{DER} is that {DER} uses definitive length form and CER uses
+	indefinite length form.
+
+	Documents: {ITU-T} X.690, {ISO} 8825-1.
+
+	See also {PER}.
+
+	(1998-05-19)
+
+canonical name
+
+	(CNAME) A host's official name as opposed to an alias.  The
+	official name is the first hostname listed for its {Internet
+	address} in the hostname database, {/etc/hosts} or the
+	{Network Information Service} (NIS) map hosts.byaddr ("hosts"
+	for short).  A host with multiple network interfaces may have
+	more than one Internet address, each with its own canonical
+	name (and zero or more aliases).
+
+	You can find a host's canonical name using {nslookup} if you
+	say
+
+		set querytype=CNAME
+
+	and then type a hostname.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+canonicity
+
+	<theory, jargon> The extent to which something is {canonical}.
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+C (ANSI)
+
+	{ANSI C}
+
+can't happen
+
+	<programming> The traditional program comment for code
+	executed under a condition that should never be true, for
+	example a file size computed as negative.  Often, such a
+	condition being true indicates data corruption or a faulty
+	{algorithm}; it is almost always handled by emitting a fatal
+	error message and terminating or crashing, since there is
+	little else that can be done.
+
+	Some case variant of "can't happen" is also often the text
+	emitted if the "impossible" error actually happens.  Although
+	"can't happen" events are genuinely infrequent in production
+	code, programmers wise enough to check for them habitually are
+	often surprised at how frequently they are triggered during
+	development and how many headaches checking for them turns out
+	to head off.
+
+	See also {firewall code}, {professional programming}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+Cantor
+
+	1. <person, mathematics> A mathematician.
+
+	Cantor devised the diagonal proof of the uncountability of the
+	{real numbers}:
+
+	Given a function, f, from the {natural numbers} to the {real
+	numbers}, consider the real number r whose binary expansion is
+	given as follows: for each natural number i, r's i-th digit is
+	the complement of the i-th digit of f(i).
+
+	Thus, since r and f(i) differ in their i-th digits, r differs
+	from any value taken by f.  Therefore, f is not {surjective}
+	(there are values of its result type which it cannot return).
+
+	Consequently, no function from the natural numbers to the
+	reals is surjective.  A further theorem dependent on the
+	{axiom of choice} turns this result into the statement that
+	the reals are uncountable.
+
+	This is just a special case of a diagonal proof that a
+	function from a set to its {power set} cannot be surjective:
+
+	Let f be a function from a set S to its power set, P(S) and
+	let U = { x in S: x not in f(x) }.  Now, observe that any x in
+	U is not in f(x), so U != f(x); and any x not in U is in f(x),
+	so U != f(x): whence U is not in { f(x) : x in S }.  But U is
+	in P(S).  Therefore, no function from a set to its power-set
+	can be surjective.
+
+	2. <language> An {object-oriented language} with {fine-grained
+	concurrency}.
+
+	[Athas, Caltech 1987.  "Multicomputers: Message Passing
+	Concurrent Computers", W. Athas et al, Computer 21(8):9-24
+	(Aug 1988)].
+
+	(1997-03-14)
+
+CAP
+
+	1. <networking> {Columbia AppleTalk Package}.
+
+	2. <communications> {Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation}.
+
+	3. <networking> {Competitive Access Provider}
+
+Capabilities Maturity Model
+
+	{Capability Maturity Model}
+
+capability
+
+	<operating system, security> An {operating system} security or
+	access control model where specific types of access to a
+	specific object are granted by giving a process this data
+	structure or {token}.
+
+	The token may be unforgeable (typically by using {encryption}
+	or hardware "tagged" memory).  Capabilities are used in OSes
+	such as {Hydra}, {KeyKOS}, {EROS}, {Chorus}/{Mix}, and the
+	{Stanford V system}.  Similar to {Kerberos}, but in an OS
+	context.
+
+	Compare {access control list}.
+
+	(1998-03-08)
+
+Capability Maturity Model
+
+	<software> (CMM) The {Software Engineering Institute}'s model
+	of {software engineering} that specifies five levels of
+	maturity of the processes of a software organisation.  CMM
+	offers a framework for evolutionary process improvement.
+	Originally applied to software development (SE-CMM), it has
+	been expanded to cover other areas including Human Resources
+	and Software Acquitition.
+
+	The levels - focii - and key process areas are:
+
+	Level 1 Initial - Heroes - None.
+
+	Level 2 Repeatable - Project Management - Software Project
+	Planning, Software Project Tracking and Oversight, Software
+	Subcontract Management, Software Quality Assurance, Software
+	Configuration Management, Requirements Management.
+
+	Level 3 Defined - Engineering Process - Organisation Process
+	Focus, Organisation Process Definition, Peer Reviews, Training
+	Program, Inter-group Coordination, Software Product
+	Engineering, Integrated Software Management.
+
+	Level 4 Managed - Product and Process Quality - Software
+	Quality Management, Quantitative Process Management.
+
+	Level 5 Optimising - Continuous Improvement - Process Change
+	Management, Technology Change Management, Defect Prevention.
+
+	{(http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmm/cmm.html)}.
+
+	(2001-04-28)
+
+capacitor
+
+	<electronics> An electronic device that can store electrical
+	charge.  The charge stored Q in Coulombs is related to the
+	capacitance C in Farads and the voltage V across the capacitor
+	in Volts by Q = CV.
+
+	The basis of a {dynamic RAM} cell is a capacitor.  They are
+	also used for power-supply smoothing (or "decoupling").  This
+	is especially important in digital circuits where a digital
+	device switching between states causes a sudden demand for
+	current.  Without sufficient local power supply decoupling,
+	this current "spike" cannot be supplied directly from the
+	power supply due to the inductance of the connectors and so
+	will cause a sharp drop in the power supply voltage near the
+	switching device.  This can cause other devices to malfunction
+	resulting in hard to trace {glitch}es.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+capacity
+
+	<communications> The maximum possible {data transfer rate} of
+	a communications channel under ideal conditions.  The total
+	capacity of a channel may be shared between several
+	independent data streams using some kind of {multiplexing}, in
+	which case, each stream's data rate may be limited to a fixed
+	fraction of the total capacity.
+
+	(2001-05-22)
+
+CAPI
+
+	1. {Calendar Application Programming Interface}.
+
+	2. <cryptography> {Cryptographic Application Programming
+	Interface}.
+
+	3. <networking> {Common ISDN Application Programming
+	Interface}.
+
+Cap'n Crunch
+
+	{Captain Crunch}
+
+Captain Abstraction
+
+	The champion of the principles of {abstraction} and
+	modularity, who protects unwary students on {MIT}'s course
+	{6.001} from the nefarious designs of Sergeant Spaghetticode
+	and his vile {concrete} programming practices.
+
+	See also {spaghetti code}.
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+Captain Crunch
+
+	1. <person> ("Cap'n Crunch") An early 1970s
+	{hacker}/{phreaker}/{phacker} who used a free whistle included
+	with "Cap'n Crunch" breakfast cereal to fake pay phone system
+	tones and make large quantities of free phone calls.  Also
+	alludes to "{crunch}".
+
+	{(http://well.com/user/crunch/)}.
+
+	2. (After the above) {wardialer}.
+
+	3. Reportedly, a program which {crash}es a computer by
+	overloading the {interrupt} {stack}.
+
+	(1998-08-25)
+
+CAPTCHA
+
+	<security> A type of test used to determine whether a request
+	to a {website} comes from a human or a computer program,
+	typically by asking the user to perform some kind of {image
+	recognition} task such as reading distorted text.  The term
+	was coined in 2000 by Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas
+	J. Hopper (all of {Carnegie Mellon University}) and John
+	Langford (of {IBM}) as a contrived acronym for "Completely
+	Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans
+	Apart".  CAPTCHA aims to prevent software tools from
+	performing actions which might degrade the service, such as
+	registering user accounts or automating the playing of a game.
+
+	(2009-01-02)
+
+CAR
+
+	{Contents of Address Part of Register}
+
+card
+
+	1. <hardware> A circuit board.
+
+	2. <storage> {SD card}.
+
+	3. <history> A {punched card}.
+
+	4. <hypertext> An alternative term for a {node} in a system
+	(e.g. {HyperCard}, {Notecards}) in which the node size is
+	limited.
+
+Cardbox for Windows
+
+	<database> A database handling program, especially useful for
+	scholars and librarians.
+
+	[Details?  Features?  Developer?  URL?]
+
+	(1997-05-14)
+
+Cardbus
+
+	<hardware> The 32-bit version of the {PCMCIA} (PC Card) {bus}.
+
+	[Spec?]
+
+	(1996-08-20)
+
+card creep
+
+	{chip creep}
+
+cardinality
+
+	<mathematics> The number of elements in a set.  If two sets
+	have the same number of elements (i.e. there is a {bijection}
+	between them) then they have the same cardinality.  A
+	cardinality is thus an {isomorphism class} in the {category}
+	of sets.
+
+	{aleph 0} is defined as the cardinality of the first
+	{infinite} {ordinal}, {omega} (the number of {natural
+	numbers}).
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+cardinal number
+
+	The {cardinality} of some set.
+
+CARDS
+
+	Central Archive for Reusable Defense Software of the DoD.
+
+card walloper
+
+	<jargon> An {EDP} programmer who grinds out {batch programs}
+	that do things like print people's paychecks.  Compare {code
+	grinder}.
+
+	See also {punched card}, {eighty-column mind}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-09-20)
+
+Career Limiting Move
+
+	<jargon> (CLM, Sun) Any action endangering one's future
+	prospects of getting plum projects and raises, and possibly
+	one's job.  E.g. "His Halloween costume was a parody of his
+	manager.  He won the prize for "best CLM"."  A severe bug
+	discovered by a customer might be a "CLM bug".
+
+	(2000-08-09)
+
+caret
+
+	^
+
+	Common: hat; control; uparrow; caret; {ITU-T}: circumflex.
+	Rare: chevron; {INTERCAL}: shark (or shark-fin); to the ("to
+	the power of"); fang; pointer (in Pascal).
+
+careware
+
+	/keir'weir/ (Or "{charityware}") {Shareware} for which either
+	the author suggests that some payment be made to a nominated
+	charity or a levy directed to charity is included on top of
+	the distribution charge.
+
+	Compare {crippleware}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+cargo cult programming
+
+	<programming, humour> A style of (incompetent) programming
+	dominated by ritual inclusion of code or program structures
+	that serve no real purpose.  A cargo cult programmer will
+	usually explain the extra code as a way of working around some
+	bug encountered in the past, but usually neither the bug nor
+	the reason the code apparently avoided the bug was ever fully
+	understood (compare {shotgun debugging}, {voodoo
+	programming}).
+
+	The term "cargo cult" is a reference to aboriginal religions
+	that grew up in the South Pacific after World War II.  The
+	practices of these cults centre on building elaborate mockups
+	of aeroplanes and military style landing strips in the hope of
+	bringing the return of the god-like aeroplanes that brought
+	such marvelous cargo during the war.  Hackish usage probably
+	derives from Richard Feynman's characterisation of certain
+	practices as "cargo cult science" in his book "Surely You're
+	Joking, Mr. Feynman" (W. W. Norton & Co, New York 1985, ISBN
+	0-393-01921-7).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-05-28)
+
+Caribou CodeWorks
+
+	<company> The company which sells {QTRADER}.
+
+	Director of Marketing: Norm Larsen <wwcoinc@winternet.com>.
+
+	(1995-11-05)
+
+Carl Friedrich Gauss
+
+	<person> A German mathematician (1777 - 1855), one of all time
+	greatest.  Gauss discovered the {method of least squares} and
+	{Gaussian elimination}.
+
+	Gauss was something of a child prodigy; the most commonly told
+	story relates that when he was 10 his teacher, wanting a rest,
+	told his class to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100.  Gauss
+	did it in seconds, having noticed that 1+...+100 = 100+...+1 =
+	(101+...+101)/2.
+
+	He did important work in almost every area of mathematics.
+	Such eclecticism is probably impossible today, since further
+	progress in most areas of mathematics requires much hard
+	background study.
+
+	Some idea of the range of his work can be obtained by noting
+	the many mathematical terms with "Gauss" in their names.  E.g.
+	{Gaussian elimination} ({linear algebra}); {Gaussian primes}
+	(number theory); {Gaussian distribution} (statistics); {Gauss}
+	[unit] (electromagnetism); {Gaussian curvature} (differential
+	geometry); {Gaussian quadrature} (numerical analysis);
+	{Gauss-Bonnet formula} (differential geometry); {Gauss's
+	identity} ({hypergeometric functions}); {Gauss sums} ({number
+	theory}).
+
+	His favourite area of mathematics was {number theory}.  He
+	conjectured the {Prime Number Theorem}, pioneered the {theory
+	of quadratic forms}, proved the {quadratic reciprocity
+	theorem}, and much more.
+
+	He was "the first mathematician to use {complex numbers} in a
+	really confident and scientific way" (Hardy & Wright, chapter
+	12).
+
+	He nearly went into architecture rather than mathematics; what
+	decided him on mathematics was his proof, at age 18, of the
+	startling theorem that a regular N-sided polygon can be
+	constructed with ruler and compasses if and only if N is a
+	power of 2 times a product of distinct {Fermat primes}.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+Carnegie Mellon University
+
+	<body, education> (CMU) A university in Pittsburgh,
+	Pennsylvania.  {School of Computer Science
+	(http://cs.cmu.edu/Web/FrontDoor.html)}.
+
+	(1997-06-23)
+
+carpal tunnel syndrome
+
+	{overuse strain injury}
+
+Carriage Return
+
+	<character> (CR, Control-M, {ASCII} 13) The character which
+	causes the {cursor} to move to the left margin, often used
+	with {line feed} to start a new line of output.
+
+	Encoded in {C} and {Unix} as "\r".
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+Carrierless Amplitude/Phase Modulation
+
+	<communications> (CAP) A design of {Asymmetric Digital
+	Subscriber Line} {transceiver} developed by {Bell Labs}.  CAP
+	was the first ADSL design to be commercially deployed and, as
+	of August 1996, was installed on more lines than any other.
+
+	CAP is a variation of {Quadrature Amplitude Modulation}, the
+	modulation used by most existing {modems} in 1997.  With CAP,
+	the three channels ({POTS}, downstream data and upstream data)
+	are supported by splitting the frequency spectrum.  Voice
+	occupies the standard 0-4 Khz frequency band, followed by the
+	upstream channel and the high-speed downstream channel.
+
+	(1997-10-08)
+
+carrier scanner
+
+	<security> (Or "wardialer") A program which uses a {modem} to
+	dial a series of phone numbers (say, from 770-0000 to
+	770-9999), and keeps a log of what phone numbers answer with a
+	modem {carrier}.  The results of such a search were generally
+	used by people looking to engage in {random} mischief in
+	{random} machines.
+
+	Since the 1980s, wardialers have generally fallen into disuse,
+	partly because of easily available "{caller ID}" technology,
+	partly because fax machines are now in wide use and would
+	often be logged as a {carrier} by a wardialer, and partly
+	because there are so many new and more interesting venues for
+	computerised mischief these days.
+
+	(1997-03-16)
+
+carrier signal
+
+	<communications> A continuous signal of a single frequency
+	capable of being modulated by a second, data-carrying signal.
+	In radio communication, the two common kinds of modulation are
+	{amplitude modulation} and {frequency modulation}.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+Cartesian coordinates
+
+	<mathematics, graphics> (After Renee Descartes, French
+	philosopher and mathematician) A pair of numbers, (x, y),
+	defining the position of a point in a two-dimensional space by
+	its perpendicular projection onto two axes which are at right
+	angles to each other.  x and y are also known as the
+	{abscissa} and {ordinate}.
+
+	The idea can be generalised to any number of independent axes.
+
+	Compare {polar coordinates}.
+
+	(1997-07-08)
+
+Cartesian product
+
+	<mathematics> (After Renee Descartes, French philosper and
+	mathematician) The Cartesian product of two sets A and B is
+	the set
+
+		A x B = {(a, b) | a in A, b in B}.
+
+	I.e. the product set contains all possible combinations of one
+	element from each set.  The idea can be extended to products
+	of any number of sets.
+
+	If we consider the elements in sets A and B as points along
+	perpendicular axes in a two-dimensional space then the
+	elements of the product are the "{Cartesian coordinates}" of
+	points in that space.
+
+	See also {tuple}.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+CAS
+
+	1. <hardware> {Column Address Strobe}.
+
+	2. <communications> (channel associated signaling) {in-band
+	signalling}.
+
+CAS 8051 Assembler
+
+	An experimental one-pass {assembler} for the 8051 with
+	{C}-like syntax by Mark Hopkins.  Most features of a modern
+	assembler included except {macros} (soon to be added).
+	Requires an {ANSI-C} compiler.  Ported to {MS-DOS}, {Ultrix},
+	{Sun-4}.  (July 1993).
+
+	Version 1.2.  Assembler/linker, disassembler, documentation,
+	examples.
+
+	{(ftp://lyman.pppl.gov/pub/8051/assem)},
+	{(ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/microprocs/MCS-51/csd4-archive/assem)}.
+	{Other software tools and applications
+	(ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/compilers/8051/)}.
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+cascade
+
+	1. <compiler> A huge volume of spurious error-messages output
+	by a {compiler} with poor {error recovery}.  Too frequently,
+	one trivial {syntax} error (such as a missing ")" or "}")
+	throws the {parser} out of synch so that much of the remaining
+	program text, whether correct or not, is interpreted as
+	garbaged or ill-formed.
+
+	2. <messaging> A chain of {Usenet} followups, each adding some
+	trivial variation or riposte to the text of the previous one,
+	all of which is reproduced in the new message; an {include
+	war} in which the object is to create a sort of communal
+	graffito.
+
+	3. <networking> A collection of interconneced networking
+	devices, typically {hubs}, that allows those devices to act
+	together as a {logical} {repeater}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-17)
+
+Cascading Style Sheets
+
+	<web> (CSS) An extension to {HTML} to allow styles,
+	e.g. colour, {font}, size to be specified for certain elements
+	of a {hypertext} document.  Style information can be included
+	in-line in the HTML file or in a separate CSS file (which can
+	then be easily shared by multiple HTML files).  Multiple
+	levels of CSS can be used to allow selective overriding of
+	styles.
+
+	{(http://w3.org/Style/CSS/)}.
+
+	(2000-07-26)
+
+CASE
+
+	1. {Computer Aided Software Engineering}.
+
+	2. {Common Application Service Element}.
+
+case
+
+	1. <programming> {switch statement}.
+
+	2. <character> Whether a character is a capital letter ("upper
+	case" - ABC..Z) or a small letter ("lower case" - abc..z).
+
+	The term case comes from the printing trade when the use of
+	moving type was invented in the early Middle Ages (Caxton or
+	Gutenberg?) and the letters for each {font} were stored in a
+	box with two sections (or "cases"), the upper case was for the
+	capital letters and the lower case was for the small letters.
+	The Oxford Universal Dictionary of Historical Principles (Feb
+	1993, reprinted 1952) indicates that this usage of "case" (as
+	the box or frame used by a compositor in the printing trade)
+	was first used in 1588.
+
+	(1996-03-01)
+
+case and paste
+
+	<programming> (From "{cut and paste}") The addition of a new
+	{feature} to an existing system by selecting the code from an
+	existing feature and pasting it in with minor changes.  This
+	usually results in gross violation of the fundamental
+	programming tenet, {Don't Repeat Yourself}.
+
+	Common in telephony circles because most operations in a
+	telephone switch are selected using "case" statements.  Leads
+	to {software bloat}.
+
+	In some circles of {Emacs} users this is called "programming
+	by Meta-W", because Meta-W is the Emacs command for copying a
+	block of text to a {kill buffer} in preparation to pasting it
+	in elsewhere.  The term is condescending, implying that the
+	programmer is acting mindlessly rather than thinking carefully
+	about what is required to integrate the code for two similar
+	cases.
+
+	At {DEC}, this is sometimes called "clone-and-hack" coding.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-03-01)
+
+case based reasoning
+
+	<artificial intelligence> (CBR) A technique for problem
+	solving which looks for previous examples which are similar to
+	the current problem.  This is useful where {heuristic}
+	{knowledge} is not available.
+
+	There are many situations where experts are not happy to be
+	questioned about their knowledge by people who want to write
+	the knowledge in rules, for use in {expert systems}.  In most
+	of these situations, the natural way for an expert to describe
+	his or her knowledge is through examples, stories or cases
+	(which are all basically the same thing).  Such an expert will
+	teach trainees about the expertise by apprenticeship, i.e. by
+	giving examples and by asking the trainees to remember them,
+	copy them and adapt them in solving new problems if they
+	describe situations that are similar to the new problems.  CBR
+	aims to exploit such knowledge.
+
+	Some key research areas are efficient indexing, how to define
+	"similarity" between cases and how to use temporal
+	information.
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+CASE Data Interchange Format
+
+	(CDIF) An emerging standard for interchange of data between
+	{CASE} tools.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+CASE framework
+
+	A set of products and conventions that allow CASE tools to be
+	integrated into a coherent environment.
+
+case insensitive
+
+	{case sensitivity}
+
+Case Integration Services
+
+	<standard, programming> (CIS) A committee formed to discuss
+	{CASE} tool integration standards related to {ATIS}.
+
+	(1994-10-25)
+
+CASE*Method
+
+	An analysis and design method from {Oracle} targeted at
+	information management applications.
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+case sensitive
+
+	{case sensitivity}
+
+case sensitivity
+
+	<text> Whether a text matching operation distinguishes
+	upper-{case} (capital) letters from lower case (is "case
+	sensitive") or not ("case insensitive").
+
+	Case in file names should be preserved (for readability) but
+	ignored when matching (so the user doesn't have to get it
+	right).  {MS-DOS} does not preserve case in file names, {Unix}
+	preserves case and matches are case sensitive.
+
+	Any decent {text editor} will allow the user to specify
+	whether or not text searches should be {case sensitive}.
+
+	Case sensitivity is also relevant in programming (most
+	programming languages distiguish between case in the names of
+	{identifiers}), and addressing ({Internet} {domain names} are
+	case insensitive but {RFC 822} local {mailbox} names are case
+	sensitive).
+
+	Case insensitive operations are sometimes said to "fold case",
+	from the idea of folding the character code table so that
+	upper and lower case letters coincide.  The alternative "smash
+	case" is more likely to be used by someone who considers this
+	behaviour a {misfeature} or in cases where one case is
+	actually permanently converted to the other.
+
+	"{MS-DOS} will automatically smash case in the names of all
+	the files you create".
+
+	(1997-07-09)
+
+CASE SOAP III
+
+	Version of SOAP assembly language for IBM 650.  Listed in
+	CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+case statement
+
+	{switch statement}
+
+CASE tools
+
+	Software tools to help in the application of CASE methods to a
+	software project.
+
+cashe
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{cache}".
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+CAST
+
+	{Computer Aided Software Testing}
+
+cast
+
+	{explicit type conversion}
+
+casters-up mode
+
+	[IBM, probably from slang belly up] Yet another synonym for
+	"broken" or "down".  Usually connotes a major failure.  A
+	system (hardware or software) which is "down" may be already
+	being restarted before the failure is noticed, whereas one
+	which is "casters up" is usually a good excuse to take the
+	rest of the day off (as long as you're not responsible for
+	fixing it).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+casting the runes
+
+	<jargon> What a {guru} does when you ask him or her to run a
+	particular program because it never works for anyone else;
+	especially used when nobody can ever see what the guru is
+	doing different from what J. Random Luser does.
+
+	Compare {incantation}, {runes}, {examining the entrails}; also
+	see the {AI koan} about Tom Knight.
+
+	(1997-12-26)
+
+CAT
+
+	Common Abstract Tree Language.  R. Voeller & Uwe Schmidt, U
+	Kiel, Germany 1983.  Universal intermediate language, used by
+	Norsk Data in their family of compilers.  "A Multi-Language
+	Compiler System with Automatically Generated Codegenerators,
+	U. Schmidt et al, SIGPLAN Notices 19(6):202-2121 (June 1984).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+cat
+
+	<tool> (From "catenate") {Unix}'s command which copies one or
+	more entire files to the screen or some other output sink
+	without pause.
+
+	See also {dd}, {BLT}.
+
+	Among {Unix} fans, cat is considered an excellent example of
+	user-interface design, because it delivers the file contents
+	without such verbosity as spacing or headers between the files
+	(the {pr} command can be used to do this), and because it does
+	not require the files to consist of lines of text, but works
+	with any sort of data.
+
+	Among Unix haters, cat is considered the {canonical} example
+	of *bad* user-interface design, because of its woefully
+	unobvious name.  It is far more often used to {blast} a file
+	to standard output than to concatenate files.  The name "cat"
+	for the former operation is just as unintuitive as, say,
+	LISP's {cdr}.
+
+	Of such oppositions are {holy wars} made.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Cat 3
+
+	{Category 3}
+
+Cat 5
+
+	{Category 5}
+
+catatonic
+
+	<jargon> A description of a system that gives no indication
+	that it is still working.  This might be because it has
+	crashed without being able to give any error message or
+	because it is busy but not designed to give any feedback.
+
+	Compare {buzz}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-08-19)
+
+CATE
+
+	{Computer Aided Test Engineering}.
+
+Categorical Abstract Machine Language
+
+	<language> (Originally "CAML" - Categorical Abstract Machine
+	Language) A version of {ML} by G. Huet, G. Cousineau, Ascander
+	Suarez, Pierre Weis, Michel Mauny and others of {INRIA} and
+	{ENS}.  CAML is intermediate between {LCF ML} and {SML} [in
+	what sense?].  It has {first-class} functions, {static type
+	inference} with {polymorphic} types, user-defined {variant
+	types} and {product types}, and {pattern matching}.  It is
+	built on a proprietary run-time system.
+
+	The CAML V3.1 implementation added {lazy} and {mutable} data
+	structures, a "{grammar}" mechanism for interfacing with the
+	{Yacc} {parser generator}, {pretty-printing} tools,
+	high-performance {arbitrary-precision} arithmetic, and a
+	complete library. CAML V3 is often nicknamed "heavy CAML",
+	because of its heavy memory and CPU requirements compared to
+	{Caml Light}.
+
+	in 1990 Xavier Leroy and Damien Doligez designed a new
+	implementation called {Caml Light}, freeing the previous
+	implementation from too many experimental high-level features,
+	and more importantly, from the old Le_Lisp back-end.
+
+	Following the addition of a {native-code} compiler and a
+	powerful {module} system in 1995 and of the {object} and
+	{class} layer in 1996, the project's name was changed to
+	{Objective Caml}.
+
+	["The CAML Reference Manual", P. Weis et al, TR INRIA-ENS,
+	1989].
+
+	(2003-04-12)
+
+category
+
+	<theory> A category K is a collection of objects, obj(K), and
+	a collection of {morphisms} (or "{arrows}"), mor(K) such that
+
+	1. Each morphism f has a "typing" on a pair of objects A, B
+	written f:A->B.  This is read 'f is a morphism from A to B'.
+	A is the "source" or "{domain}" of f and B is its "target" or
+	"{co-domain}".
+
+	2. There is a {partial function} on morphisms called
+	{composition} and denoted by an {infix} ring symbol, o.  We
+	may form the "composite" g o f : A -> C if we have g:B->C and
+	f:A->B.
+
+	3. This composition is associative: h o (g o f) = (h o g) o f.
+
+	4. Each object A has an identity morphism id_A:A->A associated
+	with it.  This is the identity under composition, shown by the
+	equations
+
+	 id__B o f = f = f o id__A.
+
+	In general, the morphisms between two objects need not form a
+	{set} (to avoid problems with {Russell's paradox}).  An
+	example of a category is the collection of sets where the
+	objects are sets and the morphisms are functions.
+
+	Sometimes the composition ring is omitted.  The use of
+	capitals for objects and lower case letters for morphisms is
+	widespread but not universal.  Variables which refer to
+	categories themselves are usually written in a script font.
+
+	(1997-10-06)
+
+Category 3
+
+	<hardware> (Cat 3, or "voice grade") An American Standards
+	Institute standard for {UTP} cables.  Used, e.g., for
+	{100BaseVG} network cabling.
+
+	(1998-06-30)
+
+Category 5
+
+	<hardware> (Cat 5) An American Standards Institute standard
+	for {UTP} cables.  Used, e.g., for {100BaseTX} cabling.
+
+	(1998-06-30)
+
+CA-Telon
+
+	<application> A {Computer Aided Software Engineering} (CASE)
+	tool for designing, generating and maintaining {COBOL} and
+	{PL/I} {application programs}.  Telon was developed by
+	{Pansophic} Systems who were bought by {Computer Associates}
+	in 1991, whereupon it was renamed CA-Telon.
+
+	It supports high-level, non-{prodedural} design and
+	prototyping, combined with automatic {code generation}.  There
+	are {mainframe} and {PC} versions.  The generated COBOL
+	applications can execute in {AIX}, {HP-UX}, {VSE}, {OS/400}
+	for the {AS/400}, {PC-DOS}, or {OS/2}.
+
+	(2000-01-19)
+
+cathode ray tube
+
+	<hardware> (CRT) An electrical device for displaying images by
+	exciting phosphor dots with a scanned electron beam.  CRTs are
+	found in computer {VDUs} and {monitors}, televisions and
+	oscilloscopes.  The first commercially practical CRT was
+	perfected on 29 January 1901 by Allen B DuMont.
+
+	A large glass envelope containing a negative electrode (the
+	cathode) emits electrons (formerly called "cathode rays") when
+	heated, as in a {vacuum tube}.  The electrons are accelerated
+	across a large voltage gradient toward the flat surface of
+	the tube (the screen) which is covered with phosphor.  When an
+	electron strikes the phosphor, light is emitted.  The electron
+	beam is deflected by electromagnetic coils around the outside
+	of the tube so that it scans across the screen, usually in
+	horizontal stripes.  This scan pattern is known as a {raster}.
+	By controlling the current in the beam, the brightness at any
+	particular point (roughly a "{pixel}") can be varied.
+
+	Different phosphors have different "{persistence}" - the
+	length of time for which they glow after being struck by
+	electrons.  If the scanning is done fast enough, the eye sees
+	a steady image, due to both the persistence of the phospor and
+	of the eye itself.  CRTs also differ in their {dot pitch},
+	which determines their spatial {resolution}, and in whether
+	they use {interlace} or not.
+
+	(1994-11-17)
+
+CATIA
+
+	<tool, product> A {CAD}/CAM system produced by Dassault
+	Systemes and sold by {IBM}.  CATIA is used heavily in the car
+	and aerospace industries.  It runs on various {Unix} platforms
+	and {Windows NT}.
+
+	{(http://catia.ibm.com/catmain.html)}.
+
+	(2002-06-12)
+
+cationic cocktail
+
+	<hardware> (Or "Downy cocktail") Diluted fabric softener
+	sprayed on computer room carpets to prevent static electricity
+	from being built up by feet shuffling on carpet.
+
+	The {canonical} cationic cocktail is one part unscented liquid
+	fabric softener (in the US, usually "Downy" brand) to five
+	parts water.
+
+	"Cationic" is the chemical term for the most common active
+	ingredient in fabric softeners.  The use of the term
+	"cocktail" may be influenced by its use in other jargons,
+	especially pharmacological and chemical, to denote a mixture
+	which, like cationic cocktail, typically contains no alcohol
+	and would be unwise to drink.
+
+	(1998-04-04)
+
+C/ATLAS
+
+	<language> A DoD test language.  It is a variant of {ATLAS}.
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+CATNIP
+
+	{Common Architecture for Next Generation Internet Protocol}
+
+CATO
+
+	Fortran-like CAI language for PLATO system on CDC 1604.  "CSL
+	PLATO System Manual", L.A. Fillman, U Illinois, June 1966.
+
+Cauchy sequence
+
+	<mathematics> A sequence of elements from some {vector space}
+	that converge and stay arbitrarily close to each other (using
+	the {norm} definied for the space).
+
+	(2000-03-10)
+
+cause-effect graphing
+
+	<programming> A testing technique that aids in selecting, in a
+	systematic way, a high-yield set of test cases that logically
+	relates causes to effects to produce test cases.  It has a
+	beneficial side effect in pointing out incompleteness and
+	ambiguities in specifications.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+CAV
+
+	{Constant Angular Velocity}
+
+Cayenne Software
+
+	<company> The company formed when {CADRE} merged with {Bachman
+	Information Systems} in July 1996.
+
+	{(http://cayennesoft.com/)}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2001-04-30)
+
+CAYLEY
+
+	<symbolic mathematics, tool> A {symbolic mathematics} system
+	for {group theory} written by John Cannon of the {University
+	of Sydney}, Australia in 1976.
+
+	Cayley was used at about 100 sites but has been superseded by
+	a much more general system, {Magma}.
+
+	["An Introduction to the Group Theory Language CAYLEY", J.
+	Cannon, Computational Group Theory, M.D. Atkinson ed, Academic
+	Press 1984, pp. 148-183].
+
+	Latest version: V3.7, for {Sun}, {Apollo}, {VAX}/{VMS}.
+
+	(2000-09-03)
+
+cb
+
+	{C Beautifier}
+
+CBASIC
+
+	A {BASIC} compiler by Gordon Eubanks, now at {Symantec}.  It
+	evolved from/into {EBASIC}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+CBBS
+
+	{bulletin board system}
+
+C-BC
+
+	<language> A {strongly typed} version of {BC} by Mark Hopkins,
+	with expanded {C}-like {syntax}, more base types and the
+	ability to form {array} and {pointer} types of any dimension
+	and to allocate/free arrays at {run time}.
+
+	Most {POSIX-BC} features are supported, except that
+	{functions} must be declared consistently and declared before
+	first use.  {String} handling is slightly different.  It
+	requires an {ANSI-C} compiler and runs under {MS-DOS} or
+	{Unix}.
+
+	Version: 1.1.
+
+	Posted to {alt.sources} 1993-04-10.
+
+	(1993-08-23)
+
+CBD
+
+	{component based development}
+
+C Beautifier
+
+	(cb) A {Unix} tool for reformatting {C} {source} code.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: cb(1).
+
+CBIR
+
+	<image> {content-based information retrieval}.
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+CBN
+
+	{call-by-name}
+
+CBR
+
+	{case based reasoning}
+
+CBT
+
+	{Computer-Based Training}
+
+CBV
+
+	{call-by-value}
+
+cbw
+
+	{Crypt Breakers Workbench}
+
+cc
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Cocos (Keeling)
+	Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+CC++
+
+	{Compositional C++}
+
+C/C++
+
+	1. {Borland C/C++}.
+
+	2. {Watcom C/C++}.
+
+	3. Either {C} or {C++}.
+
+CCalc
+
+	A {symbolic mathematics} system for {MS-DOS}, available from
+	{Simtel}.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+CCD
+
+	{Charge-Coupled Device}
+
+CCIRN
+
+	Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networks.
+
+CCITT
+
+	Commite' Consultatif International de Telegraphique et
+	Telephonique.  (International consultative committee on
+	telecommunications and Telegraphy).
+
+	CCITT changed its name to {ITU-T} on 1 March 1993.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+CCITT HIgh-Level Language
+
+	<language> (CHILL) A {real-time} language widely used in
+	telecommunications.  CHILL was developed in the 1970s and
+	improved in 1984, 1988, 1992, and 1996.  It is used in several
+	countries including Germany, Norway, Brasil, and South Korea.
+
+	{Cygnus} are developing a compiler based on {gcc}.
+
+	{(http://www1.informatik.uni-jena.de/languages/chill/chill.htm)}.
+
+	["An Analytical Description of CHILL, the CCITT High Level
+	Language", P. Branquart, LNCS 128, Springer 1982].
+
+	["CHILL User's Manual", ITU, 1986, ISBN 92-61-02601-X.
+	ISO-9496 (1988?)].
+
+	(1997-01-20)
+
+CCL
+
+	1. Coral Common LISP.
+
+	2. Computer Control Language.  English-like query language
+	based on COLINGO, for IBM 1401 and IBM 1410.
+
+CCLU
+
+	Cambridge CLU.  {CLU} extended to support {concurrency},
+	distributed programming and {remote procedure call}, by
+	G. Hamilton et al at {CUCL}.
+
+	E-mail: Jean Bacon <jmb@cl.cam.ac.uk>.
+
+	(1994-10-13)
+
+ccmail
+
+	It's written {cc:mail}.
+
+cc:mail
+
+	<tool, product> Commercial {electronic mail} software by
+	{Lotus Corporation} for {Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+CCP
+
+	1. <language> {Concurrent Constraint Programming}.
+
+	2. {Command Control Processor}.
+
+CCR
+
+	1. {condition code register}.
+
+	2. (Database) {concurrency control and recovery}.
+
+CCS
+
+	1. <networking> {Common Communication Services}.
+
+	2. <language, parallel> {Calculus of Communicating Systems}.
+
+	3. <history> {Computer Conservation Society}.
+
+	4. <storage, standard> {Common Command Set}.
+
+	5. <communications> {centum call second}.
+
+CCSP
+
+	{Contextually Communicating Sequential Processes}
+
+CCTA
+
+	The Government Centre for Information Systems.
+
+	(Originally "Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency").
+
+	CCTA is part of the Office of Public Service and Science,
+	which works to improve government's services to the public.
+	They are responsible for stimulating and promoting the
+	effective use of Information Systems in support of the
+	efficient delivery of business objectives and improved quality
+	of services by the public sector.
+
+	CCTA had to change its name as it was not an agency in the
+	"Next Steps" sense.  The letters were retained as customers
+	were familiar with them.
+
+	{(http://open.gov.uk/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <info@open.gov.uk>.
+
+	Address: Norwich, UK.
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+CD
+
+	{Compact Disc}
+
+cd
+
+	1. <operating system> {change directory}.
+
+	2. <networking> The {country code} for the Democratic Republic
+	of the Congo (formerly Zaire, {zr}).
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+CDA
+
+	1. <file format> {Compound Document Architecture}.
+
+	2. <legal> {Communications Decency Act}.
+
+CD burner
+
+	{Compact Disc writer}
+
+CDC
+
+	{Control Data Corporation}
+
+CDC 6600
+
+	<computer> A {mainframe} computer from {Control Data
+	Corporation}, first delivered in 1964.  It is generally
+	considered to be the first successful {supercomputer}, about
+	three times faster than {STRETCH}.  Its successor was the {CDC
+	7600}.
+
+	(2007-03-01)
+
+CDDI
+
+	{Copper Distributed Data Interface}
+
+CDD/Plus
+
+	{DEC}'s {CASE} {repository}.
+
+CDE
+
+	1. C Development environment from {IDE}.
+
+	2. {Common Desktop Environment}.
+
+	3. {Co-operative Development Environment}.
+
+	(1996-07-11)
+
+CDF
+
+	Common Data Format.  A library and toolkit for
+	multi-dimensional data sets.
+
+CD-i
+
+	{Compact Disc interactive}
+
+CDIF
+
+	{CASE Data Interchange Format}
+
+CDL
+
+	1. Computer Definition [Design?] Language.  A hardware
+	description language.  "Computer Organisation and
+	Microprogramming", Yaohan Chu, P-H 1970.
+
+	2. Command Definition Language.  Portion of ICES used to
+	implement commands.  Sammet 1969, p.618-620.
+
+	3. Compiler Description Language.  C.H.A. Koster, 1969.
+	Intended for implementation of the rules of an affix grammar
+	by recursive procedures.  A procedure may be a set of
+	tree-structured alternatives, each alternative is executed
+	until one successfully exits.  Used in a portable COBOL-74
+	compiler from MPB, mprolog system from SzKI, and the Mephisto
+	chess computer.  "CDL: A Compiler Implementation Language", in
+	Methods of Algorithmic Language Implementation, C.H.A. Koster,
+	LNCS 47, Springer 1977, pp.341-351.  "Using the CDL Compiler
+	Compiler", C.H.A. Koster, 1974.  Versions: CDL2, CDLM used at
+	Manchester.
+
+	4. Common Design Language.  "Common Design Language", IBM,
+	Software Engineering Inst, Sept 1983.
+
+	5. Control Definition Language.  Ideas which contributed to
+	Smalltalk.
+
+	["Control Structures for Programming Languges", David
+	A. Fisher, PhD Thesis, CMU 1970].
+
+CDM
+
+	1. {Content Data Model}
+
+	2. {Code Division Multiplexing}
+
+CDMA
+
+	{Code Division Multiple Access}
+
+CDP1802
+
+	{RCA 1802}
+
+CDPD
+
+	{Cellular Digital Packet Data}
+
+CDR
+
+	1. <networking> {Committed Data Rate}.
+
+	2. <programming> {Contents of Decrement part of Register}.
+
+	3. <storage> {Compact Disc Recordable} (CD-R).
+
+	4. <telecommunications> {Call Data Record}.
+
+CD-Read-Write
+
+	{Compact Disc Rewritable}
+
+CD-Rewritable
+
+	{Compact Disc Rewritable}
+
+CD-ROM
+
+	{Compact Disc Read-Only Memory}
+
+CD-ROM drive
+
+	{Compact Disc Read-Only Memory}
+
+CD-RW
+
+	{Compact Disc Rewritable}
+
+CDS
+
+	{Concrete Data Structure}
+
+cd tilde
+
+	/C-D til-d*/ To go home.  From the {Unix} {C shell} and
+	Korn-shell command "cd ~", which takes one to one's "$HOME"
+	directory.  "cd" with no arguments does the same thing.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+CDW
+
+	{data warehouse}
+
+CE
+
+	{IBM Customer Engineer}
+
+Cecil
+
+	AN {object-oriented} language combining {multi-methods} with a
+	classless object model, object-based {encapsulation} and
+	optional {static type checking}.  It distinguishes between
+	{subtyping} and {code inheritance}.  Includes both explicit
+	and implicit parameterisation of objects, types, and methods.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.washington.edu/pub/chambers/cecil-spec.ps.Z)}.
+
+	["The Cecil Language: Specification and Rationale",
+	C. Chambers, TR 93-03-05, U Wash (Mar 1993)].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+Cedar
+
+	A superset of {Mesa}, from {Xerox PARC}, adding {garbage
+	collection}, {dynamic types} and a universal pointer type (REF
+	ANY).  Cedar is a large complex language designed for custom
+	Xerox hardware and the Cedar {operating system}/environment.
+	Data types are {atoms}, lists, ropes ("industrial strength"
+	strings), conditions.  Multi-processing features include
+	{threads}, {monitors}, {signals} and catch phrases.  It was
+	used to develop the Cedar integrated programming environment.
+
+	["A Description of the Cedar Language", Butler Lampson, Xerox
+	PARC, CSL-83-15 (Dec 1983)].
+
+	["The Structure of Cedar", D. Swinehart et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	20(7):230-244 (July 1985)].
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+CEEMAC+
+
+	Graphics language for DOS 3.3 on {Apple II}.
+
+CEI-PACT
+
+	Central European Initiative on Parallel Computation.
+
+Celeron
+
+	<processor> {Intel Corporation}'s trade name for its family of
+	{Pentium II} {microprocessors} meant for use in low-end
+	computers.
+
+	The Celeron is constructed on the 0.25 micron Deschutes base.
+	{Clock rates} of 266, 300 and 333 {MHz} are supported.  It is
+	built on the same {daughterboard} as the Pentium II without
+	the black plastic case and {heat sink}.  Four Celeron models
+	are in production as of October 1998.  The 266 and 300 MHz
+	models are essentially Pentium II {CPUs} without the Level 2
+	{cache} {RAM}.  The 300A and 333 MHz Celerons include 128k of
+	Level 2 cache.
+
+	A special mounting bracket on the motherboard is used to
+	secure the Celeron in place in its standard 242-pin Slot 1
+	socket.  Intel calls the caseless design SEPP (Single Edge
+	Processor Package) to differentiate it from the Pentium II SEC
+	(Single Edge Cartridge).  Some believe that the real purpose
+	for the different mounting configurations is to prevent users
+	from placing lower cost processors onto Pentium II
+	motherboards.
+
+	A Celeron is about one third the cost of a similar speed
+	Pentium II.  Hardware {hackers} claim that the Celeron 300
+	without Level 2 cache could be {overclocked} to perform as
+	well as a Pentium II at a fraction of the price.
+
+	{(http://intel.com/Celeron/)}.
+
+	{Tom's Hardware (http://www2.tomshardware.com/cpuslot1.html)}.
+
+	(1998-10-06)
+
+CELIP
+
+	A cellular language for {image processing}.
+
+	["CELIP: A cellular Language for Image Processing",
+	W. Hasselbring <willi@informatik.uni-essen.de>, Parallel
+	Computing 14:99-109 (1990)].
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+cell
+
+	1. <spreadsheet> In a {spreadsheet}, the intersection of a row
+	a column and a sheet, the smallest addressable unit of data.
+	A cell contains either a constant value or a {formula} that is
+	used to calculate a value.  The cell has a {format} that
+	determines how to display the value.  A cell can be part of a
+	{range}.  A cell is usually referred to by its column
+	(labelled by one or more letters from the sequence A, B, ...,
+	Z, AA, AB, ..., AZ, BA, BB, ..., BZ, ... ) and its row number
+	counting up from one, e.g. cell B3 is in the second column
+	across and the third row down.  A cell also belongs to a
+	particular sheet, e.g. "Sheet 1".
+
+	2. <networking> {ATM}'s term for a {packet}.
+
+	(2007-10-22)
+
+Cellang
+
+	See {Cellular}.
+
+CELLAS
+
+	CELLular ASsemblies.
+
+	A {concurrent} {block-structured} language.
+
+	[Mentioned in "Attribute Grammars", LNCS 323, p.97].
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+Cello
+
+	<web> A {web browser} {client} for {IBM PCs}.  Runs under
+	{Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	(2014-08-23)
+
+cell reference
+
+	<spreadsheet> A string identifying a particular {cell} in a
+	{spreadsheet}, possibly relative to the cell containing the
+	reference.  A cell reference may be absolute (denoted by a "$"
+	prefix in {Excel}) or relative (no prefix) in each dimension,
+	thus, e.g. B$6 refers to the second cell across in the sixth
+	row.  The distinction between absolute and relative is only
+	significant when the referring cell is copied, e.g. if cell
+	A1, which refers to B$6, is copied to cell B1, then B1 will
+	refer to C6.
+
+	If the reference is to a cell in a different sheet then it is
+	prefixed with the target sheet's name and an exclamation
+	mark.  E.g. "Sheet 1!B3".
+
+	(2007-10-22)
+
+CELLSIM
+
+	<application> A program for modelling populations of
+	biological cells.
+
+	["CELLSIM II User's Manual", C.E. Donaghey, U Houston. Sep
+	1975].
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+CEll Space Simulation Language
+
+	<language> (CESSL) A language for simulating {cellular space
+	models}.
+
+	["The CESSL Programming Language", D.R. Frantz, 012520-6-T, CS
+	Dept, U Michigan, Sept 1971].
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+Cellular
+
+	<language> A system for {cellular automaton} programming by J Dana
+	Eckart <dana@faculty.cs.runet.edu>.  Cellular includes a
+	{byte-code compiler}, {run-time system}, and a viewer.
+
+	Latest version: 2.0, as of 1993-04-03.
+
+	Posted to comp.sources.unix, volume 26.
+
+	See also {Cellang}.
+
+	(2000-10-07)
+
+cellular automata
+
+	{cellular automaton}
+
+cellular automaton
+
+	<algorithm, parallel> (CA, plural "- automata") A regular
+	spatial lattice of "cells", each of which can have any one of
+	a finite number of states.  The state of all cells in the
+	lattice are updated simultaneously and the state of the entire
+	lattice advances in discrete time steps.  The state of each
+	cell in the lattice is updated according to a local rule which
+	may depend on the state of the cell and its neighbors at the
+	previous time step.
+
+	Each cell in a cellular automaton could be considered to be a
+	{finite state machine} which takes its neighbours' states as
+	input and outputs its own state.
+
+	The best known example is J.H. Conway's game of {Life}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://alife.santafe.edu/alife/topics/cas/ca-faq/ca-faq.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.theory.cell-automata},
+	{news:comp.theory.self-org-sys}.
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+Cellular Digital Packet Data
+
+	<communications, protocol> (CDPD) A wireless standard
+	providing two-way, 19.2 kbps {packet} data transmission over
+	exisiting {cellular telephone} channels.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+cellular multiprocessing
+
+	<architecture, parallel> (CMP) The partitioning of
+	{processors} into separate computing environments running
+	different {operating systems}.
+
+	The term cellular multiprocessing appears to have been coined
+	by {Unisys}, who are developing a system where computers
+	communicate as clustered machines through a high speed {bus},
+	rather than through communication {protocols} such as
+	{TCP/IP}.
+
+	The Unisys system is based on {Intel} processors, initially
+	the {Pentium II Xeon} and moving on to the 64-bit {Merced}
+	processors later in 1999.  It will be scalable from four up to
+	32 processors, which can be clustered or partitioned in
+	various ways.  For example a sixteen processor system could be
+	configured as four {Windows NT} systems (each functioning as a
+	four-processor {symmetric multiprocessing} system), or an
+	8-way NT and 8-way {Unix} system.
+
+	Supported operating systems will be {Windows NT}, {SCO}'s
+	{Unixware} 7.0, Unisys' {SVR4} {Unix} and possibly the OS2200
+	and MCP-AS {mainframe} operating systems (with the assistance
+	of Unisys' own dedicated {chipset}).
+
+	{(http://marketplace.unisys.com/ent/cmp.html)}.
+
+	(1998-09-09)
+
+Cellular Neural Network
+
+	<architecture> (CNN) The CNN Universal Machine is a low cost,
+	low power, extremely high speed {supercomputer} on a chip.  It
+	is at least 1000 times faster than equivalent {DSP} solutions
+	of many complex {image processing} tasks.  It is a stored
+	program supercomputer where a complex sequence of image
+	processing {algorithms} is programmed and downloaded into the
+	chip, just like any digital computer.  Because the entire
+	computer is integrated into a chip, no signal leaves the chip
+	until the image processing task is completed.
+
+	Although the CNN universal chip is based on analogue and logic
+	operating principles, it has an on-chip analog-to-digital
+	input-output interface so that at the system design and
+	application perspective, it can be used as a digital
+	component, just like a DSP.  In particular, a development
+	system is available for rapid design and prototyping.
+	Moreover, a {compiler}, an {operating system}, and a
+	{user-friendly} CNN {high-level language}, like the {C}
+	language, have been developed which makes it easy to implement
+	any image processing algorithm.
+
+	[Professor Leon Chua, University of California at Berkeley].
+
+	(1995-04-27)
+
+CELP
+
+	<language> Computationally Extended Logic
+	Programming.
+
+	["Computationally Extended Logic Programming", M.C. Rubenstein
+	et al, Comp Langs 12(1):1-7 (1987)].
+
+	(1995-04-27)
+
+CEN
+
+	Conseil Européen pour la Normalisation.
+
+	A body coordinating {standard}isation activities in the EEC
+	and EFTA countries.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+CENELEC
+
+	<body, standard> The European Committee for Electrotechnical
+	Standardization.  A body developing electrotechnical standards for
+	the Single European Market / European Economic Area in order to
+	reduce internal frontiers and trade barriers for electrotechnical
+	products, systems and services.  CENELEC's 19 member countries and
+	11 affiliate countries aim to adopt and implement the required
+	standards, which are mostly identical to the {International
+	Electrotechnical Commission} (IEC) standards.  CENELEC works in
+	co-operation with {Comité Européen de Normalisation} (CEN) and
+	{European Telecommunications Standards Institute} (ETSI).
+
+	(1999-09-28)
+
+centi-call second
+
+	<spelling> No, it's {centum call second}.
+
+	(2002-03-25)
+
+central office
+
+	<communications> The place where telephone companies terminate
+	customer lines and locate switching equipment to interconnect
+	those lines with other networks.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+Central office exchange service
+
+	<communications> (Centrex) A {PBX} service providing
+	{switching} at the {central office} instead of at the company
+	premises.  Typically, the telephone company owns and manages
+	all the communications equipment necessary to implement the
+	PBX and then sells various services to the company.
+
+	(1999-10-27)
+
+central processing unit
+
+	<architecture, processor> (CPU, processor) The part of a
+	computer which controls all the other parts.  Designs vary
+	widely but the CPU generally consists of the {control unit},
+	the {arithmetic and logic unit} (ALU), {registers}, temporary
+	{buffers} and various other logic.
+
+	The control unit fetches {instructions} from memory and
+	decodes them to produce signals which control the other parts
+	of the computer.  These signals cause it to transfer data
+	between memory and ALU or to activate {peripherals} to perform
+	input or output.
+
+	Various types of memory, including {cache}, {RAM} and {ROM},
+	are often considered to be part of the CPU, particularly in
+	modern {microprocessors} where a single {integrated circuit}
+	may contain one or more processors as well as any or all of
+	the above types of memory.  The CPU, and any of these
+	components that are in separate chips, are usually all located
+	on the same {printed circuit board}, known as the
+	{motherboard}.  This in turn is located in the {system unit}
+	(sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "CPU").
+
+	A {parallel computer} has several CPUs which may share other
+	resources such as memory and peripherals.
+
+	The term "processor" has to some extent replaced "CPU", though
+	RAM and ROM are not logically part of the processor.
+
+	{List of processors
+	(http://lldn.timesys.com/complete_list_of_processors)}.
+
+	(2007-04-02)
+
+Centrex
+
+	{Central office exchange service}
+
+Centronics
+
+	<company, hardware, printer> A company in Hudson N.H., USA,
+	best known for designing the {parallel interface} for printers
+	with the same name, found on many {microcomputers}.
+
+	[Pin-out?]
+
+	(1998-03-15)
+
+Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica
+
+	(CWI, Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science) An
+	independent research institute active in the fields of
+	mathematics and computer science.  CWI also aims to transfer
+	new knowledge in these fields to society, trade and industry
+
+	CWI is funded for 70 percent by NWO, the National Organisation
+	for Scientific Research.  The remaining 30 percent is obtained
+	through national and international programmes and contract
+	research commissioned by industry.
+
+	Address: Kruislaan 413, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
+	P.O.Box 94079, 1090 GB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
+
+	Telephone: +31 (20) 5929 333.
+
+	{(http://cwi.nl/)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/)}.
+
+centum call second
+
+	<unit> (CCS) A unit used (in North America) to quantify the
+	total traffic running in a network.  1 CCS is 100
+	call-seconds.  That means 1 CCS could be 2 calls of 50 seconds
+	duration or 20 calls of 5 seconds duration.
+
+	(2002-03-25)
+
+century meltdown
+
+	{Year 2000}
+
+CEN/XFS
+
+	{Extensions for Financial Services}
+
+cepstra
+
+	{cepstrum}
+
+cepstrum
+
+	<mathematics> (Coined in a 1963 paper by Bogert, Healey, and
+	Tukey) The {Fourier transform} of the log-magnitude spectrum:
+
+		fFt(ln( | fFt(window . signal) | ))
+
+	This function is used in {speech recognition} and possibly
+	elsewhere.  Note that the outer transform is NOT an inverse
+	Fourier transform (as reported in many respectable DSP texts).
+
+	[What's it for?]
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+CEPT
+
+	{Comite Europeen des Postes et Telecommunications}
+
+CER
+
+	{Canonical Encoding Rules}
+
+Ceramic Pin Grid Array
+
+	<hardware, processor> (CPGA) A form of {Pin Grid Array}
+	package used by {Cyrix III} {processors}.
+
+	Compare {PPGA} and {FC-PGA}.
+
+	[Other uses?]
+
+	(2000-08-26)
+
+Ceres workstation Oberon System
+
+	<language, tool> A complete {Oberon} {compiler} written in
+	{Oberon}.  Source to most of the complete Ceres workstation
+	Oberon System, including the {National Semiconductor 32032}
+	{code generator} is available.  Less of the low level system
+	specific code is available.
+
+	{(ftp://neptune.ethz.ch/Oberon/)}.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+Cerf, Vint
+
+	{Vint Cerf}
+
+CERN
+
+	<body> The European Laboratory for Particle Physics in
+	Swizerland.
+
+	{Tim Berners-Lee} invented the {World-Wide Web} while working
+	at CERN.
+
+	Other notable computing developments at CERN include {ADAMO},
+	{Application Software Installation Server}, {CERNLIB},
+	{cfortran.h}, {CHEOPS}, {CICERO}, {Cortex}, {EMDIR}, {HBOOK},
+	{LIGHT}, {NFT}, {PATCHY}, {PL-11}, {Schoonschip}, {SHIFT},
+	and {ZEBRA}.
+
+	{CERN Home (http://cern.ch/)}.
+
+	(2004-10-24)
+
+CERNLIB
+
+	<library> The {CERN} Program Library.
+
+	(2004-09-01)
+
+CERT
+
+	{Computer Emergency Response Team}
+
+Certificate Authority
+
+	<cryptography, body> (CA or "Trusted Third Party") An entity
+	(typically a company) that issues {digital certificates} to
+	other entities (organisations or individuals) to allow them to
+	prove their identity to others.  A Certificate Authority might
+	be an external company such as {VeriSign} that offers digital
+	certificate services or they might be an internal organisation
+	such as a corporate {MIS} department.  The Certificate
+	Authority's chief function is to verify the identity of
+	entities and issue digital certificates attesting to that
+	identity.
+
+	The process uses {public key cryptography} to create a
+	"network of trust".  If I want to prove my identity to you, I
+	ask a CA (who you trust to have verified my identity) to
+	encrypt a {hash} of my signed key with their {private key}.
+	Then you can use the CA's {public key} to decrypt the hash and
+	compare it with a hash you calculate yourself.  Hashes are
+	used to decrease the amount of data that needs to be
+	transmitted.  The hash function must be {cryptographically
+	strong}, e.g. {MD5}.
+
+	{(http://home.netscape.com/comprod/server_central/support/faq/certificate_faq.html#11)}.
+
+	(1998-03-30)
+
+CESP
+
+	{Common ESP}
+
+CESSL
+
+	{CEll Space Simulation Language}
+
+cextract
+
+	<programming, tool> A {C} {prototype} extractor by Adam Bryant
+	<adb@cs.bu.edu>.  cextract can generate {header files} for
+	large multi-file C programs, and will automatically generate
+	prototypes for all of the functions in such a program.  It can
+	also generate a sorted list of all functions and their
+	locations.  cextract version 1.7 works with both {ANSI C} and
+	{K&R C} and runs under {Unix} and {VMS}.
+
+	Posted to comp.sources.reviewed.
+
+	(1992-11-03)
+
+cf
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Central African
+	Republic.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+CFD
+
+	{Computational Fluid Dynamics}
+
+CFML
+
+	{ColdFusion Markup Language}
+
+cforth
+
+	A {Forth} {interpreter}.
+
+	Posted to comp.sources.unix volume 1.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+cfortran.h
+
+	<library> A {transparent}, machine independent interface
+	between {C} and {Fortran} routines and {global data},
+	developed by Burkhard Burow at CERN.  It provides {macros}
+	which allow the {C} {preprocessor} to translate a simple
+	description of a C (Fortran) routine or global data into a
+	Fortran (C) interface.
+
+	Version 2.6 runs on {VAX}/{VMS}/{Ultrix}, {DECstation},
+	{Silicon Graphics}, {IBM} {RS/6000}, {Sun}, {Cray}, {Apollo},
+	{HP9000}, {LynxOS}, {f2c}, {NAG f90}.
+
+	{(ftp://zebra.desy.de/cfortran/)}.
+
+	cfortran.h was reviewed in RS/Magazine November 1992 and a
+	user's experiences with cfortran.h are described in the Jan 93
+	issue of Computers in Physics.
+
+	(1992-04-12)
+
+CFP
+
+	1. {Constraint Functional Programming}.
+
+	2. {Communicating Functional Processes}.
+
+	3. Call For Papers (for a conference).
+
+CFP92
+
+	{SPEC CFP92}
+
+cg
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Congo.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+CGA
+
+	{Color Graphics Adapter}
+
+CGGL
+
+	{Code-Generator Generator Language}
+
+CGI
+
+	1. <web> {Common Gateway Interface}.
+
+	2. <graphics> {computer-generated imagery}.
+
+	3. <company> A French {software engineering} vendor in the US.
+
+	4. <company> {Computer Generation Incorporated}.
+
+cgi-bin
+
+	{Common Gateway Interface}
+
+CGI Joe
+
+	<job, abuse> (From "GI Joe") A hard-core {CGI} script
+	programmer with all the social skills and charisma of a
+	plastic action figure.
+
+	(1997-03-30)
+
+CGI program
+
+	{Common Gateway Interface}
+
+CGI script
+
+	{Common Gateway Interface}
+
+CGM
+
+	{Computer Graphics Metafile}
+
+CGOL
+
+	<language> A package providing {ALGOL}-like {surface syntax}
+	for {MACLISP}, written by V.R. Pratt in 1977.
+
+	{(ftp://mc.lcs.mit.edu/its/ai/lisp/cgol.fasl)}.
+
+	["CGOL - An Alternative Exetrnal Representation for LISP
+	Users", V.  Pratt, MIT AI Lab, Working Paper 89, 1976].
+
+	(2005-01-07)
+
+cgram
+
+	<language> An {ANSI C} {LL1} or {LL2} {grammar} written in
+	{Scheme} by Mohd Hanafiah Abdullah <napi@cs.indiana.edu>.  A
+	program (f-f-d.s) extracts the FIRST/FOLLOW/DIRECTOR sets.
+
+	{(ftp://primost.cs.wisc.edu/pub/comp.compilers/cgram-ll1.Z)}.
+
+	(2005-01-07)
+
+Ch
+
+	<language> An {interpreted} programming language sold by {Soft
+	Integration} and marketed for {scripting}, {shell programming}
+	and graph plotting, it is a superset of {C++}.  Ch is also the
+	name of Soft Integration's {interpreter} for the language.
+	Currently the Ch interpreter is available for {Windows},
+	{Solaris}, {HP-UX}, {Linux} and {Mac} platforms.
+
+	{Soft Integration (http://softintegration.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-08-15)
+
+ch
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Switzerland.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+chad
+
+	<jargon, printer> /chad/ (Or "selvage" /sel'v*j/ (sewing and
+	weaving), "{perf}", "perfory", "snaf").  1. The perforated
+	edge strips on paper for {sprocket feed} printers, after they
+	have been separated from the printed portion.
+
+	The term {perf} may also refer to the perforations themselves,
+	rather than the chad they produce when torn.
+
+	[Why "snaf"?]
+
+	2. (Or "chaff", "computer confetti", "keypunch droppings") The
+	confetti-like bits punched out of {punched cards} or {paper
+	tape} which collected in the {chad box}.
+
+	One of the {Jargon File}'s correspondents believed that "chad"
+	derived from the {chadless keypunch}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-18)
+
+chad box
+
+	<hardware> ({IBM} called this a "chip box") A metal box about
+	the size of a lunchbox (or in some models a large
+	wastebasket), for collecting the {chad} that accumulated in
+	{Iron Age} {card punches}.  You had to open the covers of the
+	card punch periodically and empty the chad box.
+
+	The {bit bucket} was notionally the equivalent device in the
+	{CPU} enclosure, which was typically across the room in
+	another great grey-and-blue box.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-11-20)
+
+Chadless keypunch
+
+	<hardware> A {card punch} which cut little U-shapes in
+	{punched cards}, rather than punching out a circle or
+	rectangle.  The U's made a hole when folded back.
+
+	One of the {Jargon File}'s correspondents believed that the
+	term "chad" derived from the {Chadless keypunch}.  Obviously,
+	if the Chadless keypunch didn't make them, then the stuff that
+	other keypunches made had to be "{chad}".  The assertion that
+	the keypunch was named after its inventor is not supported by
+	any record in US or UK patents or surname references.
+
+	(2000-11-22)
+
+chain
+
+	1. <operating system> (From {BASIC}'s "CHAIN" statement) To
+	pass control to a child or successor without going through the
+	{operating system} {command interpreter} that invoked you.
+	The state of the parent program is lost and there is no
+	returning to it.  Though this facility used to be common on
+	memory-limited {microcomputers} and is still widely supported
+	for {backward compatibility}, the jargon usage is
+	semi-obsolescent; in particular, {Unix} calls this {exec}.
+
+	Compare with the more modern "{subshell}".
+
+	2. <programming> A series of linked data areas within an
+	{operating system} or {application program}.  "Chain rattling"
+	is the process of repeatedly running through the linked data
+	areas searching for one which is of interest.  The implication
+	is that there are many links in the chain.
+
+	3. <theory> A possibly infinite, non-decreasing sequence of
+	elements of some {total ordering}, S
+
+		x0 <= x1 <= x2 ...
+
+	A chain satisfies:
+
+		for all x,y in S, x <= y \/ y <= x.
+
+	I.e. any two elements of a chain are related.
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\sqsubseteq}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol
+
+	<networking, security, standard, protocol> (CHAP) An
+	{authentication} scheme used by {PPP} servers to validate the
+	identity of the originator of the connection upon connection
+	or any time later.
+
+	CHAP applies a three-way {handshaking} procedure.  After the
+	link is established, the server sends a "challenge" message to
+	the originator.  The originator responds with a value
+	calculated using a {one-way hash function}.  The server checks
+	the response against its own calculation of the expected hash
+	value.  If the values match, the authentication is
+	acknowledged; otherwise the connection is usually terminated.
+
+	CHAP provides protection against {playback} attack through the
+	use of an incrementally changing identifier and a variable
+	challenge value.  The authentication can be repeated any time
+	while the connection is open limiting the time of exposure to
+	any single attack, and the server is in control of the
+	frequency and timing of the challenges.  As a result, CHAP
+	provides greater security then {PAP}.
+
+	CHAP is defined in {RFC} 1334.
+
+	(1996-03-05)
+
+Chalmers University of Technology
+
+	<body, education> A Swedish university founded in 1829
+	offering master of science and doctoral degrees.  Research is
+	carried out in the main engineering sciences as well as in
+	technology related mathematical and natural sciences.  Five
+	hundred faculty members work in more than 100 departments
+	organised in nine schools.  Chalmers collaborates with the
+	University of Göteborg.
+
+	Around 8500 people work and study on the Chalmers campus,
+	including around 500 faculty members and some 600 teachers and
+	doctoral students.  About 4800 students follow the master
+	degree programs.  Every year 700 Masters of Science in
+	Engineering and in Architecture graduate from Chalmers, and
+	about 190 PhDs and licentiates are awarded.  Some 40% of
+	Sweden's engineers and architects are Chalmers graduates.
+
+	About a thousand research projects are in progress and more
+	than 1500 scientific articles and research reports are
+	published every year.  Chalmers is a partner in 80 EC research
+	projects.
+
+	{(http://chalmers.se/Home-E.html)}.
+
+	Address: S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+change management
+
+	<system management> Techniques that aid in evolution,
+	composition and policy management of the design and
+	implementation of an object or system.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+changeover
+
+	<programming> The time when a new system has been tested
+	successfully and replaces the old system.
+
+	(2003-11-12)
+
+channel
+
+	<chat> (Or "chat room", "room", depending on the system in
+	question) The basic unit of group discussion in {chat} systems
+	like {IRC}.  Once one joins a channel, everything one types is
+	read by others on that channel.  Channels can either be named
+	with numbers or with strings that begin with a "#" sign and
+	can have topic descriptions (which are generally irrelevant to
+	the actual subject of discussion).
+
+	Some notable channels are "#initgame", "#hottub" and
+	"#report".  At times of international crisis, "#report" has
+	hundreds of members, some of whom take turns listening to
+	various news services and typing in summaries of the news, or
+	in some cases, giving first-hand accounts of the action
+	(e.g. Scud missile attacks in Tel Aviv during the Gulf War in
+	1991).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-25)
+
+channel associated signaling
+
+	{in-band signalling}
+
+channel hopping
+
+	<chat> To rapidly switch channels on {IRC}, or a {GEnie} chat
+	board.  This term may derive from the TV idiom, "channel
+	surfing".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+channel op
+
+	<messaging> /chan'l op/ (Or "{op}", "chan op", "chop") Someone
+	who is endowed with privileges on a particular {IRC}
+	{channel}.  These privileges include the right to {kick}
+	users, to change various status bits and to make others into
+	CHOPs.
+
+	The full form, "channel operator", is almost never used.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-08)
+
+channel service unit
+
+	<communications> (CSU) A type of {interface} used to connect a
+	{terminal} or computer to a digital medium in the same way
+	that a {modem} is used for connection to an analogue medium.
+
+	A CSU is provided by the {communication carrier} to customers
+	who wish to use their own equipment to retime and regenerate
+	the incoming signals.  The customer must supply all of the
+	transmit logic, receive logic and timing recovery in order to
+	use the CSU, whereas a {digital service unit} DSU performs
+	these functions.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+channel service unit/data service unit
+
+	<communications, hardware> (CSU/DSU, or "..digital..") A
+	device that performs both the {channel service unit} (CSU) and
+	{data service unit} (DSU) functions.  The Channel Service Unit
+	(CSU) is used to terminate a {DS1} or {DS0} (56/64 kb/s)
+	digital circuit.  It peforms {line conditioning}, protection,
+	{loop-back} and timing functions.  The Data Service Unit (DSU)
+	terminates the data circuit to the {Data Terminal Equipment}
+	(DTE) and converts the customer's data stream into a bi-polar
+	format for transmission.
+
+	(2001-10-19)
+
+chan op
+
+	{channel op}
+
+chaos
+
+	<mathematics> A property of some {non-linear dynamic systems}
+	which exhibit sensitive dependence on initial conditions.
+	This means that there are initial states which evolve within
+	some finite time to states whose separation in one or more
+	dimensions of {state space} depends, in an average sense,
+	exponentially on their initial separation.
+
+	Such systems may still be completely {deterministic} in that
+	any future state of the system depends only on the initial
+	conditions and the equations describing the change of the
+	system with time.  It may, however, require arbitrarily high
+	precision to actually calculate a future state to within some
+	finite precision.
+
+	["On defining chaos", R. Glynn Holt
+	<rgholt@voyager.jpl.nasa.gov> and D. Lynn Holt
+	<lholt@seraph1.sewanee.edu>.
+	{(ftp://mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/etext/ippe/preprints/Phil_of_Science/Holt_and_Holt.On_Defining_Chaos)}]
+
+	Fixed precision {floating-point} arithmetic, as used by most
+	computers, may actually introduce chaotic dependence on
+	initial conditions due to the accumulation of rounding errors
+	(which constitutes a non-linear system).
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+CHAP
+
+	{Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol}
+
+char
+
+	<programming> /keir/ or /char/; rarely, /kar/ character.
+	Especially used by {C} programmers, as "char" is {C}'s
+	typename for character data.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+character
+
+	<character> An {atom} in a {character repertoire}.
+
+	Compare with {glyph}.
+
+	(1998-10-18)
+
+character encoding
+
+	<character> (Or "character encoding scheme") A mapping of
+	{binary} values to {code positions} and back; generally a 1:1
+	({bijective}) mapping.
+
+	In the case of {ASCII}, this is generally a f(x)=x mapping:
+	code point 65 maps to the byte value 65, and vice versa.  This
+	is possible because ASCII uses only code positions
+	representable as single bytes, i.e., values between 0 and 255,
+	at most.  ({US-ASCII} only uses values 0 to 127, in fact.)
+
+	{Unicode} and many {CJK} {coded character sets} use many more
+	than 255 positions, requiring more complex mappings: sometimes
+	the characters are mapped onto pairs of bytes (see {DBCS}).
+	In many cases, this breaks programs that assume a one-to-one
+	mapping of bytes to characters, and so, for example, treat any
+	occurrance of the byte value 13 as a {carriage return}.  To
+	avoid this problem, character encodings such as {UTF-8} were
+	devised.
+
+	(1998-10-18)
+
+character encoding scheme
+
+	{character encoding}
+
+character graphics
+
+	{ASCII art}
+
+characteristic function
+
+	<mathematics> The characteristic function of set returns True
+	if its argument is an element of the set and False otherwise.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+character key
+
+	{key}
+
+character repertoire
+
+	<character> The set of all {characters} onto which a {coded
+	character set} maps {integers} ({code positions}).
+
+	For example, consider these two simple coded character sets:
+
+	 Coded Character Set One:
+	  integer 0  ->  the character "A"
+	  integer 1  ->  the character "B"
+
+	 Coded Character Set Two:
+	  integer 0  ->  the character "B"
+	  integer 1  ->  the character "A"
+
+	Both of these coded character sets map to the characters "A"
+	and "B", so they have the same character repertoire.  But
+	since the mapping is different (and obviously incompatible),
+	these are different coded character sets.
+
+	(1998-12-17)
+
+character set
+
+	<character> 1. A particular mapping between {characters} and
+	{byte strings}, i.e. the combination of a particular
+	{character encoding} (which maps between byte strings and
+	{integers}) and a particular {coded character set} (which maps
+	between integers and characters).
+
+	For example: {ASCII} (the ASCII coded character set, encoded
+	directly as single-byte values), or {UTF-8} (the Unicode coded
+	character set, encoded with an 8-bit transformation method).
+
+	2. Occasionally: a {character repertoire}; or a {coded
+	character set}.
+
+	(1998-12-17)
+
+character set identifier
+
+	<character> (CSID) (IBM) A number that identifies a {character
+	set}.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+charge-coupled device
+
+	<electronics> (CCD) A semiconductor technology used to build
+	light-sensitive electronic devices such as cameras and image
+	scanners.  CCDs can be made to detect either colour or
+	black-and-white.  Each CCD chip consists of an array of
+	light-sensitive photocells.  The photocell is sensitised by
+	giving it an electrical charge prior to exposure.
+
+	(2006-04-29)
+
+CHARITY
+
+	<language> A {functional language} based purely on {category
+	theory} by Cockett, Spencer, and Fukushima, 1990-1991.
+
+	A version for {Sun-4} is available from Tom Fukushima
+	<fukushim@ucalgary.ca>.
+
+	["About Charity", J.R.B. Cockett, U. Calgary, Canada, et al].
+
+	(2000-10-30)
+
+charityware
+
+	{careware}
+
+Charles Babbage
+
+	<person> The british inventor known to some as the "Father of
+	Computing" for his contributions to the basic design of the
+	computer through his {Analytical Engine}.  His previous
+	{Difference Engine} was a special purpose device intended for
+	the production of mathematical tables.
+
+	Babbage was born on December 26, 1791 in Teignmouth,
+	Devonshire UK.  He entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1814
+	and graduated from Peterhouse.  In 1817 he received an MA from
+	Cambridge and in 1823 started work on the Difference Engine
+	through funding from the British Government.  In 1827 he
+	published a table of {logarithms} from 1 to 108000.  In 1828
+	he was appointed to the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at
+	Cambridge (though he never presented a lecture).  In 1831 he
+	founded the British Association for the Advancement of Science
+	and in 1832 he published "Economy of Manufactures and
+	Machinery".  In 1833 he began work on the Analytical
+	Engine. In 1834 he founded the Statistical Society of London.
+	He died in 1871 in London.
+
+	Babbage also invented the cowcatcher, the dynamometer,
+	standard railroad gauge, uniform postal rates, occulting
+	lights for lighthouses, Greenwich time signals, and the
+	heliograph opthalmoscope.  He also had an interest in cyphers
+	and lock-picking.
+
+	[Adapted from the text by J. A. N. Lee, Copyright September
+	1994].
+
+	Babbage, as (necessarily) the first person to work with
+	machines that can attack problems at arbitrary levels of
+	{abstraction}, fell into a trap familiar to {toolsmiths}
+	since, as described here by the English ethicist, Lord
+	Moulton:
+
+	"One of the sad memories of my life is a visit to the
+	celebrated mathematician and inventor, Mr Babbage.  He was far
+	advanced in age, but his mind was still as vigorous as ever.
+	He took me through his work-rooms.  In the first room I saw
+	parts of the original Calculating Machine, which had been
+	shown in an incomplete state many years before and had even
+	been put to some use.  I asked him about its present form.  'I
+	have not finished it because in working at it I came on the
+	idea of my {Analytical Machine}, which would do all that it
+	was capable of doing and much more.  Indeed, the idea was so
+	much simpler that it would have taken more work to complete
+	the Calculating Machine than to design and construct the other
+	in its entirety, so I turned my attention to the Analytical
+	Machine.'"
+
+	"After a few minutes' talk, we went into the next work-room,
+	where he showed and explained to me the working of the
+	elements of the Analytical Machine.  I asked if I could see
+	it.  'I have never completed it,' he said, 'because I hit upon
+	an idea of doing the same thing by a different and far more
+	effective method, and this rendered it useless to proceed on
+	the old lines.'  Then we went into the third room.  There lay
+	scattered bits of mechanism, but I saw no trace of any working
+	machine.  Very cautiously I approached the subject, and
+	received the dreaded answer, 'It is not constructed yet, but I
+	am working on it, and it will take less time to construct it
+	altogether than it would have token to complete the Analytical
+	Machine from the stage in which I left it.'  I took leave of
+	the old man with a heavy heart."
+
+	"When he died a few years later, not only had he constructed
+	no machine, but the verdict of a jury of kind and sympathetic
+	scientific men who were deputed to pronounce upon what he had
+	left behind him, either in papers or in mechanism, was that
+	everything was too incomplete of be capable of being put to
+	any useful purpose."
+
+	[Lord Moulton, "The invention of algorithms, its genesis, and
+	growth", in G. C. Knott, ed., "Napier tercentenary memorial
+	volume" (London, 1915), p.  1-24; quoted in Charles Babbage
+	"Passage from the Life of a Philosopher", Martin
+	Campbell-Kelly, ed. (Rutgers U. Press and IEEE Press, 1994),
+	p. 34].
+
+	Compare: {uninteresting}, {Ninety-Ninety Rule}.
+
+	(1996-02-22)
+
+Charles Simonyi
+
+	<person> {Microsoft} {programmer}, most famously responsible
+	for {Hungarian Notation}.
+
+	Simonyi was born in Budapest in 1948, and for more than a
+	decade was senior {programmer} at {Microsoft} in Redmond.
+
+	(1999-05-25)
+
+CHARM
+
+	<language> An explicitly {parallel programming language} based
+	on {C}, for both shared and nonshared {MIMD} computers.
+
+	{(ftp://a.cs.uiuc.edu/pub/CHARM)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <charm@cs.uiuc.edu>.
+
+	["The CHARM(3.2) Programming Language Manual", UIUC, Dec
+	1992].
+
+	(2006-04-29)
+
+CHARM++
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} {parallel programming} system,
+	similar to {CHARM} but based on {C++}.
+
+	{(ftp://a.cs.uiuc.edu/pub/CHARM/Charm++)}.
+
+	E-mail: Sanjeev Krishnan <sanjeev@cs.uiuc.edu>.
+
+	[TR 1796, UIUC].
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Charme
+
+	<language, logic, nondeterminism> A language with {discrete
+	combinatorial constraint logic} aimed at industrial problems such
+	as planning and {scheduling}.  Implemented in {C} at {Bull} in
+	1989.
+
+	Charme is an outgrowth of ideas from {CHIP}.  It is
+	semantically {nondeterministic}, with choice and
+	{backtracking}, similar to {Prolog}.
+
+	["Charme Reference Manual", AI Development Centre, Bull,
+	France 1990].
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+CHARYBDIS
+
+	<mathematics, tool> A {Lisp} program to display
+	mathematical expressions.  It is related to {MATHLAB}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 522].
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+chase pointers
+
+	<programming> To determine a chain of memory locations where
+	each location holds a pointer to the next, starting from some
+	initial pointer, e.g.  traversing a {linked list} or other
+	{graph} structure.  This may be performed by a computer
+	executing a program or by a programmer going through a {core
+	dump} or using a debugger.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-05-06)
+
+CHASM
+
+	{CHeap ASseMbler}
+
+chat
+
+	<chat, messaging> Any system that allows any number of
+	logged-in users to have a typed, real-time, on-line
+	conversation via a {network}.
+
+	The medium of {chat} is descended from {talk}, but the terms
+	(and the media) have been distinct since at least the early
+	1990s.  {talk} is prototypically for a small number of people,
+	generally with no provision for {channels}.  In {chat}
+	systems, however, there are many {channels} in which any
+	number of people can talk; and users may send private
+	(one-to-one) messages.
+
+	Some early chat systems (in use 1998) include {IRC}, {ICQ} and
+	{Palace}.  More recent alternatives include {MSN Messenger}
+	and {Google Talk}.
+
+	Chat systems have given rise to a distinctive style combining
+	the immediacy of talking with all the precision (and
+	verbosity) that written language entails.  It is difficult to
+	communicate inflection, though conventions have arisen to help
+	with this.
+
+	The conventions of chat systems include special items of
+	jargon, generally abbreviations meant to save typing, which
+	are not used orally.  E.g. {BCNU}, {BBL}, {BTW}, {CUL},
+	{FWIW}, {FYA}, {FYI}, {IMHO}, {OT}, {OTT}, {TNX}, {WRT},
+	{WTF}, {WTH}, {<g>}, {<gr&d>}, {BBL}, {HHOK}, {NHOH}, {ROTFL},
+	{AFK}, {b4}, {TTFN}, {TTYL}, {OIC}, {re}.
+
+	Much of the chat style is identical to (and probably derived
+	from) {Morse code} jargon used by ham-radio amateurs since the
+	1920s, and there is, not surprisingly, some overlap with {TDD}
+	jargon.  Most of the jargon was in use in {talk} systems.
+	Many of these expressions are also common in {Usenet} {news}
+	and {electronic mail} and some have seeped into popular
+	culture, as with {emoticons}.
+
+	The {MUD} community uses a mixture of {emoticons}, a few of
+	the more natural of the old-style {talk mode} abbreviations,
+	and some of the "social" list above.  In general, though,
+	MUDders express a preference for typing things out in full
+	rather than using abbreviations; this may be due to the
+	relative youth of the MUD cultures, which tend to include many
+	touch typists.  Abbreviations specific to MUDs include:
+	{FOAD}, ppl (people), THX (thanks), UOK? (are you OK?).
+
+	Some {BIFF}isms (notably the variant spelling "d00d") and
+	aspects of {ASCIIbonics} appear to be passing into wider use
+	among some subgroups of MUDders and are already pandemic on
+	{chat} systems in general.
+
+	See also {hakspek}.
+
+	{Suck article "Screaming in a Vacuum"
+	(http://suck.com/daily/96/10/23/)}.
+
+	(2006-05-31)
+
+chatbot
+
+	<chat> (Or "chatterbot") A {bot} meant to be able to interact
+	conversationally with humans.  A chatbot is either an exercise
+	in {AI} or merely an interface as in an {infobot}.
+
+	One of the first and most famous chatterbots (prior to the
+	Web) was {Eliza}.
+
+	(1999-06-19)
+
+chat room
+
+	{channel}
+
+chatterbot
+
+	{chatbot}
+
+CHeap ASseMbler
+
+	<tool> (CHASM) A {shareware} {assembler} for {MS-DOS}.
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+cheapernet
+
+	<networking> (Or "thinnet") A colloquial term for thin-wire
+	{Ethernet} ({10base2}) that uses {RG58} {coaxial cable}
+	instead of the full-spec "Yellow Cable".
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+checkdigit
+
+	<data> A one-digit {checksum}.
+
+Checkout Test language
+
+	<language> (CTL)
+
+	["Checkout Test Language: An Interpretive Language Designed
+	for Aerospace Checkout Tasks", G.S. Metsker, Proc FJCC 33(2)
+	1968].
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+checkpoint
+
+	<programming> Saving the current state of a program and its
+	data, including intermediate results, to disk or other
+	{non-volatile storage}, so that if interrupted the program
+	could be restarted at the point at which the last checkpoint
+	occurred.
+
+	This facility came into popular use in {mainframe} {operating
+	systemss} such as {OS/360} in which programs frequently ran
+	for longer than the mean time between system failures.  If a
+	program run fails because of some event beyond the program's
+	control (e.g. hardware or {operating system} failure) then the
+	processor time invested before the checkpoint will not have
+	been wasted.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+checksum
+
+	<storage, communications> A computed value which depends on
+	the contents of a block of data and which is transmitted or
+	stored along with the data in order to detect corruption of
+	the data.  The receiving system recomputes the checksum based
+	upon the received data and compares this value with the one
+	sent with the data.  If the two values are the same, the
+	receiver has some confidence that the data was received
+	correctly.
+
+	The checksum may be 8 bits (modulo 256 sum), 16, 32, or some
+	other size.  It is computed by summing the bytes or words of
+	the data block ignoring {overflow}.  The checksum may be
+	negated so that the total of the data words plus the checksum
+	is zero.
+
+	{Internet} {packets} use a 32-bit checksum.
+
+	See also {digital signature}, {cyclic redundancy check}.
+
+	(1996-03-01)
+
+chemist
+
+	<jargon> (Cambridge) Someone who wastes computer time on
+	{number crunching} when you'd far rather the computer were
+	working out anagrams of your name or printing Snoopy calendars
+	or running {life} patterns.  May or may not refer to someone
+	who actually studies chemistry.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+Chen
+
+	{Peter Chen}
+
+CHEOPS
+
+	<communications> A satellite-based batch data dissemination
+	project between {CERN} and member state institutes.
+
+	(2006-06-21)
+
+Chernobyl packet
+
+	<networking> /cher-noh'b*l pak'*t/ A {network} {packet} that
+	induces a {broadcast storm} and/or {network meltdown}, named
+	in memory of the April 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl in
+	Ukraine.
+
+	The typical scenario involves an {IP} {Ethernet} {datagram}
+	that passes through a {gateway} with both source and
+	destination {Ethernet address} and {IP address} set as the
+	respective broadcast addresses for the subnetworks being gated
+	between.
+
+	Compare {Christmas tree packet}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-02-17)
+
+chess
+
+	<games> A two-player {game} with {perfect information}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:rec.games.chess}.
+
+	See also {Internet Chess Server}.
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+CHI
+
+	<language> A {wide spectrum language}, the forerunner of
+	{Refine}.
+
+	["Research on Knowledge-Based Software Environments at Kestrel
+	Institute", D.R. Smith et al, IEEE Trans Soft Eng, SE-11(11)
+	1985]
+
+	(2006-07-11)
+
+Chicago
+
+	{Windows 95}
+
+chicken head
+
+	<graphics, abuse> The {Commodore} Business Machines logo,
+	which strongly resembles a poultry part.  Rendered in {ASCII}
+	as "C=".
+
+	With the arguable exception of the {Amiga}, Commodore's
+	computers are notoriously crocky little {bitty box}es (see
+	also {PETSCII}).  Thus, this usage may owe something to Philip
+	K. Dick's novel "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?"  (the
+	basis for the movie "Blade Runner"; the novel is now sold
+	under that title), in which a "chickenhead" is a mutant with
+	below-average intelligence.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-07-12)
+
+chicklet keyboard
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{chiclet keyboard}".
+
+	(1997-05-16)
+
+chiclet keyboard
+
+	<hardware, abuse> A {keyboard} with a small, flat rectangular
+	or lozenge-shaped rubber or plastic keys that look like pieces
+	of Chiclets chewing gum.  Used especially to describe the
+	original {IBM PCjr} keyboard.  Vendors unanimously liked these
+	because they were cheap, and a lot of early {portable} and
+	{laptop computers} were launched with them.  Customers
+	rejected the idea with almost equal unanimity, and chiclets
+	are not often seen on anything larger than a digital watch any
+	more.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-05-16)
+
+Chief Information Officer
+
+	<job> (CIO) The person who determines the overall strategic
+	direction and business contribution of the {information
+	systems} function in a business.
+
+	(2004-03-18)
+
+child
+
+	{daughter}
+
+child process
+
+	<operating system> A {process} created by another process (the
+	{parent process}).  Each process may create many child
+	processes but will have only one parent process, except for
+	the very first process which has no parent.  The first
+	process, called {init} in {Unix}, is started by the {kernel}
+	at {boot time} and never terminates.  A child process inherits
+	most of its attributes, such as open files, from its parent.
+	In fact in Unix, a child process is created (using {fork}) as
+	a copy of the parent.  The chid process can then overlay
+	itself with a different program (using {exec}) as required.
+
+	(1997-11-22)
+
+child record
+
+	<database> A {record} lower in the hierarchical tree than a
+	parent record; it is also directly liked to the parent and
+	hierarchical {databases}.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+child version
+
+	<system management> In {change management}, a {configuration item}
+	derived by altering another item (its parent version).
+
+	(2006-07-12)
+
+CHILI
+
+	<language> D.L. Abt. A language for {systems programming},
+	based on {ALGOL 60} with extensions for {structures} and {type
+	declarations}.
+
+	["CHILI, An Algorithmic Language for Systems Programming",
+	CHI-1014, Chi Corp, Sep 1975]
+
+	(2006-07-12)
+
+CHILL
+
+	{CCITT HIgh-Level Language}
+
+Chimera
+
+	<web> A modular, {X Window System}-based
+	{web browser} for {Unix}.  Chimera uses the
+	{Athena} {widget} set so {Motif} is not needed.  It supports
+	forms, inline images, {TERM}, {SOCKS}, {proxy servers},
+	{Gopher}, {FTP}, {HTTP} and local file accesses.  Chimera can
+	be extended using external programs.  New {protocols} can
+	easily be added and alternate image formats can be used for
+	inline images (e.g. {PostScript}).
+
+	Version 1.60 is available for
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.unlv.edu/pub/chimera)}.
+
+	{(http://unlv.edu/chimera/)}.
+
+	Chimera runs on {Sun} {SPARC} {SunOS} 4.1.x, {IBM} {RS/6000}
+	{AIX} 3.2.5, {Linux} 1.1.x.  It should run on anything with
+	{X11}R[3-6], {imake} and a {C} compiler.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+chine nual
+
+	<documentation> /sheen'yu-*l/ (MIT) The {LISP Machine} Manual,
+	so called because the title was wrapped around the cover so
+	only those letters showed on the front.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+Chinese Army technique
+
+	{Mongolian Hordes technique}
+
+CHIP
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. An early system on the {IBM 1130}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+	2. {Constraint Handling In Prolog}.
+
+chip
+
+	{integrated circuit}
+
+CHIP-48
+
+	A reimplementation of {CHIP-8} for the {HP-48} calculator by
+	Andreas Gustafson <gson@niksula.hut.fi>.
+
+	Posted to {news:comp.sys.handhelds} in Sep 1990.
+
+	{(ftp://vega.hut.fi/pub/misc/hp48sx/asap)}.
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+CHIP-8
+
+	<language, games> A low-level {interpretive language} (really
+	a high-level {machine code}) developed at {RCA} in the late
+	1970s for {video games} on computers using {RCA}'s {CDP1802}
+	processor.  It could also be used on the {DREAM 6800}.
+
+	{Amiga interpreter
+	(ftp://ftp.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/amiga/fish/f5/ff537/CHIP8.lzh)}.
+
+	(2002-04-09)
+
+chip art
+
+	{microchip art}
+
+chip box
+
+	{chad box}
+
+chip creep
+
+	<hardware> Gradual loosening of an {integrated circuit}
+	("chip") in its {socket} as a result of expansion and
+	contraction during the normal heating and cooling cycles of an
+	electronic system, combined with vibration, e.g. due to
+	cooling fans.  The chip can loosen to the point that poor
+	electrical contact between chip and socket reduces the signal
+	quality, causing failure.  Pushing chips back into their
+	sockets can cure such symptoms temporarily.  Permanent
+	solutions include soldering chips directly to the {PCB} and
+	clipping the component into the socket (as on some {in-line
+	memory modules}).
+
+	The same phenomenon can affect anything plugged into a socket
+	but not held securely in place, e.g. a {circuit board} plugged
+	into an {edge connector} on a {motherboard} or {backplane} can
+	suffer "card creep".
+
+	(2007-06-19)
+
+chip graffiti
+
+	{microchip art}
+
+Chip Jewelry
+
+	<jargon> A euphamism for old computers destined to be scrapped
+	or turned into decorative ornaments.  "I paid three grand for
+	that {Mac SE}, and now it's nothing but chip jewelry."
+
+	(1997-03-30)
+
+Chip Scale Packaging
+
+	<hardware> (CSP) A type of {surface mount} {integrated
+	circuit} packaging that provides pre-speed-sorted, pre-tested
+	and pre-packaged {die} without requiring special testing.  An
+	example is {Motorola}'s {Micro SMT} packaging.
+
+	See also: {chip-on-board}, {flip chip}, {multichip module},
+	{known good die}, {ball grid array}.
+
+	["Chip scale packaging gains at SMI. (Surface Mount
+	International)", Bernard Levine, Electronic News (1991), Sept
+	4, 1995 v41 n2081 p1(2)].
+
+	(2006-08-14)
+
+chip set
+
+	<hardware> A collection of {integrated circuits} that are
+	designed to be used together for some specific purpose.
+	E.g. control circuitry in an {IBM PC}.
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+Chips & Technologies
+
+	<company> A former leading distributor and supplier of
+	{integrated circuits} and {software} to {personal computer}
+	manufacturers.  As well as semiconductors they also made {flat
+	panel displays}, {video controllers} and other computer
+	related products.
+
+	In 1998, {Intel Corporation} bought Chips and Technologies for
+	their flat panel controllers.  In January 2000, {Asiliant
+	Technologies} licensed the rights from Intel to continue to
+	manufacturer and sell Chips and Technologies components.
+
+	Address: 2950 Zanker Road, San Jose, California 95134, USA.
+
+	(2006-09-19)
+
+CHISEL
+
+	<language> An extension of {C} for {VLSI} design, implemented
+	as a C {preprocessor}.  It produces {CIF} as output.
+
+	["CHISEL - An Extension to the Programming language C for VLSI
+	Layout", K. Karplus, PHD Thesis, Stanford U, 1982].
+
+	(2006-09-19)
+
+chm
+
+	{Compiled HTML}
+
+chmod
+
+	<file system> ("Change mode") The {Unix} command and {system
+	call} to change the access {permissions} of a named file.
+	Each file (directory, device, etc.) has nine kinds of access
+	which can be allowed or denied.  Different permissions apply
+	to the owner of the file, the members of the group the file
+	belongs to, and all users.  Each of these classes of user
+	(owner, group and other) can have permission to read, write or
+	execute the file.  Chmod can also set various other mode bits
+	for a file or directory such as the {sticky bit} and the {set
+	user id} bit.
+
+	Unix {man} page: chmod
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+CHOCS
+
+	<language> A generalisation of {CCS}.
+
+	["A Calculus of Higher-Order Communicating Systems",
+	B. Thomsen, 16th POPL pp. 143-154, 1989].
+
+	(2006-09-20)
+
+choke
+
+	<jargon> To fail to process input or, more generally, to fail
+	at any endeavor.
+
+	E.g. "NULs make System V's "lpr(1)" choke."  See {barf},
+	{gag}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-09-20)
+
+chomp
+
+	<jargon> To fail.
+
+	(1996-06-01)
+
+CHOP
+
+	{channel op}
+
+Chop
+
+	<language, tool> A {code generator} by Alan L. Wendt
+	<wendt@CS.ColoState.EDU> for the {lcc} {C} compiler {front
+	end}.  Version 0.6 is interfaced with Fraser and Hanson's
+	{lcc} {front end}.  The result is a {C} compiler with good
+	code selection but no {global optimisation}.  In 1993, Chop
+	could compile and run small test programs on the {VAX}.  The
+	{National Semiconductor 32000} and {Motorola 68000} code
+	generators are being upgraded for {lcc} compatibility.
+
+	{(ftp://beethoven.cs.colostate.edu/pub/chop/0.6.tar.Z)}.
+
+	["Fast Code Generation Using Automatically-Generated Decision
+	Trees", ACM SIGPLAN '90 PLDI].
+
+	(1993-04-28)
+
+Chorus
+
+	<operating system> A distributed {operating system} developed
+	at {INRIA}.
+
+	(2006-09-20)
+
+Christmas tree
+
+	<hardware, jargon> A kind of {EIA-232} {line tester} or
+	{breakout box} featuring rows of blinking red and green {LEDs}
+	suggestive of Christmas lights.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-09-20)
+
+Christmas tree packet
+
+	<networking> (Or kamikaze packet) A {packet} with every single
+	option set for whatever {protocol} is in use.  The term
+	doubtless derives from a fanciful image of each little option
+	bit being represented by a different-coloured light bulb, all
+	turned on.
+
+	{RFC 1025}, "TCP and IP Bake Off" says:
+
+	10 points for correctly being able to process a "Kamikaze"
+	packet (AKA {nastygram}, Christmas tree packet, lamp test
+	segment, et al.).  That is, correctly handle a segment with
+	the maximum combination of features at once (e.g. a SYN URG
+	PUSH FIN segment with options and data).
+
+	Compare: {Chernobyl packet}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+Christopher Strachey
+
+	<person> Professor of Computation at Oxford, England, born
+	1916, died May 1975.  He invented the term "{currying}".
+
+	See also: {General Purpose Macro-generator}.
+
+	(1998-06-29)
+
+chromatic number
+
+	<mathematics> The smallest number of colours necessary to
+	colour the nodes of a {graph} so that no two adjacent nodes
+	have the same colour.
+
+	See also: {four colour map theorem}.
+
+	{Graph Theory Lessons
+	(http://utc.edu/~cpmawata/petersen/lesson8.htm)}.
+
+	{Eric Weisstein's World Of Mathematics
+	(http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ChromaticNumber.html)}.
+
+	{The Geometry Center
+	(http://geom.umn.edu/~zarembe/grapht1.html)}.
+
+	(2000-03-18)
+
+chrome
+
+	<jargon> (From automotive slang via wargaming) Showy
+	{features} added to attract users but contributing little or
+	nothing to the power of a system.
+
+	"The 3D icons in {Motif} are just chrome, but they certainly
+	are *pretty* chrome!"
+
+	Chrome is distinguished from {bells and whistles} by the fact
+	that the latter are usually added to gratify developers' own
+	desires for featurefulness.  Often used as a term of contempt
+	and sometimes used in conjunction with 'fluff', "all the fluff
+	and chrome that comes with Motif".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-09-19)
+
+chroot
+
+	<operating system> The {UNIX} command to make the {root
+	directory} (/) become something other than its default for the
+	lifetime of the current process.  It can only be run by
+	privileged users and is used to give a process (commonly a
+	network server such as {FTP} or {HTTP}) access to a restricted
+	portion of the {file system}.
+
+	The new root contains copies of all the essential files and
+	directories, e.g. /lib, /dev/tty, /tmp.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+CHRP
+
+	{PowerPC Platform}
+
+chug
+
+	<jargon> To run slowly; to {grind} or {grovel}.  "The disk is
+	chugging like crazy."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+chug report
+
+	<humour> From "chug" - to drink heavily.  A {bug report} whose
+	the submitter is thought to have had one too many.  Not as bad
+	as a {drug report}.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2011-12-03)
+
+chunker
+
+	<programming> A program like {Unix}'s "split" which breaks an
+	input file into parts, usually of a pre-set size, e.g. the
+	maximum size that can fit on a {floppy}.  The parts can then
+	be assembled with a {dechunker}, which is usually just the
+	chunker in a different mode.
+
+	(1998-12-15)
+
+Church, Alonzo
+
+	{Alonzo Church}
+
+Church integer
+
+	<theory> A representation of integers as functions invented by
+	{Alonzo Church}, inventor of {lambda-calculus}.  The integer N
+	is represented as a {higher-order function} which applies a
+	given function N times to a given expression.  In the {pure
+	lambda-calculus} there are no constants but numbers can be
+	represented by Church integers.
+
+	A {Haskell} function to return a given Church integer could be
+	written:
+
+		church n = c
+			   where
+			   c f x = if n == 0 then x else c' f (f x)
+				   where
+				   c' = church (n-1)
+
+	A function to turn a Church integer into an ordinary integer:
+
+		unchurch c = c (+1) 0
+
+	See also {von Neumann integer}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Church of the SubGenius
+
+	<body, humour> A mutant offshoot of {Discordianism} launched
+	in 1981 as a spoof of fundamentalist Christianity by the
+	"Reverend" Ivan Stang, a brilliant satirist with a gift for
+	promotion.  Popular among hackers as a rich source of bizarre
+	imagery and references such as "Bob" the divine
+	drilling-equipment salesman, the Benevolent Space Xists, and
+	the Stark Fist of Removal.  Much SubGenius theory is concerned
+	with the acquisition of the mystical substance or quality of
+	{slack}.
+
+	{(http://sunsite.unc.edu/subgenius/slack.html)}.
+
+	(1996-01-02)
+
+Church-Rosser Theorem
+
+	<theory> A property of a {reduction} system that states that
+	if an expression can be reduced by zero or more reduction
+	steps to either expression M or expression N then there exists
+	some other expression to which both M and N can be reduced.
+	This implies that there is a unique {normal form} for any
+	expression since M and N cannot be different normal forms
+	because the theorem says they can be reduced to some other
+	expression and normal forms are irreducible by definition.  It
+	does not imply that a normal form is reachable, only that if
+	reduction terminates it will reach a unique normal form.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+ci
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Cote d'Ivoire (the Ivory
+	Coast).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+CI$
+
+	{CompuServe Information Service}
+
+CICERO
+
+	<project> Control Information system Concepts based on
+	Encapsulated Real-time Objects.
+
+	A {CERN} {DRDC} proposal.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+Cichlid
+
+	<graphics, tool> A tool for rapidly visualising arbitrary data
+	in high-quality 3D, while allowing the viewer to explore and
+	interact with the data in {real time}.  Cichlid was designed
+	with remote data generation and machine independence in mind;
+	data is transmitted via {TCP} from any number of sources (data
+	servers) to the visualisation code (the client), which
+	displays them concurrently.
+
+	[Who?  URL?]
+
+	(2004-01-22)
+
+CICS
+
+	{Customer Information Control System}
+
+CID
+
+	{Caller ID}
+
+CIDR
+
+	{Classless Inter-Domain Routing}
+
+CIEL
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} {Prolog}-like language.
+
+	["CIEL: Classes et Instances En Logique", M. Gandriau, Thesis
+	ENSEEIHT, 1988].
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+CIF
+
+	{Caltech Intermediate Form}
+
+CIFS
+
+	{Common Internet File System}
+
+Cigale
+
+	<language, tool> A {parser generator} language with extensible
+	{syntax}.
+
+	["CIGALE: A Tool for Interactive Grammar Construction and
+	Expression Parsing", F. Voisin, Sci Comp Prog 7:61-86, 1986].
+
+	(1999-01-14)
+
+CIL
+
+	1. <project> {Component Integration Laboratories}.
+
+	2. <language> {Common Intermediate Language}.
+
+CIM
+
+	1. <application> {Computer Integrated Manufacturing}.
+
+	2. <standard> {Common Information Model}.
+
+CIMS PL/I
+
+	<language> A {PL/I} subset from the Courant Institute of
+	Mathematical Sciences.
+
+	["CIMS PL/I", P.W. Abrahams, Courant Inst].
+
+	(1997-12-15)
+
+Cinderella Book
+
+	<publication> "Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and
+	Computation", by John Hopcroft and Jeffrey Ullman,
+	(Addison-Wesley, 1979).  So called because the cover depicts a
+	girl (putatively Cinderella) sitting in front of a Rube
+	Goldberg device and holding a rope coming out of it.  On the
+	back cover, the device is in shambles after she has
+	(inevitably) pulled on the rope.
+
+	See also {book titles}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+CINT92
+
+	{SPEC CINT92}
+
+C-Interp
+
+	An {interpreter} for a small subset of {C}, originally part of
+	a communications package.
+
+	{(ftp://oac2.hsc.uth.tmc.edu/Mac/Misc/C_Interp.sit)}.  E-mail:
+	Chuck Shotton <cshotton@oac.hsc.uth.tmc.edu>.
+
+	(1993-05-14)
+
+CIO
+
+	{Chief Information Officer}
+
+ciphertext
+
+	<cryptography> Text which has been encrypted by some
+	{encryption} system.
+
+	Opposite: {plaintext}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+CIP-L
+
+	{CIP Language}
+
+CIP Language
+
+	language> (CIP-L, Computer-aided Intuition-guided Programming
+	Language) A {wide-spectrum language} for incremental {program
+	transformation}.  There are {ALGOL}- and {Pascal}-like
+	variants.
+
+	["The Munich Project CIP, v.I: The Wide Spectrum Language
+	CIP-L", LNCS 183, Springer 1984.  Version: CIP85].
+
+	(2006-09-20)
+
+CIR
+
+	{Committed Information Rate}
+
+CIRCAL
+
+	{CIRcuit CALculus}
+
+circuit
+
+	1. <communications> A communications path in a {circuit
+	switching} network.
+
+	2. <electronics> A complete path through which an electric
+	current can flow.
+
+	The term is used loosely for any device or subsystem using
+	electrical or electronic components.  E.g. "That lightning
+	bolt fried the circuits in my GPS receiver".  An {integrated
+	circuit} (IC) contains components built on a Silicon {die}.
+
+	(2002-07-15)
+
+CIRcuit CALculus
+
+	(CIRCAL) A {process algebra} used to model and verify the
+	design correctness of {concurrent} systems such as {digital
+	logic}.
+
+	["CIRCAL and the Representation of Communication, Concurrency
+	and Time", G.J. Milne <milne@cis.unisa.edu.au>, ACM TOPLAS
+	7(2):270-298, 1985].
+
+	(2001-03-25)
+
+circuit switch
+
+	{circuit switching}
+
+circuit switched
+
+	{circuit switching}
+
+circuit switching
+
+	<communications> Communication via a single dedicated path
+	between the sender and receiver.  The telephone system is an
+	example of a circuit switched network.
+
+	The term {connection-oriented} is used in {packet}-based
+	networks in contrast to {connectionless} communication or
+	{packet switching}.
+
+	(2006-09-20)
+
+circular buffer
+
+	<programming> An area of {memory} used to store a continuous
+	stream of data by starting again at the beginning of the
+	buffer after reaching the end.  A circular buffer is usually
+	written by one process and read by another.  Separate read and
+	write {pointers} are maintained.  These are not allowed to
+	pass each other otherwise either unread data would be
+	overwritten or invalid data would be read.
+
+	A circuit may implement a {hardware circular buffer}.
+
+	(2000-06-17)
+
+Cirrus Logic
+
+	<company> A manufacturer of {integrated circuits} including
+	the {Advanced RISC Machine} and display interface processors
+	and cards for use as {Windows accelerators} (requiring
+	dedicated driver software).
+
+	{(http://cirrus.com/)}.
+
+	[Other products?]
+
+	(1996-10-13)
+
+CIS
+
+	1. <standard, programming> {Case Integration Services}.
+
+	2. <networking> {Cooperative Information System}.
+
+	3. <business> {Customer Interaction Software},
+	{Customer Information Systems}.
+
+CISC
+
+	{Complex Instruction Set Computer}
+
+Cisco Systems, Inc.
+
+	<company> {Ethernet} hardware manufacturers.
+
+	{(http://cisco.com/)}.
+
+	Address: 170 West Tasman Drive, San Jose, CA 95134-1706, USA.
+	Telephone: +1 408 526 4000, +1 800 553 6387.  Fax: +1 408 526
+	4100.
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+CISI
+
+	<company> A French software producer.
+
+	(2006-09-20)
+
+CITRAN
+
+	<language> {Caltech}'s answer to {MIT}'s {JOSS}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 217].
+
+	(2006-09-20)
+
+CityScape
+
+	<company> A re-seller of {Internet} connections to the {PIPEX}
+	{backbone}.
+
+	E-Mail: <sales@cityscape.co.uk>.
+
+	Address: CityScape Internet Services, 59 Wycliffe Rd.,
+	Cambridge, CB1 3JE, England.  Telephone: +44 (1223) 566 950.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+CIX
+
+	1. <networking> {Commercial Internet Exchange}.
+
+	2. <messaging> {Compulink Information eXchange}.
+
+CJK
+
+	<character> In {internationalisation}, a collective term for
+	Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.
+
+	The characters of these languages are all partly based on {Han
+	characters} (i.e., "hanzi" or "{kanji}"), which require 16-bit
+	{character encodings}.  CJK character encodings should consist
+	minimally of {Han characters} plus language-specific phonetic
+	scripts such as pinyin, bopomofo, hiragana, hangul, etc.
+
+	{CJKV} is CJK plus {Vietnamese}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.ora.com/pub/examples/nutshell/ujip/doc/cjk.inf)}.
+
+	(2001-01-01)
+
+CJKV
+
+	<character> {CJK} plus {Vietnamese}.  Vietnamese, like the
+	other three CJK languages, requires 16-bit {character
+	encodings} but it does not use {Han characters}.
+
+	["CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean &
+	Vietnamese Computing", Ken Lunde, pub. O'Reilly 1998,
+	{(http://oreilly.com/catalog/cjkvinfo/)}].
+
+	(2001-03-18)
+
+ck
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Cook Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+CL
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. {Control Language}.
+
+	2. {Clausal Language}.
+
+cl
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Chile.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+CLAM
+
+	<mathematics, tool> A system for {symbolic mathematics},
+	especially General Relativity.  It was first implemented in
+	{ATLAS} {assembly language} and later {Lisp}.
+
+	See also {ALAM}.
+
+	["CLAM Programmer's Manual", Ray d'Inverno & Russell-Clark,
+	King's College London, 1971].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+C Language Integrated Production System
+
+	<language> (CLIPS) A language produced by Gary Riley of NASA
+	{JSC} in Houston, Texas, for developing {expert systems}, with
+	the inferencing and representation capabilities of {OPS5} and
+	support for {forward chaining} rule-based, {object-oriented}
+	and {procedural} programming.  CLIPS has a {Lisp}-like
+	{syntax}.  It is available for {MS-DOS} and comes with source
+	code in {C}.
+
+	COSMIC, U Georgia, (404) 542-3265.  Austin Code Works
+	<info@acw.com> (512) 258-0785.
+
+	Versions include CLIPS 5.1, CLIPS/Ada 4.3 and CLIPS6.0 (see
+	{PCLIPS}).
+
+	{(http://jsc.nasa.gov/~clips/CLIPS.html)}.
+
+	E-mail: <service@cossack.cosmic.uga.edu>.
+
+	Telnet: cosmic.uga.edu, user: cosline.
+
+	{U. Michigan
+	(ftp://earth.rs.itd.umich.edu/mac.bin/etc/compsci/Clips/)},
+	{ENSMP, France (ftp://ftp.ensmp.fr/pub/clips/)}.
+
+	["Expert Systems: Principles and Programming", Joseph
+	Giarratano and Gary Riley, PWS Publ 1994, ISBN 0-534-93744-6].
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+Clarify
+
+	<company> A software vendor, specialising in {Customer
+	Relationship Management} software.  {Nortel Networks} sold
+	Clarify to {Amdocs} in 2002.
+
+	{(http://amdocsclarify.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-06-20)
+
+Clarion
+
+	<language> A family of systems from {SoftVelocity, Inc.} for
+	building {database} applications on {Microsoft Windows}.
+	Clarion products include Clarion 4GL language with a {C++} and
+	{Modula-2} {compiler}.  Clarion products support fast,
+	efficient database application development.  Clarion was
+	originally developed by Clarion Software Corporation, later to
+	become TopSpeed Corporation.  In 2000, the Clarion product
+	line was acquired by SoftVelocity Inc.
+
+	(2003-10-15)
+
+Claris
+
+	<company> A subsidiary company of {Apple Computer, Inc.}.  In
+	January 1998, Apple restructured Claris to concentrate on
+	their {FileMaker} line of {database} {software} and changed
+	the company's name to {FileMaker, Inc.}.
+
+	(1998-02-18)
+
+CLASP
+
+	{Computer Language for AeronauticS and Programming}
+
+class
+
+	1. <programming> The prototype for an {object} in an
+	{object-oriented language}; analogous to a {derived type} in a
+	{procedural language}.  A class may also be considered to be a
+	set of objects which share a common structure and behaviour.
+	The structure of a class is determined by the {class
+	variables} which represent the {state} of an object of that
+	class and the behaviour is given by a set of {methods}
+	associated with the class.
+
+	Classes are related in a {class hierarchy}.  One class may be
+	a specialisation (a "{subclass}") of another (one of its
+	"{superclasses}") or it may be composed of other classes or it
+	may use other classes in a {client-server} relationship.  A
+	class may be an {abstract class} or a {concrete class}.
+
+	See also {signature}.
+
+	2. <programming> See {type class}.
+
+	3. <networking> One of three types of {Internet addresses}
+	distinguished by their most significant bits.
+
+	3. <language> A language developed by the {Andrew Project}.
+	It was one of the first attempts to add {object-oriented}
+	features to {C}.
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+Class 5 switch
+
+	<communications> The lowest designation used in {AT&T}'s
+	hierarchical {General Toll Switching Plan}, developed in 1929.
+
+	(2013-09-14)
+
+class hierarchy
+
+	<programming> In {object-oriented programming}, a set of {classes}
+	related by {inheritance}.  Each class is a "subclass" of another
+	class - its "superclass".  The subclass contains all the features
+	of its superclass, but may add new features or redefine existing
+	features.  The features of a class are the set of {attributes} (or
+	"properties") that an object of that class has and the {methods}
+	that can be invoked on it.
+
+	If each class has a just one superclass, this is called {single
+	inheritance}.  The opposite is {multiple inheritance}, under which
+	a class may have multiple superclasses.  Single inheritance gives
+	the class hierarchy a {tree} structure whereas multiple
+	inheritance gives a {directed graph}.  Typically there is one
+	class at the top of the hierarchy which is the "object" class, the
+	most general class that is an ancestor of all others and which has
+	no superclass.
+
+	In computing, as in genealogy, trees grow downwards, which is why
+	subclasses are considered to be "below" their superclasses.
+
+	When {invoking a method} on an {object}, the method is first
+	looked for in the object's class, then the superclass of that
+	class, and so on up the hierarchy until it is found.  Thus a class
+	need only define those methods which are specific to it and it
+	will inherit all other methods from all its superclasses.  An
+	object of the subclass can do everything that an object of the
+	superclass can and possible more.
+
+	{C++} calls the superclass the "base class" and the subclass the
+	"derived class" (not to be confused with a {derived type}).
+
+	(2014-09-06)
+
+classic
+
+	<jargon> An adjective used before or after a noun to describe
+	the original version of something, especially if the original
+	is considered to be better.
+
+	Examples include "Star Trek Classic" - the original TV series
+	as opposed to the films, ST The Next Generation or any of the
+	other spin-offs and follow-ups; or "PC Classic" - {IBM}'s
+	{ISA}-bus computers as opposed to the {PS/2} series.
+
+	(1996-10-27)
+
+Classic-Ada
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} extension to {Ada}, said to be
+	like {Smalltalk}.  It is implemented as an {Ada}
+	{preprocessor}.
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+classical logic
+
+	<logic> Non-{intuitionistic logic}.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+Classic C
+
+	{K&R C}
+
+Classless Inter-Domain Routing
+
+	<networking> (CIDR) /sid*r/ A technique that summarises a
+	block of {Internet addresses} in a {routing table} as an
+	address in {dotted decimal notation} followed by a {forward
+	slash} and a two-digit decimal number giving the number of
+	leading one bits in the subnet mask.  For example,
+	123.123.123.0/24 specifies a subnet mask of
+	11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (binary), implying the
+	block of addresses 123.123.123.0 through 123.123.123.255.
+
+	CIDR is "classless" because it is not limited to the subnet
+	masks specified by {Internet address} classes A, B and C.
+
+	According to {RFC 1519}, CIDR was implemented to distribute
+	Internet address space more efficiently and to provide a
+	mechanism for {IP route aggregation}.  This in turn reduces
+	the number of entries in IP routing tables, enabling faster,
+	more efficient routing, e.g. using {routing} {protocols} such
+	as {OSPF}.  CIDR is supported by {BGP4}.
+
+	See also {RFC 1467}, {RFC 1518}, {RFC 1520}.
+
+	(2006-01-26)
+
+class library
+
+	<programming> A {library} of reusable {class}es for use with
+	an {object-oriented programming} system.
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+class method
+
+	<programming> 1. A {method} that operates on a {class object} (an
+	{object} of {class} "class").  A class method is really just an
+	ordinary {object method} that happens to operate on class objects.
+
+	A class method might, for example, return a list of objects
+	representing the methods and attributes of the given class.
+
+	2. A {static method}.
+
+	(2014-09-06)
+
+class object
+
+	<programming> In {object-oriented programming}, an {object} of
+	{class} "class" that represents a {class} at {run time}.  The
+	existence of class objects allows {introspection} - the ability
+	for a program to discover and modify attributes of its own code.
+	(See {self-modifying code}).
+
+	A class object may also be used for "housekeeping" tasks like
+	keeping count of how many objects of the class have been created,
+	though this may also be done by some kind of {collection} object.
+
+	A {class method} is a {method} that operates on class objects.
+
+	(2014-09-06)
+
+Class Oriented Ring Associated Language
+
+	<language> (CORAL) A language developed by L.G. Roberts at
+	{MIT} in 1964 for graphical display and systems programming on
+	the {TX-2}.  It used "rings" (circular lists) from
+	{Sketchpad}.
+
+	["Graphical Communication and Control Languages",
+	L.B. Roberts, Information System Sciences: Proc Second
+	Congress, 1965].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.462].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Class-Relation Method
+
+	<programming> A design technique based on the concepts of
+	{object-oriented programming} and the {Entity-Relationship
+	model} from the French company {Softeam}.
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+Clausal Language
+
+	<language> (CL) A programming language and {proof system}
+	developed by Paul Voda and a colleague since 1997, written in
+	{Trilogy} II.
+
+	{Paul Voda Home (http://fmph.uniba.sk/~voda)}.
+
+	(2002-05-28)
+
+clause
+
+	1. <logic> A {logical formula} in {conjunctive normal form},
+	which has the {schema}
+
+	 p1 ^ ...^ pm => q1 V ... V qn.
+
+	or, equivalently,
+
+	 ~p1 V ... V ~pn V q1 V ... V qn,
+
+	where pi and qi are {atoms}.
+
+	The operators ~, ^, V, => are {connectives}, where ~ stands
+	for {negation}, ^ for {conjunction}, V for {disjunction} and
+	=> for {implication}.
+
+	2. <grammar> A part of a sentence (or programming language
+	statement) that does not constitute a full sentence, e.g. an
+	adjectival clause in human language or a WHERE clause in a
+	{SQL} statement.
+
+	(2004-05-28)
+
+Clean
+
+	<language> A {lazy} {higher-order} {purely functional
+	language} from the {University of Nijmegen}.  Clean was
+	originally a subset of {Lean}, designed to be an experimental
+	{intermediate language} and used to study the {graph
+	rewriting} model.  To help focus on the essential
+	implementation issues it deliberately lacked all {syntactic
+	sugar}, even {infix} expressions or {complex lists},
+
+	As it was used more and more to construct all kinds of
+	applications it was eventually turned into a general purpose
+	functional programming language, first released in May 1995.
+	The new language is {strongly typed} (Milner/Mycroft type
+	system), provides {modules} and {functional I/O} (including a
+	{WIMP} interface), and supports {parallel processing} and
+	{distributed processing} on {loosely coupled} parallel
+	architectures.  Parallel execution was originally based on the
+	{PABC} {abstract machine}.
+
+	It is one of the fastest implementations of functional
+	languages available, partly aided by programmer {annotations}
+	to influence evaluation order.
+
+	Although the two variants of Clean are rather different, the
+	name Clean can be used to denote either of them.  To
+	distinguish, the old version can be referred to as Clean 0.8,
+	and the new as Clean 1.0 or Concurrent Clean.
+
+	The current release of Clean (1.0) includes a compiler,
+	producing code for the {ABC} {abstract machine}, a {code
+	generator}, compiling the ABC code into either {object-code}
+	or {assembly language} (depending on the {platform}), I/O
+	libraries, a {development environment} (not all platforms),
+	and {documentation}.  It is supported (or will soon be
+	supported) under {Mac OS}, {Linux}, {OS/2}, {Windows 95},
+	{SunOS}, and {Solaris}.
+
+	{(http://cs.kun.nl/~clean/)}.  E-mail:
+	<clean@cs.kun.nl>.  Mailing list: <clean-request@cs.kun.nl>.
+
+	["Clean - A Language for Functional Graph Rewriting", T. Brus
+	et al, IR 95, U Nijmegen, Feb 1987].
+
+	["Concurrent Clean", M.C. van Eekelen et al, TR 89-18, U
+	Nijmegen, Netherlands, 1989].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-11-08)
+
+clean
+
+	<jargon>
+
+	1. Used of hardware or software designs, implies "elegance in
+	the small", that is, a design or implementation that may not
+	hold any surprises but does things in a way that is reasonably
+	intuitive and relatively easy to comprehend from the outside.
+	The antonym is "grungy" or {crufty}.
+
+	2. To remove unneeded or undesired files in a effort to reduce
+	clutter: "I'm cleaning up my account."  "I cleaned up the
+	garbage and now have 100 Meg free on that partition."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+cleanroom
+
+	<programming> A software development approach aimed at
+	producing software with the minimum number of {errors}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+CLEAR
+
+	<language> A {specification language} based on {initial
+	algebras}.
+
+	["An Informal Introduction to Specification Using CLEAR",
+	R.M. Burstall in The Correctness Problem in Computer Science,
+	R.S. Boyer et al eds, Academic Press 1981, pp. 185-213].
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+clear box testing
+
+	{white box testing}
+
+Clear Language for Expressing Orders
+
+	<language> (CLEO) A language developed by {ICL} in the 1960s
+	and used until early 1972 on {Leo} III {mainframes}.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+CLEO
+
+	{Clear Language for Expressing Orders}
+
+CLHEP
+
+	<library> A {C++} {class library} for high energy physics
+	{applications}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+CLI
+
+	1. <operating system> {Command Line Interface}.
+
+	2. <database, standard> {Call-Level Interface}.
+
+CLiCC
+
+	<language> A {Common Lisp} to {C} compiler by Heinz Knutzen
+	<hk@informatik.uni-kiel.de>, Ulrich Hoffman
+	<uho@informatik.uni-kiel.de> and Wolfgang Goerigk
+	<wg@informatik.uni-kiel.de>.  CLiCC is meant to be used as a
+	supplement to existing {CLISP} systems for generating
+	{portable} {applications}.  Target {C} code must be linked
+	with the CLiCC {run-time library} to produce an {executable}.
+
+	Version 0.6.2 conforms to a subset of {Common Lisp} and {CLOS}
+	called {CL_0} or {CommonLisp_0} and based on {CLtL1}.  It runs
+	with {Lucid Lisp}, {AKCL} or {CLISP}.  Work on {CLtL2} and
+	{ANSI-CL} conformance is in progress.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-kiel.de/pub/kiel/apply/)}.
+
+	(1994-01-04)
+
+click
+
+	<hardware> To press and release a {button} on a {mouse} or
+	other {pointing device}.  This generates an {event}, also
+	specifying the screen position, which is processed by the
+	{window manager} or {application program}.
+
+	On a mouse with more than one button, the unqualified term
+	usually implies pressing the left-most button (with the right
+	index finger), other buttons would be qualified,
+	e.g. "{right-click}".  Multiple clicks in quick succession,
+	e.g. a double-click, often have a different meaning from slow
+	single clicks.  {Keyboard} modifiers may also be used,
+	e.g. "shift-click", meaning to hold down the shift key on the
+	keyboard while clicking the mouse button.
+
+	If the mouse moves while the button is pressed then this is a
+	{drag}.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+client
+
+	<programming> A computer system or process that requests a
+	service of another computer system or process (a "{server}")
+	using some kind of {protocol} and accepts the server's
+	responses.  A client is part of a {client-server} software
+	architecture.
+
+	For example, a {workstation} requesting the contents of a file
+	from a {file server} is a client of the file server.
+
+	(1997-10-27)
+
+client-server
+
+	<programming> A common form of {distributed system} in which
+	software is split between {server} tasks and {client} tasks.
+	A client sends requests to a server, according to some
+	{protocol}, asking for information or action, and the server
+	responds.
+
+	This is analogous to a customer (client) who sends an order
+	(request) on an order form to a supplier (server) who
+	despatches the goods and an invoice (response).  The order
+	form and invoice are part of the "protocol" used to
+	communicate in this case.
+
+	There may be either one centralised server or several
+	distributed ones.  This model allows clients and servers to be
+	placed independently on {nodes} in a {network}, possibly on
+	different {hardware} and {operating systems} appropriate to
+	their function, e.g. fast server/cheap client.
+
+	Examples are the name-server/name-resolver relationship in
+	{DNS}, the file-server/file-client relationship in {NFS} and
+	the screen server/client application split in the {X Window
+	System}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.client-server}.
+
+	["The Essential Client/Server Survival Guide", 2nd edition,
+	1996].
+
+	(1998-01-25)
+
+client/server
+
+	{client-server}
+
+Client-Server Analyst Programmer
+
+	<job> A person who analyses and designs {application programs}
+	for a {client-server architecture}.  Typical skills include
+	{ODBC}, {Windows 95}, {Windows NT}, {Macintosh}, {Novell},
+	{OS/2}, {Unix}, and {RPC}.
+
+	(2004-03-09)
+
+client-server model
+
+	{client-server}
+
+Client To Client Protocol
+
+	<networking> (CTCP) A type of {protocol} created to allow
+	structured data such as {font} information to be exchanged
+	between users on {IRC}.  It is also used to send a query to a
+	user.  The available CTCP commands include VERSION, FINGER,
+	DCC CHAT, DCC SEND, TIME, PING, ECHO, CLIENTINFO.  Some
+	commands are not available on some IRC {client} software.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+C++Linda
+
+	<language>
+
+	["The AUC C++Linda System", C. Callsen et al, U Aalborg, in
+	Linda-Like Systems and Their Implementation, G. Wilson ed, U
+	Edinburgh TR 91-13, 1991].
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+C-Linda
+
+	<language> The most widely used variant of {Linda}, with {C}
+	as the base language.  It is available from Sci Comp Assocs
+	<linda@sca.com>.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+CLIP
+
+	1. {Compiler Language for Information Processing}.
+
+	2. {Common LISP in Parallel}.
+
+CLiP
+
+	<programming, tool> A {documentation} extractor by Eric W. van
+	Ammers that recognises a particular style of {comments}.  This
+	style can be adjusted to suit virtually any programming
+	language and target documentation language.  CLiP was designed
+	to be compatible with {hypertext} systems.
+
+	Version 2.1 runs on {MS-DOS}, {VAX}/{VMS} and {Unix}
+
+	{(ftp://sun01.info.wau.nl/clip/)}.
+
+	(1993-11-18)
+
+clipboard
+
+	<operating system> A temporary memory area, used to transfer
+	information within a document being edited or between
+	documents or between programs.  The fundamental operations are
+	"cut" which moves data from a document to the clipboard,
+	"copy" which copies it to the clipboard, and "paste" which
+	inserts the clipboard contents into the current document in
+	place of the current selection.
+
+	Different {Graphical User Interfaces} vary in how they handle
+	the different types of data which a user might want to
+	transfer via the clipboard, some (e.g. the {X Window System})
+	support only plain text, others (e.g. {NEXTSTEP}) support
+	arbitrarily typed data such as images.
+
+	(1996-08-23)
+
+Clipper
+
+	1. <hardware, cryptography> An {integrated circuit} which
+	implements the {SkipJack} {algorithm}.  The Clipper is
+	manufactured by the US government to encrypt telephone data.
+	It has the added feature that it can be decrypted by the US
+	government, which has tried to make the chip compulsory in the
+	United States.  Phil Zimmerman (inventor of {PGP}) remarked,
+	"This doesn't even pass the sniff test" (i.e. it stinks).
+
+	{(http://wired.com/clipper/)}.
+
+	{news:alt.privacy.clipper}
+
+	2. A compiled {dBASE} dialect from Nantucket Corp, LA.
+	Versions: Winter 85, Spring 86, Autumn 86, Summer 87, 4.5
+	(Japanese Kanji), 5.0.  It uses the {Xbase} programming
+	language.
+
+	(2004-09-01)
+
+CLIPS
+
+	{C Language Integrated Production System}
+
+clique
+
+	<mathematics> A {maximal} {totally connected} {subgraph}.
+	Given a {graph} with {nodes} N, a clique C is a {subset} of N
+	where every node in C is directly connected to every other
+	node in C (i.e. C is totally connected), and C contains all
+	such nodes (C is maximal).  In other words, a clique contains
+	all, and only, those nodes which are directly connected to all
+	other nodes in the clique.
+
+	[Is this correct?]
+
+	(1996-09-22)
+
+CLISP
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. {Conversational LISP}.
+
+	2. A {Common Lisp} implementation by {Bruno Haible
+	(http://haible.de/bruno/)} of {Karlsruhe University} and
+	{Michael Stoll (http://math.uni-duesseldorf.de/~stoll/)}.
+	of {Munich University}, both in Germany.  CLISP includes an
+	{interpreter}, {bytecode compiler}, almost all of the {CLOS}
+	{object system}, a {foreign language interface} and a {socket
+	interface}.  An {X11} interface is available through {CLX} and
+	{Garnet}.  Command line editing is provided by the {GNU}
+	readline library.  CLISP requires only 2 MB of {RAM}.  The
+	{user interface} comes in German, English, French, Spanish,
+	Dutch, and Russian and can be changed at {run time}.
+
+	CLISP is {Free Software} and distributed under the {GPL}.  It
+	runs on {microcomputers} ({OS/2}, {Microsoft Windows},
+	{Amiga}, {Acorn}) as well as on {Unix} workstations ({Linux},
+	{BSD}, {SVR4}, {Sun4}, {Alpha}, {HP-UX}, {NeXTstep}, {SGI},
+	{AIX}, {Sun3}, and others).
+
+	{Official web page (http://clisp.cons.org)}.  {Mailing list
+	(http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/clisp-list)}.
+
+	(2003-08-04)
+
+Clive Sinclair
+
+	<person> Sir Clive Sinclair (1939- ) The British inventor who
+	pioneered the home {microcomputer} market in the early 1980s,
+	with the introduction of low-cost, easy to use, {8-bit}
+	computers produced by his company, {Sinclair Research}.
+
+	Sir Clive also invented and produced a variety of electronic
+	devices from the 1960s to 1990s, including pocket calculators
+	(he marketed the first pocket calculator in the world),
+	radios and televisions.  Perhaps he is most famous (or some
+	might say notorious) for his range electric vehicles,
+	especially the Sinclair C5, introduced in 1985.  He has been a
+	member of MENSA, the high IQ society, since 1962.
+
+	{Planet Sinclair (http://nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/)}.
+
+	["The Sinclair Story", Rodney Dale, pub. Duckworth 1985]
+
+	(1998-11-09)
+
+CLIX
+
+	<language> ["Overview of a Parallel Object-Oriented Language
+	CLIX", J. Hur et al, in ECOOP '87, LNCS 276, Springer 1987,
+	pp. 265-273].
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+CLM
+
+	{Career Limiting Move}
+
+CLNP
+
+	{ConnectionLess Network Protocol}
+
+clobber
+
+	<jargon> To overwrite, usually unintentionally: "I walked off
+	the end of the array and clobbered the stack."
+
+	Compare {mung}, {scribble}, {trash}, {smash the stack}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+clock
+
+	<processor> A circuit in a {processor} that generates a
+	regular sequence of electronic pulses used to synchronise
+	operations of the processor's components.  The time between
+	pulses is the {cycle time} and the number of pulses per second
+	is the {clock rate} (or frequency).
+
+	The execution times of instructions on a computer are usually
+	measured by a number of clock cycles rather than seconds.
+	{Clock rates} for various models of the computer may increase
+	as technology improves, and it is usually the relative times
+	one is interested in when discussing the {instruction set}.
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+clock frequency
+
+	{clock rate}
+
+clock rate
+
+	<processor, benchmark> The fundamental rate in {cycles} per
+	second at which a computer performs its most basic operations
+	such as adding two numbers or transfering a value from one
+	{register} to another.
+
+	The clock rate of a computer is normally determined by the
+	frequency of a crystal.  The original {IBM PC}, circa 1981,
+	had a clock rate of 4.77 MHz (almost five million
+	cycles/second).  As of 1995, {Intel}'s Pentium chip runs at
+	100 MHz (100 million cycles/second).  The clock rate of a
+	computer is only useful for providing comparisons between
+	computer chips in the same {processor family}.  An {IBM PC}
+	with an {Intel 486} {CPU} running at 50 MHz will be about
+	twice as fast as one with the same CPU, memory and display
+	running at 25 MHz.  However, there are many other factors to
+	consider when comparing different computers.  Clock rate
+	should not be used when comparing different computers or
+	different processor families.  Rather, some {benchmark} should
+	be used.  Clock rate can be very misleading, since the amount
+	of work different computer chips can do in one cycle varies.
+	For example, {RISC} CPUs tend to have simpler instructions
+	than {CISC} CPUs (but higher clock rates) and {pipelined}
+	processors execute more than one instruction per cycle.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+clock speed
+
+	{clock rate}
+
+clone
+
+	<jargon> 1. An exact copy of a product, made legally or
+	illegally, from {documentation} or by {reverse engineering},
+	and usually cheaper.
+
+	E.g. "PC clone": a PC-BUS/{ISA}, {EISA}, {VESA}, or {PCI}
+	compatible {x86}-based {microcomputer} (this use is sometimes
+	misspelled "klone" or "PClone").  These invariably have much more
+	bang per buck than the {IB PCM} they resemble.
+
+	E.g. "Unix clone": An {operating system} designed to deliver a
+	{Unix}-like environment without Unix licence fees or with
+	additional "mission-critical" features such as support for
+	{real-time} programming.
+
+	2. <chat> A {clonebot}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-06-15)
+
+clone-and-hack coding
+
+	{case and paste}
+
+clonebot
+
+	<chat> (Or "clone") A {bot} meant to replicate itself en masse
+	on a {talk} network (generally {IRC}).  A bot appears on the
+	network as several {agents}, and then carries out some task,
+	typically that of {flood}ing another user.
+
+	Compare {ghost}.
+
+	(1997-04-07)
+
+CLOS
+
+	{Common LISP Object System}
+
+closed-box testing
+
+	{functional testing}
+
+closed set
+
+	<mathematics> A set S is closed under an operator * if x*y is
+	in S for all x, y in S.
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+closed term
+
+	<theory> A term with no {free variables}.
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+Clos network
+
+	<networking> A type of {network} topology that can connect N
+	inputs to N outputs with less that N^2 crosspoint switches.
+
+	(2006-10-07)
+
+closure
+
+	1. <programming> In a {reduction system}, a closure is a data
+	structure that holds an expression and an environment of
+	variable bindings in which that expression is to be evaluated.
+	The variables may be local or global.  Closures are used to
+	represent unevaluated expressions when implementing
+	{functional programming languages} with {lazy evaluation}.  In
+	a real implementation, both expression and environment are
+	represented by pointers.
+
+	A {suspension} is a closure which includes a flag to say
+	whether or not it has been evaluated.  The term "{thunk}" has
+	come to be synonymous with "closure" but originated outside
+	{functional programming}.
+
+	2. <theory> In {domain theory}, given a {partially ordered
+	set}, D and a subset, X of D, the upward closure of X in D is
+	the union over all x in X of the sets of all d in D such that
+	x <= d.  Thus the upward closure of X in D contains the
+	elements of X and any greater element of D.  A set is "upward
+	closed" if it is the same as its upward closure, i.e. any d
+	greater than an element is also an element.  The downward
+	closure (or "left closure") is similar but with d <= x.  A
+	downward closed set is one for which any d less than an
+	element is also an element.
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\subseteq} and the upward
+	closure of X in D is written \uparrow_\{D} X).
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+closure conversion
+
+	<theory> The transformation of {continuation passing style}
+	code so that the only {free variables} of {functions} are
+	names of other functions.
+
+	See also {Lambda lifting}.
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+cloud
+
+	{cloud computing}
+
+cloud computing
+
+	<architecture> A loosely defined term for any system providing
+	access via the {Internet} to processing power, storage,
+	software or other computing services, often via a {web
+	browser}.  Typically these services will be rented from an
+	external company that hosts and manages them.
+
+	(2009-04-21)
+
+Clover
+
+	<communications, protocol> A {protocoll} similar to {packet
+	radio} or {AMTOR}.
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+clover key
+
+	{feature key}
+
+CLP
+
+	1. {Cornell List Processor}.
+
+	2. {Constraint Logic Programming}.
+
+CLP*
+
+	<language, logic programming> A derivative of {Constraint
+	Logic Programming} (CLP).
+
+	["CLP* and Constraint Abstraction", T. Hickey, 16th POPL,
+	pp. 125-133, 1989].
+
+	[Difference?]
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+CLP(R)
+
+	<language> Constraint Logic Programming (Real) A {constraint
+	logic programming} language with {real} arithmetic
+	{constraints} developed by Joxan Jaffar <joxan@watson.ibm.com>
+	of {IBM} {TJWRC} and S. Michaylov of {Monash University} in
+	1986.
+
+	The implementation contains a {byte-code compiler} and a
+	built-in {constraint} solver which deals with {linear
+	arithmetic} and contains a mechanism for delaying {nonlinear}
+	constraints until they become linear.  Since CLP(R) is a
+	superset of {PROLOG}, the system is also usable as a
+	general-purpose {logic programming} language.  There are also
+	powerful facilities for {meta programming} with constraints.
+
+	Significant CLP(R) applications have been published in diverse
+	areas such as molecular biology, finance and physical
+	modelling.
+
+	Version 1.2 for {Unix}, {MS-DOS} and {OS/2} is available from
+	the authors.  It is free for academic and research purposes.
+
+	E-mail: Roland Yap <roland@bruce.cs.monash.edu.au>.
+
+	["The CLP(R) Language and System", J. Jaffar et al, IBM RR
+	RC16292 (#72336), Nov 1990].
+
+	(1992-10-14)
+
+CLP(sigma*)
+
+	<language> A {constraint logic programming} language with
+	{regular sets}.
+
+	["CLP(sigma*): Constraint Logic Programming with Regular
+	Sets", C. Walinsky, Proc ICLP, 1989, pp.181-190].
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+CLR
+
+	{Consortium for Lexical Research}
+
+CLtL1
+
+	<publication> A report on {Common LISP}:
+
+	["Common LISP: The Language", Guy L. Steele, Digital Press
+	1984, ISBN 0-932376-41-X].
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+CLtL2
+
+	{Aluminum Book}
+
+CLU
+
+	<language> (CLUster) An {object-oriented} programming language
+	developed at {MIT} by {Liskov} et al in 1974-1975.
+
+	CLU is an {object-oriented} language of the {Pascal} family
+	designed to support {data abstraction}, similar to {Alphard}.
+	It introduced the {iterator}: a {coroutine} yielding the
+	elements of a data object, to be used as the sequence of
+	values in a {for loop}.
+
+	A CLU program consists of separately compilable {procedures},
+	{clusters} and iterators, no nesting.  A cluster is a module
+	naming an {abstract type} and its operations, its internal
+	representation and implementation.  Clusters and iterators may
+	be generic.  Supplying actual constant values for the
+	{parameters} instantiates the {module}.
+
+	There are no {implicit type conversions}.  In a cluster, the
+	explicit type conversions 'up' and 'down' change between the
+	abstract type and the representation.  There is a universal
+	type 'any', and a procedure force[] to check that an object is
+	a certain type.  Objects may be mutable or {immutable}.
+
+	{Exceptions} are raised using 'signal' and handled with
+	'except'.  {Assignment} is by sharing, similar to the sharing
+	of data objects in {Lisp}.  Arguments are passed by
+	{call-by-sharing}, similar to {call-by-value}, except that the
+	arguments are objects and can be changed only if they are
+	mutable.  CLU has {own variables} and multiple assignment.
+
+	CLU was one of {Kamin's interpreters}.  {clu2c} compiled CLU to
+	{C}.  {Concurrent CLU} was an extension designed to support
+	parallel proceses.
+
+	["CLU Reference Manual", Barbara Liskov et al, LNCS 114,
+	Springer 1981].
+
+	E-mail: Paul R. Johnson <prj@pm-prj.lcs.mit.edu>.
+
+	{Versions for Sun and VAX/VMS
+	(ftp://pion.lcs.mit.edu/pub/clu/)}.  {Portable version
+	(ftp://mintaka.lcs.mit.edu/pub/dcurtis/)}.
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+clu2c
+
+	<tool> A {CLU} to {C} {compiler}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.is.titech.ac.jp/pub/clu2c/)}.
+
+	(2000-08-06)
+
+cluster
+
+	1. <architecture> Multiple {servers} providing the same
+	service.  The term may imply {resilience} to failure and/or
+	some kind of {load balancing} between the servers.  Compare
+	{RAIS}.
+
+	2. <file system> An elementary unit of allocation of a {disk}
+	made up of one or more physical {blocks}.
+
+	A {file} is made up of a whole number of possibly
+	non-contiguous clusters.  The cluster size is a tradeoff
+	between space efficiency (the bigger is the cluster, the
+	bigger is on the average the wasted space at the end of each
+	file) and the length of the {FAT}.
+
+	(1996-11-04)
+
+Cluster 86
+
+	<language> A {distributed} {object-oriented} language by
+	L. Shang <lshang@inf.ethz.ch> of {Nanjing University},
+	ca. 1986.  A cluster is a {metatype}.
+
+	There are versions for {MS-DOS} and {Unix}.
+
+	["Cluster: An Informal Report", L. Shang, SIGPLAN Notices
+	26(1):57-76, Jan 1991].
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+clustergeeking
+
+	<jargon> /kluh'st*r-gee"king/ ({CMU}) Spending more time at a
+	computer cluster doing CS homework than most people spend
+	breathing.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+clustering
+
+	{cluster}
+
+CLUT
+
+	{colour palette}
+
+CLV
+
+	{Constant Linear Velocity}
+
+CLX
+
+	<library, graphics> The {Common Lisp} library providing a
+	low-level interface to the {X Window System}, equivalent to
+	{Xlib}.  {Graphics toolkits} can be built on top of CLX,
+	e.g. {McCLIM}, {Garnet}, {CLUE} and {CLIO}.  Various LISP
+	implementors have independently ported CLX to their own
+	{platforms}, fixing {bugs} and, in some cases, adding features
+	in the process.
+
+	{CLX Wiki (http://cliki.net/CLX)}.
+
+	(2004-08-27)
+
+CM
+
+	{Configuration Management}
+
+cm
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Cameroon.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+CMA
+
+	{Concert Multithread Architecture} from {DEC}.
+
+CMAY
+
+	<operating system> A {microkernel}.
+
+	["A Microkernel for Distributed Applications", R. Bagrodia et
+	al, Proc 5th Intl Conf Distrib Comp Sys IEEE 1985,
+	pp. 140-149].
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+CMC
+
+	1. <messaging> {Computer Mediated Communication}.
+
+	2. <hardware> {Common Mezzanine Card}.
+
+cmd
+
+	<operating system> The {command interpreter} of {Microsoft
+	Disk Operating System}.  cmd.exe appears as the interactive
+	"Command Prompt" window in later versions of {Microsoft
+	Windows} and is also responsible for executing .bat {batch
+	files}.
+
+	(2009-11-30)
+
+CMGA
+
+	1. <body> {Computer Management Group of Australia}
+
+	2. <body> {Community of Massive Gaming Agency}.
+
+CMIP
+
+	{Common Management Information Protocol}
+
+CMIS
+
+	{Common Management Information Services}
+
+CML
+
+	1. A {query language}.
+
+	["Towards a Knowledge Description Language", A. Borgida et al,
+	in On Knowledge Base Management Systems, J. Mylopoulos et al
+	eds, Springer 1986].
+
+	2. {Concurrent ML}.
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+CMM
+
+	{Capability Maturity Model}
+
+CMOS
+
+	{Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor}
+
+CMP
+
+	1. {cellular multiprocessing}.
+
+	2. {Container Managed Persistance}.
+
+	3. {Configuration Management Plan}.
+
+CMS
+
+	<programming> A {code management} system from {DEC}.
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+CMS-2
+
+	<language> A general purpose language used for command and
+	control applications in the US Navy.  Variants: CMS-2M and
+	CMS-2Y.
+
+	["CMS-2Y Programmers Reference Manual", M-5049, PDCSSA, San
+	Diego CA, Oct 1976].
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+CMU
+
+	{Carnegie Mellon University}
+
+CMU CL
+
+	{CMU Common Lisp}
+
+CMU Common Lisp
+
+	<language> (CMU CL) A {public domain} "industrial strength"
+	{Common Lisp} programming environment.  Many of the {X3J13}
+	changes have been incorporated into CMU CL.  Wherever
+	possible, this has been done so as to transparently allow use
+	of either {CLtL1} or proposed {ANSI CL}.  Probably the new
+	features most interesting to users are {SETF} functions,
+	{LOOP} and the {WITH-COMPILATION-UNIT} {macro}.
+
+	The new CMU CL compiler is called {Python}.
+
+	Version 17c includes an {incremental compiler}, profiler,
+	run-time support, documentation, an editor and a debugger.  It
+	runs under {Mach} on {SPARC}, {MIPS} and {IBM PC RT} and under
+	{SunOS} on {SPARC}.
+
+	{(ftp://lisp-sun1.slisp.cs.cmu.edu/pub/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <slisp@cs.cmu.edu>.
+
+	(1993-11-18)
+
+CMVC
+
+	{Configuration Management Version Control} from {IBM}.
+
+CMYK
+
+	<graphics> cyan, magenta, yellow, key.
+
+	A {colour model} that describes each {colour} in terms of the
+	quantity of each secondary colour (cyan, magenta, yellow), and
+	"key" (black) it contains.  The CMYK system is used for
+	printing.  For mixing of pigments, it is better to use the
+	secondary colours, since they mix subtractively instead of
+	additively.  The secondary colours of light are cyan, magenta
+	and yellow, which correspond to the primary colours of pigment
+	(blue, red and yellow). In addition, although black could be
+	obtained by mixing these three in equal proportions, in
+	four-colour printing it always has its own ink.  This gives
+	the CMYK model.  The K stands for "Key' or 'blacK,' so as not
+	to cause confusion with the B in {RGB}.
+
+	Alternative colour models are {RGB} and {HSB}.
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+CMZ
+
+	<programming> A {portable} {interactive} {code management}
+	system from {CodeME} S.A.R.L in use in the high-energy physics
+	community.
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+cn
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for China.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+CNAME
+
+	<networking> The {canonical name} query type for {Domain Name
+	System}.  This query asks a DNS {server} for a {host}'s
+	official {hostname}.
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+CNC
+
+	{Collaborative Networked Communication}
+
+CNET
+
+	<body> Centre national d'Etudes des Telecommunications.  The
+	French national telecommunications research centre at Lannion.
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+CNI
+
+	{Coalition for Networked Information}
+
+CNN
+
+	<architecture> {Cellular Neural Network}.
+
+CNR
+
+	{Communication and Network Riser}
+
+CNRI
+
+	{Corporation for National Research Initiatives}
+
+co
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Colombia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+CO2
+
+	<language, database> An {object-oriented} {database} language
+	combining {C} and {O2}, from GIP Altair, Versailles, France.
+
+	[Francois Bancilon et al, in Advances in Object-Oriented
+	Database Systems, K.R. Dittrich ed, LNCS 334, Springer 1988].
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+Coad/Yourdon
+
+	<programming> An {object-oriented analysis} and design
+	{methodology}, developed by {edward Yourdon} and Peter Coad.
+
+	(1995-04-07)
+
+COALA
+
+	<language>
+
+	["COALA: The Object Code of the Compiler Producing System", S.
+	Kruszewski et al, MERA, Warsaw 1974].
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+coalesced sum
+
+	<theory> (Or "smash sum") In {domain theory}, the coalesced
+	sum of {domains} A and B, A (+) B, contains all the
+	non-{bottom} elements of both domains, tagged to show which
+	part of the sum they come from, and a new {bottom} element.
+
+	 D (+) E = { bottom(D(+)E) }
+		   U { (0,d) | d in D, d /= bottom(D) }
+		   U { (1,e) | e in E, e /= bottom(E) }
+
+	The bottoms of the constituent domains are coalesced into a
+	single bottom in the sum.  This may be generalised to any
+	number of domains.
+
+	The ordering is
+
+		bottom(D(+)E) <= v  For all v in D(+)E
+
+		(i,v1) <= (j,v2)    iff i = j & v1 <= v2
+
+	"<=" is usually written as {LaTeX} \sqsubseteq and "(+)" as
+	{LaTeX} \oplus - a "+" in a circle.
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+Coalition for Networked Information
+
+	<body> (CNI) A consortium formed by American Research
+	Libraries, {CAUSE} and {EDUCOM} to promote the creation of,
+	and access to, information resources in networked environments
+	in order to enrich scholarship and enhance intellectual
+	productivity.
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+coarse grain
+
+	{granularity}
+
+COAST
+
+	{Cache On A STick}
+
+coax
+
+	{coaxial cable}
+
+coaxial cable
+
+	<hardware> A kind of cable with a solid central conductor
+	surrounded by insulator, in turn surrounded by a cylindrical
+	shield woven from fine wires.  It is used to carry high
+	frequency signals such as {video} or {radio}.  The shield is
+	usually connected to electrical ground to reduce electrical
+	interference.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+COBOL
+
+	{COmmon Business Oriented Language}
+
+COBOL-1961 Extended
+
+	<language> A short-lived separation of {COBOL} specifications.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 339].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+COBOL fingers
+
+	<jargon> /koh'bol fing'grz/ Reported from Sweden, a
+	hypothetical disease one might get from coding in {COBOL}.
+	The language requires code verbose beyond all reason (see
+	{candygrammar}); thus it is alleged that programming too much
+	in COBOL causes one's fingers to wear down to stubs by the
+	endless typing.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+COBRA
+
+	<spelling> Do you mean {CORBA}?  Or is there a COBRA?
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+cobwebsite
+
+	<jargon, web> A {website} that hasn't been updated for
+	a long time.  A dead {web page}.
+
+	(1997-04-29)
+
+Cocktail
+
+	{GMD Toolbox for Compiler Construction}
+
+cocktail shaker sort
+
+	<algorithm> A bi-directional {bubble sort}.  Passes alternate
+	between ascending through array indexes, pushing the largest
+	item to the bottom; and descending through array indexes,
+	pushing the smallest item to the top.
+
+	[Performace vs plain bubble?]
+
+	(2001-03-26)
+
+CoCo
+
+	<computer> The {Tandy} Color Computer with a Motorola
+	{MC6809E} {CPU}.  The {Dragon} is a CoCo clone.  The CoCo was
+	as powerful as the {IBM XT} at the time it was made, and could
+	run {OS-9}.
+
+	(1997-02-12)
+
+Cocol
+
+	{Coco Language}
+
+Coco Language
+
+	<language> (Cocol) A language for writing left-attributed {LL1
+	grammars}, used as the input language for the {Coco} LL1
+	{parser generator}, which produces {Modula-2 table-driven
+	parsers} as output.
+
+	Cocol-2 is a version for the Coco-2 generator.  {Cocol/R} is
+	an improvement over the original Cocol and Cocol-2.
+
+	{(ftp://neptune.inf.ethz.ch/)}.
+
+	["A Compiler Generator for Microcomputers", P. Rechenberg et
+	al, P-H 1989].
+
+	(1997-12-09)
+
+Cocol/R
+
+	<language> (Coco Language) A language for writing
+	left-attributed {LL1 grammars}, used as the input language for
+	the {Coco/R} LL1 {parser generators}, which produce {C++},
+	{Pascal}, {Modula-2}, {Java} or {Oberon} {recursive-descent
+	parsers} and associated {scanners} as output.
+
+	Cocol/R is an improvement over the original {Cocol} and
+	Cocol-2.
+
+	[Moessenboeck, H., "A Generator for Fast Compiler Front-Ends",
+	Report 127, Dept. Informatik, ETH Zurich, 1990].
+
+	(1997-12-09)
+
+COCOMO
+
+	{Constructive Cost Model}
+
+Coco/R
+
+	<tool> A program by Hanspeter Moessenboeck
+	<moessenboeck@ssw.uni-linz.ac.at> which generates {recursive
+	descent parsers} and their associated {scanners} from
+	{attributed grammars} (LL1).  Coco/R can {bootstrap} itself to
+	generate its own driver, {parser}, scanner and {semantic
+	evaluator} from an attributed grammar included in the
+	distribution.
+
+	Versions exist for generating {Oberon}, {Modula-2}, {Pascal},
+	{C}, and {C++} source for {MS-DOS} and {Unix}.  A {Java}
+	implementation was planned.
+
+	Latest version: 1.34, as gf 1994-10-13.
+
+	Coco/R was ported to {Modula-2} by Marc Brandis, Christof
+	Brass, and Pat Terry.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.ssw.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/Coco)}.
+
+	Mail server: <server@ftp.psg.com> (Subject: send
+	pub/modula-2/coco/).
+
+	E-mail: Pat Terry <p.terry@ru.ac.za> (Modula/Pascal versions),
+	Hanspeter Moessenboeck <moessenboeck@ssw.uni-linz.ac.at>
+	(Oberon, Java versions), Frankie Arzu <farzu@uvg.edu.gt> (C,
+	C++ versions).
+
+	["A compiler generator for microcomputers", by Rechenberg and
+	Mossenbock, Prentice Hall, 1989, 0-13-155136-1].
+
+	[Moessenboeck, H., "A Generator for Fast Compiler Front-Ends",
+	Report 127, Dept. Informatik, ETH Zurich, 1990].
+
+	[Terry, P.D., "Compilers and Compiler Generators: An
+	Introduction with C++", ITCP: ISBN 1-85032-298-8].
+
+	(1997-12-09)
+
+CODASYL
+
+	{Conference On DAta SYstems Languages}
+
+Codd's First Normal Form
+
+	{database normalisation}
+
+Codd's reduction algorithm
+
+	<database> An {algorithm} to convert an arbitrary expression
+	of the {relational calculus} to an equivalent expression of
+	the {relational algebra}.  This can be used as the basis of an
+	implementation of the relational calculus.
+
+	(1998-10-05)
+
+code
+
+	1. <software> Instructions for a computer in some programming
+	language, often {machine language} (machine code).
+
+	The word "code" is often used to distinguish instructions from
+	{data} (e.g. "The code is marked 'read-only'") whereas the
+	word "{software}" is used in contrast with "{hardware}" and
+	may consist of more than just code.
+
+	(2000-04-08)
+
+	2. <cryptography> Some method of {encryption} or the resulting
+	encrypted message.
+
+	(2006-11-10)
+
+Code 2.0
+
+	<language> A {coarse-grain} {dataflow} language with a graphical
+	interface for users to draw communication structure.
+
+	{(http://cs.utexas.edu/users/code)}.
+
+	E-mail: Emery Berger <emery@cs.utexas.edu>.
+
+	["The CODE 2.0 Parallel Programming Language", P. Newton et
+	al, Proc ACM Intl Conf on Supercomput, Jul 1992].
+
+	(1996-01-13)
+
+codebook
+
+	{data dictionary}
+
+CODEC
+
+	{coder/decoder}
+
+CodeCenter
+
+	<programming> (Formerly {Saber-C}) A proprietary {software
+	development environment} for {C} programs, offering an
+	integrated toolkit for developing, testing, debugging and
+	maintainance.
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+coded character set
+
+	<character, standard> A mapping, generally 1:1, from a set of
+	{integers}, known as {character codes} or {code positions}, to
+	a set of {characters} that may include letters, digits,
+	punctuation, {control codes}, mathematical and typographic
+	symbols.
+
+	There are several {standard} coded character sets, the most
+	widely used is {ASCII}, generally in its {Latin-1} dialect,
+	with {Unicode} becoming slowly more common; while {EBCDIC} and
+	{Baudot} are extinct except in {legacy systems}.
+
+	(2009-01-06)
+
+Code Division Multiple Access
+
+	<communications> (CDMA) (Or "spread spectrum") A form of
+	{multiplexing} where the transmitter encodes the signal using
+	a {pseudorandom} sequence which the receiver also knows and
+	can use to decode the received signal.  Each different random
+	sequence corresponds to a different communication channel.
+
+	{Motorola} uses CDMA for digital cellular phones.  Qualcomm
+	pioneered the introduction of CDMA into wireless telephone
+	services.
+
+	(2001-03-28)
+
+code division multiplexing
+
+	{Code Division Multiple Access}
+
+Code-Generator Generator Language
+
+	<language> ("seagull") (CGGL) A {machine description language}
+	based on modelling the computer as a {finite-state machine}.
+
+	["A Code Generator Generator Language", M.K. Donegan et al,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 14(8):58-64, Aug 1979].
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+code grinder
+
+	<jargon, abuse> A {suit}-wearing minion of the sort hired in
+	legion strength by banks and insurance companies in the {Real
+	World} to implement payroll packages in {RPG} and other such
+	unspeakable horrors.  In its native habitat, the code grinder
+	often removes the suit jacket to reveal an underplumage
+	consisting of button-down shirt (starch optional) and a tie.
+	In times of dire stress, the sleeves (if long) may be rolled
+	up and the tie loosened about half an inch.  It seldom helps.
+	The {code grinder}'s milieu is about as far from hackerdom as
+	one can get and still touch a computer; the term connotes
+	pity.
+
+	Used of or to a {hacker}, this term is a really serious slur
+	on the person's creative ability; it connotes a design style
+	characterised by primitive technique, rule-boundedness, {brute
+	force} and utter lack of imagination.
+
+	Compare {card walloper}.  Contrast {real programmer}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+code management
+
+	{source code management}
+
+code police
+
+	<humour> (By analogy with George Orwell's "Thought Police" in
+	"1984") A mythical team of Gestapo-like storm troopers that
+	enforce programming style rules.  Used ironically, to suggest
+	that the practice under discussion is condemned mainly by
+	anal-retentive {weenies}.  "Dike out that {goto} or the code
+	police will get you!"  The ironic usage is perhaps more
+	common.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+code position
+
+	<character> An {integer} that a {coded character set} maps to
+	a {character}.  A code position is normally stored or
+	transmitted by applying a {character encoding} to turn it into
+	a {byte string}.
+
+	(2002-03-03)
+
+coder/decoder
+
+	<communications> (CODEC) An electronic device or component
+	combining the circuits needed to convert digital signals to
+	and from analog ({Pulse Code Modulation}) form.
+
+	(1997-07-22)
+
+codes
+
+	1. <jargon> Programs.  This usage is common among scientific
+	computing people who use {supercumputers} for heavy-duty
+	{number crunching}.
+
+	2. <cryptography> Something to do with {cryptography}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+C-odeScript
+
+	<language> A {Liana} interpreter, embeddable in {C} and {C++}
+	programs.
+
+	(1995-03-09)
+
+code segment
+
+	<memory> ({Intel 8086} CS) The area of memory containing the
+	{machine code} instructions of a {program}.  The code segment
+	of a program may be shared between multiple processes running
+	that code so long as none of them tries to modify it.
+
+	{Unix}, confusingly, calls this the "text segment" and the
+	area for uninitialied data, the {bss segment}.
+
+	Initialised data is located in the {data segment}.
+
+	(1996-12-21)
+
+code walk
+
+	<programming> Stepping through {source code} as part of a
+	{code review}.
+
+	Where a code walk probably only follows the potential {control
+	flow} of a program, a {dry run} is a more detailed manual
+	execution of a program that also keeps track of the value of
+	every {variable} involved.
+
+	(2006-11-27)
+
+codewalker
+
+	<programming, tool> A program component that analyses other
+	programs.  {Compilers} have codewalkers in their front ends;
+	so do {cross-reference generators} and some database front
+	ends.  Other utility programs that try to do too much with
+	source code may turn into codewalkers.  As in "This new
+	'vgrind' feature would require a codewalker to implement."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+CODIL
+
+	{COntext Dependent Information Language}
+
+codomain
+
+	<theory> The set of values or {type} containing all possible
+	results of a {function}.  The codomain of a function f of type
+	D -> C is C.  A function's {image} is a subset of its
+	codomain.
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+coercion
+
+	{implicit type conversion}
+
+COFF
+
+	{Common Object File Format}
+
+COGENT
+
+	{COmpiler and GENeralized Translator}
+
+Cogent Prolog
+
+	<language> A full {Edinburgh standard Prolog} with {debugger},
+	{listener}, {DCG}, many {built-ins}, text windows, support for
+	{modules}, and support for both 16-bit and 32-bit {protected
+	mode}.
+
+	Contact: Dennis C. Merritt.
+
+	(1999-11-24)
+
+Cognitech
+
+	<company> A French software company specialising in
+	{artificial intelligence}.
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+cognitive architecture
+
+	<architecture> A computer architecure involving
+	{non-deterministic}, multiple {inference} processes, as found
+	in {neural networks}.  Cognitive architectures model the human
+	brain and contrast with single processor computers.
+
+	The term might also refer to software architectures,
+	e.g. {fuzzy logic}.
+
+	[Origin?  Better definition?  Reference?]
+
+	(1995-11-29)
+
+COGO
+
+	<application> A subsystem of {ICES} aimed at {coordinate geometry}
+	problems in civil engineering.
+
+	["Engineer's Guide to ICES COGO I", R67-46, CE Dept MIT, Aug
+	1967].
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+Coherent Parallel C
+
+	<language> A {data parallel} version of {C}.
+
+	["Coherent Parallel C", E. Felten et al in Third Conf on
+	Hypercube Concurrent Computers and Appls, ACM, 1988,
+	pp. 440-450].
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+COHESION
+
+	<programming> {DEC}'s {CASE} environment.
+
+	[Details?].
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+COIF
+
+	<language> {Fortran} with {interactive} graphic extensions for
+	{circuit design}, on {UNIVAC 1108}.
+
+	["An Interactive Software System for Computer-Aided Design: An
+	Application to Circuit Projects", CACM 9(13), Sep 1970].
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+CoIP
+
+	{Conferencing over IP}
+
+cokebottle
+
+	<character, humour> /kohk'bot-l/ Any unusual character,
+	particularly one you can't type because it isn't on your
+	keyboard.  {MIT} people used to complain about the
+	"control-meta-cokebottle" commands at {SAIL}, and {SAIL}
+	people complained about the "{altmode}-altmode-cokebottle"
+	commands at {MIT}.  After the demise of the {space-cadet
+	keyboard}, "cokebottle" was used less, but was often used to
+	describe weird or non-intuitive keystrokes.
+
+	The {OSF}/{Motif} {window manager}, "{mwm}" keystroke for
+	switching to the default keybindings and behaviour is
+	control-meta-{bang}.  Since {exclamation mark} might be
+	thought to look like a Coke bottle, {Motif} hackers referred
+	to this keystroke as "cokebottle".
+
+	See also {quadruple bucky}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+COLASL
+
+	<mathematics, application> An early system for numerical
+	problems on the {IBM 7030}.  It used a special {character set}
+	for input of natural mathematical expressions.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 265-271].
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+COLD
+
+	1. <language> A {sugar}ed version of {COLD-K}.
+
+	2. <storage> Computer Output to Laser Disk - see {Enterprise
+	Report Management}.
+
+	(2007-07-24)
+
+cold boot
+
+	<operating system> A {boot} from {power off}.
+
+	Contrast {warm boot}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-11-27)
+
+ColdFusion
+
+	<web, database, tool> {Allaire Corporation}'s commercial
+	{database} application development tool that allows {databases} to
+	have a {web interface}, so a database can be queried and updated
+	using a {web browser}.
+
+	The ColdFusion Server application runs on the {web server} and
+	has access to a {database}.  ColdFusion files on the web
+	server are {HTML} pages with additional ColdFusion commands to
+	{query} or {update} the database, written in {CFML}.  When the
+	page is requested by the user, the {web server} passes the
+	page to the Cold Fusion application, which executes the {CFML}
+	commands, places the results of the {CFML} commands in the
+	{HTML} file, and returns the page to the {web server}.  The
+	page returned to the {web server} is now an ordinary {HTML}
+	file, and it is sent to the user.
+
+	Examples of ColdFusion applications include order entry, event
+	registration, catalogue search, directories, calendars, and
+	interactive training.  ColdFusion applications are robust
+	because all database interactions are encapsulated in a single
+	industrial-strength {CGI} script.  The formatting and
+	presentation can be modified and revised at any time (as
+	opposed to having to edit and recompile {source code}).
+
+	ColdFusion Server can connect with any database that supports
+	{ODBC} or {OLE DB} or one that has a native database driver.
+	Native database drivers are available for {Oracle} and
+	{Sybase} databases.
+
+	ColdFusion is available for {Windows}, {Solaris}, and {HP-UX}.
+	A {development environment} for creating ColdFusion files,
+	called ColdFusion Studio, is also available for {Windows}.
+
+	Latest version: MX(6), as of 2003-07-11.
+
+	The {filename extension} for ColdFusion files is .cfm
+
+	{(http://coldfusion.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-07-27)
+
+ColdFusion Markup Language
+
+	<language, web> (CFML) A {tag} based {markup}
+	language used to create {ColdFusion} {web applications} by
+	embedding ColdFusion commands in {HTML} files.
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+COLD-K
+
+	<language> A formal design {kernel language} for describing
+	(sequential) software systems in intermediate stages of their
+	design.
+
+	["An Introduction to COLD-K", H.B.M. Jonkers in Algebraic
+	Methods: Theory, Tools and Applications, M. Wirsing et al eds,
+	LNCS 394, Springer 1989, pp. 139-205].
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+COLINGO
+
+	<language> Compile On-LINe and GO.  An english-like {query}
+	system from {MITRE Corporation} for the {IBM 1401}.
+
+	["The COLINGO System Design Philosophy", Information System
+	Sciences, Proc Second Congress, 1965].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 664].
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+collision
+
+	1. <networking> When two {hosts} transmit on a {network} at
+	once causing their {packets} to corrupt each other.
+
+	See {collision detection}.
+
+	2. <programming> {hash collision}.
+
+	(1995-01-06)
+
+collision detection
+
+	<networking> A class of methods for sharing a data
+	transmission medium in which {hosts} transmit as soon as they
+	have data to send and then check to see whether their
+	transmission has suffered a {collision} with another host's.
+
+	If a collision is detected then the data must be resent.  The
+	resending algorithm should try to minimise the chance that two
+	hosts's data will repeatedly collide.  For example, the
+	{CSMA/CD} protocol used on {Ethernet} specifies that they
+	should then wait for a random time before re-transmitting.
+
+	See also {backoff}.
+
+	This contrasts with {slotted protocols} and {token passing}.
+
+	(1997-03-18)
+
+collocation
+
+	{co-location}
+
+co-location
+
+	<networking> /koh'loh-kay`sh*n/ or /koh`loh-kay'sh*n/ (Or
+	"colocation") Providing network connections such as {Internet}
+	{leased lines} to several {servers} housed together in a
+	{server room}.  This is typically provided as a commercial
+	service.
+
+	The hyphenated form is correct and the most common on the web,
+	followed by "colocation".  "collocation" (/ko`loh-kay'sh*n/,
+	not /koh'-/), is an old word with a similar meaning.  It is
+	common in dictionaries and follows the pattern of other
+	Latin-derived words like collect, college, and collate, but is
+	least common on the web.
+
+	The verbal form is "to colocate" or "co-locate" (commonly
+	/koh'loh`kayt/, also (US) /koh`loh'kayt/).
+
+	(2000-10-03)
+
+colon
+
+	<character> ":" {ASCII} character 58.  Common names: {ITU-T}:
+	colon.  Rare: dots; {INTERCAL}: two-spot.
+
+	(1995-09-25)
+
+color
+
+	{colour}
+
+Color Graphics Adapter
+
+	<hardware, graphics> (CGA) One of {IBM}'s earliest hardware
+	video {display standards} for use in {IBM PCs}.  CGA can
+	display 80*25 or 40*25 text in 16 colors, 640*200 {pixels} of
+	graphics in two colors or 320*200 in four colors (IBM PC video
+	modes 0-6).  It is now obsolete.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+color model
+
+	{colour model}
+
+Colossus
+
+	(A huge and ancient statue on the Greek island of Rhodes).
+
+	1. <computer> The Colossus and Colossus Mark II computers used
+	by {Alan Turing} at {Bletchley Park}, UK during the Second
+	World War to crack the "Tunny" cipher produced by the Lorenz
+	SZ 40 and SZ 42 machines.  Colossus was a semi-fixed-program
+	{vacuum tube} calculator (unlike its near-contemporary, the
+	freely programmable {Z3}).
+
+	["Breaking the enemy's code", Glenn Zorpette, IEEE Spectrum,
+	September 1987, pp. 47-51.]
+
+	2. The computer in the 1970 film, "Colossus: The Forbin
+	Project".  Forbin is the designer of a computer that will run
+	all of America's nuclear defences.  Shortly after being turned
+	on, it detects the existence of Goliath, the Soviet
+	counterpart, previously unknown to US Planners.  Both
+	computers insist that they be linked, whereupon the two become
+	a new super computer and threaten the world with the immediate
+	launch of nuclear weapons if they are detached.  Colossus
+	begins to give its plans for the management of the world under
+	its guidance.  Forbin and the other scientists form a
+	technological resistance to Colossus which must operate
+	underground.
+
+	{The Internet Movie Database
+	(http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064177)}.
+
+	(2007-01-04)
+
+colour
+
+	<graphics> (US "color") Colours are usually represented as
+	{RGB} triples in a {digital} {image} because this corresponds
+	most closely to the electronic signals needed to drive a
+	{CRT}.  Several equivalent systems ("{colour models}") exist,
+	e.g. {HSB}.  A colour {image} may be stored as three separate
+	images, one for each of red, green, and blue, or each {pixel}
+	may encode the colour using separate {bit-fields} for each
+	colour component, or each pixel may store a logical colour
+	number which is looked up in a hardware {colour palette} to
+	find the colour to display.
+
+	Printers may use the {CMYK} or {Pantone} representations of
+	colours as well as RGB.
+
+	(1999-08-02)
+
+colour depth
+
+	{bits per pixel}
+
+colour look-up table
+
+	{colour palette}
+
+colour model
+
+	<graphics> Any system for representing {colours} as {ordered
+	sets} of numbers.  The most common colour models are {RGB},
+	{CMYK}, and {HSB}.  There are several others, e.g. {CMY}, and
+	the "Lab" system(?).
+
+	See also: {Pantone}.
+
+	(1999-10-21)
+
+colour palette
+
+	<graphics, hardware> (colour look-up table, CLUT) A device
+	which converts the {logical} colour numbers stored in each
+	{pixel} of {video} memory into {physical} colours, normally
+	represented as {RGB} triplets, that can be displayed on the
+	{monitor}.  The palette is simply a block of fast {RAM} which
+	is addressed by the logical colour and whose output is split
+	into the red, green and blue levels which drive the actual
+	display (e.g. {CRT}).
+
+	The number of entries (logical colours) in the palette is the
+	total number of colours which can appear on screen
+	simultaneously.  The width of each entry determines the number
+	of colours which the palette can be set to produce.
+
+	A common example would be a palette of 256 colours
+	(i.e. addressed by eight-bit pixel values) where each colour
+	can be chosen from a total of 16.7 million colours (i.e. eight
+	bits output for each of red, green and blue).
+
+	Changes to the palette affect the whole screen at once and can
+	be used to produce special effects which would be much slower
+	to produce by updating pixels.
+
+	(1997-06-03)
+
+Columbia AppleTalk Package
+
+	<networking> (CAP) An implementation of {Apple Computer}'s
+	{AppleTalk} {protocols} for {Unix} {4.2BSD} and its
+	derivatives, from {Columbia University}.  There are two
+	different {LAP} delivery mechanisms for: {IPTalk} and
+	{Ethertalk} (possibly using {UAB}).
+
+	CAP supports the following {AppleTalk} {protocols}: {AppleTalk
+	Transaction Protocol} (ATP), {Name Binding Protocol} (NBP),
+	{Printer Access Protocol} (PAP), {AppleTalk Session Protocol}
+	(ASP), {AppleTalk Filing Protocol} (AFP) client side.  In
+	addition, the {Datagram Delivery Protocol} (DDP) and {Zone
+	Information Protocol} (ZIP) are partially available.  The
+	structure of the {Internet Appletalk Bridge} software makes it
+	impossible to provide full DDP service.  Only the Get Zone
+	List ATP ZIP command is implemented for ZIP.
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+column
+
+	1. <database> A named slice through a {database} {table} that
+	includes the same field of each {row}.  For example, a
+	telephone directory table might have a row for each person
+	with a name column and a telephone number column.
+
+	2. <storage> A line of memory cells in a {dynamic
+	random-access memory}, that is selected by a particular column
+	address.
+
+	(2007-10-12)
+
+Column Address Strobe
+
+	<hardware> (CAS) A signal sent from a processor (or {memory
+	controller}) to a {dynamic random-access memory} (DRAM) (qv)
+	circuit to indicate that the column {address lines} are valid.
+
+	(1996-10-17)
+
+COM
+
+	1. <programming> {Component Object Model}.
+
+	2. <storage> Computer Output on Microfilm - see {Enterprise
+	Report Management}.
+
+com
+
+	<networking> (.com, "commercial") The {top-level domain}
+	originally for American companies but, since the explosion of
+	the {web}, used by most companies and for {vanity
+	domains} of all types, whether in the US or not, often in
+	addition to {country code} domains like amazon.co.uk.
+
+	The term "dot com" is now widely used to refer to any Internet
+	business as in "My dot com turned into a dot bomb".
+
+	(2007-02-18)
+
+.com
+
+	{com}
+
+COMAL
+
+	{COMmon Algorithmic Language}
+
+combination
+
+	1. <mathematics> A {set} containing a certain number of
+	objects selected from another set.
+
+	The number of combinations of r objects chosen from a set of n
+	is
+
+		n C r = n! / ((n-r)! r!)
+
+	where "n C r" is normally with n and r as subscripts or as n
+	above r in parentheses.
+
+	See also {permutation}.
+
+	2. <reduction> In the theory of {combinators}, a combination
+	denotes an expression in which {function application} is the
+	only operation.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+combinator
+
+	<theory> A function with no {free variables}.  A term is
+	either a constant, a variable or of the form A B denoting the
+	{application} of term A (a function of one argument) to term
+	B.  {Juxtaposition} associates to the left in the absence of
+	parentheses.  All combinators can be defined from two basic
+	combinators - S and K.  These two and a third, I, are defined
+	thus:
+
+		S f g x	= f x (g x)
+		K x y	= x
+		I x	= x		= S K K x
+
+	There is a simple translation between {combinatory logic} and
+	{lambda-calculus}.  The size of equivalent expressions in the
+	two languages are of the same order.
+
+	Other combinators were added by {David Turner} in 1979 when he
+	used combinators to implement {SASL}:
+
+		B f g x = f (g x)
+		C f g x = f x g
+		S' c f g x = c (f x) (g x)
+		B* c f g x = c (f (g x))
+		C' c f g x = c (f x) g
+
+	See {fixed point combinator}, {curried function},
+	{supercombinators}.
+
+	(2002-11-03)
+
+combinatory logic
+
+	<logic> A system for reducing the operational notation of
+	{logic}, mathematics or a {functional language} to a sequence
+	of modifications to the input data structure.  First
+	introduced in the 1920's by {Schoenfinkel}.  Re-introduced
+	independently by {Haskell Curry} in the late 1920's (who
+	quickly learned of Schoenfinkel's work after he had the idea).
+	Curry is really responsible for most of the development, at
+	least up until work with Feys in 1958.
+
+	See {combinator}.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+Comdex
+
+	<business> A computer show that is held twice yearly, once in
+	the spring (in Atlanta) and once in autumn (in Las Vegas).
+	Comdex is a major show during which new releases of software
+	and hardware are made.  {Microsoft}, for example, often
+	annouces its products at Comdex.
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+COME FROM
+
+	<programming, humour> A semi-mythical language construct dual
+	to the "go to"; "COME FROM" <label> would cause the referenced
+	label to act as a sort of {trapdoor}, so that if the program
+	ever reached it, control would quietly and {automagically} be
+	transferred to the statement following the "COME FROM".
+
+	"COME FROM" was first proposed in R.L. Clark's "A Linguistic
+	Contribution to GOTO-less programming", which appeared in a
+	1973 {Datamation} issue (and was reprinted in the April 1984
+	issue of "{Communications of the ACM}").  This parodied the
+	then-raging "{structured programming}" {holy wars} (see
+	{considered harmful}).
+
+	Mythically, some variants are the "assigned COME FROM" and the
+	"computed COME FROM" (parodying some nasty control constructs
+	in {Fortran} and some extended {BASICs}).  Of course,
+	{multitasking} (or {nondeterminism}) could be implemented by
+	having more than one "COME FROM" statement coming from the
+	same label.
+
+	In some ways the {Fortran} "DO" looks like a "COME FROM"
+	statement.  After the terminating statement number/"CONTINUE"
+	is reached, control continues at the statement following the
+	DO.  Some generous Fortrans would allow arbitrary statements
+	(other than "CONTINUE") for the statement, leading to examples
+	like:
+
+	      DO 10 I=1,LIMIT
+	 C imagine many lines of code here, leaving the
+	 C original DO statement lost in the spaghetti...
+	      WRITE(6,10) I,FROB(I)
+	 10   FORMAT(1X,I5,G10.4)
+
+	in which the trapdoor is just after the statement labelled 10.
+	(This is particularly surprising because the label doesn't
+	appear to have anything to do with the flow of control at
+	all!)
+
+	While sufficiently astonishing to the unsuspecting reader,
+	this form of "COME FROM" statement isn't completely general.
+	After all, control will eventually pass to the following
+	statement.  The implementation of the general form was left to
+	{Univac Fortran}, ca. 1975 (though a roughly similar feature
+	existed on the {IBM 7040} ten years earlier).  The statement
+	"AT 100" would perform a "COME FROM 100".  It was intended
+	strictly as a debugging aid, with dire consequences promised
+	to anyone so deranged as to use it in production code.  More
+	horrible things had already been perpetrated in production
+	languages, however; doubters need only contemplate the
+	"{ALTER}" verb in {COBOL}.
+
+	{SCL} on {VME} {mainframes} has a similar language construct
+	called "whenever", used like this:
+
+		 whenever x=123345 then S;
+
+	Meaning whenever variable x reached the value 123345 then
+	execute statement S.
+
+	"COME FROM" was supported under its own name for the first
+	time 15 years later, in {C-INTERCAL} (see {INTERCAL},
+	{retrocomputing}); knowledgeable observers are still reeling
+	from the shock.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-04-19)
+
+COMIS
+
+	<language> A COMpilation and Interpretation System.
+
+	A {Fortran} {interpreter} use by the {PAW} system.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+COMIT
+
+	<language> The first string-handling and {pattern-matching}
+	language, designed in 1957-8 for applications in {natural
+	language} translation.  The user has a workspace organised
+	into shelves.  Strings are made of constituents (words),
+	accessed by {subscript}.  A program is a set of rules, each of
+	which has a pattern, a replacement and goto another rule.
+
+	["COMIT Programmer's Reference Manual", V.H. Yngve, MIT Press
+	1961].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 416-436].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Comite Europeen des Postes et Telecommunications
+
+	<body> (CEPT, European Conference of Post and
+	Telecommunications) The committee that defined the CEPT speech
+	{compression} scheme.
+
+	[Details of compression scheme?]
+
+	(1998-03-16)
+
+COMIT II
+
+	<language> ["Computer Programming with COMIT II", Victor
+	H. Yngve, MIT Press, 1963].
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+Comma
+
+	<project> COMputable MAthematics.
+
+	An {ESPRIT} project at KU {Nijmegen}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+comma
+
+	<character> "," {ASCII} character 44.  Common names: {ITU-T}:
+	comma.  Rare: {ITU-T}: cedilla; {INTERCAL}: tail.
+
+	In the {C} programming language, "," is an operator which
+	evaluates its first argument (which presumably has
+	{side-effects}) and then returns the value of its second
+	argument.  This is useful in "for" statements and {macros}.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+command
+
+	<operating system> A character string which tells a program to
+	perform a specific action.  Most commands take {arguments}
+	which either modify the action performed or supply it with
+	input.  Commands may be typed by the user or read from a file
+	by a {command interpreter}.  It is also common to refer to
+	menu items as commands.
+
+	(1997-06-21)
+
+Command Control Processor
+
+	<operating system> (CCP) {CP/M}'s {command-line interpreter}.
+
+	(2001-11-01)
+
+command interpreter
+
+	<operating system> A program which reads textual commands from
+	the user or from a file and executes them.  Some commands may
+	be executed directly within the interpreter itself
+	(e.g. setting variables or control constructs), others may
+	cause it to load and execute other files.
+
+	{Unix}'s command interpreters are known as {shells}.
+
+	When an {IBM PC} is {boot}ed {BIOS} loads and runs the
+	{MS-DOS} command interpreter into memory from file COMMAND.COM
+	found on a {floppy disk} or {hard disk} drive.  The commands
+	that COMMAND.COM recognizes (e.g. COPY, DIR, PRN) are called
+	internal commands, in contrast to external commands which are
+	executable files.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+command key
+
+	{feature key}
+
+command line interface
+
+	<operating system> A means of communication between a
+	{program} and its {user}, based solely on textual input and
+	output.  Commands are input with the help of a {keyboard} or
+	similar device and are interpreted and executed by the
+	program.  Results are output as text or graphics to the
+	{terminal}.
+
+	Command line interfaces usually provide greater flexibility
+	than {graphical user interfaces}, at the cost of being harder
+	for the novice to use.  Consequently, some {hackers} look down
+	on GUIs as designed {For The Rest Of Them}.
+
+	(1996-01-12)
+
+command-line interpreter
+
+	{command interpreter}
+
+command line option
+
+	<software> (Or "option", "flag", "switch", "option switch") An
+	argument to a command that modifies its function rather than
+	providing data.  Options generally start with "-" in {Unix} or
+	"/" in {MS-DOS}.  This is usually followed by a single letter
+	or occasionally a digit.  More recently, {GNU} software
+	adopted the --longoptionname style, usually in addition to
+	traditional, single-character, -x style equivalents.
+
+	Some commands require each option to be a separate argument,
+	introduced by a new "-" or "/", others allow multiple option
+	letters to be concatenated into a single argument with a
+	single "-" or "/", e.g. "ls -al".  A few Unix commands
+	(e.g. {ar}, {tar}) allow the "-" to be omitted.  Some options
+	may or must be followed by a value, e.g. "cc prog.c -o prog",
+	sometimes with and sometimes without an intervening space.
+
+	{getopt} and {getopts} are commands for parsing command line
+	options.  There is also a {C} library routine called getopt
+	for the same purpose.
+
+	(2007-02-18)
+
+comma separated values
+
+	<file format> (CSV) A {file format} used as a portable
+	representation of a {database}.  Each line is one entry or
+	record and the fields in a record are separated by {commas}.
+	Commas may be followed by arbitrary space and/or tab
+	characters which are ignored.  If field includes a comma, the
+	whole field must be surrounded with {double quotes}.
+
+	(1995-05-06)
+
+COMMEN
+
+	[L.J. Cohen.  Proc SJCC 30:671-676, AFIPS (Spring 1967)].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+comment
+
+	<programming> (Or "remark") Explanatory text embedded in
+	program {source} (or less often data) intended to help human
+	readers understand it.
+
+	Code completely without comments is often hard to read, but
+	code with too many comments is also bad, especially if the
+	comments are not kept up-to-date with changes to the code.
+	Too much commenting may mean that the code is
+	over-complicated.  A good rule is to comment everything that
+	needs it but write code that doesn't need much of it.
+	Comments that explain __why__ something is done and how the code
+	relates to its environment are useful.
+
+	A particularly irksome form of over-commenting explains
+	exactly what each statement does, even when it is obvious to
+	any reasonably competant programmer, e.g.
+
+		/* Open the input file */
+		infd = open(input_file, O_RDONLY);
+
+	(2007-02-19)
+
+commented out
+
+	{comment out}
+
+comment out
+
+	<programming> To surround a section of code with {comment}
+	{delimiters} or to prefix every line in the section with a
+	comment marker.  This prevents it from being compiled or
+	interpreted.  It is often done to temporarily disable the
+	code, e.g. during {debugging} or when the code is redundant or
+	obsolete, but is being left in the source to make the intent
+	of the active code clearer.
+
+	The word "comment" is sometimes replaced with whatever
+	{syntax} is used to mark comments in the language in question,
+	e.g. "hash out" ({shell script}, {Perl}), "REM out" ({BASIC}),
+	etc.
+
+	Compare {condition out}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-04-28)
+
+commercial at
+
+	<character> "@".  {ASCII} code 64.  Common names: at sign, at,
+	strudel.  Rare: each, vortex, whorl, {INTERCAL}: whirlpool,
+	cyclone, snail, ape, cat, rose, cabbage, amphora.  {ITU-T}:
+	commercial at.
+
+	The @ sign is used in an {electronic mail address} to separate
+	the local part from the {hostname}.  This dates back to July
+	1972 when {Ray Tomlinson} was designing the first[?] {e-mail}
+	program.
+
+	It is ironic that @ has become a trendy mark of Internet
+	awareness since it is a very old symbol, derived from the
+	latin preposition "ad" (at).
+
+	Giorgio Stabile, a professor of history in Rome, has traced
+	the symbol back to the Italian Renaissance in a Roman
+	mercantile document signed by Francesco Lapi on 1536-05-04.
+
+	In Dutch it is called "apestaartje" (little ape-tail), in
+	German "affenschwanz" (ape tail).  The French name is
+	"arobase".  In Spain and Portugal it denotes a weight of about
+	25 pounds, the weight and the symbol are called "arroba".
+	Italians call it "chiocciola" (snail).
+
+	See {@-party}.
+
+	(2003-04-28)
+
+Commercial Internet eXchange
+
+	<networking, body> (CIX) The CIX is a non-profit, 501(c)6,
+	trade association coordinating {Internet} services.  Its
+	member organisations provide {TCP/IP} or {OSI} data
+	{internetwork} services to the general public.  The CIX gives
+	them unrestricted access to other worldwide networks.  It also
+	takes an interest in the development and future direction of
+	the {Internet}.
+
+	The CIX provides a neutral forum to exchange ideas,
+	information, and experimental projects among suppliers of
+	internetworking services.  The CIX broadens the base of
+	national and international cooperation and coordination among
+	member networks.  Together, the membership may develop
+	consensus positions on legislative and policy issues of mutual
+	interest.
+
+	The CIX encourages technical research and development for the
+	mutual benefit of suppliers and customers of data
+	communications internetworking services.  It assists its
+	member networks in the establishment of, and adherence to,
+	operational, technical, and administrative policies and
+	standards necessary to ensure fair, open, and competitive
+	operations and communication among member networks.  CIX
+	policies are formulated by a member-elected board of
+	directors.
+
+	{(http://cix.org/)}.
+
+	(1995-01-13)
+
+commercial off-the-shelf software
+
+	{commercial software}
+
+commercial software
+
+	<software> (Or "commercial off-the-shelf software", COTS)
+	{Software} that is produced for sale.  This contrasts with
+	{free software}, which is produced for free distribution,
+	meaning without charge and/or without restriction on further
+	distribution.
+
+	Some companies that sell software distribute some (versions)
+	of products free of charge (but usually with restricted
+	distribution rights), this would probably still be called
+	commercial software.  Conversely, software that an individual
+	distributes for free, but for which he accepts donations,
+	would still be called free software.
+
+	(2007-02-07)
+
+Commercial Translator
+
+	<language> An English-like pre-{COBOL} language for business
+	{data processing}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 378].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Committed Data Rate
+
+	<communications> (CDR) The data transfer rate that an {ISP}
+	guarantees a {virtual circuit} will carry.  The CDR is the
+	data portion of {Committed Information Rate} (CIR).
+
+	(2007-02-28)
+
+Committed Information Rate
+
+	<networking> (CIR) The guaranteed average {data rate} of a
+	{virtual circuit} in a {frame relay} network.  The CIR plus
+	the Excess Information Rate (EIR, burst rate) is equal to or
+	less than the speed of the access port into the network.
+
+	The term CIR includes voice and non-data packets that are not
+	included in the {Committed Data Rate} (CDR).  CIR is generally
+	used in reference to {leased lines} and similar classes of
+	network services, not {dial-up}.
+
+	(2010-05-07)
+
+comm mode
+
+	<chat> (Or "com mode") An {ITS} feature supporting interactive
+	on-line {chat}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-18)
+
+Commodore
+
+	<company, computer> {Commodore Business Machines} or one of
+	their computers such as the {Commodore 64}.
+
+	(2010-09-14)
+
+Commodore 1010
+
+	<storage> A 3.5-inch floppy {disk drive} for the {Amiga}.
+
+	(1998-12-23)
+
+Commodore 128
+
+	<computer> (C128) An expanded {Commodore 64}, {Commodore
+	Business Machines}' last commercially released 8-bit computer.
+	However, they did prototype the {Commodore 65} and {Commodore
+	SX64}.
+
+	(1996-06-05)
+
+Commodore 1541
+
+	<storage> The best known {floppy disk} drive for the
+	{Commodore 64}.  The 1541 was a single-sided 160 Kb drive but
+	converting to {flippy disks} would give another 160 Kb.
+
+	The disk drive used {Group Code Recording} and contained a
+	{6502} processor as a {disk controller}.  Some people wrote
+	code for it to vibrate the head at different frequencies to
+	play tunes.
+
+	The transfer rate was about 300 bytes per second.  The 1541
+	used a {bit-serial} version of the {IEEE 488} parallel
+	protocol.  Some third-party speed-ups could transfer about 4
+	kilobytes per second over the interface, and some "fast
+	loaders" managed up to 10 kbps.
+
+	The {Commodore 1570} was an upgraded 1541 for use with the
+	{Commodore 128}.
+
+	(2000-03-07)
+
+Commodore 1570
+
+	<storage> {Commodore Business Machines}'s allegedly "advanced"
+	disk drive for use with the {C128}.  It is basically a {1541}
+	with the capability to use "burst loading" (like the
+	{Commodore 1571}), and lots of new {bugs}.
+
+	The {Commodore 1571} was a double-sided version of the 1570.
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+Commodore 1571
+
+	<storage> {Commodore Business Machines}'s "advanced" {disk
+	drive} for the {C128}.  It was the double-sided version of the
+	{Commodore 1570} disk drive but, unlike the 1570, worked quite
+	well.
+
+	The 1571 supported "{burst mode}" loading when used on a C128
+	in native mode, which increased the transfer speed from 1541
+	speed to about three kilobytes per second (about a 10-fold
+	increase).  The 1571 could be told to emulate a {1541} for use
+	with a {C64} or 1541 disks.
+
+	Bugs in early releases of the 1571 {ROM} affected access to
+	the second side of the disk.
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+Commodore 1581
+
+	<storage> {Commodore Business Machines}'s 3.5 inch {disk
+	drive} for the {Commodore 64} and {Commodore 128}.  The drive
+	stores 800 {kilobytes} using an {MFM} format which is
+	different from both {messy-dos} 720 kb, and the {Amiga} 880 kb
+	formats.
+
+	The 1581 supports a poor imitation of {directories} which are
+	really just {partitions} and largely unused.  It also supports
+	burst loading like the {Commodore 1571}, but is actually
+	faster as it is better designed.  It has 3160 {blocks} free
+	when formatted.
+
+	The 1581 is the highest density C64 serial bus drive made by
+	Commodore.  However Creative Micro Designs (CMD) make the
+	{FD2000} (1.6MB) and (until recently) the {FD4000} (3.2MB)
+	3.5" disk drives.  {GEOS} users like 1581s as they are very
+	fast when used with GEOS.
+
+	See also {Commodore 1541}, {Commodore 1571}.
+
+	(1998-12-23)
+
+Commodore 64
+
+	<computer> (C64) An 8-bit {Commodore Business Machines}
+	{personal computer} released around September 1981.
+	Prototypes were (apparently) made before Christmas 1980 (and
+	shown at some computer fair).
+
+	The {CPU} was a {6510} from {MOS Technology} (who were a
+	wholly owned subsiduary of Commodore at this time(?)).  The
+	C64 had 64 {kilobytes} of {RAM} as standard and a 40-column
+	text, 320x200 {pixel} display generating {composite video},
+	usually connected to a television.
+
+	{DMA}-based memory expanders for the C64 (and C128) allowed
+	128, 256, and 512 kb of RAM.  Several third party
+	manufacturers produce accelerators and RAM expanders for the
+	C64 and C128.  (Some, risking a {holy war}, compare this to
+	putting a brick on roller-skates).  Such accelerators come in
+	speeds up to 20MHz (20 times the original) and RAM expanders
+	to 16MB.
+
+	The C64's {1541} 5.25 {floppy disk} drive had a {6502}
+	processor as a {disk controller}.
+
+	See also {Commodore 65}.
+
+	["Assembly language programming with the Commodore 64", Marvin
+	L. De Jong].
+
+	(1996-06-05)
+
+Commodore 64DX
+
+	{Commodore 65}
+
+Commodore 65
+
+	<computer> (Or Commodore 64DX, C65, C64DX) The last 8-bit
+	computer designed by {Commodore Business Machines}, about
+	1989-1991.  The C65 boasts an {ugly} collection of {custom}
+	{integrated circuits} which makes even the {Amiga} hardware
+	look standard.
+
+	The core of the C65 {chipset} is the {CSG 4510} and {CSG
+	4569}.  The 4510 is a {65CE02} with two {6526} {CIAs}.  The
+	4569 is equivalent to a combination of the {6569} VIC-II and
+	the {MMU} of the {Commodore 64}.  The C65 also has a {DMA
+	controller} (Commodore's purpose built {DMAgic}) which also
+	functions as a simple {blitter}, and a {floppy controller} for
+	the internal {Commodore 1581}-like disk drive.  The floppy
+	controller, known as the {F011}, supports seven drives (though
+	the {DOS} only supports 2).  The {4510} supports all the {C64}
+	{video modes}, plus an 80 column text mode, and {bitplane}
+	modes.  The bitplane modes can use up to eight bitplanes, and
+	{resolutions} of up to 1280 x 400.  The {palette} is 12-bit
+	like the {Amiga 500}.  It also has two SID's (MOS 8580/6581)
+	for stereo audio.
+
+	The C65 has two busses, D and E, with 64 {kilobytes} of {RAM}
+	on each.  The VIC-III can access the D-bus while the CPU
+	accesses the E-bus, and then they can swap around.  This
+	effectively makes the whole 8MB {address space} both {chip
+	ram} and {fast ram}.  {RAM} expansion is accomplished through
+	a {trap door} slot in the bottom which uses a {grock} of a
+	connector.  The C65 has a {C128}-like native mode, where all
+	of the new features are enabled, and the CPU runs at 3.5
+	megahertz with its {pipeline} enabled.  It also has a C64
+	{incompatibility mode} which offers approx 50-80%
+	compatibility with C64 software by turning off all its {bells
+	and whistles}.  The {bells and whistles} can still be accessed
+	from the C64 mode, which is dissimilar to the C128's
+	inescapable C64 mode.
+
+	Production of the C65 was dropped only a few weeks before it
+	moved from the Alpha stage, possibly due to Commodore's cash
+	shortage.  Commodore estimate that "between 50 and 10000"
+	exist.  There are at least three in Australia, about 30 in
+	Germany and "some" in the USA and Canada.
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+Commodore Business Machines
+
+	<company> (CBM) Makers of the {PET}, {Commodore 64},
+	{Commodore 16}, {Commodore 128}, and {Amiga} {personal
+	computers}.  Their logo is a {chicken head}.
+
+	The Commodore name is controlled by Commodore Licensing BV,
+	now a subsidiary of Asiarim.  Commodore USA signed an
+	agreement with Commodore Licensing BV.
+
+	On 1994-04-29, Commodore International announced that it had
+	been unable to renegotiate terms of outstanding loans and was
+	closing down the business.  Commodore US was expected to go
+	into liquidation.  Commodore US, France, Spain, and Belgium
+	were liquidated for various reasons.  The names Commodore and
+	Amiga were maintained after the liquidation.
+
+	After 1994, the rights to the Commodore name bounced across
+	several European companies.
+
+	On 1995-04-21, German retailer {Escom AG} bought Commodore
+	International for $14m and production of the Amiga resumed.
+	Netherlands-based {Tulip Computers} took over the brand.
+
+	Production of the 8-bit range alledgedly never stopped during
+	the time in liquidation because a Chinese company were
+	producing the {C64} in large numbers for the local market
+	there.
+
+	In 2004, Tulip sold the Commodore name to another Dutch firm,
+	Yeahronimo, that eventually changed its name to Commodore
+	International.
+
+	In April 2008 three creditors took the company to court
+	demanding a bankruptcy ruling.
+
+	On 2010-03-17, Commodore USA announced that it was to release
+	a new PC in June 2010 which looks very similar to the old
+	Commodore 64 but comes with a {Core 2 Duo}, {Core 2 Quad},
+	{Pentium D} or {Celeron D} processor and with {Ubuntu} {Linux}
+	or {Windows 7} installed.  {PC World article
+	(http://pcworld.com/article/192415)}.
+
+	(2010-09-14)
+
+Commodore SX64
+
+	<computer> A "portable" {Commodore 64}.  Shaped vaguely like a
+	seat cushion, this cumbersome experiment in transportable
+	computers had a detachable keyboard on one end which, when
+	removed, revealed a 6" {monitor} and a 5 1/4" {floppy disk}
+	drive.  The curious combination of a bulky design and
+	microscopic display are the most likely cause for the SX64's
+	discontinuation.
+
+	[Processor?  RAM?  Dates?]
+
+	(1997-10-25)
+
+COMmon Algorithmic Language
+
+	<language> (COMAL) A language for beginners developed by
+	Benedict Loefstedt and Borge Christensen in 1973 and popular
+	in Europe and Scandinavia.  It has a {Pascal}-like structure
+	added to {BASIC}.  COMAL-80 has been adopted as an
+	introductory language in Denmark.
+
+	There is a version for the {Amiga} and a well-supported
+	version for the {PC}, running under {MS-DOS} and {Microsoft
+	Windows}, called UniCOMAL.  Recently, it has been developed as
+	a web-scripting language called WebCOMAL.
+
+	{macharsoft (http://macharsoft.demon.co.uk/)}.
+
+	There is a COMAL User's Group at 5501 Groveland Terr, Madison
+	WI 53716, USA.
+
+	["Beginning COMAL", B. Christensen, Ellis Harwood 1982].
+
+	(2000-11-14)
+
+Common Applications Environment
+
+	<operating system> (CAE) Part of {X/Open}, based on {POSIX}
+	and {C}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2007-03-01)
+
+Common Applications Service Element
+
+	{Common Application Service Element}
+
+Common Architecture for Next Generation Internet Protocol
+
+	<networking> (CATNIP, originally Common Architecture
+	Technology for Next-generation Internet Protocol)
+
+	A network architecture designed to provide a compressed form
+	of the existing {network layer} {protocols} and to integrate
+	{CLNP}, {IP}, and {IPX}.  It provides for any of the
+	{transport layer} {protocols} in use, including {TP4}, {CLTP},
+	{TCP}, {UDP}, {IPX}, and {SPX}, to run over any of the network
+	layer protocol formats: CLNP, IP (version 4), IPX and CATNIP.
+
+	CATNIP was originally proposed by Robert L. Ullmann of {Lotus
+	Development Corporation} on 1993-12-22.  It was published as
+	{RFC 1707} in October 1994 but it is not an {Internet}
+	standard of any kind.
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+COmmon Business Oriented Language
+
+	<language, business> /koh'bol/ (COBOL) A programming language
+	for simple computations on large amounts of data, designed by
+	the {CODASYL} Committee in April 1960.  COBOL's {natural
+	language} style is intended to be largely self-documenting.
+	It introduced the {record} structure.
+
+	COBOL was probably the most widely used programming language
+	during the 1960s and 1970s.  Many of the major programs that
+	required repair or replacement due to {Year 2000} {software
+	rot} issues were originally written in COBOL, and this was
+	responsible for a short-lived increased demand for COBOL
+	programmers.  Even in 2002 though, new COBOL programs are
+	still being written in some organisations and many old COBOL
+	programs are still running in {dinosaur} shops.
+
+	Major revisions in 1968 (ANS X3.23-1968), 1974 (ANS
+	X3.23-1974) and 1985.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.cobol}.
+
+	["Initial Specifications for a Common Business Oriented
+	Language" DoD, US GPO, Apr 1960].
+
+	(2002-02-21)
+
+common carrier
+
+	<communications, company> (Or "phone company") A private
+	company that offers telecommunications services to the public.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+Common Command Set
+
+	<storage, standard> (CCS) Additional requirements and features
+	for direct-access {SCSI} devices.
+
+	In 1985 when the first {SCSI} standard was being finalised as
+	an {American National Standard}, the {X3T9.2} Task Group was
+	approached by some manufacturers who wanted changes.  Rather
+	than delay the SCSI standard, X3T9.2 formed an ad hoc group to
+	define CCS.
+
+	[Spec?  Status?  "direct-access"?]
+
+	(1997-03-23)
+
+Common Communication Services
+
+	<networking, IBM> (CCS) The standard program interface to
+	networks in {IBM}'s {SAA}.
+
+	(2007-05-14)
+
+Common Desktop Environment
+
+	<graphics, operating system> (CDE) A {desktop manager} from
+	{COSE}.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+Common ESP
+
+	<language> (CESP) A {Unix}-based version of ESP ({Extended
+	Self-containing Prolog}) from {Mitsubishi}'s {AI Language
+	Institute}.
+
+	(2000-07-11)
+
+Common Gateway Interface
+
+	<web> (CGI) A {standard} for running external
+	{programs} from a {web} {HTTP} {server}.  CGI
+	specifies how to pass {arguments} to the program as part of
+	the HTTP request.  It also defines a set of {environment
+	variables} that are made available to the program.  The
+	program generates output, typically {HTML}, which the web
+	server processes and passes back to the {browser}.
+	Alternatively, the program can request {URL redirection}.  CGI
+	allows the returned output to depend in any arbitrary way on
+	the request.
+
+	The CGI program can, for example, access information in a
+	{database} and format the results as HTML.  The program can
+	access any data that a normal application program can, however
+	the facilities available to CGI programs are usually limited
+	for security reasons.
+
+	Although CGI programs can be compiled programs, they are more
+	often written in a (semi) {interpreted language} such as
+	{Perl}, or as {Unix} {shell scripts}, hence the common name
+	"CGI script".
+
+	Here is a trivial CGI script written in Perl.  (It requires
+	the "CGI" module available from {CPAN}).
+
+	 #!/usr/bin/perl
+	 use CGI qw(:standard);
+
+	 print header, start_html,
+	   h1("CGI Test"),
+	   "Your IP address is: ", remote_host(),
+	   end_html;
+
+	When run it produces an {HTTP} header and then a simple HTML
+	page containing the {IP address} or {hostname} of the machine
+	that generated the initial request.  If run from a command
+	prompt it outputs:
+
+	  Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
+
+	  <!DOCTYPE html
+		  PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+		   "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+	  <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
+	    lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US">
+	  <head>
+	  <title>Untitled Document</title>
+	  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+	    content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+	  </head>
+	  <body>
+	  <h1>CGI Test</h1>Your IP address is: localhost
+	  </body>
+	  </html>
+
+	The CGI program might be saved as the file "test.pl" in the
+	appropriate directory on a web server,
+	e.g. "/home/httpd/test".
+
+	Accessing the appropriate {URL}, e.g.
+	http://acme.com/test/test.pl, would cause the program to
+	run and a custom page produced and returned.
+
+	Early web servers required all CGI programs to be installed in
+	one directory called cgi-bin but it is better to keep them
+	with the HTML files to which they relate unless they are truly
+	global to the site.  Similarly, it is neither necessary nor
+	desirable for all CGI programs to have the extension ".cgi".
+
+	Each CGI request is handled by a new process.  If the process
+	fails to terminate for some reason, or if requests are
+	received faster than the server can respond to them, the
+	server may become swamped with processes.  In order to improve
+	performance, {Netscape} devised {NSAPI} and {Microsoft}
+	developed the {ISAPI} standard which allow CGI-like tasks to
+	run as part of the main server process, thus avoiding the
+	overhead of creating a new process to handle each CGI
+	invocation.  Other solutions include {mod_perl} and {FastCGI}.
+
+	Latest version: CGI/1.1.
+
+	{(http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi)}.
+
+	(2007-05-22)
+
+Common Hardware Reference Platform
+
+	{PowerPC Platform}
+
+Common Information Model
+
+	<standard> (CIM) An {open systems} management {standard}
+	driven by the {Distributed Management Task Force} (DMTF).
+
+	(2003-06-07)
+
+Common Intermediate Format
+
+	<communications, standard> (CIF) A {video} format used in
+	{videoconferencing} systems, which supports both {NTSC} and
+	{PAL} signals, with a {data rate} of 30 {frames per second}
+	(fps), with each {frame} containing 288 lines and 352
+	{luminance} {pixels} per line.  CIF is part of the {ITU}
+	{H.261} videoconferencing standard.
+
+	CIF is also known as Full CIF (FCIF) to distinguish it from
+	{Quarter CIF} (QCIF), a related video format standard that
+	transfers one fourth as much data as CIF.
+
+	(2007-05-14)
+
+Common Intermediate Language
+
+	<language> (CIL)
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	["Construction of a Transportable, Milti-Pass Compiler for
+	Extended Pascal", G.J. Hansen et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	14(8):117-126, Aug 1979].
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+Common Internet File System
+
+	<protocol> (CIFS) An {Internet} {file system} {protocol},
+	based on {Microsoft}'s {SMB}.  Microsoft has given CIFS to the
+	{Internet Engineering Task Force} (IETF) as an Internet Draft.
+	CIFS is intended to complement existing protocols such as
+	{HTTP}, {FTP}, and {NFS}.
+
+	CIFS runs on top of {TCP/IP} and uses the Internet's {Domain
+	Name Service} (DNS).  It is optimised to support the slower
+	speed {dial-up} connections common on the Internet.
+
+	CIFS is more flexible than FTP.  FTP operations are carried
+	out on entire files whereas CIFS is aimed at routine data
+	access and incorporates high-performance multi-user read and
+	write operations, {locking}, and file-sharing semantics.
+
+	CIFS is probably closest in functionality to NFS.  NFS gives
+	random access to files and directories, but is {stateless}.
+	With CIFS, once a file is open, state about the current access
+	to that file is stored on both the client and the server.
+	This allows changes on the server side to be notified to the
+	clients	that are interested.
+
+	{Microsoft Overview
+	(http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/fileio/base/cifs_smb_protocol_overview.asp)}.
+
+	{SNIA page (http://snia.org/tech_activities/CIFS/)}.
+
+	{CIFS: A Common Internet File System, Paul Leach and Dan Perry
+	(http://microsoft.com/Mind/1196/CIFS.htm)}.
+
+	{IETF Specification. CIFS version 1
+	(ftp://ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-leach-cifs-v1-spec-01.txt)}.
+
+	(2003-03-12)
+
+Common-ISDN-API
+
+	{Common ISDN Application Programming Interface}
+
+Common ISDN Application Programming Interface
+
+	<networking> (CAPI, Common-ISDN-API) A programming interface
+	standard for an application program to communicate with an
+	{ISDN} card.
+
+	Work on CAPI began in 1989, focussing on the German ISDN
+	protocol, and was finished in 1990 by a CAPI working group
+	consisting of application providers, ISDN equipment
+	manufacturers, large customers, user groups and DBP Telekom,
+	resulting in COMMON-ISDN-API Version 1.1.  Following
+	completion of the international protocol specification, almost
+	every telecommunication provider offers {BRI} and {PRI} with
+	{protocols} based on {Q.931} / ETS 3009 102.  Common-ISDN-API
+	Version 2.0 was developed to support all Q.931 protocols.
+
+	Latest version: 2.0, as of 1998-09-07.
+
+	{(http://capi.org/)}.
+
+	[Why not CIAPI?]
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+Common Lisp
+
+	<language> A dialect of {Lisp} defined by a consortium of
+	companies brought together in 1981 by the {Defence Advanced
+	Research Projects Agency} (DARPA).  Companies included
+	{Symbolics}, {Lisp Machines, Inc.}, {Digital Equipment
+	Corporation}, {Bell Labs}., {Xerox}, {Hewlett-Packard},
+	{Lawrence Livermore Labs}., {Carnegie-Mellon University},
+	{Stanford University}, {Yale}, {MIT} and {USC Berkeley}.
+	Common Lisp is {lexically scoped} by default but can be
+	{dynamically scoped}.
+
+	Common Lisp is a large and complex language, fairly close to a
+	superset of {MacLisp}.  It features {lexical binding}, data
+	structures using defstruct and setf, {closures}, multiple
+	values, types using declare and a variety of numerical types.
+	Function calls allow "&optional", keyword and "&rest"
+	arguments.  Generic sequence can either be a list or an
+	{array}.  It provides formatted printing using escape
+	characters.  Common LISP now includes {CLOS}, an extended LOOP
+	{macro}, condition system, {pretty printing} and logical
+	pathnames.
+
+	Implementations include {AKCL}, {CCL}, {CLiCC}, {CLISP},
+	{CLX}, {CMU Common Lisp}, {DCL}, {KCL}, {MCL} and {WCL}.
+
+	Mailing list: <common-lisp@ai.sri.com>.
+
+	{ANSI Common Lisp draft proposal
+	(ftp://ftp.think.com/public/think/lisp:public-review.text)}.
+
+	["Common LISP: The Language", Guy L. Steele, Digital Press
+	1984, ISBN 0-932376-41-X].
+
+	["Common LISP: The Language, 2nd Edition", Guy L. Steele,
+	Digital Press 1990, ISBN 1-55558-041-6].
+
+	(1994-09-29)
+
+Common LISP in Parallel
+
+	<language, parallel> (CLIP) A version of {Common LISP} from
+	{Allegro} for the {Sequent Symmetry}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Common LISP Object System
+
+	<language> (CLOS) An {object-oriented} extension to {Common
+	LISP}, based on {generic functions}, {multiple inheritance},
+	{declarative method combination} and a {meta-object protocol}.
+	A descendant of {CommonLoops} and based on {Symbolics}
+	{FLAVORS} and {Xerox} {LOOPS}, among others.
+
+	See also {PCL}.
+
+	["Common LISP Object System Specification X3J13 Document
+	88-002R", D.G.  Bobrow et al, SIGPLAN Notices 23, Sep 1988].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+CommonLoops
+
+	<language> {Xerox}'s {object-oriented} {Lisp} which led to
+	{CLOS}.
+
+	See also {Portable CommonLoops}.
+
+	{(ftp://arisia.xerox.com/pub/pcl/September-16-92-PCL-c.tar.Z)}.
+
+	["CommonLoops: Merging Lisp and Object-Oriented Programming",
+	D.G. Bobrow et al, SIGPLAN Notices 21(11):17-29, Nov 1986].
+
+	(1999-07-02)
+
+Common Management Information Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (CMIP) Part of the {OSI} body of {standards}
+	specifying {protocol} elements that may be used to provide the
+	operation and notification services described in the related
+	standard, CMIS ({Common Management Information Services}).
+
+	Document: {ISO}/{IEC} 9596, or equivalent {ITU} X.711.
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+Common Management Information Services
+
+	<networking> (CMIS) Part of the {OSI} body of network
+	{standards}.
+
+	Network management information services are used by {peer
+	process}es to exchange information and commands for the
+	purpose of {network management}.  CMIS defines a message set
+	(GET, CANCEL-GET, SET, CREATE, DELETE, EVENT-REPORT and
+	ACTION), and the structure and content of the messages such
+	that they might be used by "open" systems.  In concept, it is
+	similar to {SNMP}, but more powerful (and hence more complex).
+
+	{ISO}/{IEC} 9595.
+
+	(2007-08-07)
+
+Common Object File Format
+
+	<file format> (COFF) The {executable file} and {object file}
+	format used by {Unix System V} Release 3 and later.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: coff(5).
+
+	(2007-08-15)
+
+Common Object Model
+
+	{Component Object Model}
+
+Common Object Request Broker Architecture
+
+	<standard, programming> (CORBA) An {Object Management Group}
+	specification which provides a standard messaging interface
+	between distributed {objects}.
+
+	The original CORBA specification (1.1) has been revised
+	through version 2 (CORBA 2) with the latest specification
+	being version 3 (CORBA 3).  In its most basic form CORBA
+	consists of the {Interface Definition Language} (IDL) and the
+	Dynamic Invocation Interface (DII).
+
+	The IDL definition is complied into a Stub (client) and
+	Skeleton (server) component that communicate through an
+	{Object Request Broker} (ORB).  When an ORB determines that a
+	request is to a remote object, it may execute the request by
+	communicating with the remote ORB.
+
+	The Corba IDL can be mapped to a number of languages including
+	{C}, {C++}, {Java}, {COBOL}, {Smalltalk}, {Ada}, {Lisp},
+	{Python}, and {IDLscript}.  CORBA ORBs are widely available
+	for a number of platforms.  The OMG standard for inter-ORB
+	communication is {IIOP}, this ensures that all CORBA 2
+	compliant ORBS are able to interoperate.
+
+	Latest version: Corba 3.0.3 2004-03-12, as of 2007-09-04.
+
+	See also {COSS}, {Component Object Model}, {RMI}.
+
+	{OMG CORBA specs
+	(http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/corba_spec_catalog.htm)}.
+
+	(2007-09-04)
+
+Common Objects
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} {Lisp} from {Hewlett-Packard}.
+
+	["Inheritance and the Development of Encapsulated Software
+	Components", A. Snyder, Proc 20th Hawaii Conf on Sys Sci,
+	pp. 227-238, 1987].
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+Common Program Interface
+
+	<programming> (CPI) The {API} of {SAA}.
+
+	(1997-12-01)
+
+Common User Access
+
+	<programming> (CUA) The {user interface} standard of {SAA}.
+
+	(1997-12-01)
+
+Commonwealth Hackish
+
+	<jargon> Hacker jargon as spoken outside the US, especially in
+	the British Commonwealth.  It is reported that Commonwealth
+	speakers are more likely to pronounce truncations like "char"
+	and "soc", etc., as spelled (/char/, /sok/), as opposed to
+	American /keir/ and /sohsh/.  Dots in {newsgroup} names
+	(especially two-component names) tend to be pronounced more
+	often (so soc.wibble is /sok dot wib'l/ rather than /sohsh
+	wib'l/).  The prefix {meta} may be pronounced /mee't*/;
+	similarly, Greek letter beta is usually /bee't*/, zeta is
+	usually /zee't*/, and so forth.  Preferred {metasyntactic
+	variables} include {blurgle}, "eek", "ook", "frodo", and
+	"bilbo"; "wibble", "wobble", and in emergencies "wubble";
+	"banana", "tom", "dick", "harry", "wombat", "frog", {fish},
+	and so on and on (see {foo}).
+
+	Alternatives to verb doubling include suffixes "-o-rama",
+	"frenzy" (as in feeding frenzy), and "city" (examples: "barf
+	city!"  "hack-o-rama!"  "core dump frenzy!").  Finally, note
+	that the American terms "parens", "brackets", and "braces" for
+	(), [], and {} are uncommon; Commonwealth hackish prefers
+	"brackets", "square brackets", and "curly brackets".  Also,
+	the use of "pling" for {bang} is common outside the United
+	States.
+
+	See also {attoparsec}, {calculator}, {chemist}, {console
+	jockey}, {fish}, {go-faster stripes}, {grunge}, {hakspek},
+	{heavy metal}, {leaky heap}, {lord high fixer}, {loose bytes},
+	{muddie}, {nadger}, {noddy}, {psychedelicware}, {plingnet},
+	{raster blaster}, {RTBM}, {seggie}, {spod}, {sun lounge},
+	{terminal junkie}, {tick-list features}, {weeble}, {weasel},
+	{YABA}, and notes or definitions under {Bad Thing}, {barf},
+	{bum}, {chase pointers}, {cosmic rays}, {crippleware},
+	{crunch}, {dodgy}, {gonk}, {hamster}, {hardwarily},
+	{mess-dos}, {nibble}, {proglet}, {root}, {SEX}, {tweak} and
+	{xyzzy}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+Communicating Functional Processes
+
+	<language> (CFP) A parallel {functional programming} language.
+
+	["Communicating Functional Processes", M.C. van Eekelen et al,
+	TR 89-3, U Nijmegen, Netherlands, 1989].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Communicating Sequential Processes
+
+	<language, parallel> (CSP) A notation for {concurrency} based
+	on {synchronous message passing} and selective communications
+	designed by {Anthony Hoare} in 1978.  It features {cobegin}
+	and coend and was a precursor to {occam}.
+
+	See also {Contextually Communicating Sequential Processes}.
+
+	["Communicating Sequential Processes", A.R. Hoare, P-H 1985].
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+Communication and Network Riser
+
+	<hardware, standard> (CNR) A specification for {audio},
+	{modem}, {USB} and {Local Area Networking} interfaces of core
+	computer logic {chip sets}.  {Intel} introduced CNR on
+	2000-02-07.  It was mainly developed by hardware and software
+	developers who helped release AMR ({Audio/Modem Riser}) and is
+	used by several computer manufacturers.
+
+	{(http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/cnr.htm)}.
+
+	(2007-03-15)
+
+Communications Decency Act
+
+	<legal> (CDA) An amendment to the U.S. 1996 Telecommunications
+	Bill that went into effect on 1996-02-08.  The law, originally
+	proposed by Senator James Exon to protect children from
+	obscenity on the Internet, ended up making it punishable by
+	fines of up to $250,000 to post indecent language on the
+	Internet anywhere that a minor could read it.
+
+	Thousands of outraged {Internet} users turned their {web
+	pages} black in protest or displayed the {Electronic Frontier
+	Foundation}'s special {icons}.
+
+	On 1996-06-12, a three-judge panel in Philadelphia ruled the
+	CDA unconstitutional and issued an injunction against the
+	United States Justice Department forbidding them to enforce
+	the "indecency" provisions of the law.  Internet users
+	celebrated by displaying an animated "Free Speech" fireworks
+	icon to their web pages, courtesy of the {Voters
+	Telecommunications Watch}.  The Justice Department appealed
+	the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court.
+
+	(1996-11-03)
+
+Communications of the ACM
+
+	<publication> (CACM) A monthly publication by the {Association
+	for Computing Machinery} sent to all members.  CACM is an
+	influential publication that keeps computer science
+	professionals up to date on developments.  Each issue includes
+	articles, case studies, practitioner oriented pieces, regular
+	columns, commentary, departments, the ACM Forum, technical
+	correspondence and advertisements.
+
+	{(http://acm.org/cacm/)}.
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+communications port
+
+	<hardware, communications> A connector for a communications
+	interface, usually, a {serial port}.
+
+	(1996-08-04)
+
+Communications Server
+
+	<operating system> {IBM}'s rebranding of {ACF}.
+
+	(1999-01-20)
+
+communications software
+
+	<communications, software> {Application programs}, {operating
+	system} components, and probably {firmware}, forming part of a
+	{communication system}.  These different software components
+	might be classified according to the functions within the
+	{Open Systems Interconnect} model which they provide.
+
+	Typical applications include a {web browser}, {Mail User
+	Agent}, {chat} and {telnet}.
+
+	(2001-03-18)
+
+communication system
+
+	<communications> A system or facility for transfering data
+	between persons and equipment.  The system usually consists of
+	a collection of individual communication {networks},
+	transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations and
+	{terminal} equipment capable of interconnection and
+	interoperation so as to form an integrated whole.  These
+	individual components must serve a common purpose, be
+	technically compatible, employ common procedures, respond to
+	some form of control and generally operate in unison.
+
+	["Communications Standard Dictionary", 2nd Edition, Martin
+	H. Weik].
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+Community of Massive Gaming Agency
+
+	<body> (CMGA) An online {gaming portal} introduced by German Telekom.
+
+	(2003-06-15)
+
+COMNET
+
+	<simulation, networking> A {simulation} tool from {CACI} for
+	analysing wide-area voice or data networks, based on
+	{SIMSCRIPT}.
+
+	(2008-10-13)
+
+compact
+
+	1. <theory> (Or "finite", "isolated") In {domain theory}, an
+	element d of a {cpo} D is compact if and only if, for any
+	{chain} S, a subset of D,
+
+		d <= lub S  =>  there exists s in S such that d <= s.
+
+	I.e. you always reach d (or better) after a finite number of
+	steps up the chain.
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\sqsubseteq}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-13)
+
+	2. <jargon> Of a design, describes the valuable property that
+	it can all be apprehended at once in one's head.  This
+	generally means the thing created from the design can be used
+	with greater facility and fewer errors than an equivalent tool
+	that is not compact.  Compactness does not imply triviality or
+	lack of power; for example, {C} is compact and {Fortran} is
+	not, but C is more powerful than Fortran.  Designs become
+	non-compact through accreting {features} and {cruft} that
+	don't merge cleanly into the overall design scheme (thus, some
+	fans of {Classic C} maintain that {ANSI C} is no longer
+	compact).
+
+	(2008-10-13)
+
+Compact COBOL
+
+	<language> A subset of {COBOL} defined, but not published,
+	ca. 1961.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 339].
+
+	(2008-10-13)
+
+Compact Disc
+
+	<storage> (CD) (Not "disk", this spelling is part of the
+	standard).
+
+	A 4.72 inch disc developed by {Sony} and {Philips} that can
+	store, on the same disc, still and/or moving images in
+	monochrome and/or color; stereo or two separate sound tracks
+	integrated with and/or separate from the images; and digital
+	program and information files.
+
+	The same fabrication process is used to make both audio CDs
+	and {CD-ROMs} for storing computer data, the only difference
+	is in the device used to read the CD (the player or drive).
+
+	{CD Information Center
+	(http://cd-info.com/cd-info/CDInfoCenter.html)}.
+
+	(1999-06-23)
+
+Compact Disc interactive
+
+	<storage> (CD-i) An embedded application of {CD-ROM} allowing
+	the user limited interaction with films, games and educational
+	applications via a special {controller}.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
+
+	<storage> (CD-ROM) A {non-volatile} optical data storage
+	medium using the same physical format as audio {compact
+	discs}, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive.
+
+	CD-ROM is popular for distribution of large databases,
+	software and especially {multimedia} {applications}.  The
+	maximum capacity is about 600 megabytes.  A CD can store
+	around 640 {megabytes} of data - about 12 billion bytes per
+	pound weight.
+
+	CD-ROM drives are rated with a speed factor relative to music
+	CDs (1x or 1-speed which gives a data transfer rate of 150
+	{kilobytes} per second).  12x drives were common in April
+	1997.  Above 12x speed, there are problems with vibration and
+	heat.  {Constant angular velocity} (CAV) drives give speeds up
+	to 20x but due to the nature of CAV the actual throughput
+	increase over 12x is less than 20/12.
+
+	20x was thought to be the maximum speed due to mechanical
+	constraints but on 1998-02-24, {Samsung Electronics}
+	introduced the SCR-3230, a 32x CD-ROM drive which uses a ball
+	bearing system to balance the spinning CD-ROM in the drive to
+	reduce noise.
+
+	CD-ROM drives may connect to an {IDE} interface, a {SCSI}
+	interface or a propritary interface, of which there are three
+	- Sony, Panasonic, and Mitsumi.  Most CD-ROM drives can also
+	play audio CDs.
+
+	There are several formats used for CD-ROM data, including
+	{Green Book CD-ROM}, {White Book CD-ROM} and {Yellow Book
+	CD-ROM}.  {ISO 9660} defines a standard {file system}, later
+	extended by {Joliet}.
+
+	See also {Compact Disc Recordable}, {Digital Versatile Disc}.
+
+	{Byte, February 1997
+	(http://byte.com/art/9702/sec17/art5.htm)}.
+
+	(2006-09-25)
+
+Compact Disc Read-Write
+
+	{Compact Disc Rewritable}
+
+Compact Disc Recordable
+
+	<storage> (CD-R) A write-once version of {CD-ROM}.  CD-Rs can
+	hold about 650 {megabytes} of data.  They are very durable and
+	can be read by normal CD-ROM drives, but once data has been
+	written it cannot be altered.
+
+	Standard prerecorded CDs have their information permanently
+	stamped into an aluminium reflecting layer.  CD-R discs have a
+	dye-based recording layer and an additional golden reflecting
+	layer.
+
+	Digital information is written to the disc by burning
+	(forming) pits in the recording layer in a pattern
+	corresponding to that of a conventional CD.
+
+	The laser beam heats the substrate and recording layer to
+	approximately 250 C.  The recording layer melts and the
+	substrate expands into the space that becomes available.
+
+	{Phillips: New Technologies
+	(http://www-us.sv.philips.com/newtech/cdrewritable.html)}.
+
+	See also {CD-RW} and {DVD-RAM}.
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+Compact Disc Rewritable
+
+	<storage> (CD-RW) A rewritable version of {CD-ROM}.  A CD-RW
+	drive can write about 650 {megabytes} of data to CD-RW media
+	an unlimited number of times.  Most CD-RW drives can also
+	write once to {CD-R} media.
+
+	CD-RW media cannot be read by CD-ROM drives built prior to
+	1997 due to the reduced reflectivity (15% compared to 70%) of
+	CD-RW media.
+
+	CD-RW drives and media are currently (1999) more expensive
+	than {CD-R} drives and media.  CD-R is sometimes considered a
+	better technology for archival purposes as the data cannot be
+	accidentally modified or tampered with, and encourages better
+	archival practices.
+
+	Standard prerecorded CDs have their information permanently
+	stamped into an aluminium reflecting layer.  CD-WR discs have
+	a phase-change recording layer and an additional silver
+	(aluminium) reflecting layer.
+
+	A laser beam can melt crystals in the recording layer into a
+	non-crystalline amorphous phase or anneal them slowly at a
+	lower temperature back to the crystalline state.  The different
+	reflectance of the areas make them appear as the 'pits' and
+	'lands' of a standard CD.
+
+	{Phillips: New Technologies
+	(http://www-us.sv.philips.com/newtech/cdrewritable.html)}.
+
+	See also {CD-R} and {DVD-RAM}.
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+Compact Disc writer
+
+	<storage> (CD burner) A device that can write data to {Compact
+	Disc Recordable} (CD-R) or {Compact Disc Rewritable} (CD-RW)
+	discs.  Now both these CD formats are often combined with a
+	{DVD writer}.
+
+	(2008-09-16)
+
+compaction
+
+	{compression}
+
+compactness preserving
+
+	<theory> In {domain theory}, a {function} f is compactness
+	preserving if f c is {compact} whenever c is.
+
+	(1995-01-13)
+
+Compaq Computer Corporation
+
+	<company> A US manufacturer and vendor of {IBM PC compatible}
+	{personal computers} and servers.  Compaq was started in 1982
+	by three ex-{Texas Instruments} employees and by 1995 had
+	become the largest PC manufacturer.
+
+	Quarterly sales $2499M, profits $210M (Aug 1994).
+
+	Compaq was acquired by {Hewlett-Packard} in 2004.
+
+	{(http://compaq.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-10-24)
+
+Compas Pascal
+
+	The predecessor of {Turbo Pascal}, sol by {POLY Data} of
+	Denmark.  It was later renamed POLY Pascal, and afterward
+	sold to {Borland}.
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+COMPASS
+
+	COMPrehensive ASSembler.
+
+	The {assembly language} on {CDC} computers.
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+compatibility
+
+	{compatible}
+
+compatible
+
+	<jargon> Different systems (e.g., {programs}, {file formats},
+	{protocols}, even {programming languages}) that can work
+	together or exchange data are said to be compatible.
+
+	See also {backward compatible}, {forward compatible}.
+
+	(1998-01-15)
+
+Compatible Timesharing System
+
+	<operating system> (CTSS) One of the earliest (1963)
+	experiments in the design of interactive {time-sharing}
+	{operating systems}.  CTSS was ancestral to {Multics}, {Unix},
+	and {ITS}.  It was developed at the {MIT} Computation Center
+	by a team led by Fernando J. Corbato.  CTSS ran on a modified
+	{IBM 7094} with a second 32K-word bank of memory, using two
+	{2301 drums} for swapping.  {Remote access} was provided to up
+	to 30 users via an {IBM 7750} {communications controller}
+	connected to {dial-up} {modems}.
+
+	The name {ITS} (Incompatible {time-sharing} System) was a hack
+	on CTSS, meant both as a joke and to express some basic
+	differences in philosophy about the way I/O services should be
+	presented to user programs.
+
+	(1997-01-29)
+
+Compel
+
+	{COMpute ParallEL}
+
+Competitive Access Provider
+
+	<networking> (CAP, or "Bypass Carrier") A company which
+	provides network links between the customer and the
+	{IntereXchange Carrier} or even directly to the {Internet
+	Service Provider}.  CAPs operate private networks independent
+	of {Local Exchange Carriers}.
+
+	["Getting Connected The Internet at 56k and Up", Kevin Dowd,
+	First Edition, p. 49, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., June 1996,
+	ISBN 1-56592-154-2 (US), ISBN 1-56592-203-4 (international)].
+
+	(1997-07-23)
+
+Compiled HTML
+
+	<filename extension> A {Microsoft} file format for
+	distributing a collection of {HTML} files, along with their
+	associated images, sounds, etc., as a single compressed
+	archive file.
+
+	Microsoft use this format for {Windows} {HTML Help} files.
+	Most chms include a project (.hhp) file listing the included
+	files and basic settings, a contents (.hhc) file, an index
+	(.hhk) file, html files, and, optionally, image files.
+
+	Users view chms with hh.exe, the HTML Help viewer installed
+	with {Internet Explorer}.
+
+	Filename extension: .chm.
+
+	{(http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/htmlhelp/html/vsconHH1Start.asp)}.
+
+	(2003-05-17)
+
+compiler
+
+	<programming, tool> A program that converts another program
+	from some {source language} (or {programming language}) to
+	{machine language} (object code).  Some compilers output
+	{assembly language} which is then converted to {machine
+	language} by a separate {assembler}.
+
+	A compiler is distinguished from an assembler by the fact that
+	each input statement does not, in general, correspond to a
+	single machine instruction or fixed sequence of instructions.
+	A compiler may support such features as automatic allocation
+	of variables, arbitrary arithmetic expressions, control
+	structures such as FOR and WHILE loops, variable {scope},
+	input/ouput operations, {higher-order functions} and
+	{portability} of source code.
+
+	{AUTOCODER}, written in 1952, was possibly the first primitive
+	compiler.  {Laning and Zierler}'s compiler, written in
+	1953-1954, was possibly the first true working algebraic
+	compiler.
+
+	See also {byte-code compiler}, {native compiler}, {optimising
+	compiler}.
+
+	(1994-11-07)
+
+COmpiler and GENeralized Translator
+
+	<language> (COGENT) A {compiler} writing language with
+	pattern-directed string and list processing features, for {CDC
+	3600} and {CDC} 3800.  A COGENT program consists of
+	{productions} defining a {context-free} language, plus
+	analysis and synthesis function generators.
+
+	["COGENT Programming Manual", J.C. Reynolds, ANL-7022, Argonne,
+	Mar 1965].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.638].
+
+	["An Introduction to the COGENT System", J.C. Reynolds, Proc
+	ACM 20th Natl Conf, 1965].
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+compiler compiler
+
+	{compiler-compiler}
+
+Compiler-Compiler
+
+	An early {compiler generator} for the {Atlas}, with its own
+	distinctive input language.
+
+	["The Compiler-Compiler", R.A. Brooker et al, Ann Rev
+	Automatic Programming 3:229-275, Pergamon 1963].
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+compiler-compiler
+
+	A utility to generate the {source code} of a {parser},
+	{interpreter} or {compiler} from an annotated language
+	description (usually in {BNF}).  Most so called
+	compiler-compilers are really just {parser generators}.
+
+	Examples are {Bison}, {Eli}, {FSL}, {META 5}, {MUG2},
+	{Parsley}, {Pre-cc}, {Yacc}.
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+compiler jock
+
+	A programmer who specialises in writing {compilers}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+Compiler Language for Information Processing
+
+	(CLIP) A language written in 1958-1959, based on {IAL}, which
+	led to {JOVIAL}.  CLIP was one of the first languages used to
+	write its own {compiler}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 635].
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Compiler Target Language
+
+	(CTL) The intermediate language used by the {ALICE} parallel
+	machine.
+
+	["The Design and Implementation of ALICE: A Parallel Graph
+	Reduction Machine", M.D. Cripps et al, Proc Workshop on Graph
+	Reduction, Springer 1987].
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+compile time
+
+	<programming> The period of time during which a program's
+	{source code} is being translated into {machine code}, as
+	opposed to {run time} when the program is being executed.  As
+	well as the work done by the {compiler}, this may include
+	macro preprocessing as done by {cpp} for example.  The final
+	stage of program construction, performed by the {linker},
+	would generally also be classed as compile time but might be
+	distinguished as {link time}.
+
+	For example, {static data} in a {C} program is allocated at
+	compile time whereas non-static data is allocated at {run
+	time}, typically on the {stack}.
+
+	(2004-09-28)
+
+COMPL
+
+	<language, operating system>
+
+	["The COMPL Language and Operating System", A.G. Fraser et al,
+	Computer J 9(2):144-156, 1966].
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+complement
+
+	<logic> The other value or values in the set of possible
+	values.
+
+	See {logical complement}, {bitwise complement}, {set
+	complement}.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
+
+	<integrated circuit> (CMOS) A {semiconductor} fabrication
+	technology using a combination of n- and p-doped semiconductor
+	material to achieve low {power dissipation}.  Any path through
+	a {gate} through which {current} can flow includes both n and
+	p type {transistors}.  Only one type is turned on in any
+	{stable state} so there is no {static power dissipation} and
+	current only flows when a gate switches in order to charge the
+	{parasitic capacitance}.
+
+	(1999-06-04)
+
+complementary nondeterministic polynomial
+
+	<complexity> (Co-NP) The set (or property) of problems with a
+	yes/no answer where the complementary no/yes problem takes
+	{nondeterministic polynomial time} ({NP}).
+
+	For example, "Is n prime" is Co-NP and "Is n not prime" is NP,
+	since it is only necessary to find one {factor} to prove that
+	n is not {prime} whereas to prove that it is prime all possible
+	factors must be eliminated.
+
+	(2009-05-21)
+
+complete
+
+	See also {complete graph}, {complete inference system},
+	{complete lattice}, {complete metric space}, {complete partial
+	ordering}, {complete theory}.
+
+	[1. or 2. or both?]
+
+	(1996-04-24)
+
+complete graph
+
+	A {graph} which has a link between every pair of nodes.  A
+	complete {bipartite graph} can be partitioned into two subsets
+	of nodes such that each node is joined to every node in the
+	other subset.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+complete inference system
+
+	<logic> An {inference} system A is complete with respect to
+	another system B if A can reach every conclusion which is true
+	in B.  The dual to completeness is {soundness}.
+
+	(1998-07-05)
+
+complete lattice
+
+	A {lattice} is a {partial ordering} of a set under a relation
+	where all finite subsets have a {least upper bound} and a
+	{greatest lower bound}.  A complete lattice also has these for
+	infinite subsets.  Every finite lattice is complete.  Some
+	authors drop the requirement for {greatest lower bounds}.
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+complete metric space
+
+	<theory> A {metric space} in which every sequence that
+	converges in itself has a limit.  For example, the space of
+	{real numbers} is complete by {Dedekind's axiom}, whereas the
+	space of {rational numbers} is not - e.g. the sequence a[0]=1;
+	a[n_+1]:=a[n]/2+1/a[n].
+
+	(1998-07-05)
+
+completeness
+
+	{complete}
+
+complete partial ordering
+
+	<theory> (cpo) A {partial ordering} of a {set} under a
+	{relation}, where all {directed} {subsets} have a {least upper
+	bound}.  A cpo is usually defined to include a least element,
+	{bottom} (David Schmidt calls this a {pointed cpo}).  A cpo
+	which is {algebraic} and {boundedly complete} is a (Scott)
+	{domain}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+complete theory
+
+	<logic> An abstract logical {theory} in which all true
+	statements have formal {proofs} within the theory.
+
+	(1998-07-05)
+
+complete unification
+
+	<programming> W.P. Weijland's name for {unification} without
+	{occur check}.
+
+	(1996-01-11)
+
+Complex Instruction Set Computer
+
+	(CISC) A processor where each instruction can perform several
+	low-level operations such as memory access, arithmetic
+	operations or address calculations.  The term was coined in
+	contrast to {Reduced Instruction Set Computer}.
+
+	Before the first RISC processors were designed, many computer
+	architects were trying to bridge the "{semantic gap}" - to
+	design {instruction sets} to support {high-level languages} by
+	providing "high-level" instructions such as procedure call and
+	return, loop instructions such as "decrement and branch if
+	non-zero" and complex {addressing modes} to allow data
+	structure and {array} accesses to be compiled into single
+	instructions.
+
+	While these architectures achieved their aim of allowing
+	high-level language constructs to be expressed in fewer
+	instructions, it was observed that they did not always result
+	in improved performance.  For example, on one processor it was
+	discovered that it was possible to improve the performance by
+	NOT using the procedure call instruction but using a sequence
+	of simpler instructions instead.  Furthermore, the more
+	complex the instruction set, the greater the overhead of
+	decoding an instruction, both in execution time and silicon
+	area.  This is particularly true for processors which used
+	{microcode} to decode the (macro) instruction.  It is easier
+	to debug a complex instruction set implemented in microcode
+	than one whose decoding is "{hard-wired}" in silicon.
+
+	Examples of CISC processors are the {Motorola} {680x0} family
+	and the {Intel 80186} through {Intel 486} and {Pentium}.
+
+	(1994-10-10)
+
+complexity
+
+	<algorithm> The level in difficulty in solving mathematically
+	posed problems as measured by the time, number of steps or
+	arithmetic operations, or memory space required (called time
+	complexity, computational complexity, and space complexity,
+	respectively).
+
+	The interesting aspect is usually how complexity scales with
+	the size of the input (the "{scalability}"), where the size of
+	the input is described by some number N.  Thus an {algorithm}
+	may have computational complexity O(N^2) (of the order of the
+	square of the size of the input), in which case if the input
+	doubles in size, the computation will take four times as many
+	steps.  The ideal is a constant time algorithm (O(1)) or
+	failing that, O(N).
+
+	See also {NP-complete}.
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+complexity analysis
+
+	In sructured program design, a quality-control operation that
+	counts the number of "compares" in the logic implementing a
+	function; a value of less than 10 is considered acceptable.
+
+complexity class
+
+	<algorithm> A collection of {algorithms} or {computable
+	functions} with the same {complexity}.
+
+	(1996-04-24)
+
+complexity measure
+
+	<algorithm> A quantity describing the {complexity} of a
+	computation.
+
+	(1996-04-24)
+
+complex number
+
+	<mathematics> A number of the form x+iy where i is the square
+	root of -1, and x and y are {real numbers}, known as the
+	"real" and "imaginary" part.  Complex numbers can be plotted
+	as points on a two-dimensional plane, known as an {Argand
+	diagram}, where x and y are the {Cartesian coordinates}.
+
+	An alternative, {polar} notation, expresses a complex number
+	as (r e^it) where e is the base of {natural logarithms}, and r
+	and t are real numbers, known as the magnitude and phase.  The
+	two forms are related:
+
+		r e^it = r cos(t) + i r sin(t)
+		       = x + i y
+	where
+		x = r cos(t)
+		y = r sin(t)
+
+	All solutions of any {polynomial equation} can be expressed as
+	complex numbers.  This is the so-called {Fundamental Theorem
+	of Algebra}, first proved by Cauchy.
+
+	Complex numbers are useful in many fields of physics, such as
+	electromagnetism because they are a useful way of representing
+	a magnitude and phase as a single quantity.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+complex programmable logic device
+
+	<hardware> (CPLD) A programmable circuit similar to an {FPGA},
+	but generally on a smaller scale, invented by {Xilinx, Inc}.
+
+	(1998-09-26)
+
+component
+
+	<programming> An {object} adhering to a {component
+	architecture}.
+
+	(1997-11-20)
+
+component architecture
+
+	<programming> A notion in {object-oriented} programming where
+	"components" of a program are completely generic.  Instead of
+	having a specialised set of {methods} and {fields} they have
+	generic methods through which the component can advertise the
+	functionality it supports to the system into which it is
+	loaded.  This enables completely {dynamic loading} of
+	{objects}.  {JavaBeans} is an example of a component
+	architecture.
+
+	See also {design pattern}.
+
+	(1997-11-20)
+
+component based development
+
+	<programming> (CBD) The creation, integration, and {re-use} of
+	{components} of program code, each of which has a common
+	interface for use by multiple systems.
+
+	(1999-08-23)
+
+Component Integration Laboratories
+
+	<project> (CIL) An effort to create a common framework for
+	interoperability between {application programs} on {desktop}
+	{platforms}, formed by {Apple Computer, Inc.}, {IBM},
+	{Novell}, {Oracle}, {Taligent}, {WordPerfect} and {Xerox}.
+
+	[When?  What happened?]
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+Component Object Model
+
+	<programming> (COM) An open software architecture from {DEC}
+	and {Microsoft}, allowing interoperation between
+	{ObjectBroker} and {OLE}.  Microsoft evolved COM into {DCOM}.
+
+	On page XV of Box's book in the foreword by Charlie Kindel he
+	says, "It is Mark Ryland's fault that some people call COM the
+	'Common Object Model.'  He deeply regrets it and apologizes
+	profusely."
+
+	["Essential COM", Don Box].
+
+	[Details?  URL?]
+
+	(1999-06-12)
+
+com port
+
+	{communications port}
+
+composite
+
+	{aggregate}
+
+composition
+
+	1. {function composition}.
+
+	2. {typesetting}.
+
+Compositional C++
+
+	<language, parallel> (CC++) Extensions to {C++} for
+	{compositional parallel programming}.
+
+	{FTP Caltech (ftp://csvax.cs.caltech.edu/pub/comp)}.
+
+	[Did Carl Kesselman at Cal Tech develop it?]
+
+	(2000-08-16)
+
+Compound Document Architecture
+
+	<file format> (CDA) {DEC}'s set of {standards} for compound
+	document creation, storage, retrieval, interchange and
+	manipulation.
+
+	(1996-11-03)
+
+compound key
+
+	<database> (Or "multi-part key", "concatenated key") A {key}
+	which consists of more than one {attribute} of the body of
+	information (e.g. database "{record}") it identifies.
+
+	(1997-04-26)
+
+COMPREHENSIVE
+
+	An early system on {MIT}'s {Whirlwind}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(2002-06-03)
+
+Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
+
+	<tool> (CPAN) A collection of {Internet} {archives} containing
+	material related to the {Perl} programming language.
+
+	{(http://perl.com/CPAN)}.
+
+	(1999-12-04)
+
+Comprehensive TeX Archive Network
+
+	<text> (CTAN) An {archive site} for the {TeX} text formatting
+	package.
+
+	{(http://tex.ac.uk)}.  {Gopher
+	(gopher://gopher.tex.ac.uk/)}.  {(ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/)}.
+	NFS: nfs.tex.ac.uk.
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+compress
+
+	1. To feed data through any {compression} {algorithm}.
+
+	2. <tool> The {Unix} program "compress", now largely
+	supplanted by {gzip}.
+
+	Unix compress was written in {C} by Joseph M. Orost, James
+	A. Woods et al., and was widely circulated via {Usenet}.  It
+	uses the {Lempel-Ziv Welch} {algorithm} and normally produces
+	files with the suffix ".Z".
+
+	Compress uses variable length codes.  Initially, nine-bit
+	codes are output until they are all used.  When this occurs,
+	ten-bit codes are used and so on, until an
+	implementation-dependent maximum is reached.
+
+	After every 10 {kilobytes} of input the compression ratio is
+	checked.  If it is decreasing then the entire string table is
+	discarded and information is collected from scratch.
+
+Compressed SLIP
+
+	<networking> (CSLIP) {VanJacobsen TCP header compression}.  A
+	version of {SLIP} using {compression}.  CSLIP has no effect on
+	the data portion of the {packet} and has nothing to do with
+	compression by {modem}.  It does reduce the {TCP} header from
+	40 bytes to 7 bytes, a noticeable difference when doing
+	{telnet} with lots of little packets.  CSLIP has no effect on
+	UDP, only TCP.
+
+	(1995-05-28)
+
+compressed video
+
+	{video compression}
+
+compression
+
+	1. <application> (Or "compaction") The coding of data to save
+	storage space or transmission time.  Although data is already
+	coded in digital form for computer processing, it can often be
+	coded more efficiently (using fewer bits).  For example,
+	{run-length encoding} replaces strings of repeated characters
+	(or other units of data) with a single character and a count.
+	There are many compression {algorithms} and utilities.
+	Compressed data must be decompressed before it can be used.
+
+	The standard {Unix} compression utilty is called {compress}
+	though {GNU}'s superior {gzip} has largely replaced it.  Other
+	compression utilties include {pack}, {zip} and {PKZIP}.
+
+	When compressing several similar files, it is usually better
+	to join the files together into an {archive} of some kind
+	(using {tar} for example) and then compress them, rather than
+	to join together individually compressed files.  This is
+	because some common compression {algorithms} build up tables
+	based on the data from their current input which they have
+	already compressed.  They then use this table to compress
+	subsequent data more efficiently.
+
+	See also {TIFF}, {JPEG}, {MPEG}, {Lempel-Ziv Welch},
+	"{lossy}", "{lossless}".
+
+	{Compression FAQ
+	(ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/compression-faq/)}.
+
+	{Web Content Compression FAQ
+	(http://perl.apache.org/docs/tutorials/client/compression/compression.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.compression},
+	{news:comp.compression.research}.
+
+	2. <multimedia> Reducing the dynamic range of an audio signal,
+	making quiet sounds louder and loud sounds quieter.  Thus,
+	when discussing digital audio, the preferred term for reducing
+	the total amount of data is "compaction".  Some advocate this
+	term in all contexts.
+
+	(2004-04-26)
+
+COMPROSL
+
+	COMpound PROcedural Scientific Language.
+
+	A language for scientists and engineers.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 299-300].
+
+Compu$erve
+
+	(Or "CompuSpend", "Compu$pend") A pejorative name for
+	{CompuServe Information Service} ({CI$}) drawing attention to
+	perceived high charges.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Compulink Information eXchange
+
+	(CIX) A London-based conferencing system, also providing
+	{electronic mail}, {FTP}, {telnet}, {IRC}, {Gopher} and
+	{web}.  Includes conferences "archimedes" or "bbc"
+	for users of {Acorn} computers.
+
+	E-mail: <cixadmin@cix.compulink.co.uk>.
+
+	Telephone: +44 (181) 390 8446.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+CompuServe
+
+	{CompuServe Information Service}
+
+CompuServe Corporation
+
+	<company> The parent organisation of {CompuServe Information
+	Service}, CompuServe Network Services and CompuServe Remote
+	Computing Services.  CompuServe was owned by H.R. Block but is
+	now (1999) owned by {America On-Line}.
+
+	{(http://compuserve.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-09-12)
+
+CompuServe Information Service
+
+	<company> (CIS, CompuServe Interactive Services).  An ISP and
+	on-line service {portal} based in Columbus, Ohio, USA; part of
+	{AOL} since February 1998.
+
+	CIS was founded in 1969 as a computer {time-sharing service}.
+	Along with {AOL} and {Prodigy}, CIS was one of the first
+	pre-Internet, on-line services for consumers, providing
+	{bulletin boards}, on-line conferencing, business news, sports
+	and weather, financial transactions, {electronic mail},
+	{Usenet} news, travel and entertainment data and on-line
+	editions of computer publications.  CIS was originally run by
+	{CompuServe Corporation}.
+
+	In 1979, CompuServe was the first service to offer {electronic
+	mail} and technical support to personal computer users.  In
+	1980 they were the first to offer {real-time} {chat} with its
+	CB Simulator.  By 1982, the company had formed its Network
+	Services Division to provide wide-area networking to corporate
+	clients.
+
+	Initially mostly serving the USA, in 1986 they developed a
+	Japanese version called NIFTYSERVE.  In 1989, they expanded
+	into Europe and became a leading {Internet service provider}.
+
+	In 2001 they released version 7.0 of their client program.
+
+	{CompuServe home (http://compuserve.com/)}.
+
+	(2009-04-02)
+
+CompuServe Interactive Services
+
+	{CompuServe Information Service}
+
+Compusult Ltd.
+
+	A computer consulting firm (in Newfoundland, Canada?) that
+	provides a public access {Unix}.
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+computability theory
+
+	<mathematics> The area of theoretical computer science
+	concerning what problems can be solved by any computer.
+
+	A function is computable if an {algorithm} can be implemented
+	which will give the correct output for any valid input.
+
+	Since computer programs are {countable} but {real numbers} are
+	not, it follows that there must exist real numbers that
+	cannot be calculated by any program.  Unfortunately, by
+	definition, there isn't an easy way of describing any of them!
+
+	In fact, there are many tasks (not just calculating real
+	numbers) that computers cannot perform.  The most well-known
+	is the {halting problem}, the {busy beaver} problem is less
+	famous but just as fascinating.
+
+	["Computability", N.J. Cutland. (A well written
+	undergraduate-level introduction to the subject)].
+
+	["The Turing Omnibus", A.K. Dewdeney].
+
+	(1995-01-13)
+
+computable
+
+	{computability theory}
+
+Computational Adequacy Theorem
+
+	This states that for any program (a non-function typed term in
+	the {typed lambda-calculus} with constants) {normal order
+	reduction} (outermost first) fails to terminate if and only if
+	the {standard semantics} of the term is {bottom}.  Moreover,
+	if the reduction of program e1 terminates with some {head
+	normal form} e2 then the standard semantics of e1 and e2 will
+	be equal.  This theorem is significant because it relates the
+	operational notion of a reduction sequence and the
+	{denotational semantics} of the input and output of a
+	reduction sequence.
+
+computational complexity
+
+	<algorithm> The number of steps or arithmetic operations
+	required to solve a computational problem.  One of the three
+	kinds of {complexity}.
+
+	(1996-04-24)
+
+Computational Fluid Dynamics
+
+	<language> (CFD) A {Fortran}-based parallel language for the
+	{Illiac IV}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+computational geometry
+
+	<mathematics> The study of {algorithms} for combinatorial,
+	topological, and metric problems concerning sets of points,
+	typically in {Euclidean space}.  Representative areas of
+	research include geometric search, convexity, proximity,
+	intersection, and {linear programming}.
+
+	(1997-08-03)
+
+computational learning
+
+	{grammatical inference}
+
+computational molecular biology
+
+	<application> The area of {bioinformatics} concerning the use
+	of computers to characterise the molecular components of
+	living things.
+
+	(2005-01-07)
+
+COMpute ParallEL
+
+	<language> (Compel) The first {single-assignment} language.
+
+	["A Language Design for Concurrent Processes", L.G. Tesler et
+	al, Proc SJCC 32:403-408, AFIPS (Spring 1968)].
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+Computer
+
+	<publication> A journal of the {IEEE Computer Society}.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+computer
+
+	<computer> A machine that can be programmed to manipulate
+	symbols.  Computers can perform complex and repetitive
+	procedures quickly, precisely and reliably and can quickly
+	store and retrieve large amounts of data.
+
+	The physical components from which a computer is constructed
+	(electronic circuits and input/output devices) are known as
+	"{hardware}".  Most computers have four types of hardware
+	component: CPU, input, output and memory.  The CPU ({central
+	processing unit}) executes programs ("{software}") which tell
+	the computer what to do.  Input and output (I/O) devices allow
+	the computer to communicate with the user and the outside
+	world.  There are several kinds of memory - fast, expensive,
+	short term memory (e.g. {RAM}) to hold intermediate results,
+	and slower, cheaper, long-term memory (e.g. {magnetic disk} and
+	{magnetic tape}) to hold programs and data between jobs.
+
+	See also {analogue computer}.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+Computer Aided Design
+
+	<application> (CAD) The part of {CAE} concerning the drawing
+	or physical layout steps of engineering design.  Often found
+	in the phrase "CAD/CAM" for ".. manufacturing".
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Computer Aided Detector Design
+
+	<project, standard> (CADD) A project to standardise {HEP}
+	detector designer.
+
+	(2011-02-18)
+
+Computer Aided Engineering
+
+	<application> (CAE) The use of {software} to help with all
+	phases of engineering design work.  Like {computer aided
+	design}, but also involving the conceptual and analytical
+	design steps and extending into {Computer-Integrated
+	Manufacturing} (CIM).
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+Computer-Aided Instruction
+
+	<application, education> (CAI, or "- assisted", "- learning",
+	CAL, Computer-Based Training CBT, "e-learning") The use of
+	computers for education and training.
+
+	The programs and data used in CAI, known as "courseware", may
+	be supplied on media such as {CD-ROM} or delivered via a
+	{network} which also enables centralised logging of student
+	progress.  CAI may constitute the whole or part of a course,
+	may be done individually or in groups ("Computer Supported
+	Collaborative Learning", CSCL), with or without human
+	guidance.
+
+	(2011-11-25)
+
+Computer-Aided Learning
+
+	{Computer-Aided Instruction}
+
+Computer Aided Software Engineering
+
+	<programming> (CASE, or "- assisted -") A technique for using
+	computers to help with one or more phases of the {software
+	life-cycle}, including the systematic analysis, design,
+	implementation and maintenance of software.  Adopting the CASE
+	approach to building and maintaining systems involves software
+	tools and training for the developers who will use them.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+Computer-Aided Software Testing
+
+	<programming> (CAST) Automated software testing in one or more
+	phases of the {software life-cycle}.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+Computer Aided Test Engineering
+
+	<testing, electronics> (CATE) {CASE} methods applied to
+	electronics testing and linked to {CAE}.
+
+	(2007-05-03)
+
+Computer Animation Movie Language
+
+	<language> A programming language for generating {animation}.
+
+	["A Computer Animation Movie Language for Educational Motion
+	Pictures", D.D. Weiner et al, Proc FJCC 33(2), AFIPS, Fall
+	1968].
+
+	(2012-01-30)
+
+Computer-Assisted Learning
+
+	{Computer-Aided Instruction}
+
+Computer-Assisted Software Engineering
+
+	{Computer-Aided Software Engineering}
+
+Computer Associates International, Inc.
+
+	<company> (CA) A US software development company, founded in
+	1976.  CA have purchased many other software companies,
+	including {Spectrum Software, Inc.}, {Cheyenne Software},
+	{Platinum Technology, Inc.}, {ASK Corporation}.  They produce
+	a number of popular software packages, including {Unicenter
+	TNG} and {Ingres}.
+
+	They had an {Initial Public Offering} in 1981 valued at more
+	than US$3.2M, had more than US$6B in revenue in 2000, and
+	employ more than 17,000 people.
+
+	{(http://ca.com/)}.
+
+	(20002-04-20)
+
+Computer-Based Training
+
+	{Computer-Aided Instruction}
+
+computer bus
+
+	{bus}
+
+Computer Compiler
+
+	1. <language> A proposed language for {compiler} design.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 695].
+
+	2. A discussion of various applications of computers to the
+	design and production of computers.
+
+	{ACM
+	(http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1464213&CFID=83216609&CFTOKEN=42516197)}.
+
+	["A proposal for a computer compiler", Gernot Metze
+	(University of Illinois), Sundaram Seshu (University of
+	Illinois), AFIPS '66 (Spring) Proceedings of the 1966-04-26 -
+	28, Spring joint computer conference].
+
+	(2007-02-13)
+
+computer confetti
+
+	<jargon> (Or "{chad}") A common term for {punched-card}
+	{chad}, which, however, does not make good confetti, as the
+	pieces are stiff and have sharp corners that could injure the
+	eyes.
+
+	{GLS} reports that he once attended a wedding at {MIT} during
+	which he and a few other guests enthusiastically threw chad
+	instead of rice.  The groom later grumbled that he and his
+	bride had spent most of the evening trying to get the stuff
+	out of their hair.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-06-22)
+
+Computer Conservation Society
+
+	<body> (CCS) A british group that aims to promote the
+	conservation and study of historic computers, past and future.
+	The CCS is a co-operative venture between the {British
+	Computer Society}, the Science Museum of London and the Museum
+	of Science and Industry in Manchester.  The CCS was
+	constituted in September 1989 as a Specialist Group of the
+	BCS.
+
+	A number of active projects and working groups focus on
+	specific computer restorations, early computer technologies
+	and software.  Membership is open to anyone interested.
+
+	{Home (http://computerconservationsociety.org)}.
+
+	See also {Bletchley Park}.
+
+	(2012-03-22)
+
+computer cookie
+
+	{HTTP cookie}
+
+computer crime
+
+	<legal> Breaking the criminal law by use of a computer.
+
+	See also {computer ethics}, {software law}.
+
+	(1997-07-09)
+
+Computer Design Language
+
+	<language> An {ALGOL}-like language for computer design.
+
+	["An ALGOL-like Computer Design Language", Y. Chu, CACM 8(10)
+	(Oct 1965)].
+
+	(1994-11-17)
+
+computer dictionary
+
+	{Free On-line Dictionary of Computing}
+
+Computer Emergency Response Team
+
+	<security, body> (CERT) An organisation formed by {DARPA} in
+	November 1988 in response to the {Internet worm} incident.
+	The CERT charter is to work with the {Internet} community to
+	help it responf to computer security events involving Internet
+	{hosts}, to raise awareness of computer security issues and to
+	conduct research targeted at improving the security of
+	existing systems.  CERT products and services include 24-hour
+	technical assistance for responding to computer security
+	incidents, product vulnerability assistance, technical
+	documents and tutorials.
+
+	{CERT Home (http://cert.org/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <cert@cert.org> (incident reports).
+
+	Telephone +1 (412) 268 7090 (24-hour hotline).
+
+	(2012-05-18)
+
+computer ethics
+
+	<philosophy> Ethics is the field of study that is concerned
+	with questions of value, that is, judgments about what human
+	behaviour is "good" or "bad".  Ethical judgments are no
+	different in the area of computing from those in any other
+	area.  Computers raise problems of privacy, ownership, theft,
+	and power, to name but a few.
+
+	Computer ethics can be grounded in one of four basic
+	world-views: Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, or Existentialism.
+	Idealists believe that reality is basically ideas and that
+	ethics therefore involves conforming to ideals.  Realists
+	believe that reality is basically nature and that ethics
+	therefore involves acting according to what is natural.
+	Pragmatists believe that reality is not fixed but is in
+	process and that ethics therefore is practical (that is,
+	concerned with what will produce socially-desired results).
+	Existentialists believe reality is self-defined and that
+	ethics therefore is individual (that is, concerned only with
+	one's own conscience).  Idealism and Realism can be considered
+	ABSOLUTIST worldviews because they are based on something
+	fixed (that is, ideas or nature, respectively).  Pragmatism
+	and Existentialism can be considered RELATIVIST worldviews
+	because they are based or something relational (that is,
+	society or the individual, respectively).
+
+	Thus ethical judgments will vary, depending on the judge's
+	world-view.  Some examples:
+
+	First consider theft.  Suppose a university's computer is used
+	for sending an e-mail message to a friend or for conducting a
+	full-blown private business (billing, payroll, inventory,
+	etc.).  The absolutist would say that both activities are
+	unethical (while recognising a difference in the amount of
+	wrong being done).  A relativist might say that the latter
+	activities were wrong because they tied up too much memory and
+	slowed down the machine, but the e-mail message wasn't wrong
+	because it had no significant effect on operations.
+
+	Next consider privacy.  An instructor uses her account to
+	acquire the cumulative grade point average of a student who is
+	in a class which she instructs.  She obtained the password for
+	this restricted information from someone in the Records Office
+	who erroneously thought that she was the student's advisor.
+	The absolutist would probably say that the instructor acted
+	wrongly, since the only person who is entitled to this
+	information is the student and his or her advisor.  The
+	relativist would probably ask why the instructor wanted the
+	information.  If she replied that she wanted it to be sure
+	that her grading of the student was consistent with the
+	student's overall academic performance record, the relativist
+	might agree that such use was acceptable.
+
+	Finally, consider power.  At a particular university, if a
+	professor wants a computer account, all she or he need do is
+	request one but a student must obtain faculty sponsorship in
+	order to receive an account.  An absolutist (because of a
+	proclivity for hierarchical thinking) might not have a problem
+	with this divergence in procedure.  A relativist, on the other
+	hand, might question what makes the two situations essentially
+	different (e.g. are faculty assumed to have more need for
+	computers than students?  Are students more likely to cause
+	problems than faculty?  Is this a hold-over from the days of
+	"in loco parentis"?).
+
+	{"Philosophical Bases of Computer Ethics", Professor Robert
+	N. Barger (http://nd.edu/~rbarger/metaethics.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:bit.listserv.ethics-l},
+	{news:alt.soc.ethics}.
+
+	(1995-10-25)
+
+computer file
+
+	{file}
+
+computer geek
+
+	<jargon> (Or "turbo nerd", "turbo geek") One who eats
+	(computer) {bugs} for a living.  One who fulfils all the
+	dreariest negative stereotypes about {hackers}: an asocial,
+	malodourous, pasty-faced monomaniac with all the personality
+	of a cheese grater.  The term cannot be used by outsiders
+	without implied insult to all {hackers}; compare
+	black-on-black usage of "nigger".  A computer geek may be
+	either a fundamentally clueless individual or a proto-hacker
+	in {larval stage}.
+
+	See also {Alpha Geek}, {propeller head}, {clustergeeking},
+	{geek out}, {wannabee}, {terminal junkie}, {spod}, {weenie}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-06-26)
+
+computer-generated imagery
+
+	<graphics> (CGI) Animatied graphics produced by computer and
+	used in film or television.
+
+	(1998-10-13)
+
+Computer Generation Incorporated
+
+	<company> (CGI) A US software development company and systems
+	integrator.
+
+	{(http://compgen.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: Paul G. Smith <pauls@compgen.com>
+
+	Telephone: +1 (404) 705 2800
+
+	Address: Bldg. G, 4th Floor, 5775 Peachtree-Dunwoody Rd.,
+	Atlanta, GA 30342, USA.
+
+	(1997-02-11)
+
+Computer Graphics Metafile
+
+	<graphics, file format> (CGM) A standard file format for
+	storage and communication of graphical information, widely
+	used on {personal computers} and accepted by {desktop
+	publishing} and technical illustration systems.
+
+	{MIME type}: image/cgm.
+
+	{ANSI}/{ISO} 8632-1987.  Worked on by the {ISO}/{IEC} group
+	{JTC1/SC24}.
+
+	{CGM Open Consortium (http://cgmopen.org/)}.
+
+	See also: {WebCGM}.
+
+	(1999-02-16)
+
+Computer Integrated Manufacturing
+
+	<application> (CIM) Use of computers to control multiple
+	aspects of a production process in a factory.  A CIM system
+	may control and/or monitor areas such as design, analysis,
+	planning, purchasing, cost accounting, inventory control,
+	distribution, materials handling and management.
+
+	(2003-06-07)
+
+computer language
+
+	{programming language}
+
+Computer Language for AeronauticS and Programming
+
+	<language> (CLASP) A {real-time} language from NASA, focussing
+	on {fixed-point} mathematics.  CLASP is a near subset of
+	{SPL}, with some ideas from {PL/I}.
+
+	["Flight Computer and Language Processor Study", Raymond
+	J. Rubey, Management Information Services, Detroit, 1971].
+
+	(1994-10-13)
+
+computer law
+
+	<legal> Legal aspects of the production, sale and use of
+	computers; including areas such as {software law},
+	{copyright}, patents, sale of goods, communication law and
+	general media issues such as free speech.
+
+	(2012-08-30)
+
+computer literacy
+
+	<education> Basic skill in use of computers, from the
+	perspective of such skill being a necessary societal skill.
+
+	The term was coined by Andrew Molnar, while director of the
+	Office of Computing Activities at the {National Science
+	Foundation}.
+
+	"We started computer literacy in '72 [...] We coined that
+	phrase.  It's sort of ironic.  Nobody knows what computer
+	literacy is.  Nobody can define it.  And the reason we
+	selected [it] was because nobody could define it, and [...] it
+	was a broad enough term that you could get all of these
+	programs together under one roof" (cited in Aspray, W.,
+	(September 25, 1991) "Interview with Andrew Molnar," OH 234.
+	Center for the History of Information Processing, Charles
+	Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota).
+
+	The term, as a coinage, is similar to earlier coinages, such
+	as "visual literacy", which {Merriam-Webster
+	(http://m-w.com/)} dates to 1971, and the more recent
+	"media literacy".
+
+	A more useful definition from
+	{(http://www.computerliteracyusa.com/)} is:
+
+	Computer literacy is an understanding of the concepts,
+	terminology and operations that relate to general computer
+	use.  It is the essential knowledge needed to function
+	independently with a computer.  This functionality includes
+	being able to solve and avoid problems, adapt to new
+	situations, keep information organized and communicate
+	effectively with other computer literate people.
+
+	(2007-03-23)
+
+Computer Management Group of Australia
+
+	<body> (CMGA) An Australian group that organises conferences,
+	exhibitions, meetings and seminars about IT management for its
+	corporate and individual members.
+
+	{CMGA Home (http://cmga.org.au/)}.
+
+	(2012-10-25)
+
+Computer Mediated Communication
+
+	<messaging> (CMC) Communication that takes place through, or
+	is facilitated by, computers.  Examples include {e-mail}, the
+	{web}, real-time {chat} tools like {IRC}, {Windows
+	Live Messenger} and {video conferencing}.
+
+	(2012-10-25)
+
+computer nerd
+
+	{computer geek}
+
+computer network
+
+	{network}
+
+Computer Output on Microfilm
+
+	{Enterprise Report Management}
+
+Computer Output to Laser Disc
+
+	{Enterprise Report Management}
+
+Computer Output to Laser Disk
+
+	{Enterprise Report Management}
+
+Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
+
+	<body> (CPSR) A non-profit organisation whose mission is to
+	provide the public and policymakers with realistic assessments of
+	the power, promise and problems of {Information Technology} and
+	the effects of computers on society.
+
+	CPSR was founded in the USA in 1981 but has spread to many other
+	countries.  CPSR is supported by its membership.  CPSR sponsors
+	conferences such as their Annual Meeting, Directions and
+	Implications in Advanced Computing (DIAC), the Participatory
+	Design Conference (PDC) and the Computers, Freedom and Privacy
+	(CFP) conference.
+
+	{CPSR Home (http://cpsr.org/)}.
+
+	(2012-11-04)
+
+computer program
+
+	{software}
+
+Computer + Science NETwork
+
+	<body> (CSNET) The networking organisation which combined with
+	{BITNET} to form {CREN}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+computer security
+
+	{security}
+
+computer sex
+
+	<jargon> Two computers interfaced with each other.
+
+	(1996-02-22)
+
+Computer Software Configuration Item
+
+	<jargon, software> (CSCI) A {configuration item} consisting of
+	{software}.
+
+	(2012-11-07)
+
+Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning
+
+	<education> (CSCL) Any form of {Computer-Aided Instruction}
+	that emphasises group learning as opposed to working alone.
+
+	(2011-11-25)
+
+Computer Supported Cooperative Work
+
+	<tool> (CSCW) (Or "groupware") Software tools and technology
+	to support groups of people working together on a project,
+	often at different sites.
+
+	See also {Lotus Notes}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Computer Telephone Integration
+
+	<communications> (CTI or "- Telephony -") Enabling computers to
+	know about and control telephony functions such as making and
+	receiving voice, {fax} and data calls, telephone directory
+	services and {caller identification}.
+
+	CTI is used in call centres to link incoming calls to computer
+	software functions such as database look-up of the caller's
+	number, supported by services such as {Automatic Number
+	Identification} and {Dialled Number Identification Service}.
+
+	Application software ({middleware}) can link {personal computers}
+	and servers with telephones and/or a {PBX}.  Telephony and
+	{software} vendors such as {AT&T}, {British Telecom}, {IBM},
+	{Novell}, {Microsoft} and {Intel} have developed CTI services.
+
+	The main {CTI} functions are integrating {messaging} with
+	{databases}, {word processors} etc.; controlling voice, {fax},
+	and {e-mail} messaging systems from a single {application
+	program}; graphical call control - using a {graphical user
+	interface} to perform functions such as making and receiving
+	calls, forwarding and conferencing; call and {data}
+	association - provision of information about the caller from
+	databases or other applications automatically before the call
+	is answered or transferred; {speech synthesis} and {speech
+	recognition}; automatic logging of call related information
+	for invoicing purposes or callback.
+
+	CTI can improve customer service, increase productivity, reduce
+	costs and enhance workflow automation.
+
+	IBM were one of the first with workable CTI, now sold as
+	"CallPath".  {Callware}'s {Phonetastic} is another {middleware}
+	product.
+
+	CTI came out of the 1980s call centre boom, where it linked
+	central servers and {IVRs} with {PBX}es to provide call
+	transfer and {screen popping}.  In the 1990s, efforts were
+	made by several vendors, such as IBM, Novell {TSAPI} and
+	Microsoft {TAPI}, to provide a version for {desktop computers}
+	that would allow control of a desktop telephone and assist in
+	{hot desking}.
+
+	See also {Telephony Application Programming Interface}.
+
+	(2012-11-18)
+
+Computer Telephony
+
+	{Computer Telephone Integration}
+
+Computer Telephony Integration
+
+	{Computer Telephone Integration}
+
+computer virus
+
+	{virus}
+
+computer vision
+
+	<application> A branch of {artificial intelligence} and {image
+	processing} concerned with computer processing of images from the
+	real world.  Computer vision typically requires a combination of
+	low level {image processing} to enhance the image quality
+	(e.g. remove noise, increase contrast), {pattern recognition} to
+	recognise features such as lines, areas and colours and {image
+	understanding} to translate these features into knowledge about
+	the objects in the scene.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.ai.vision}.
+
+	(2012-12-25)
+
+compute server
+
+	<computer, parallel> A kind of {parallel processor} where the
+	parallel processors have no I/O except via a bus or other
+	connection to a {front-end processor} which handles all I/O to
+	disks, {terminals} and network.
+
+	In some antiquated {IBM} {mainframes}, a second CPU was
+	provided that could not access I/O devices, known as the slave
+	or attached processor, while the CPU having access to all
+	devices was known as the master processor.
+
+	(1995-03-19)
+
+computing
+
+	{computer}
+
+Computing Devices Canada Ltd.
+
+	{General Dynamics Canada Ltd.}
+
+computing dictionary
+
+	{Free On-line Dictionary of Computing}
+
+computron
+
+	<jargon> /kom'pyoo-tron"/ 1. A notional unit of computing power
+	combining execution speed and storage capacity.  E.g. "That
+	machine can't run GNU Emacs, it doesn't have enough computrons!"
+
+	2. A mythical subatomic particle that carries computation or
+	information, in much the same way that an electron carries
+	electric charge (see also {bogon}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2013-03-02)
+
+Compuware Corporation
+
+	<company> A US {software} and service company established in 1973.
+	Since 1973, Compuware focused on optimising business software
+	development, testing and operation.  In 1999 the company had grown
+	to over 15,000 employees worldwide and revenues of more than
+	$1.6B.  By 2013 it had shrunk to less than 5000.
+
+	Current (2013) products and services include performance
+	optimisation, availability and quality of web, non-web, mobile,
+	streaming and cloud applications; project portfolio management,
+	professional services automation; mainframe applications and
+	developer tools; rapid application development and professional
+	services.
+
+	{(http://compuware.com/)}.
+
+	(2013-03-08)
+
+COMSL
+
+	<language> ["COMSL - A Communication System Simulation Language",
+	R.L. Granger, Proc FJCC 37 (1970)].
+
+	(2013-03-08)
+
+COMTRAN
+
+	["Communications Computer Language COMTRAN", D.W. Clark et al,
+	RADC-TR-69-190, Rose Air Development Center, Griffiss AFB, NY,
+	July 1969].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.324, 331].
+
+ConC
+
+	<language> A {concurrent} extension of {C} based on {decomposed
+	Petri nets}.  It uses the 'handshake' and 'unit' constructs.
+
+	["ConC: A Language for Distributed Real-Time Programming",
+	V.K. Garg et al, Computer Langs 16(1):5-18 (1991)].
+
+	(1995-03-02)
+
+concatenate
+
+	<programming> To join together two or more files or lists to form
+	one big one.
+
+	The {Unix} {cat} command can be used to concatenate files.
+
+	(1995-12-22)
+
+concatenated key
+
+	{compound key}
+
+concentrator
+
+	<communications> A device that combines the data streams from
+	many simultaneously active inputs into one shared channel in
+	such a way that the streams can be separated after
+	transmission.  The concentrator's output bandwidth must be at
+	least as great as the total bandwidth of all simultaneously
+	active inputs.  A concentrator is one kind of {multiplexing}
+	device.
+
+	For example, a concentrator may be used to connect 24 2400 bps
+	TTYs to a host via a 57600 bps channel.
+
+	(2000-03-01)
+
+conceptualisation
+
+	<artificial intelligence> The process or result of listing the
+	types of objects, concepts and other entities that are assumed to
+	exist in some area of interest and the relationships that hold
+	among them.  A conceptualisation is an {abstract}, simplified view
+	of the world that we wish to represent.  For example, we may
+	conceptualise a family as the set of names, sexes and the
+	relationships of the family members.  Choosing a
+	conceptualisation is the first stage of {knowledge
+	representation}.  A conceptualisation is a high-level {data model}.
+
+	Every {knowledge base}, {knowledge-based system}, or
+	{knowledge-level agent} is committed to some
+	conceptualisation, explicitly or implicitly.
+
+	(2013-04-17)
+
+Concert/C
+
+	<language, parallel> A {parallel} extension of {ANSI C} with
+	{asynchronous} {message passing}, developed at the {IBM} {TJWRC}
+	in July 1993.  Concert/C provides {primitives} to create and
+	terminate {processes} and communicate between them.  The programmer
+	explicitly expresses parallelization and distribution.
+
+	{1994 Announcement
+	(http://www.cs.bu.edu/~best/courses/cs551/projects/concert.txt)}.
+
+	(2013-05-05)
+
+ConCoord
+
+	<programming, parallel> An environment for programming networks of
+	{sequential} and {parallel} computers.  ConCoord supports
+	{explicit parallelism} with different {granularity}.
+
+	(2013-05-22)
+
+concrete class
+
+	<programming> In {object-oriented programming}, a {class}
+	suitable to be instantiated, as opposed to an {abstract
+	class}.
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+Concrete Data Structure
+
+	<theory> (CDS) A model of programming language terms developed in
+	the context of constructing fully {abstract semantics} for
+	{sequential} languages.  A CDS is a 4-tuple (C,V,E,|-) where C is
+	a cell, V is a value, E is an event and |- is an "enabling
+	relation".  An event is a cell and a value.  A cell C is "enabled"
+	by a set of events S if S |- C.  A state is a set of events which
+	are consistent in that the values they give for any cell are all
+	equal.  Every cell in a state is enabled.
+
+	[G. Berry, P.-L. Curien, "Theory and practice of sequential
+	algorithms: the kernel of applicative language CDS", Algebraic
+	methods in semantics, CUP 1985].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+concrete syntax
+
+	<language, data> The {syntax} of a language including all the
+	features visible in the {source code} such as {parentheses}
+	and {delimiters}.  The concrete syntax is used when {parsing}
+	the program or other input, during which it is usually
+	converted into some kind of {abstract syntax tree} (conforming
+	to an {abstract syntax}).
+
+	In communications, concrete syntax is called {transfer
+	syntax}.
+
+	(1997-07-21)
+
+CONCUR
+
+	<language> A proposal for a language for programming with
+	{concurrent} processes.  CONCUR was inspired by {Modula} but
+	removes Modula's restrictions on the placement of process
+	declarations and invocations in order to study the implications of
+	process support more fully.  Anderson presents a {compiler} which
+	translates CONCUR into the {object language} for a hypothetical
+	machine.
+
+	["CONCUR, A Language for Continuous Concurrent
+	Processes", R.M. Salter et al, Comp Langs 5(3):163-189, 1981].
+
+	{["Concur: a High-Level Language for Concurrent Programming",
+	Karen Anderson Thesis, B. Thomas Golisano College of Computing and
+	Information Sciences, 1979]
+	(https://ritdml.rit.edu/handle/1850/15968?show=full)}
+
+	(2013-06-05)
+
+concurrency
+
+	{multitasking}
+
+Concurrent C
+
+	1. <language> An extension of {C} with {rendezvous}-based
+	{concurrency}.  Versions for most {Unix} systems were available
+	commercially from {AT&T}.
+
+	["Concurrent C", N.H. Gehani et al, Soft Prac & Exp
+	16(9):821-844 (1986)].
+
+	["The Concurrent C Programming Language", N. Gehani et al,
+	Silicon Press 1989].
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+	2. <language> An extension of {C} with {asynchronous} {message
+	passing}.
+
+	["Concurrent C: A Language for Distributed Systems",
+	Y. Tsujino et al, Soft Prac & Exp 14(11):1061-1078 (Nov
+	1984)].
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Concurrent C++
+
+	<language> A {programming language} developed by Gehani and Roome
+	at {Bell Labs} by merging their earlier {Concurrent C} language
+	with {C++}.
+
+	["Concurrent C++: Concurrent Programming with Class(es)",
+	N. Gehani, W.D. Roome, Bell Labs, 1986].
+
+	(2013-06-26)
+
+Concurrent Clean
+
+	<language> An alternative name for {Clean} 1.0.
+
+	(1995-11-08)
+
+Concurrent CLU
+
+	<language> A {programming language} extending {CLU} for
+	{concurrent} processes, developed by by Hamilton in 1984.
+
+	["Preserving Abstraction in Concurrent
+	Programming", R.C.B.  Cooper, K.G. Hamilton, IEEE
+	Trans Soft Eng SE-14(2):258-263, Feb 1988].1
+
+	(2013-09-28)
+
+Concurrent Constraint Programming
+
+	<language> (CCP) Not a language, but a general approach.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2001-11-01)
+
+Concurrent Euclid
+
+	<language, parallel> A {concurrent} extension of a subset of
+	{Euclid} ("{Simple Euclid}") developed by J.R. Cordy and
+	R.C. Holt of the {University of Toronto} in 1980.
+
+	Concurrent Euclid features {separate compilation}, {modules},
+	processes and {monitors}, {signal} and {wait} on {condition
+	variables}, 'converters' to defeat {strong type checking},
+	absolute addresses.  All procedures and functions are
+	{re-entrant}.  {TUNIS} (a {Unix}-like {operating system}) is
+	written in Concurrent Euclid.
+
+	["Specification of Concurrent Euclid", J.R. Cordy & R.C. Holt,
+	Reports CSRI-115 & CSRI-133, CSRI, U Toronto, Jul 1980,
+	rev. Aug 1981].
+
+	["Concurrent Euclid, The Unix System, and Tunis," R.C. Holt,
+	A-W, 1983].
+
+	(2005-02-19)
+
+Concurrent LISP
+
+	<language> A {concurrent} version of {Lisp}.  Sugimoto et al
+	implemented an {interpreter} on a "large scale computer" and were
+	planning to implement it on multiple {microprocessors}.
+
+	["A Multi-Processor System for Concurrent Lisp", S. Sugimoto et
+	al, Proc 1983 Intl Conf parallel Proc, 1983 pp.135-143].
+
+	(2013-10-18)
+
+Concurrent Massey Hope
+
+	<language, functional programming> An extension of {Massey
+	Hope}, by Peter Burgess, Robert Pointon, and Nigel Perry
+	<N.Perry@massey.ac.nz> of {Massey University}, NZ, that
+	provides {multithreading} and {type}d inter-{thread}
+	communication.  It uses {C} for {intermediate code} rather
+	than {assembly language}.
+
+	(1999-08-04)
+
+Concurrent ML
+
+	<language> (CML) A {concurrent} extension of {SML/NJ} written
+	by J. Reppy at {Cornell University} in 1990.  CML supports
+	dynamic {thread} creation and synchronous {message passing} on
+	typed channels.  Threads are implemented using first-class
+	{continuations}.  First-class synchronous operations allow
+	users to tailor their synchronisation abstractions for their
+	application.  CML also supports both {stream I/O} and
+	low-level I/O in an integrated fashion.
+
+	Latest version 0.9.8, as of 1994-12-21, requires SML/NJ 0.75
+	or later.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.cornell.edu/pub/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <sml-bugs@research.att.com> (bugs).
+
+	["CML: A Higher-Order Concurrent Language", John H. Reppy,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 26(6):293-305, June 1991].
+
+	(2000-08-09)
+
+Concurrent Oberon
+
+	<language> A {concurrent} version of {Oberon}.  There is an
+	implementation the {Ceres} {workstation}.
+
+	["Adding Concurrency to the Oberon System", S. Lalis et al,
+	ETH Zurich, 1993].
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Concurrent Object-Oriented C
+
+	<language> (cooC) A language with {concurrent} {object} execution
+	from {Toshiba}.  It has {synchronous} and {asynchronous} {message
+	passing}.  It has been implemented for {SunOS}.
+
+	{(ftp://tsbgw.isl.rdc.toshiba.co.jp/pub/toshiba/cooc-beta.1.1.tar.Z)}.
+
+	[SIGPLAN Notices 28(2)].
+
+	(2000-08-13)
+
+Concurrent Object-Oriented Language
+
+	<language> (COOL) An extension of {C++} with {task-level
+	parallelism} for {shared-memory} {multi-processors}.
+
+	["COOL: A Language for Parallel Programming", R. Chandra
+	<rohit@seagull.stanford.edu> et al in Languages and Compilers
+	for Parallel Computing, D. Gelernter et al eds, MIT Press
+	1990, pp. 126-148].
+
+	E-mail: Rohit Chandra <rohit@cool.stanford.edu>.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Concurrent Pascal
+
+	<language> An extension of a {Pascal} subset, {Sequential Pascal},
+	developed by Brinch Hansen in 1972-75.  Concurrent Pascal was the
+	first language to support {monitors}.  It provided access to
+	hardware devices through monitor calls and also supported
+	processes and {class}es.
+
+	["The Programming Language Concurrent Pascal", Per Brinch
+	Hansen, IEEE Trans Soft Eng 1(2):199-207 (Jun 1975)].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+concurrent processing
+
+	{multitasking}
+
+Concurrent Prolog
+
+	<language> A {Prolog} variant with {guarded clauses} and
+	{committed-choice nondeterminism} ({don't-care nondeterminism}) by
+	Ehud "Udi" Shapiro, Yale <shapiro-ehud@yale.edu>.  A subset has
+	been implemented, but not the full language.
+
+	See also {Mandala}.
+
+	["Concurrent Prolog: Collected Papers", E. Shapiro, V.1-2, MIT
+	Press 1987].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Concurrent Scheme
+
+	<language> A parallel {Lisp}, for the {Mayfly} by M. Swanson
+	<swanson%teewinot@cs.utah.edu>.
+
+	["Concurrent Scheme", R.R. Kessler et al, in Parallel Lisp:
+	Languages and Systems, T. Ito et al eds, LNCS 441, Springer
+	1989].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+ConcurrentSmalltalk
+
+	<language> A {concurrent} variant of {Smalltalk}.
+
+	["Concurrent Programming in ConcurrentSmalltalk", Y. Yokote et
+	al in Object-Oriented Concurrent Programming, A. Yonezawa et
+	al eds, MIT Press 1987, pp. 129-158].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Concurrent SP/k
+
+	<language> (CSP/k) A {PL/I}-like {concurrent} language.
+
+	["Structured Concurrent Programming with Operating System
+	Applications", R.C. Holt et al, A-W 1978].
+
+	(1997-12-15)
+
+Concurrent Versions System
+
+	<programming> (CVS) A {cross-platform} {code management
+	system} originally based on {RCS}.
+
+	CVS tracks all revisions to a file in an associated file with
+	the same name as the original file but with the string ",v"
+	(for version) appended to the filename.  These files are
+	stored in a (possibly centralised) repository.
+
+	Changes are checked in or "committed" along with a comment (which
+	appears in the the "commit log").  CVS has the notions of
+	projects, {branches}, file locking and many others needed to
+	provide a full-functioned repository.
+
+	It is commonly accessed over over its own "anonCVS" {protocol} for
+	read-only access (many {open source} projects are available by
+	anonymous CVS) and over the {SSH} protocol by those with commit
+	privileges ("committers").
+
+	CVS has been rewritten several times and does not depend on
+	RCS.  However, files are still largely compatible; one can
+	easily migrate a project from RCS to CVS by copying the
+	history files into a CVS repository.  A sub-project of the
+	{OpenBSD} project is building a complete new implementation of
+	CVS, to be called OpenCVS.
+
+	{CVS Home (http://cvshome.org/)}.  {OpenCVS
+	(http://opencvs.org/)}.
+
+	(2005-01-17)
+
+condela
+
+	{Connection Definition Language}
+
+condition out
+
+	<programming> A programming technique that prevents a section of
+	{code} from being executed by putting it in an {if statement}
+	whose condition is always false.
+
+	It is often easier to do this than to {comment out} the code
+	because you don't need to modify the code itself (as you would if
+	commenting out each line individually) or worry about {nested
+	comments} within the code (as you would if putting nesting comment
+	delimiters around it).
+
+	For example, in {Perl} you could write:
+
+	 if (0) {
+	 ...code to be ignored...
+	 }
+
+	In a compiled language, the {compiler} could simply generate no
+	code for the whole if statement.  Some compiled languages such as
+	C provide {compile-time directives} that achieve the same effect,
+	e.g.:
+
+	 #if 0
+	 ...code to be ignored...
+	 #endif
+
+	(or "#ifdef notdef").
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2013-12-08)
+
+condom
+
+	<jargon> 1. The protective plastic bag that accompanies {3.5-inch
+	microfloppy diskettes}.  Rarely, also used of (paper) disk
+	envelopes.  Unlike the {write protect tab}, the condom (when left
+	on) not only impedes the practice of {SEX} but has also been shown
+	to have a high failure rate as drive mechanisms attempt to access
+	the disk - and can even fatally frustrate insertion.
+
+	2. The protective cladding on a {light pipe}.
+
+	3. "keyboard condom": A flexible, transparent plastic cover
+	for a keyboard, designed to provide some protection against
+	dust and {programming fluid} without impeding typing.
+
+	4. "elephant condom": the plastic shipping bags used inside
+	cardboard boxes to protect hardware in transit.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+Conference On DAta SYstems Languages
+
+	<body> (CODASYL) A consortium that developed {database models} and
+	standard {database} extensions for {COBOL}.
+
+	CODASYL was formed in 1959 to guide the development of a
+	{standard} {programming language} that could be used on many
+	computers.  Members came from industry and government data
+	processing departments.  Its goal was to promote more effective
+	data {systems analysis}, design and implementation.  It published
+	specifications for various languages over the years, handing these
+	over to official standards bodies ({ISO}, {ANSI} or their
+	predecessors) for formal standardisation.
+
+	The 1965 List Processing Task Force worked on the {IDS/I} database
+	extension.  It later renamed itself to the Data Base Task Group
+	(DBTG) and publishing the Codasyl Data Model, the first to allow
+	one-to-many {relations}.  This work also introduced {data
+	definition languages} (DDLs) to define the {database schema} and a
+	{data manipulation language} (DML) to be embedded in COBOL
+	programs to request and update data in the database.
+
+	Interest in CODASYL declined with the rise of {relational
+	databases} beginning in the early 1980s.
+
+	(2013-12-29)
+
+Conferencing over IP
+
+	<communications, standard> (CoIP) Standards for the transmission
+	of {multimedia} over the {Internet}.  CoIP extends {VoIP} (voice
+	over Internet Protocol) with {text}, {images}, {video}.  The main
+	CoIP standard is based on {H.323}.
+
+	The VoIP forum of the {IMTC} merged with the {H.323} Activity
+	Group in January 1999 to form the Conferencing over IP (CoIP)
+	Activity Group.
+
+	VoIP uses "VoIP Devices" as {gateways} to {route} voice data
+	{packets} over the Internet or {PSTN}.  {Protocols} such as {SGCP}
+	and its successor {MGCP} extend VoIP to handle media other than
+	voice data.
+
+	(2013-12-29)
+
+confidence test
+
+	<testing> Tests to confirm that the results of a program lie
+	within certain ranges according to the expected probability
+	distribution.
+
+	(1997-10-27)
+
+CONFIG.SYS
+
+	<operating system> A {text file} containing special system
+	configuration commands, found in the {root directory} on an
+	{MS-DOS} computer, typically on {drive} C (the {hard disk}).  It
+	is read by {MS-DOS} at {boot time}, after the setup has been read
+	from {CMOS RAM} and before running {AUTOEXEC.BAT}.  It can be
+	modified by the user.
+
+	Some example commands which CONFIG.SYS might contain are:
+
+		DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS /testmem:off
+
+	Load the {extended memory} manager.
+
+		DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE RAM
+
+	Load the {expanded memory} manager.
+
+		BUFFERS=10,0
+
+	Specify memory for {disk buffers}.
+
+		FILES=70
+
+	Set the number of files that can be open at once.
+
+		DOS=UMB
+
+	DOS is located in {UppeMemoryBlock}.
+
+		LASTDRIVE=Z
+
+	Disk drives are A: to Z:.
+
+		FCBS=16,0
+
+	Set the number of {file control blocks}.
+
+		DEVICEHIGH /L:1,12048 =C:\DOS\SETVER.EXE
+
+	Report the DOS version to older programs.
+
+		DOS=HIGH
+
+	DOS should maintain a link to {UMB}.
+
+		COUNTRY=358,437 C:\DOS\COUNTRY.SYS
+
+	Set the {country code} for some programs.
+
+		STACKS=9,256
+
+	Set {dynamic stacks} for hardware control.
+
+		SHELL=C:\DOS\COMMAND.COM C:\DOS\ /E:1024 /p
+
+	Set the location of the {command interpreter}.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+configuraholic
+
+	<jargon> A {luser} who twiddles with computer settings until
+	it no longer works and must be fixed by the {system
+	administror}.
+
+	(2007-03-20)
+
+configuration item
+
+	<jargon> Hardware or software, or an aggregate of both, which
+	is designated by the project configuration manager (or
+	contracting agency) for {configuration management}.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+configuration management
+
+	<job, system management> A discipline applying technical and
+	administrative controls to identifying, documentating and
+	reporting on {configuration items}, their physical and functional
+	characteristics and changes to characteristics of those
+	configuration items.
+
+	{Change management} is one aspect of configuration management but
+	may also refer to the softer, human side of getting people to
+	adapt to changing processes and organisation.
+
+	{Source code management} or "code management" is configuration
+	management applied to {code} through the various stages of the
+	{software life-cycle}.
+
+	(2014-01-21)
+
+configuration programming
+
+	<programming> An approach that advocates the use of a separate
+	configuration language to specify the {coarse-grain} structure
+	of programs.  Configuration programming is particularly
+	attractive for {concurrent}, parallel and distributed systems
+	that have inherently complex program structures.
+
+	{Darwin} is an example of a configuration language.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+configure
+
+	<software> A program by {Richard Stallman} to discover
+	properties of the current {platform} and to set up {make} to
+	compile and install {gcc}.
+
+	{Cygnus configure} was a similar system developed by
+	K. Richard Pixley in collaboration with Richard Stallman.
+	In 1994, David MacKenzie and others modified {autoconf} to
+	incorporate all the features of Cygnus configure and many
+	{GNU} programs, including gcc now use autoconf.
+
+	{Metaconfig} is a similar program used in building {Perl}.
+
+	{(http://airs.com/ian/configure)}.
+
+	(2005-04-15)
+
+conflation
+
+	<database> Combining or blending of two or more versions of a
+	text; confusion or mixing up.  Conflation {algorithms} are
+	used in {databases}.
+
+	[Any specific technical meaning?]
+
+	(1996-04-14)
+
+congestion
+
+	<communications> The condition that arises when the amount of data
+	senders want to send down a communication path exceeds its
+	{capacity}.  Typically this will result in some {packets} being
+	delayed, thus increasing the average {latency}.
+
+	(2014-05-04)
+
+CONIC
+
+	<systems> A {distributed system} language and {operating system}
+	developed at {Imperial College} to support {dynamic
+	configuration}.
+
+	{Paper (http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/452/1/Dynamic%20Configuration%20for%20Distributed.pdf)}.
+
+	["Dynamic Configuration for Distributed Systems", J. Kramer et
+	al, IEEE Trans Soft Eng SE-11(4):424-436, Apr 1985].
+
+	(2014-05-04)
+
+conjunction
+
+	{AND}
+
+Conjunctive Normal Form
+
+	<logic> (CNF) A {logical formula} consisting of a
+	{conjunction} of {disjunctions} of terms where no disjunction
+	contains a conjunction.  Such a formula might also be
+	described as a product of sums.  E.g. the CNF of
+
+		(A and B) or C
+	is
+		(A or C) and (B or C).
+
+	Contrast {Disjunctive Normal Form}.
+
+	(1995-12-10)
+
+connect
+
+	<library, networking> {Unix} socket library routine to connect
+	a socket that has been created on the local hosts to one at a
+	specified socket address on the remote host.
+
+	{Unix manual pages}: connect(2), accept(2).
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+connected graph
+
+	<mathematics> A {graph} such that there is a path between any
+	pair of nodes (via zero or more other nodes).
+
+	Thus if we start from any node and visit all nodes connected
+	to it by a single edge, then all nodes connected to any of
+	them, and so on, then we will eventually have visited every
+	node in the connected graph.
+
+	(1996-09-22)
+
+connected subgraph
+
+	<mathematics> A {connected graph} consisting of a {subset} of
+	the {nodes} and {edges} of some other graph.
+
+	(1996-09-22)
+
+Connection Definition Language
+
+	<language> (condela) A {procedural}, parallel language for
+	defining {neural networks}.
+
+	{(ftp://tut.cis.ohio-state.edu/pub/condela)}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+connectionless protocol
+
+	<protocol> The data communication method in which communication
+	occurs between {hosts} with no previous setup.  {Packets} sent
+	between two hosts may take different routes.
+
+	{UDP} is a connectionless protocol.  Also called {packet
+	switching}.  Contrast {circuit switching}, {connection-oriented}.
+
+	(2014-05-04)
+
+Connection Machine LISP
+
+	<language> {Lisp} with a parallel data structure, the
+	'xapping', an array of values assigned to an {array} of sites.
+
+	[G.L. Steele et al, "Connection Machine LISP: Fine-Grained
+	Parallel Symbolic Processing", in Proc 1986 ACM Conf on LISP
+	and Functional Prog, Aug 1986, pp.279-297].
+
+	["Connection Machine LISP Reference Manual", Thinking Machines
+	Corp, Feb 1987].
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+connection-oriented
+
+	<networking> (Or connection-based, stream-oriented).  A type
+	of {transport layer} data communication service that allows a
+	{host} to send data in a continuous stream to another host.
+	The transport service will guarantee that all data will be
+	delivered to the other end in the same order as sent and
+	without duplication.  Communication proceeds through three
+	well-defined phases: connection establishment, data transfer,
+	connection release.  The most common example is {Transmission
+	Control Protocol} (TCP).
+
+	Opposite of {connectionless}, {datagram}.  See also {circuit
+	switching}, {packet switching}, {virtual circuit}.
+
+connection-oriented network service
+
+	<networking> (CONS) Because of the relatively long transit
+	delays and inferior bit error rate of {WANs}, a more
+	sophisticated {connection-oriented} {protocol} is normally
+	used.
+
+	(1997-11-08)
+
+connective
+
+	<logic> An operator used in {first order logic} to combine two
+	logical formulas.
+
+	(2014-05-04)
+
+connector conspiracy
+
+	<business, standard> The tendency of manufacturers (or, by
+	extension, other designers) to come up with products that
+	don't fit with the old stuff, thereby making you buy either
+	all new stuff or expensive interface devices.
+
+	The term probably came into prominence with the appearance of
+	the DEC {KL-10}, none of whose connectors matched anything
+	else.  The KL-10 {Massbus} connector was actually *patented*
+	by {DEC}, who reputedly refused to licence the design, thus
+	effectively locking out competition for the lucrative Massbus
+	peripherals market.  This policy was a source of frustration
+	for the owners of dying, obsolescent disk and tape drives.
+
+	A related phenomenon is the invention of new screw heads so
+	that only Designated Persons, possessing the magic
+	screwdrivers, can remove covers and make repairs or install
+	options.  Older Apple {Macintosh}es took this one step
+	further, requiring not only a hex wrench but a specialised
+	case-cracking tool to open the box.
+
+	With the advent of more open-systems computing this term has
+	fallen somewhat into disuse.
+
+	Compare {backward combatability}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2010-02-04)
+
+CONNIVER
+
+	<language> An {artificial intelligence} {programming language} for
+	{automatic theorem proving} from {MIT}.  CONNIVER grew out of
+	{PLANNER} and was based on {coroutines} rather than
+	{backtracking}.  It allowed multiple database contexts with
+	hypothetical assertions.
+
+	["The CONNIVER Reference Manual", D. McDermott & G.J. Sussman
+	<gjs@zurich.ai.mit.edu>, AI Memo 259, MIT AI Lab, 1973].
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+Co-NP
+
+	{complementary nondeterministic polynomial}
+
+CONS
+
+	{connection-oriented network service}
+
+cons
+
+	<programming> /konz/ or /kons/ A {Lisp} function which takes an
+	element H and a {list} T and returns a new list whose {head} is H
+	and whose {tail} is T.
+
+	In {Lisp}, "cons" (short for "construct") is the fundamental
+	operation for building structures.  It actually takes any two
+	objects and returns them in a "cons cell" or pair object.  This is
+	sometimes called a {dotted-pair} because an application of cons:
+
+		(cons H T)
+
+	can also be input and output using an {infix} dot operator:
+
+		(H . T)
+
+	(with suitable quoting of arguments).
+
+	A cons cell can also be used as two-branched tree node object with
+	one object hanging from each branch.  Because the result of a cons
+	is itself an object, it can be used to build {binary trees} of any
+	shape and complexity.
+
+	Typically, a cons would be represented in memory as a two
+	consecutive {pointers}.
+
+	For historical reasons, the functions to return the objects in a
+	cons are called {car} and {cdr}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2014-06-11)
+
+conservative evaluation
+
+	<programming> Under this {parallel evaluation strategy}, no
+	evaluation is started unless it is known to be needed.  The
+	opposite of conservative evaluation is {speculative evaluation}.
+
+	(2014-06-21)
+
+considered harmful
+
+	<programming, humour> A type of phrase based on the title of
+	{Edsger W. Dijkstra}'s famous note in the March 1968
+	{Communications of the ACM}, "Goto Statement Considered Harmful",
+	which fired the first salvo in the {structured programming wars}.
+
+	Amusingly, the {ACM} considered the resulting acrimony
+	sufficiently harmful that it will (by policy) no longer print
+	articles taking so assertive a position against a coding practice.
+
+	In the ensuing decades, a large number of both serious papers and
+	parodies bore titles of the form "X considered Y".  The
+	structured-programming wars eventually blew over with the
+	realisation that both sides were wrong, but use of such titles has
+	remained as a persistent minor in-joke.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2014-06-21)
+
+consistently complete
+
+	{boundedly complete}
+
+console
+
+	1. <hardware, operating system, history> The {operator}'s station
+	of a {mainframe} as opposed to an ordinary user's {terminal}.  In
+	times past, the console was a privileged location that conveyed
+	godlike powers to anyone with fingers on its keys.  Under {Unix}
+	and other modern {time-sharing} {operating systems}, such
+	privileges are guarded by {passwords} instead, and the console is
+	just the {tty} the system was booted from.  On Unix the device is
+	called /dev/console.
+
+	On a {microcomputer} {Unix} box, the console is the main screen
+	and keyboard.  Other, character-only, terminals may be connected
+	to {serial ports}.  Typically only the console can do real
+	{graphics} or run {X}.  See also {CTY}.
+
+	2. <games> A self-contained {microcomputer} optimised for gaming,
+	with powerful graphical output designed to be displayed on a
+	television; equipped with one or more {joystick} controllers for
+	input and an {optical drive} to load software.  Later generations
+	also feature {Internet} connection via {wireless} or wired
+	{Ethernet} for downloading games and multiplayer networked play.
+	Typically such devices have no keyboard so text must be input
+	using the controller to operate an on-screen keyboard, e.g. to
+	enter player names.
+
+	The most successful recent examples are the {Sony Playstation} and
+	{Microsoft Xbox} families.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2014-07-01)
+
+console jockey
+
+	{terminal junkie}
+
+consortium
+
+	<body> A group of two or more companies, educational
+	institutions, governments or other bodies with some shared
+	purpose.
+
+	Examples from computing include the {World Wide Web
+	Consortium} (W3C), {Apache Software Foundation}, {The Open
+	Group}, {X Consortium}.
+
+	(2009-06-05)
+
+Consortium for Lexical Research
+
+	<body> (CLR) A repository for {natural language processing}
+	software, {lexical} data, tools and resources; set up in July 1991
+	in the Computing Research Laboratory of {New Mexico State
+	University}, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.
+
+	CLR maintained a public {FTP} {archive site} and a separate
+	members-only library.  As of 1994-02-01, CLR had about 60 members,
+	mostly academic institutions, including most US natural language
+	processing centres.  Materials could be contributed in exchange
+	for membership.
+
+	In 2006, the CRL closed down due to lack of funding.  The CLR
+	FTP server and e-mail address seems to have disappeared with it.
+
+	[{The Consortium for Lexical Research, Y. Wilks, Principal
+	Investigator, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State
+	University
+	(http://clair.eecs.umich.edu/aan/paper.php?paper_id=H92-1114)}].
+
+	(2014-07-06)
+
+constant angular velocity
+
+	<storage> (CAV) One of the two schemes for controlling the rate of
+	rotation of the disk in a {disk drive}.  Constant {angular
+	velocity} keeps the rate of rotation constant.  This means that
+	the {linear velocity} of the disk under the head is larger when
+	reading or writing the outer {tracks}.  This in turn implies
+	either a variation in the data rate to and from the heads or the
+	bits per unit length along the track.
+
+	The alternative, {constant linear velocity}, requires the rate of
+	rotation of the disk to accelerate and decelerate according to the
+	radial postion of the heads, increasing the energy use and
+	vibration.
+
+	(2014-07-16)
+
+constant applicative form
+
+	<functional programming> (CAF) A {supercombinator} which is
+	not a {lambda abstraction}.  This includes truly constant
+	expressions such as 12, (+ 1 2), [1, 2, 3] as well as partially
+	applied functions such as (+ 4).  Note that this last example
+	is equivalent under {eta abstraction} to \ x . + 4 x which is
+	not a CAF.
+
+	Since a CAF is a supercombinator, it contains no free
+	variables.  Moreover, since it is not a lambda abstraction it
+	contains no variables at all.  It may however contain
+	identifiers which refer to other CAFs, e.g.
+
+		c 3 where c = (* 2).
+
+	A CAF can always be lifted to the top level of the program.
+	It can either be compiled to a piece of graph which will be
+	shared by all uses or to some shared code which will overwrite
+	itself with some graph the first time it is evaluated.  A CAF
+	such as
+
+		ints = from 1  where  from n = n : from (n+1)
+
+	can grow without bound but may only be accessible from within
+	the code of one or more functions.  In order for the {garbage
+	collector} to be able to reclaim such structures, we associate
+	with each function a list of the CAFs to which it refers.
+	When garbage collecting a reference to the function we collect
+	the CAFs on its list.
+
+	[{The Implementation of Functional Programming Languages, Simon
+	Peyton Jones (http://research.microsoft.com/%7Esimonpj/papers/slpj-book-1987/PAGES/224.HTM)}].
+
+	(2006-10-12)
+
+constant folding
+
+	<compiler> A {compiler} {optimisation} technique where
+	constant subexpressions are evaluated at {compile time}.  This
+	is usually only applied to built-in numerical and {boolean}
+	operators whereas {partial evaluation} is more general in that
+	expressions involving user-defined functions may also be
+	evaluated at compile time.
+
+	(1997-02-20)
+
+Constantine/Yourdon
+
+	{Yourdon/Constantine}
+
+constant linear velocity
+
+	<storage> (CLV) A way of controlling the rotation of the {disks}
+	in a {disk drive} in which the {linear velocity} of the disk
+	surface relative to the {read/write heads} is kept constant.
+
+	In order to achieve constant linear velocity, the disk must rotate
+	faster (at a higher {angular velocity}) when reading or writing
+	tracks closer to the centre.
+
+	Having a constant linear read/write speed along the track means
+	that the electrical signal to and from the heads has a constant
+	{data rate} (bits per second), thus simplifying the timing of the
+	drive electronics somewhat.  However, rotating at less than the
+	maximum possible rate sacrifices some potential performance
+	compared to the alternative, {constant angular velocity}.  Also,
+	varying the rate causes more vibration and consumes more energy.
+
+	(2014-07-27)
+
+constant mapping
+
+	<networking> A precursor to {ARP} used by some {TCP} software in
+	which the destination {Ethernet address} is constructed from the
+	top 24 {bits} of the source Ethernet address followed by the low
+	24 bits of the (class A) destination {Internet address}.  For this
+	scheme the top 24 bits of the Ethernet address must be the same on
+	all hosts on the network.
+
+	(2014-08-06)
+
+constraint
+
+	<programming, mathematics> A {Boolean} {relation}, often an
+	equality or {ineqality} relation, between the values of one or
+	more mathematical {variables}.  E.g. x>3 is a constraint on x.
+	The process of {constraint satisfaction} attempts to assign values
+	to variables so that all constraints are true.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.constraints}.  {FAQ
+	(http://cs.unh.edu/ccc/archive/)}.
+
+	(2002-06-08)
+
+constraint functional programming
+
+	<programming> (CFP) {functional programming} plus {constraints}.
+
+	(2002-06-08)
+
+Constraint Handling In Prolog
+
+	<language> (CHIP) A {constraint logic programming} language
+	developed by M. Dincbas at {ECRC}, Munich, Germany in 1985 which
+	includes {Boolean unification} and a symbolic {simplex}-like
+	{algorithm}.  CHIP introduced the {domain-variable model}.
+
+	["The Constraint Logic Programming Language CHIP", M. Dincbas
+	et al, Proc 2nd Intl Conf on Fifth Generation Computer Sys,
+	Tokyo (Nov 1988), pp.249-264].
+
+	["Constraint Satisfaction in Logic Programming", Van
+	Hentenryck.  Available from COSYTEC, 4 rue Jean Rostand,
+	F91893 Orsay, France].
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+ConstraintLisp
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} {constraint} language based on
+	{CSP}.  An extension of {Common Lisp} and {CLOS}.
+
+	["ConstraintLisp: An Object-Oriented Constraint Programming
+	Language", Bing Liu (ex bing@iti.gov.sg) et al, SIGPLAN
+	Notices 27(11):17-26, Nov 1992].
+
+	(2000-04-02)
+
+Constraint Logic Programming
+
+	<programming> (CLP) A programming framework based (like {Prolog})
+	on {LUSH} (or {SLD}) {resolution}, but in which {unification} has
+	been replaced by a {constraint solver}.  A CLP {interpreter}
+	contains a Prolog-like {inference engine} and an {incremental
+	constraint solver}.  The engine sends constraints to the solver
+	one at a time.  If the new constraint is consistent with the
+	collected constraints it will be added to the set.  If it is
+	inconsistent, it will cause the engine to {backtrack}.
+
+	{CLP*} is a variant.
+
+	["Constraint Logic Programming", J. Jaffar et al, 14th POPL,
+	ACM 1987].
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+CONSTRAINTS
+
+	<programming> A {programming language} for solving {constraints}
+	using {value inference}.
+
+	["CONSTRAINTS: A Language for Expressing Almost-Hierarchical
+	Descriptions", G.J. Sussman et al, Artif Intell 14(1):1-39, Aug
+	1980].
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+constraint satisfaction
+
+	<application> The process of assigning values to {variables} while
+	meeting certain requirements or "{constraints}".  For example, in
+	{graph colouring}, a node is a variable, the colour assigned to it
+	is its value and a link between two nodes represents the
+	constraint that those two nodes must not be assigned the same
+	colour.  In {scheduling}, constraints apply to such variables as
+	the starting and ending times for tasks.
+
+	The {Simplex} method is one well known technique for solving
+	numerical constraints.
+
+	The search difficulty of constraint satisfaction problems can be
+	determined on average from knowledge of easily computed structural
+	properties of the problems.  In fact, hard instances of
+	{NP-complete} problems are concentrated near an abrupt transition
+	between under- and over-constrained problems.  This transition is
+	analogous to phase transitions in physical systems and offers a
+	way to estimate the likely difficulty of a constraint problem
+	before attempting to solve it with search.
+
+	{Phase transitions in search
+	(ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pub/dynamics/constraints.html)} (Tad
+	Hogg, {XEROX PARC}).
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+constructed type
+
+	<types> A {type} formed by applying some {type constructor
+	function} to one or more other types.  The usual constructions are
+	functions: t1 -> t2, products: (t1, t2), sums: t1 + t2 and
+	lifting: lift(t1).
+
+	(In {LaTeX}, the lifted type is written with a subscript
+	{\perp}).
+
+	See also {algebraic data type}, {primitive type}.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Constructive Cost Model
+
+	<programming> (COCOMO) A method for estimating the cost of a
+	{software} package, proposed by Dr Barry Boehm.
+
+	The Basic COCOMO Model estimates the effort required to develop
+	software in three modes of development ({Organic Mode},
+	{Semidetached Mode}, or {Embedded Mode}) using only {DSIs} as an
+	input.  The Basic model is good for quick estimates.
+
+	The Intermediate Model extends the Basic Model with an {Effort
+	Adjustment Factor} (EAF) and different coefficients for the effort
+	equation.  The user supplies settings for cost drivers that
+	determine the effort and duration of the software projects.  It
+	also allows DSI values and cost drivers to be chosen for
+	individual components instead of for the system as a whole.
+
+	The Detailed COCOMO Model uses effort multipliers for each phase
+	of the project and provides a three-level product hierarchy and
+	has some other capabilities such as a procedure for adjusting the
+	phase distribution of the development schedule.
+
+	["Software Engineering Economics", B. Boehm, Prentice-Hall,
+	1981].
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+constructive proof
+
+	<mathematics> A proof that something exists that provides an
+	example or a method for actually constructing it.
+
+	For example, for any pair of finite real numbers n < 0 and p > 0,
+	there exists a real number 0 < k < 1 such that
+
+		f(k) = (1-k)*n + k*p = 0.
+
+	A constructive proof would proceed by rearranging the above to
+	derive an equation for k:
+
+		k = 1/(1-n/p)
+
+	From this and the constraints on n and p, we can show that 0 < k <
+	1.
+
+	A few mathematicians actually reject *all* non-constructive
+	arguments as invalid; this means, for instance, that the law of
+	the {excluded middle} (either P or not-P must hold, whatever P is)
+	has to go; this makes {proof by contradiction} invalid.  See
+	{intuitionistic logic}.
+
+	Constructive proofs are popular in theoretical computer science,
+	both because computer scientists are less given to abstraction
+	than mathematicians and because {intuitionistic logic} turns out
+	to be an appropriate theoretical treatment of the foundations of
+	computer science.
+
+	(2014-08-24)
+
+constructive solid geometry
+
+	<graphics> (CSG) A method for describing the geometry of
+	complex scenes by applying set operations to primitive
+	objects.
+
+	See also {CSG-tree}.
+
+	[What operations?  What objects?]
+
+	(1998-06-09)
+
+constructor
+
+	<programming> 1. In {functional programming} and {type
+	theory}, one of the symbols used to create an object with an
+	{algebraic data type}.
+
+	2. A function provided by a {class} in {C++} and some other
+	{object-oriented languages} to {instantiate} an object,
+	i.e. to name it and initialise it.  The constructor function
+	has the same name as the class.  A class may also have a
+	{destructor} function to destroy objects of that class.
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+Consul
+
+	<language> A {constraint}-based [{future}-based?] language
+	with {Lisp}-like {syntax}.
+
+	["Consul: A Parallel Constraint Language", D. Baldwin, IEEE
+	Software 6(4):62-71].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+consultant
+
+	<job> A person who facilitates organisational change and/or
+	provides subject matter expertise on technical, functional and
+	business topics during development or implementation.
+	Consultants perform {business requirements analysis},
+	recommends selection of packaged software, develop proposals
+	for consulting services and manage implementation projects at
+	client sites.  They provides expert knowledge of products such
+	as {SAP R/3}, {PeopleSoft}, {HRMS/Financials}, and
+	{SmartStream}.
+
+	(2004-03-09)
+
+container class
+
+	A {class} whose instances are collections of other objects.
+	Examples include {stacks}, {queues}, {lists} and {arrays}.
+
+content addressable memory
+
+	(CAM, or "associative memory") A kind of storage device which
+	includes comparison logic with each bit of storage.  A data
+	value is broadcast to all words of storage and compared with
+	the values there.  Words which match are flagged in some way.
+	Subsequent operations can then work on flagged words, e.g. read
+	them out one at a time or write to certain bit positions in
+	all of them.  A CAM can thus operate as a {data parallel}
+	({SIMD}) processor.
+
+	CAMs are often used in {caches} and {memory management units}.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+content-based information retrieval
+
+	<image, algorithm> (CBIR) A general term for methods for using
+	information stored in image archives.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	[IEEE Computer, September 1995].
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+Content Data Model
+
+	(CDM) An {SGML}-based {DoD} specification for interactive
+	manuals.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+content-free
+
+	1. (By analogy with "context-free") Used of a message that
+	adds nothing to the recipient's knowledge.  Though this
+	adjective is sometimes applied to {flamage}, it more usually
+	connotes derision for communication styles that exalt form
+	over substance or are centred on concerns irrelevant to the
+	subject ostensibly at hand.  Perhaps most used with reference
+	to speeches by company presidents and other professional
+	manipulators.
+
+	See also {four-colour glossies}.
+
+	2. Within British schools the term refers to general-purpose
+	software such as a {word processor}, a {spreadsheet} or a
+	program that tests spelling of words supplied by the teacher.
+	This is in contrast to software designed to teach a particular
+	topic, e.g. a plant growth simulation, an interactive periodic
+	table or a program that tests spelling of a predetermined list
+	of words.  Content-free software can be more cost-effective as
+	it can be reused for many lessons throughout the syllabus.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-08-26)
+
+contention slot
+
+	(Or contention period).  Minimum time a {host} must transmit
+	for before it can be sure that no other host's {packet} has
+	collided with its transmission.  If the maximum propagation
+	delay from one host to any other is T, then a host that starts
+	to transmit at time t0 may collide with a host that starts
+	just before t0 + T.  The first host will not detect the
+	collision until time t0 + 2T.
+
+Contents of Decrement part of Register
+
+	<programming> (cdr) /ku'dr/ or /kuh'dr/ The {LISP} operation
+	that returns the right-hand node of a {binary tree} structure.
+	In the typical case where the tree is used to store a list,
+	the cdr is the tail of the list, i.e. all but the first
+	element.
+
+	The instruction format of the {IBM 7090} that hosted the
+	original LISP implementation featured two 15-bit fields called
+	the "address" and "decrement" parts.  The term "cdr" was
+	originally "Contents of Decrement part of Register".
+	Similarly, "car" stood for "Contents of Address part of
+	Register".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-02-28)
+
+context
+
+	That which surrounds, and gives meaning to, something else.
+
+	<grammar> In a {grammar} it refers to the symbols before and
+	after the symbol under consideration.  If the syntax of a
+	symbol is independent of its context, the grammar is said to
+	be {context-free}.
+
+context clash
+
+	<grammar> When a {parser} cannot tell which alternative
+	{production} of a {syntax} applies by looking at the next
+	input {token} ("lexeme").
+
+	E.g. given syntax
+
+		C -> A | b c
+
+		A -> d | b e
+
+	If you're parsing non-terminal C and the next token is 'b',
+	you don't know whether it's the first or second alternative of
+	C since they both can start with b.
+
+	To discover whether a grammar has a context clash:
+
+	For each non-terminal, N, with multiple alternatives, look at
+	the first symbol of each alternative's right-hand side, call
+	it s.  If s is the empty string, then find the set FOLLOWER(N)
+	otherwise find the set FIRST*(s).  If any of the sets for N's
+	alternatives intersect then there will be a context clash when
+	parsing N.  If the next input symbol is one of those in the
+	intersection of two sets then you won't know which of the
+	alternatives applies.
+
+	FIRST(s) is the set of symbols with which s can start,
+	including s itself.  If s is a non-terminal then FIRST(s) also
+	includes the first symbol of each alternative right-hand side
+	of s.  The '*' in FIRST*(s) means the "{transitive closure}"
+	of FIRST which means keep applying FIRST to each element of
+	the result until the result doesn't change.  I.e. start with
+	just the set R = {s}, then for each non-terminal x in R, add
+	FIRST(x) to R.  Keep doing this until nothing new is added.
+	(We are really only interested in the terminals in FIRST*(s)
+	but some definitions include the non-terminals).
+
+	FOLLOWER(N) is the set of symbols which can come after N in a
+	sentence.  Find each occurrence of N on the right-hand side of
+	a rule, e.g.
+
+		M -> ... | ... N ... | ...
+
+	If there is a symbol s immediately following N then add
+	FIRST*(s) to the result (again, we're only interested in the
+	terminal symbols in FIRST*(s)) if there is no symbol after N
+	in the alternative then add FOLLOWER(M) to the result (i.e. if
+	N can be the last symbol in an M then anything that can follow
+	M can also follow N).
+
+	If a grammar can generate the same sentence in multiple
+	different ways (with different parse tress) then it is
+	ambiguous.  An ambiguity must start with a context clash (but
+	not all context clashes imply ambiguity).  The context clash
+	occurs when trying to parse the first token of the phrase with
+	multiple parses - you will not be able to tell which
+	alternative to take.  To see if a context clash is also a case
+	of ambiguity you would need to follow the alternatives
+	involved in each context clash to see if they can generate the
+	same complete sequence of tokens.
+
+	(1995-04-05)
+
+COntext Dependent Information Language
+
+	<language> (CODIL) An early language for non-numerical
+	business problems.
+
+	["CODIL, Part1.  The Importance of Flexibility", C.F. Reynolds
+	et al, Computer J 14(3):217-220, May 1971].
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+context-free
+
+	Said of a {grammar} where the syntax of each constituent is
+	independent of the symbols occuring before and after it in a
+	sentence.  {Parsers} for such grammars are simpler than those
+	for context-dependent grammars because the parser need only
+	know the current symbol.
+
+context-sensitive menu
+
+	<operating system> A {menu} which appears in response to a
+	user action (typically a {mouse} click) and whose contents are
+	determined by which {application window} was clicked or has
+	the {input focus}.
+
+	Most {GUIs} use a secondary mouse button (right or middle) to
+	call up a context-sensitive menu as the {primary mouse button}
+	is normally used to interact with objects which are already
+	visible.
+
+	The context-sensitive menu often contains functions that are
+	also available in a {menu bar} but the context-sensitive menu
+	provides quick access to a subset of functions that are
+	particularly relevant to the window area clicked on.
+
+	The {RISC OS} {WIMP} uses only context-sensitive menus (always
+	invoked using the middle mouse button).  This saves screen
+	space and reduces mouse movement compared to a {menu bar}.
+
+	(1999-09-22)
+
+context switch
+
+	<operating system> When a {multitasking} {operating system}
+	stops running one {process} and starts running another.  Many
+	operating systems implement concurrency by maintaining
+	separate environments or "contexts" for each process.  The
+	amount of separation between processes, and the amount of
+	information in a context, depends on the operating system but
+	generally the OS should prevent processes interfering with each
+	other, e.g. by modifying each other's memory.
+
+	A context switch can be as simple as changing the value of the
+	{program counter} and {stack pointer} or it might involve
+	resetting the {MMU} to make a different set of memory {pages}
+	available.
+
+	In order to present the user with an impression of parallism,
+	and to allow processes to respond quickly to external events,
+	many systems will context switch tens or hundreds of times per
+	second.
+
+	(1996-12-18)
+
+Contextually Communicating Sequential Processes
+
+	(CCSP) A notation based on {CSP}.
+
+	["Contextually Communicating Sequential Processes - A Software
+	Engineering Approach", M. Hull et al, Software Prac & Exp
+	16(9):845-864 (Sept 1986)].
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+continental drift
+
+	In 1980 {David Turner} remarked that {KRC} ran "at the speed
+	of the continental drift".
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+continuation
+
+	{continuation passing style}
+
+Continuation Passing Style
+
+	(CPS) A semantically clean language with continuations used as
+	an intermediate language for {Scheme} and the {SML/NJ}
+	{compiler}.
+
+	["Rabbit: A Compiler for Scheme", G.L. Steele, AI-TR-474, MIT
+	(May 1978)].
+
+	["Compiling With Continuations", A. Appel, Cambridge U Press
+	1992].
+
+continuation passing style
+
+	<programming> (CPS) A style of programming in which every user
+	function f takes an extra argument c known as a continuation.
+	Whenever f would normally return a result r to its caller, it
+	instead returns the result of applying the continuation to r.
+	The continuation thus represents the whole of the rest of the
+	computation.  Some examples:
+
+	 normal (direct style)    -->	continuation passing
+
+	 square x = x * x		square x k = k (x*x)
+
+	 g (square 23)			square 23 g
+
+	 (square 3) + 1			square 3 ( \ s . s+1 )
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+continuations
+
+	{continuation passing style}
+
+continuous function
+
+	A function f : D -> E, where D and E are {cpos}, is continuous
+	if it is {monotonic} and
+
+		f (lub Z) = lub { f z | z in Z }
+
+	for all {directed} sets Z in D.  In other words, the image of
+	the lub is the lub of any directed image.
+
+	All {additive} functions (functions which preserve all lubs)
+	are continuous.  A continuous function has a {least fixed
+	point} if its {domain} has a least element, {bottom} (i.e. it
+	is a cpo or a "pointed cpo" depending on your definition of a
+	cpo).  The {least fixed point} is
+
+		fix f = lub {f^n bottom | n = 0..infinity}
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Continuous System Modeling Program
+
+	<simulation> (CSMP) A program for {simulation} of dynamics of
+	{continuous systems}.  CSMP is similar to {CSSL}.
+
+	["A Guide to Using CSMP - The Continuous System Modeling
+	Program", Frank H. Speckhart et al, P-H 1976].
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+Continuous System Simulation Language
+
+	<simulation> (CSSL) Versions include {ACSL}, {HYTRAN}, {SL-I},
+	{S/360} and {CSMP}.
+
+	CSSL(Continuous System Simulation Language) versions I, II,
+	III, IV and V have been commercially available since 1968.
+	CSSL-I was developed for {Jet Propulsion Labs} in 1968.
+	CSSL-III was widely distributed from 1969-1975.  CSSL-IV
+	(interactive version) was developed by R. Nilsen and ran on
+	over 30 different computers.  Currently CSSL-V is marketed by
+	{Simulation Services International} and available on {PCs} and
+	{workstations}.
+
+	["The SCi Continuous System Simulation Language (CSSL)",
+	Simulation, 9(6), Dec 1967].
+
+	[URL?]
+
+	(2003-04-15)
+
+continuous wave
+
+	<communications, history> (CW) A term from early radio history
+	for a transmitter using an {electron tube} (valve) oscillator
+	to constantly add energy to a tuned circuit connected to an
+	antenna.
+
+	The term is used in contrast with the use of a {spark gap} to
+	initiate a damped {sinusoidal wave} in a {tuned circuit}
+	consisting of an {inductor} and {capacitor}.  The energy in
+	this circuit constantly changes between the capacitor's
+	electrostatic field and the inductor's magnetic field.  The
+	energy is then coupled to the radiating antenna, loosely (so
+	as not to dampen the wave too quickly).
+
+	Some radio amateurs understand "CW" to mean transmission by
+	means a single frequency signal which is either on or off
+	(e.g. {Morse code}), as opposed to a carrier which varies
+	continuously in amplitude, frequency or phase.  Some would
+	even call the former "unmodulated" even though turning on and
+	off is actually the most extreme form of amplitude modulation.
+
+	(2009-11-24)
+
+contraction
+
+	{reduction}
+
+contract programmer
+
+	<job> A programmer who works on a fixed-length/temporary
+	contract, and is often specialised in writing certain types of
+	code.
+
+	A contract programmer may be independent or they may work in a
+	supplier's {professional services} department, providing
+	consultancy and programming services for the supplier's
+	products.
+
+	(2004-03-09)
+
+control
+
+	<character> (Or "ctrl", "^") One (or a pair) of {modifier
+	keys} found on all modern {keyboards}.  If the control key is
+	held down while pressing and releasing certain other keys then
+	a "{control character}" is generated, e.g. holding control and
+	hitting "A" generates control-A ({ASCII} code 1).  The ASCII
+	code for the control character is generally 64 less than that
+	for the unmodified character.
+
+	The control key does not generate any character on its own but
+	most modern keyboards and {operating systems} allow a program
+	to tell whether each of the individual keys on the keyboard
+	(including modifier keys) is pressed at any time.
+
+	Control characters mostly have some kind of "non-printing"
+	effect on the output such as ringing the bell (Control-G) or
+	advancing to the next line (Control-J).  Most have alternative
+	names suggesting these functions (Bell, Line Feed, etc.).
+
+	See {ASCII character table}.
+
+	(1997-07-10)
+
+Control and Status Register
+
+	<hardware> (CSR) A {register} in most {CPUs} which stores
+	additional information about the results of machine
+	instructions, e.g. comparisons.  It usually consists of
+	several independent flags such as {carry}, {overflow} and
+	zero.  The CSR is chiefly used to determine the outcome of
+	{conditional branch} instructions or other forms of
+	conditional execution.
+
+	(1998-06-26)
+
+control bus
+
+	<architecture> In a {digital computer}, the signal paths that
+	carry commands from the {instruction decode} logic to various
+	different functional units such as the {ALU}, {memory address
+	register}, {memory data register} and other {buffers}.
+
+	Named by analogy with the {address bus} and {data bus}, each
+	of which carries a set of related signals, the signals carried
+	by the control bus are more independant.
+
+	Some might include other signals such as timing ({clock}) and
+	status under the term, further reducing its similarity to
+	other busses.
+
+	(2007-07-25)
+
+control-C
+
+	<character> (Or ETX, End of Text) The {ASCII} character with
+	code 3.
+
+	Control-C is the interrupt character used on many {operating
+	systems}, including {Unix} and {MS-DOS} to abort a running
+	program.
+
+	Among {BSD} {Unix} hackers, the canonical humorous response
+	to "Give me a break!" is "Control C".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+control code
+
+	<character> A character which is input or output to cause some
+	special action rather than to appear as part of the data.
+
+	Most control characters are input by holding down (either of)
+	the "Control" key(s) on the keyboard and simultaneously
+	pressing another key which may be a letter or (depending on
+	the keyboard and {operating system}) certain punctuation
+	characters.  Some control codes usually have their own special
+	keys: {escape}, {tab}, {delete}, {backspace}, {return} and can
+	thus be entered with a single keypress.
+
+	Different {operating systems} and programs have different
+	conventions for what effect typing certain control codes will
+	have, such as interrupting the current process or suspending
+	output.
+
+	Control codes may be output for their effect on the output
+	device, e.g. moving the cursor or print head to the start of a
+	new line.
+
+	See {control-O}, {control-Q}, {control-S}.
+
+	(1995-03-23)
+
+control flow
+
+	<programming> (Or "flow of control") The sequence of execution
+	of instructions in a program.  This is determined at run time
+	by the input data and by the {control structures} (e.g. "if"
+	statements) used in the program.
+
+	Not to be confused with "{flow control}".
+
+	(1997-09-14)
+
+control-G
+
+	{bell}
+
+Control Language
+
+	<language> (CL) The {batch} language for {IBM RPG}/38, used in
+	conjunction with {RPG III}.
+
+	See also {OCL}.
+
+	(2000-04-08)
+
+controller
+
+	<hardware> Part of a computer, typically a separate circuit
+	board, which allows the computer to use certain kinds of
+	{peripheral} devices.  A {disk controller} is used to connect
+	{hard disks} and {floppy disks}, a {network controller} is
+	used for {Ethernet}.  Other controllers are: {keyboard
+	controller}, {interrupt controller} and {graphics controller}.
+
+	(1998-03-16)
+
+control-O
+
+	<character> {ASCII} character 15 (SI).
+
+	The character used on some {operating systems} to abort output
+	but allow the program to keep on running.  The name "SI" comes
+	from its use on some terminals to "shift in" an alternative
+	character set.  "SO" is {Control-N}.
+
+	Compare {control-S}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+Control Program
+
+	<operating system> (CP) The component of {IBM}'s {Virtual
+	Machine} (VM) that provides "guest support" for {operating
+	systems} that run on IBM {mainframe} compatible processors.
+	Cp does this by providing a seamless {emulation} of privileged
+	functions in the problem program environment.
+
+	(1999-01-19)
+
+Control Program for Microcomputers
+
+	<operating system> (CP/M) An early {microcomputer} {operating
+	system} written by Gary Kildall of {Digital Research} for
+	{8080} and {Zilog Z80}-based 8-bit computers.  CP/M was very
+	popular in the late 1970s but was virtually wiped out by
+	{MS-DOS} after the release of the {IBM PC} in 1981.
+
+	Many of CP/M's features and conventions strongly resemble
+	those of early {DEC} operating systems such as {TOPS-10},
+	{OS/8}, {RSTS} and {RSX-11}.
+
+	CP/M might have been the {OS} for the {IBM PC} instead of
+	{MS-DOS} but Kildall wanted to keep control of his creation
+	and only license it to IBM.  Big Blue however wanted to own
+	and control it completely.  Kildall spent the day IBM's reps
+	wanted to meet him enjoying the perfect flying weather in his
+	private plane.
+
+	[Did CP/M use the same {FAT} file system as MS-DOS?]
+
+	(1996-01-07)
+
+control-Q
+
+	<character> (Or XON, DC1, {Device Control} 1) The character
+	with {ASCII} code 17, used in {software handshaking} to resume
+	output after a previous {control-S}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-28)
+
+control-S
+
+	<character> (Or XOFF, DC3, {Device Control} 3) The character
+	with {ASCII} code 19, used in {software handshaking} to
+	temporarily suspend output until a {control-Q} is received.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-28)
+
+control structure
+
+	<programming> One of the instructions, statements or groups of
+	statements in a programming language which determines the
+	sequence of execution of other instructions or statements (the
+	{control flow}).
+
+	In {assembly language} this typically consists of {jumps} and
+	{conditional jumps} along with {procedure} call and return
+	though some architectures include other constructs such as an
+	instruction which skips the following instruction depending on
+	some condition ({PDP}?), various kinds of {loop} instructions
+	(later {Motorola 680x0}) or conditional execution of all
+	instructions (Advanced RISC Machine).
+
+	Basic control structures (whatever their names in particular
+	languages) include "if CONDITION then EXPRESSION else
+	EXPRESSION", the {switch statement}, "while CONDITION do
+	EXPRESSION", "gosub", the suspect "{goto}" and the much-feared
+	"{come from}".  Other constructs handle errors and
+	{exceptions} such as {traps} and {interrupts}.
+
+	(1997-09-14)
+
+control tty
+
+	(/dev/ptyp*) The network side of a {pseudo-tty}.
+
+control unit
+
+	1. <processor> The part of a {CPU} that sends control signals
+	to other components to cause them to execute the {machine
+	cycle} - fetch, decode, execute, store.
+
+	2. <architecture> Any device that controls the I/O operations
+	of one or more {peripheral} devices, e.g. a {disk controller}.
+
+	(2008-05-21)
+
+conventional memory
+
+	<storage> The first 640 {kilobytes} of an {IBM PC}'s memory.
+	Prior to {EMS}, {XMS}, and {HMA}, {real mode} application
+	could use only this part of the memory.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+converged network
+
+	<networking> A single {network} that can carry {voice},
+	{video} and {data}.
+
+	(2007-06-07)
+
+Convergent Technologies
+
+	<company> A company formed by a small group of people who left
+	{Intel Corporation} in 1979.  Convergent Technologies' first
+	product was the IWS (Integrated Workstation) based on the
+	{Intel 8086}, which ran {Convergent Technologies Operating
+	System} - their first {operating system}.
+
+	Unisys bought {Convergent Technologies} in 1988.
+
+	[Who bought/merged with who and when?]
+
+	(1998-04-03)
+
+Convergent Technologies Operating System
+
+	<operating system> (CTOS, BTOS, STARSYS) /see-toss/ A modular,
+	{message-passing}, {multi-process} based {operating system}.
+
+	{Convergent Technologies}' first product was the IWS
+	(Integrated Workstation) based on the {Intel 8086}, which had
+	CTOS as its operating system.  It is a modular operating
+	system with built in {local area networking}.  CTOS supports
+	multiple processes or {threads}, and message-based
+	{inter-process communication}.
+
+	Companies which have licensed CTOS include {Burroughs} (BTOS)
+	and {Bull} (STARSYS).  The largest customer was {Unisys}, with
+	whom Convergent Technologies merged to become one company in
+	1988.  CTOS now has over 800,000 users worldwide.
+
+	CTOS runs on Intel {Pentium} computers, and can run
+	concurrently with {Microsoft} {Windows NT}.
+
+	For some reason, CTOS is no longer marketted to new customers,
+	although there is a support comittment for existing customers
+	until 2001.  Major customers include Police Forces, Banks, and
+	Airlines.
+
+	Latest version: CTOS III 1.3.2.
+
+	["Exploring CTOS", Miller E., Crook J., Loy J. - Prentice
+	Hall, ISBN 0-13-297342-1, 1991].
+
+	(1996-09-24)
+
+Conversational LISP
+
+	<language> (CLISP) A mixed English-like, {ALGOL}-like surface
+	{syntax} for {Interlisp}.
+
+	["CLISP: Conversational LISP", W. Teitelman, in Proc Third
+	Intl Joint Conf on AI, Stanford, Aug 1973, pp.686-690].
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+Conversational Monitor System
+
+	{Virtual Machine/Conversational Monitor System}
+
+converse
+
+	<logic> The truth of a {proposition} of the form A => B and
+	its converse B => A are shown in the following truth table:
+
+		A   B | A => B   B => A
+		------+----------------
+		f   f |	  t	   t
+		f   t |	  t	   f
+		t   f |	  f	   t
+		t   t |	  t	   t
+
+	(2002-07-12)
+
+conversion to iteration
+
+	A transformation applied to functional programs to replace
+	recursion with iteration.  A tail-recursive function can be
+	compiled to an iterative loop where the recursive call becomes
+	a jump back to the start and the parameters are held in
+	registers which are updated with new values each time around
+	the loop.  See Iteration, Tail recursion optimisation.
+
+CONVERT
+
+	<language> 1. (Or "REC", "Regular Expression Converter") A
+	{string processing} language that combined the {pattern
+	matching} and transformation operations of {COMIT} with the
+	{recursive data structures} of {Lisp}.
+
+	["Convert", A. Guzman et al, CACM 9(8):604-615, Aug 1966].
+
+	2. An early language to convert programs and data from one
+	language to another.
+
+	["CONVERT Manual", OLI Systems Inc, Oct 1976].
+
+	(2007-02-05)
+
+convert.f90
+
+	A {Fortran77} to {Fortran90} translator by Michael Metcalf
+	<metcalf@cernvm.cern.ch>.  The significant differences between
+	the two Fortrans make this package useful.
+
+	{(ftp://jkr.cc.rl.ac.uk/pub/MandR/convert.f90)}.
+
+	(1993-07-17)
+
+Convex Computer Corporation
+
+	<company> A mini-super-computer manufacturer.
+
+	Address: Richardson, Texas, USA.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+convex hull
+
+	<mathematics, graphics> For a {set} S in space, the smallest
+	{convex set} containing S.  In the plane, the convex hull can
+	be visualized as the shape assumed by a rubber band that has
+	been stretched around the set S and released to conform as
+	closely as possible to S.
+
+	(1997-08-03)
+
+Conway, John Horton
+
+	{John Horton Conway}
+
+Conway's Law
+
+	<project, humour> The rule that the organisation of the
+	software and the organisation of the software team will be
+	congruent; originally stated as "If you have four groups
+	working on a compiler, you'll get a 4-pass compiler".
+
+	Melvin Conway, an early proto-hacker, wrote an {assembler} for
+	the {Burroughs 220} called SAVE.  The name "SAVE" didn't stand
+	for anything; it was just that you lost fewer card decks and
+	listings because they all had SAVE written on them.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Conway's Life
+
+	{Life}
+
+cooC
+
+	{Concurrent Object-Oriented C}.
+
+cooccurrence matrix
+
+	<mathematics> Given a position operator P(i,j), let A be a nxn
+	matrix whose element A[i][j] is the number of times that
+	points with grey level (intensity) g[i] occur, in the position
+	specified by P, relative to points with grey level g[j].  Let
+	C be the nxn matrix that is produced by dividing A with the
+	total number of point pairs that satisfy P.  C[i][j] is a
+	measure of the joint probability that a pair of points
+	satisfying P will have values g[i], g[j].  C is called a
+	cooccurrence matrix defined by P.  Examples for the operator P
+	are: "i above j", "i one position to the right and two below
+	j", etc.
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+cookbook
+
+	<programming> (From amateur electronics and radio) A book of
+	small code segments that the reader can use to do various
+	{magic} things in programs.
+
+	One current example is the "{PostScript} Language Tutorial and
+	Cookbook" by Adobe Systems, Inc (Addison-Wesley, ISBN
+	0-201-10179-3), also known as the {Blue Book} which has
+	recipes for things like wrapping text around arbitrary curves
+	and making 3D fonts.
+
+	Cookbooks, slavishly followed, can lead one into {voodoo
+	programming}, but are useful for hackers trying to {monkey up}
+	small programs in unknown languages.  This function is
+	analogous to the role of phrasebooks in human languages.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+cooked mode
+
+	The normal{Unix} character-input mode, with interrupts enabled
+	and with erase, kill and other special-character
+	interpretations performed directly by the tty driver.
+	Opposite of {raw mode}.  See also {rare mode}.  Other
+	operating systems often have similar mode distinctions, and
+	the raw/rare/cooked way of describing them has spread widely
+	along with the {C} language and other Unix exports.  Most
+	generally, "cooked mode" may refer to any mode of a system
+	that does extensive preprocessing before presenting data to a
+	program.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+cookie
+
+	1. <web> {HTTP cookie}.
+
+	2. <protocol> A handle, transaction ID, or other token of
+	agreement between cooperating programs.  "I give him a packet,
+	he gives me back a cookie".
+
+	The ticket you get from a dry-cleaning shop is an example of a
+	cookie; the only thing it's useful for is to relate a later
+	transaction to this one (so you get the same clothes back).
+
+	Compare {magic cookie}; see also {fortune cookie}.
+
+	3. <security, jargon> A {cracker} term for the {password} list
+	on a {multi-user} computer.
+
+	4. <jargon> An adjective describing a computer that just
+	became {toast}.
+
+	(1997-04-14)
+
+cookie bear
+
+	{cookie monster}
+
+cookie file
+
+	<operating system> A collection of {fortune cookies} in a
+	format that facilitates retrieval by a {fortune} program.
+	There are many cookie files in public distribution, and site
+	admins often assemble their own from various sources.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+cookie jar
+
+	1. <programming> An area of memory set aside for storing
+	{cookies}.  Most commonly heard in the {Atari ST} community;
+	many useful ST programs record their presence by storing a
+	distinctive {magic number} in the jar.  Programs can inquire
+	after the presence or otherwise of other programs by searching
+	the contents of the jar.
+
+	2. <security> A {cracker} term for the password file of a
+	multi-user computer.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-02-12)
+
+cookie monster
+
+	<recreation> (From the children's TV program "Sesame Street")
+	Any of a family of early (1970s) hacks reported on {TOPS-10},
+	{ITS}, {Multics} and elsewhere that would lock up either the
+	victim's terminal (on a {time-sharing} machine) or the
+	{console} (on a batch {mainframe}), repeatedly demanding "I
+	WANT A COOKIE".  The required responses ranged in complexity
+	from "COOKIE" through "HAVE A COOKIE" and upward.
+
+	See also {wabbit}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-02-12)
+
+cooky
+
+	{cookie}
+
+COOL
+
+	1. {Concurrent Object-Oriented Language}.
+
+	2. CLIPS Object-Oriented Language?
+
+	3. A C++ class library developed at {Texas Instruments} that
+	defines {containers} like {Vectors}, {List}, {Hash_Table},
+	etc.  It uses a shallow hierarchy with no common {base class}.
+	The functionality is close to {Common Lisp} data structures
+	(like {libg++}).  The {template} {syntax} is very close to
+	{Cfront} 3.x and {g++} 2.x.
+
+	JCOOL's main difference from COOL and GECOOL is that it uses
+	real C++ templates instead of a similar syntax that is
+	preprocessed by a special 'cpp' distributed with COOL and
+	GECOOL.
+
+	{(ftp://csc.ti.com/pub/COOL.tar.Z)}.
+
+	GECOOL, JCOOL: {(ftp://cs.utexas.edu/pub/COOL/)}.
+
+	E-mail: Van-Duc Nguyen <nguyen@crd.ge.com>
+
+	(1992-08-05)
+
+CooL
+
+	<language> Combined object-oriented Language.
+
+	An {object-oriented} language from the {ITHACA} {Esprit}
+	project, which combines {C}-based languages with {database}
+	technology.
+
+	(1995-03-15)
+
+COOL:Gen
+
+	{Advantage Gen}
+
+Co-operative Development Environment
+
+	<tool, product> (CDE) A set of tools from {Oracle} for
+	enterprise-wide, {client/server} {application} development.
+
+	(1995-03-15)
+
+Cooperative Information System
+
+	<networking> (CIS) Networked computers which support
+	individual or collaborative human work, and manage access to
+	information and computing services.  Computation is done
+	{concurrent}ly over the network by cooperative {database}
+	systems, {expert systems}, multi-agent planning systems, and
+	other software application systems ranging from the
+	conventional to the advanced.
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+cooperative multitasking
+
+	<parallel, operating system> A form of {multitasking} where it
+	is the responsibility of the currently running task to give up
+	the processor to allow other tasks to run.  This contrasts
+	with {pre-emptive multitasking} where the task {scheduler}
+	periodically suspends the running task and restarts another.
+
+	Cooperative multitasking requires the programmer to place
+	calls at suitable points in his code to allow his task to be
+	{deschedule}d which is not always easy if there is no obvious
+	top-level {main loop} or some routines run for a long time.
+	If a task does not allow itself to be descheduled all other
+	tasks on the system will appear to "freeze" and will not
+	respond to user action.
+
+	The advantage of cooperative multitasking is that the
+	programmer knows where the program will be descheduled and can
+	make sure that this will not cause unwanted interaction with
+	other processes.  Under {pre-emptive multitasking}, the
+	scheduler must ensure that sufficient state for each process
+	is saved and restored that they will not interfere.  Thus
+	cooperative multitasking can have lower {overheads} than
+	pre-emptive multitasking because of the greater control it
+	offers over when a task may be descheduled.
+
+	Cooperative multitasking is used in {RISC OS}, {Microsoft
+	Windows} and {Macintosh} {System 7}.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+coordinate
+
+	<mathematics> One member of a {tuple} of numbers which defines
+	the position of a point in some space.  Commonly used
+	coordinate systems have as many coordinates as their are
+	dimensions in the space, e.g. a pair for two dimensions.  The
+	most common coordinate system is {Cartesian coordinates},
+	probably followed by {polar coordinates}.
+
+	(1997-07-09)
+
+Coordinated Universal Time
+
+	<time, standard> (UTC, World Time) The standard time common to
+	every place in the world.  UTC is derived from {International
+	Atomic Time} (TAI) by the addition of a whole number of "leap
+	seconds" to synchronise it with {Universal Time} 1 (UT1), thus
+	allowing for the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, the
+	rotational axis tilt (23.5 degrees), but still showing the
+	Earth's irregular rotation, on which UT1 is based.
+
+	Coordinated Universal Time is expressed using a 24-hour clock
+	and uses the {Gregorian calendar}.  It is used in aeroplane
+	and ship navigation, where it also sometimes known by the
+	military name, "Zulu time".  "Zulu" in the phonetic alphabet
+	stands for "Z" which stands for longitude zero.
+
+	UTC was defined by the International Radio Consultative
+	Committee ({CCIR}), a predecessor of the {ITU-T}.  CCIR
+	Recommendation 460-4, or ITU-T Recommendation X.680 (7/94),
+	contains the full definition.
+
+	The language-independent international abbreviation, UTC, is
+	neither English nor French.  It means both "Coordinated
+	Universal Time" and "Temps Universel Coordonné".
+
+	{BIPM
+	(http://www.bipm.org/enus/5_Scientific/c_time/time_1.html)}.
+
+	{The Royal Observatory Greenwich
+	(http://rog.nmm.ac.uk/leaflets/time/time.html)}.
+
+	{History of UTC and GMT
+	(http://ecco.bsee.swin.edu.au/chronos/GMT-explained.html)}.
+
+	{U.S. National Institute of Standards & Technology
+	(http://its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-009/_1277.htm)}.
+
+	{UK National Physical Laboratory
+	(http://npl.co.uk/npl/ctm/time_scales.html)}.
+
+	{US Naval Observatory
+	(http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/systime.html)}.
+
+	{International Telecommunications Union
+	(http://itu.int/radioclub/rr/arts02.htm)}.
+
+	{Earth's irregular rotation (/pub/misc/earth_rotation)}.
+
+	(2001-08-30)
+
+Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networks
+
+	(CCIRN) A committee that includes the United States FNC and
+	its counterparts in North America and Europe.  Co-chaired by
+	the executive directors of the Federal Networking Council and
+	the European Association of Research Networks (RARE), the
+	CCIRN provides a forum for cooperative planning among the
+	principal North American and European research networking
+	bodies.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+coordination language
+
+	<networking, protocol> A language defined specifically to
+	allow two or more parties ({components}) to communicate in
+	order to accomplish some shared goal.
+
+	Examples of coordination languages are {Linda} and {Xerox}'s
+	{CLF} ({STITCH}).
+
+	(2004-04-18)
+
+copious free time
+
+	<jargon> (Apple; originally from the introduction to Tom
+	Lehrer's song "It Makes A Fellow Proud To Be A Soldier") Used
+	ironically to indicate the speaker's lack of the quantity in
+	question; a mythical schedule slot for accomplishing tasks
+	held to be unlikely or impossible.  Sometimes used to indicate
+	that the speaker is interested in accomplishing the task, but
+	believes that the opportunity will not arise.  "I'll implement
+	the automatic layout stuff in my copious free time."
+
+	The phrase is also used for time reserved for bogus or
+	otherwise idiotic tasks, such as implementation of bad
+	{chrome}, or the stroking of {suits}.  "I'll get back to him
+	on that feature in my copious free time."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+copper
+
+	Conventional electrical network cable with a core conductor of
+	copper (or aluminium!)
+
+	Opposed to {light pipe} or, say, a short-range microwave link.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Copper Distributed Data Interface
+
+	(CDDI) {FDDI} running over conventional copper cables.  A
+	{Cisco}/{Crescendo} copyright term(?).  All {FDDI}
+	connections, {single-attached} or {dual-attached}, can be
+	either {optical fibre} or copper.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+coprocessor
+
+	Any computer processor which assists the main processor (the
+	"{CPU}") by performing certain special functions, usually much
+	faster than the main processor could perform them in software.
+	The coprocessor often decodes instructions in parallel with
+	the main processor and executes only those instructions
+	intended for it.
+
+	The most common example is a {floating point} coprocessor (or
+	"{FPU}"), others are graphics and networking.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+copy and paste
+
+	<text> (Or "cut and paste", after the paper, scissors and glue
+	method of document production) The system supported by most
+	document editing applications (e.g. {text editors}) and most
+	{operating systems} that allows you to select a part of the
+	document and then save it in a temporary buffer (known
+	variously as the "clipboard", "cut buffer", "kill ring").  A
+	"copy" leaves the document unchanged whereas a "cut" deletes
+	the selected part.
+
+	A "paste" inserts the data from the clipboard at the current
+	position in the document (usually replacing any currently
+	selected data).  This may be done more than once, in more than
+	one position and in different documents.
+
+	More sophisticated {operating systems} support copy and paste
+	of different data types between different applications,
+	possibly with automatic format conversion, e.g from {rich
+	text} to plain {ASCII}.
+
+	{GNU Emacs} uses the terms "kill" instead of "cut" and "yank"
+	instead of "paste" and data is stored in the "kill ring".
+
+	[Origin?  Macintosh?  Xerox?]
+
+	(1998-07-01)
+
+copybook
+
+	<programming, library> (Or "copy member", "copy module") A
+	common piece of {source code} designed to be copied into many
+	source programs, used mainly in {IBM} {DOS} {mainframe}
+	programming.
+
+	In {mainframe} {DOS} (DOS/VS, DOS/{VSE}, etc.), the copybook
+	was stored as a "book" in a {source} library.  A library was
+	comprised of "books", prefixed with a letter designating the
+	language, e.g., A.name for Assembler, C.name for Cobol, etc.,
+	because {DOS} didn't support multiple libraries, private
+	libraries, or anything.  This term is commonly used by {COBOL}
+	programmers but is supported by most {mainframe} languages.
+	The {IBM} {OS} series did not use the term "copybook", instead
+	it referred to such files as "libraries" implemented as
+	"partitioned data sets" or {PDS}.
+
+	Copybooks are functionally equivalent to {C} and {C++}
+	{include} files.
+
+	(1997-07-31)
+
+copybroke
+
+	<security> /kop'ee-brohk/ (Or "copywronged" - a play on
+	"{copyright}") 1. Used to describe an instance of a
+	{copy-protected} program that has been "broken"; that is, a
+	copy with the copy-protection scheme disabled or removed.
+
+	2. Copy-protected software which is unusable because of some
+	{bit-rot} or {bug} that has confused the {copy protection}.
+
+	3. Used to describe data damaged because of a side effect of a
+	copy protection system.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-03-16)
+
+copying garbage collection
+
+	A {garbage collection} method where memory is divided into two
+	equal halves, known as the "from space" and "to space".
+	Garbage collection copies active cells from the from space to
+	the to space and leaves behind an invisible pointer (an
+	"indirection") from the old position to the new copy.  Once
+	all active cells have been copied in one direction, the spaces
+	are swapped and the process repeated in the opposite
+	direction.
+
+copyleft
+
+	<legal> /kop'ee-left/ (A play on "copyright") The {copyright}
+	notice and {General Public License} applying to the works of
+	the {Free Software Foundation}, granting reuse and
+	reproduction rights to everyone.
+
+	Typically copyrights take away freedoms; copyleft preserves
+	them.  It is a legal instrument that requires those who pass
+	on a program to include the rights to use, modify, and
+	redistribute the code; the code and the freedoms become
+	legally inseparable.
+
+	The copyleft used by the GNU Project combines a regular
+	copyright notice and the "GNU General Public License" (GPL).
+	The GPL is a copying license which basically says that you
+	have the aforementioned freedoms.  The license is included in
+	each GNU source code distribution and manual.
+
+	See also {General Public Virus}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+copy member
+
+	{copybook}
+
+copy module
+
+	{copybook}
+
+copy protection
+
+	<security> Any technique designed to prevent unauthorised
+	copying of software.  Such techniques will only hinder the
+	most incompetant attempts at {software theft} but often
+	prevent legitimate customers from using products they have
+	paid for in the way they want.  Considered silly.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2010-02-03)
+
+copyright
+
+	<legal> The exclusive rights of the owner of the copyright on
+	a work to make and distribute copies, prepare derivative
+	works, and perform and display the work in public (these last
+	two mainly apply to plays, films, dances and the like, but
+	could also apply to software).
+
+	A work, including a piece of software, is under copyright by
+	default in most coutries, whether of not it displays a
+	copyright notice.  However, a copyright notice may make it
+	easier to assert ownership.  The copyright owner is the person
+	or company whose name appears in the copyright notice on the
+	box, or the disk or the screen or wherever.  Most countries
+	have agreed to uphold each others' copyrights.
+
+	A copyright notice has three parts.  The first can be either the
+	{copyright symbol} (a letter C in a circle), the word "Copyright"
+	or the abbreviation "Copr".  Only the first of these is recognised
+	internationally and the common {ASCII} rendering "(C)" is not
+	valid anywhere.  This is followed by the name of the copyright
+	holder and the year of publication.  The year should be the year
+	of _first_ publication, it is not necessary as some believe to
+	update this every year to the current year.  Copyright protection
+	in most countries extends for 50 years after the author's death.
+
+	Originally, most of the computer industry assumed that only
+	the program's underlying instructions were protected under
+	copyright law but, beginning in the early 1980s, a series of
+	lawsuits involving the video screens of game programs extended
+	protections to the appearance of programs.
+
+	Use of copyright to restrict redistribution is immoral,
+	unethical and illegitimate.  It is a result of brainwashing by
+	monopolists and corporate interests and it violates everyone's
+	rights.  Such use of copyrights and patents hamper
+	technological progress by making a naturally abundant resource
+	scarce.  Many, from communists to right wing libertarians, are
+	trying to abolish intellectual property myths.
+
+	See also {public domain}, {copyleft}, {software law}.
+
+	{Universal Copyright Convention
+	(http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/creativity/creative-industries/copyright/)}.
+
+	{US Copyright Office (http://copyright.gov/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:misc.legal.computing}.
+
+	[Is this definition correct in the UK?  In the US?  Anywhere?]
+
+	(2014-01-08)
+
+copyright symbol
+
+	<character, legal> "&copy;" The internationally recognised
+	symbol required to introduce a {copyright} notice, a letter C
+	with a circle around it.  This can be encoded in {ISO 8859-1}
+	as character code decimal 169, hexadecimal A9, in {HTML} as
+	&amp;copy;, &amp;#169; or &amp;#xA9;.
+
+	A "c" in parentheses: "(c)" is sometimes used in documents
+	stored in a {coded character set} such as {ASCII} that does
+	not include the C in a circle, but this has no legal meaning.
+
+	(2009-01-06)
+
+copywronged
+
+	{copybroke}
+
+CORAL
+
+	1. {Class Oriented Ring Associated Language}.
+
+	2. A {deductive database} and {logic programming} system based
+	on {Horn-clause} rules with extensions like {SQL}'s {group-by}
+	and {aggregation} operators.  CORAL was developed at the
+	University of Wisconsin-Madison.  It is implemented in C++ and
+	has a {Prolog}-like {syntax}.
+
+	Many evaluation techniques are supported, including {bottom-up
+	fixpoint evaluation} and top-down {backtracking}.  {Modules}
+	are separately compiled; different evaluation methods can be
+	used in different modules within a single program.
+	Disk-resident data is supported via an interface to the
+	{Exodus} storage manager.  There is an on-line help facility.
+	It requires {AT&T} {C++} 2.0 (or {G++} soon) and runs on
+	{Decstation} and {Sun-4}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/)}.
+
+	(1993-01-29)
+
+CORAL 66
+
+	A real-time system programming language derived from {JOVIAL}
+	and {ALGOL 60}.  It was adopted as the British military
+	standard from 1970 until the arrival of {Ada}.
+
+	["Official Definition of CORAL 66", P.M. Woodward et al, HMSO,
+	London, 1970].
+
+CORBA
+
+	{Common Object Request Broker Architecture}
+
+CORBIE
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 704}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+CORC
+
+	CORnell Compiler.  Simple language for student math problems.
+
+	["The Cornell Computing Language", R.W. Conway et al, CACM
+	6(6):317-320 (Jun 1963) Sammet 1969, p.294-296].
+
+core
+
+	1. <storage> {Main memory} or {RAM}.  This term dates from the
+	days of {ferrite core memory} and, like the technology, is now
+	archaic.
+
+	Some derived idioms outlived the hardware: for example, "in
+	core" (meaning {paged in}), {core dump}, "core image", "core
+	file".  Some varieties of Commonwealth hackish prefer {store}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2009-11-06)
+
+	2. <processor> An {integrated circuit} design, usually for a
+	{microprocessor}, which includes only the {CPU} and which is
+	intended to be incorporated on a chiip with other circuits
+	such as {cache}, {memory management unit}, I/O ports and
+	timers.  The trend in 2009 is to have multiple cores per chip.
+
+	The {ARM6}, {ARM7} and {ARM8} are early examples, the {Intel}
+	{Core i9} more recent.
+
+	3. <language> A varient on {kernel} as used to describe
+	features built into a language as opposed to those provided by
+	{libraries}.
+
+	(2009-11-06)
+
+core cancer
+
+	<jargon> A process that exhibits a slow but inexorable
+	{resource leak} - like a cancer, it kills by crowding out
+	productive "tissue".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-11-10)
+
+core dump
+
+	<programming, operating system, jargon> Common {Iron Age}
+	jargon, preserved by {Unix} for a {memory dump}.
+
+	The term is also used for a complete account of a human's
+	knowledge on some subject (also {brain dump}), especially in a
+	lecture or answer to an exam question.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-05-09)
+
+core gateway
+
+	Historically, one of a set of gateways ({routers}) operated by
+	the {Internet Network Operations Center} at Bolt, Beranek and
+	Newman (BBN).  The core gateway system formed a central part
+	of {Internet} routing in that all groups must advertise paths
+	to their networks from a core gateway.
+
+Corel Corporation
+
+	<company> A software publisher best known for the {CorelDraw}
+	{application}.  Founded in June 1985 by Dr. Michael Cowpland,
+	Corel Corporation was originally a {systems integration}
+	company.  In January 1989, however they entered the software
+	publishing market with the introduction of CorelDraw.  Corel
+	became the second largest maker of personal {productivity
+	software} in January 1996 when they purchased the
+	{WordPerfect} family of software from {Novell, Inc.}.
+
+	{(http://corel.com/)}.
+
+	(1997-03-12)
+
+core leak
+
+	{memory leak}
+
+Corel VENTURA
+
+	<text, graphics> (Previously "Ventura Publisher") The first
+	full-featured {desktop publishing} program available for the
+	{IBM personal computer} and compatibles.  Ventura Publisher
+	was originally distributed by {Ventura}, a wholy owned
+	subsiduary of {Xerox Corporation} but was acquired by {Corel
+	Corporation} in September 1993.
+
+	Latest version: Corel VENTURA 8, as of 1999-04-05.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://corelnet.com/products/graphicsandpublishing/ventura8/index.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-04-05)
+
+Core Protocol Stack
+
+	<architecture>
+
+	1. A portion of the {Web Services} {architecture} for
+	defining and describing various {Web Services}.
+
+	2. The architectural {protocol} layers of a {Bluetooth}
+	{wireless} {communication} system, comprising the {Host
+	Control Interface} (HCI), {Logical Link Control and Adaptation
+	Protocol} (L2CAP), {RS232 Serial Cable Emulation Profile}
+	(RFCOMM), {Service Discovery Protocol} (SDP), and {Object
+	Exchange} (OBEX).
+
+	(2002-06-28)
+
+Core War
+
+	<games> (Or more recently, "Core Wars") A game played between
+	{assembly code} programs running in the {core} of a simulated
+	machine (and vicariously by their authors).  The objective is
+	to kill your opponents' programs by overwriting them.
+
+	The programs are written using an {instruction set} called
+	"{Redcode}" and run on a {virtual machine} called "{MARS}"
+	(Memory Array Redcode Simulator).
+
+	Core War was devised by Victor Vyssotsky, Robert Morris Sr.,
+	and {Dennis Ritchie} in the early 1960s (their original game
+	was called "{Darwin}" and ran on a {PDP-1} at {Bell Labs}).
+	It was first described in the "Core War Guidelines" of March,
+	1984 by D. G. Jones and A. K. Dewdney of the Department of
+	Computer Science at The University of Western Ontario
+	(Canada).
+
+	Dewdney wrote several "Computer Recreations" articles in
+	"Scientific American" which discussed Core War, starting with
+	the May 1984 article.  Those articles are contained in the two
+	anthologies cited below.  A.K. Dewdney's articles are still
+	the most readable introduction to Core War, even though the
+	{Redcode} dialect described in there is no longer current.
+
+	The International Core War Society (ICWS) creates and
+	maintains Core War standards and the runs Core War
+	tournaments.  There have been six annual tournaments and two
+	standards (ICWS'86 and ICWS'88).
+
+	["The Armchair Universe: An Exploration of Computer Worlds",
+	A. K. Dewdney, W. H. Freeman, New York, 1988, ISBN
+	0-7167-1939-8, LCCN QA76.6 .D517 1988]
+
+	["The Magic Machine: A Handbook of Computer Sorcery",
+	A. K. Dewdney, W. H. Freeman, New York, 1990, ISBN
+	0-7167-2125-2 (Hardcover), 0-7167-2144-9 (Paperback), LCCN
+	QA76.6 .D5173 1990].
+
+	(1998-10-30)
+
+corge
+
+	/korj/ Yet another {metasyntactic variable}, named after a cat
+	invented by Mike Gallaher and propagated by the {GOSMACS}
+	documentation.
+
+	See {grault}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Cornell List Processor
+
+	(CLP) A list processing language, an extension of {CORC}, used
+	for {simulation}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 461].
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+Cornell Theory Center
+
+	(CTC) One of four supercomputing centers funded by the US
+	{National Science Foundation}.  The CTC also receives funding
+	from the {Advanced Research Projects Agency}, the National
+	Institutes of Health, New York State, {IBM} Corporation, and
+	other members of the center's Corporate Research Institute.
+
+	{(http://tc.cornell.edu/)}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Cornell University
+
+	<body, education> A US Ivy League University founded in 1868
+	by businessman Ezra Cornell and respected scholar Andrew
+	Dickson White.  Cornell includes thirteen colleges and
+	schools.  On the Ithaca campus are the seven undergraduate
+	units and four graduate and professional units.  The Medical
+	College and the Graduate School of Medical Sciences are in New
+	York City.  Cornell has 13,300 undergraduates and 6,200
+	graduate and professional students.
+
+	See also {Concurrent ML}, {Cornell Theory Center}, {Cornell
+	University Programming Language}, {CU-SeeMe}, {ISIS}.
+
+	{(http://cornell.edu/)}.
+
+	(1996-12-01)
+
+Coroutine Pascal
+
+	["Control Separation in Programming languages", Lemon et al,
+	ACM Ann Conf 1977].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Corporation for National Research Initiatives
+
+	<body> (CNRI) A US research and development organisation that
+	leads and funds research and development of network-based
+	information technology including the {National Information
+	Infrastructure}.
+
+	Address: Reston, VA, USA.
+
+	{CNRI Home (http://cnri.reston.va.us/)}.
+
+	(2004-08-27)
+
+Corporation for Open Systems
+
+	(COS) An international consortium of computer users and
+	vendors set up to provide ways of testing {OSI}
+	implementations.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Corporation for Research and Educational Networking
+
+	<body> (CREN) The organisation responsible for providing
+	networking service to {BITNET} and {CSNET} users.  CREN was
+	formed in October 1989, when {BITNET} and {CSNET} were
+	combined under one authority.  {CSNET} is no longer
+	operational, but CREN still runs {BITNET}.
+
+	[Still true?]
+
+	(1996-05-17)
+
+CORREGATE
+
+	Based on {Internal Translator} (IT).
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 139].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Correlatives and Conversions
+
+	The {data description language} used in the {Pick} {operating
+	system}.
+
+	["Exploring the Pick Operating System", J.E. Sisk et al,
+	Hayden 1986].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Cortex
+
+	An experimental slow controls project at {CERN}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+CORTL
+
+	An intermediate language, a form of {RTL}, by Carl McConnell
+	<mcconnell@cs.uiuc.edu>.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+COS
+
+	1. {Cray Operating System}.
+
+	2. {Corporation for Open Systems}.
+
+COSE
+
+	Common Open Software Environment.  An initiative by
+	Hewlett-Packard, Sun, IBM, Novell, Univel and SCO to move
+	toward consistency and interoperability between Unix
+	suppliers.
+
+COSINE
+
+	Cooperation for Open Systems Interconnection Networking in
+	Europe.  A EUREKA project.
+
+cosmic rays
+
+	Notionally, the cause of {bit rot}.  However, this is a
+	semi-independent usage that may be invoked as a humorous way
+	to {handwave} away any minor {randomness} that doesn't seem
+	worth the bother of investigating.  "Hey, Eric - I just got
+	a burst of garbage on my {tube}, where did that come from?"
+	"Cosmic rays, I guess."  Compare {sunspots}, {phase of the
+	moon}.  The British seem to prefer the usage "cosmic showers";
+	"alpha particles" is also heard, because stray alpha particles
+	passing through a memory chip can cause single bit errors
+	(this becomes increasingly more likely as memory sizes and
+	densities increase).
+
+	Factual note: Alpha particles cause bit rot, cosmic rays do
+	not (except occasionally in spaceborne computers).  Intel
+	could not explain random bit drops in their early chips, and
+	one hypothesis was cosmic rays.  So they created the World's
+	Largest Lead Safe, using 25 tons of the stuff, and used two
+	identical boards for testing.  One was placed in the safe, one
+	outside.  The hypothesis was that if cosmic rays were causing
+	the bit drops, they should see a statistically significant
+	difference between the error rates on the two boards.  They
+	did not observe such a difference.  Further investigation
+	demonstrated conclusively that the bit drops were due to alpha
+	particle emissions from thorium (and to a much lesser degree
+	uranium) in the encapsulation material.  Since it is
+	impossible to eliminate these radioactives (they are uniformly
+	distributed through the earth's crust, with the statistically
+	insignificant exception of uranium lodes) it became obvious
+	that one has to design memories to withstand these hits.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+COSS
+
+	{Common Object Services Specification} in {CORBA}.
+
+cost control callback
+
+	<communications> A system where a computer automatically
+	rejects incoming {dial-up} calls from certain telephone
+	numbers and calls them back, with the result that the caller
+	pays nothing for the connection.  This differs from security
+	{callback} in that it applies to certain phone numbers instead
+	of to certain user names.
+
+	(2003-07-13)
+
+Cost Driver Attribute
+
+	<programming> Factors affecting the productivity of software
+	development.  These include attributes of the software,
+	computers, personnel, and project.
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+Cost/Schedule Control System Criteria
+
+	<project> (C/SCSC) A set of criteria specified by the Federal
+	Government for reporting project schedule and financial
+	information.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+COTS
+
+	<software> commercial off-the-shelf.  See {commercial software}.
+
+	(2007-02-08)
+
+Cougar
+
+	<web, standard> A former (development) name for the
+	{W3C}'s {HTML} 4 standard.
+
+	(2001-02-06)
+
+cough and die
+
+	<jargon> {barf}.  Connotes that the program is throwing its
+	hands up by design rather than because of a bug or oversight.
+	"The parser saw a control-A in its input where it was looking
+	for a printable, so it coughed and died."
+
+	Compare {die}, {die horribly}, {scream and die}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+count
+
+	<programming> One of the built-in {aggregate functions} in
+	{relational database} systems, that returns the number of rows
+	in a result.  The argument to the function is nearly always
+	"*", e.g.
+
+	  SELECT COUNT(*) FROM books
+
+	which returns the number of rows in the "books" table.  If,
+	instead, we say
+
+	  SELECT COUNT(publisher) FROM books
+
+	then only rows with a non-{null} value in the "publisher"
+	column will be counted.
+
+	(2010-09-26)
+
+countable
+
+	<mathematics> A term describing a {set} which is {isomorphic}
+	to a subet of the {natural numbers}.  A countable set has
+	"countably many" elements.  If the isomorphism is stated
+	explicitly then the set is called "a counted set" or "an
+	{enumeration}".
+
+	Examples of countable sets are any {finite} set, the {natural
+	numbers}, {integers}, and {rational numbers}.  The {real
+	numbers} and {complex numbers} are not [proof?].
+
+	(1999-08-29)
+
+countably many
+
+	{countable}
+
+counted
+
+	<mathematics> A term describing a {set} with an explicit
+	{isomorphism} to the {natural numbers}.
+
+	Compare: {countable}.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+counterbug
+
+	<humour> A {bug} used as a relpy to refute another person's
+	bug report, as in "counterargument".
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2012-10-24)
+
+country code
+
+	<networking, standard> Originally, a two-letter abbreviation
+	for a particular country (or geographical region), generally
+	used as a {top-level domain}.
+
+	Originally country codes were just for countries; but country
+	codes have been allocated for many areas (mostly islands) that
+	aren't countries, such as Antarctica (aq), Christmas Island
+	(cx) and Saint Pierre et Miquelon (pm).
+
+	Country codes are defined in {ISO 3166} and are used as the
+	top level domain for {Internet} {hostnames} in most countries
+	but hardly ever in the USA (code "us").  ISO 3166 defines
+	short and full english and french names, two- and three-letter
+	codes and a three-digit code for each country.
+
+	There are also {language codes}.
+
+	{Latest list (http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/02iso-3166-code-lists/list-en1.html)}.
+
+	(2006-12-11)
+
+coupling
+
+	<programming, hardware> The degree to which components depend
+	on one another.  There are two types of coupling, "tight" and
+	"loose".  Loose coupling is desirable for good {software
+	engineering} but tight coupling may be necessary for maximum
+	performance.  Coupling is increased when the data exchanged
+	between components becomes larger or more complex.
+
+	(1996-08-01)
+
+Course Author Language
+
+	<language> (CAL) The {CAI} language for the {IBM 360}.
+
+	["Design of a Programming Language for Computer Assisted
+	Learning", F.M. Tonge, Proc IFIP Congress 1968, v2].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+courseware
+
+	<application> Programs and data used in {Computer-Based
+	Training}.
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+Coursewriter III
+
+	<language, education> A simple {CAI} language, developed
+	around 1976.
+
+	["Coursewriter III, Version 3 Author's Guide", SH20-1009,
+	IBM].
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+cowboy
+
+	[Sun, from William Gibson's {cyberpunk} SF]  Synonym
+	for {hacker}.  It is reported that at Sun this word is often
+	said with reverence.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+COWSEL
+
+	COntrolled Working SpacE Language.  Burstall and Popplestone,
+	U Edinburgh, 1964-66.  LISP-like semantics with FORTH-like
+	stack, and reverse Polish syntax.  Forerunner of POP.
+	EPU-R-12, U Edinburgh (Apr 1966).
+
+CP
+
+	A concurrent Prolog.
+
+	"The Concurrent Logic Programming Language CP": Definition and
+	Operational Semantics", V. Saraswat, 14th POPL, ACM 1987,
+	pp.49-62.
+
+CPAN
+
+	{Comprehensive Perl Archive Network}
+
+CParaOps5
+
+	<language> A {parallel} version of {OPS5} written at CMU, in
+	{C} and compiling to C.  CParaOps5 is available for {Unix},
+	{Mach}, {Encore Multimaxen}, and {Sequent}.
+
+	Latest version: 5.4, as of 1999-08-30.
+
+	{(http://cs.ucsb.edu/~acha/software.html)}.
+
+	(1999-08-30)
+
+CPE
+
+	{Customer Premises Equipment}
+
+CPGA
+
+	{Ceramic Pin Grid Array}
+
+CPI
+
+	{Common Program Interface}
+
+CPL
+
+	Combined Programming Language.  U Cambridge and U London.  A
+	very complex language, syntactically based on ALGOL 60, with a
+	pure functional subset.  Provides the ..where.. form of local
+	definitions.  Strongly typed but has a "general" type enabling
+	a weak form of polymorphism.  Functions may be defined as
+	either normal or applicative order.  Typed array and
+	polymorphic list structures.  List selection is through
+	structure matching.  Partially implemented on the Titan (Atlas
+	2) computer at Cambridge.  Led to the much simpler BCPL.  "The
+	Main Features of CPL", D.W. Barron et al, Computer J
+	6(2):134-143 (Jul 1963).
+
+CPLD
+
+	{complex programmable logic device}
+
+CPM
+
+	{Control Program for Microcomputers}
+
+CP/M
+
+	{Control Program for Microcomputers}
+
+cpo
+
+	{complete partial ordering}
+
+cpp
+
+	{C preprocessor}.
+
+cppp
+
+	<tool> A compiler {front-end} for {C++} by Tony Davis
+	<ted@cs.brown.edu> with complete semantic processing.  cppp is
+	based on {Yacc} and outputs an {abstract syntax graph}.
+	Version: 1.14.
+
+	{(ftp://wilma.cs.brown.edu/pub/cppp.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1993-05-26)
+
+C preprocessor
+
+	<tool, programming> (cpp) The standard {Unix}
+	{macro}-expansion utility run as the first phase of the {C}
+	compiler, {cc}.  Cpp interprets lines beginning with "#" such
+	as
+
+		#define BUFFER_SIZE 256
+
+	as a textual {assignment} giving the symbol BUFFER_SIZE a
+	value "256".  Symbols defined with cpp are traditionally given
+	upper case names to distinguish them from C identifiers.  This
+	symbol can be used later in the input, as in
+
+		char input_buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
+
+	This use of cpp to name constants, rather than writing these
+	{magic numbers} inline, makes a program easier to read and
+	maintain, especially if there is more than one occurrence of
+	BUFFER_SIZE all of which must all have the same value.
+
+	Cpp macros can have parameters:
+
+		#define BIT(n) (1<<(n))
+
+	This can be used with any appropriate actual argument:
+
+		msb = BIT(nbits-1);
+
+	Note the parentheses around the "n" in the definition of BIT.
+	Without these, operator precedence might mean that the
+	expression substituted in place of n might not be interpreted
+	correctly (though the example above would be OK).
+
+	Cpp also supports conditional compilation with the use of
+
+		#ifdef SYMBOL
+		...
+		#else
+		...
+		#endif
+	and
+		#if EXPR
+		...
+		#else
+		...
+		#endif
+
+	constructs, where SYMBOL is a Cpp symbol which may or may not
+	be defined and EXPR is an arithmetic expression involving only
+	Cpp symbols, constants and C operators which Cpp can evaluate
+	to a constant at {compile time}.
+
+	{Decus cpp} is a free implementation for {VMS}.
+
+	The most widely used C preprocessor today is the {GNU} CPP,
+	distributed as part of {GCC}.
+
+	(2001-12-31)
+
+C Programmer's Disease
+
+	<programming> The tendency of the undisciplined {C} programmer
+	to set arbitrary but supposedly generous static limits on
+	table sizes (defined, if you're lucky, by constants in header
+	files) rather than taking the trouble to do proper dynamic
+	storage allocation.  If an application user later needs to put
+	68 elements into a table of size 50, the afflicted programmer
+	reasons that he or she can easily reset the table size to 68
+	(or even as much as 70, to allow for future expansion) and
+	recompile.  This gives the programmer the comfortable feeling
+	of having made the effort to satisfy the user's (unreasonable)
+	demands, and often affords the user multiple opportunities to
+	explore the marvellous consequences of {fandango on core}.  In
+	severe cases of the disease, the programmer cannot comprehend
+	why each fix of this kind seems only to further disgruntle the
+	user.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-12-31)
+
+C-Prolog
+
+	<language, Prolog> An implementation of {Prolog} in {C},
+	developed by F. Pereira <pereira@research.att.com> et al in
+	July 1982.  It had no {garbage collection}.
+
+	It is not in the {public domain}.
+
+	(1994-10-13)
+
+cproto
+
+	<programming, tool> A translator , written by Chin Huang at
+	canrem.com, that generates {ANSI C} {function prototypes} from
+	{K&R} {C} function definitions.  It can also translate
+	function definition heads between {K&R} style and {ANSI C}
+	style.
+
+	Posted to {comp.sources}.misc, volume 29.  Runs under {Unix},
+	{MS-DOS}.
+
+	(1992-07-18)
+
+CPS
+
+	1. Conversational Programming System.  An interactive extended
+	subset of {PL/I} from {Allen-Babcock} Corp in 1965.
+
+	["Conversational Programming System under TSO (PBPO), Terminal
+	User's Manual", SH20-1197, IBM].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 232-240].
+
+	2. {Continuation Passing Style}.
+
+CPSR
+
+	{Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility}
+
+CPU
+
+	{central processing unit}
+
+CPU Info Center
+
+	<processor> An old {website} at the {University of
+	California at Berkeley} describing many different computers
+	and their performance.
+
+	{(http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/)}.
+
+	(2000-01-12)
+
+CPU time
+
+	{processor time}
+
+CPU Wars
+
+	/C-P-U worz/ A 1979 large-format comic by Chas Andres
+	chronicling the attempts of the brainwashed androids of IPM
+	(Impossible to Program Machines) to conquer and destroy the
+	peaceful denizens of HEC (Human Engineered Computers).  This
+	rather transparent allegory featured many references to
+	{ADVENT} and the immortal line "Eat flaming death,
+	minicomputer mongrels!" (uttered, of course, by an IPM
+	stormtrooper).  It is alleged that the author subsequently
+	received a letter of appreciation on IBM company stationery
+	from the head of IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Laboratories
+	(then, as now, one of the few islands of true hackerdom in the
+	IBM archipelago).  The lower loop of the B in the IBM logo, it
+	is said, had been carefully whited out.  See {eat flaming
+	death}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+CR
+
+	{Carriage Return}
+
+cr
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Costa Rica.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+cracker
+
+	<jargon> An individual who attempts to gain unauthorised
+	access to a computer system.  These individuals are often
+	malicious and have many means at their disposal for breaking
+	into a system.  The term was coined ca. 1985 by hackers in
+	defence against journalistic misuse of "{hacker}".  An earlier
+	attempt to establish "worm" in this sense around 1981--82 on
+	{Usenet} was largely a failure.
+
+	Use of both these neologisms reflects a strong revulsion
+	against the theft and vandalism perpetrated by cracking rings.
+	The neologism "cracker" in this sense may have been influenced
+	not so much by the term "safe-cracker" as by the non-jargon
+	term "cracker", which in Middle English meant an obnoxious
+	person (e.g., "What cracker is this same that deafs our ears /
+	With this abundance of superfluous breath?"  -- Shakespeare's
+	King John, Act II, Scene I) and in modern colloquial American
+	English survives as a barely gentler synonym for "white
+	trash".
+
+	While it is expected that any real hacker will have done some
+	playful cracking and knows many of the basic techniques,
+	anyone past {larval stage} is expected to have outgrown the
+	desire to do so except for immediate practical reasons (for
+	example, if it's necessary to get around some security in
+	order to get some work done).
+
+	Contrary to widespread myth, cracking does not usually involve
+	some mysterious leap of hackerly brilliance, but rather
+	persistence and the dogged repetition of a handful of fairly
+	well-known tricks that exploit common weaknesses in the
+	security of target systems.  Accordingly, most crackers are
+	only mediocre hackers.
+
+	Thus, there is far less overlap between hackerdom and
+	crackerdom than the {mundane} reader misled by
+	sensationalistic journalism might expect.  Crackers tend to
+	gather in small, tight-knit, very secretive groups that have
+	little overlap with the huge, open hacker poly-culture; though
+	crackers often like to describe *themselves* as hackers, most
+	true hackers consider them a separate and lower form of life,
+	little better than {virus} writers.  Ethical considerations
+	aside, hackers figure that anyone who can't imagine a more
+	interesting way to play with their computers than breaking
+	into someone else's has to be pretty {losing}.
+
+	See also {Computer Emergency Response Team}, {dark-side
+	hacker}, {hacker ethic}, {phreaking}, {samurai}, {Trojan
+	horse}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-06-29)
+
+cracking
+
+	{cracker}
+
+crack root
+
+	<security, jargon> To defeat the security system of a {Unix}
+	machine and gain {root} privileges thereby.  The sort of thing
+	a {cracker} wants to do.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2010-02-04)
+
+crank
+
+	(Automotive slang) Verb used to describe the performance of a
+	machine, especially sustained performance.  "This box cranks
+	(or, cranks at) about 6 megaflops, with a burst mode of twice
+	that on vectorised operations."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+crapplet
+
+	<web, abuse> A badly written or profoundly useless
+	{Java} {applet}.  "I just wasted 30 minutes downloading this
+	stinkin' crapplet!"
+
+	(1997-03-30)
+
+CrApTeX
+
+	/krap'tekh/ (University of York, England) Term of abuse used
+	to describe {TeX} and {LaTeX} when they don't work (when used
+	by TeXhackers), or all the time (by everyone else).  The
+	non-TeX enthusiasts generally dislike it because it is more
+	verbose than other formatters (e.g. {troff}) and because
+	(particularly if the standard Computer Modern fonts are used)
+	it generates vast output files.
+
+	See {religious issues}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+crash
+
+	1. A sudden, usually drastic failure.  Most often said of the
+	{system}, especially of magnetic disk drives (the term
+	originally described what happened when the air gap of a hard
+	disk collapses).  "Three {lusers} lost their files in last
+	night's disk crash."  A disk crash that involves the
+	read/write heads dropping onto the surface of the disks and
+	scraping off the oxide may also be referred to as a "head
+	crash", whereas the term "system crash" usually, though not
+	always, implies that the operating system or other software
+	was at fault.
+
+	2. To fail suddenly.  "Has the system just crashed?"
+	"Something crashed the OS!" See {down}.  Also used
+	transitively to indicate the cause of the crash (usually a
+	person or a program, or both).  "Those idiots playing
+	{SPACEWAR} crashed the system."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+crash and burn
+
+	<jargon> A spectacular crash, in the mode of the conclusion of
+	the car-chase scene in the movie "Bullitt" and many subsequent
+	imitators (compare {die horribly}).  A {Sun-3} {display
+	screen} losing the flyback transformer and lightning strikes
+	on {VAX-11/780} backplanes are notable crash and burn
+	generators.
+
+	The construction "crash-and-burn machine" is reported for a
+	computer used exclusively for alpha or {beta} testing, or
+	reproducing bugs (i.e. not for development).  The implication
+	is that it wouldn't be such a disaster if that machine
+	crashed, since only the testers would be inconvenienced.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-02-22)
+
+crawler
+
+	{robot}
+
+crawling horror
+
+	<jargon> Ancient {crufty} hardware or software that is kept
+	obstinately alive by forces beyond the control of the hackers
+	at a site.  Like {dusty deck} or {gonkulator}, but connotes
+	that the thing described is not just an irritation but an
+	active menace to health and sanity.  "Mostly we code new stuff
+	in C, but they pay us to maintain one big Fortran II
+	application from nineteen-sixty-X that's a real crawling
+	horror."
+
+	Compare {WOMBAT}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+Cray instability
+
+	A shortcoming of a program or {algorithm} that manifests
+	itself only when a large problem is being run on a powerful
+	machine such as a {Cray}.  Generally more subtle than {bugs}
+	that can be detected in smaller problems running on a
+	{workstation} or {minicomputer}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-13)
+
+crayola
+
+	/kray-oh'l*/ A {super-minicomputer} or {super-microcomputer}
+	that provides some reasonable percentage of {supercomputer}
+	performance for an unreasonably low price.  A crayola might
+	also be a {killer micro}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-13)
+
+crayola books
+
+	<publication> A humorous and/or disparaging term for the
+	{rainbow series} of National Computer Security Center (NCSC)
+	computer security standards.
+
+	See also {Orange Book}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+crayon
+
+	1. Someone who works on {Cray} {supercomputers}.  More
+	specifically, it implies a programmer, probably of the {CDC}
+	ilk, probably male, and almost certainly wearing a tie
+	(irrespective of gender).  Systems types who have a {Unix}
+	background tend not to be described as crayons.
+
+	2. A {computron} that participates only in {number crunching}.
+
+	3. A unit of computational power equal to that of a single
+	{Cray-1}.  There is a standard joke about this usage that
+	derives from an old Crayola crayon promotional gimmick: When
+	you buy 64 crayons you get a free sharpener.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-13)
+
+Cray Research, Inc.
+
+	<company> US manufacturer of large powerful {mainframe}
+	{supercomputers}, co-founded by noted computer architect,
+	{Seymour Cray}.
+
+	Quarterly sales $216M, profits $8M (Aug 1994).
+
+	Cray were bought by {Silicon Graphics, Inc.}.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	(1999-10-19)
+
+CRC
+
+	{cyclic redundancy check}
+
+creationism
+
+	The (false) belief that large, innovative software designs can
+	be completely specified in advance and then painlessly
+	magicked out of the void by the normal efforts of a team of
+	normally talented programmers.  In fact, experience has shown
+	repeatedly that good designs arise only from evolutionary,
+	exploratory interaction between one (or at most a small
+	handful of) exceptionally able designer(s) and an active user
+	population - and that the first try at a big new idea is
+	always wrong.  Unfortunately, because these truths don't fit
+	the planning models beloved of {management}, they are
+	generally ignored.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+creeping elegance
+
+	Describes a tendency for parts of a design to become {elegant}
+	past the point of diminishing return, something which often
+	happens at the expense of the less interesting parts of the
+	design, the schedule, and other things deemed important in the
+	{Real World}.  See also {creeping featurism}, {second-system
+	effect}, {tense}.
+
+creeping featurism
+
+	<jargon> /kree'ping fee'chr-izm/ (Or "feature creep") A
+	systematic tendency to load more {chrome} and {features} onto
+	systems at the expense of whatever elegance they may have
+	possessed when originally designed.  "The main problem with
+	{BSD} Unix has always been creeping featurism."
+
+	More generally, creeping featurism is the tendency for
+	anything to become more complicated because people keep saying
+	"Gee, it would be even better if it had this feature too".
+	The result is usually a patchwork because it grew one ad-hoc
+	step at a time, rather than being planned.  Planning is a lot
+	of work, but it's easy to add just one extra little feature to
+	help someone, and then another, and another, ....  When
+	creeping featurism gets out of hand, it's like a cancer.
+
+	Usually this term is used to describe computer programs, but
+	it could also be said of the federal government, the IRS 1040
+	form, and new cars.  A similar phenomenon sometimes afflicts
+	conscious redesigns; see {second-system effect}.  See also
+	{creeping elegance}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-08-03)
+
+creeping featuritis
+
+	<jargon> /kree'ping fee'-chr-i:`t*s/ A variant of {creeping
+	featurism}, with its own spoonerism: "feeping creaturitis".
+	Some people like to reserve this form for the disease as it
+	actually manifests in {software} or {hardware}, as opposed to
+	the lurking general tendency in designers' minds.  -ism means
+	"condition" or "pursuit of", whereas -itis usually means
+	"inflammation of".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-08-03)
+
+C-Refine
+
+	A {preprocessor} for {C} and languages with similar syntax by
+	Lutz Prechelt <prechelt@ira.uka.de>.  C-Refine allows symbolic
+	naming of code fragments so as to redistribute complexity and
+	provide running commentary.
+
+	Version 3.0 is available from comp.sources.reviewed archives.
+	It is highly portable and has been ported to {Unix}, {MS-DOS},
+	{Atari}, {Amiga}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.reviewed/volume02/crefine)}.
+
+	(1992-07-16)
+
+CREN
+
+	{Corporation for Research and Educational Networking}
+
+CREW PRAM
+
+	concurrent read, exclusive write {PRAM}.
+
+crippleware
+
+	1. Software that has some important functionality deliberately
+	removed, so as to entice potential users to pay for a working
+	version.
+
+	2. (Cambridge) {Guiltware} that exhorts you to donate to some
+	charity.
+
+	Compare {careware}, {nagware}.
+
+	3. Hardware deliberately crippled, which can be upgraded to a
+	more expensive model by a trivial change (e.g. removing a
+	jumper).  A correspondant gave the following example:
+
+	In 1982-5, a friend had a {Sharp} {scientific calculator}
+	which was on the list of those permitted in exams.  No
+	programmable calculators were allowed.
+
+	A very similar, more expensive, programmable model had two
+	extra keys for programming where the cheaper version just had
+	blank metal.
+
+	My friend took his calculator apart (as you would) and lo and
+	behold, the rubber switches of the program keys were there on
+	the circuit board.  So all he had to do was cut a hole in the
+	face.  For exams he would pre-load the calculator with any
+	useful routines, put a sticker with his name on it over the
+	hole, and press the buttons through the sticker with a pen.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-05-12)
+
+criptography
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{cryptography}".
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+Crisis Software
+
+	A small UK company producing {software} for the {Acorn}
+	{Archimedes} range of computers.
+
+	{(http://dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~phid/Crisis/)}.
+
+	(1994-11-10)
+
+CRISP
+
+	A {Lisp}-like language and {compiler} for the {IBM 370}
+	written by Jeff Barnett of SDC, Santa Monica, CA, USA in the
+	early 1970s.  It generalised {Lisp}'s two-part {cons nodes} to
+	n-part nodes.
+
+	(1994-11-10)
+
+crisp
+
+	(Or "discrete") The opposite of "{fuzzy}".
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+Crispy Critters
+
+	<jargon> (Or "Crispy Crittered".  From the "Post" breakfast
+	cereal of the same name) {hardware} which is {fried} or
+	{toast}.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+critical mass
+
+	In physics, the minimum amount of fissionable material
+	required to sustain a chain reaction.  Of a software product,
+	describes a condition of the software such that fixing one bug
+	introduces one plus {epsilon} bugs.  (This malady has many
+	causes: {creeping featurism}, ports to too many disparate
+	environments, poor initial design, etc.)  When software
+	achieves critical mass, it can never be fixed; it can only be
+	discarded and rewritten.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+critical section
+
+	A non-{re-entrant} piece of code that can only be executed by
+	one process at a time.  It will usually terminate in bounded
+	time and a process will only have to wait a bounded time to
+	enter it.  Some synchronisation mechanism is required at the
+	entry and exit of the critical section to ensure exclusive
+	use.
+
+CRL
+
+	Carnegie Representation Language.
+
+	{Carnegie Group, Inc.}  Frame language derived from SRL.
+	Written in Common LISP.  Used in the product Knowledge Craft.
+
+CRLF
+
+	<character> /ker'l*f/, sometimes /kru'l*f/ or /C-R-L-F/ A
+	{carriage return} (CR, {ASCII} 13) followed by a {line feed}
+	(LF, {ASCII} 10).  Under {Unix} influence this usage has
+	become less common because Unix uses just line feed as its
+	line terminator.
+
+	See {newline}, {terpri}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+CRM
+
+	1. <business> {Customer Relationship Management}.
+
+	2. <networking> {Cisco Resource Manager}.
+
+crock
+
+	[American scatologism "crock of shit"] 1. An awkward feature
+	or programming technique that ought to be made cleaner.  For
+	example, using small integers to represent error codes without
+	the program interpreting them to the user (as in, for example,
+	Unix "make(1)", which returns code 139 for a process that dies
+	due to {segfault}).
+
+	2. A technique that works acceptably, but which is quite prone
+	to failure if disturbed in the least.  For example, a
+	too-clever programmer might write an assembler which mapped
+	{instruction mnemonics} to numeric {opcodes}
+	{algorithm}ically, a trick which depends far too intimately on
+	the particular bit patterns of the opcodes.  (For another
+	example of programming with a dependence on actual opcode
+	values, see {The Story of Mel}.)  Many crocks have a tightly
+	woven, almost completely unmodifiable structure.  See {kluge},
+	{brittle}.  The adjectives "crockish" and "crocky", and the
+	nouns "crockishness" and "crockitude", are also used.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+cron
+
+	<operating system> The Unix clock {daemon} that executes
+	commands at specified dates and times according to
+	instructions in a "crontab" file.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: cron(8).
+
+	(1997-04-10)
+
+cross-assembler
+
+	An {assembler} which runs on one type of processor and
+	produces {machine code} for another.
+
+	There is a set of {6502}, 68xx and {Zilog Z80} and {8085}
+	cross-assemblers in {C} by <msmakela@cc.helsinki.fi> and Alan
+	R. Baldwin.  They run under {MS-DOS} and could be compiled to
+	run under {Unix} and on the {Amiga} and {Atari ST}.
+
+	See also {fas}.
+
+	{(ftp://ccosun.caltech.edu/)}.
+
+	(1993-03-10)
+
+cross-compiler
+
+	<programming> A {compiler} which runs on one {platform} and
+	produces code for another, as opposed to a {native} code
+	compiler which produces code for the platform on which it
+	runs.
+
+	(1998-02-24)
+
+cross-platform
+
+	<software, hardware> A term that describes a language,
+	software application or hardware device that works on more
+	than one system {platform} (e.g. {Unix}, {Microsoft Windows},
+	{Macintosh}).  E.g. {Netscape Navigator}, {Java}.
+
+	(1998-02-24)
+
+cross-post
+
+	[{Usenet}] To post a single article simultaneously to several
+	{newsgroups}.  Distinguished from posting the article
+	repeatedly, once to each newsgroup, which causes people to see
+	it multiple times (which is very bad form).  Gratuitous
+	cross-posting without a Followup-To line directing responses
+	to a single followup group is frowned upon, as it tends to
+	cause {followup} articles to go to inappropriate newsgroups
+	when people respond to only one part of the original posting.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+cross software
+
+	Software developed on one kind of computer for use on another
+	(usually because the other computer does not have itself
+	adequate facilities for software development).
+
+CROSSTABS
+
+	Simple language for statistical analysis of tabular data.
+	"User's Manual for the CROSSTABS System", Cambridge Computer
+	Assoc (Feb 1977).
+
+crosstalk
+
+	<electronics> Interference caused by two signals becoming
+	partially superimposed on each other due to electromagnetic
+	(inductive) or electrostatic (capacitive) coupling between the
+	conductors carrying the signals.  A common example of
+	crosstalk is where the magnetic field from changing current
+	flow in one wire induces current in another wire running
+	parallel to the other, as in a transformer.  Crosstalk can be
+	reduced by using shielded cables and increasing the distance
+	between conductors.
+
+	(1995-12-20)
+
+CROW PRAM
+
+	concurrent read, owner write {PRAM}.
+
+CRT
+
+	{cathode ray tube}
+
+CRUD
+
+	<programming, testing> A mnemonic for the four most important
+	kinds of activity that almost any system of any type needs to
+	support: create, read, update, delete.  The absence or failure of
+	any one of these is often a sign of a bad design or poor testing.
+
+	(2014-08-06)
+
+crudware
+
+	/kruhd'weir/ Pejorative term for the hundreds of megabytes of
+	low-quality {freeware} circulated by user's groups and {BBSs}
+	in the micro-hobbyist world.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+cruft
+
+	<jargon> (back-formation from "crufty") Anything unpleasant
+	that accumulates over time.  Also used as a verb, as in {cruft
+	together}, {hand cruft}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-01-19)
+
+crufted
+
+	{cruft}
+
+cruft together
+
+	<jargon> To {hack together} though with the suggestion that
+	the result may be {cruft}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-01-19)
+
+crumb
+
+	<data, jargon> (Or tayste /tayst/) Silly suggested term for
+	two {binary digits}.
+
+	The term "quarter" has also been suggested, referring to the
+	US 25-cent coin.  This was once equal in value to two of the
+	eight "bits" - pie-slice-shaped "pieces of eight" - into which
+	Spanish silver crowns were cut to make change.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-05-31)
+
+crunch
+
+	1. <jargon> To process, usually in a time-consuming or
+	complicated way.  Connotes an essentially trivial operation
+	that is nonetheless painful to perform.  The pain may be due
+	to the triviality's being embedded in a loop from 1 to
+	1,000,000,000.  "Fortran programs do mostly {number
+	crunching}."
+
+	2. <compression> To reduce the size of a file without losing
+	information by a scheme such as {Huffman coding}.  Since such
+	{lossless compression} usually takes more computations than
+	simpler methods such as {run-length encoding}, the term is
+	doubly appropriate.
+
+	3. The {hash character}.  Used at {XEROX} and {CMU}, among
+	other places.
+
+	4. To squeeze program source to the minimum size that will
+	still compile or execute.  The term came from a {BBC
+	Microcomputer} program that crunched {BBC BASIC} {source} in
+	order to make it run more quickly (apart from storing
+	{keywords} as byte codes, the language was wholly interpreted,
+	so the number of characters mattered).  {Obfuscated C Contest}
+	entries are often crunched; see the first example under that
+	entry.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-11-12)
+
+cruncha cruncha cruncha
+
+	<jargon> /kruhn'ch* kruhn'ch* kruhn'ch*/ An encouragement
+	sometimes muttered to a machine bogged down in a serious
+	{grovel}.  Also describes a notional sound made by grovelling
+	hardware.
+
+	See {grind} (sense 3).
+
+	(2003-06-02)
+
+crunchy
+
+	{floppy disk}
+
+cryppie
+
+	<job, cryptography> /krip'ee/ A cryptographer.  One who hacks
+	or implements software or hardware for {cryptography}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-23)
+
+crypt
+
+	{Unix} command to perform {encryption} and {decryption}.
+
+cryptanalysis
+
+	The branch of {cryptography} concerned with decoding encrypted
+	messages when you're not supposed to be able to.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Crypt Breakers Workbench
+
+	(cbw) A freely distributable multi-window integrated workbench
+	of tools for {cryptanalysis} of files encrypted with the
+	{4.2BSD} {Unix} {crypt} command.  It was originally written by
+	Robert W. Baldwin at {MIT}.
+
+	{(ftp://black.ox.ac.uk/src/security)},
+	{(ftp://scitsc.wlv.ac.uk/pub/infomagic/usenet.cdrom/sources/unix/volume10)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/usenet/comp.sources.unix/volume10)}.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+cryptography
+
+	<cryptography> The practise and study of {encryption} and
+	{decryption} - encoding data so that it can only be decoded by
+	specific individuals.  A system for encrypting and decrypting
+	data is a cryptosystem.  These usually involve an {algorithm}
+	for combining the original data ("{plaintext}") with one or
+	more "keys" - numbers or strings of characters known only to
+	the sender and/or recipient.  The resulting output is known as
+	"{ciphertext}".
+
+	The security of a cryptosystem usually depends on the secrecy
+	of (some of) the keys rather than with the supposed secrecy of
+	the {algorithm}.  A strong cryptosystem has a large range of
+	possible keys so that it is not possible to just try all
+	possible keys (a "{brute force}" approach).  A strong
+	cryptosystem will produce ciphertext which appears random to
+	all standard statistical tests.  A strong cryptosystem will
+	resist all known previous methods for breaking codes
+	("{cryptanalysis}").
+
+	See also {cryptology}, {public-key encryption}, {RSA}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:sci.crypt},
+	{news:sci.crypt.research}.
+
+	{FAQ} {MIT
+	(ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/cryptography-faq/)}.
+
+	{Cryptography glossary
+	(http://io.com/~ritter/GLOSSARY.HTM#BruteForceAttack)}.
+
+	{RSA cryptography glossary
+	(http://rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/faq/glossary.html)}.
+
+	{Cryptography, PGP, and Your Privacy
+	(http://draco.centerline.com:8080/~franl/crypto.html)}.
+
+	(2000-01-16)
+
+cryptology
+
+	The study of {cryptography} and {cryptanalysis}.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Crystal
+
+	Concurrent Representation of Your Space-Time ALgorithms.
+
+	A {recursion equation} parallel language.
+
+	["A Parallel Language and its Compilation to Multiprocessor
+	Machines or VLSI", M.C. Chen, 13th POPL, ACM 1986 pp.131-139].
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+CS-4
+
+	["CS-4 Language Reference Manual and Operating System
+	Interface", Ben M. Brosgol et al, Report IR-130-2,
+	Intermetrics, Cambridge MA, Oct 1975].
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+C-Scheme
+
+	{MIT Scheme}
+
+CSCI
+
+	{Computer Software Configuration Item}
+
+C/SCSC
+
+	{Cost/Schedule Control System Criteria}
+
+CSCW
+
+	{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}
+
+CSG
+
+	{constructive solid geometry}
+
+CSG-tree
+
+	<graphics> (Or "status tree"?) An approach used in {ray
+	tracing} to evaluate {constructive solid geometry} structures.
+
+	[Better explanation?  "Evaluate"?]
+
+	(1998-06-09)
+
+csh
+
+	{C shell}
+
+C sharp
+
+	{C#}
+
+C shell
+
+	<operating system> (csh) The {Unix} {command-line interpreter}
+	{shell} and {script language} by {William Joy}, originating
+	from {Berkeley} {Unix}.
+
+	{Unix} systems up to around {Unix Version 7} only had one
+	shell - the {Bourne shell}, sh.  Csh had better {interactive}
+	features, notably command input {history}, allowing earlier
+	commands to be recalled and edited (though it was still not as
+	good as the {VMS} equivalent of the time).
+
+	Presumably, csh's {C}-like {syntax} was intended to endear it
+	to programmers but sadly it lacks some {sh} features which are
+	useful for writing {shell scripts} so you need to know two
+	different syntaxes for every shell construct.
+
+	A plethora of different shells followed csh, e.g. {tcsh},
+	{ksh}, {bash}, {rc}, but sh and csh are the only ones which
+	are provided with most versions of Unix.
+
+	(1998-04-04)
+
+.cshrc
+
+	<operating system> (C Shell run commands) A {C Shell} startup
+	configuration file.  This file is found in a user's {home
+	directory} and can contain shell and other commands to set
+	variables, define aliases, and perform any other
+	initialisation which should happen for every shell (as opposed
+	to {.login} which is only run for a {login shell}).
+
+	Compare {AUTOEXEC.BAT} on {MS-DOS}.
+
+	See also {rc}.
+
+	(1996-04-09)
+
+CSID
+
+	{character set identifier}
+
+C++SIM
+
+	A {class} library like the {simulation} class libraries of
+	{SIMULA}, by Mark Little <M.C.Little@newcastle.ac.uk>.
+	Version: 1.0.
+
+	{(ftp://arjuna.ncl.ac.uk/)}.
+
+	(1993-06-04)
+
+CSK Corporation
+
+	<company> The japanese company that owns {CSK Software} and
+	{Sega}.  CSK Corp. is the largest independent japanese
+	software company.
+
+	(2003-05-13)
+
+CSK Software
+
+	<company> An international software company formed by the
+	merger of {Quay Financial Software} and {Micrognosis}, and
+	fully owned by {CSK Corporation}, Japan.
+
+	CSK Software is based in Frankfurt/Main (Germany) with offices
+	in London (UK), Zurich (Switzerland), Madrid (Spain), and
+	Singapore.  Products segments are RDD: Real-time data
+	delivery, main product is {Slingshot} for delivering real-time
+	data over the Internet (real push technology).  ETS:
+	Electronic Trading Systems, price calculation and automatic
+	trading (with connections to {XONTRO} and {XETRA}).  EAI:
+	{Enterprise Application Integration}, main product is {XGen},
+	a universal message converter with {GUI} and connections also
+	to {SWIFT}.
+
+	{(http://csksoftware.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <info@csksoftware.com>.
+
+	Address: CSK Software AG, Opernplatz 2, D-60313 Frankfurt,
+	Germany.
+
+	Tel: +49 (69) 509 520.  Fax: +49 (69) 5095 2333.
+
+	(2003-05-13)
+
+CSL
+
+	1. Computer Structure Language.  A computer {hardware
+	description language}, written in {BCPL}.
+
+	["Computer Structure Language (CSL)", Proc 1975 Symp on Comp
+	Hardware Description Languages and their Appl, ACM (Sep
+	1975)].
+
+	2. Control and Simulation Language.  A language for industrial
+	simulation from Esso and {IBM}.
+
+	["Control and Simulation Language", J.N. Buxton et al,
+	Computer J 5(3):194-199 (Oct 1962).  Version: CSL 2 (1966 for
+	IBM 7094)].
+
+CSLIP
+
+	{Compressed SLIP}
+
+CSM
+
+	["CSM - A Distributed Programming Language", S. Zhongxiu et
+	al, IEEE Trans Soft Eng SE-13(4):497-500 (Apr 1987)].
+
+CSMA/CD
+
+	Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detect.
+
+	The low level network arbitration {protocol} used on
+	{Ethernet}.  Nodes wait for quiet on the net before starting
+	to transmit and listen while they are transmitting.  If two
+	nodes transmit at once the data gets corrupted.  The nodes
+	detect this and continue to transmit for a certain length of
+	time to ensure that all nodes detect the collision.  The
+	transmitting nodes then wait for a random time before
+	attempting to transmit again thus minimising the chance of
+	another collision.  The ability to detect collision during
+	transmission reduces the amount of {bandwidth} wasted on
+	collisions compared with simple {ALOHA} broadcasting.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+CSMP
+
+	{Continuous System Modeling Program}
+
+CSNET
+
+	Computers and Science Network, operated by {CREN} for US
+	computer science institutes.  It provides {electronic mail}
+	service via {dial-up} lines, {X.25} and {Internet} services.
+
+CSO
+
+	Campus Phone Book software developed for, and originally used
+	at, the Computer Services Office of the University of Illinois
+	at Urbana-Champaign.  The server software is known as "qi" and
+	the client is "ph".  Recent versions of the software refer to
+	CCSO (Computing & Communications Service Office).
+
+	{(ftp://uxc.cso.uiuc.edu/)}.
+
+CSP
+
+	1. <language> {Communicating Sequential Processes}.
+
+	2. <hardware> {Chip Scale Packaging}.
+
+CSP/80
+
+	Based on CSP.
+
+	"CSP/80: A Language for Communicating Processes", M. Jazayeri
+	et al, Proc Fall COMPCON80, IEEE pp.736-740 (Sept 1980).
+
+CS/PCode
+
+	Used at {Microsoft}.
+
+CSP/k
+
+	{Concurrent SP/k}
+
+CS-Prolog
+
+	Distributed logic language.
+
+	"CS-Prolog on Multi-Transputer Systems", I. Futo et al,
+	Microprocessors & Microsystems, March 1989.
+
+CSPS
+
+	["Toward Comprehensive Specification of Distributed Systems",
+	G. Roman et al, Proc 7th Intl Conf on Distrib Comp Sys, IEEE
+	1987, pp. 282-289].
+
+CSP-S
+
+	["Implementation of CSP-S for Description of Distributed
+	Algorithms", L. Patniak et al, Comput Lang 9(3):193-202
+	(1984)].
+
+CS/QCode
+
+	Used at {Microsoft}.
+
+	[More detail?]
+
+CSR
+
+	{Control and Status Register}
+
+CSS
+
+	{Cascading Style Sheets}
+
+CSSA
+
+	An {object-oriented} language.
+
+	["Key Concepts in the INCAS Multicomputer Project", J. Nehmer
+	et al, IEEE Trans Soft Eng SE-13(8):913-923 (Aug 1987)].
+
+CSS/II
+
+	Computer System Simulator II.  Like {GPSS}, for {IBM 360}.
+
+	["Computer System Simulator II (CSS II) Program Description
+	and Operations Manual", SH20-0875, IBM].
+
+CSSL
+
+	{Continuous System Simulation Language}
+
+CSTools
+
+	{Concurrency} through {message-passing} to named message
+	queues.
+
+CSU
+
+	1. {California State University}.
+
+	2. {Cleveland State University}.
+
+	3. {Channel Service Unit}.
+
+CSU/DSU
+
+	{channel service unit/digital service unit}
+
+CSV
+
+	{comma separated values}
+
+CT
+
+	{Computer Telephone Integration}
+
+CTC
+
+	{Cornell Theory Center}
+
+CTC++
+
+	<testing> A {test coverage} analysis tool from {Testwell} for
+	{C} and {C++} that checks for function, decision, condition
+	and multicondtion coverage in host, target and kernel.
+
+	{CTC++ Home (http://testwell.fi/)}.
+
+	(2004-10-20)
+
+CTCP
+
+	<networking> {Client To Client Protocol}
+
+CTI
+
+	1. <communications> {Computer Telephone Integration}.
+
+	2. <education> Computers in Teaching Initiative.  A UK
+	government scheme.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+CTL
+
+	1. {Checkout Test language}.
+
+	2. {Compiler Target Language}.
+
+	3. {Computational Tree Logic}
+
+CTOS
+
+	1. <operating system> {Computerised Tomography Operating
+	System}.
+
+	2. <operating system> {Convergent Technologies Operating
+	System}.
+
+ctrl
+
+	{control}
+
+CTS
+
+	1. <communications> {clear to send}.
+
+	2. <medical> {overuse strain injury}.
+
+CTSS
+
+	{Compatible Timesharing System}
+
+CTY
+
+	/sit'ee/ or /C-T-Y/ [MIT] The terminal physically associated
+	with a computer's system {console}.  The term is a contraction
+	of "Console {tty}", that is, "Console TeleTYpe".  This {ITS}-
+	and {TOPS-10}-associated term has become less common, as most
+	Unix hackers simply refer to the CTY as "the console".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+CU
+
+	<chat> "see you".
+
+	(1997-12-01)
+
+cu
+
+	1. <communications> {Call Unix}.
+
+	2. <networking> The {country code} for Cuba.
+
+CUA
+
+	{Common User Access}
+
+Cube
+
+	Three-dimensional visual language for higher-order logic.
+
+	"The Cube Language", M. Najork et al, 1991 IEEE Workshop on
+	Visual Langs, Oct 1991, pp.218-224.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+cube
+
+	1. [short for "cubicle"] A module in the open-plan offices
+	used at many programming shops.  "I've got the manuals in my
+	cube."
+
+	2. A NeXT machine (which resembles a matte-black cube).
+
+cubing
+
+	<jargon> By analogy with "tubing", hacking on an IPSC ({Intel
+	Personal SuperComputer}) hypercube.  "Louella's gone cubing
+	*again*!!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-10-09)
+
+CUCH
+
+	CUrry-CHurch.
+
+	{Lambda-calculus}
+
+	["A Type-Theoretical Alternative to CUCH, ISWIM, OWHY", Dana
+	Scott, Oxford U 1969].
+
+	["Introduction to the CUCH", C. Bohm et al, in Automata
+	Theory, E.R. Caianiello ed, A-P 1966, pp.35-65].
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+Cuckoo's Egg
+
+	{The Cuckoo's Egg}
+
+CUL
+
+	<chat> "See you later".
+
+	(1997-12-01)
+
+Culler-Fried System
+
+	A system for interactive mathematics.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 253-255].
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+CUPID
+
+	A graphic {query language}.
+
+	["CUPID: A Graphic Oriented Facility for Support of
+	Nonprogrammer Interactions with a Database", N. McDonald, PhD
+	Thesis, CS Dept, UC Berkeley 1975].
+
+CUPL
+
+	Cornell University Programming Language.
+
+	A language for simple mathematics problems, based on {CORC},
+	with {PL/I}-like {syntax}.
+
+	["An Instruction Language for CUPL", R.J. Walker, Cornell U,
+	Jul 1967].
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+curly bracket
+
+	brace
+
+current
+
+	<electronics> The quantity of {charge} per unit time, measured
+	in Amperes (Amps, A).  By historical convention, the sign of
+	current is positive for currents flowing from positive to
+	negative {potential}, but experience indicates that electrons
+	are negatively charged and flow in the opposite direction.
+
+	(1995-10-05)
+
+curried function
+
+	<mathematics, programming> A {function} of N {arguments} that
+	is considered as a function of one argument which returns
+	another function of N-1 arguments.  E.g. in {Haskell} we can
+	define:
+
+		average :: Int -> (Int -> Int)
+
+	(The parentheses are optional).  A {partial application} of
+	average, to one Int, e.g. (average 4), returns a function of
+	type (Int -> Int) which averages its argument with 4.  In
+	uncurried languages a function must always be applied to all
+	its arguments but a {partial application} can be represented
+	using a {lambda abstraction}:
+
+		\ x -> average(4,x)
+
+	Currying is necessary if {full laziness} is to be applied to
+	functional sub-expressions.
+
+	It was named after the logician {Haskell Curry} but the
+	19th-century logician, {Gottlob Frege} was the first to
+	propose it and it was first referred to in ["Uber die
+	Bausteine der mathematischen Logik", M. Schoenfinkel,
+	Mathematische Annalen. Vol 92 (1924)].
+
+	{David Turner} said he got the term from {Christopher
+	Strachey} who invented the term "currying" and used it in his
+	lecture notes on programming languages written circa 1967.
+	Strachey also remarked that it ought really to be called
+	"Schoenfinkeling".
+
+	Stefan Kahrs <smk@dcs.ed.ac.uk> reported hearing somebody in
+	Germany trying to introduce "scho"nen" for currying and
+	"finkeln" for "uncurrying".  The verb "scho"nen" means "to
+	beautify"; "finkeln" isn't a German word, but it suggests "to
+	fiddle".
+
+	["Some philosophical aspects of combinatory logic",
+	H. B. Curry, The Kleene Symposium, Eds. J. Barwise,
+	J. Keisler, K. Kunen, North Holland, 1980, pp. 85-101]
+
+	(2002-07-24)
+
+currying
+
+	Turning an uncurried function into a {curried function}.
+
+curseperl
+
+	A {curses} library for {Perl} by the author of Perl, Larry
+	Wall <lwall@netlabs.com>.  It comes with Perl.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+curses
+
+	A set of subroutines in {Unix} for handling navigation on a
+	terminal screen using the cursor.
+
+cursor
+
+	1. <hardware> A visually distinct mark on a display indicating
+	where newly typed text will be inserted.  The cursor moves as
+	text is typed and, in most modern editors, can be moved around
+	within a document by the user to change the insertion point.
+
+	2. <database> In {SQL}, a named control structure used by an
+	{application program} to point to a row of data.  The position
+	of the {row} is within a {table} or {view}, and the cursor is
+	used interactively so select rows from columns.
+
+	(1996-12-27)
+
+cursor dipped in X
+
+	<jargon> The metaphorical source of the electronic equivalent
+	of a poisoned-pen letter.  Derived from English metaphors of
+	the form "pen dipped in X" (where X = e.g. "acid", "bile",
+	"vitriol").  These map over neatly to this hackish usage (the
+	cursor being what moves, leaving letters behind, when one is
+	composing on-line).
+
+	"Talk about a {nastygram}!  He must've had his cursor dipped
+	in acid when he wrote that one!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-27)
+
+CU-SeeMe
+
+	<communications> /see`-yoo-see'-mee/ ("CU" from {Cornell
+	University}) A {shareware} {personal computer}-based
+	{videoconferencing} program for use over the {Internet},
+	developed at {Cornell University}, starting in 1992.
+
+	CU-SeeMe allows for direct {audiovisual} connections between
+	{clients}, or, like {irc}, it can support multi-user
+	converencing via {servers} (here called "reflectors") to
+	distribute the video and audio signals between multiple
+	clients.
+
+	CU-SeeMe was the first videoconferencing tool available at a
+	reasonable price (in this case, free) to users of personal
+	computers.
+
+	{(http://cu-seeme.cornell.edu/)}.
+
+	{(http://home.stlnet.com/~hubble/cuseeme/index.html)}.
+
+	Compare with {multicast backbone}.
+
+	(1996-12-01)
+
+CUSI
+
+	A collection of indices to various {web} and other
+	{Internet} documents.  It is located at {Nexor} in the UK.
+
+	{(http://web.nexor.co.uk/public/cusi/cusi.html)}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+cuspy
+
+	/kuhs'pee/ [WPI: from the {DEC} abbreviation CUSP, for
+	"Commonly Used System Program", i.e. a utility program used by
+	many people] 1. (of a program) Well-written.
+
+	2. Functionally excellent.  A program that performs well and
+	interfaces well to users is cuspy.  See {rude}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+custom
+
+	(Or "bespoke") An adjective describing any product that is
+	special in some way, individually created for a specific user
+	or system, as opposed to generic or off-the-shelf.
+
+	(2008-06-25)
+
+Customer Information Control System
+
+	<communications, database> (CICS) An {IBM} communications
+	system that was converted for {database} handling.
+
+	[Huh?]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Customer Information Systems
+
+	{Customer Relationship Management}
+
+Customer Interaction Software
+
+	{Customer Relationship Management}
+
+Customer Relationship Management
+
+	<business> (CRM, CIS, Customer Information Systems, Customer
+	Interaction Software, TERM, Technology Enabled Relationship
+	Manager) Enterprise-wide software applications that allow
+	companies to manage every aspect of their relationship with a
+	customer.  The aim of these systems is to assist in building
+	lasting customer relationships - to turn customer satisfaction
+	into customer loyalty.
+
+	Customer information acquired from sales, marketing, customer
+	service, and support is captured and stored in a centralised
+	{database}.  The system may provide {data-mining} facilities
+	that support an {opportunity management system}.  It may also
+	be integrated with other systems such as accounting and
+	manufacturing for a truly enterprise-wide system with
+	thousands of users.
+
+	(1999-08-20)
+
+CUT
+
+	{Coordinated Universal Time}
+
+cut and paste
+
+	{copy and paste}
+
+cut-and-waste code
+
+	<humour, programming> Code that someone found online (e.g. in a
+	{blog}) and copied and pasted into a product.  The result is
+	usually a lot of wasted time trying to track down obscure bugs
+	from code that may have made sense in the original context but not
+	in the new one.  Also known as blog-driven development.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2014-07-03)
+
+cut a tape
+
+	To write a software or document distribution on magnetic tape
+	for shipment.  Has nothing to do with physically cutting the
+	medium!  "Cutting a disk" has also been reported as live
+	usage.  Related slang usages are mainstream business's "cut a
+	check", the recording industry's "cut a record", and the
+	military's "cut an order".
+
+	All of these usages reflect physical processes in obsolete
+	recording and duplication technologies.  The first stage in
+	manufacturing an old-style vinyl record involved cutting
+	grooves in a stamping die with a precision lathe.  More
+	mundanely, the dominant technology for mass duplication of
+	paper documents in pre-photocopying days involved "cutting a
+	stencil", punching away portions of the wax overlay on a silk
+	screen.  More directly, paper tape with holes punched in it
+	was an important early storage medium.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+cutover
+
+	<communications, networking> /cut-ov*/ Switching from an old
+	({hardware} and/or {software}) system to a replacement system,
+	covering the overlap from when the new system is {live} until
+	the old system has been {shut down}.
+
+	(1997-07-09)
+
+cut-through switching
+
+	<networking> The application of {wormhole routing} to
+	{packets} in a {packet switching} system so that forwarding of
+	a packet starts as soon as its destination is known, before
+	the whole packet has arrived.
+
+	Compare {store and forward}.
+
+	(2006-12-06)
+
+cv
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Cape Verde.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+CVS
+
+	{Concurrent Versions System}
+
+CW
+
+	{continuous wave}
+
+CWeb
+
+	<language> An {ANSI C} implementation of the {Web} {literate
+	programming} language.  Version 3.1 by Levy, Knuth, and Marc
+	van Leeuwen is writen in, and outputs, {ANSI C} and {C++}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/cweb/)}.
+
+	(1993-12-16)
+
+CWI
+
+	{Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica}
+
+CWIC
+
+	Compiler for Writing and Implementing Compilers.  Val Schorre.
+	One of the early metacompilers.  Compare {Meta-II}.
+
+CWIS
+
+	{Campus-Wide Information System}
+
+C with Classes
+
+	Short-lived predecessor to C++.
+
+	["Classes: An Abstract Data Type Facility for the C Language",
+	B. Stroustrup, CSTR-84 Bell Labs, Apr 1980].  Also in [SIGPLAN
+	Notices (Jan 1982)].
+
+cx
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Christmas Island.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+cxref
+
+	<tool> A cross-reference generator by Arnold Robbins from
+	{Georgia Institute of Technology}.
+
+	(2000-02-29)
+
+cy
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Cyprus.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Cy486SLC
+
+	A version of the {Intel 486} made by {Cyrix}.  It has a
+	{486SX} {instruction set}, a 1 kilobyte {cache}, and an {Intel
+	80386SX}-compatible pinout and thus, 16-bit data bus.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+cyber
+
+	<chat> To have {cybersex}.
+
+	(1997-06-21)
+
+cyberbunny
+
+	<abuse> Someone who knows absolutely nothing about computers
+	and advises people who know absolutely nothing about
+	computers.  The term is used mostly on {AOL}, {Prodigy},
+	{Compuserve}, etc.
+
+	(1996-02-18)
+
+cyberchondriac
+
+	<jargon, humour> (After "hypochondriac") 1. A user who always
+	thinks there is something wrong with his computer.
+
+	2. Someone who uses the {web} to indulge their
+	hyperchondria.
+
+	(2001-03-10)
+
+cybercrud
+
+	<jargon> /si:'ber-kruhd/ 1. (Coined by Ted Nelson) Obfuscatory
+	tech-talk.  Verbiage with a high {MEGO} factor.  The computer
+	equivalent of bureaucratese.
+
+	2. Incomprehensible stuff embedded in e-mail.  First there
+	were the "Received" headers that show how mail flows through
+	systems, then MIME ({Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions})
+	headers and part boundaries, and now huge blocks of {hex} for
+	PEM ({Privacy Enhanced Mail}) or PGP ({Pretty Good Privacy})
+	{digital signatures} and certificates of authenticity.  This
+	stuff all has a purpose and good user interfaces should hide
+	it, but all too often users are forced to wade through it.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+CyberGlove
+
+	<hardware, virtual reality> A {data glove} sold by {Virtual
+	Technologies}.  The spandex-like glove houses 18 sensors to
+	track accurately just about every move your hand is capable of
+	making.  The accompanying software includes a
+	three-dimensional hand model that can he added to any {virtual
+	reality} application.  The glove includes a mount for Polhemus
+	and Ascension sensors.
+
+	(2003-06-17)
+
+cybernetics
+
+	<robotics> /si:`b*-net'iks/ The study of control and
+	communication in living and man-made systems.
+
+	The term was first proposed by {Norbert Wiener} in the book
+	referenced below.  Originally, cybernetics drew upon
+	electrical engineering, mathematics, biology, neurophysiology,
+	anthropology, and psychology to study and describe actions,
+	feedback, and response in systems of all kinds.  It aims to
+	understand the similarities and differences in internal
+	workings of organic and machine processes and, by formulating
+	abstract concepts common to all systems, to understand their
+	behaviour.
+
+	Modern "second-order cybernetics" places emphasis on how the
+	process of constructing models of the systems is influenced by
+	those very systems, hence an elegant definition - "applied
+	epistemology".
+
+	Related recent developments (often referred to as {sciences of
+	complexity}) that are distinguished as separate disciplines
+	are {artificial intelligence}, {neural networks}, {systems
+	theory}, and {chaos theory}, but the boundaries between those
+	and cybernetics proper are not precise.
+
+	See also {robot}.
+
+	{The Cybernetics Society (http://cybsoc.org)} of the UK.
+
+	{American Society for Cybernetics
+	(http://asc-cybernetics.org/)}.
+
+	{IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society
+	(http://isye.gatech.edu/ieee-smc/)}.
+
+	{International project "Principia Cybernetica"
+	(http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/DEFAULT.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {sci.systems (news:sci.systems)}.
+
+	["Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the
+	machine", N. Wiener, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1948]
+
+	(2002-01-01)
+
+cyberpunk
+
+	/si:'ber-puhnk/ (Originally coined by SF writer Bruce Bethke
+	and/or editor Gardner Dozois) A subgenre of SF launched in
+	1982 by William Gibson's epoch-making novel "Neuromancer"
+	(though its roots go back through Vernor Vinge's "True Names"
+	to John Brunner's 1975 novel "The Shockwave Rider").  Gibson's
+	near-total ignorance of computers and the present-day hacker
+	culture enabled him to speculate about the role of computers
+	and hackers in the future in ways hackers have since found
+	both irritatingly na"ive and tremendously stimulating.
+	Gibson's work was widely imitated, in particular by the
+	short-lived but innovative "Max Headroom" TV series.  See
+	{cyberspace}, {ice}, {jack in}, {go flatline}.
+
+	Since 1990 or so, popular culture has included a movement or
+	fashion trend that calls itself "cyberpunk", associated
+	especially with the rave/techno subculture.  Hackers have
+	mixed feelings about this.  On the one hand, self-described
+	cyberpunks too often seem to be shallow trendoids in black
+	leather who have substituted enthusiastic blathering about
+	technology for actually learning and *doing* it.  Attitude is
+	no substitute for competence.  On the other hand, at least
+	cyberpunks are excited about the right things and properly
+	respectful of hacking talent in those who have it.  The
+	general consensus is to tolerate them politely in hopes that
+	they'll attract people who grow into being true hackers.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+cyberrhea
+
+	<humour, jargon> /si:'ber-eer/ An affliction of some {word
+	processor} users; excessive frequency and looseness of
+	productivity.  Particularly virulent among those who have not
+	discovered the fortifying virtues of revision.
+
+	["Right Words, Right Places" Scott Rice, Wadsworth, 1993, A5.]
+
+	(1997-02-25)
+
+cybersex
+
+	<networking> Sex performed in {real time} via a digital
+	medium.
+
+	Compare {teledildonics}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1998-02-10)
+
+cyberspace
+
+	<jargon> /si:'ber-spays/ 1. (Coined by {William Gibson})
+	Notional "information-space" loaded with visual cues and
+	navigable with brain-computer interfaces called "cyberspace
+	decks"; a characteristic prop of {cyberpunk} SF.  In 1991
+	serious efforts to construct {virtual reality} interfaces
+	modelled explicitly on Gibsonian cyberspace were already under
+	way, using more conventional devices such as glove sensors and
+	binocular TV headsets.  Few hackers are prepared to deny
+	outright the possibility of a cyberspace someday evolving out
+	of the network (see {network, the}).
+
+	2. Occasionally, the metaphoric location of the mind of a
+	person in {hack mode}.  Some hackers report experiencing
+	strong eidetic imagery when in hack mode; interestingly,
+	independent reports from multiple sources suggest that there
+	are common features to the experience.  In particular, the
+	dominant colours of this subjective "cyberspace" are often
+	grey and silver, and the imagery often involves constellations
+	of marching dots, elaborate shifting patterns of lines and
+	angles, or moire patterns.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-02-01)
+
+cyberspastic
+
+	<humour> A person suffering from information overload while
+	browsing the {Internet} or {web}.
+
+	Compare {webhead}.
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+cyber-squatting
+
+	<jargon, networking> The practice of registering famous brand
+	names as {Internet} {domain names}, e.g. harrods.com, ibm.firm
+	or sears.shop, in the hope of later selling them to the
+	appropriate owner at a profit.
+
+	(1998-01-22)
+
+CyberWand
+
+	<hardware, virtual reality> A {virtual reality} {controller}.
+	The CyberWand costs $99, or $765 with optional Polhemus
+	sensor.  It is basically the handle of a flight control system
+	without the base.  The controller's four buttons and 2-D hat
+	sensor track six degrees of movement.
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+CyberZine
+
+	<publication> A combination paper and {web} on-line
+	{Cyberspace} guide.  Upon payment you will be given a user name
+	and password to access CyberZine on-line and the paper version
+	will be posted first class.  Subscribers can also use the
+	CyberZine help desk.
+
+	{(http://cyberzine.org/)}.
+
+	(1994-09-22)
+
+CYBIL
+
+	Control Data's system programming language in the 80's.  Major
+	parts of CDC systems written in this.
+
+Cyc
+
+	<artificial intelligence> A large {knowledge-based system}.
+
+	Cyc is a very large, multi-contextual {knowledge base} and
+	{inference engine}, the development of which started at the
+	{Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation} (MCC)
+	in Austin, Texas during the early 1980s.
+
+	Over the past eleven years the members of the Cyc team, lead
+	by {Doug Lenat}, have added to the knowledge base a huge
+	amount of fundamental human knowledge: {facts}, rules of
+	thumb, and {heuristics} for reasoning about the objects and
+	events of modern everyday life.
+
+	Cyc is an attempt to do symbolic {AI} on a massive scale.  It
+	is not based on numerical methods such as statistical
+	probabilities, nor is it based on {neural networks} or {fuzzy
+	logic}.  All of the knowledge in Cyc is represented
+	{declaratively} in the form of logical {assertions}.  Cyc
+	presently contains approximately 400,000 significant
+	assertions, which include simple statements of fact, rules
+	about what conclusions to draw if certain statements of fact
+	are satisfied, and rules about how to reason with certain
+	types of facts and rules.  The {inference engine} derives new
+	conclusions using {deductive reasoning}.
+
+	To date, Cyc has made possible ground-breaking pilot
+	applications in the areas of {heterogeneous} database browsing
+	and integration, {captioned image retrieval}, and {natural
+	language processing}.
+
+	In January of 1995, a new independent company named Cycorp was
+	created to continue the Cyc project.  Cycorp is still in
+	Austin, Texas.  The president of Cycorp is {Doug Lenat}.
+
+	The development of Cyc has been supported by several
+	organisations, including {Apple}, {Bellcore}, {DEC}, {DoD},
+	{Interval}, {Kodak}, and {Microsoft}.
+
+	{(http://cyc.com/)}.
+
+	{Unofficial FAQ (http://robotwisdom.com/ai/cycfaq.html)}.
+
+	(1999-09-07)
+
+CYCL
+
+	A {frame language}.
+
+	["Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems", Doug B. Lenat et
+	al, A-W 1990].
+
+cycle
+
+	<unit> A basic unit of computation, one period of a computer
+	{clock}.
+
+	Each {instruction} takes a number of clock cycles.  Often the
+	computer can access its memory once on every clock cycle, and
+	so one speaks also of "memory cycles".
+
+	Every {hacker} wants more cycles (noted hacker {Bill Gosper}
+	describes himself as a "cycle junkie").  There are only so
+	many cycles per second, and when you are sharing a computer
+	the cycles get divided up among the users.  The more cycles
+	the computer spends working on your program rather than
+	someone else's, the faster your program will run.  That's why
+	every hacker wants more cycles: so he can spend less time
+	waiting for the computer to respond.
+
+	The use of the term "cycle" for a computer clock period can
+	probably be traced back to the rotation of a generator
+	generating alternating current though computers generally use
+	a clock signal which is more like a {square wave}.
+	Interestingly, the earliest mechanical calculators,
+	e.g. Babbage's {Difference Engine}, really did have parts
+	which rotated in true cycles.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-09-30)
+
+cyclebabble
+
+	<jargon> Advertising raw {clock speed}, instead of {bus
+	speed}.
+
+	{IBM} uses raw clock speed as the speed of the computer.  In
+	the {IBM PC} and {IBM PC XT}, the clock is divided by 4 to
+	produce the 4-phase bus clocks.  Thus a 4 MHz IBM XT really
+	runs at 0.895 MHz, because that 4 MHz was really 3.58 MHz
+	which gets divided by four.
+
+	A {Tandy} {Color Computer} ran at exactly the same speed, but
+	clock speed was specified as bus speed, 0.895 MHz, leaving the
+	impression that it was 4 times slower.  Actually it ran a
+	little faster with a more efficient {instruction set}.  If the
+	actual {clock rate} had been specified on a {CoCo 3}, it would
+	have been 14.32 MHz, although the bus speed was still 0.895
+	MHz.  That high speed also generated video, color, and {hidden
+	refresh} timing.
+
+	100 MHz computers are running at bus speeds of around 25 MHz.
+
+	(1997-02-13)
+
+cycle crunch
+
+	<jargon> A situation wherein the number of people trying to
+	use a computer simultaneously has reached the point where no
+	one can get enough {cycles} because they are spread too thin
+	and the system has probably begun to {thrash}.
+
+	This scenario is an inevitable result of Parkinson's Law
+	applied to {time-sharing}.  Usually the only solution is to
+	buy more computer.  Happily, this has rapidly become easier
+	since the mid-1980s, so much so that the very term "cycle
+	crunch" now has a faintly archaic flavour; most hackers now
+	use {workstations} or {personal computers} as opposed to
+	traditional {time-sharing} systems.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+cycle drought
+
+	A scarcity of {cycles}.  It may be due to a {cycle crunch},
+	but it could also occur because part of the computer is
+	temporarily not working, leaving fewer cycles to go around.
+	"The {high moby} is {down}, so we're running with only half
+	the usual amount of memory.  There will be a cycle drought
+	until it's fixed."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+cycle of reincarnation
+
+	A term coined by {Ivan Sutherland} ca. 1970 to refer to a
+	well-known effect whereby function in a computing system
+	family is migrated out to special-purpose {peripheral}
+	hardware for speed, then the peripheral evolves toward more
+	computing power as it does its job, then somebody notices that
+	it is inefficient to support two asymmetrical processors in
+	the architecture and folds the function back into the main
+	{CPU}, at which point the cycle begins again.
+
+	Several iterations of this cycle have been observed in
+	{graphics-processor} ({blitter}) design, and at least one or
+	two in communications and {floating-point} processors.  Also
+	known as "the Wheel of Life", "the Wheel of Samsara" and other
+	variations of the basic Hindu/Buddhist theological idea.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+cycle server
+
+	<jargon> A powerful computer that exists primarily for running
+	large {batch} jobs.  The term implies that {interactive} tasks
+	such as editing are done on other machines on the network,
+	such as {workstations}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-03-13)
+
+cyclic redundancy check
+
+	<algorithm> (CRC or "cyclic redundancy code") A number derived
+	from, and stored or transmitted with, a block of data in order
+	to detect corruption.  By recalculating the CRC and comparing
+	it to the value originally transmitted, the receiver can
+	detect some types of transmission errors.
+
+	A CRC is more complicated than a {checksum}.  It is calculated
+	using division either using {shifts} and {exclusive ORs} or
+	{table lookup} ({modulo} 256 or 65536).
+
+	The CRC is "redundant" in that it adds no information.  A
+	single corrupted {bit} in the data will result in a one bit
+	change in the calculated CRC but multiple corrupted bits may
+	cancel each other out.
+
+	CRCs treat blocks of input bits as coefficient-sets for
+	{polynomials}.  E.g., binary 10100000 implies the polynomial:
+	1*x^7 + 0*x^6 + 1*x^5 + 0*x^4 + 0*x^3 + 0*x^2 + 0*x^1 + 0*x^0.
+	This is the "message polynomial".  A second polynomial, with
+	constant coefficients, is called the "generator polynomial".
+	This is divided into the message polynomial, giving a quotient
+	and remainder.  The coefficients of the remainder form the
+	bits of the final CRC.  So, an order-33 generator polynomial
+	is necessary to generate a 32-bit CRC.  The exact bit-set used
+	for the generator polynomial will naturally affect the CRC
+	that is computed.
+
+	Most CRC implementations seem to operate 8 bits at a time by
+	building a table of 256 entries, representing all 256 possible
+	8-bit byte combinations, and determining the effect that each
+	byte will have.  CRCs are then computed using an input byte to
+	select a 16- or 32-bit value from the table.  This value is
+	then used to update the CRC.
+
+	{Ethernet} {packets} have a 32-bit CRC.  Many disk formats
+	include a CRC at some level.
+
+	(1997-08-02)
+
+cyclic redundancy code
+
+	{cyclic redundancy check}
+
+Cyclo
+
+	<programming, tool> (Cyclomatic complexity tool) A {C} and
+	{C++} code analysis tool by Roger D. Binns.  It measures
+	{cyclomatic complexity}, shows function calls, and can draw
+	{flowgraphs} of {ANSI C} and {C++} code.  It requires {Lex}
+	and {C++}.
+
+	Posted to {alt.sources}, 1993-06-28.
+
+	(1993-06-28)
+
+cyclomatic complexity
+
+	<programming, testing> A measure of the number of linearly
+	independent paths through a program {module}.  Cyclomatic
+	complexity is a measure for the complexity of code related to
+	the number of ways there are to traverse a piece of code.
+	This determines the minimum number of inputs you need to test
+	all ways to execute the program.
+
+	(1998-03-17)
+
+Cygnus Tcl Tools
+
+	<tool> A rebundling of {Tcl} and {Tk} into the {Cygnus} {GNU}
+	build framework with "{configure}" by david d 'zoo' zuhn
+	<zoo@cygnus.com>.
+
+	Latest version: Release-930124, as of 1993-01-24.
+
+	{(ftp://cygnus.com/pub/)}.
+
+	(2000-09-25)
+
+cylinder
+
+	<storage> The set of {tracks} on a multi-headed {disk} that
+	may be accessed without head movement.  That is, the
+	collection of disk tracks which are the same distance from the
+	spindle about which the disks rotate.  Each such group forms
+	the shape of a cylinder.  Placing data that are likely to be
+	accessed together in cylinders reduces the access
+	significantly as head movement ({seeking}) is slow compared to
+	disk rotation and switching between heads.
+
+	(1997-07-15)
+
+CypherText
+
+	<language> An interactive language for text formatting and
+	typesetting.
+
+	["CypherText: An Extensible Composing and Typesetting
+	Language", C.G. Moore et al, Proc FJCC 37, AFIPS (Fall 1970)].
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+Cyrix
+
+	<company> A {microprocessor} manufacturer.  They produce an
+	{Intel 486} equivalent - the {Cy486SLC} and a {Pentium}
+	equivalent - the {Cyrix 6x86}.
+
+	{(http://cyrix.com/)}.
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+Cyrix 6x86
+
+	<processor> (6x86) {IBM} and {Cyrix}'s {sixth-generation},
+	64-bit {80x86}-compatible {microprocessor}.  The 6x86 combines
+	aspects of both {RISC} and {CISC}.  It has a {superscalar},
+	{superpipelined} {core}, and performs {register renaming},
+	{speculative execution}, {out-of-order completion}, and {data
+	dependency removal}.  It has a 16-kilobyte {primary cache} and
+	is socket-compatible with the {Pentium} P54C.  It has four
+	performance levels: PR 120+, PR 150+, PR 166+ and PR 200+.
+
+	The chip was designed by Cyrix and is manufactured by IBM.
+
+	The architecture of the 6x86 is more advanced than that of the
+	Pentium, incorporating some of the features of Intel's
+	{Pentium Pro}.  At a given {clock rate} it executes most code
+	more quickly than a Pentium would.  However, its {FPU} is
+	considerably less efficient than Intel's.
+
+	{IBM FAQ
+	(http://chips.ibm.com/products/x86/6x86/faqs/6x86_faqs.html)},
+	{Cyrix FAQ
+	(http://cyrix.com/process/prodinfo/6x86/faq-6x86.htm)}.
+
+	(1997-05-26)
+
+cz
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Czech Republic.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+D
+
+	1. "The Data Language."  {MS-DOS} 4GL.
+
+	2. A {Haskell}-like language, with {type class}es.
+
+	E-mail: <polar@cs.syr.edu>.
+
+D-1000
+
+	<computer> {Datamatic Corporation}'s first computer,
+	which weighed 25 tons, took up 6,000 square feet and
+	cost $1.5 million, produced some time after 1955.
+
+	(2009-01-14)
+
+DAA
+
+	Distributed Application Architecture: under design by
+	Hewlett-Packard and Sun.  A distributed object management
+	environment that will allow applications to be developed
+	independent of operating system, network or windowing system.
+
+DAC
+
+	{Digital to Analog Converter}
+
+DACAPO
+
+	Broad-range hardware specification language.  "Mixed Level
+	Modelling and Simulation of VLSI Systems", F.J. Rammig in
+	Logic Design and Simulation, E. Horbst ed, N-H 1986.
+
+DACNOS
+
+	A prototype network operating system for multi-vendor
+	environments, from IBM European Networking Centre Heidelberg
+	and University of Karlsruhe.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+D/A converter
+
+	{Digital to Analog Converter}
+
+DACTL
+
+	Declarative Alvey Compiler Target Language.
+
+	An intermediate language from the {University of East Anglia},
+	used in the {Flagship} project.  DACTL is based on a form of
+	{graph rewriting} which can be used to implement {functional
+	languages}, {logic languages} and {imperative languages}.  The
+	current version is Dactl0.
+
+	["DACTL - A Computational Model and Compiler Target Language
+	Based on Graph Reduction", J.R.W. Glauert et al, ICL Tech J
+	5(3) (1987)].
+
+	(1994-09-22)
+
+DADS
+
+	{Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures}
+
+daemon
+
+	<operating system> /day'mn/ or /dee'mn/ (From the mythological
+	meaning, later rationalised as the acronym "Disk And Execution
+	MONitor") A program that is not invoked explicitly, but lies
+	dormant waiting for some condition(s) to occur.  The idea is
+	that the perpetrator of the condition need not be aware that a
+	daemon is lurking (though often a program will commit an
+	action only because it knows that it will implicitly invoke a
+	daemon).
+
+	For example, under {ITS} writing a file on the {LPT} spooler's
+	directory would invoke the spooling daemon, which would then
+	print the file.  The advantage is that programs wanting files
+	printed need neither compete for access to, nor understand any
+	idiosyncrasies of, the {LPT}.  They simply enter their
+	implicit requests and let the daemon decide what to do with
+	them.  Daemons are usually spawned automatically by the
+	system, and may either live forever or be regenerated at
+	intervals.
+
+	{Unix} systems run many daemons, chiefly to handle requests
+	for services from other {hosts} on a {network}.  Most of these
+	are now started as required by a single real daemon, {inetd},
+	rather than running continuously.  Examples are {cron} (local
+	timed command execution), {rshd} (remote command execution),
+	{rlogind} and {telnetd} (remote login), {ftpd}, {nfsd} (file
+	transfer), {lpd} (printing).
+
+	Daemon and {demon} are often used interchangeably, but seem to
+	have distinct connotations (see {demon}).  The term "daemon"
+	was introduced to computing by {CTSS} people (who pronounced
+	it /dee'mon/) and used it to refer to what {ITS} called a
+	{dragon}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+DAG
+
+	1. <architecture> {Data Address Generator}.
+
+	2. <mathematics> {directed acyclic graph}.
+
+	(1997-08-30)
+
+Daisy
+
+	A {functional language}.
+
+	["Daisy Programming Manual", S.D. Johnson, CS Dept TR, Indiana
+	U, 1988].
+
+DAISY 201
+
+	An early system on {G-15}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+daisy chain
+
+	<networking> A {bus} wiring scheme in which, for example,
+	device A is wired to device B, device B is wired to device C,
+	etc.  The last device is normally wired to a resistor or
+	{terminator}.  All devices may receive identical signals or,
+	in contrast to a simple bus, each device in the chain may
+	modify one or more signals before passing them on.
+
+	Characteristic of {RS-485}, of {Apple}'s {LocalTalk}, and of
+	various industrial control networks; also often used to
+	describe {Thinwire} {Ethernet} ({10base2}).
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+daisywheel printer
+
+	<printer> A kind of {impact printer} where the characters are
+	arranged on the ends of the spokes of a wheel (resembling the
+	petals on a daisy).
+
+	The wheel (usually made of plastic) is rotated to select the
+	character to print and then an electrically operated hammer
+	mechanism bends the selected spoke forward slightly,
+	sandwiching an ink ribbon between the character and the paper,
+	as in a typewriter.
+
+	One advantage of this arrangement over that of a typewriter is
+	that different wheels may be inserted to produce different
+	{typefaces}.
+
+	(1998-04-28)
+
+dancing frog
+
+	<programming, humour> A {bug} or {glitch} that only occurs for
+	a particular user; never when the user tries to show it to
+	anyone else.
+
+	The term is derived from a Warner Brothers cartoon in which a
+	man discovers a frog which can sing and dance; he believes
+	this will make his fortune but the frog never performs in
+	front of anyone else.
+
+	(2004-10-16)
+
+dangling pointer
+
+	<programming> A reference that doesn't actually lead anywhere.
+	In {C} and some other languages, a pointer that doesn't
+	actually point at anything valid.  Usually this happens
+	because it formerly pointed to something that has moved or
+	disappeared, e.g. a {heap}-allocated block which has been freed
+	and reused.
+
+	Used as jargon in a generalisation of its technical meaning;
+	for example, a local phone number for a person who has since
+	moved is a dangling pointer.
+
+	{This dictionary} contains many dangling pointers -
+	cross-references to non-existent entries, as explained in {the
+	Help page (help.html)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2014-09-20)
+
+DANTE
+
+	A company established by the national research networks in
+	Europe to provide international network services.
+
+DAP Fortran
+
+	["Efficient High Speed Computing with the Distributed Array
+	Processor", P.M. Flanders et al, pp.113-127 (1977)].
+
+	[Same as Fortran- Plus?]
+
+DAPLEX
+
+	["The Functional Data Model and the Data Language DAPLEX",
+	D.W. Shipman, ACM Trans Database Sys, 6(1):140-173 (Mar
+	1981)].
+
+DARE
+
+	Differential Analyzer REplacement.  A family of simulation
+	languages for continuous systems.
+
+	["Digital Continuous System Simulation", G.A. Korn et al, P-H
+	1978].
+
+dark-side hacker
+
+	<jargon, legal> A criminal or malicious hacker; a {cracker}.
+	From George Lucas's Darth Vader, "seduced by the dark side of
+	the Force".  The implication that hackers form a sort of elite
+	of technological Jedi Knights is intended.
+
+	Opposite: {samurai}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-04-28)
+
+Darms
+
+	<language, music> A music language.
+
+	["The Darms Project: A Status Report", R.F. Erickson,
+	Computers and the Humanities 9(6):291-298 (June 1975)].
+
+	(1995-05-12)
+
+DARPA
+
+	{Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}
+
+Dartmouth BASIC
+
+	<language> The original {BASIC} language, designed by John
+	G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz at Dartmouth College in 1963.
+	Dartmouth BASIC first ran on a {GE 235} [date?] and on an {IBM
+	704} on 1964-05-01.  It was designed for quick and easy
+	programming by students and beginners using Dartmouth's
+	experimental {time-sharing} system.  Unlike most later BASIC
+	dialects, Dartmouth BASIC was compiled.
+
+	(2003-07-02)
+
+Darwin
+
+	1. <operating system> An {operating system} based on the
+	{FreeBSD} version of {Unix}, running on top of a {microkernel}
+	({Mach} 3.0 with darwin 1.02) that offers advanced networking,
+	services such as the {Apache} {web server}, and support for
+	both {Macintosh} and Unix {file systems}.  Darwin was
+	originally released in March 1999.  It currently runs on
+	{PowerPC} based Macintosh computers, and, in October 2000, was
+	being ported to {Intel} processor-based computers and
+	compatible systems by the Darwin community.
+
+	2. <programming, tool> A general purpose structuring tool of
+	use in building complex {distributed systems} from diverse
+	components and diverse component interaction mechanisms.
+	Darwin is being developed by the Distributed Software
+	Engineering Section of the Department of Computing at
+	{Imperial College}.  It is in essence a {declarative} binding
+	language which can be used to define hierarchic compositions
+	of interconnected components.  Distribution is dealt with
+	orthogonally to system structuring.  The language allows the
+	specification of both static structures and dynamic structures
+	which evolve during execution.  The central abstractions
+	managed by Darwin are components and services.  Bindings are
+	formed by manipulating references to services.
+
+	The {operational semantics} of Darwin is described in terms of
+	the {Pi-calculus}, {Milner}'s calculus of mobile processes.
+	The correspondence between the treatment of names in the
+	Pi-calculus and the management of service references in Darwin
+	leads to an elegant and concise Pi-calculus model of Darwin's
+	{operational semantics}.  The model has proved useful in
+	arguing the correctness of Darwin implementations and in
+	designing extensions to Darwin and reasoning about their
+	behaviour.
+
+	{Distributed Software Engineering Section
+	(http://www-dse.doc.ic.ac.uk/)}.  {Darwin publications
+	(http://scorch.doc.ic.ac.uk/dse-papers/darwin/)}.
+
+	E-mail: Jeff Magee <jnm@doc.ic.ac.uk>, Naranker Dulay
+	<nd@doc.ic.ac.uk>.
+
+	3. {Core War}.
+
+	(2003-08-08)
+
+DAS
+
+	Digital Analog Simulator.
+
+	Represents {analog computer} design.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+DASD
+
+	{Direct-Access Storage Device}
+
+DASE
+
+	{Distributed Application Support Environment}
+
+DASL
+
+	Datapoint's Advanced System Language.
+
+	A cross between {C} and {Pascal} by Gene Hughes with custom
+	features for {Datapoint} hardware (no {stack}).  It is used
+	internally by Datapoint.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+DAT
+
+	1. {Digital Audio Tape}.
+
+	2. {Dynamic Address Translation}.
+
+data
+
+	<data, data processing, jargon> /day't*/ (Or "raw data")
+	Numbers, {characters}, {images}, or other method of recording,
+	in a form which can be assessed by a human or (especially)
+	input into a {computer}, stored and {processed} there, or
+	transmitted on some {digital channel}.  Computers nearly
+	always represent data in {binary}.
+
+	Data on its own has no meaning, only when interpreted by some
+	kind of {data processing system} does it take on meaning and
+	become {information}.
+
+	For example, the binary data 01110101 might represent the integer
+	117 or the {ASCII} lower case U character or the blue component of
+	a pixel in some {video}.  Which of these it represents is
+	determined by the way it is processed (added, printed, displayed,
+	etc.).  Even these numbers, characters or pixels however are still
+	not really information until their context is known, e.g. my bank
+	balance is £117, there are two Us in "vacuum", you have blue eyes.
+
+	(2007-09-10)
+
+data abstraction
+
+	<data> Any representation of data in which the implementation
+	details are hidden (abstracted).  {Abstract data types} and
+	{objects} are the two primary forms of data abstraction.
+
+	[Other forms?].
+
+	(2003-07-03)
+
+data acquisition
+
+	{data logging}
+
+Data Address Generator
+
+	<architecture> (DAG) The mechanism which generates temporary
+	memory addresses for data that is transferred between memory
+	and {registers} in a {Digital Signal Processor}.
+
+	Certain {DSP} architectures incorporate more than one DAG to
+	simplify the programming needed to move blocks of data between
+	buffers.
+
+	For instance, certain {Fast Fourier Transform} {algorithms}
+	requiring {bit reversing}, can use the DAG for that purpose,
+	or they can use two DAGS, one for Program Memory Data (PMD),
+	and the other for Data Memory Data (DMD).
+
+	(1997-08-12)
+
+database
+
+	1. <database> One or more large structured sets of persistent
+	data, usually associated with software to update and {query}
+	the data.  A simple database might be a single file containing
+	many {records}, each of which contains the same set of
+	{fields} where each field is a certain fixed width.
+
+	A database is one component of a {database management system}.
+
+	See also {ANSI/SPARC Architecture}, {atomic}, {blob}, {data
+	definition language}, {deductive database}, {distributed
+	database}, {fourth generation language}, {functional
+	database}, {object-oriented database}, {relational database}.
+
+	{Carol E. Brown's tutorial
+	(http://accounting.rutgers.edu/raw/aies/www.bus.orst.edu/faculty/brownc/lectures/db_tutor/db_tutor.htm)}.
+
+	2. <hypertext> A collection of {nodes} managed and stored in
+	one place and all accessible via the same {server}.  {Links}
+	outside this are "external", and those inside are "internal".
+
+	On the {World-Wide Web} this is called a {website}.
+
+	3. All the facts and rules comprising a {logic programming}
+	program.
+
+	(2005-11-17)
+
+database administrator
+
+	<job> A person responsible for the design and management of
+	one or more {databases} and for the evaluation, selection and
+	implementation of {database management systems}.  In smaller
+	organisations, the data administrator and database
+	administrator are often one in the same; however, when they
+	are different, the database administrator's function is more
+	technical.  The database administrator would implement the
+	database software that meets the requirements outlined by the
+	organisation's data administrator and {systems analysts}.
+
+	Tasks might include controling an organisation's data
+	resources, using {data dictionary} software to ensure {data
+	integrity} and security, recovering corrupted data and
+	eliminating data redundancy and uses tuning tools to improve
+	database performance.
+
+	(2004-03-11)
+
+database analyst
+
+	<job> A person who uses {data modeling} to analyse and specify
+	data use within an application area.  A database analyst
+	defines both {logical views} and physical data structures.  In
+	a {client/server} environment, he defines the database part of
+	the back end system.
+
+	(2004-03-11)
+
+database machine
+
+	<hardware> A {computer} or special hardware that stores and
+	retrieves data from a {database}.  It is specially designed
+	for database access and is coupled to the main ({front-end})
+	computer(s) by a high-speed channel.  This contrasts with a
+	{database server}, which is a computer in a {local area
+	network} that holds a database.  The database machine is
+	tightly coupled to the main {CPU}, whereas the database server
+	is loosely coupled via the network.
+
+	[Example?]
+
+	(2004-03-11)
+
+database management system
+
+	<database> (DBMS) A suite of programs which typically manage
+	large structured sets of persistent data, offering ad hoc
+	query facilities to many users.  They are widely used in
+	business applications.
+
+	A database management system (DBMS) can be an extremely
+	complex set of software programs that controls the
+	organisation, storage and retrieval of data (fields, records
+	and files) in a database.  It also controls the security and
+	integrity of the database.  The DBMS accepts requests for data
+	from the application program and instructs the operating
+	system to transfer the appropriate data.
+
+	When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much
+	more easily as the organisation's information requirements
+	change.  New categories of data can be added to the database
+	without disruption to the existing system.
+
+	Data security prevents unauthorised users from viewing or
+	updating the database.  Using passwords, users are allowed
+	access to the entire database or subsets of the database,
+	called subschemas (pronounced "sub-skeema").  For example, an
+	employee database can contain all the data about an individual
+	employee, but one group of users may be authorised to view
+	only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only
+	work history and medical data.
+
+	The DBMS can maintain the integrity of the database by not
+	allowing more than one user to update the same record at the
+	same time.  The DBMS can keep duplicate records out of the
+	database; for example, no two customers with the same customer
+	numbers (key fields) can be entered into the database.
+
+	{Query languages} and {report writers} allow users to
+	interactively interrogate the database and analyse its data.
+
+	If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update
+	the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability
+	allows for managing personal databases.  However, it may not
+	leave an audit trail of actions or provide the kinds of
+	controls necessary in a multi-user organisation.  These
+	controls are only available when a set of application programs
+	are customised for each data entry and updating function.
+
+	A business information system is made up of subjects
+	(customers, employees, vendors, etc.) and activities (orders,
+	payments, purchases, etc.).  Database design is the process of
+	deciding how to organize this data into record types and how
+	the record types will relate to each other.  The DBMS should
+	mirror the organisation's data structure and process
+	transactions efficiently.
+
+	Organisations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction
+	processing and then move the detail onto another computer that
+	uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and
+	analysis.  Overall systems design decisions are performed by
+	data administrators and systems analysts.  Detailed database
+	design is performed by database administrators.
+
+	The three most common organisations are the {hierarchical
+	database}, {network database} and {relational database}.  A
+	database management system may provide one, two or all three
+	methods.  Inverted lists and other methods are also used.  The
+	most suitable structure depends on the application and on the
+	transaction rate and the number of inquiries that will be
+	made.
+
+	Database machines are specially designed computers that hold
+	the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related
+	software.  Connected to one or more mainframes via a
+	high-speed channel, database machines are used in large volume
+	transaction processing environments.  Database machines have a
+	large number of DBMS functions built into the hardware and
+	also provide special techniques for accessing the disks
+	containing the databases, such as using multiple processors
+	concurrently for high-speed searches.
+
+	The world of information is made up of data, text, pictures
+	and voice.  Many DBMSs manage text as well as data, but very
+	few manage both with equal proficiency.  Throughout the 1990s,
+	as storage capacities continue to increase, DBMSs will begin
+	to integrate all forms of information.  Eventually, it will be
+	common for a database to handle data, text, graphics, voice
+	and video with the same ease as today's systems handle data.
+
+	See also: {intelligent database}.
+
+	(1998-10-07)
+
+database manager
+
+	The part of the database management system (DBMS) that handles
+	the organisation, storage and retrieval of the data.  A
+	database manager may work with traditional programming
+	languages, such as COBOL and BASIC, or may work only with its
+	proprietary programming language.  The terms database manager
+	and database management system are used interchangeably.
+
+	A database manager links two or more files together and is the
+	foundation for developing routine business systems.  Contrast
+	with file manager, which works with only one file at a time
+	and is typically used interactively on a personal computer for
+	managing personal, independent files, such as name and address
+	lists.
+
+database normalisation
+
+	<database> A series of steps followed to obtain a {database}
+	design that allows for efficient access and {storage} of data
+	in a {relational database}.  These steps reduce data
+	redundancy and the chances of data becoming inconsistent.
+
+	A {table} in a {relational database} is said to be in normal
+	form if it satisfies certain {constraints}.  {Codd}'s original
+	work defined three such forms but there are now five generally
+	accepted steps of normalisation.  The output of the first step
+	is called First Normal Form (1NF), the output of the second
+	step is Second Normal Form (2NF), etc.
+
+	First Normal Form eliminates {repeating groups} by putting
+	each value of a multi-valued attribute into a new row.
+
+	Second Normal Form eliminates {functional dependencies} on a
+	{partial key} by putting the fields in a separate table from
+	those that are dependent on the whole {key}.
+
+	Third Normal Form eliminates functional dependencies on
+	non-key fields by putting them in a separate table.  At this
+	stage, all non-key fields are dependent on the key, the whole
+	key and nothing but the key.
+
+	Fourth Normal Form separates independent multi-valued facts
+	stored in one table into separate tables.
+
+	Fifth Normal Form breaks out data redundancy that is not
+	covered by any of the previous normal forms.
+
+	{(http://bkent.net/Doc/simple5.htm)}.
+
+	[What about non-relational databases?]
+
+	(2005-07-28)
+
+database query language
+
+	<database> A language in which users of a {database} can
+	(interactively) formulate requests and generate reports.  The
+	best known is {SQL}.
+
+	(1998-04-15)
+
+database server
+
+	A stand-alone computer in a local area network that holds and
+	manages the database.  It implies that database management
+	functions, such as locating the actual record being requested,
+	is performed in the server computer.  Contrast with file
+	server, which acts as a remote disk drive and requires that
+	large parts of the database, for example, entire indexes, be
+	transmitted to the user's computer where the real database
+	management tasks are performed.
+
+	First-generation personal computer database software was not
+	designed for a network; thus, modified versions of the
+	software released by the vendors employed the file server
+	concept.  Second-generation products, designed for local area
+	networks, perform the management tasks in the server where
+	they should be done, and consequently are turning the file
+	server into a database server.
+
+database transaction
+
+	<database> A set of related changes applied to a {database}.  The
+	term typically implies that either all of the changes should be
+	applied or, in the event of an error, none of them, i.e. the
+	transaction should be {atomic}.  Atomicity is one of the {ACID}
+	properties a transaction can have, another is {isolation} -
+	preventing interference between processes trying to access the
+	database {cocurrently}.  This is usually achieved by some form of
+	{locking} - where one process takes exclusive control of a
+	database {table} or {row} for the duration of the transaction,
+	preventing other processes from accessing the locked data.
+
+	The canonical example of a transaction is transferring money
+	between two bank accounts by subtracting it from one and adding it
+	to the other.
+
+	Some {relational database management systems} require the user to
+	explicitly start a transaction and then either commit it (if all
+	the individual steps are successful) or roll it back (if there are
+	any errors).
+
+	(2013-06-03)
+
+Data/BASIC
+
+	<language> (Or "Pick BASIC") A {BASIC}-like language with
+	{database} capabilities, the main programming language on the
+	{Pick OS}.
+
+	["The Data/BASIC Language - A Data Processing Language for
+	Non-Professional Programmers", P.C. Dressen, Proc SJCC 36,
+	AFIPS, Spring 1970].
+
+	(2001-04-30)
+
+DATABUS
+
+	DATApoint BUSiness Language.
+
+	A language like an interpreted {assembly language}, used for
+	custom applications on {Datapoint} computers.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+data bus
+
+	<architecture> The bus (connections between and within the
+	{CPU}, memory, and peripherals) used to carry {data}.  Other
+	connections are the {address bus} and control signals.
+
+	The width and {clock rate} of the data bus determine its data
+	rate (the number of {bytes} per second it can carry), which is
+	one of the main factors determining the processing power of a
+	computer.  Most current processor designs use a 32-bit bus,
+	meaning that 32 bits of data can be transferred at once.  Some
+	processors have an internal data bus which is wider than their
+	external bus in order to make external connections cheaper
+	while retaining some of the benefits in processing power of a
+	wider bus.
+
+	See also {data path}.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+datacenter manager
+
+	<job> A person who plans and directs all computer and
+	{peripheral} operations, {data entry}, data control scheduling
+	and quality control.
+
+	(2004-03-11)
+
+data channel
+
+	<communications> A channel (on a {BRI} or {PRI} line) used to
+	carry control information, to set up connections on the
+	associated {bearer channels}.  The name wasn't too bad back
+	when users were sending voice (not data) over the {bearer
+	channels}, but in 1997 it's quite a misnomer.
+
+	(1997-03-10)
+
+DATACODE I
+
+	<language> An early system used on the {Datatron 200} series.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Datacom
+
+	A {DBMS} from {Computer Associates International}.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Data Communication Equipment
+
+	<communications, hardware> (DCE) The devices and connections
+	of a communications network that connect the communication
+	circuit between the data source and destination (the {Data
+	Terminal Equipment} or DTE).  A {modem} is the most common
+	kind of DCE.
+
+	Before data can be transmited over a modem, the DTR (Data
+	Terminal Ready) signal must be active.  DTR tells the DCE that
+	the DTE is ready to transmit and receive data.
+
+	DCE and DTE are usually connected by an {EIA-232} {serial
+	line}.  It is necessary to distinguish these two types of
+	device because their connectors must be wired differently if a
+	"straight-through" cable (pin 1 to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2 etc.)
+	is to be used.  DCE should have a female connector and should
+	transmit on pin two and receive on pin three.  It is a curious
+	fact that many {modems} are "DTE" according to the original
+	standard.
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+data communications analyst
+
+	<job> A person who installs, maintains, and troubleshoots
+	{data networks}.  A data communications analyst may have
+	knowledge of {T1} lines, {TCP/IP}, {fiber optics}, {SNA},
+	{frame relay}.  He assists users with problems related to
+	connectivity, analyses data flow, configures {modems}, {DSUs},
+	{multiplexors}, and {routers}, and uses network tools such as
+	{NetView} or {Netspy}.
+
+	(2004-03-11)
+
+Data Communications Equipment
+
+	{Data Communication Equipment}
+
+data compression
+
+	<algorithm> {compression}.  Probably to distinguish it from
+	(electronic) {signal compression}.
+
+	(1995-04-02)
+
+Data definition language
+
+	<language, database> (DDL)
+
+	1. A language enabling the structure and instances of a
+	{database} to be defined in a human-, and machine-readable
+	form.
+
+	{SQL} contains DDL commands that can be used either
+	interactively, or within programming language {source code},
+	to define databases and their components, e.g. CREATE and
+	DROP.
+
+	See also {Data manipulation language} (DML).
+
+	2. A specification language for databases, based on the
+	{entity-relationship model}.  It is used in the {Eli}
+	{compiler-compiler} to manage type definitions.
+
+	["DDL Reference Manual", ECE Dept U Colorado, 1991].
+
+	(1999-04-26)
+
+data dictionary
+
+	<database> A data structure that stores {metadata}, i.e. data
+	about {data}.  The term "data dictionary" has several uses.
+
+	Most generally it is a set of {data descriptions} that
+	can be shared by several applications.
+
+	Usually it means a {table} in a {database} that stores the
+	names, {field} {types}, length, and other characteristics of
+	the fields in the database tables.
+
+	An active data dictionary is automatically updated as changes
+	occur in the database.  A passive data dictionary must be
+	manually updated.
+
+	In a {DBMS}, this functionality is performed by the {system
+	catalog}.  The data dictionary is a more general software
+	utility used by designers, users, and administrators for
+	{information resource management}.
+
+	The data dictionary may maintain information on system
+	hardware, software, documentation, users, and other aspects.
+
+	Data dictionaries are also used to document the database
+	design process itself and can accumulate metadata
+	ready to feed into the system catalog.
+
+	[Does anybody call them "codebooks"?]
+
+	(2001-04-24)
+
+data dictionary file
+
+	<database> (DDF) A set of files describing the structure of a
+	{database} file. DDFs define {database tables} and include
+	information about file locations, field layouts and
+	indexes. DDFs are the standard method for defining field and
+	index characteristics for {Btrieve} files.
+
+	(1997-06-03)
+
+data driven
+
+	A data driven architecture/language performs computations in
+	an order dictated by data dependencies.  Two kinds of data
+	driven computation are {dataflow} and {demand driven}.
+
+	From about 1970 research in parallel {data driven} computation
+	increased.  Centres of excellence emerged at {MIT},
+	{CERT-ONERA} in France, {NTT} and {ETL} in Japan and
+	{Manchester University}.
+
+Data Driven Machine
+
+	<language> (DDM) A {dataflow} language.
+
+	["The Architecture and System Method of DDM-1: A Recursively
+	Structured Data Driven Machine", A. Davis, Proc 5th Ann Symp
+	Comp Arch, IEEE 1978].
+
+	(1999-04-26)
+
+Data Encryption Algorithm
+
+	(DEA) An {ANSI} {standard} defined in ANSI X3.92-1981.  It is
+	identical to the {Data Encryption Standard} (DES).
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Data Encryption Key
+
+	(DEK) Used for the {encryption} of message text and for the
+	computation of message integrity checks (signatures).
+
+	See {cryptography}.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Data Encryption Standard
+
+	(DES) The {NBS}'s popular, standard {encryption} algorithm.
+	It is a {product cipher} that operates on 64-bit blocks of
+	data, using a 56-bit key.  It is defined in {FIPS} 46-1 (1988)
+	(which supersedes FIPS 46 (1977)).  DES is identical to the
+	{ANSI} standard {Data Encryption Algorithm} (DEA) defined in
+	ANSI X3.92-1981.
+
+	DES has been implemented in {VLSI}.  {SunOS} provides a des
+	command which can make use of DES hardware if fitted.  Neither
+	the software nor the hardware are supposed to be distributed
+	outside the USA.
+
+	{Unix manual pages}: des(1), des(3), des(4).
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+data feed
+
+	<data, architecture> Some process for transferring {data} from
+	one system to another in a predetermined form.
+
+	(2009-05-17)
+
+data flow
+
+	<architecture> A data flow architecture or language performs a
+	computation when all the {operands} are available.  Data flow is
+	one kind of {data driven} architecture, the other is {demand
+	driven}.  It is a technique for specifying {fine-grain
+	concurrency}, usually in the form of two-dimensional graphs in
+	which instructions that are available for concurrent execution are
+	written alongside each other while those that must be executed in
+	sequence are written one under the other.  Data dependencies
+	between instructions are indicated by directed arcs.  Instructions
+	do not reference memory since the data dependence arcs allow data
+	to be transmitted directly from the producing instruction to the
+	consuming one.
+
+	Data flow schemes differ chiefly in the way that they handle
+	{re-entrant} code.  Static schemes disallow it, dynamic
+	schemes use either "code copying" or "tagging" at every point
+	of reentry.
+
+	An example of a data flow architecture is {MIT}'s {VAL}
+	machine.
+
+data flow analysis
+
+	<programming> A process to discover the dependencies between
+	different data items manipulated by a program.  The order of
+	execution in a {data driven} language is determined solely by
+	the data dependencies.  For example, given the equations
+
+		1. X = A + B
+		2. B = 2 + 2
+		3. A = 3 + 4
+
+	a data-flow analysis would find that 2 and 3 must be evaluated
+	before 1.  Since there are no data dependencies between 2 and
+	3, they may be evaluated in any order, including in parallel.
+
+	This technique is implemented in {hardware} in some
+	{pipelined} processors with multiple {functional units}.  It
+	allows instructions to be executed as soon as their inputs are
+	available, independent of the original program order.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+Data Flow Diagram
+
+	<programming> A graphical notation used to describe how {data}
+	flows between {processes} in a system.  Data flow diagrams are
+	an important tool of most {structured analysis} techniques.
+
+	{(http://smartdraw.com/resources/centers/software/dfd.htm)}.
+
+	(2003-05-17)
+
+data fork
+
+	{Macintosh file system}
+
+data frame
+
+	{activation record}
+
+Data General
+
+	<company> A US computer manufacturer.  Responsible for the
+	{Nova} {minicomputer}.
+
+	Quarterly sales $284M, profits -$12M (Aug 1994).
+
+	(1994-09-26)
+
+Data General mN601
+
+	{Data General MicroNova 601}
+
+data glove
+
+	<hardware, virtual reality> An input device for {virtual
+	reality} in the form of a glove which measures the movements
+	of the wearer's fingers and transmits them to the computer.
+	Sophisticated data gloves also measure movement of the wrist
+	and elbow.  A data glove may also contain control buttons or
+	act as an output device, e.g. vibrating under control of the
+	computer.  The user usually sees a virtual image of the
+	data glove and can point or grip and push objects.
+
+	Examples are {Fifth Dimension Technologies} (5DT)'s {5th
+	Glove}, and {Virtual Technologies}' {CyberGlove}.  A cheaper
+	alternative is {InWorld VR}'s {CyberWand}.
+
+	["Full freedom plus input", PC Magazine, Mar 14 1995,
+	pp. 168-190].
+
+	[Inventor?]
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+datagram
+
+	A self-contained, independent entity of data carrying
+	sufficient information to be {route}d from the source to the
+	destination computer without reliance on earlier exchanges
+	between this source and destination computer and the
+	transporting {network}.
+
+	See also {connectionless}, {frame}, {packet}.
+
+data hierarchy
+
+	The system of data objects which provide the {methods} for
+	{information} storage and retrieval.  Broadly, a data
+	hierarchy may be considered to be either natural, which arises
+	from the alphabet or syntax of the language in which the
+	information is expressed, or machine, which reflects the
+	facilities of the computer, both hardware and software.
+
+	A natural data hierarchy might consist of {bits},
+	{characters}, words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs, and
+	chapters.  One might use components bound to an application,
+	such as field, record, and file, and these would ordinarily be
+	further specified by having {data descriptors} such as name
+	field, address field, etc.  On the other hand, a machine or
+	software system might use {bit}, {byte}, {word}, {block},
+	{partition}, {channel}, and {port}.
+
+	Programming languages often provide {types} or {objects} which
+	can create data hierarchies of arbitrary complexity, thus
+	allowing software system designers to model language
+	structures described by the linguist to greater or lesser
+	degree.
+
+	The distinction between the natural form of data and the
+	facilities provided by the machine may be obscure, because
+	users force their needs into the molds provided, and
+	programmers change machine designs.  As an example, the
+	natural data type "character" and the machine type "byte" are
+	often used interchangeably, because the latter has evolved to
+	meet the need of representing the former.
+
+	(1995-11-03)
+
+data integrity
+
+	<data> The absence of unintended changes or errors in some
+	data.  Integrity implies that the data is an exact copy of
+	some original version, e.g. that it has not been corrupted in
+	the process of being written to, and read back from, a {hard
+	disk} or during transmission via some communications channel.
+
+	Integrity may further imply that the {information} represented
+	by the data has been {validated}, i.e. verified to conform to
+	certain constraints, e.g. a date's year, month and day parts
+	are within the appropriate ranges and the date actually
+	exists.
+
+	(2009-06-03)
+
+Data Interchange Standards Association
+
+	<standard> (DISA) A not-for-profit corporation that acts as
+	the secretariat for {ANSI}'s {EDI} standards committee, ASC
+	X12 that works on {ANSI X12}.  DISA manages ASC X12's
+	membership, balloting, standards development and maintenance,
+	publications, and communications with ANSI.
+
+	(1999-09-18)
+
+Data Jack
+
+	<hardware> A wall-mounted or desk-mounted connector
+	(frequently a wide telephone-style 8-pin {RJ-45}) for
+	connecting to data cabling in a building.
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+Datakit
+
+	<networking> A {circuit-switched} digital network, similar to
+	{X.25}.  Datakit supports {host-to-host} connections and
+	{EIA-232} connections for {terminals}, {printers}, and {hosts}.
+
+	Most of {Bell Laboratories} is {trunk}ed together on Datakit.
+	On top of DK transport service, people run {UUCP} for
+	{electronic mail} and {dkcu} for {remote login}.
+
+	ISN is the version of Datakit supported by {AT&T} Information
+	Systems.  Bell Laboratories in Holmdel, New Jersey, uses ISN
+	for internal data communication.
+
+	{(http://fc.net:80/phrack/files/p18/p18-9.html)}.
+
+	["Towards a universal data transport system", A. G. Fraser,
+	IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, SAC-1(5)
+	pp. 803-16, 1983].
+
+	(1996-10-20)
+
+Dataless Management Services
+
+	<operating system> (DMS)
+
+	{(http://cs.arizona.edu/computer.help/policy/DIGITAL_unix/AA-PS3LE-TE_html/sharing10.html)}.
+
+	(2005-09-15)
+
+dataless management utility
+
+	<operating system> (DMU) A {Dataless Management Services}
+	(DMS) utility for managing the sharing of installed operating
+	software between DMS servers and clients.  It allows users to
+	install, configure, show and delete DMS environments and add,
+	list, modify and remove DMS clients.
+
+	(2005-09-15)
+
+Data Link Connection Identifier
+
+	<networking> (DLCI) A channel number which is attached to
+	{data frames} to tell a {Frame Relay} network how to route the
+	data.  In Frame Relay, multiple logical channels are
+	{multiplexed} over a single physical channel.  The DLCI says
+	which of these logical channels a particular data frame
+	belongs to.
+
+	{(http://etinc.com/frmain.htm#whatsadlci)}.
+
+	(2000-02-13)
+
+data link layer
+
+	<networking> Layer two, the second lowest layer in the {OSI}
+	seven layer model.  The data link layer splits data into
+	{frames} (see {fragmentation}) for sending on the {physical
+	layer} and receives acknowledgement frames.  It performs error
+	checking and re-transmits frames not received correctly.  It
+	provides an error-free virtual channel to the {network layer}.
+	The data link layer is split into an upper sublayer, {Logical
+	Link Control} (LLC), and a lower sublayer, {Media Access
+	Control} (MAC).
+
+	Example {protocols} at this layer are {ABP}, {Go Back N},
+	{SRP}.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+data link level
+
+	{data link layer}
+
+Data Link Provider Interface
+
+	<networking> (DLPI) The interface that a {network driver}
+	presents to the (higher level) {logical link layer} for
+	driving the network at the {datagram} level in a {Unix}
+	{STREAMS} environment and possibly elsewhere.
+
+	DLPI corresponds to {ISO 8802}/2 ({LLC}) which covers both
+	{connection-oriented} and {connectionless} {protocols}.
+
+	[Is this correct?  Better explanation?]
+
+	(1996-01-29)
+
+Data Link Switching
+
+	<networking> (DLSw) A standard for transporting {IBM} {Systems
+	Network Architecture} (SNA) and {network basic input/output
+	system} (NetBIOS) traffic over an {Internet protocol} network.
+
+	Initially, in 1992, DLSw was proprietary to IBM.  It was
+	submitted to the {IETF} as {RFC 1434} in 1993, later updated
+	by {RFC 1795}.
+
+	{(http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/dlsw.htm)}.
+
+	(2008-01-11)
+
+data logger
+
+	{data logging}
+
+data logging
+
+	<data> (data acquisition) Storing a series of measurements
+	over time, usually from a sensor that converts a physical
+	quantity such as temperature, pressure, relative humidity,
+	light, resistance, current, power, speed, vibration into a
+	voltage that is then converted by a {digital to analog
+	converter} (DAC) into a binary number.  Data logging hardware
+	may have several DACs for multiple simultaneous measurements.
+	The hardware usually connects to a {parallel port}, {serial
+	port} or {USB} port on a {PC}.
+
+	(2004-11-15)
+
+Data Management Language
+
+	<language> (DML)
+
+	1. Any language for manipulating data or files,
+	e.g. {IBM}'s {Distributed Data Management} (DDM).
+
+	2. An early {ALGOL}-like language with lists and graphics,
+	that ran on the {Honeywell 635}.
+
+	["DML: A Data Management Language", D.W. Bray et al, GE,
+	Syracuse NY].
+
+	(1999-06-07)
+
+Data Manipulation Language
+
+	<language, database> (DML, or {Data Management Language}) A
+	language for the manipulation of data in a {database} by
+	applications and/or directly by end-users.
+
+	{SQL} contains DML commands such as INSERT, UPDATE, and
+	DELETE.
+
+	See also {Data Definition Language} (DDL).
+
+	(1999-04-26)
+
+data mart
+
+	<database> A type of {data warehouse} designed primarily to
+	address a specific function or department's needs, as opposed
+	to a data warehouse which is traditionally meant to address
+	the needs of the organisation from an enterprise perspective.
+	In addition, a data mart often uses {aggregation} or
+	summarisation of the data to enhance query performance.
+	However, it is important to maintain the ability to access the
+	underlying base data to enable {drill-down analysis} as
+	necessary.
+
+	(1998-04-24)
+
+Datamatic Corporation
+
+	{Honeywell}
+
+Datamation
+
+	/day"t*-may"sh*n/ A magazine that many hackers assume all
+	{suits} read.  Used to question an unbelieved quote, as in
+	"Did you read that in "Datamation?""  It used to publish
+	something hackishly funny every once in a while, like the
+	original paper on {COME FROM} in 1973, and Ed Post's "Real
+	Programmers Don't Use Pascal" ten years later, but it has
+	since become much more exclusively {suit}-oriented and boring.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+data mining
+
+	<database> Analysis of data in a {database} using tools which
+	look for trends or anomalies without knowledge of the meaning
+	of the data.  Data mining was invented by {IBM} who hold some
+	related patents.
+
+	Data mining may well be done on a {data warehouse}.
+
+	{ShowCase STRATEGY (http://showcasecorp.com/)} is an
+	example of a data mining tool.
+
+	(2001-02-08)
+
+data model
+
+	<database> The product of the {database} design process which
+	aims to identify and organize the required data logically and
+	physically.
+
+	A data model says what information is to be contained in a
+	database, how the information will be used, and how the items
+	in the database will be related to each other.
+
+	For example, a data model might specify that a customer is
+	represented by a customer name and credit card number and a
+	product as a product code and price, and that there is a
+	one-to-many relation between a customer and a product.
+
+	It can be difficult to change a database layout once code has
+	been written and data inserted.  A well thought-out data model
+	reduces the need for such changes.  Data modelling enhances
+	application maintainability and future systems may re-use
+	parts of existing models, which should lower development
+	costs.
+
+	A data modelling language is a mathematical formalism with a
+	notation for describing data structures and a set of
+	operations used to manipulate and validate that data.
+
+	One of the most widely used methods for developing data models
+	is the {entity-relationship model}.  The {relational model} is
+	the most widely used type of data model.  Another example is
+	{NIAM}.
+
+	["Principles of Database and Knowledge-Base Systems",
+	J.D. Ullman, Volume I, Computer Science Press, 1988, p. 32].
+
+	(2000-06-24)
+
+data modeling
+
+	<spelling> US spelling of "{data model}ling".
+
+	(2000-06-24)
+
+data modelling
+
+	{data model}
+
+Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
+
+	<communications, networking> (DOCSIS) {ITU}-approved interface
+	requirements for {cable modems} involved in high-speed data
+	distribution over a {cable television} network.  DOCSIS
+	compatible equipment uses a 6 MHz {carrier} band for
+	{downstream}, using 64 and 256 {QAM} (ITU Annex B), and {QPSK}
+	and 16 QAM for {upstream}, allowing up to 36 and 10 Mb/s,
+	respectively for downstream and upstream channels.
+
+	{CableLabs FAQ (http://cablemodem.com/FAQs.html)}.
+
+	(2001-07-10)
+
+Data Over Cable Systems Interface Specifications
+
+	{Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification}
+
+data packet
+
+	{packet}
+
+Dataparallel-C
+
+	<language, parallel> {C} with {parallel} extensions by Hatcher
+	and Quinn of the University of New Hampshire.  Dataparallel-C
+	was based on an early version of {C*} and runs on the {Intel}
+	{iPSC-2} and {nCube}.
+
+Data Parallel Haskell
+
+	<language, parallel> Adds Parallel Objects with arbitrary
+	Dimension (PODs) and POD comprehensions to Haskell.
+
+	{(ftp://redstar.dcs.qmw.ac.uk/cpc/jon_hill/dpGlue.ps.Z)}.
+
+	["Data Parallel Haskell: Mixing Old and New Glue", J. Hill].
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+data path
+
+	<architecture> A {CPU}'s internal {data bus} and {functional
+	units}.  The width of the data path in bits is a major
+	determiner of the processor's performance.
+
+	(1997-07-09)
+
+Dataphone Digital Service
+
+	<communications, product> (DDS) The first private-line digital
+	service offered by {AT&T}, with data rates typically at 2.4,
+	4.8, 9.6 and 56 kilobits per second.  DDS is now part of
+	AT&T's {Accunet} family of services.  Most LEC (local exchange
+	carriers) and IXC (IntereXchange Carriers) offer similar
+	services.
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+DataPoint
+
+	<company> An early {minicomputer} manufacturer which also
+	developed {ARCnet}.
+
+	(2004-08-25)
+
+data processing
+
+	<application> The input, verification, organisation, storage,
+	retrieval, transformation, and extraction of {information}
+	from {data}.  The term is normally associated with commercial
+	applications such as stock control or payroll.
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+Data Protection Act
+
+	<legal> (DPA) A UK law guaranteeing rights to individuals in
+	relation to personal data that others hold on them.  For
+	example, under the DPA, you have the right to see what data a
+	company holds on you.
+
+	(2007-06-17)
+
+data rate
+
+	{data transfer rate}
+
+data redundancy
+
+	<data, communications, storage> Any technique that stores or
+	transmits extra, derived data that can be used to detect or
+	repair errors, either in hardware or software.  Examples are
+	{parity bits} and the {cyclic redundancy check}.
+
+	If the cost of errors is high enough, e.g. in a
+	{safety-critical system}, redundancy may be used in both
+	hardware AND software with three separate computers programmed
+	by three separate teams ("triple redundancy") and some system
+	to check that they all produce the same answer, or some kind
+	of majority voting system.
+
+	The term is not typically used for other, less beneficial,
+	duplication of data.
+
+	2. <communications> The proportion of a message's gross
+	information content that can be eliminated without losing
+	essential information.
+
+	Technically, redundancy is one minus the ratio of the actual
+	uncertainty to the maximum uncertainty.  This is the fraction
+	of the structure of the message which is determined not by the
+	choice of the sender, but rather by the accepted statistical
+	rules governing the choice of the symbols in question.
+
+	[Shannon and Weaver, 1948, p. l3]
+
+	(2010-02-04)
+
+data segment
+
+	<memory> The range of memory locations where the {initialised
+	data} of a program produced by a {Unix} {linker} is located.
+
+	Executable code is located in the {code segment} and
+	uninitialised data in the {bss segment}.
+
+	(2004-02-24)
+
+data service unit
+
+	<communications> (DSU or "data service unit") A device used in
+	digital transmission for connecting a CSU (Channel Service
+	Unit) to {Data Terminal Equipment} (a terminal or computer),
+	in the same way that a {modem} is used for connection to an
+	analogue medium.
+
+	A DSU provides a standard interface to a user's terminal which
+	is compatible with {modems} and handles such functions as
+	signal translation, regeneration, reformatting, and timing.
+	The transmitting portion of the DSU processeses the customers'
+	signal into bipolar pulses suitable for transmission over the
+	digital facility.  The receiving portion of the DSU is used
+	both to extract timing information and to regenerate mark and
+	space information from the received {bipolar} signal.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+data set
+
+	<operating system, storage> An {IBM} term for a {file}.
+
+	(1997-04-15)
+
+data set organization
+
+	<operating system, storage> (DSORG) An {IBM} term for {file}
+	structure.  These include PS {physical sequential}, DA {direct
+	access}, IS {indexed sequential}, PO {partitioned} (a
+	library).  This system dates from {OS/360}, and breaks down
+	beginning with {VSAM} and {VTAM}, where it is no longer
+	applied.
+
+	Sequential and indexed data sets can be accessed using either
+	a "basic" or a "queued" "access method."  For example a
+	DSORG=PS file can use either BSAM (basic sequential access
+	method) or QSAM (queued sequential access method).  It can
+	also be processed as a {direct file} using BDAM.  Likewise a
+	library can be processed using BPAM (basic partitioned access
+	method), BSAM, QSAM, or BDAM.  DSORG and access method are
+	somewhat, but not completely, orthogonal.
+
+	The "basic" access method deals with {physical blocks} rather
+	than {records}, and usually provides more control over the
+	specific {device}.  Each I/O operation using the "basic"
+	access method reads or writes a single block.  A "basic" read
+	or write starts an {asynchronous} I/O operation, and the
+	programmer is responsible for waiting for completion and
+	checking for errors.
+
+	The "queued" access method deals with {logical records} and
+	provides blocking and deblocking services.  It is "queued"
+	because it provides {read-ahead} and {write-behind} services.
+	While a program is processing records in one input block, for
+	example, QSAM may be reading one or more blocks ahead.  Queued
+	"get" or "put" operations are synchronous as far as the
+	programmer is concerned.  The operation is complete when the
+	next logical record has been successfully processed.
+
+	EXCP ({Execute Channel Program}) is a lower-level method of
+	accessing data.
+
+	IBM manuals usually named "Data Administration Guide",
+	e.g. SC26-4505-1 for MVS/ESA DFP 3.1, provide more detail
+	about data set organizations and access methods.
+
+	(2005-08-08)
+
+DataStage
+
+	<database, tool> A tool set for designing, developing, and
+	running {applications} that populate one or more {tables} in a
+	{data warehouse} or {data mart}.
+
+	[Reference]?
+
+	(2004-06-23)
+
+Datastorm Technologies, Inc.
+
+	<company> The original suppliers of {Procomm}.
+
+	Address: Columbia MO, USA.
+
+	(2004-06-29)
+
+data striping
+
+	<storage> Segmentation of logically {sequential} data, such as
+	a single file, so that segments can be written to multiple
+	physical devices (usually {disk drives}) in a {round-robin}
+	fashion.  This technique is useful if the processor is capable
+	of reading or writing data faster than a single disk can
+	supply or accept it.  While data is being transferred from the
+	first disk, the second disk can locate the next segment.
+
+	Data striping is used in some modern {databases}, such as
+	{Sybase}, and in certain {RAID} devices under hardware
+	control, such as {IBM}'s {RAMAC} array subsystem (9304/9395).
+
+	Data striping is different from, and may be used in
+	conjunction with, {mirroring}.
+
+	(1996-10-17)
+
+data structure
+
+	<data, programming> Any method of organising a collection of
+	{data} to allow it to be manipulated effectively.  It may
+	include {meta} data to describe the properties of the
+	structure.
+
+	Examples data structures are: {array}, {dictionary}, {graph},
+	{hash}, {heap}, {linked list}, {matrix}, {object}, {queue},
+	{ring}, {stack}, {tree}, {vector}.
+
+	(2003-09-11)
+
+Data Structures Language
+
+	<language> A dialect of {MAD} with extensions for lists and
+	graphics, on {Philco 212}.
+
+	["A Compiler Language for Data Structures", N. Laurance, Proc
+	ACM 23rd Natl Conf 36 (1968)].
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+Data Terminal Equipment
+
+	<communications, hardware> (DTE) A device which acts as the
+	source and/or destination of data and which controls the
+	communication channel.  DTE includes terminals, computers,
+	{protocol converters}, and {multiplexors}.
+
+	DTE is usually connected via an {EIA-232} {serial line} to
+	{Data Communication Equipment} (DCE), typically a {modem}.  It
+	is necessary to distinguish these two types of device because
+	their connectors must be wired differently if a
+	"straight-through" cable (pin 1 to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2 etc.)
+	is to be used.  DTE should have a male connector and should
+	transmit on pin three and receive on pin two.  It is a curious
+	fact that many {modems} are actually "DTE" according to the
+	original standard.
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+Data Terminal Ready
+
+	<communications> (DTR) The wire in a full {RS-232} connection
+	that tells the {Data Communication Equipment} (DCE, typically
+	a {modem}) that the {Data Terminal Equipment} (DTE, typically
+	a computer or {terminal}) is ready to transmit and receive
+	data.
+
+	(2000-04-05)
+
+DATA-TEXT
+
+	<tool> A system from {Harvard} for numerical computations in
+	the Social Sciences.
+
+	["DATA-TEXT Primer", D.J. Armor, Free Press 1972].
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+data transfer
+
+	<data> Copying or moving {data} from one place to another,
+	typically via some kind of {network} (e.g. {Asynchronous
+	Transfer Mode}, {File Transfer Protocol}) or local data
+	connection ({bus}, {SCSI}, {IDE}, {SATA}).
+
+	(2009-06-09)
+
+data transfer rate
+
+	<communications> (Or "throughput, data rate", "transmission
+	rate") The amount of {data} transferred in one direction over
+	a link divided by the time taken to transfer it, usually
+	expressed in bits per second (bps), bytes per second (Bps) or
+	{baud}.  The link may be anything from an interface to a {hard
+	disk} to a radio transmission from a satellite.
+
+	Where data transfer is not continuous throughout the given
+	time interval, the data transfer rate is thus an average rate
+	that will be lower than the peak rate.  The peak or maximum
+	possible rate may itself be lower than the {capacity} of the
+	communication channel if the channel is shared, or part of the
+	signal is not considered as data, e.g. {checksum} or {routing}
+	information.
+
+	When applied to data rate, the multiplier {prefixes} "kilo-",
+	"mega-", "giga-", etc. (and their abbreviations, "k", "M",
+	"G", etc.) always denote powers of 1000.  For example, 64 kbps
+	is 64,000 bits per second.  This contrasts with units of
+	{storage} where they stand for powers of 1024, e.g. 1 KB =
+	1024 bytes.
+
+	The other important characteristic of a channel is its
+	{latency}.
+
+	The {bandwidth} of a channel determines the data transfer rate
+	but is a different characteristic, measured in {Hertz}.
+	[Relationship?]
+
+	(2008-02-08)
+
+DATATRIEVE
+
+	<database, language> A query and report system for use with
+	{DEC}'s {VMS} ({RMS}, {VAX Rdb}/VMS or {VAX DBMS}).
+
+	(2007-01-16)
+
+Datatron 200 series
+
+	<computer> A family of computers produced by {Burroughs} that
+	included the {Datatron 204} and {Datatron 220}.
+
+	(2007-01-16)
+
+data type
+
+	{type}
+
+DataViews
+
+	{Graphical user interface} development software from
+	{V.I.Corporation}, aimed at constructing
+	{platform}-independent interactive views of dynamic data.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+DataVis
+
+	A {dataflow} language for scientific {visualisation}.
+
+	["Data Flow Visual Programming Languages", D. Hils, J Vis
+	Langs and Comput, Dec 1991].
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+data warehouse
+
+	<database> (Or corporate data warehouse, CDW) Any system for
+	storing, retrieving and managing large amounts of data.  Data
+	warehouse software often includes sophisticated {compression}
+	and {hashing} techniques for fast searches, as well as
+	advanced filtering.  A data warehouse is often a {relational
+	database} containing a recent snapshot of corporate data and
+	optimised for searching.  Planners and researchers can use
+	this database without worrying about slowing down day-to-day
+	operations of the production database.  The latter can be
+	optimised for transaction processing (inserts and updates).
+
+	Compare {data mart}.
+
+	(2007-05-16)
+
+data warehousing
+
+	{data warehouse}
+
+date
+
+	<convention, data> A string unique to a time duration of 24
+	hours between 2 successive midnights defined by the local time
+	zone.  The specific representation of a date will depend on
+	which calendar convention is in force; e.g., Gregorian,
+	Islamic, Japanese, Chinese, Hebrew etc. as well as local
+	ordering conventions such as UK: day/month/year, US:
+	month/day/year.
+
+	Inputting and outputting dates on computers is greatly
+	complicated by these {localisation} issues which is why they
+	tend to operate on dates internally in some unified form such
+	as seconds past midnight at the start of the first of January
+	1970.
+
+	Many software and hardware representations of dates allow only
+	two digits for the year, leading to the {year 2000} problem.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: date(1), ctime(3).
+
+	(1997-07-11)
+
+DAU
+
+	/dow/ [German Fidonet] D"ummster Anzunehmender User.  A German
+	acronym for stupidest imaginable user.  From the
+	engineering-slang GAU for Gr"osster Anzunehmender Unfall
+	(worst foreseeable accident), especially of a LNG tank farm
+	plant or something with similarly disastrous consequences.  In
+	popular German, GAU is used only to refer to worst-case
+	nuclear accidents such as a core meltdown.
+
+	See {cretin}, {loser} and {weasel}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+daughter
+
+	<mathematics, data> (Or "child", "successor") In a {tree}, a
+	{node} pointed to by a {parent}, i.e. another node closer to
+	the {root node}.
+
+	(1998-11-14)
+
+daughterboard
+
+	<hardware> (Or "daughter board", "daughtercard", "daughter
+	card") A {printed circuit board} that connects to the
+	{motherboard}.  The daughterboard is typically smaller than
+	the motherboard.
+
+	A daughterdboard often adds to or supports the main functions
+	of the {motherboard}, unlike an {expansion card} which
+	provides some new function.  For example, a post-release
+	hardware modification might be released as a daughterboard for
+	soldering onto the {motherboard}.
+
+	(2004-09-28)
+
+daughtercard
+
+	{daughterboard}
+
+David Turner
+
+	<person> Professor David A Turner.  One of the pioneers of
+	{functional languages}.  He designed several languages,
+	including, {SASL} (1976), {KRC} (1981), and {Miranda}, many of
+	which were implemented using {combinators} and the {S-K
+	reduction machine} which he defined.
+
+	He coined the name "{ZF expression}" for the {list
+	comprehension}.
+
+	He worked at UKC and set up a company, {Research Software
+	Limited} to market {Miranda}.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+day mode
+
+	{phase}
+
+DAZIX
+
+	Daisy/Cadnetix Corporation.
+
+	A supplier of digital electronic {CAE} systems.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+DB
+
+	{database}
+
+DB2
+
+	<database> A {relational database} from {IBM}.
+
+	When running under IBM's MVS ({Multiple Virtual Storage})
+	{operating system}, DB2 is implemented on top of {VSAM} and
+	uses its underlying data structures.
+
+	DB2, later called "DB2 Universal DataBase", also runs under
+	{windows NT}, {AIX}, {Solaris} and, most recently, {Linux}.
+
+	[Details?  Was there a "DB1"?]
+
+	(1999-02-01)
+
+DB-25
+
+	<hardware> The standard 25-pin {D-shell connector} used for
+	{EIA-232} serial communication.
+
+	{DE-9} is a common alternative.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+DB2 catalog
+
+	<database> An {IBM} {DB2} {system table} listing all objects in a
+	database installation including hosts, servers, databases, tables
+	and many more.  Commands are provided to manage the catalog, e.g.
+
+		db2 catalog database mydatabase on /databases/mydatabase
+
+	to add a database reference.
+
+	{Catalog documentation
+	(http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSEPGG_9.7.0/com.ibm.db2.luw.sql.ref.doc/doc/r0011297.html)}.
+
+	(2014-08-16)
+
+DBA
+
+	{database administrator}
+
+dBASE
+
+	<tool, product, language> An interactive {DBMS}, originally
+	from {Ashton-Tate Corporation}, and the language used by it.
+
+	dBASE evolved from {Vulcan} by Wayne Ratliffe, which came out
+	in around 1980 and ran on CP/M.  It was called dBaseII when
+	sold to {Ashton-Tate Corporation}.
+
+	The first release was dBASE II, ca 1980.  There never was a
+	"dBASE I".  Later versions included: {dBASE III}, dBASE III+,
+	and dBASE IV.
+
+	Ashton-Tate was taken over in the early 1990s by what became
+	{Borland Software Corporation} who sold dBase in March(?)
+	1999 to the newly formed dBase Inc.  dBase Inc's first release
+	was {Visual dBASE} 5.7, a Y2K upgrade to Visual dBASE 5.x.
+
+	Current version, as of 2003-11-24: dBASE PLUS 2.0x build 1703.
+
+	{dBase Home (http://dbase.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-11-24)
+
+DBC
+
+	<language, parallel> A {data-parallel} {bit-serial} {C} based
+	on {MPL}.  SRC, Bowie MD.
+
+	E-mail: <maya@super.org>.
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+DBCS
+
+	<character> (IBM) double-byte character set.
+
+	A {character set} that uses 16 bits to represent a character.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+dBFAST
+
+	{dBASE} dialect for {MS-DOS} and {MS-Windows}.
+
+DBH
+
+	{Denis Howe}
+
+DBMS
+
+	{database management system}
+
+DBPL
+
+	<language, database> A {procedural language} with {relational
+	database} constructs.  A successor to {Pascal/R} and
+	{Modula/R}.
+
+	["DBPL Report", J.W. Schmidt et al, DBPL-Memo 111-88,
+	Fachbereich Informatik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitaet,
+	Frankfurt, Germany, 1988].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+DBRI
+
+	{Dual Basic Rate Interface}
+
+dbx
+
+	<programming> A {source-level debugger} originating from {BSD
+	Unix} but now available for many other {Unix} distributions.
+
+	{Sun documentation
+	(http://developers.sun.com/sunstudio/documentation/ss12/mr/man1/dbx.1.html)}.
+
+	(2009-04-27)
+
+dBXL
+
+	A {dBASE}-like {interpreter}/language for {MS-DOS} from
+	{WordTech}, Orinda, CA.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+DC
+
+	<language, tool> The {Unix} {arbitrary precision} {postfix}
+	calculator and its language.
+
+	Here is an example program which prints out {factorials}:
+
+		echo "[la1+dsa*pla2220>y]sy0sa1lyx" | dc
+
+	{Unix manual page}: dc(1).
+
+	{bc} provides a somewhat more readable syntax which is
+	compiled into dc.  There is also a {GNU DC}.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+DC1
+
+	{control-Q}
+
+DC2
+
+	{Device Control 2}
+
+DC3
+
+	{Control-S}
+
+DC4
+
+	{Device Control 4}
+
+DCA
+
+	1. Defense Communications Agency.  See {DISA}.
+
+	2. {Document Content Architecture} from {IBM}.
+
+DCAC
+
+	{Domestic Communications Assistance Center}
+
+DCALGOL
+
+	Data Communications ALGOL.  A superset of {Burroughs Extended
+	ALGOL} used for writing Message Control Systems.
+
+DCC
+
+	1. <audio> {Digital Compact Cassette}.
+
+	2. <networking> {Direct Client to Client Protocol}.
+
+	(2001-12-02)
+
+DCDL
+
+	Digital Control Design Language.  A language for simulating
+	computer systems.
+
+	["DCDS Digital Simulating System", H. Potash et al, Proc FJCC
+	35, AFIPS (Fall 1969)].
+
+DCE
+
+	1. {Data Communication Equipment}.
+
+	2. Data Circuit-terminating Equipment.
+
+	3. {Distributed Computing Environment} from {OSF}.
+
+DCG
+
+	{Definite Clause Grammar}
+
+DCI
+
+	{Display Control Interface}
+
+DCL
+
+	1. DIGITAL Command Language.  The interactive command and
+	scripting language for VAX/VMS.
+
+	2. Delphi Common LISP.  An implementation of Common LISP that
+	has been used as a basis for CLOS.
+
+DCOM
+
+	{Distributed Component Object Model}
+
+DCP
+
+	{definitional constraint programming}
+
+D. C. Power Lab
+
+	The former site of {SAIL}.  This name was very funny because
+	the obvious connection to electrical engineering was
+	nonexistent - the lab was named after a Donald C. Power.
+	Compare {Marginal Hacks}.
+
+	[But did DCP's parents realise the joke?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+DCS
+
+	1. {Digital Cellular System}.
+
+	2. {Digital Control System}.
+
+DCT
+
+	{Discrete Cosine Transform}
+
+DD
+
+	1. <storage> {double density}.
+
+	2. <database> {data dictionary}.
+
+	3. <programming> {Deployment Descriptor}.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+dd
+
+	A {Unix} copy command with special options suitable for
+	block-oriented devices; it was often used in heavy-handed
+	system maintenance, as in "Let's "dd" the {root partition}
+	onto a tape, then use the {boot PROM} to load it back on to a
+	new disk".
+
+	dd had a distinctly non-Unixy keyword option syntax
+	reminiscent of {IBM} {System/360} JCL (which had an elaborate
+	DD "Dataset Definition" specification for I/O devices).
+	Though the command filled a need, the interface design was
+	clearly a prank.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2005-08-08)
+
+DDB
+
+	{device independent bitmap}
+
+DDCMP
+
+	{Digital Data Communications Message Protocol} ({DEC}).
+
+DDE
+
+	{Dynamic Data Exchange}
+
+DDE Manager
+
+	An {Oracle} product that lets {Microsoft Windows}
+	applications that support the {Dynamic Data Exchange} (DDE)
+	{protocol} act as front end tools for Oracle.  It allows
+	applications like {Excel}, {Word}, {Ami Professional}, {WingZ}
+	and {ToolBook} to query, update, graph and report information
+	stored in Oracle.
+
+DDIF
+
+	Digital Document Interchange Format.  A CDA specification for
+	representing compound documents in revisable format; a DEC
+	standard for document encoding.
+
+DDL
+
+	1. ["A Digital System Design Language (DDL)", J.R. Duley, IEEE
+	Trans on Computers c-17(9), pp. 850-861, Sep 1968].
+
+	2. <language, games> An {adventure} language developed by
+	M. Urban, C. Kostanick et al of the {UCLA} Computer Club.  DDL
+	was the forerunner of {ADL}.
+
+	3. {Data Definition Language}.
+
+	4. {Document Description Language}.
+
+	5. {Dynamic Data Exchange}.  (Originally "Linking").
+
+	(1997-06-05)
+
+DDM
+
+	1. <protocol, database> {Distributed Data Management}.
+
+	2. <language> {Data Driven Machine}.
+
+	(1999-06-07)
+
+DDN
+
+	{Defense Data Network}
+
+DDO
+
+	{Dynamic Drive Overlay}
+
+DDP
+
+	{Distributed Data Processing}
+
+DDR
+
+	{Double Data Rate Random Access Memory}
+
+DDR-RAM
+
+	{Double Data Rate Random Access Memory}
+
+DDR-SDRAM
+
+	{Double Data Rate Random Access Memory}
+
+DDS
+
+	1. {Digital Data Service}.
+
+	2. {Digital Data System}.
+
+	3. {Dataphone Digital Service}.
+
+DDT
+
+	1. Generic term for a program that assists in debugging other
+	programs by showing individual {machine instructions} in a
+	readable symbolic form and letting the user change them.  In
+	this sense the term DDT is now archaic, having been widely
+	displaced by "debugger" or names of individual programs like
+	"{adb}", "{sdb}", "{dbx}", or "{gdb}".
+
+	2. Under {MIT}'s fabled {ITS} {operating system}, DDT (running
+	under the alias HACTRN) was also used as the {shell} or top
+	level command language used to execute other programs.
+
+	3. Any one of several specific debuggers supported on early
+	{DEC} hardware.  The {DEC} {PDP-10} Reference Handbook (1969)
+	contained a footnote on the first page of the documentation
+	for DDT that illuminates the origin of the term:
+
+	Historical footnote: DDT was developed at {MIT} for the
+	{PDP-1} computer in 1961.  At that time DDT stood for "DEC
+	Debugging Tape".  Since then, the idea of an on-line debugging
+	program has propagated throughout the computer industry.  DDT
+	programs are now available for all DEC computers.  Since media
+	other than tape are now frequently used, the more descriptive
+	name "Dynamic Debugging Technique" has been adopted, retaining
+	the DDT abbreviation.  Confusion between DDT-10 and another
+	well known pesticide, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane
+	(C14-H9-Cl5) should be minimal since each attacks a different,
+	and apparently mutually exclusive, class of bugs.
+
+	(The "tape" referred to was, incidentally, not magnetic but
+	paper.)  Sadly, this quotation was removed from later editions
+	of the handbook after the {suits} took over and DEC became
+	much more "businesslike".
+
+	The history above is known to many old-time hackers.  But
+	there's more: Peter Samson, compiler of the original {TMRC}
+	lexicon, reports that he named "DDT" after a similar tool on
+	the {TX-0} computer, the direct ancestor of the PDP-1 built at
+	{MIT}'s Lincoln Lab in 1957.  The debugger on that
+	ground-breaking machine (the first transistorised computer)
+	rejoiced in the name FLIT (FLexowriter Interrogation Tape).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+DDW
+
+	{distributed data warehouse}
+
+de
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Germany.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+DE-9
+
+	<hardware> The standard 9-pin {D-shell connector} used for
+	{EIA-232} serial communication.  DE-9 is a common alternative
+	to {DB-25}, especially on {personal computers}.
+
+	(1999-12-08)
+
+DEA
+
+	{Data Encryption Algorithm}
+
+DEACON
+
+	Direct English Access and CONtrol.  English-like query system.
+	Sammet 1969, p.668.
+
+dead
+
+	1. Non-functional; {down}; {crash}ed.  Especially used of
+	{hardware}.
+
+	2. At {XEROX PARC}, software that is working but not
+	undergoing continued development and support.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+DEADBEEF
+
+	<convention, storage> /ded-beef/ The {hexadecimal} pattern
+	used to fill words of freshly allocated memory under a number
+	of {IBM} environments including the {RS/6000}; equal to
+	decimal 3,735,928,559 (unsigned) or -559,038,737 (32-bit
+	signed).  As in "Your program is DEADBEEF" (meaning gone,
+	aborted, flushed from memory).
+
+	(1998-06-29)
+
+dead code
+
+	<programming> (Or "infeasible path", "{grunge}") Any part of a
+	program that can never be accessed because all calls to it
+	have been removed, or because it is guarded by a control
+	structure that provably must always transfer control somewhere
+	else.  The presence of dead code may reveal either logical
+	errors due to alterations in the program or significant
+	changes in the assumptions and environment of the program (see
+	also {software rot}); a good compiler should report dead code
+	so a maintainer can think about what it means.  Sometimes it
+	simply means that an *extremely* defensive programmer has
+	inserted {can't happen} tests which really can't happen - yet.
+
+	Synonym {grunge}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-22)
+
+deadlock
+
+	<parallel, programming> A situation where two or more
+	{processes} are unable to proceed because each is waiting for
+	one of the others to do something.
+
+	A common example is a program waiting for output from a server
+	while the server is waiting for more input from the
+	controlling program before outputting anything.  It is
+	reported that this particular flavour of deadlock is sometimes
+	called a "starvation deadlock", though the term "starvation"
+	is more properly used for situations where a program can never
+	run simply because it never gets high enough priority.
+
+	Another common flavour is "constipation", in which each
+	process is trying to send stuff to the other but all buffers
+	are full because nobody is reading anything).  See {deadly
+	embrace}.
+
+	Another example, common in {database} programming, is two
+	processes that are sharing some resource (e.g. read access to
+	a {table}) but then both decide to wait for exclusive
+	(e.g. write) access.
+
+	The term "deadly embrace" is mostly synonymous, though usually
+	used only when exactly two processes are involved.  This is
+	the more popular term in Europe, while {deadlock} predominates
+	in the United States.
+
+	Compare: {livelock}.  See also {safety property}, {liveness
+	property}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-07-26)
+
+deadly embrace
+
+	{deadlock}
+
+dead tree
+
+	<publication, jargon> Paper.
+
+	Use of this term emphasises the waste of natural resources and
+	limited features available from the printed form of a document
+	compared with an electronic rendition.
+
+	E.g. "I read the dead tree edition of the {Guardian
+	(http://guardian.co.uk/)} on the train".
+
+	See also {tree-killer}.
+
+	(1999-11-03)
+
+dead tree edition
+
+	{dead tree}
+
+deamon
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{daemon}".
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+death code
+
+	A routine whose job is to set everything in the computer -
+	{registers}, memory, flags - to zero, including that portion
+	of memory where it is running; its last act is to stomp on its
+	own "store zero" instruction.  Death code isn't very useful,
+	but writing it is an interesting hacking challenge on
+	architectures where the instruction set makes it possible,
+	such as the {PDP-8} or the {Data General} {Nova}.
+
+	Perhaps the ultimate death code is on the {TI 990} series,
+	where all {registers} are actually in {RAM}, and the
+	instruction "store immediate 0" has the {opcode} 0.  The
+	{program counter} will immediately wrap around core as many
+	times as it can until a user hits HALT.  Any empty memory
+	location is death code.  Worse, the manufacturer recommended
+	use of this instruction in startup code (which would be in
+	{ROM} and therefore survive).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Death Star
+
+	["Star Wars" film] 1. The AT&T corporate logo, which appears
+	on computers sold by AT&T and bears an uncanny resemblance to
+	the Death Star in the movie.  This usage is particularly
+	common among partisans of {BSD} Unix, who tend to regard the
+	AT&T versions as inferior and AT&T as a bad guy.  Copies still
+	circulate of a poster printed by Mt. Xinu showing a starscape
+	with a space fighter labelled {4.2BSD} streaking away from a
+	broken AT&T logo wreathed in flames.
+
+	2. AT&T's internal magazine, "Focus", uses "death star" to
+	describe an incorrectly done AT&T logo in which the inner
+	circle in the top left is dark instead of light - a frequent
+	result of dark-on-light logo images.
+
+deb
+
+	<filename extension, Debian> The {filename extension} for a
+	{Debian} {binary package}.
+
+	(2001-01-27)
+
+Debbugs
+
+	<programming> The {bug tracking system} used by the {Debian}
+	Project.  Each bug is given a number, and is kept on file
+	until it is marked as having been dealt with. The system is
+	mainly controlled by {electronic mail}, but the bug reports
+	can be viewed via the {web}.
+
+	{Debbugs home (http://debian.org/Bugs/)}.
+
+	(2002-06-12)
+
+Debian
+
+	<operating system> /deb'ee`n/, *not* /deeb'ee`n/ The
+	non-profit volunteer organisation responsible for Debian
+	{GNU}/{Linux} and Debian {GNU}/{Hurd}.  Debian's {Linux}
+	distribution is dedicated to free and {open source} software;
+	the main goal of the distribution is to ensure that one can
+	download and install a fully-functional {operating system}
+	that is completely adherent to the Debian Free Software
+	Guidelines (DFSG).
+
+	Debian was begun in August 1993 by Ian Murdock, and was
+	sponsored by the {Free Software Foundation} from November 1994
+	to November 1995.  The name Debian is a contraction of DEB(ra)
+	and IAN Murdock.
+
+	Debian's packaging system (dpkg) is similar to other popular
+	packaging systems like {RPM}.  There are over 2200 packages of
+	precompiled software available in the main (free) section of
+	the Debian 2.1 distribution alone -- this is what sets Debian
+	apart from many other Linux distributions.  The high quality
+	and huge number of official packages (most Debian systems'
+	/usr/local/ remains empty -- almost everything most Linux
+	users want is officially packaged) are what draw many people
+	to use Debian.
+
+	Another unique aspect to the Debian project is the open
+	development; pre-releases are made available from Day 1 and if
+	anyone wishes to become a Debian developer, all that is needed
+	is proof of identification and a signed {PGP} or {GPG} key.
+	There are over 400 Debian developers all around the world --
+	many developers have never met face-to-face, and most
+	development talks take place on the many {mailing lists} and
+	the {IRC} network.
+
+	{(http://debian.org/)}.
+
+	{Debian Linux archives (ftp://ftp.debian.org/debian)}.
+
+	(1999-02-23)
+
+Debian GNU/Hurd
+
+	<operating system> A {GNU} distribution based on the {Hurd}
+	{kernel} instead of the more well known {Linux} kernel.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(2001-12-02)
+
+Debian GNU/Linux
+
+	{Debian}
+
+debianize
+
+	<Debian> To take a {source package} and make the necessary
+	modifications to allow it to be built as a policy compliant
+	{Debian} package.
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+deboursification
+
+	<jargon> Removal of irrelevant {newsgroups} from the
+	Newsgroups header of a {followup}.  The term applies
+	particularly to the removal of frivolous groups added by one
+	of the Kooks.
+
+	See also: {sneck}.
+
+	[Sam Spade anti-{spam} software].
+
+	(1999-09-15)
+
+De Bruijn graph
+
+	<mathematics> A class of {graphs} with elegant properties.
+
+	De Bruijn graphs are especially easy to use for {routing},
+	with shifting of source and destination addresses.
+
+	[What properties?  How are they used in routing?]
+
+	(1998-04-28)
+
+De Bruijn notation
+
+	<language> A variation of {lambda notation} for specifying
+	{functions} using numbers instead of names to refer to {formal
+	parameters}.  A reference to a formal parameter is a number
+	which gives the number of lambdas (written as \ here) between
+	the reference and the lambda which binds the parameter.
+	E.g. the function \ f . \ x . f x would be written \ . \ . 1
+	0.  The 0 refers to the innermost lambda, the 1 to the next
+	etc.  The chief advantage of this notation is that it avoids
+	the possibility of {name capture} and removes the need for {alpha
+	conversion}.
+
+	[N.G. De Bruijn, "Lambda Calculus Notation with Nameless
+	Dummies: A Tool for Automatic Formula Manipulation, with
+	Application to the Church-Rosser Theorem", Indag Math. 34, pp
+	381-392].
+
+	(2003-06-15)
+
+DEBUG
+
+	<software, tool> The bundled {compiler}/{assembler} for
+	{DOS}/{Windows} after {CP/M}.
+
+	[Did CP/M have "DEBUG"?]
+
+	["DOS Power Tools, Techniques, Tricks, and Utilities, PC
+	Magazine, Paul Somerson Executive Editor, Bantam Books, 1988].
+
+	(2003-06-17)
+
+debugger
+
+	<tool, programming> A {tool} used by a {programmer} to monitor
+	and control a program he is trying to fix.  The most important
+	functions of a debugger are {tracing}, stepping, {breakpoints} and
+	{watches}.
+
+	Tracing displays a step-by-step report on what {statement} the
+	program is currently executing, allowing the programmer to follow
+	the {flow of control} through {if statements}, {loops},
+	{subroutine} calls, etc.
+
+	{Breakpoints} and {watches} both pause execution of the program
+	and return control to the debugger under certain conditions.  A
+	{breakpoint} triggers when execution reaches a particular
+	{statement} in the program and a {watch} triggers whenever a
+	specific variable is modified.  Stepping is like a breakpoint on
+	every statement, often with the option to step "into" or "over" a
+	{subroutine}, i.e. continue stepping through the statements of the
+	subroutine or just execute it without pausing and resume stepping
+	when it returns.
+
+	Whenever control returns to the debugger it lets the programmer
+	ask to see the values of {variables}, and possibly modify them,
+	before resuming execution.  Some debuggers can be set to
+	automatically perform some action like display a variable value
+	and resume.
+
+	A debugger can interact with the target program in different ways.
+	Some debuggers require the program to be loaded into the debugger
+	which may then modify or "instrument" the program for debugging.
+	Others can "attach" to a program that is already running.  Some
+	are built into the normal program execution environment (e.g. an
+	{interpreter}) and can be set to run under certain conditions,
+	e.g. errors.
+
+	Early debuggers such as {Unix}'s {adb} only knew about the
+	compiled executable code so sometimes debugging had to be done at
+	the level of {machine code} instructions and numerical memory
+	locations.  If you were lucky, the debugger could access the
+	program's {symbol table} and display the original names of
+	subroutines and variables.  Sometimes this required the program to
+	be "compiled for debugging".  Since compiling every program for
+	debugging would add significantly to the size of a {distribution}
+	of a whole {operating system}, it is common for programs to be
+	distributed without debugging support but for individual programs
+	to be made available with it.
+
+	A major advance in debuggers was source-level debugging.  This
+	gives the programmer a view of their {source code} annotated with
+	breakpoints and a pointer to the statement currently being
+	executed.  Such a view is commonly part of an {integrated
+	development environment} like {Visual Basic}.
+
+	(2014-08-23)
+
+debugging
+
+	<programming> The process of attempting to determine the cause of
+	the symptoms of malfunctions in a program or other system.  These
+	symptoms may be detected during {testing} or use by {real users}.
+
+	Symptoms are often caused by factors outside the program, such as
+	misconfiguration of the user's {operating system},
+	misunderstanding by the user (see {PEBCAK}) or failures in other
+	external systems on which the program relies.  Some of these are
+	more in the realm of {technical support} but need to be
+	eliminated.  Debugging really starts when it has been established
+	that the program is not behaving according to its specification
+	(which may be formal or informal).  It can be done by visual
+	inspection of the {source code}, {debugging by printf} or using a
+	{debugger}.  The result may be that the program is actually
+	behaving as specified but that the spec is wrong or the
+	requirements on which it was based were deficient in some way (see
+	{BAD}).
+
+	Once a bug has been identified and a fix applied, the program must
+	be tested to determine whether the bug is really fixed and what
+	effects the changes have had on other aspects of the program's
+	operation (see {regression testing}).
+
+	The term is said to have been coined by {Grace Hopper}, based on
+	the term "{bug}".
+
+	(2006-11-27)
+
+debugging an empty file
+
+	<programming, humour> A humourous definition of {programming}
+	that considers a complete absence of any code as a {bug} to be
+	fixed.
+
+	{test-driven development} proceeds by the programmer writing
+	tests for code that doesn't exist yet, which could be
+	described as testing an empty file.
+
+	(2012-05-01)
+
+debugging by printf
+
+	<programming> The {debugging} technique where the programmer
+	inserts print statements into a program so that when run the
+	program leaves a "trail of {breadcrumbs}" allowing him to see
+	which parts were executed.  The information output may just be
+	a short string to indicate that a particular point in the code
+	has been reached or it might be a complete {stack trace}.  The
+	output typically just goes to the window or terminal in which
+	the program is running or may be written to a log file.
+
+	{printf} is the standard {C} print function, other languages
+	would use different names.
+
+	(2007-03-08)
+
+debugging tool
+
+	{debugger}
+
+DEC
+
+	{Digital Equipment Corporation}
+
+dec
+
+	<programming> /dek/ decrement, decrease by one.  Especially
+	used by {assembly language} programmers, as many assembly
+	languages have a "dec" {mnemonic}.
+
+	Opposite: {inc}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+DEC Alpha
+
+	<processor> A {RISC} {microprocessor} from {DEC}.  In November
+	1995, the Alpha was purportedly the fastest non-research chip
+	used in commonly available {workstations}.  It is
+	{superpipelined} and {superscalar}.  In February 1996 it was
+	clocked at 200 MHz and in March 1998 at 666 MHz.
+
+	(1998-03-17)
+
+decay
+
+	[Nuclear physics] An automatic conversion which is applied to
+	most array-valued expressions in {C}; they "decay into"
+	pointer-valued expressions pointing to the array's first
+	element.  This term is not used in the official standard for
+	the language.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+DECdesign
+
+	A software analysis and design tool from {DEC} supporting
+	several methodologies.  Now replaced by {Teamwork}.
+
+	(1994-09-05)
+
+DECdns
+
+	Distributed Naming Service.
+
+	Adopted by {OSF} as the naming service for {DCE}.
+
+DEChead
+
+	/dek'hed/ 1. A {DEC} {field servoid}.  Not flattering.
+
+	2. ["deadhead"] A Grateful Dead fan working at {DEC}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+dechunker
+
+	{chunker}
+
+decidability
+
+	<mathematics> A property of sets for which one can determine
+	whether something is a member or not in a {finite} number of
+	computational steps.
+
+	Decidability is an important concept in {computability
+	theory}.  A set (e.g. "all numbers with a 5 in them") is said
+	to be "decidable" if I can write a program (usually for a
+	{Turing Machine}) to determine whether a number is in the set
+	and the program will always terminate with an answer YES or NO
+	after a finite number of steps.
+
+	Most sets you can describe easily are decidable, but there are
+	infinitely many sets so most sets are undecidable, assuming
+	any finite limit on the size (number of instructions or number
+	of states) of our programs.  I.e. how ever big you allow your
+	program to be there will always be sets which need a bigger
+	program to decide membership.
+
+	One example of an undecidable set comes from the {halting
+	problem}.  It turns out that you can encode every program as a
+	number: encode every symbol in the program as a number (001,
+	002, ...) and then string all the symbol codes together.  Then
+	you can create an undecidable set by defining it as the set of
+	all numbers that represent a program that terminates in a
+	finite number of steps.
+
+	A set can also be "semi-decidable" - there is an {algorithm}
+	that is guaranteed to return YES if the number is in the set,
+	but if the number is not in the set, it may either return NO
+	or run for ever.
+
+	The {halting problem}'s set described above is semi-decidable.
+	You decode the given number and run the resulting program.  If
+	it terminates the answer is YES.  If it never terminates, then
+	neither will the decision algorithm.
+
+	(1995-01-13)
+
+decidable
+
+	{decidability}
+
+decimal point
+
+	<character> "." {ASCII} character 46.  Common names are:
+	point; {dot}; {ITU-T}, USA: period; {ITU-T}: decimal point.
+	Rare: radix point; UK: full stop; {INTERCAL}: spot.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+decision problem
+
+	<theory> A problem with a yes/no answer.  Determining whether
+	some potential solution to a question is actually a solution
+	or not.  E.g. "Is 43669" a {prime number}?".  This is in
+	contrast to a "{search problem}" which must find a solution
+	from scratch, e.g. "What is the millionth prime number?".
+
+	See {decidability}.
+
+	(1996-05-03)
+
+decision support
+
+	Software used to aid management decision making, typically
+	relying on a {decision support database}.
+
+	[Examples?]
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+decision support database
+
+	A {database} from which data is extracted and analysed
+	statistically (but not modified) in order to inform business
+	or other decisions.  This is in contrast to an {operational
+	database} which is being continuously updated.
+
+	For example, a decision support database might provide data to
+	determine the average salary of different types of workers,
+	whereas an operational database containing the same data would
+	be used to calculate pay check amounts.
+
+	Often, decision support data is extracted from operation
+	databases.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+Decision Support Systems
+
+	<application, tool> (DSS) Software tools to help with
+	{decision support}.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+decision theory
+
+	<probability> A branch of statistics concerning strategies for
+	decision making in non-{deterministic} systems.  Decision
+	theory seeks to find strategies that maximise the expected
+	value of a {utility function} measuring the desirability of
+	possible outcomes.
+
+	(1995-09-22)
+
+deckle
+
+	/dek'l/ (From "dec-" and "{nibble}"; the original spelling
+	seems to have been "decle") Two {nickles}; 10 {bits}.
+	Reported among developers for {Mattel}'s {GI 1600} (the
+	{Intellivision} games processor), a chip with 16-bit wide
+	{RAM} but 10-bit wide {ROM}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+declarative language
+
+	<language> Any {relational language} or {functional language}.
+	These kinds of {programming language} describe relationships
+	between variables in terms of {functions} or {inference
+	rules}, and the language executor ({interpreter} or
+	{compiler}) applies some fixed {algorithm} to these relations
+	to produce a result.
+
+	Declarative languages contrast with {imperative languages}
+	which specify explicit manipulation of the computer's internal
+	state; or {procedural languages} which specify an explicit
+	sequence of steps to follow.
+
+	The most common examples of declarative languages are {logic
+	programming} languages such as {Prolog} and {functional
+	languages} like {Haskell}.
+
+	See also {production system}.
+
+	(2004-05-17)
+
+DECmate I
+
+	<computer> The first in {DEC}'s series of miniaturised {PDP-8}
+	computers based on the {Intersil 6120} [Harris 6120?]
+	{microprocessor} and dedicated to {wordprocessing}.  The
+	DECmate was DEC's original competition for the {IBM PC}.
+
+	The DECmate I was introduced in 1980 as the successor to the
+	{WT78}.  The processor ran at 10 MHz, and was housed in a
+	{VT100} {CRT} terminal.  It was a very limted model, no {EAE}
+	option was available, memory was 32 Kwords.  It used the RX02
+	8" dual floppy drive.  Options were the DP278-A and -B
+	communication ports and RL278: 1 to 4 {RL02} {cartridge disk}
+	drives.
+
+	{(http://telnet.hu/hamster/dr/decmate.html)}.
+
+	[Processor manufacturer?]
+
+	(2003-05-29)
+
+DECnet
+
+	A proprietary network protocol designed by Digital Equipment
+	Corporation.  The functionality of each Phase of the
+	implementation, such as Phase IV and Phase V, is different.
+
+decode
+
+	<cryptography> To apply {decryption}.
+
+	(2004-05-22)
+
+Decomposed Petri Net
+
+	<parallel> (DPN) A {Petri net} that has been split into
+	multiple, interconnected nets.  This makes it easier to
+	analyse or run the net.
+
+	DPNs are the basis of {concurrency} in {ConC}.
+
+	(2006-11-27)
+
+decompress
+
+	<compression, data> To reverse the effects of data
+	{compression}.
+
+	(2001-01-30)
+
+decryption
+
+	<cryptography> Any procedure used in {cryptography} to convert
+	{ciphertext} (encrypted data) into {plaintext}.
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+DECstation
+
+	<computer> A range of {RISC} based {workstations} manufactured
+	by {DEC}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1997-04-29)
+
+DECT
+
+	{Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications}
+
+DECtape
+
+	<hardware, storage> A reel of {magnetic tape} about 4 inches
+	in diameter and one inch wide.  Unlike today's {macrotapes},
+	microtape drivers allowed {random access} to the data, and
+	therefore could be used to support {file systems} and even for
+	{swapping} (this was generally done purely for {hack value},
+	as they were far too slow for practical use).  DECtape was a
+	variant on {LINCtape}.
+
+	In their heyday DECtapes were used in pretty much the same
+	ways one would now use a {floppy disk}: as a small, portable
+	way to save and transport files and programs.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+DECUS
+
+	{Digital Equipment Computer Users Society}
+
+Decus cpp
+
+	An almost-{ANSI C} {preprocessor} by Martin Minow.  It is
+	shipped with {X11R5} (contrib/util/cpp) because some systems
+	don't have a working {cpp}.
+
+	It runs on {VMS} ({Vax C}, {Decus C}), {RSX-11M}, {RSTS/E},
+	{P/OS}, {RT11}, {A/UX} and {Apollo Domain}/IX 9.6 and is
+	highly portable.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+DEC Wars
+
+	A 1983 {Usenet} posting by Alan Hastings and Steve Tarr
+	spoofing the "Star Wars" movies in hackish terms.  Some years
+	later, ESR (disappointed by Hastings and Tarr's failure to
+	exploit a great premise more thoroughly) posted a
+	3-times-longer complete rewrite called "Unix WARS"; the two
+	are often confused.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+DECwindows
+
+	DEC's windowing environment based on the {X Window System}.
+
+DECwrite
+
+	{DEC}'s {CDA}-based, {WYSIWYG} document processing
+	application.  It can generate and import {SGML} marked-up
+	documents.
+
+DED
+
+	Dark-Emitting Diode (that is, a burned-out LED).  Compare
+	{SED}, {LER}, {write-only memory}.  In the early 1970s both
+	Signetics and Texas instruments released DED spec sheets as
+	{AFJs} (suggested uses included "as a power-off indicator").
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+dedicated line
+
+	<communications> A telephone line leased expressly for the
+	purpose of connecting two users more-or-less permenantly..
+	Such lines may be "voice grade" which provides the {bandwidth}
+	and {signal to noise ratio} of ordinary {public switched
+	telephone network} circuits, or specified in ways which allow
+	transport of suitably encoded digital signals at faster rates.
+
+	In some cases, lines may be physical wires between the
+	communicating parties.  Over longer distances, it is common
+	for the connection to be virtual, which means that although
+	the two users can communicate only with each other, their
+	signals and others are multiplexed, amplified, switched,
+	scrambled, demultiplexed and so on in complex ways between the
+	end points.
+
+	This contrasts with a {dial-up} connection which is only
+	opened when one end requires it.
+
+	(1996-08-10)
+
+deductive database
+
+	<database> A combination of a conventional {database}
+	containing {facts}, a {knowledge base} containing {rules}, and
+	an {inference engine} which allows the derivation of
+	{information} implied by the facts and rules.
+
+	Commonly, the knowledge base is expressed in a subset of
+	{first-order logic} and either a {SLDNF} or {Datalog}
+	inference engine is used.
+
+	(1995-04-27)
+
+deductive tableau
+
+	<tool> A theorem proof system consisting of a table whose rows
+	contain assertions or goals.  Variables in assertions are
+	implicitly universally quantified and variables in goals are
+	implicitly existentially quantified.  The declarative meaning
+	of a tableau is that if every instance of every assertion is
+	true then some instance of at least one of the goals is true.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Deep Blue
+
+	<computer> A super computer developed by researchers at {IBM}
+	to explore the use of {parallel processing} to solve complex
+	computing problems.  It is known as the first computer to beat
+	the current chess World Grand Master.
+
+	Deep Blue started it's life as a PhD project at {Carnegie
+	Mellon University} by PhD students Feng-hsiung Hsu and Murray
+	Campbell.  Chiptest, as it was known then, consisted of a
+	custom designed chip hosted in a {Sun} 3/160 computer.
+
+	The project moved over to IBM in 1989 when Hsu and Campbell
+	joined IBM.  {Deep Thought}, as it was known by then, played
+	for the first time against Garry Kasparov in the same year.
+	The game of two matches was easily won by Kasparov.
+
+	The next match against Kasparov took place in February 1996.
+	By then the machine was again renamed, at that time it was
+	known as Deep Blue.  It was also heavily re-engineered: it was
+	by then running on a 32-node {RS/6000} cluster, each
+	containing 8 custom designed chips.  Alas, Kasparov won again.
+
+	The breakthrough finally happened in February 1997: with both
+	the algorithm and the raw speed significantly improved, Deep
+	Blue beat Kasparov 3.5:2.5.
+
+	{HOME (http://chess.ibm.com)}.
+
+	(1997-06-16)
+
+deep hack mode
+
+	{hack mode}
+
+deep magic
+
+	[possibly from C. S. Lewis's "Narnia" books] An awesomely
+	arcane technique central to a program or system, especially
+	one neither generally published nor available to hackers at
+	large (compare {black art}); one that could only have been
+	composed by a true {wizard}.  Compiler optimisation techniques
+	and many aspects of {OS} design used to be {deep magic}; many
+	techniques in cryptography, signal processing, graphics, and
+	AI still are.  Compare {heavy wizardry}.  Especially found in
+	comments of the form "Deep magic begins here.".  Compare
+	{voodoo programming}.
+
+deep space
+
+	1. The notional location of any program that has gone {off the
+	trolley}.  Especially used of programs that just sit there
+	silently grinding long after either failure or some output is
+	expected.  "Uh oh.  I should have had a prompt ten seconds
+	ago.  The program's in deep space somewhere." Compare {buzz},
+	{catatonic}, {hyperspace}.
+
+	2. The metaphorical location of a human so dazed and/or
+	confused or caught up in some esoteric form of {bogosity} that
+	he or she no longer responds coherently to normal
+	communication.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+de facto standard
+
+	A widespread consensus on a particular product or {protocol}
+	which has not been ratified by any official {standards} body,
+	such as {ISO}, but which nevertheless has a large market
+	share.
+
+	The archetypal example of a de facto standard is the {IBM PC}
+	which, despite is many glaring technical deficiencies, has
+	gained such a large share of the {personal computer} market
+	that it is now popular simply because it is popular and
+	therefore enjoys fierce competition in pricing and software
+	development.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+default
+
+	<data> A value or thing to use when none is specified by the
+	user.  Defaults are important for making systems behave in a
+	predictable way without the user having to give lots of
+	"obvious" details.
+
+	For example: the default {TCP/IP port} for the {HTTP}
+	{protocol} is 80, the {Unix} {ls} command does not list files
+	whose names begin with ".", the default {number base} in most
+	contexts is 10 (decimal), the default {filename extension} for
+	{Microsoft Word} documents is ".doc".
+
+	(2009-02-20)
+
+default.htm
+
+	{index.html}
+
+default route
+
+	<networking> A {routing table} entry which is used to direct
+	{packets} addressed to {hosts} or {networks} not explicitly
+	listed in the routing table.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+defect
+
+	{bug}
+
+defect analysis
+
+	<programming> Using defects as data for continuous quality
+	improvement.  Defect analysis generally seeks to classify
+	defects into categories and identify possible causes in order
+	to direct process improvement efforts.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+defect density
+
+	<programming> The ratio of the number of {defects} to program
+	length.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+Defense Advanced Research Project Agency
+
+	{Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency}
+
+Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
+
+	<body> (DARPA, ARPA) An agency of the US Department of Defense
+	responsible for the development of new technology for use by
+	the military.  DARPA was established in 1958 in response to
+	the Soviet launching of Sputnik, with the mission of keeping
+	the US's military technology ahead of its enemies.  DARPA is
+	independent from other more conventional military R&D and
+	reports directly to senior DoD management.  DARPA has around
+	240 personnel (about 140 technical) directly managing a $2
+	billion budget.  These figures are "on average" since DARPA
+	focusses on short (two to four-year) projects run by small,
+	purpose-built teams.
+
+	ARPA was its original name, then it was renamed DARPA (for
+	Defense) in 1972, then back to ARPA [When?], and then,
+	incredibly, back to DARPA again on 1996-03-11!
+
+	ARPA was responsible for funding development of {ARPANET}
+	(which grew into the {Internet}), as well as the {Berkeley}
+	version of {Unix} and {TCP/IP}.
+
+	{(http://darpa.mil/)}.
+
+	{History (/pub/misc/darpa)}.
+
+	(1999-07-17)
+
+Defense Calculator
+
+	{IBM 701}
+
+Defense Communications Agency
+
+	(DCA) Now called Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA).
+
+Defense Data Network
+
+	(DDN) A global communications network serving the US
+	Department of Defense.  Composed of {MILNET}, other portions
+	of the {Internet}, and classified networks which are not part
+	of the {Internet}.  The DDN is used to connect military
+	installations and is managed by the {Defense Information
+	Systems Agency}.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+Defense Data Network Network Information Center
+
+	(DDN NIC or just "The NIC") The {DDN} {NIC}'s primary
+	responsibility is the assignment of {Internet address}es and
+	{Autonomous System numbers}, the administration of the root
+	domain, and providing information and support services to the
+	{DDN}.  It is also a primary repository for {RFCs}.
+
+	See also {Internet Registry}.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Defense Information Systems Agency
+
+	(DISA) Formerly called the Defense Communications Agency
+	(DCA), this is the government agency responsible for managing
+	the {Defense Data Network} (DDN) portion of the {Internet},
+	including the {MILNET}.  Currently, DISA administers the
+	{DDN}, and supports the user assistance services of the DDN
+	{NIC}.
+
+	{(http://disa.mil/)}.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+Defense Trade Regulations
+
+	<legal> The U.S. law governening munitions export and defense
+	technology (F-16s, TOW missiles and {cryptology}).  According
+	to the U.S. (and Canada) cryptography is a munition and people
+	who export it can be charged as though they were exporting
+	bombs or state secrets.  People have been.
+
+	See also {EFF}.
+
+	(1995-06-19)
+
+deferral
+
+	Waiting for quiet on the {Ethernet}.
+
+definite clause
+
+	<logic> A {Horn clause} that has exactly one {positive
+	literal}.
+
+	(2000-01-24)
+
+definite sentence
+
+	<logic> A collection of {definite clauses}.
+
+	(2003-12-04)
+
+definitional constraint programming
+
+	<language> (DCP) A declarative, programming paradigm which
+	integrates {concurrent constraint programming}, {constraint
+	logic programming} and {functional programming}.  In this
+	setting a concurrent constraint language becomes a
+	coordination system that organises the concurrent interaction
+	of parallel functional computations.  The language is also a
+	generalisation of parallel {functional programming} languages,
+	such as {Id}, where {constraints} and constraint abstractions
+	are reused to define new constraints, as the means of
+	programming logical variables for parallel coordination.
+
+	{Goffin} is a DCP language.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+deflate
+
+	<file format, compression> A {compression} {standard} derived
+	from {LZ77}; it is reportedly used in {zip}, {gzip}, {PKZIP},
+	and {png}, among others.
+
+	Unlike {LZW}, deflate compression does not use patented
+	compression {algorithms}.
+
+	Used as a verb to mean to compress (not decompress!) a file
+	which has been compressed using deflate compression.  The
+	opposite, {inflate}, means to decompress data which has been
+	deflated.
+
+	Deflate is described in {RFC 1951}.
+
+	(1997-06-21)
+
+deflate compression
+
+	{deflate}
+
+deflate/inflate compression
+
+	{deflate}
+
+deforestation
+
+	<programming> A technique invented by {Phil Wadler} for
+	eliminating intermediate data structures built and passed
+	between composed functions in {function languages}.
+
+	(1997-06-21)
+
+defrag
+
+	{defragment}
+
+defragment
+
+	<tool, file system> /dee-frag(-ment)'/ (Or "defrag") To
+	coalesce files and free space on a {file system}; to reduce
+	{fragmentation}.
+
+	(2004-08-19)
+
+defunct process
+
+	{zombie process}
+
+degree
+
+	The degree (or valency) of a node in a graph is the number of
+	edges joined to it.
+
+degrees of freedom
+
+	<robotics> The number of independent parameters required to
+	specify the position and orientation of an object.  Often used
+	to classify {robot} arms.  For example, an arm with six
+	degrees of freedom could reach any position close enough and
+	could orient it's end effector (grip or tool etc.) at any
+	angle about the three perpendicular axes.
+
+dehose
+
+	/dee-hohz/ To clear a {hosed} condition.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+DEK
+
+	{Data Encryption Key}
+
+Delaunay triangulation
+
+	<mathematics, graphics> (After B. Delaunay) For a {set} S of
+	points in the {Euclidean plane}, the unique {triangulation}
+	DT(S) of S such that no point in S is inside the circumcircle
+	of any triangle in DT(S).  DT(S) is the dual of the {voronoi
+	diagram} of S.
+
+delayed control-transfer
+
+	<architecture> A technique used on the {SPARC} processor to reduce
+	the effect of {pipeline breaks} by executing the instruction after
+	a branch instruction (the "delay instruction" in the "delay
+	slot").  If there is no useful instruction which can be placed in
+	the delay slot then the "annul bit" on the control transfer
+	instruction can be set, preventing execution of the delay
+	instruction (unless the control transfer is conditional and is
+	taken).
+
+	Annulled branches are indicated in SPARC assembler language by
+	appending ",A" to the {operation code}.  For example,
+
+	 LOOP: ...
+	 CMP    %L0,10
+	 BLE,A   LOOP
+	 ADD     %L2, %L3, #L4
+
+	If the delay instruction is also a control transfer instruction
+	then it gets more complicated.  Both control transfer instructions
+	are executed (but not the following instruction) and, assuming
+	they are both taken, control is transferred briefly to the
+	destination of the first and then immediately to the destination
+	of the second.
+
+	(2001-06-26)
+
+delay instruction
+
+	{delayed control-transfer}
+
+delay slot
+
+	{delayed control-transfer}
+
+delete
+
+	1. <operating system> (Or "erase") To make a file
+	inaccessible.
+
+	Usually this operation only deletes information from the
+	tables the {file system} uses to locate named files; the
+	file's contents still exist on {disk} and can sometimes be
+	recovered by scanning the whole disk for strings which are
+	known to have been in the file.  Files created subsequently on
+	the same disk are quite likely to reuse the same blocks and
+	thus overwrite the deleted file's data permanently.
+
+	2. <character> The {control character} with {ASCII} code 127.
+	Usually entering this character from the keyboard deletes the
+	last character typed from the {input buffer}.  Sadly there is
+	great confusion between {operating systems} and keyboard
+	manufacturers as to whether this function should be assigned
+	to the delete or {backspace} key/character.
+
+	The choice of code 127 (binary 1111111) is not arbitrary but
+	dates back to the use of {paper tape} for input.  The delete
+	key rewound the tape by one character and punched out all
+	seven holes, thus obliterating whatever character was there
+	before.  The tape reading software ignored any delete
+	characters in the input.
+
+	(1996-12-01)
+
+delimiter
+
+	<character> A {character} or {string} used to separate, or
+	mark the start and end of, items of data in, e.g., a
+	{database}, {source code}, or {text file}.
+
+	See also: {record}.
+
+	(2001-03-16)
+
+delint
+
+	/dee-lint/ To modify code to remove problems detected when
+	{lint}ing.  Confusingly, this process is also referred to as
+	"linting" code.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Delirium
+
+	An embedding coordinate language for parallel programming,
+	implemented on {Sequent Symmetry}, {Cray}, {BBN Butterfly}.
+
+	["Parallel Programming with Coordination Structures", S. Lucco
+	et al, 18th POPL, pp.197-208 (1991)].
+
+Delivered Source Instruction
+
+	<programming, unit> (DSI) One line of source code (LOC)
+	developed by a project.
+
+	DSI is the primary input to many tools for estimating software
+	cost.  The term "delivered" is generally meant to exclude
+	non-delivered support software such as test drivers.  However,
+	if these are developed with the same care as delivered
+	software, with their own reviews, test plans, documentation,
+	etc., then they should be counted.  The "source instructions"
+	include all program instructions created by project personnel
+	and processed into {machine code} by some combination of
+	preprocessors, compilers, and assemblers.  It excludes
+	comments and unmodified utility software.  It includes {job
+	control language}, format statements, and data declarations.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+Dell Computer Corporation
+
+	<company> One of the biggest US manufacturers of {IBM PC}
+	compatibles.
+
+	"From notebooks to networks", their slogan says.
+
+	{(http://us.dell.com)}.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+Delphi
+
+	1. <company, communications> A US {Internet service provider}.
+
+	[Addresses?]
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+	2. <language> {Borland}'s {Object Oriented Pascal} (OOPascal)
+	{Rapid Application Development} package for {Microsoft
+	Windows}.  Delphi combines visual, component-based design with
+	an optimising {native code compiler} and scalable database
+	access.
+
+	(1996-05-27)
+
+Delphi Technique
+
+	<programming, tool> A group forecasting technique, generally
+	used for future events such as technological developments,
+	that uses estimates from experts and feedback summaries of
+	these estimates for additional estimates by these experts
+	until reasonable consensus occurs.  It has been used in
+	various software cost-estimating activities, including
+	estimation of factors influencing software costs.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+Delta
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. An expression-based language developed by J.C. Cleaveland
+	in 1978.
+
+	2. A string-processing language with single-character commands
+	from {Tandem Computers}.
+
+	3. A language for system specification of simulation
+	execution.
+
+	["System Description and the DELTA Language",
+	E. Holback-Hansen et al, DELTA Proj Rep 4, Norweg Comput Ctr,
+	Feb 1977].
+
+	4. A {COBOL} generating language produced by {Delta Software
+	Entwicklung GmbH (http://delta-software.de/)}.
+
+	(2000-08-02)
+
+delta
+
+	1. A quantitative change, especially a small or incremental
+	one (this use is general in physics and engineering).  "I just
+	doubled the speed of my program!"  "What was the delta on
+	program size?"  "About 30 percent."  (He doubled the speed of
+	his program, but increased its size by only 30 percent.)
+
+	2. [Unix] A {diff}, especially a {diff} stored under the set
+	of version-control tools called SCCS (Source Code Control
+	System) or RCS (Revision Control System).  See {change
+	management}.
+
+	3. A small quantity, but not as small as {epsilon}.  The
+	jargon usage of {delta} and {epsilon} stems from the
+	traditional use of these letters in mathematics for very small
+	numerical quantities, particularly in "epsilon-delta" proofs
+	in limit theory (as in the differential calculus).  The term
+	{delta} is often used, once {epsilon} has been mentioned, to
+	mean a quantity that is slightly bigger than {epsilon} but
+	still very small.  "The cost isn't epsilon, but it's delta"
+	means that the cost isn't totally negligible, but it is
+	nevertheless very small.  Common constructions include "within
+	delta of ---", "within epsilon of ---": that is, "close to"
+	and "even closer to".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-08-02)
+
+Delta-4
+
+	Definition and Design of an open Dependable Distributed system
+	architecture.  An Esprit project investigating the achievement
+	of dependability in open distributed systems, including
+	real-time systems.
+
+delta conversion
+
+	{delta reduction}
+
+Delta-Prolog
+
+	A {Prolog} extension with {AND-parallelism}, {don't-know
+	nondeterminism} and interprocess communication using
+	{synchronous event goals} and {distributed backtracking}.
+
+	["Delta-Prolog: A Distributed Logic Programming Language",
+	L.M. Pereira et al, Intl Conf 5th Gen Comp Sys, Nov 1984].
+
+delta reduction
+
+	<theory> In {lambda-calculus} extended with constants, delta
+	reduction replaces a function applied to the required number
+	of arguments (a {redex}) by a result.  E.g. plus 2 3 --> 5.
+	In contrast with {beta reduction} (the only kind of reduction
+	in the {pure lambda-calculus}) the result is not formed simply
+	by textual substitution of arguments into the body of a
+	function.  Instead, a delta redex is matched against the left
+	hand side of all delta rules and is replaced by the right hand
+	side of the (first) matching rule.  There is notionally one
+	delta rule for each possible combination of function and
+	arguments.  Where this implies an infinite number of rules,
+	the result is usually defined by reference to some external
+	system such as mathematical addition or the hardware
+	operations of some computer.  For other types, all rules can
+	be given explicitly, for example {Boolean} negation:
+
+		not True  = False
+		not False = True
+
+	(1997-02-20)
+
+DELTASE
+
+	A distributed processing environment concerned with
+	fault-tolerant and process-control applications from the
+	Esprit Delta-4 project.
+
+demand driven
+
+	A demand driven architecture/language performs computations
+	when the result is required by some other computation.
+	E.g. {Imperial College}'s {ALICE} running {HOPE}.
+
+	See also {data flow}, {lazy evaluation}, {reduction}.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+demand paged
+
+	{demand paging}
+
+demand paging
+
+	<memory management> A kind of {virtual memory} where a {page}
+	of memory will be {paged in} if an attempt is made to access
+	it and it is not already present in main memory.  This
+	normally involves a {memory management unit} which looks up
+	the {virtual address} in a {page map} to see if it is paged
+	in.  If it is not then the {operating system} will page it in,
+	update the page map and restart the failed access.  This
+	implies that the processor must be able to recover from and
+	restart a failed memory access or must be suspended while some
+	other mechanism is used to perform the paging.
+
+	Paging in a page may first require some other page to be moved
+	from main memory to disk ("paged out") to make room.  If this
+	page has not been modified since it was paged in, it can
+	simply be reused without writing it back to disk.  This is
+	determined from the "modified" or "dirty" flag bit in the
+	{page map}.  A {replacement algorithm} or policy is used to
+	select the page to be paged out, often this is the {least
+	recently used} (LRU) {algorithm}.
+
+	{Prepaging} is generally more efficient than demand paging.
+
+	(1998-04-24)
+
+DeMarco
+
+	Tom DeMarco proposed a form of {structured analysis}.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+DeMarco/Yourdon
+
+	{Yourdon/Demarco}
+
+demented
+
+	Yet another term of disgust used to describe a program.  The
+	connotation in this case is that the program works as
+	designed, but the design is bad.  Said, for example, of a
+	program that generates large numbers of meaningless error
+	messages, implying that it is on the brink of imminent
+	collapse.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Demeter
+
+	A {CASE} tool developed mainly by Karl Lieberherr.
+
+	["Contributions to Teaching Object-Oriented Design and
+	Programming" Aug/Sep 1988 issue of JOOP, OOPSLA '89
+	Proceedings].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+demigod
+
+	<person> A hacker with years of experience, a national
+	reputation, and a major role in the development of at least
+	one design, tool, or game used by or known to more than half
+	of the hacker community.  To qualify as a genuine demigod, the
+	person must recognisably identify with the hacker community
+	and have helped shape it.  Major demigods include {Ken
+	Thompson} and {Dennis Ritchie} (co-inventors of {Unix} and
+	{C}) and {Richard Stallman} (inventor of {Emacs}).  In their
+	hearts of hearts, most hackers dream of someday becoming
+	demigods themselves, and more than one major software project
+	has been driven to completion by the author's veiled hopes of
+	apotheosis.
+
+	See also {net.god}, {true-hacker}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+De-Militarised Zone
+
+	<networking> (DMZ) (From the military term for an area between
+	two opponents where fighting is prevented) DMZ {Ethernets}
+	connect networks and computers controlled by different bodies.
+	They may be external or internal.  External DMZ Ethernets link
+	regional networks with {routers} to internal networks.
+	Internal DMZ Ethernets link local nodes with routers to the
+	regional networks.
+
+	Compare {red zone}.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+demo
+
+	/de'moh/ 1. A demonstration of a product, often of an early
+	version or prototype.  A demo is a far more effective way of
+	inducing bugs to manifest themselves than any number of {test}
+	runs, especially when important people are watching.
+
+	2. {demo version}.
+
+	3. A program written to demonstrate the programmer's coding
+	ability and/or the power of the computer it runs on.  Such
+	demos are nearly always written in {machine code} and
+	traditionally feature scrolling text about the author, his
+	friends, his code and anything else he fancies and animated
+	graphics.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+demodulate
+
+	{demodulation}
+
+demodulation
+
+	<communications> To recover the {signal} from the {carrier}.
+	For example, in a radio broadcast using {amplitude modulation}
+	the audio signal is transmitted as the mean amplitude of a
+	radio-frequency carrier so demodulation requires a circuit
+	which measures the amplitude and filters out the carrier.
+	There are many other kinds of {modulation} and corresponding
+	demodulation.
+
+	(1998-07-29)
+
+demo mode
+
+	({Sun}) 1. The state of being {heads down} in order to finish
+	code in time for a {demo}, usually due yesterday.
+
+	2. <games> (Or "attract mode") A mode in which video games sit
+	by themselves running through a portion of the game.  Some
+	serious {apps} have a demo mode they use as a screen saver, or
+	may go through a demo mode on startup (for example, the
+	{Microsoft Windows} opening screen - which lets you impress
+	your neighbors without actually having to put up with
+	{Microsloth Windows}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+demon
+
+	1. <operating system> (Often used equivalently to {daemon},
+	especially in the {Unix} world, where the latter spelling and
+	pronunciation is considered mildly archaic).  A program or
+	part of a program which is not invoked explicitly, but that
+	lies dormant waiting for some condition(s) to occur.
+
+	At {MIT} they use "demon" for part of a program and "daemon"
+	for an {operating system} process.
+
+	Demons (parts of programs) are particularly common in {AI}
+	programs.  For example, a {knowledge}-manipulation program
+	might implement {inference rules} as demons.  Whenever a new
+	piece of knowledge was added, various demons would activate
+	(which demons depends on the particular piece of data) and
+	would create additional pieces of knowledge by applying their
+	respective inference rules to the original piece.  These new
+	pieces could in turn activate more demons as the inferences
+	filtered down through chains of logic.  Meanwhile, the main
+	program could continue with whatever its primary task was.
+	This is similar to the {triggers} used in {relational
+	databases}.
+
+	The use of this term may derive from "Maxwell's Demons" -
+	minute beings which can reverse the normal flow of heat from a
+	hot body to a cold body by only allowing fast moving molecules
+	to go from the cold body to the hot one and slow molecules
+	from hot to cold.  The solution to this apparent thermodynamic
+	paradox is that the demons would require an external supply of
+	energy to do their work and it is only in the absence of such
+	a supply that heat must necessarily flow from hot to cold.
+
+	Walt Bunch believes the term comes from the demons in Oliver
+	Selfridge's paper "Pandemonium", MIT 1958, which was named
+	after the capital of Hell in Milton's "Paradise Lost".
+	Selfridge likened neural cells firing in response to input
+	patterns to the chaos of millions of demons shrieking in
+	Pandemonium.
+
+	2. <company> {Demon Internet} Ltd.
+
+	3. A {program generator} for {differential equation} problems.
+
+	[N.W. Bennett, Australian AEC Research Establishment,
+	AAEC/E142, Aug 1965].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-09-04)
+
+Demon Internet Ltd.
+
+	<company> One of the first company to provide public
+	{Internet} access in the UK.
+
+	The staff of Demon Systems Ltd., an established software
+	house, started Demon Internet on 1992-06-01 and it was the
+	first system in the United Kingdom to offer low cost full
+	{Internet} access.  It was started with the support of about
+	100 founder members who discussed the idea on {Compulink
+	Information Exchange}, and were brave enough to pay a year's
+	subscription in advance.  They aimed to have 200 members in
+	the first year to cover costs, ignoring any time spent.  After
+	about two weeks they realised they needed nearer 400.  By
+	November 1993 they had over 2000 subscribers and by August
+	1994 they had about 11000 with 20% per month growth.  All
+	revenues have been reinvested in resources and expansion of
+	service.
+
+	Demon link to {Sprintlink} in the United States making them
+	totally independent.  They peer with {EUNet} and {PIPEX} to
+	ensure good connectivity in Great Britain as well as having
+	links to the {JANET}/{JIPS} UK academic network.  A direct
+	line into the {Department of Computing, Imperial College,
+	London (http://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk)} from their Central
+	London {Point of Presence} (PoP) (styx.demon.co.uk) gives
+	access to the biggest {FTP} and {Archie} site in Europe.
+
+	Demon provide local call access to a large proportion of the
+	UK.  The central London {PoP} provides {leased line}
+	connections at a cheaper rate for those customers in the
+	central 0171 area.  Further lines and {PoPs} are being added
+	continuously.
+
+	Subscribers get allocated an {Internet Address} and can choose
+	a {hostname} within the demon.co.uk {domain}.  They can have
+	any number of e-mail address at that host.
+
+	In October 1994 Demon confirmed a large contract with the
+	major telecommunications provider {Energis}.  They will supply
+	guaranteed bandwidth to Demon's 10Mb/s {backbone} from several
+	cities and towns.  Several {PoPs} will be phased out and
+	replaced with others during 1995.
+
+	E-mail: <internet@demon.net>.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/)}.
+
+	{(http://demon.co.uk/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:demon.announce}.
+
+	Telephone: +44 (181) 349 0063.
+
+	Address: Demon Internet Ltd., 42 Hendon Lane, Finchley, London
+	N3 1TT, UK.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+DeMorgan's theorem
+
+	<logic> A logical {theorem} which states that the {complement}
+	of a {conjunction} is the {disjunction} of the complements or
+	vice versa.  In symbols:
+
+		not (x and y) = (not x) or (not y)
+		not (x or y)  = (not x) and (not y)
+
+	E.g. if it is not the case that I am tall and thin then I am
+	either short or fat (or both).  The theorem can be extended to
+	combinations of more than two terms in the obvious way.
+
+	The same laws also apply to sets, replacing logical complement
+	with set complement, conjunction ("and") with set
+	intersection, and disjunction ("or") with set union.
+
+	A ({C}) programmer might use this to re-write
+
+		if (!foo && !bar) ...
+	as
+		if (!(foo || bar)) ...
+
+	thus saving one operator application (though an {optimising
+	compiler} should do the same, leaving the programmer free to
+	use whichever form seemed clearest).
+
+	(1995-12-14)
+
+demo version
+
+	1. An early, barely-functional version of a program which
+	can be used for demonstration purposes as long as the operator
+	uses *exactly* the right commands and skirts its numerous
+	bugs, deficiencies, and unimplemented portions.
+
+	2. A special version of a finished program (frequently with
+	some features crippled) which is distributed at little or no
+	cost to the user for enticement purposes.  See {crippleware}.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Denis Howe
+
+	<person> Denis B. Howe (1960 -) Editor of the {Free On-line
+	Dictionary of Computing}.
+
+	(2008-03-26)
+
+Dennis Ritchie
+
+	<person> Dennis M. Ritchie, co-author of the {Unix} {operating
+	system}, inventor of the {C} programming language and
+	{demigod}.
+
+	See also {K&R}, {Core War}, {If you want X, you know where to
+	find it}.
+
+	(2008-03-26)
+
+denotational semantics
+
+	<theory> A technique for describing the meaning of programs in
+	terms of mathematical {functions} on programs and program
+	components.  Programs are translated into functions about
+	which properties can be proved using the standard mathematical
+	theory of functions, and especially {domain theory}.
+
+	Compare {axiomatic semantics}, {operational semantics},
+	{standard semantics}.
+
+	(1996-08-21)
+
+Denotational Semantics Language
+
+	<specification, language> (DSL) The {specification language}
+	used by the {SIS} {compiler generator}.
+
+	["SIS - Semantics Implementation System", P.D. Mosses, TR
+	DAIMI MD-30, Aarhus U, Denmark].
+
+	(1996-10-13)
+
+Department of Defense
+
+	<body> (DoD) The US military body responsible for sponsoring
+	many software engineering standards.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+Department of Defense Network
+
+	<networking> (DDN) A military subset of the {Internet}, which
+	includes {ARPAnet}.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+depeditate
+
+	/dee-ped'*-tayt/ [by (faulty) analogy with "decapitate"]
+	Humorously, to cut off the feet of.  When one is using some
+	computer-aided typesetting tools, careless placement of text
+	blocks within a page or above a rule can result in chopped-off
+	letter descenders.  Such letters are said to have been
+	depeditated.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+dependability
+
+	{software reliability}
+
+dependable software
+
+	{software reliability}
+
+Deployment Descriptor
+
+	<programming> (DD) A {J2EE} configuration file.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+deprecated
+
+	Said of a program or feature that is considered obsolescent
+	and in the process of being phased out, usually in favour of a
+	specified replacement.  Deprecated features can,
+	unfortunately, linger on for many years.  This term appears
+	with distressing frequency in standards documents when the
+	committees writing the documents realise that large amounts of
+	extant (and presumably happily working) code depend on the
+	feature(s) that have passed out of favour.
+
+	See also {dusty deck}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+depth-first search
+
+	<algorithm> A graph search {algorithm} which extends the
+	current path as far as possible before {backtracking} to the
+	last {choice point} and trying the next alternative path.
+	Depth-first search may fail to find a solution if it enters a
+	cycle in the graph.  This can be avoided if we never extend a
+	path to a node which it already contains.
+
+	Opposite of {breadth first search}.  See also {iterative
+	deepening}.
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+deque
+
+	{double-ended queue}
+
+dequeue
+
+	{queue}
+
+DER
+
+	{Distinguished Encoding Rules}
+
+dereference
+
+	<programming> To access the thing to which a pointer points,
+	i.e. to follow the pointer.  E.g. in {C}, the declarations
+
+		int i;
+		int *p = &i;
+
+	declare i as an integer and p as a pointer to integer.  p is
+	initialised to point at i ("&i" is the address of i - the
+	inverse of "*").  The expression *p dereferences p to yield i
+	as an {lvalue}, i.e. something which can appear either on the
+	left of an {assignment} or anywhere an integer expression is
+	valid.  Thus
+
+		*p = 17;
+
+	would set i to 17.  *p++ is not the same as i++ however since
+	it is parsed as *(p++), i.e. increment p (which would be an
+	invalid thing to do if it was pointing to a single int, as in
+	this example) then dereference p's old value.
+
+	The {C} operator "->" also dereferences its left hand argument
+	which is assumed to point to a {structure} or {union} of which
+	the right hand argument is a {member}.
+
+	At first sight the word "dereference" might be thought to mean
+	"to cause to stop referring" but its meaning is well
+	established in jargon.
+
+	(1998-12-15)
+
+de-rezz
+
+	<jargon> /dee-rez'/ (Or "derez") "de-resolve" via the film
+	"Tron".  1. To disappear or dissolve; the image that goes with
+	it is of an object breaking up into raster lines and static
+	and then dissolving.  Occasionally used of a person who seems
+	to have suddenly "fuzzed out" mentally rather than physically.
+	Usage: extremely silly, also rare.  This verb was actually
+	invented as *fictional* hacker jargon, and adopted in a spirit
+	of irony by real hackers years after the fact.
+
+	2. The Macintosh resource decompiler.  On a Macintosh, many
+	program structures (including the code itself) are managed in
+	small segments of the program file known as "resources"; "Rez"
+	and "DeRez" are a pair of utilities for compiling and
+	decompiling resource files.  Thus, decompiling a resource is
+	"derezzing".  Usage: very common.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+derived class
+
+	{subclass}
+
+derived type
+
+	<programming> A {type} constructed from {primitive types} or
+	other derived types using a {type constructor function}.  This
+	term is usually applied to {procedural languages} such as {C}
+	or {Ada}.  C's derived types are the {array}, {function},
+	{pointer}, {structure}, and {union}.
+
+	Compare {derived class}.
+
+	(2001-09-14)
+
+DES
+
+	{Data Encryption Standard}
+
+descender
+
+	<text> A lowercase letter that extends below the base line,
+	such as "g", "j", or "p".  Also used to denote the part of the
+	letter extending below the base line.  Compare {ascender}.
+
+	(1998-03-27)
+
+descent function
+
+	If a {recursive} function is of the form
+
+		f x = ... f (d x) ...
+
+	then d is known as the descent function.
+
+Descriptive Intermediate Attributed Notation for Ada
+
+	<language> (DIANA) A formerly {de facto standard}
+	{intermediate language} for {Ada} programs, developed by Goos
+	and Wulf at {CMU} in January 1981.  DIANA is an {attributed
+	tree} representation, with an abstract interface defined in
+	{Interface Description Language} (Nestor, Lamb and Wulf, CMU,
+	1981; Snodgrass(?), 1989(?)).  DIANA resulted from a merger of
+	{AIDA} and {TCOL.Ada}.  At the present (2001) it is no longer
+	used by the major ADA compilers
+
+	["DIANA - An Intermediate Language for Ada", G.T. Goos et al,
+	LNCS 161, Springer 1983].
+
+	(2001-09-15)
+
+Descriptive Top-Level Specification
+
+	(DTLS) A language used in {POSIX} and {TRUSIX}.
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+descriptor
+
+	<operating system> An integer, string or other small data
+	value which refers to one of several objects allocated to a
+	program by the {operating system}, usually the {kernel}.  A
+	common example is a {Unix} {file descriptor} which is a small
+	integer that identifies an I/O channel.  Another example is a
+	reference to an area of memory (e.g. {shared memory}).
+
+	Compare {capability}.
+
+	(1998-02-06)
+
+design
+
+	<process> The approach that engineering (and some other)
+	disciplines use to specify how to create or do something.  A
+	successful design must satisfies a (perhaps informal)
+	{functional specification} (do what it was designed to do);
+	conforms to the limitations of the target medium (it is
+	possible to implement); meets implicit or explicit
+	requirements on performance and resource usage (it is
+	efficient enough).
+
+	A design may also have to satisfy restrictions on the design
+	process itself, such as its length or cost, or the tools
+	available for doing the design.
+
+	In the {software life-cycle}, design follows {requirements
+	analysis} and is followed by implementation.
+
+	["Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with Applications", 2nd
+	ed., Grady Booch].
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+Design In Real Time
+
+	<programming> (Dirt) A user {interface builder} for the {X
+	Window System} by R. Hesketh.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+design pattern
+
+	<programming> A description of an {object-oriented design}
+	technique which names, abstracts and identifies aspects of a
+	design structure that are useful for creating an
+	object-oriented design.  The design pattern identifies
+	{classes} and {instances}, their roles, collaborations and
+	responsibilities.  Each design pattern focuses on a particular
+	object-oriented design problem or issue.  It describes when it
+	applies, whether it can be applied in the presence of other
+	design constraints, and the consequences and trade-offs of its
+	use.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://st-www.cs.uiuc.edu/users/patterns/patterns.html)}.
+
+	["Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented
+	Software", Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John
+	Vlissides].
+
+	(1997-07-21)
+
+design recovery
+
+	<process> A subtask of {reverse engineering} in which domain
+	knowledge, external information, and deduction of fuzzy
+	reasoning are added to the observations of the subject system
+	to identify meaningful higher level abstractions beyond those
+	obtained directly by examining the system itself.
+
+	In other words, design recovery aims to work out what a system
+	or component was designed to do rather than just examining its
+	subcomponents and their interrelationships.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+Design System language
+
+	J. Gaffney, Evans & Sutherland 1976.  Interpretive FORTH-like
+	language for 3d graphics databases.  Earliest forerunner of
+	both Interpress and PostScript.  Mentioned in PostScript
+	Language Reference Manual, Adobe Systems, A-W 1985.
+
+desk check
+
+	<programming> To {grovel} over hardcopy of {source code},
+	mentally simulating the {control flow}; a method of catching
+	bugs.  No longer common practice in this age of on-screen
+	editing, fast compiles, and sophisticated debuggers - though
+	some maintain stoutly that it ought to be.
+
+	Compare {dry run}, {eyeball search}, {vdiff}, {vgrep}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+desktop
+
+	1. <operating system> In a {WIMP} {graphical user interface},
+	the visual representation of a real desktop (the top surface
+	of a piece of furniture) with documents, folders and a rubbish
+	bin arranged on it.  The user manipulates files on the
+	computer by using a {mouse} to {click} and {drag} their
+	representations ({icons}) on the desktop.
+
+	The WIMP interface and desktop metaphor was invented at {Xerox
+	PARC} and popularised by the {Apple Macintosh}.
+
+	2. <computer> {desktop computer}.
+
+	(2007-09-12)
+
+desktop database
+
+	{Macintosh file system}
+
+Desktop Management Interface
+
+	<standard, operating system> (DMI) A {specification} from the
+	{Desktop Management Task Force} (DMTF) that establishes a
+	standard {framework} for managing networked computers.  DMI
+	covers {hardware} and {software}, {desktop} systems and
+	{servers}, and defines a model for filtering events and
+	describing {interfaces}.
+
+	DMI provides a common path for technical support, IT managers,
+	and individual users to access information about all aspects
+	of a computer - including {processor} type, installation date,
+	attached {printers} and other {peripherals}, power sources,
+	and maintenance history.  It provides a common format for
+	describing products to aid vendors, systems integrators, and
+	end users in enterprise desktop management.
+
+	DMI is not tied to any specific hardware, operating system, or
+	management protocols.  It is easy for vendors to adopt,
+	mappable to existing management protocols such as {Simple
+	Network Management Protocol} (SNMP), and can be used on
+	non-network computers.
+
+	DMI's four components are:
+
+	Management Information Format (MIF) - a text file containing
+	information about the hardware and software on a computer.
+	Manufacturers can create their own MIFs specific to a
+	component.
+
+	Service layer - an OS add-on that connects the management
+	interface and the component interface and allows management
+	and component software to access MIF files.  The service layer
+	also includes a common interface called the local agent, which
+	is used to manage individual components.
+
+	Component interface (CI) - an {application program interface}
+	(API) that sends status information to the appropriate MIF
+	file via the service layer.  Commands include Get, Set, and
+	Event.
+
+	Management interface (MI) - the management software's
+	interface to the service layer.  Commands are Get, Set, and
+	List.
+
+	CI, MI, and service layer drivers are available on the
+	Internet.  {Intel}'s {LANDesk Client Manager} (LDCM) is based
+	on DMI.
+
+	Version: 2.0s (as of 2000-01-19).
+
+	{(http://dmtf.org/spec/dmis.html)}.
+
+	{Sun overview
+	(http://sun.com/solstice/products/ent.agents/presentations/sld014.html)}.
+
+	(2000-01-19)
+
+Desktop Management Task Force
+
+	<body> (DMTF) The industry consortium that develops, supports,
+	and maintains standards for systems management of {PC} systems
+	and products, to reduce total cost of ownership.  These
+	include the {Desktop Management Interface} (DMI), the
+	most-widely used management standard today.
+
+	The DMTF is participating in an industry effort to create a
+	standard for management over the {Internet}.  They are
+	defining an {object-oriented} {Common Information Model}
+	(CIM).
+
+	{(http://dmtf.org/)}.
+
+	(2000-01-19)
+
+desktop manager
+
+	A {user interface} to system services, usually {icon} and
+	{menu} based like the {Macintosh} {Finder}, enabling the user
+	to run {application programs} and use a {file system}
+	without directly using the command language of the {operating
+	system}.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+desktop publisher
+
+	{desktop publishing}
+
+desktop publishing
+
+	<text, application> (DTP) Using computers to lay out text and
+	graphics for printing in magazines, newsletters, brochures,
+	etc.  A good DTP system provides precise control over
+	templates, styles, fonts, sizes, colour, paragraph formatting,
+	images and fitting text into irregular shapes.
+
+	Example programs include {FrameMaker}, {PageMaker}, {InDesign}
+	and {GeoPublish}.
+
+	{(http://cs.purdue.edu/homes/gwp/dtp/dtp.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.text.desktop}.
+
+	(2005-03-14)
+
+DESQview
+
+	A system from {Quarterdeck Office Systems} implementing
+	{multitasking} under {MS-DOS}.
+
+destructor
+
+	<programming> A {function} provided by a {class} in {C++} and
+	some other {object-oriented languages} to delete an object,
+	the inverse of a {constructor}.
+
+	(1998-04-28)
+
+DESY
+
+	Deutsches Electronen Synchrotron Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany.
+
+DETAB
+
+	DEcision TABle.
+
+	A {decision table} {COBOL} preprocessor written by A. Chapman
+	in 1964.
+
+	Versions: DETAB 65, DETAB X.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 315].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+deterministic
+
+	1. <probability> Describes a system whose time evolution can
+	be predicted exactly.
+
+	Contrast {probabilistic}.
+
+	2. <algorithm> Describes an {algorithm} in which the correct
+	next step depends only on the current state.  This contrasts
+	with an algorithm involving {backtracking} where at each point
+	there may be several possible actions and no way to chose
+	between them except by trying each one and backtracking if it
+	fails.
+
+	(1995-09-22)
+
+deterministic automaton
+
+	<theory> A {finite-state automaton} in which the overall
+	course of the computation is completely determined by the
+	program, the starting state, and the initial inputs.  The
+	class of problems solvable by such automata is the class P
+	(see {polynomial-time algorithm}).
+
+	(1996-05-03)
+
+DETOL
+
+	<language> {Directly Executable Test Oriented
+	Language}.
+
+	(1995-09-29)
+
+developer
+
+	{programmer}
+
+development
+
+	The process of analysis, design, coding and testing software.
+
+Developmental Test and Evaluation
+
+	<programming> (DT&E) Activity which focuses on the
+	technological and engineering aspects of a system or piece of
+	equipment.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+development environment
+
+	<programming, tool> An integrated suite of {tools} to aid the
+	{development} of {software} in a particular {language} or for
+	a particular {application}.  Usually, this consists of a
+	{compiler} and {editor} and may also include one or more of a
+	{debugger}, {profiler}, and {source code} manager.
+
+	See also: {IDE}.
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+device
+
+	{peripheral}
+
+Device Control
+
+	<character> One of the four {ASCII} characters, {DC1}, {DC2},
+	{DC3}, and {DC4}, once used to remotely control equipment
+	(e.g. a {paper tape} reader) via electromagnetic switches.
+	The characters were usually paired, DC1/DC3 turning one device
+	on/off, and DC2/DC4 another.
+
+	[Other examples of equipment?]
+
+	(1996-08-20)
+
+Device Control 1
+
+	{Control-Q}
+
+Device Control 2
+
+	<character> (DC2) The {mnemonic} for {ASCII} character 18, one
+	of the four {Device Control} characters.
+
+	(1996-06-28)
+
+Device Control 3
+
+	{Control-S}
+
+Device Control 4
+
+	<character> (DC4) The {mnemonic} for {ASCII} character 20, one
+	of the four {Device Control} characters.
+
+	(1996-06-28)
+
+device driver
+
+	<operating system> {Software} to control a hardware component
+	or {peripheral} device of a computer such as a {magnetic
+	disk}, {magnetic tape} or printer.
+
+	A device driver is responsible for accessing the hardware
+	{registers} of the device and often includes an {interrupt
+	handler} to service interrupts generated by the device.
+
+	Device drivers often form part of the lowest level of the
+	{operating system} {kernel}, with which they are linked when
+	the kernel is built.  Some more recent systems have loadable
+	device drivers which can be installed from files after the
+	{operating system} is running.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+device independent bitmap
+
+	<graphics, file format> (DIB) An {image} format in which the
+	sequence and depth of {pixels} in the file is not specifically
+	related to their layout in any particular device.  This allows
+	any device dependent bitmap (DDB) image to be converted to or
+	DIB format without loss of information, and this can then
+	later be converted to other DDB formats for, e.g., printing or
+	display.  Rather than requiring converters from each DDB
+	format to all other formats, only converters to and from DIB
+	are needed.
+
+	DIB images are normally transferred in {metafiles}, {bmp}
+	files, and the {clipboard}.
+
+	Transferring colour bitmaps from one device to another was not
+	possible in versions of {Microsoft Windows} earlier than 3.0.
+	{Application programs} can build DIB images without any
+	interaction with Windows.  If Windows lacks a drawing
+	primitive, the application can simulate it directly into the
+	DIB instead of using the existing {graphics device interface}
+	(GDI) primitives.  Unfortunately, under Windows versions 3.0
+	and 3.1, {GDI} cannot perform output operations directly to a
+	DIB.
+
+	Conversion between DIB and DDB is performed by the {device
+	driver}.  Where the driver does not have this facility, the
+	conversion is performed by GDI but only in monochrome.  DIBs
+	are slower to use than device dependent bitmaps due to the
+	conversions required.
+
+	(1996-09-20)
+
+Device Manager
+
+	<operating system> The {Microsoft Windows} {control panel}
+	{applet} used to enable, disable and configure the hardware on
+	which Windows is running.  You can launch Device Manager via
+	the Control Panel/System or directly with:
+
+	 rundll32.exe devmgr.dll DeviceManager_Execute
+
+	(2008-04-16)
+
+Devil Book
+
+	<publication> "The Design and Implementation of the {4.3BSD}
+	Unix Operating System", by Samuel J. Leffler, Marshall Kirk
+	McKusick, Michael J. Karels, and John S. Quarterman
+	(Addison-Wesley Publishers, 1989, ISBN 0-201-06196-1).
+
+	The standard reference book on the internals of {BSD} {Unix}.
+	So called because the cover has a picture depicting a little
+	devil (a visual play on {daemon}) in sneakers, holding a
+	pitchfork (referring to one of the characteristic features of
+	Unix, the "{fork}(2)" {system call}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+/dev/null
+
+	/dev-nuhl/ [The Unix null device, used as a {data sink}] A
+	notional "black hole" in any information space being
+	discussed, used, or referred to.  A controversial posting, for
+	example, might end "Kudos to rasputin@kremlin.org, flames to
+	/dev/null".  See {bit bucket}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+devo
+
+	/dee'voh/ (In-house jargon at {Symbolics}) A person in a
+	development group.  See also {doco} and {mango}.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+DEX
+
+	A cross between {Modula-2} and {C} by W. van Oortmerssen.
+
+	{Amiga version 1.2
+	(ftp://ftp.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/amiga/fish/f7/ff743/TurboDEX.lzh)}.
+
+DFA
+
+	Deterministic Finite-state Automaton.  See {Finite State
+	Machine}.
+
+DFC
+
+	A {dataflow} language.
+
+	["Data Flow Language DFC: Design and Implementation",
+	S. Toshio et al, Systems and Computers in Japan, 20(6):1- 10
+	(Jun 1989)].
+
+DFD
+
+	{Data Flow Diagram}
+
+DFS
+
+	1. <algorithm> {Depth-First Search}.
+
+	2. <file system> {Distributed File System}.
+
+DFT
+
+	{discrete Fourier transform}
+
+DGL
+
+	1. Data Generation Language.  A tool for generating test data
+	for hardware or software systems.
+
+	2. Distributed {GL}.
+
+DG/L
+
+	1. Descriptive Geometry Language.  Early CAD/CAE language,
+	used light pen.  "Interactive Graphic Consoles - Environment
+	and Software", R.L.  Beckermeyer, Proc FJCC 37 (1970).
+
+	2. Data General ca 1973-1974.  Derivative of ALGOL 60,
+	developed from DG's ALGOL-5, used as the systems language
+	under {AOS} and {RDOS} for the DG Eclipse family of computers.
+	Replaced by PL/I in the early 80's.  Data General manual
+	093-000229-01.
+
+DHCP
+
+	{Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol}
+
+Dhrystone
+
+	<benchmark> A short {synthetic benchmark} program by Reinhold
+	Weicker <weicker.muc@sni.de>, <weicker.muc@sni-usa.com>,
+	intended to be representative of system (integer) programming.
+	It is available in {ADA}, {Pascal} and {C}.
+
+	The current version is Dhrystone 2.1.  The author says,
+	"Relying on MIPS V1.1 (the result of V1.1) numbers can be
+	hazardous to your professional health."
+
+	Due to its small size, the memory system outside the {cache}
+	is not tested.  Compilers can too easily optimise for
+	Dhrystone.  String operations are somewhat over-represented.
+
+	{Sources (ftp://ftp.nosc.mil/pub/aburto/)}.
+
+	{Results
+	(http://performance.netlib.org/performance/html/dhrystone.data.col0.html)}.
+
+	(2002-03-26)
+
+DHSD
+
+	{Duplex High Speed Data}
+
+DHTML
+
+	{Dynamic HTML}
+
+Dialled Number Identification Service
+
+	<communications> (DNIS) A service that tells the recipient of
+	a telephone call the telephone number dialled by the person
+	making the call.  It is used by call centres hosting multiple
+	numbers, voicemail systems and ISPs offering shared dial-in
+	services.
+
+	Compare {ANI}, {Caller ID}.
+
+	(2005-02-09)
+
+DIALOG
+
+	1. A commercial bibliographic database and retrieval service
+	from DIALOG Information Services.
+
+	2. Interactive mathematics using a {graphics tablet} by
+	Illinois Inst Tech, 1966.
+
+	["DIALOG: A Conversational Programming System with a Graphical
+	Orientation", S.H. Cameron et al, CACM 10:349-357 (1967).
+	Sammet 1969, p.255-258].
+
+dialup
+
+	A temporary, as opposed to dedicated, connection between
+	machines established over a telephone line using {modems}.
+
+DIAMAG
+
+	An interactive extension of {ALGOL}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.195].
+
+diameter
+
+	The diameter of a {graph} is the maximum value of the minimum
+	distance between any two nodes.
+
+Diamond
+
+	One of five pedagogical languages based on Markov algorithms,
+	used in "Nonpareil, a Machine Level Machine Independent
+	Language for the Study of Semantics", B. Higman, ULICS Intl
+	Report No ICSI 170, U London (1968).  (cf. Brilliant,
+	Nonpareil, Pearl[3], Ruby[2]).
+
+DIANA
+
+	{Descriptive Intermediate Attributed Notation for Ada}
+
+DIB
+
+	{device independent bitmap}
+
+DIBOL
+
+	Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language.
+
+	DEC, 1970.
+
+	Fortran syntax with BCD arithmetic.
+
+	Versions for PDP-8 and RT-11.
+
+	ANSI X3.165-1988.
+
+dickless workstation
+
+	<abuse> Extremely pejorative hackerism for "{diskless
+	workstation}".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+Dick Size War
+
+	{penis war}
+
+DICOM
+
+	<medical, standard> (From Digital Imaging and COmmunications
+	in Medicine) A {standard} developed by ACR-NEMA (American
+	College of Radiology - National Electrical Manufacturer's
+	Association) for communications between medical imaging
+	devices.  It conforms to the {ISO reference model} for network
+	communications and incorporates {object-oriented} design
+	concepts.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+dictionary
+
+	1. {data dictionary}.
+
+	2. {associative array}.
+
+	3. {Free On-line Dictionary of Computing}.
+
+Dictionary APL
+
+	{Sharp APL}
+
+dictionary flame
+
+	[{Usenet}] An attempt to sidetrack a debate away from issues
+	by insisting on meanings for key terms that presuppose a
+	desired conclusion or smuggle in an implicit premise.  A
+	common tactic of people who prefer argument over definitions
+	to disputes about reality.  Compare {spelling flame}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures
+
+	<algorithm> (DADS) A dictionary by Paul Black.
+
+	{(http://www.aprendelo.com/rec/dictionary-algorithms-and-data-structures.html)}.
+
+	(2001-03-26)
+
+Dictionary of Computing
+
+	{Free On-line Dictionary of Computing}
+
+DID
+
+	{Direct Inward Dialing}
+
+diddle
+
+	<jargon> (US) To work in a casual manner, or the result of such
+	work.  (In the UK "to diddle someone" means to cheat them).
+
+	"I diddled a copy of {ADVENT} so it didn't double-space all the
+	time."  "Let's diddle this piece of code and see if the problem
+	goes away."
+
+	Similar to {twiddle}, less purposeful than {tweak}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2013-08-18)
+
+Didot point
+
+	<unit, text> A variant of the {point}, equal to 0.3759 mm, or
+	1/72 of a French Royal inch (27.07 mm), or about 1/68 inch.
+	Didot points are used in Europe.  This unit is named after the
+	French printer François Ambroise Didot (1730 - 1804) who
+	defined the "point-based" typographical measurement system.
+
+	(2002-03-11)
+
+die
+
+	1. <jargon> {crash}.  Unlike {crash}, which is used primarily
+	of hardware, this verb is used of both hardware and software.
+
+	See also {go flatline}, {casters-up mode}.
+
+	2. <electronics> Plural: dies.  An unpackaged {integrated
+	circuit}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-12-09)
+
+die horribly
+
+	<jargon> The software equivalent of {crash and burn}, and the
+	preferred emphatic form of {die}.  "The converter choked on an
+	FF in its input and died horribly".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+diff
+
+	/dif/ 1. A change listing, especially giving differences
+	between (and additions to) different versions of a piece of
+	source code or documentation (the term is often used in the
+	plural "diffs").  "Send me your diffs for the Jargon File!"
+
+	Compare {vdiff}.
+
+	2. Specifically, such a listing produced by the diff {Unix}
+	command, especially when used as input to the {patch} utility
+	(which actually performs the modifications).  This is a common
+	method of distributing patches and source updates.
+
+	3. To compare (whether or not by use of automated tools on
+	machine-readable files).
+
+	See also {vdiff}, {mod}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-10)
+
+Difference Engine
+
+	<computer, history> {Charles Babbage}'s design for the first
+	automatic mechanical calculator.  The Difference Engine was a
+	special purpose device intended for the production of
+	mathematical tables.  Babbage started work on the Difference
+	Engine in 1823 with funding from the British Government.  Only
+	one-seventh of the complete engine, about 2000 parts, was
+	built in 1832 by Babbage's engineer, Joseph Clement.  This was
+	demonstrated successfully by Babbage and still works
+	perfectly.  The engine was never completed and most of the
+	12,000 parts manufactured were later melted for scrap.
+
+	It was left to Georg and Edvard Schuetz to construct the first
+	working devices to the same design which were successful in
+	limited applications.  The Difference Engine No. 2 was finally
+	completed in 1991 at the Science Museum, London, UK and is on
+	display there.
+
+	The engine used gears to compute cumulative sums in a series
+	of {registers}: r[i] := r[i] + r[i+1].  However, the addition
+	had the {side effect} of zeroing r[i+1].  Babbage overcame
+	this by simultaneously copying r[i+1] to a temporary register
+	during the addition and then copying it back to r[i+1] at the
+	end of each cycle (each turn of a handle).
+
+	{Difference Engine at the Science Museum
+	(http://nmsi.ac.uk/on-line/treasure/plan/2ndcomp.htm#babbage)}.
+
+	(1997-09-29)
+
+difference equation
+
+	<mathematics> A {relation} between consecutive elements of a
+	{sequence}.  The first difference is
+
+		D u(n) = u(n+1) - u(n)
+
+	where u(n) is the nth element of sequence u.  The second
+	difference is
+
+		D2 u(n) = D (D u(n))
+			= (u(n+2) - u(n+1)) - (u(n+1) - u(n))
+			= u(n+2) - 2u(n+1) + u(n)
+
+	And so on.  A {recurrence relation} such as
+
+		u(n+2) + a u(n+1) + b u(n) = 0
+
+	can be converted to a difference equation (in this case, a
+	second order linear difference equation):
+
+		D2 u(n) + p D u(n) + q u(n) = 0
+
+	and vice versa.  a, b, p, q are constants.
+
+	(1995-02-10)
+
+differential backup
+
+	<operating system> A kind of {backup} that copies all {files}
+	that have changed since the last {full backup}.  Each
+	differential backup will include all files in previous
+	differential backups since the full backup so to restore a
+	version of a file, you only need to search the full backup and
+	the relevant differential backup.
+
+	Some systems support differential backup by associating an
+	"Archive" flag with each file and setting this flag whenever
+	the file is modified to indicate that it should be included in
+	the next backup.  A differential backup does not change this
+	flag, whereas an {incremental backup} resets it.
+
+	(2004-03-05)
+
+differential driver
+
+	<hardware> An electronic device (commonly an {integrated
+	circuit}), containing two amplifiers, used to drive a
+	{differential line}.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+differential line
+
+	<hardware> A kind of electrical connection using two wires,
+	one of which carries the normal signal (V) and the other
+	carries an inverted version the signal (-V).  A differential
+	amplifier at the receiver subtracts the inverted signal from
+	the normal signal to yield a signal proportional to V.  This
+	subtraction is intended to cancel out any noise induced in the
+	wires, on the assmption that the same level of noise will have
+	been induced in both wires.  {Twisted pair} wiring is often
+	used to try to ensure that this is the case.
+
+	The two wires might be connected at the receiver to separate
+	{analogue to digital converters} and the subtraction performed
+	digitally.
+
+	The {RS-422} {serial line} {standard} specifies differential
+	drivers and receivers, whereas the earlier {RS-232} standard
+	does not.
+
+	Opposite: {single ended}.
+
+	(1995-03-08)
+
+Diffie-Hellman
+
+	<cryptography> A {public-key encryption} {key exchange
+	algorithm}.
+
+	{FAQ (http://rsa.com/rsalabs/faq/html/3-6-1.html)}.
+
+	(1999-03-15)
+
+digerati
+
+	<jargon> (Or "digirati".  By analogy with "literati" - people
+	knowledgeable about literature) People knowledgeable about
+	computers, "computer literate".
+
+	[Newsweek, March 1995?].
+
+	(1995-05-07)
+
+digest
+
+	A periodical collection of messages which have been posted to
+	a {newsgroup} or {mailing list}.  A digest is prepared by a
+	{moderator} who selects articles from the group or list,
+	formats them and adds a contents list.  The digest is then
+	either mailed to an alternative {mailing list} or posted to an
+	alternative newsgroup.
+
+	Some {news readers} and {electronic mail} programs provide
+	commands to "undigestify" a digest, i.e. to split it up into
+	individual articles which may then be read and saved or
+	discarded separately.
+
+Digex
+
+	{Digital Express Group, Inc.}
+
+DigiCash
+
+	<company> A company, started in April 1990, which aims to
+	develop and license products to support electronic payment
+	methods including {chip card}, software only, and hybrid.
+
+	{Ecash} is their trial form of software-only electronic money.
+
+	{(http://digicash.com/home.html)}.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+Digicom
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.whnet.com/pub/wolfgang)},
+	{(ftp://softmodem.whnet.com/pub/wolfgang)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/wolfgang)}.
+	{(http://ftp.whnet.com/wolfgang/)}.
+
+	[Description?]
+
+digirati
+
+	{digerati}
+
+digit
+
+	An employee of Digital Equipment Corporation.  See also
+	{VAX}, {VMS}, {PDP-10}, {TOPS-10}, {DEChead}, {double
+	DECkers}, {field circus}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Digital
+
+	<company> Common abbreviation for {Digital Equipment
+	Corporation}.
+
+	(1995-12-18)
+
+digital
+
+	<data> A description of {data} which is stored or transmitted
+	as a sequence of discrete symbols from a finite set, most
+	commonly this means {binary} data represented using electronic
+	or electromagnetic signals.
+
+	The opposite is {analogue}.
+
+	(1998-10-28)
+
+digital audio
+
+	<multimedia, file format> A sequence of discrete samples taken
+	from a continuous sound ({audio}) waveform.  Tens of thousands
+	of samples are taken each second.  Each sample represents the
+	intensity of the sound pressure wave at that instant.  Apart
+	from the sampling frequency, the other parameter is the
+	digital encoding of each sample including the number of {bits}
+	used.  The encoding may be linear, logarithmic or {mu-law}.
+
+	Digital audio is typically created by taking 16-bit samples
+	over a spectrum of 44.1 thousand cycles per second (kHz), this
+	means that CD quality sound requires 1.4 million bits of data
+	per second.  Digital telephone systems use lower sample rates.
+
+	{Filename extension}: .au ({Unix}), .snd ({MS-DOS}, {MS
+	Windows}).
+
+	See also {Audio IFF}, {MP3}, {wav}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: alt.binaries.sounds.*.
+
+	A {FAQ} on audio file formats is available.  {Part 1
+	(ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/audio/AudioFormats.part1)}, {Part 2
+	(ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/audio/AudioFormats.part2)}.
+
+	(1999-07-30)
+
+Digital Audio Tape
+
+	<storage, music> (DAT) A format for storing music on magnetic
+	tape, developed in the mid-1980s by {Sony} and {Philips}.  As
+	digital music was popularized by {compact discs}, the need for
+	a digital recording format for the consumer existed.  The
+	problem is that digital music contains over 5 megabytes of
+	data per minute before error correction and supplementary
+	information.  Before DAT, the only way to record digitally was
+	to use a video or a reel-to-reel recorder.
+
+	DAT uses a rotary-head (or "helical scan") format, where the
+	read/write head spins diagonally across the tape like a video
+	cassette recorder.  Thus the proper name is "R-DAT", where "R"
+	for rotary distinguishes it from "S-DAT", a stationary design
+	that did not make it out of the laboratories.  Studio
+	reel-to-reel decks are able to use stationary heads because
+	they can have wider tape and faster tape speeds, but for the
+	desired small medium of DAT the rotary-head compromise was
+	made despite the potential problems with more moving parts.
+
+	Most DAT recorders appear to be a cross between a typical
+	analog cassette deck and a {compact disc} player.  In addition
+	to the music, one can record subcode information such as the
+	number of the track (so one can jump between songs in a
+	certain order) or absolute time (counted from the beginning of
+	the tape).  The tape speed is much faster than a regular deck
+	(one can rewind 30 minutes of music in 10-25 seconds), though
+	not quite as fast as a compact disc player.  DAT decks have
+	both analog and digital inputs and outputs.
+
+	DAT tapes have only one recordable side and can be as long 120
+	minutes.
+
+	DAT defines the following recording modes with the following
+	performance specifications...
+
+	   2 channel 48KHz Sample rate, 16-bit linear encoding
+	   120 min max.
+	   Frequency Response 2-22KHz (+-0.5dB)
+	   SN = 93 dB   DR = 93 dB
+
+	   2 channel 44.1Khz Sample rate, 16-bit linear encoding
+	   120 min max
+	   Frequency Response 2-22KHz (+-0.5dB)
+	   SN = 93 dB   DR = 93 dB
+
+	   2 channel 32KHz Sample Rate, 12-bit non-linear encoding
+	   240 min max
+	   Frequency Response 2-14.5KHz (+-0.5dB)
+	   SN = 92 dB   DR = 92 dB
+
+	   4 channel 32KHz (not supported by any deck)
+
+	DAT is also used for recording computer data.  Most computer
+	DAT recorders use DDS format which is the same as audio DAT
+	but they usually have completely different connectors and it
+	is not always possible to read tapes from one system on the
+	other.  Computer tapes can be used in audio machines but are
+	usually more expensive.  You can record for two minutes on
+	each metre of tape.
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+digital camera
+
+	<graphics, hardware> A camera that captures and stores still
+	images as {digital} data instead of on photographic film.
+
+	The first digital cameras became available in the early
+	1990s[?].
+
+	[Which and when was the first?]
+
+	(2000-08-10)
+
+digital carrier
+
+	<hardware, communications> A medium which can carry {digital}
+	signals; broadly equivalent to the {physical layer} of the
+	{OSI} seven layer model of networks.  Carriers can be
+	described as {baseband} or {broadband}.  A baseband carrier
+	can include direct current (DC), whereas broadband carriers
+	are modulated by various methods into frequency bands which do
+	not include DC.
+
+	Sometimes a {modem} (modulator/demodulator) or {codec}
+	(coder/decoder) combines several channels on one transmission
+	path.  The combining of channels is called {multiplexing}, and
+	their separation is called demultiplexing, independent of
+	whether a modem or codec bank is used.  Modems can be
+	associated with {frequency division multiplexing} (FDM) and
+	codecs with {time division multiplexing} (TDM) though this
+	grouping of concepts is somewhat arbitrary.
+
+	If the medium of a carrier is copper telephone wire, the
+	circuit may be called {T1}, {T3}, etc. as these designations
+	originally described such.
+
+	T1 carriers used a restored polar line coding scheme which
+	allowed a baseband signal to be transported as broadband and
+	restored to baseband at the receiver.  T1 is not used in this
+	sense today, and indeed it is often confused with the {DS1}
+	signal carried.
+
+	(1996-03-31)
+
+digital certificate
+
+	<communications, security> An {attachment} to an {electronic
+	mail} message used for security purposes, e.g. to verify that
+	a user sending a message is who he or she claims to be, and to
+	provide the receiver with the means to encode a reply.
+
+	An individual wishing to send an encrypted message applies for
+	a digital certificate from a {certificate authority} (CA).
+	The CA issues an encrypted digital certificate containing the
+	applicant's {public key} and a variety of other identification
+	information.  The CA makes its own public key readily
+	available on the {Internet}.
+
+	The recipient of an encrypted message uses the CA's public key
+	to decode the digital certificate attached to the message,
+	verifies it as issued by the CA and then obtains the sender's
+	public key and identification information held within the
+	certificate.
+
+	(2006-05-27)
+
+digital computer
+
+	<computer> A {computer} that represents numbers and other data
+	using discrete internal states, in contrast to the
+	continuously varying quantities used in an {analog computer}.
+
+	Some of the fundamental ideas behind the digital computer were
+	proposed by {Alan Turing} between 1936 and 1938.  The design
+	of the {Atanasoff-Berry Computer} (1937-1942) included some of
+	the important implementation details but the first digital
+	computer to successfully run real programs was the {Z3}
+	(1941).  {ENIAC} (1943-1946) was the first electronic digital
+	computer but was only programmable by manual rewiring or
+	switches.
+
+	(2003-10-01)
+
+Digital Control System
+
+	<systems> (DCS) A {digital computer} used for {real-time} control
+	of a {dynamic system}, usually in an industrial environment,
+	possibly as part of a {Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition}
+	(SCADA) system.
+
+	A DCS samples {feedback} from the system under control and
+	modifies the control signals in an attempt to achieve some
+	desired behaviour.
+
+	Analysis of such digital-analogue feedback systems can involve
+	mathematical methods such as {difference equations}, {Laplace
+	transforms}, {z transfer functions}, {state space models} and
+	{state transition matrices}.
+
+	(2004-08-22)
+
+digital dashboard
+
+	<software> A personalised desktop {portal} that focuses on
+	{business intelligence} and {knowledge management}.
+
+	{Microsoft}'s version has a launch screen including stock
+	quotes, voice mail and e-mail messages, a calendar, a weather
+	forecast, traffic information, access to news feeds, customer
+	and sales data, and Internet conferences.  A digital dashboard
+	might previously have been thought of as an executive
+	information system.  In the future, digital dashboards could
+	be available on {personal digital assistants} and cellular
+	phones.
+
+	["Gates pitches 'digital dashboards' to bevy of top CEOs", Bob
+	Trott, pub. InfoWorld Electric, 1999-05-19].
+
+	(1999-09-14)
+
+Digital Data Service
+
+	<communications> (DDS) The class of service offered by
+	telecommunications companies for transmitting digital data as
+	opposed to voice.
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+digital electronics
+
+	<electronics> The implementation of {two-valued logic} using
+	electronic {logic gates} such as {and gates}, {or gates} and
+	{flip-flops}.  In such circuits the logical values true and
+	false are represented by two different {voltages}, e.g. 0V for
+	false and +5V for true.  Similarly, numbers are normally
+	represented in {binary} using two different voltages to
+	represented zero and one.
+
+	Digital electronics contrasts with {analogue} electronics
+	which represents continuously varying quantities like sound
+	pressure using continuously varying voltages.
+
+	Digital electronics is the foundation of modern computers and
+	{digital communications}.  Massively complex digital logic
+	circuits with millions of gates can now be built onto a single
+	{integrated circuit} such as a {microprocessor} and these
+	circuits can perform millions of operations per second.
+
+	(2006-01-14)
+
+Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
+
+	<communications, standard> (DECT, formerly ".. European ..") A
+	{standard} developed by the {European Telecommunication
+	Standard Institute} from 1988, governing pan-European {digital
+	mobile telephony}.  DECT covers wireless {PBXs}, {telepoint},
+	residential {cordless telephones}, wireless access to the
+	{public switched telephone network}, Closed User Groups
+	(CUGs), {Local Area Networks}, and wireless {local loop}.
+
+	DECT defines only the radio connection between two points and
+	can be used for remote access to public and private networks.
+	Other mobility standards, such as {GSM}, {TACS}, and {DCS
+	1800} add the necessary switching, signaling, and management
+	functions that are not specified by DECT.
+
+	The DECT Common Interface radio standard is a {multicarrier}
+	{time division multiple access}, {time division duplex}
+	(MC-TDMA-TDD) radio transmission technique using ten {radio
+	frequency} channels from 1880 to 1930 MHz, each divided into
+	24 time slots of 10ms, and twelve {full-duplex} accesses per
+	{carrier}, for a total of 120 possible combinations.
+
+	A DECT base station (an RFP, Radio Fixed Part) can transmit
+	all 12 possible accesses (time slots) simultaneously by using
+	different frequencies or using only one frequency.  All
+	signaling information is transmitted from the RFP within a
+	multiframe (16 frames).  {Voice} signals are digitally encoded
+	into a 32 kbit/s signal using {Adaptive Differential Pulse
+	Code Modulation}.
+
+	The {handover} process is requested autonomously by the
+	portable terminal and the Radio Fixed Parts, according to the
+	carrier signal levels.  A "Generic Access Profile" defines a
+	minimum set of requirements for the support of speech
+	telephony.
+
+	{(http://italtel.it/catalog/data/inglese/capc_5.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-04-13)
+
+digital envelope
+
+	<cryptography>
+
+	{(http://rsa.com/rsalabs/faq/html/2-2-4.html)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1999-03-16)
+
+Digital Equipment Computer Users Society
+
+	<body> (DECUS) A world-wide organisation of {Information
+	Technology} professionals interested in the products, services,
+	and technologies of {Digital Equipment Corporation} and related
+	vendors.  Membership in the US chapter is free and provides
+	participants with the means to enhance their professional
+	development, forums for technical training, mechanisms for
+	obtaining up-to-date information, advocacy programs and
+	opportunities for informal disclosure and interaction with
+	professional colleagues of like interest.
+
+	{DECUS Home (http://www.decus.org/)}.
+
+	(2014-08-26)
+
+Digital Equipment Corporation
+
+	<company, hardware> (DEC) A computer manufacturer and software
+	vendor.
+
+	Before the {killer micro} revolution of the late 1980s,
+	hackerdom was closely symbiotic with DEC's pioneering
+	{time-sharing} machines.  The first of the group of hacker
+	cultures nucleated around the {PDP-1} (see {TMRC}).
+	Subsequently, the {PDP-6}, {PDP-10}, {PDP-20}, {PDP-11} and
+	{VAX} were all foci of large and important hackerdoms and DEC
+	machines long dominated the {ARPANET} and {Internet} machine
+	population.
+
+	The first PC from DEC was a {CP/M} computer called {Rainbow},
+	announced in 1981-82.
+
+	DEC was the technological leader of the minicomputer era
+	(roughly 1967 to 1987), but its failure to embrace
+	{microcomputers} and {Unix} early cost it heavily in profits
+	and prestige after {silicon} got cheap.  However, the
+	{microprocessor} design tradition owes a heavy debt to the
+	{PDP-11} {instruction set}, and every one of the major
+	general-purpose microcomputer {operating systems} so far
+	(CP/M, {MS-DOS}, {Unix}, {OS/2}) were either genetically
+	descended from a DEC OS, or incubated on DEC {hardware} or
+	both.  Accordingly, DEC is still regarded with a certain wry
+	affection even among many hackers too young to have grown up
+	on DEC machines.  The contrast with {IBM} is instructive.
+
+	Quarterly sales $3923M, profits -$1746M (Aug 1994).
+
+	DEC was taken over by {Compaq Computer Corporation} in 1998.
+	In 2002 Compaq was in turn acquired by {Hewlett-Packard} who
+	sold off parts of Digital Equipment Corporation to {Intel} and
+	absorbed the rest.  The Digital logo is no longer used.
+
+	(2012-07-29)
+
+Digital Equipment Corporation Network
+
+	<networking> (DECNET) {Ethernet} software used on {DEC}
+	computers such as the {Vax}.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	(1999-06-03)
+
+Digital European Cordless Telecommunications
+
+	{Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications}
+
+Digital Express Group, Inc.
+
+	(Digex) The largest {Internet provider} in the Washington
+	metropolitan area with {POPs} in Maryland, Virginia, New
+	Jersey, New York and California.
+
+	{(http://digex.net)}.
+
+	(1994-10-25)
+
+Digital Lempel Ziv 1
+
+	<algorithm> (DLZ1) A {Lempel-Ziv compression} {algorithm}
+	which maps variable length input strings to variable length
+	output symbols.  During compression, the algorithm builds a
+	dictionary of strings which is accessed by means of a {hash
+	table}.  Compression occurs when input data matches a string
+	in the table and is replaced with the output symbol.
+
+	DLZ1 is used on {Digital Linear Tape}.
+
+	(1997-04-05)
+
+Digital Library Initiative
+
+	A project to research digital libraries which aims to provide
+	real collections to real users (high school students,
+	University researchers and students, users in public
+	libraries).  The project is sponsored jointly by three US
+	federal funding agencies, led by the National Science
+	Foundation.
+
+	The {University of Michigan}, one of the six sites selected in
+	1994 to collaborate, will provide collections on earth and
+	space sciences.  The project, known there as the University of
+	Michigan Digital Library Project (UMDL), is a large,
+	multi-year project headed by Daniel Atkins, Dean of the School
+	of Information and Library Studies.
+
+	{UMDL (http://http2.sils.umich.edu/UMDL/HomePage.html)}.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+Digital Linear Tape
+
+	<storage> (DLT) A kind of {magnetic tape} drive
+	originally developed by {DEC} and now marketed by {Quantum}.
+
+	DLT drives implement the {Digital Lempel Ziv 1} (DLZ1)
+	{compression} {algorithm} in a combination of {hardware} and
+	{firmware}.  They use a popular chip by {Stac} (now {hi/fn})
+	to do the string searching.  Counting, sorting and {Huffman
+	coding} are done in firmware (with hardware support for the
+	Huffman algorithm?).
+
+	In April 1997 DLT drives can transfer 5 {megabytes} per second
+	and can store 35 {gigabytes} on a single cartridge.
+	Compression might roughly double these figures.
+
+	(1997-04-05)
+
+digital logic
+
+	{two-valued logic}
+
+Digital Multimeter
+
+	<electronics> (DMM) A peice of test equipment used for
+	measuring voltage, current, resistance, and possibly other
+	electircal quantities and displaying the value in number form.
+
+	(1997-02-12)
+
+Digital Radio Mondiale
+
+	<communications> (DRM) A form of {monaural} digital broadcast
+	using {carrier} frequencies below 30 MHz.  DRM uses {MPEG-4
+	AAC Main Profile} and {SBR} at data rates of 16-25 kbps.
+
+	{(http://drm.org/)}.
+
+	(2001-12-20)
+
+Digital Research
+
+	<company> The company which developed {CP/M}, the {operating
+	system} used on many of the first generation 8-bit
+	{microprocessor}-based {personal computers}.  Digital Research
+	also produced {DR-DOS}.
+
+	Address: Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
+
+	(1998-03-17)
+
+Digital Rights Management
+
+	<legal> (DRM) Any technology used to limit the use of
+	{software}, music, movies or other digital data.  This
+	generally relies on some interaction between the media and the
+	system that plays it.  For example, video {DVDs} usually
+	include a {region code}.  If this does not match the player's
+	region code, the player will refuse to play the disc.
+
+	(2006-02-02)
+
+digital service unit
+
+	{data service unit}
+
+Digital Signal Processing
+
+	(DSP) Computer manipulation of analog signals (commonly sound
+	or {image}) which have been converted to digital form
+	(sampled).
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Digital Signal Processing Language
+
+	<language> (DSPL) A {C}-derived {DSP} language.
+
+	["The Programming Language DSPL", A. Schwarte & H. Hanselmann,
+	Proc PCIM 90, 1990].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+digital signature
+
+	<cryptography> Extra data appended to a message which
+	identifies and authenticates the sender and message data using
+	{public-key encryption}.
+
+	The sender uses a {one-way hash function} to generate a
+	hash-code of about 32 bits from the message data.  He then
+	encrypts the hash-code with his private key.  The receiver
+	recomputes the hash-code from the data and decrypts the
+	received hash with the sender's public key.  If the two
+	hash-codes are equal, the receiver can be sure that data has
+	not been corrupted and that it came from the given sender.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+digital signatures
+
+	{digital signature}
+
+Digital Signature Standard
+
+	<cryptography, standard> The {NIST}'s {standard} for {digital
+	signatures} (authenticating both a message and the signer)
+	that was first announced in 1991.  It is based on an
+	{algorithm} using {discrete logarithms}, which is a variant of
+	the {Elgamal algorithm} with Schnorr's improvements.  DSS's
+	security is currently considered very strong - comparable to
+	{RSA}.  It is estimated that DSS's 1024-bit keys would take
+	1.4E16 {MIPS}-years to crack.
+
+	(1995-11-16)
+
+Digital Simulation Language
+
+	<language> (DSL) Extensions to {Fortran} to simulate {analog
+	computer} functions.  Version DSL/90 ran on the {IBM 7090}.
+
+	["DSL/90 - A Digital Simulation Program for Continuous System
+	Modelling", Proc SJCC 28, AFIPS, Spring 1966].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p 632].
+
+	(1996-10-13)
+
+Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data
+
+	<communications> (DSVD) A technique supported by some {modems}
+	for multiplexing compressed speech with digital data for
+	transmission over a normal telephone line.
+
+	DSVD isn't standardised yet, so generally you have to have the
+	same make of modem at both ends for it to work.
+
+	[How does it work?  Which modems?  References?]
+
+	(1997-06-05)
+
+DIGITAL Standard MUMPS
+
+	(DSM) {DEC}'s version of {MUMPS}.
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+Digital Subscriber Line
+
+	<communications, protocol> (DSL, or Digital Subscriber Loop,
+	xDSL - see below) A family of {digital} {telecommunications}
+	{protocols} designed to allow high speed data communication
+	over the existing {copper} telephone lines between end-users
+	and telephone companies.
+
+	When two conventional {modems} are connected through the
+	telephone system ({PSTN}), it treats the communication the
+	same as voice conversations.  This has the advantage that
+	there is no investment required from the telephone company
+	(telco) but the disadvantage is that the {bandwidth} available
+	for the communication is the same as that available for voice
+	conversations, usually 64 kb/s ({DS0}) at most.  The
+	{twisted-pair} copper cables into individual homes or offices
+	can usually carry significantly more than 64 kb/s but the
+	telco needs to handle the signal as digital rather than
+	analog.
+
+	There are many implementation of the basic scheme, differing
+	in the communication {protocol} used and providing varying
+	{service levels}.  The {throughput} of the communication can
+	be anything from about 128 kb/s to over 8 Mb/s, the
+	communication can be either symmetric or asymmetric (i.e. the
+	available bandwidth may or may not be the same {upstream} and
+	{downstream}).  Equipment prices and service fees also vary
+	considerably.
+
+	The first technology based on DSL was {ISDN}, although ISDN is
+	not often recognised as such nowadays.  Since then a large
+	number of other protocols have been developed, collectively
+	referred to as xDSL, including {HDSL}, {SDSL}, {ADSL}, and
+	{VDSL}.  As yet none of these have reached very wide
+	deployment but wider deployment is expected for 1998-1999.
+
+	{(http://cyberventure.com/~cedpa/databus-issues/v38n1/xdsl.html)}.
+
+	{2Wire DSL provider lookup (http://2Wire.com/)}.
+
+	["Data Cooks, But Will Vendors Get Burned?", "Supercomm
+	Spotlight On ADSL" & "Lucent Sells Paradine", Wilson & Carol,
+	Inter@ctive Week Vol. 3 #13, p1 & 6, June 24 1996].
+
+	(2001-04-30)
+
+Digital Subscriber Line Access Module
+
+	<networking, hardware> (DSLAM, or Digital Subscriber Line
+	Access Multiplexer) The generic term for the {Central Office}
+	(CO) equipment where x{DSL} lines are terminated.  The
+	multiple {DSL} signals may be {multiplexed} onto a {wideband}
+	channel such as {ATM}.
+
+	(2000-04-05)
+
+Digital Subscriber Loop
+
+	{Digital Subscriber Line}
+
+Digital Switched Network
+
+	<communications> (DSN) The completely digital version of the
+	{PSTN}.
+
+	(1997-07-18)
+
+Digital to Analog Converter
+
+	<electronics> (DAC) A device which takes a digital value and
+	outputs a voltage which is proportional to the input value.
+
+	Typical uses include digital generation of audio signals or
+	conversion of a {bitmap image} to a signal to drive a {CRT}.
+
+	(1998-02-15)
+
+Digital Versatile Disc
+
+	<storage> (DVD, formerly "Digital Video Disc") An optical
+	storage medium with improved capacity and bandwidth compared
+	with the {Compact Disc}.  DVD, like CD, was initally marketed
+	for entertainment and later for computer users.  [When was it
+	first available?]
+
+	A DVD can hold a full-length film with up to 133 minutes of
+	high quality video, in {MPEG-2} format, and audio.
+
+	The first DVD drives for computers were read-only drives
+	("DVD-ROM").  These can store 4.7 GBytes - over seven times
+	the storage capacity of CD-ROM.  DVD-ROM drives read existing
+	{CD-ROMs} and music CDs and are compatible with installed
+	sound and video boards.  Additionally, the DVD-ROM drive can
+	read DVD films and modern computers can decode them in
+	software in {real-time}.
+
+	The DVD video standard was announced in November 1995.
+	Matshusita did much of the early development but Philips made
+	the first DVD player, which appeared in Japan in November
+	1996.  In May 2004, Sony released the first dual-layer drive,
+	which increased the disc capacity to 8.5 GB.  Double-sided,
+	dual-layer discs will eventually increase the capacity to 17
+	GB.
+
+	Write-once DVD-R ("recordable") drives record a 3.9GB DVD-R
+	disc that can be read on a DVD-ROM drive.  Pioneer released
+	the first DVD-R drive on 1997-09-29.
+
+	By March 1997, {Hitachi} had released a rewritable DVD-RAM
+	drive (by false analogy with {random-access memory}).  DVD-RAM
+	drives read and write to a 2.6 GB DVD-RAM disc, read and
+	write-once to a 3.9GB DVD-R disc, and read a 4.7 GB or 8.5 GB
+	DVD-ROM.  Later, DVD-RAM discs could be read on DVD-R and
+	DVD-ROM drives.
+
+	{Background (http://tacmar.com/dvd_background.htm)}.  {RCA
+	home (http://imagematrix.com/DVD/home.html)}.
+
+	(2006-01-07)
+
+Digital Versatile Disk Random Access Memory
+
+	<storage> (DVD-RAM) Rewritable {DVD} media that is recordable
+	on both sides, giving up to 9.6{GB} of storage.  A drive can
+	record to disk and read from it at the same time, so the term
+	{full duplex} is often used.  There are two general types of
+	media: traditional discrete disk in DVD or Jewel case, and one
+	in a permanent case like a large floppy; the disk remains in
+	the case, and the case goes into the drive.  The former can
+	sometimes be read by regular DVD drives; the latter obviously
+	cannot.
+
+	{Technical details, somewhat dated, at burnworld.com
+	(http://burnworld.com/dvd/primer/dvdram.htm)}.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+Digital Video Disc
+
+	{Digital Versatile Disc}
+
+Dijkstra's guarded command language
+
+	<language> A language invented by {Edsger Dijkstra} ca. 1974.
+	It introduced the concept of {guards} and {committed choice
+	nondeterminism} ({don't care nondeterminism}).  Described and
+	used in ["A Discipline of Programming", E. Dijkstra, P-H
+	1976].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+dike
+
+	To remove or disable a portion of something, as a wire from a
+	computer or a subroutine from a program.  A standard slogan is
+	"When in doubt, dike it out".  (The implication is that it is
+	usually more effective to attack software problems by reducing
+	complexity than by increasing it.)  The word "dikes" is widely
+	used among mechanics and engineers to mean "diagonal cutters",
+	especially the heavy-duty metal-cutting version, but may also
+	refer to a kind of wire-cutters used by electronics
+	technicians.  To "dike something out" means to use such
+	cutters to remove something.  Indeed, the TMRC Dictionary
+	defined dike as "to attack with dikes".  Among hackers this
+	term has been metaphorically extended to informational objects
+	such as sections of code.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+DIL
+
+	{Dual In-Line Package}
+
+Dilbert
+
+	<humour> A cartoon computer worker drawn by Scott Adams
+	<scottadams@aol.com>, who works in Silicon Valley.  The
+	cartoon became so popular he left his day job.  The cartoon
+	satirises typical corporate life, especially that which
+	revolves around computers.
+
+	See also: {BOFH}.
+
+	{(http://unitedmedia.com/comics/dilbert/)}.
+
+	(1996-10-11)
+
+Dilberted
+
+	<jargon> To be exploited and oppressed by your boss.  Derived
+	from the experiences of {Dilbert}, the geek-in-hell comic
+	strip character.  "I've been dilberted again.  The old man
+	revised the specs for the fourth time this week."
+
+	(1997-03-29)
+
+DIM
+
+	{DIM statement}
+
+DIMATE
+
+	<language> Depot Installed Maintenance Automatic Test
+	Equipment.  A language for programming {automatic test
+	equipment}.  It Runs on the {RCA 301}.
+
+	["A Simple User-Oriented Source Language for Programming
+	Automatic Test Equipment", B.H. Scheff, CACM 9(4) (Apr 1966)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 647].
+
+	(1996-01-07)
+
+DIMM
+
+	{Dual In-Line Memory Module}
+
+DIM statement
+
+	<programming> (From "dimension") A {keyword} in most versions
+	of the {BASIC} programming language that declares the size of
+	an {array}.  E.g.
+
+		DIM A(100)
+
+	declares a one-dimensional array with 101 numeric elements
+	(including A(0)).
+
+	{Visual Basic} uses the DIM (or "Dim") statement for any
+	variable declaration, even {scalars}, e.g.
+
+	Dim DepartmentNumber As Integer
+
+	which declares a single (scalar) variable of type Integer.
+
+	(1999-03-26)
+
+DIN
+
+	Deutsche Institut fuer Normung.  The German standardisation
+	body, a member of {ISO}.
+
+DIN-8
+
+	<hardware> An 8-pin round connector, sometimes used for
+	{EIA-232} serial communication when space is restricted, such
+	as on {laptop computers}.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+ding
+
+	1. Synonym for {feep}.  Usage: rare among hackers, but
+	commoner in the {Real World}.
+
+	2. "dinged": What happens when someone in authority gives you
+	a minor bitching about something, especially something
+	trivial.  "I was dinged for having a messy desk."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Dining Philosophers Problem
+
+	<parallel> (DPP) A problem introduced by {Dijkstra} concerning
+	resource allocation between processes.  The DPP is a model and
+	universal method for testing and comparing theories on
+	resource allocation.  Dijkstra hoped to use it to help create
+	a layered {operating system}, by creating a machine which
+	could be consider to be an entirely {deterministic}
+	{automaton}.
+
+	The problem consists of a finite set of processes which share
+	a finite set of resources, each of which can be used by only
+	one process at a time, thus leading to potential {deadlock}.
+
+	The DPP visualises this as a number of philosophers sitting
+	round a dining table with a fork between each adjacent pair.
+	Each philosopher may arbitrarily decide to use either the fork
+	to his left or the one to his right but each fork may only be
+	used by one philosopher at a time.
+
+	Several potential solutions have been considered.
+
+	Semaphores - a simple, but unfair solution where each
+	resources is a {binary semaphore} and additional semaphores
+	are used to avoid deadlock and/or {starvation}.
+
+	Critical Regions - each processor is protected from
+	interference while it exclusively uses a resource.
+
+	Monitors - the process waits until all required resources are
+	available then grabs all of them for use.
+
+	The best solution allows the maximum parallelism for any
+	number of processes (philosophers), by using an array to track
+	the process' current state (i.e. hungry, eating, thinking).
+	This solution maintains an array of semaphores, so hungry
+	philosophers trying to acquire resources can block if the
+	needed forks are busy.
+
+	(1998-08-09)
+
+dink
+
+	/dink/ Said of a machine that has the {bitty box} nature; a
+	machine too small to be worth bothering with - sometimes the
+	system you're currently forced to work on.  First heard from
+	an {MIT} hacker working on a {CP/M} system with 64K, in
+	reference to any {6502} system, then from fans of 32 bit
+	architectures about 16-bit machines.  "GNUMACS will never work
+	on that dink machine."  Probably derived from mainstream
+	"dinky", which isn't sufficiently pejorative.
+
+	See {macdink}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+DinnerBell
+
+	An {object-oriented} {dataflow} language with {single
+	assignment}.
+
+	["Object-Oriented Load Distribution in DinnerBell", S. Kono
+	<kono@csl.sony.co.jp> et al, in TOOLS Pacific 90].
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+DINO
+
+	{Data parallel} superset of {C}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/cs/distribs/dino/)}.
+
+	["The DINO Parallel Programming Language", M. Rosing et al, J
+	Parallel Dist Comp 13(9):30-42 (Sep 1991)].
+
+	["DINO Parallel Programming Language", M. Rosing et al,
+	CU-CS-457-90, U Colorado, April 1990].
+
+dinosaur
+
+	1. Any hardware requiring raised flooring and special power.
+	Used especially of old {minicomputers} and {mainframes}, in
+	contrast with newer {microprocessor}-based machines.
+
+	In a famous quote from the 1988 Unix EXPO, {Bill Joy} compared
+	the liquid-cooled mainframe in the massive {IBM} display with
+	a grazing dinosaur "with a truck outside pumping its bodily
+	fluids through it".  IBM was not amused.
+
+	Compare {big iron}; see also {dinosaurs mating}.
+
+	2. [IBM] A very conservative user; a {zipperhead}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+dinosaur pen
+
+	A traditional {mainframe} computer room complete with raised
+	flooring, special power, its own ultra-heavy-duty air
+	conditioning, and a side order of Halon fire extinguishers.
+
+	See {boa}.
+
+	(1995-11-17)
+
+dinosaurs mating
+
+	<humour> The activity said to occur when yet another {big
+	iron} merger or buy-out occurs; reflects a perception by
+	hackers that these signal another stage in the long, slow
+	dying of the {mainframe} industry.  Also described as
+	"elephants mating": lots of noise and action at a high level,
+	with an eventual outcome in the somewhat distant future.
+
+	In its glory days of the 1960s, it was "{IBM} and the Seven
+	Dwarves": {Burroughs}, {Control Data}, {General Electric},
+	{Honeywell}, {NCR}, {RCA}, and {Univac}.  Early on, RCA sold
+	out to Univac and GE also sold out, and it was "IBM and the
+	BUNCH" (an acronym for Burroughs, Univac, NCR, Control Data,
+	and Honeywell) for a while.  Honeywell was bought out by Bull.
+
+	Univac in turn merged with {Sperry} to form Sperry/Univac,
+	which was later merged (although the employees of Sperry
+	called it a hostile takeover) with Burroughs to form {Unisys}
+	in 1986 (this was when the phrase "dinosaurs mating" was
+	coined).  In 1991 {AT&T} absorbed NCR, only to spit it out
+	again in 1996.  Unisys bought {Convergent Technologies} in
+	1988 and later others.
+
+	More such earth-shaking unions of doomed giants seem
+	inevitable.
+
+	[More dates?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-07-10)
+
+diode
+
+	<hardware, electronics> A {semiconductor} device which
+	conducts electric current run in one direction only.  This is
+	the simplest kind of semiconductor device, it has two
+	terminals and a single PN junction.  One diode can be used as
+	a {half-wave rectifier} or four as a {full-wave rectifier}.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+Diophantine equation
+
+	<mathematics> Equations with {integer} coefficients to which
+	integer solutions are sought.  Because the results are
+	restricted to integers, different {algorithms} must be used
+	from those which find {real} solutions.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	(1998-08-27)
+
+DIP
+
+	1. {Dual In-line Package}.
+
+	2. {Document Image Processing}.
+
+diplex
+
+	<communications> (From {telegraphy}) Two simultaneous
+	transmissions in one direction.
+
+	Compare: {duplex}.
+
+	(2000-03-30)
+
+DIPP
+
+	{Dual Inline Pin Package}
+
+Direct-Access Storage Device
+
+	<hardware> (DASD) {IBM} {mainframe} terminology for a {disk
+	drive}, in contrast with a tape drive which is a sequential
+	access device.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+Direct Client to Client Protocol
+
+	<networking> (DCC) An {IRC} {protocol} created to allow users
+	to chat privately and to send and receive files directly
+	instead of having to go thorugh the IRC servers.  DCC protects
+	users from being monitored by IRC Server operators that have
+	enabled conversation logging.  It also allows much more
+	efficient use of available {bandwidth} as the data does not
+	need to be {broadcast} all over the world just to reach a
+	specific user.
+
+	The available DCC commands include DCC CHAT (direct user to
+	user chat), DCC SEND (direct user to user file send) and DCC
+	GET (file acknowledgement from a receiver).
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+Direct Connection
+
+	A re-seller of {Internet} connections to the {PIPEX}
+	{backbone}.
+
+directed acyclic graph
+
+	(DAG) A {directed graph} containing no cycles.  This means
+	that if there is a route from node A to node B then there is
+	no way back.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+directed graph
+
+	(digraph) A graph with one-way edges.
+
+	See also {directed acyclic graph}.
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Directed Oc
+
+	<language> (Doc) A language related to {Oc}.
+
+	["Programming Language Doc and Its Self-Description, or 'X=X
+	Is Considered Harmful'", M. Hirata, Proc 3rd Conf Japan Soc
+	Soft Sci Tech, pp. 69-72, 1986].
+
+	(1999-10-08)
+
+directed set
+
+	<theory> A {set} X is directed under some {relation}, <= (less
+	than or equal), if it is non-empty and if for any two elements
+	x and y there exists an element z such that x <= z and y <= z.
+	I.e. all pairs have an {upper bound}.
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Direct Inward Dialing
+
+	<communications> (DID) A service offered by telephone
+	companies which allows the last 3 or 4 digits of a phone
+	number to be transmitted to the destination {exchange}.
+
+	For example, a company could have 10 incoming lines, all with
+	the number 234 000.  If a caller dials 234 697, the call is
+	sent to 234 000 (the company's exchange), and the digits 697
+	are transmitted.  The company's exchange then routes the call
+	to extension 697.  This gives the impression of 1000 direct
+	dial lines, whereas in fact there are only 10.  Obviously,
+	only 10 at a time can be used.
+
+	This system is also used by {fax servers}.  Instead of an
+	exchange at the end of the 234 000 line, a computer running
+	fax server software and {fax modem} cards uses the last three
+	digits to identify the recipient of the fax.  This allows 1000
+	people to have their own individual fax numbers, even though
+	there is only one 'fax machine'.
+
+	{Dictionary of PC Hardware and Data Communications Terms
+	(http://ora.com/reference/dictionary/terms/D/Direct_Inward_Dialing.htm)}.
+
+	(1997-06-29)
+
+directional coupler
+
+	<communications> (tap) A {passive} device used in {cable}
+	systems to divide and combine {radio frequency} signals.  A
+	directional coupler has at least three ports: line in, line
+	out, and the tap.  The signal passes between line in and line
+	out ports with loss referred to as the {insertion loss}.  A
+	small portion of the signal power applied to the line in port
+	passes to the tap port.  A signal applied to the tap port is
+	passed to the line in port less the tap attenuation value.
+	The tap signals are isolated from the line out port to prevent
+	reflections.  A signal applied to the line out port passes to
+	the line in port and is isolated from the tap port.  Some
+	devices provide more than one tap output line (multi-taps).
+
+	(1995-12-23)
+
+Directly Executable Test Oriented Language
+
+	<language> (DETOL) A simple language to control a specific
+	type of test equipment.
+
+	["Improved DETOL Programming Manual for the Series 5500
+	Automatic Test System", Pub. 5500-31-0-1, AAI Corporation  Sep
+	1973].
+
+	(1995-09-29)
+
+direct mapped cache
+
+	<architecture> A {cache} where the cache location for a given
+	address is determined from the middle address bits.  If the
+	{cache line} size is 2^n then the bottom n address bits
+	correspond to an offset within a cache entry.  If the cache
+	can hold 2^m entries then the next m address bits give the
+	cache location.  The remaining top address bits are stored as
+	a "tag" along with the entry.
+
+	In this scheme, there is no choice of which block to flush on
+	a cache miss since there is only one place for any block to
+	go.  This simple scheme has the disadvantage that if the
+	program alternately accesses different addresses which map to
+	the same cache location then it will suffer a cache miss on
+	every access to these locations.  This kind of {cache
+	conflict} is quite likely on a multi-processor.  See also
+	{fully associative cache}, {set associative cache}.
+
+Direct Memory Access
+
+	<architecture> (DMA) A facility of some architectures which
+	allows a peripheral to read and write memory without
+	intervention by the CPU.  DMA is a limited form of {bus
+	master}ing.
+
+	(1996-08-23)
+
+directories
+
+	{directory}
+
+directory
+
+	<file system> A node in a hierarchical {file system} which
+	contains zero or more other nodes - generally, {files} or
+	other directories.
+
+	The term "folder" is sometimes used in systems such as the
+	{Macintosh} or {Microsoft Windows} in which directories are
+	traditionally depicted as folders (like small briefcases).
+
+	(2007-02-21)
+
+Directory Access Protocol
+
+	X.500 protocol used for communication between a Directory User
+	Agent and a Directory System Agent.
+
+directory service
+
+	<database, networking> A structured repository of information
+	on people and resources within an organisation, facilitating
+	management and communication.
+
+	On a {LAN} or {WAN} the directory service identifies all
+	aspects of the {network} including users, software, hardware,
+	and the various rights and policies assigned to each.  As a
+	result applications can access information without knowing
+	where a particular resource is physically located, and users
+	interact oblivious to the network {topology} and {protocols}.
+
+	To allow {heterogeneous networks} to share directory
+	information the {ITU} proposed a common structure called
+	{X.500}.  However, its complexity and lack of seamless
+	{Internet} support led to the development of {Lightweight
+	Directory Access Protocol} (LDAP) which has continued to
+	evolve under the aegis of the {IETF}.  Despite its name {LDAP}
+	is too closely linked to {X.500} to be "lightweight".
+
+	{LDAP} was adopted by several companies such as {Netscape
+	Communications Corporation} (Netscape Directory Server) and
+	has become a {de facto standard} for directory services.
+	Other LDAP compatible offerings include {Novell, Inc.}'s
+	{Novell Directory Services} (NDS) and {Microsoft
+	Corporation}'s {Active Directory}.  The Netscape and Novell
+	products are available for {Windows NT} and {Unix}
+	{platforms}.  {Novell Directory Services} also run on Novell
+	platforms. {Microsoft Corporation}'s {Active Directory} is an
+	integral part of {Microsoft's Windows 2000} and although it
+	can interface with directory services running on other systems
+	it is not available for other platforms.
+
+	(2001-01-02)
+
+Directory System Agent
+
+	(DSA) The software that provides the {X.500} Directory Service
+	for a portion of the directory information base.  Generally,
+	each DSA is responsible for the directory information for a
+	single organisation or organisational unit.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Directory User Agent
+
+	(DUA) The software that accesses the {X.500} Directory Service
+	on behalf of the directory user.  The directory user may be a
+	person or another software element.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+DirectX
+
+	<programming, hardware> A {Microsoft} programming interface
+	{standard}, first included with {Windows 95}.  DirectX gives
+	(games) programmers a standard way to gain direct access to
+	enhanced hardware features under Windows 95 instead of going
+	via the Windows 95 {GDI}.  Some DirectX code runs faster than
+	the equivalent under {MS DOS}.
+
+	DirectX promises performance improvements for graphics, sound,
+	video, 3D, and network capabilites of games, but only where
+	both hardware and software support DirectX.
+
+	DirectX 2 introduced the Direct3D interface.  Version 5 was
+	current at 1998-02-01.  Version 8.1 is included in {Windows
+	XP}.
+
+	Latest version: 8.1 (as of 2001-12-31).
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/directx/)}.
+
+	(2001-12-31)
+
+DIRFT
+
+	{Do It Right the First Time}
+
+Dirt
+
+	{Design In Real Time}
+
+dirtball
+
+	({XEROX PARC}) A small, perhaps struggling outsider; not in
+	the major or even the minor leagues.  For example, "Xerox is
+	not a dirtball company".
+
+	Outsiders often observe in the PARC culture an institutional
+	arrogance which usage of this term exemplifies.  The
+	brilliance and scope of PARC's contributions to computer
+	science have been such that this superior attitude is not much
+	resented.  - ESR
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+dirty power
+
+	Electrical mains voltage that is unfriendly to the delicate
+	innards of computers.  Spikes, {drop-outs}, average voltage
+	significantly higher or lower than nominal, or just plain
+	noise can all cause problems of varying subtlety and severity
+	(these are collectively known as {power hits}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+dis
+
+	<programming> A {CPython} {bytecode} {disassembler}.
+
+	{dis home (https://docs.python.org/2/library/dis.html)}.
+
+	(2014-06-08)
+
+DISA
+
+	1. <body> {Defense Information Systems Agency}.
+
+	2. <standard> {Data Interchange Standards Association}.
+
+	(1999-09-18)
+
+disaster planning
+
+	{disaster recovery}
+
+disaster recovery
+
+	<business> (DR) Planning and implementation of procedures and
+	facilities for use when essential systems are not available
+	for a period long enough to have a significant impact on the
+	business, e.g. when the head office is blown up.
+
+	Disasters include natural: fire, flood, lightning, hurricane;
+	hardware: power failure, component failure, {head crash};
+	software failure: {bugs}, resources; vandalism: arson,
+	bombing, {cracking}, theft; data corruption or loss: human
+	error, media failure; communications: computer network
+	equipment, {network storm}, telephones; security: passwords
+	compromised, {computer virus}; legal: change in legislation;
+	personnel: unavailability of essential staff, industrial
+	action.
+
+	Companies need to plan for disaster: before: {risk analysis},
+	preventive measures, training; during: how should staff and
+	systems respond; after: recovery measures, post mortem
+	analysis.
+
+	Hardware can usually be replaced and is usually insured.
+	Software and data needs to be backed up off site.  Alternative
+	communication systems should be arranged in case of network
+	failure or inaccessible premises, e.g. emergency telephone
+	number, home working, alternative data center.
+
+	(2007-06-20)
+
+disc
+
+	<storage, spelling> British spelling of "{disk}", normally
+	only used for "{compact disc}".
+
+	(1995-07-30)
+
+disc drive
+
+	{disc}
+
+disclaimer
+
+	<networking> Statement ritually appended to many {Usenet}
+	postings (sometimes automatically, by the posting software)
+	reiterating the fact (which should be obvious, but is easily
+	forgotten) that the article reflects its author's opinions and
+	not necessarily those of the organisation running the computer
+	through which the article entered the network.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-07-30)
+
+disconnect
+
+	{SCSI reconnect}
+
+Discordianism
+
+	<recreation> /dis-kor'di-*n-ism/ The veneration of {Eris},
+	also known as Discordia; widely popular among hackers.
+	Discordianism was popularised by Robert Shea and Robert Anton
+	Wilson's novel "Illuminatus!" as a sort of self-subverting
+	Dada-Zen for Westerners - it should on no account be taken
+	seriously but is far more serious than most jokes.  Consider,
+	for example, the Fifth Commandment of the Pentabarf, from
+	"Principia Discordia": "A Discordian is Prohibited of
+	Believing What he Reads."  Discordianism is usually connected
+	with an elaborate conspiracy theory/joke involving
+	millennia-long warfare between the anarcho-surrealist
+	partisans of Eris and a malevolent, authoritarian secret
+	society called the Illuminati.
+
+	See {Religion}, {Church of the SubGenius}, and {ha ha only
+	serious}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-04-12)
+
+discrete
+
+	<mathematics> A description of a quantity whose value is one
+	of a fixed set of values, as opposed to a {continuous} - a
+	value capable of infinitessimal variation.  For example,
+	{integers} are discrete values whereas {real numbers} are
+	continuous; {digital sound} has discrete {amplitude} leves
+	whereas {analog sound} is continuous.
+
+	(2009-10-08)
+
+discrete cosine transform
+
+	<mathematics> (DCT) A technique for expressing a waveform as a
+	weighted sum of cosines.
+
+	The DCT is central to many kinds of {signal processing},
+	especially video {compression}.
+
+	Given data A(i), where i is an integer in the range 0 to N-1,
+	the forward DCT (which would be used e.g. by an encoder) is:
+
+	 B(k) =    sum    A(i) cos((pi k/N) (2 i + 1)/2)
+	        i=0 to N-1
+
+	B(k) is defined for all values of the frequency-space variable
+	k, but we only care about integer k in the range 0 to N-1.
+	The inverse DCT (which would be used e.g. by a decoder) is:
+
+	 AA(i)=    sum    B(k) (2-delta(k-0)) cos((pi k/N)(2 i + 1)/2)
+	        k=0 to N-1
+
+	where delta(k) is the {Kronecker delta}.
+
+	The main difference between this and a {discrete Fourier
+	transform} (DFT) is that the DFT traditionally assumes that
+	the data A(i) is periodically continued with a period of N,
+	whereas the DCT assumes that the data is continued with its
+	mirror image, then periodically continued with a period of 2N.
+
+	Mathematically, this transform pair is exact, i.e. AA(i) ==
+	A(i), resulting in {lossless coding}; only when some of the
+	coefficients are approximated does compression occur.
+
+	There exist fast DCT {algorithms} in analogy to the {Fast
+	Fourier Transform}.
+
+	(1997-03-10)
+
+discrete Fourier transform
+
+	<mathematics> (DFT) A {Fourier transform}, specialized to the
+	case where the {abscissas} are integers.
+
+	The DFT is central to many kinds of {signal processing},
+	including the analysis and {compression} of video and {sound}
+	information.
+
+	A common implementation of the DFT is the {Fast Fourier
+	Transform} (FFT).
+
+	See also {discrete cosine transform}.
+
+	(1997-03-10)
+
+discrete preorder
+
+	<mathematics> A {preorder} is said to be discrete if any two
+	of its elements are {incomparable}.
+
+	(1995-09-21)
+
+discriminated union
+
+	<theory> The discriminated union of two sets A and B is
+
+		A + B = {(inA, a) | a in A} U {(inB, b)| b in B}
+
+	where inA and inB are arbitrary tags which specify which
+	summand an element originates from.
+
+	A {type} (especially an {algebraic data type}) might be
+	described as a discriminated union if it is a {sum type} whose
+	objects consist of a tag to say which part of the union they
+	belong to and a value of the corresponding type.
+
+	(1995-04-25)
+
+discussion group
+
+	<messaging> Any system that supports group messaging, e.g. a
+	shared {mailbox}, {Usenet}, {bulletin board system}, or
+	possibly a {mailing list}, used to publish messages on some
+	particular topic.
+
+	(2000-11-16)
+
+Disiple
+
+	<language, DSP> A {DSP} language.
+
+	["A Compiler that Easily Retargets High Level Language
+	Programs for Different Signal Processing Architectures", J.E.
+	Peters & S.M. Dunn, Proc ICASSP 89, pp. 1103-1106, May 1989].
+
+	(2000-11-16)
+
+disjoint union
+
+	In {domain theory}, a union (or sum) which results in a domain
+	without a least element.
+
+Disjunctive Normal Form
+
+	(DNF) A logical formula consisting of a {disjunction} of
+	{conjunctions} where no conjunction contains a disjunction.
+	E.g. the DNF of (A or B) and C is (A and C) or (B and C).
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+disk
+
+	<storage> 1. {magnetic disk}.
+
+	2. {compact disc}.
+
+	3. {optical disk}.
+
+	Note: the american spelling, "disk", is normal for most
+	computer disks whereas "compact disc", having come to
+	computers via the audio world, is correctly spelled with a
+	"c", indeed, this spelling is part of the CD standard.
+
+	(1995-07-30)
+
+disk controller
+
+	<hardware, storage> (Or "hard disk controller", HDC) The
+	circuit which allows the {CPU} to communicate with a {hard
+	disk}, {floppy disk} or other kind of {disk drive}.
+
+	The most common disk controllers in use are {IDE} and {SCSI}
+	controllers.  Most home {personal computers} use IDE
+	controllers.  High end PCs, {workstations} and network {file
+	servers} mostly have {SCSI adaptors}.
+
+	(1998-03-16)
+
+disk drive
+
+	<hardware, storage> (Or "hard disk drive", "hard drive",
+	"floppy disk drive", "floppy drive") A {peripheral} device
+	that reads and writes {hard disks} or {floppy disks}.  The
+	drive contains a motor to rotate the disk at a constant rate
+	and one or more read/write heads which are positioned over the
+	desired {track} by a servo mechanism.  It also contains the
+	electronics to amplify the signals from the heads to normal
+	digital logic levels and vice versa.
+
+	In order for a disk drive to start to read or write a given
+	location a read/write head must be positioned radially over
+	the right track and rotationally over the start of the right
+	sector.
+
+	Radial motion is known as "{seek}ing" and it is this which
+	causes most of the intermittent noise heard during disk
+	activity.  There is usually one head for each disk surface and
+	all heads move together.  The set of locations which are
+	accessible with the heads in a given radial position are known
+	as a "{cylinder}".  The "{seek time}" is the time taken to
+	seek to a different cylinder.
+
+	The disk is constantly rotating (except for some {floppy disk}
+	drives where the motor is switched off between accesses to
+	reduce wear and power consumption) so positioning the heads
+	over the right sector is simply a matter of waiting until it
+	arrives under the head.  With a single set of heads this
+	"{rotational latency}" will be on average half a revolution
+	but some big drives have multiple sets of heads spaced at
+	equal angles around the disk.
+
+	If seeking and rotation are independent, access time is seek
+	time + rotational latency.  When accessing multiple tracks
+	sequentially, data is sometimes arranged so that by the time
+	the seek from one track to the next has finished, the disk has
+	rotated just enough to begin accessing the next track.
+
+	See also {sector interleave}.
+
+	Early disk drives had a capacity of a few {megabytes} and were
+	housed inside a separate cabinet the size of a washing
+	machine.  Over a few decades they shrunk to fit a {terabyte}
+	or more in a box the size of a paperback book.
+
+	The disks may be {removable disks}; floppy disks always are,
+	removable hard disks were common on {mainframes} and
+	{minicomputers} but less so on {microcomputers} until the mid
+	1990s(?) with products like the {Zip Drive}.
+
+	A {CD-ROM} drive is not usually referred to as a disk drive.
+
+	Two common interfaces for disk drives (and other devices) are
+	{SCSI} and {IDE}.  {ST-506} used to be common in
+	microcomputers (in the 1980s?).
+
+	(1997-04-15)
+
+disk duplexing
+
+	<hardware, storage> A variation on {disk mirroring} where, as
+	well as redundant {disk drives}, a second {disk controller} or
+	{host adapter} is also present.
+
+	(1996-02-22)
+
+diskette
+
+	{floppy disk}
+
+disk farm
+
+	<jargon> (Or "{laundromat}") A large room or rooms filled with
+	{disk drives} (especially {washing machines}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+diskless workstation
+
+	<computer, networking> A {personal computer} or {workstation}
+	which has neither a {hard disk} nor {floppy disk} drive and
+	which performs all file access via a {local area network}
+	connection to a {file server}.  The lowest level {bootstrap}
+	code is stored in {non-volatile storage}.  This uses a simple
+	{protocol} such as {BOOTP} to request and {download} more
+	sophisticated boot code and eventually, the {operating
+	system}.
+
+	The archtypal product was the {3Station} developed by Bob
+	Metcalfe at {3Com}.  Another example was the {Sun} 3/50.
+
+	Diskless workstations are ideal when many users are running
+	the same application.  They are small, quiet, more reliable
+	than products with disks, and help prevent both the theft of
+	data and the introduction of viruses since the software and
+	data available on them is controlled by the network
+	administrator or system administrator.  They do however rely
+	on a server which becomes a disadvantage if it is heavily
+	loaded or {down}.
+
+	See also {breath-of-life packet}.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+disk mirroring
+
+	<hardware, storage> Use of one or more {mirrors} of a {hard
+	disk}.
+
+	(1996-02-17)
+
+Disk Operating System
+
+	<operating system> (DOS) The original {disk operating system}
+	from {IBM}.
+
+	DOS was the low-end OS of choice on the {IBM 360}, the
+	high-end system was called just "{OS}".  DOS had a smaller
+	{kernel} and less functionality than OS and could run on the
+	typical 32K 360/30 and 64K 360/40 class machines.
+
+	DOS was a successor to {TOS}.
+
+	(1999-01-20)
+
+disk operating system
+
+	<operating system> (DOS) The name of a number of {operating
+	systems} which include facilities for storing files on disk,
+	often used to refer to {Microsoft DOS}.  Such a system must
+	handle physical disk I/O, the mapping of file names to disk
+	addresses and protection of files from unauthorised access (in
+	a {multi-user} system).
+
+	A DOS should present a uniform interface to different storage
+	device such as {floppy disks}, {hard disks} and {magnetic
+	tape} drives.  It may also provide some kind of locking to
+	prevent unintentional simultaneous access by two processes to
+	the same file (or {record}).
+
+	(1998-07-08)
+
+disks
+
+	{disk}
+
+disk striping
+
+	{data striping}
+
+Dislang
+
+	<language>
+
+	["Dislang: A Distributed Programming Language/System", C. Li
+	et al, Proc 2nd Intl Conf Distrib Comp Sys, IEEE 1981,
+	pp. 162-172].
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+disman
+
+	{Distributed Management}
+
+display
+
+	1. <hardware> {monitor}.
+
+	2. <language> A vector of pointers to {activation records}.
+	The Nth element points to the activation record containing
+	variables declared at {lexical depth} N.  This allows faster
+	access to variables from outer {scopes} than the alternative
+	of linked activation records (but most variable accesses are
+	either local or global or occasionally to the immediately
+	enclosing scope).  Displays were used in some {ALGOL}
+	implementations.
+
+	(1996-02-22)
+
+display hack
+
+	<graphics> A program with the same approximate purpose as a
+	kaleidoscope: to make pretty pictures.  Famous display hacks
+	include {munching squares}, {smoking clover}, the {BSD Unix}
+	"rain(6)" program, "worms(6)" on miscellaneous Unixes, and the
+	{X} "kaleid(1)" program.  Display hacks can also be
+	implemented without programming by creating text files
+	containing numerous escape sequences for interpretation by a
+	video terminal; one notable example displayed, on any VT100, a
+	Christmas tree with twinkling lights and a toy train circling
+	its base.  The {hack value} of a display hack is proportional
+	to the aesthetic value of the images times the cleverness of
+	the algorithm divided by the size of the code.  Synonym
+	{psychedelicware}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+Display PostScript
+
+	An extended form of {PostScript} permitting its interactive
+	use with {bitmap displays}.
+
+Display Screen Equipment
+
+	{Visual Display Unit}
+
+display standard
+
+	<hardware, standard> {IBM} and others have introduced a
+	bewildering plethora of graphics and text display {standards}
+	for {IBM PC}s.  The standards are mostly implemented by
+	plugging in a video display board (or "{graphics adaptor}")
+	and connecting the appropriate monitor to it.  Each new
+	standard subsumes its predecessors.  For example, an {EGA}
+	board can also do {CGA} and {MDA}.
+
+	With the {PS/2}, IBM introduced the {VGA} standard and built
+	it into the main system board {motherboard}.  VGA is also
+	available as a plug-in board for PCs from third-party vendors.
+	Also with the PS/2, IBM introduced the {8514} high-resolution
+	graphics standard.  An 8514 adaptor board plugs into the PS/2,
+	providing a dual-monitor capability.
+
+	Graphics software had to support the major IBM graphics
+	standards and many non-IBM, proprietary standards for
+	displays.  Either software vendors provided {display drivers}
+	or display vendors provided drivers for the software package.
+	In either case, switching software or switching display
+	systems was fraught with compatibility problems.
+
+	 Display    Resolution Colours Sponsor	Systems
+
+	 MDA	    720x350 T	  2   	IBM     PC
+	 CGA	    320x200	  4   	IBM     PC
+	 EGA	    640x350	 16   	IBM     PC
+	 PGA	    640x480	256   	IBM     PC
+
+	 Hercules   729x348	  2   non-IBM	PC
+
+	 MCGA	    720x400 T
+		    320x200 G	256		PS/2
+
+	 VGA	    720x400 T
+		    640x480 G	 16
+
+	 SVGA	    800x600	 16	VESA
+
+	 XVGA	   1024x768	256	(IBM name: 8514)
+
+	T: text,  G: graphics.
+
+	More colours are available from third-party vendors for some
+	display types.
+
+	See also {MDA}, {CGA}, {EGA}, {PGA}, {Hercules}, {MCGA},
+	{VGA}, {SVGA}, {8514}, {VESA}.
+
+	[What were the corresponding "mode" numbers"?]
+
+	(2011-03-20)
+
+display standards
+
+	{display standard}
+
+display terminal
+
+	{visual display unit}
+
+Dissociated Press
+
+	[Play on "Associated Press"; perhaps inspired by a reference
+	in the 1949 Bugs Bunny cartoon "What's Up, Doc?"]  An
+	algorithm for transforming any text into potentially humorous
+	garbage even more efficiently than by passing it through a
+	{marketroid}.  The algorithm starts by printing any N
+	consecutive words (or letters) in the text.  Then at every
+	step it searches for any random occurrence in the original
+	text of the last N words (or letters) already printed and then
+	prints the next word or letter.  {Emacs} has a handy command
+	for this.  Here is a short example of word-based Dissociated
+	Press applied to an earlier version of the {Jargon File}:
+
+	wart:  A small, crocky {feature} that sticks out of
+	an array (C has no checks for this).  This is relatively
+	benign and easy to spot if the phrase is bent so as to be
+	not worth paying attention to the medium in question.
+
+	Here is a short example of letter-based Dissociated Press
+	applied to the same source:
+
+	window sysIWYG:  A bit was named aften /bee't*/ prefer
+	to use the other guy's re, especially in every cast a
+	chuckle on neithout getting into useful informash speech
+	makes removing a featuring a move or usage actual
+	abstractionsidered interj. Indeed spectace logic or problem!
+
+	A hackish idle pastime is to apply letter-based Dissociated
+	Press to a random body of text and {vgrep} the output in hopes
+	of finding an interesting new word.  (In the preceding
+	example, "window sysIWYG" and "informash" show some promise.)
+	Iterated applications of Dissociated Press usually yield
+	better results.  Similar techniques called "travesty
+	generators" have been employed with considerable satirical
+	effect to the utterances of {Usenet} flamers; see {pseudo}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+distfix
+
+	<programming> ("distributed {fixity}"?) A description of an
+	{operator} represented by multiple symbols before, between,
+	and/or after the arguments.
+
+	The classical example is the {C} conditional operator, "?:"
+	which is written
+
+		E1 ? E2 : E3
+
+	If E1 is true it returns E2 otherwise it returns E3.  Several
+	{functional programming languages}, e.g. {Hope}, {Haskell},
+	have similar operators ("if E1 then E2 else E3").
+
+	{Objective C} {messages} are effectively distfix operator
+	applications:
+
+		getRow:row andColumn:col ofCell:cell
+
+	is a message with three arguments, row, col, and cell.
+
+	(1997-01-21)
+
+Distributed Component Object Model
+
+	<programming> (DCOM) {Microsoft}'s extension of their
+	{Component Object Model} (COM) to support objects distributed
+	across a {network}.  DCOM has been submitted to the {IETF} as
+	a draft standard.  Since 1996, it has been part of {Windows
+	NT} and is also available for {Windows 95}.
+
+	Unlike {CORBA}, which runs on many {operating systems}, DCOM
+	is currently (Dec 1997) only implemented by {Microsoft} for
+	{Microsoft Windows} and by {Software AG}, under the name
+	"{EntireX}", for {Unix} and {IBM} {mainframes}.  DCOM serves
+	the same purpose as {IBM}'s {DSOM} {protocol}.
+
+	DCOM is broken because it's an {object model} that has no
+	provisions for {inheritance}, one of the major reasons for
+	{object oriented programming} in the first place.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/com/tech/DCOM.asp)}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2000-08-02)
+
+Distributed Computing Environment
+
+	(DCE) An architecture consisting of {standard} programming
+	interfaces, conventions and {server} functionalities
+	(e.g. naming, distributed file system, {remote procedure call})
+	for distributing applications transparently across networks of
+	{heterogeneous} computers.  DCE is promoted and controlled by
+	the {Open Software Foundation} (OSF).
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.soft-sys.dce}.
+
+	{(http://dstc.edu.au/AU/research_news/dce/dce.html)}.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+distributed database
+
+	A collection of several different {databases} that looks like
+	a single {database} to the user.  An example is the {Internet}
+	{Domain Name System} (DNS).
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Distributed Data Management
+
+	<protocol, database> (DDM) An {IBM} {data} {protocol}
+	architecture for data management services across {distributed}
+	systems in an {SNA} environment.
+
+	DDM provides a common {data management language} for data
+	interchange among different IBM system platforms.
+
+	Products supporting DDM include {AS/400}, {System/36},
+	{System/38} and {CICS/DDM}.
+
+	On the AS/400, 	DDM controls remote file processing.
+	DDM enables application programs running on one AS/400
+	system to access data files stored on another system
+	supporting DDM. Similarly, other systems that have DDM can
+	access files in the database of the local AS/400 system.
+	DDM makes it easier to distribute file processing between two
+	or more systems.
+
+	{OS/400 Distributed Data Management V3R6 Reference
+	(http://as400bks.rochester.ibm.com/cgi-bin/bookmgr/bookmgr.cmd/BOOKS/QBJALH00/CCONTENTS)}.
+
+	(1999-04-26)
+
+distributed data warehouse
+
+	<database> (DDW) Data shared across multiple data
+	repositories, for the purpose of {OLAP}.  Each data warehouse
+	may belong to one or many organisations.  The sharing im;plies
+	a common format or definition of data elements (e.g.  using
+	XML).
+
+	(2008-03-15)
+
+Distributed Eiffel
+
+	["Distributed Eiffel: A Language for Programming
+	Multi-Granular Distributed Objects on the Clouds Operating
+	System", L. Gunaseelan et al, IEEE Conf Comp Langs, 1992].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Distributed Logic Programming
+
+	<language> (DLP) A {logic programming} language similar to
+	{Prolog}, combined with parallel {object orientation} similar
+	to {POOL}.  DLP supports distributed {backtracking} over the
+	results of a {rendezvous} between {objects}.  {Multi-threaded}
+	objects have autonomous activity and may simultaneously
+	evaluate {method} calls.
+
+	["DLP: A Language for Distributed Logic Programming",
+	A. Eliens, Wiley 1992].
+
+	(1996-01-07)
+
+Distributed Management Environment
+
+	(DME) An {OSF} {standard}.  It had reached the {RFT} stage.
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+distributed memory
+
+	<architecture> The kind of memory in a {parallel processor}
+	where each processor has fast access to its own local memory
+	and where to access another processor's memory it must send a
+	message via the inter-processor network.
+
+	Opposite: {shared memory}.
+
+	(1995-03-22)
+
+Distributed Network Operating System
+
+	<operating system> (DNOS) A proprietary {operating system} for
+	{Texas Instruments} {990}-series {minicomputers}.
+
+	(1996-04-01)
+
+Distributed Operating Multi Access Interactive Network
+
+	(DOMAIN) The proprietary network {protocol} used by {Apollo}
+	{workstations}.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Distributed Processes
+
+	(DP) The first {concurrent} language based on {remote
+	procedure calls}.
+
+	["Distributed Processes: A Concurrent Programming Concept",
+	Per Brinch Hansen CACM 21(11):934-940 (Nov 1978)].
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+Distributed Queue Dual Bus
+
+	<networking, standard> (DQDB) An {IEEE} {standard} for
+	{metropolitan area networks}.
+
+	{(http://ece.wpi.edu/~vlad/ee535/hw5/page1.html)}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2000-08-02)
+
+Distributed Smalltalk
+
+	["The Design and Implementation of Distributed Smalltalk",
+	J. Bennett, SIGPLAN Notices 22(12):318-330 (Dec 1980)].
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+distributed system
+
+	A collection of (probably heterogeneous) automata whose
+	distribution is transparent to the user so that the system
+	appears as one local machine.  This is in contrast to a
+	network, where the user is aware that there are several
+	machines, and their location, storage replication, load
+	balancing and functionality is not transparent.  Distributed
+	systems usually use some kind of {client-server} organisation.
+
+	Distributed systems are considered by some to be the "next
+	wave" of computing.
+
+	{Distributed Computing Environment} is the {Open Software
+	Foundation}'s software architecture for distributed systems.
+
+	{(http://dstc.edu.au/AU/research_news/dist-env.html)}.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+distributed systems
+
+	{distributed system}
+
+distribution
+
+	1. <software> A software source tree packaged for
+	distribution; but see {kit}.
+
+	2. <messaging> A vague term encompassing {mailing lists} and
+	{Usenet} {newsgroups} (but not {BBS} {fora}); any
+	topic-oriented message channel with multiple recipients.
+
+	3. <messaging> An information-space domain (usually loosely
+	correlated with geography) to which propagation of a {Usenet}
+	message is restricted; a much-underused feature.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+distributive lattice
+
+	<theory> A {lattice} for which the {least upper bound} (lub)
+	and {greatest lower bound} (glb) operators distribute over one
+	another so that
+
+		a lub (b glb c) == (a lub c) glb (a lub b)
+
+	and vice versa.
+
+	("lub" and "glb" are written in {LateX} as {\sqcup} and
+	{\sqcap}).
+
+	(1998-11-09)
+
+disusered
+
+	<jargon> ({Usenet}) Said of a person whose account on a
+	computer has been removed to prevent access.  Setting the
+	DISUSER account status flag on {VMS} disables the account.
+
+	"He got disusered when they found out he'd been {cracking}
+	through the school's {Internet} access."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+dithering
+
+	<data, algorithm> A technique used in {quantisation} processes
+	such as {graphics} and {audio} to reduce or remove the
+	correlation between noise and signal.
+
+	Dithering is used in {computer graphics} to create additional
+	colors and shades from an existing {palette} by interspersing
+	{pixels} of different colours.  On a {monochrome} display,
+	areas of grey are created by varying the proportion of black
+	and white pixels.  In colour displays and printers, colours
+	and textures are created by varying the proportions of
+	existing colours.  The different colours can either be
+	distributed randomly or regularly.  The higher the
+	{resolution} of the display, the smoother the dithered colour
+	will appear to the eye.
+
+	Dithering doesn't reduce resolution.  There are three types:
+	regular dithering which uses a very regular predefined
+	pattern; random dither where the pattern is a random noise;
+	and pseudo random dither which uses a very large, very
+	regular, predefined pattern.
+
+	Dithering is used to create patterns for use as backgrounds,
+	fills and shading, as well as for creating {halftones} for
+	printing.  When used for printing is it very sensitive to
+	paper properties.  Dithering can be combined with
+	{rasterising}.  It is not related to {anti-aliasing}.
+
+	(2003-07-20)
+
+Ditto Drive
+
+	<hardware, storage> The Ditto {tape drives} range in capacity
+	from 120 {megabytes} to 1.6 {gigabytes} ({data compression}
+	can roughly double these figures).  The newer devices are
+	designed for special tapes, though they will read standard
+	tape types.
+
+	The largest of tape stores up 3.2 {GB}.  Using an enhanced
+	{floppy drive} card the transfer rate approaches the claimed
+	19 {MB}/minute.  External {parallel} port versions are also
+	available.
+
+	{Compatibility details
+	(http://iomega.com/support/techs/ditto/3040.html)}.
+
+	(1997-03-26)
+
+diverge
+
+	If a series of approximations to some value get progressively
+	further from it then the series is said to diverge.
+
+	The {reduction} of some term under some {evaluation strategy}
+	diverges if it does not reach a {normal form} after a finite
+	number of reductions.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+divisor
+
+	A quantity that evenly divides another quantity.
+
+	Unless otherwise stated, use of this term implies that the
+	quantities involved are integers.  (For non-integers, the more
+	general term {factor} may be more appropriate.)
+
+	 Example: 3 is a divisor of 15.
+	 Example: 3 is not a divisor of 14.
+
+	(1997-03-07)
+
+dj
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Djibouti.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+DJGPP
+
+	<tool> A 32-bit {GNU} {C}/{C++}/etc development system for
+	{MS-DOS}.
+
+	{(http://delorie.com/djgpp/)}.
+
+	Address: DJ Delorie, Rochester, NH, USA.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+DjVu
+
+	<application, compression, file format, graphics, web> (pronounced
+	like "deja vu") An {image compression} {algorithm} and program
+	developed by {Yann LeCun}'s research group at {AT&T Labs}.  DjVu
+	provides high {resolution} {digital images} for distribution over
+	the {Internet}.  DjVu is five to 20 times more efficient than
+	{JPEG} or {GIF}.  A free {web browser} {plug-in} allows users to
+	display DjVu images.
+
+	{(http://djvu.research.att.com/)}.
+
+	(1999-10-07)
+
+DK
+
+	{Datakit}
+
+dk
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Denmark.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+DL/1
+
+	Query language, linear keyword.
+
+DLC
+
+	{Data Link Control}
+
+DLCI
+
+	{Data Link Connection Identifier}
+
+	[Is this correct?]
+
+	(1997-03-01)
+
+DLE
+
+	<character> Data Link Escape, the {mnemonic} for {ASCII} 16.
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+DLG
+
+	(DFA-based Lexical analyser Generator) The {lexical analyser}
+	generator in the {Purdue Compiler-Construction Tool Set}.
+
+DL/I
+
+	The data manipulation language of IMS.
+
+DLL
+
+	1. <networking> {Data Link Layer}.
+
+	2. <library> {Dynamically Linked Library}.
+
+	3. {Dial Long Line} equipment.
+
+	(2000-04-05)
+
+DLM
+
+	Distributed Lock Manager on distributed VMS systems.
+
+DLP
+
+	<language> {Distributed Logic Programming}.
+
+	(1996-01-07)
+
+DLPI
+
+	{Data Link Provider Interface}
+
+DLSw
+
+	{Data Link Switching}
+
+DLT
+
+	{Digital Linear Tape}
+
+DLUR/DLUS
+
+	<networking> Dependent Logical Unit Requester/Server.  The
+	DLUR function is an {APPN} enhancement for an end node or
+	network node that supports dependent {LUs}.  The DLUS function
+	is a product feature of an {interchange node} or a {T5}
+	network node supporting {session services} extensions.
+
+	{(http://booksrv2.raleigh.ibm.com/cgi-bin/bookmgr/bookmgr.cmd/BOOKS/DLUR7/)}.
+
+	(1997-05-08)
+
+DLZ1
+
+	{Digital Lempel Ziv 1}
+
+dm
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Dominica.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+DMA
+
+	{Direct Memory Access}
+
+DMAD
+
+	Diagnostic Machine Aid-Digital.  A system for functional
+	testing of digital devices.
+
+	["DMAD M/MM Manual", BR-8392, Raytheon Co. (Oct 1973)]
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+dmake
+
+	Required by {uC++}.
+
+	{(ftp://plg.uwaterloo.ca/pub/dmake/dmake38.tar.Z)}.
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+DMALGOL
+
+	{ALGOL} with extensions to interface to {DMS II}, the
+	{Burroughs} {database}.
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+DME
+
+	{Distributed Management Environment}
+
+DMI
+
+	{Desktop Management Interface}
+
+DML
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. {Data Manipulation Language}.
+
+	2. {Data Management Language}.
+
+	3. ["DML: A Meta-language and System for the Generation of
+	Practical and Efficient Compilers from Denotational
+	Specifications", M. Pettersson et al, IEEE Conf Comp Langs,
+	1992].
+
+	(1999-04-27)
+
+DMM
+
+	{Digital Multimeter}
+
+DMS
+
+	{Dataless Management Services}
+
+DMTF
+
+	{Desktop Management Task Force}
+
+DMU
+
+	{Data Management Unit}
+
+	{Data Manipulation Unit}
+
+	{Data Multiplexer Unit}
+
+	{dataless management utility}
+
+DMZ
+
+	{De-Militarised Zone}
+
+DNA computing
+
+	<architecture> The use of DNA molecules to encode
+	computational problems.  Standard operations of molecular
+	biology can then be used to solve some {NP-hard} {search
+	problems} in parallel using a very large number of molecules.
+	The exponential scaling of NP-hard problems still remains, so
+	this method will require a huge amount of DNA to solve large
+	problems.
+
+	[L. M. Adleman, "Molecular Computation of Solutions to
+	Combinatorial Problems", Science 266:1021-1024, 1994].
+
+	(1997-02-11)
+
+DNF
+
+	{disjunctive normal form}
+
+DNIS
+
+	{Dialled Number Identification Service}
+
+DNIX
+
+	<operating system> A flavor of {Unix} that is proprietary to
+	{Olivetti} and {Wang Global}.
+
+	[Details?  Reference?]
+
+	(2000-12-16)
+
+DNOS
+
+	{Distributed Network Operating System}
+
+DNS
+
+	1. {Domain Name System}.
+
+	2. Distributed Name Service.  See {DECdns}.
+
+do
+
+	1. <programming> {repeat loop}.
+
+	2. <networking> The {country code} for Dominican Republic.
+
+	(1999-06-10)
+
+DOA
+
+	<jargon> Dead on arrival.  A piece of {hardware} that has
+	never worked.
+
+	(2000-12-19)
+
+Doc
+
+	{Directed Oc}
+
+doc
+
+	/dok/ Common spoken and written shorthand for "documentation".
+	Often used in the plural "docs" and in the construction "doc
+	file" (i.e. documentation available on-line).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+docking station
+
+	<hardware> A {desktop} mains powered unit into which a
+	{laptop} or other portable computer can be connected via fixed
+	connectors at the rear of the computer to provide quick and
+	convenient connection of {peripherals} not normally used with
+	a laptop.  These can include power supply, {expansion cards},
+	additional {storage}, an external {monitor}, {network card},
+	{CD-ROM}, full-size {keyboard}, {printer}, and {mouse}.  The
+	alternative would require each of the above to be connected to
+	the laptop individually.
+
+	(2000-04-10)
+
+DOCMaker
+
+	<text, tool, product> An application for the {Apple}
+	{Macintosh} which creates stand-alone, self-running document
+	{files}.  It features scrollable and re-sizable windows,
+	graphics, varied text styles and {fonts}, full printing
+	capability, and links to other {software} and {information}.
+
+	Companies such as Federal Express, GTE, {Hewlett-Packard},
+	{Iomega}, {Adobe Systems, Inc.}, {Apple Computer} and
+	{Aladdin} use DOCMaker to distribute disk-based
+	{documentation} with their products.
+
+	{(http://hsv.tis.net/~greenmtn/docm1.html)}.
+
+	(1998-01-27)
+
+doco
+
+	<jargon> /do'koh/ 1. (In-house jargon at Symbolics) A
+	documentation writer.
+
+	See also {devo} and {mango}.
+
+	2. (UK) A short technical document.  A "doco" is often not the
+	documentation passed to management.
+
+	Compare {doc}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-10-08)
+
+DOCSIS
+
+	{Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification}
+
+doctype decoration
+
+	<humour> When a {web author} adds a {doctype declaration} but
+	doesn't bother to write valid {HTML}.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2013-05-30)
+
+document
+
+	1. <application> Any specific type of {file} produced or
+	edited by a specific {application}; usually capable of being
+	printed.  E.g. "Word document", "Photoshop document", etc.
+
+	2. <hypertext> A term used on some systems (e.g. {Intermedia})
+	for a {hypertext} {node}.  It is sometimes used for a
+	collection of nodes on related topics, possibly stored or
+	distributed as one.
+
+	3. <programming> To write {documentation} on a certain piece
+	of code.
+
+	(2003-10-25)
+
+documentation
+
+	<programming> The multiple kilograms of macerated, pounded,
+	steamed, bleached, and pressed trees that accompany most
+	modern software or hardware products (see also {tree-killer}).
+	Hackers seldom read paper documentation and (too) often resist
+	writing it; they prefer theirs to be terse and {on-line}.  A
+	common comment on this predilection is "You can't {grep} dead
+	trees".
+
+	See {drool-proof paper}, {verbiage}, {treeware}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-10-25)
+
+Document Examiner
+
+	<hypertext, tool> A high-performance {hypertext} system by
+	{Symbolics} that provides on-line access to their user
+	documentation.
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+Document Image Processing
+
+	(DIP) Storage, management and retrieval of {images}.
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Document Object Model
+
+	<hypertext, language, web> A {W3C} specification
+	for {application program interfaces} for accessing the content
+	of {HTML} and {XML} documents.
+
+	{(http://w3.org/DOM/)}.
+
+	(1999-12-14)
+
+Document Style Semantics and Specification Language
+
+	(DSSSL) An {ISO} {standard} under preparation, addressing the
+	{semantics} of high-quality composition in a manner
+	independent of particular formatting systems or processes.
+	DSSSL is intended as a complementary standard to {SGML} for
+	the specification of semantics.
+
+Document Type Definition
+
+	<text, standard> (DTD) The definition of a document type in
+	{SGML} or {XML}, consisting of a set of {mark-up} tags and
+	their interpretation.
+
+	{Docbook DTD home (http://oasis-open.org/docbook/)}.
+
+	{XML DTD Tutorial (http://xml101.com/dtd)}.
+
+	(2001-04-30)
+
+DOCUS
+
+	Display Oriented Computer Usage System.  Interactive system
+	using push buttons.  Sammet 1969, p.678
+
+DoD
+
+	1. <body> {Department of Defense}.
+
+	2. {Dial on Demand}.
+
+	(2000-03-25)
+
+DoD-1
+
+	Unofficial name of the language that became Ada.
+
+dodgy
+
+	Synonym with {flaky}.  Preferred outside the US
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+DOD-STD-2167A
+
+	<standard> A {DoD} {standard} specifying the overall process
+	for the development and documentation of mission-critical
+	software systems.
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+DoD-STD-2168
+
+	<standard> A {DoD} {standard} for software quality assurance
+	procedures.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+DOE
+
+	Distributed Object Environment: a distributed object-oriented
+	application framework from SunSoft.
+
+DOF
+
+	{degrees of freedom}
+
+dog
+
+	<tool> An enhanced version of the {Unix} {cat} command that,
+	in addition to outputting the contents of files, can output
+	the data obtained by fetching {URLs}.  It also offers various
+	output options such as line numbering.
+
+	{Unix manual page}:
+	{(http://www.penguin-soft.com/penguin/man/1/dog.html)}.
+
+	(2009-06-12)
+
+dogcow
+
+	/dog'kow/  See {Moof}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+dogfood
+
+	{eating one's own dogfood}
+
+dogfooding
+
+	{eating one's own dogfood}
+
+dogpile
+
+	({Usenet}, probably from mainstream "puppy pile") When many
+	people post unfriendly responses in short order to a single
+	posting, they are sometimes said to "dogpile" or "dogpile on"
+	the person to whom they're responding.  For example, when a
+	religious missionary posts a simplistic appeal to alt.atheism,
+	he can expect to be dogpiled.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+dogwash
+
+	/dog'wosh/ (A quip in the "urgency" field of a very optional
+	software change request, ca. 1982.  It was something like
+	"Urgency: Wash your dog first") A project of minimal priority,
+	undertaken as an escape from more serious work.  Many games
+	and much {freeware} get written this way, including {this
+	dictionary}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Do It Right the First Time
+
+	<chat> (DIRFT) A programming approach that aims to avoid the
+	overheads of debugging and testing incomplete or incorrect code by
+	careful specification, design and implementation.  DIRFT contrasts
+	with {rapid prototyping} which emphasises the benefits of having
+	running code as soon as possible, even if it is not perfect.
+	DIRFT is appropriate in the rare cases where the requirements are
+	well understood and unlikely to change, e.g. reimplementing
+	exactly the same function in a different language.
+
+	(2012-11-17)
+
+Dojo
+
+	{The Dojo Toolkit}
+
+DOL
+
+	Display Oriented Language.  Subsystem of DOCUS.  Sammet 1969,
+	p.678.
+
+dollar
+
+	<character> "$" Common names: {ITU-T}: dollar sign.  Rare:
+	currency symbol; buck; cash; string; escape (when used as the
+	echo of ASCII ESC); ding; cache; {INTERCAL}: big money.
+
+	Well-known uses of the dollar symbol in computing include as a
+	prefix on the names of {string} {variables} in {BASIC},
+	{shell} and related languages like {Perl}.  In shell languages
+	it is also used in {positional parameters} so "$1" is the
+	first parameter to a shell script, "$2" the second, etc.
+
+	(2006-09-10)
+
+do loop
+
+	{repeat loop}
+
+DOM
+
+	{Document Object Model}
+
+domain
+
+	1. <networking> A group of computers whose {fully qualified
+	domain names} (FQDN) share a common suffix, the "domain name".
+
+	The {Domain Name System} maps {hostnames} to {Internet
+	address} using a hierarchical {namespace} where each level in
+	the hierarchy contributes one component to the FQDN.  For
+	example, the computer foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk is in the
+	doc.ic.ac.uk domain, which is in the ic.ac.uk domain, which is
+	in the ac.uk domain, which is in the uk {top-level domain}.
+
+	A domain name can contain up to 67 characters including the
+	dots that separate components.  These can be letters, numbers
+	and hyphens.
+
+	2. An {administrative domain} is something to do with {routing}.
+
+	3. {Distributed Operating Multi Access Interactive Network}.
+
+	4. <mathematics> In the theory of functions, the set of
+	argument values for which a {function} is defined.
+
+	See {domain theory}.
+
+	5. <programming> A specific phase of the {software life cycle}
+	in which a developer works.  Domains define developers' and
+	users' areas of responsibility and the scope of possible
+	relationships between products.
+
+	6. The subject or market in which a piece of software is
+	designed to work.
+
+	(2007-10-01)
+
+domain address
+
+	<networking> The name of a {host} on the {Internet} belonging
+	to the {hierarchy} of Internet {domains}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+Domain Analysis
+
+	<systems analysis> 1. Determining the operations, data
+	objects, properties and {abstractions} appropriate for
+	designing solutions to problems in a given {domain}.
+
+	2. The {domain engineering} activity in which domain knowledge
+	is studied and formalised as a domain definition and a domain
+	specification.  A {software reuse} approach that involves
+	combining software components, subsystems, etc., into a single
+	application system.
+
+	3. The process of identifying, collecting organising,
+	analysing and representing a {domain model} and software
+	architecture from the study of existing systems, underlying
+	theory, emerging technology and development histories within
+	the domain of interest.
+
+	4. The analysis of systems within a domain to discover
+	commonalities and differences among them.
+
+	(1997-12-26)
+
+domain architecture
+
+	<systems analysis> A generic, organisational structure or
+	design for software systems in a {domain}.  The domain
+	architecture contains the designs that are intended to satisfy
+	requirements specified in the {domain model}.  A domain
+	architecture can be adapted to create designs for software
+	systems within a domain and also provides a framework for
+	configuring {assets} within individual software systems.
+
+	(1997-12-26)
+
+Domain Architecture Model
+
+	<systems analysis> A set of software architectures generic to
+	a {domain} that define organising frameworks for constructing
+	new application designs and implementations within the domain,
+	consistent with the domain requirements model.
+
+	(1997-12-26)
+
+domain calculus
+
+	<database> A form of {relational calculus} in which {scalar}
+	variables take values drawn from a given {domain}.
+
+	Examples of the domain calculus are {ILL}, {FQL}, {DEDUCE} and
+	the well known {Query By Example} (QBE).  {INGRES} is a
+	{relational DBMS} whose {DML} is based on the relational
+	calculus.
+
+domain engineering
+
+	<systems analysis> 1. The development and evolution of
+	{domain} specific knowledge and artifacts to support the
+	development and evolution of systems in the domain.  Domain
+	engineering includes engineering of {domain models},
+	components, methods and tools and may also include {asset
+	management}.
+
+	2. The engineering process of analysing and modelling a
+	domain, designing and modelling a generic solution
+	architecture for a product line within that domain,
+	implementing and using reusable components of that
+	architecture and maintaining and evolving the domain,
+	architecture and implementation models.
+
+	3. A reuse-based approach to defining the scope ({domain
+	definition}), specifying the structure ({domain architecture})
+	and building the Assets (requirements, designs, software code,
+	documentation) for a class of systems, subsystems or
+	applications.  Domain engineering can include domain
+	definition, domain analysis, developing the domain
+	architecture domain implementation.
+
+domain handle
+
+	<networking> Information held by a {domain name} registrar
+	about a registrant (the person or organisation that owns the
+	name).  Typically the registrar stores one copy of this
+	information and refers to that copy for each additional domain
+	registered by the same person.  The information would include
+	basic contact details: name, e-mail address, etc. and billing
+	information.  Some of this information would be used to
+	populate the {whois} database entry for a domain.
+
+	{(http://www.easyname.eu/support/domains/20-what-is-a-domain-handle)}.
+
+	(2009-09-17)
+
+domainist
+
+	<jargon> /doh-mayn'ist/ 1. Said of a domain address (as
+	opposed to a {bang path}) because the part to the right of the
+	"@" specifies a nested series of "domains"; for example,
+	esr@snark.thyrsus.com specifies the machine called snark in
+	the subdomain called thyrsus within the top-level domain
+	called com.  See also {big-endian}.
+
+	2. Said of a site, mailer or routing program which knows how
+	to handle domainist addresses.
+
+	3. Said of a person (especially a site admin) who prefers
+	domain addressing, supports a domainist mailer, or
+	proselytises for domainist addressing and disdains {bang
+	paths}.  This term is now (1993) semi-obsolete, as most sites
+	have converted.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+domain maturity
+
+	<systems analysis> The level of stability and depth of
+	understanding that has been achieved in an area for which
+	{applications} are developed.
+
+	(1997-12-26)
+
+domain model
+
+	<systems analysis> 1. A definition of the functions, objects,
+	data, requirements, relationships and variations in a
+	particular {domain}.
+
+	2. A product of {domain analysis} which provides a
+	representation of the requirements of the domain.  The domain
+	model identifies and describes the structure of data, flow of
+	information, functions, constraints and controls within the
+	Domain that are included in software systems in the domain.
+	The Domain Model describes commonalities and variabilities
+	among requirements for software systems in the domain.
+
+	(1997-12-26)
+
+domain name
+
+	{fully qualified domain name}
+
+Domain Name Server
+
+	<spelling> {Domain Name System}.
+
+	(1997-12-15)
+
+Domain Name System
+
+	<networking> (DNS) A general-purpose distributed, replicated,
+	data query service chiefly used on {Internet} for translating
+	{hostnames} into {Internet addresses}.  Also, the style of
+	{hostname} used on the Internet, though such a name is
+	properly called a {fully qualified domain name}.  DNS can be
+	configured to use a sequence of name servers, based on the
+	domains in the name being looked for, until a match is found.
+
+	The name resolution client (e.g. Unix's gethostbyname()
+	library function) can be configured to search for host
+	information in the following order: first in the local {hosts
+	file}, second in {NIS} and third in DNS.  This sequencing of
+	Naming Services is sometimes called "name service switching".
+	Under {Solaris} is configured in the file /etc/nsswitch.conf.
+
+	DNS can be queried interactively using the command {nslookup}.
+	It is defined in {STD 13}, {RFC 1034}, {RFC 1035}, {RFC 1591}.
+
+	{BIND} is a common DNS server.
+
+	{Info from Virtual Office, Inc.
+	(http://virtual.office.com/domains.html)}.
+
+	(2001-05-14)
+
+domain selection
+
+	<systems analysis> The prioritisation and selection of one or
+	more {domains} for which specific {software reuse} engineering
+	projects are to be initiated.
+
+	(1997-12-26)
+
+Domain Software Engineering Environment
+
+	<programming> (DSEE) A proprietary {CASE} framework and
+	{configuration management} system from {Apollo}.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+domain-specific language
+
+	<language> A machine-processable language whose terms are
+	derived from a {domain model} and that is used for the
+	definition of components or software architectures supporting
+	that domain.  A domain-specific language is often used as
+	input to an application generator.
+
+	(1997-12-26)
+
+domain squatter
+
+	<web> An unscrupulous person who registers a
+	{domain name} in the hope of selling it to the rightful,
+	expected owner at a profit.  E.g. {(http://foldoc.com/)}.
+
+	(2007-07-15)
+
+domain theory
+
+	<theory> A branch of mathematics introduced by Dana Scott in
+	1970 as a mathematical theory of programming languages, and
+	for nearly a quarter of a century developed almost exclusively
+	in connection with {denotational semantics} in computer
+	science.
+
+	In {denotational semantics} of programming languages, the
+	meaning of a program is taken to be an element of a domain.  A
+	domain is a mathematical structure consisting of a set of
+	values (or "points") and an ordering relation, <= on those
+	values.  Domain theory is the study of such structures.
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\subseteq})
+
+	Different domains correspond to the different types of object
+	with which a program deals.  In a language containing
+	functions, we might have a domain X -> Y which is the set of
+	functions from domain X to domain Y with the ordering f <= g
+	iff for all x in X, f x <= g x.  In the {pure lambda-calculus}
+	all objects are functions or {applications} of functions to
+	other functions.  To represent the meaning of such programs,
+	we must solve the {recursive} equation over domains,
+
+		D = D -> D
+
+	which states that domain D is ({isomorphic} to) some {function
+	space} from D to itself.  I.e. it is a {fixed point} D = F(D)
+	for some operator F that takes a domain D to D -> D.  The
+	equivalent equation has no non-trivial solution in {set
+	theory}.
+
+	There are many definitions of domains, with different
+	properties and suitable for different purposes.  One commonly
+	used definition is that of Scott domains, often simply called
+	domains, which are {omega-algebraic}, {consistently complete}
+	{CPOs}.
+
+	There are domain-theoretic computational models in other
+	branches of mathematics including {dynamical systems},
+	{fractals}, {measure theory}, {integration theory},
+	{probability theory}, and {stochastic processes}.
+
+	See also {abstract interpretation}, {bottom}, {pointed
+	domain}.
+
+	(1999-12-09)
+
+Domestic Communications Assistance Center
+
+	<body> (DCAC) A joint effort between the U.S. Marshals
+	Service, FBI and Drug Enforcement Agency.  The DCAC is charged
+	with developing customised hardware for intercepting
+	{Internet} and wireless communications. The DCAC is under the
+	control and budget of the FBI.
+
+	{CNET article
+	(http://news.cnet.com/8301-1009_3-57439734-83/fbi-quietly-forms-secretive-net-surveillance-unit/)}.
+
+	(2012-06-24)
+
+DOMF
+
+	Distributed Object Management Facility.
+
+	An {OMG}-compliant object management system; part of {DOE}.
+	Produced by {SunSoft}.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Donald Knuth
+
+	<person> Donald E. Knuth, the author of the {TeX} document
+	formatting system, {Metafont} its {font}-design program and
+	the 3 volume computer science "Bible" of {algorithms}, "The
+	Art of Computer Programming".
+
+	Knuth suggested the name "{Backus-Naur Form}" and was also
+	involved in the {SOL} simulation language, and developed the
+	{WEB} {literate programming} system.
+
+	See also {MIX}, {Turingol}.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+dongle
+
+	<hardware> /dong'gl/ (From "dangle" - because it dangles off
+	the computer?)
+
+	1. <security> A security or {copy protection} device for
+	commercial {microcomputer} programs that must be connected to
+	an {I/O port} of the computer while the program is run.
+	Programs that use a dongle query the port at start-up and at
+	programmed intervals thereafter, and terminate if it does not
+	respond with the expected validation code.
+
+	One common form consisted of a serialised {EPROM} and some
+	drivers in a {D-25} connector shell.
+
+	Dongles attempt to combat {software theft} by ensuring that,
+	while users can still make copies of the program (e.g. for
+	{backup}), they must buy one dongle for each simultaneous use
+	of the program.
+
+	The idea was clever, but initially unpopular with users who
+	disliked tying up a port this way.  By 1993 almost all dongles
+	passed data through transparently while monitoring for their
+	particular {magic} codes (and combinations of status lines)
+	with minimal if any interference with devices further down the
+	line.  This innovation was necessary to allow {daisy-chained}
+	dongles for multiple pieces of software.
+
+	In 1998, dongles and other copy protection systems are fairly
+	uncommon for {Microsoft Windows} software but one engineer in
+	a print and {CADD} bureau reports that their {Macintosh}
+	computers typically run seven dongles: After Effects, Electric
+	Image, two for Media 100, Ultimatte, Elastic Reality and CADD.
+	These dongles are made for the Mac's daisy-chainable {ADB}
+	port.
+
+	The term is used, by extension, for any physical electronic
+	key or transferable ID required for a program to function.
+	Common variations on this theme have used the {parallel port}
+	or even the {joystick} port or a {dongle-disk}.
+
+	An early 1992 advertisment from Rainbow Technologies (a
+	manufacturer of dongles) claimed that the word derived from
+	"Don Gall", the alleged inventor of the device.  The company's
+	receptionist however said that the story was a myth invented
+	for the ad.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-12-13)
+
+	2. A small adaptor cable that connects, e.g. a {PCMCIA}
+	{modem} to a telephone socket or a PCMCIA {network card} to an
+	{RJ45} {network cable}.
+
+	(2002-09-29)
+
+dongle cracker
+
+	<security> Someone who enables software that has been written
+	to require a {dongle} to run without it.
+
+	(2007-06-11)
+
+dongle-disk
+
+	/don'gl disk/ (Or "key disk") A kind of {dongle} consisting of
+	a special {floppy disk} that is required in order to perform
+	some task.  Some contain special coding that allows an
+	application to identify it uniquely, others *are* special code
+	that does something that normally-resident programs don't or
+	can't.
+
+	For example, {AT&T}'s "Unix PC" would only come up in {root
+	mode} with a special boot disk.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-12-13)
+
+Don't do that then!
+
+	<humour> (From an old doctor's office joke about a patient
+	with a trivial complaint) A stock response to a user
+	complaint.  "When I type control-S, the whole system comes to
+	a halt for thirty seconds."  "Well don't do that then!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-12-13)
+
+donuts
+
+	(Obsolete) A collective noun for any set of memory bits.  This
+	usage is extremely archaic and may no longer be live jargon;
+	it dates from the days of {ferrite core memories} in which
+	each bit was implemented by a doughnut-shaped magnetic
+	{flip-flop}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Dooced
+
+	<jargon> Losing your job because of something posted on a
+	personal website.  After {(http://dooce.com/)} where Heather
+	Armstrong posted details about her job.
+
+	(2012-04-13)
+
+DOOM
+
+	<games> A simulated 3D moster-hunting action game for {IBM
+	PCs}, created and published by {id Software}.  The original
+	press release was dated January 1993.  A cut-down shareware
+	version v1.0 was released on 10 December 1993 and again with
+	some bug-fixes, as v1.4 in June 1994.
+
+	DOOM is similar to Wolfenstein 3d (id Software, Apogee) but
+	has better {texture mapping}; walls can be at any angle, of
+	any thickness and have windows; lighting can fade into the
+	distance or come from point sources; floors and ceilings can
+	be of any height; many surfaces are animated; up to four
+	players can play over a network or two by serial link; it has
+	a high {frame rate} (comparable to TV on a {486}/33); DOOM
+	isn't just a collection of connected closed rooms like
+	Wolfenstein but sounds can travel anywhere and alert monsters
+	of your approach.
+
+	The shareware version is available from these sites:
+	{Cactus (ftp://cactus.org/pub/IHHD/multi-player/)},
+	{Manitoba (ftp://ftp.cc.umanitoba.ca/pub/doom/)},
+	{UK (ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/ibmpc/games/id/)},
+	{South Africa (ftp://ftp.sun.ac.za/pub/msdos/games/id/)},
+	{UWP ftp (ftp://archive.uwp.edu/pub/msdos/games/id/)},
+	{UWP http (http://archive.uwp.edu/pub/msdos/games/id/)},
+	{Finland (ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/msdos/games/id)},
+	{Washington (ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/pub/MSDOS_UPLOADS/games/doom)}.
+
+	A {FAQ} by Hank Leukart: {UWP
+	(ftp://ftp.uwp.edu/pub/msdos/games/id/home-brew/doom)},
+	{Washington
+	(ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/pub/MSDOS_UPLOADS/games/doomstuff)}.
+	{FAQ on WWW (http://venom.st.hmc.edu/~tkelly/doomfaq/intro.html)}.
+	{Other links (http://gamesdomain.co.uk/descript/doom.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:rec.games.computer.doom.announce},
+	{news:rec.games.computer.doom.editing},
+	{news:rec.games.computer.doom.help},
+	{news:rec.games.computer.doom.misc},
+	{news:rec.games.computer.doom.playing}, {news:alt.games.doom},
+	{news:comp.sys.ibm.pc.games.action},
+	{news:comp.sys.ibm.pc.games.announce},
+	{news:comp.sys.ibm.pc.games.misc}.
+
+	Mailing List: <listserv@cedar.univie.ac.at> ("sub DOOML" in
+	the message body, no subject).
+
+	Telephone: +44 (1222) 362 361 - the UK's first multi-player
+	DOOM and games server.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+DOORS
+
+	{Dynamic Object Oriented Requirements System}
+
+doorstop
+
+	Used to describe equipment that is non-functional and halfway
+	expected to remain so, especially obsolete equipment kept
+	around for political reasons or ostensibly as a backup.  "When
+	we get another Wyse-50 in here, that ADM 3 will turn into a
+	doorstop."
+
+	Compare {boat anchor}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Dorito Syndrome
+
+	<humour> Feelings of emptiness and dissatisfaction triggered
+	by addictive substances that lack nutritional content.  "I
+	just spent six hours surfing the Web, and now I've got a bad
+	case of Dorito Syndrome."
+
+	(1997-03-30)
+
+DORUM
+
+	{Draft Once ReUse Many}
+
+DOS
+
+	<operating system> 1. The common abbreviation for {MS-DOS}.
+
+	2. {IBM}'s {Disk Operating System}.
+
+	3. Any {disk operating system}.
+
+	(2001-03-16)
+
+DOS/360
+
+	<operating system> The {operating system} announced by {IBM}
+	at the low end for the {System/360} in 1964 and delivered in
+	1965 or 1966.
+
+	Following the failure of {OS}, IBM designed DOS for the low
+	end machines, able to run in 16KB(?) and 64KB memory.
+
+	DOS/360 used three {memory partitions}, but it had no serious
+	{memory protection}.  The three partitions were not
+	specialised, but frequently one was used for {spooling}
+	{punched cards} to {disk}, another one for {batch job}
+	execution and another for spooling disk to printers.
+
+	With DOS/VS, introduced in 1970, the number of partitions was
+	increased, {virtual memory} was introduced and the minimum
+	memory requirements increased.
+
+	Later they released DOS/VSE and ESA/VSE.  DOS/360 successors
+	are still alive today (1997) though not as popular as in the
+	late 1960s.
+
+	Contrary to the Hacker's {Jargon File}, {GECOS} was not copied
+	from DOS/360.
+
+	(1997-09-22)
+
+DOS Protected Mode Interface
+
+	(DPMI) The method which {Microsoft} prescribes for a {DOS}
+	program to access {extended memory} under a {multitasking}
+	environment, e.g. {Microsoft Windows}.  This service is
+	provided by the HIMEM.SYS driver on {IBM PCs}.
+
+	The DPMI specification was finalized in 1990.  The
+	specification itself is available from {Intel Literature
+	Sales}.
+
+	VCPI (Virtual Control Program Interface), which was an
+	alternative, and incompatible method for doing the same thing.
+
+	["Windows 3.1 Secrets", Brian Livingston, 1992, ISBN
+	1-878058-43-6, pages 280-281 and 302].
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+DOS requester
+
+	<networking> An {MS-DOS} {client} that provides transparent
+	redirection of printing and file accesses to a network
+	{server}.  It handles levels 3, 4 and 5 of the {Open Systems
+	Interconnect} seven layer model.
+
+	A DOS requester under {Novell NetWare} will interface to a
+	{network card} driver with an {ODI} interface, and will be
+	either a single executable (netx.exe) or a set of {VLMs} that
+	are loaded on demand.
+
+	In the {IBM}/{Microsoft} {LAN Manager}/{SMB} world, where
+	the name {DOS redirector} is more common, there will be an
+	{NDIS} interface driver and a net.exe executable.
+
+	{NetWare Client 32 for DOS/Windows
+	(http://developer.novell.com/research/appnotes/1996/may/01/)}.
+
+	{(http://cad.strath.ac.uk/~davidm/projects/guide/requester.html)}.
+
+	(1998-01-05)
+
+dot
+
+	<character> {decimal point}.
+
+	See also {dot file}, {dot notation}.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+dot address
+
+	An {Internet address} in {dot notation}.
+
+dot com
+
+	{com}
+
+dot file
+
+	<operating system, convention> A {Unix} {application program}
+	configuration file.  On {Unix}, files named with a leading dot
+	are not normally shown in directory listings.  Many programs
+	define one or more dot files in which startup or configuration
+	information may be optionally recorded; a user can customise
+	the program's behaviour by creating the appropriate file in
+	the current or {home directory}.
+
+	Dot files tend to proliferate - with every nontrivial
+	application program defining at least one, a user's home
+	directory can be filled with scores of dot files, without the
+	user really being aware of it.  Common examples are .profile,
+	.cshrc, .login, .emacs, .mailrc, .forward, .newsrc, .plan,
+	.rhosts, .sig, .xsession.
+
+	See also {profile}, {rc file}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+dot leaders
+
+	<text> A row of {full stops} intended to guide the reader's
+	eye across the page from a column of variable length items on
+	the left to the corresponding items in a column on the right.
+	Used, for example, in the contents page of a book to tie a
+	heading on the left to its page number on the right.
+
+	(2010-07-25)
+
+dot matrix printer
+
+	<hardware, printer> A kind of printer with a vertical column
+	of up to 48 small closely packed needles or "pins" each of
+	which can be individually forced forward to press an ink
+	ribbon against the paper.  The print head is repeatedly
+	scanned across the page and different combinations of needles
+	activated at each point.
+
+	Dot matrix printers are noisy compared to {non-impact
+	printers}.
+
+	[Other pin arrangements?]
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+dot notation
+
+	<networking> {Berkeley Unix} notation for an {Internet
+	address}, consisting of one to four numbers (a "dotted quad")
+	in {hexadecimal} (leading 0x), {octal} (leading 0), or
+	(usually) decimal.  It represents a 32-bit address.  Each
+	leading number represents eight bits of the address (high byte
+	first) and the last number represents the rest.  E.g. address
+	0x25.32.0xab represents 0x252000ab.  By far the most common
+	form is four decimal numbers, e.g. 146.169.22.42.
+
+	Many programs accept an address in dot notation in place of a
+	{hostname}.
+
+	(2000-08-10)
+
+dot pitch
+
+	<hardware> The distance between a dot and the closest dot of
+	the same colour (red, green or blue) on a color {CRT}.  Dot
+	pitch is typically from 0.28 to 0.51 mm but large presentation
+	monitors may go up to 1.0 mm.  The smaller the dot pitch, the
+	crisper the image, 0.31 or less provides a sharp image,
+	especially when displaying text.
+
+	Dot pitch measurements between conventional tubes and {Sony}'s
+	{Trinitron} tubes are roughly, but not exactly comparable.
+	Sony's {CRTs} use vertical stripes, not dots, and its
+	measurement is the distance between stripes, not the diagonal
+	distance between dots.
+
+	["The Computer Glossary", Alan Freedman].
+
+	(1995-12-14)
+
+dotted quad
+
+	dot notation
+
+double bucky
+
+	Using both the CTRL and META keys.  "The command to burn all
+	LEDs is double bucky F."
+
+	This term originated on the Stanford extended-ASCII keyboard,
+	and was later taken up by users of the {space-cadet keyboard}
+	at MIT.  A typical MIT comment was that the Stanford {bucky
+	bits} (control and meta shifting keys) were nice, but there
+	weren't enough of them; you could type only 512 different
+	characters on a Stanford keyboard.  An obvious way to address
+	this was simply to add more shifting keys, and this was
+	eventually done; but a keyboard with that many shifting keys
+	is hard on touch-typists, who don't like to move their hands
+	away from the home position on the keyboard.  It was
+	half-seriously suggested that the extra shifting keys be
+	implemented as pedals; typing on such a keyboard would be very
+	much like playing a full pipe organ.  This idea is mentioned
+	in a parody of a very fine song by Jeffrey Moss called "Rubber
+	Duckie", which was published in "The Sesame Street Songbook"
+	(Simon and Schuster 1971, ISBN 0-671-21036-X).  These lyrics
+	were written on May 27, 1978, in celebration of the Stanford
+	keyboard:
+
+	                  Double Bucky
+
+	  Double bucky, you're the one!
+	  You make my keyboard lots of fun.
+	      Double bucky, an additional bit or two:
+	  (Vo-vo-de-o!)
+	  Control and meta, side by side,
+	  Augmented ASCII, nine bits wide!
+	      Double bucky!  Half a thousand glyphs, plus a few!
+	          Oh,
+	          I sure wish that I
+	          Had a couple of
+	              Bits more!
+	          Perhaps a
+	          Set of pedals to
+	          Make the number of
+	              Bits four:
+	          Double double bucky!
+	  Double bucky, left and right
+	  OR'd together, outta sight!
+	      Double bucky, I'd like a whole word of
+	      Double bucky, I'm happy I heard of
+	      Double bucky, I'd like a whole word of you!
+
+	  - The Great Quux
+
+	(With apologies to Jeffrey Moss.  This, by the way, is an
+	excellent example of computer {filk} --- ESR).
+
+	See also {meta bit}, {cokebottle}, and {quadruple bucky}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+double-click
+
+	<operating system> Two clicks of a {mouse} button made in
+	rapid succession without moving the mouse.  A double-click
+	often combines the actions of selecting, and then activating
+	an object in a {GUI}, e.g. selecting and opening a document.
+	Some {text editors} use double-click to select the word under
+	the {mouse pointer}.
+
+	When used as a verb it is often written as two words with a
+	space instead of a hyphen.
+
+	(2006-07-09)
+
+Double Data Rate Random Access Memory
+
+	<storage> (DDR-RAM, DDR-SDRAM ...Synchronous...) {RAM} that
+	transfers data on both 0-1 and 1-0 {clock} transitions,
+	theoretically yielding twice the data transfer rate of normal
+	RAM or {SDRAM}.
+
+	{DDR-RAM Article
+	(http://pcreview.co.uk/Article.php?aid=9)}.
+
+	{DDR-SDRAM Article
+	(http://www4.tomshardware.com/mainboard/00q4/001030/)}.
+
+	(2001-05-24)
+
+Double Data Rate Synchronous Random Access Memory
+
+	{Double Data Rate Random Access Memory}
+
+double DECkers
+
+	<jargon> Married couples in which both partners work for
+	{Digital Equipment Corporation}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+double density
+
+	{floppy disk}
+
+doubled sig
+
+	A {sig block} that has been included twice in a {Usenet}
+	article or, less commonly, in an {electronic mail} message.
+	An article or message with a doubled sig can be caused by
+	improperly configured software.  More often, however, it
+	reveals the author's lack of experience in electronic
+	communication.
+
+	See {BIFF}, {pseudo}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+double-duplex
+
+	<communications> (From {telegraphy}) A {full-duplex} link with
+	two telegraphers (a sender and a receiver) at each end, to
+	simultaneously transmit in both directions.
+
+	Compare: {single-duplex}.
+
+	(2000-03-30)
+
+double-ended queue
+
+	<algorithm> /dek/ (deque) A {queue} which can have items added
+	or removed from either end[?].
+
+	The Knuth reference below reports that the name was coined by
+	E. J. Schweppe.
+
+	[D. E. Knuth, "The Art of Computer Programming. Volume 1:
+	Fundamental Algorithms", second edition, Sections 2.2.1, 2.6,
+	Addison-Wesley, 1973].
+
+	{Silicon Graphics (http://sgi.com/tech/stl/Deque.html)}.
+
+	[Correct definition?  Example use?]
+
+	(2003-12-17)
+
+double quote
+
+	<character> '"' {ASCII} character 34.  Often used in
+	programming languages to delimit strings.  In {Unix} {shells}
+	and {Perl} it delimits a string inside which variable
+	substitution may occur.
+
+	Common names: quote.  Rare: literal mark; double-glitch;
+	{ITU-T}: quotation marks; {ITU-T}: dieresis; dirk; {INTERCAL}:
+	rabbit-ears; double prime.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+doubly linked list
+
+	<programming> A data structure in which each element contains
+	pointers to the next and previous elements in the list, thus
+	forming a bidirectional linear list.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+DOUGLAS
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 701}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Douglas Engelbart
+
+	<person> Douglas C. Engelbart, the inventor of the {mouse}.
+
+	On 1968-12-09, Douglas C. Engelbart and the group of 17
+	researchers working with him in the {Augmentation Research
+	Center} at {Stanford Research Institute} in Menlo Park,
+	California, USA, presented a 90-minute live public
+	demonstration of the on live system, {NLS}, they had been
+	working on since 1962.  The presentation was a session in the
+	of the Fall Joint Computer Conference held at the Convention
+	Center in San Francisco, and it was attended by about 1000
+	computer professionals.  This was the public debut of the
+	computer {mouse}, {hypertext}, object addressing, dynamic file
+	linking and shared-screen collaboration involving two persons
+	at different sites communicating over a network with audio and
+	video interface.
+
+	The original 90-minute video: {Hyperlinks
+	(http://vodreal.stanford.edu/engel/08engel200.ram)}, {Mouse
+	(http://vodreal.stanford.edu/engel/12engel200.ram)},
+	{Web-board
+	(http://vodreal.stanford.edu/engel/23engel200.ram)}.
+
+	{Biography (http://www2.bootstrap.org/dce-bio.htm)}.
+
+	{Tia O'Brien, "The Mouse", Silicon Valley News
+	(http://mercurycenter.com/svtech/news/special/engelbart/)}.
+
+	{(http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa081898.htm)}.
+
+	(2003-08-06)
+
+Doug Lenat
+
+	<person> One of the world's leading computer scientists
+	specialising in {Artificial Intelligence}.  He is currently
+	(1999) head of the {Cyc} Project at {MCC}, and President of
+	Cycorp.  He has been a Professor of Computer Science at
+	{Carnegie-Mellon University} and {Stanford University}.
+
+	See also {microLenat}.
+
+	(1999-08-24)
+
+DOW COMPILER
+
+	An early system on the {Datatron 200} series.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Do What the Fuck You Want to Public License
+
+	<legal> (WTFPL) An obscenely permissive {license} for {software}
+	and other scientific or artistic works.  As the name suggests, the
+	WTFPL does not restrict what you can do with the licenced work at
+	all.  The only restriction on the use of the license itself is
+	that if you change it you also change the name.
+
+	The WTFPL aims to expose and remove the problems of the popular
+	but competing {GPL} and {BSD} licences.
+
+	Since, according to its own terms, the license can be completely
+	ignored, it can be little more than an amusing paradox.
+
+	{Unlicense} is a more serious template for dedicating {software}
+	to the {public domain}.
+
+	{WTFPL Home (http://www.wtfpl.net/)}.
+
+	(2013-11-05)
+
+down
+
+	1. Not operating.  "The up escalator is down" is considered a
+	humorous thing to say, and "The elevator is down" always
+	means "The elevator isn't working" and never refers to what
+	floor the elevator is on.  With respect to computers, this
+	term has passed into the mainstream; the extension to other
+	kinds of machine is still hackish.
+
+	2. "go down" To stop functioning; usually said of the
+	{system}.  The message from the {console} that every hacker
+	hates to hear from the operator is "System going down in 5
+	minutes".
+
+	3. "take down", "bring down" To deactivate purposely, usually
+	for repair work or {PM}.  "I'm taking the system down to work
+	on that bug in the tape drive."  Occasionally one hears the
+	word "down" by itself used as a verb in this sense.
+
+	See {crash}; opposite: {up}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+download
+
+	<jargon> To transfer data from one computer to another.
+	Downloading usually refers to transfer from a larger "host"
+	system (especially a {server} or {mainframe}) to a smaller
+	"client" system, especially a {microcomputer} or specialised
+	peripheral, and "{upload}" usually means from small to large.
+
+	Others hold that, technically, download means "receive" and
+	upload means "send", irrespective of the size of the systems
+	involved.
+
+	Note that in communications between ground and space,
+	space-to-earth transmission is always "down" and the reverse
+	"up", regardless of size.  So far the in-space machines have
+	invariably been smaller; thus the upload/download distinction
+	has been reversed from its usual sense.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-11-04)
+
+downloading
+
+	{download}
+
+downsizing
+
+	<jargon> The process of moving an {application program} from a
+	{mainframe} to a cheaper system, typically a {client-server}
+	system.
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+downstream
+
+	{upstream}
+
+down-time
+
+	<jargon> A period of time during which a (computer) system is
+	not operational, due to a malfunction or maintenance.
+
+	(1997-06-08)
+
+downward closed
+
+	{closure}
+
+Downy cocktail
+
+	{cationic cocktail}
+
+DP
+
+	1. {data processing}.
+
+	According to hackers, use of the term marks one immediately as
+	a {suit}.
+
+	See {DPer}.
+
+	2. {dot pitch}.
+
+	3. {Dissociated Press}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-07-22)
+
+DPA
+
+	{Data Protection Act}
+
+DPB
+
+	/d*-pib'/ The {PDP-10} instruction "DePosit Byte" that inserts
+	some bits into the middle of some other bits.  Hackish usage
+	has been kept alive by the {Common LISP} function of the same
+	name.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+DPer
+
+	/dee-pee-er/ Data Processor.  Hackers are absolutely amazed
+	that {suits} use this term self-referentially.  *Computers*
+	process data, not people!
+
+	See {DP}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+dpi
+
+	Dots per inch.
+
+	A measure of resolution for printers, scanners and displays.
+
+	{Laser printers} typically reach 300 DPI, though 600 DPI is
+	becoming more common.  Commercial typesetters are usually
+	around 1200 DPI.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+DPL
+
+	DECmmp Parallel Language.
+
+	A {C}-like parallel language for the {DECmpp} machine.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+DPL-82
+
+	["DPL-82: A Language for Distributed Processing", L. Ericson,
+	Proc 3rd Intl Conf Distrib Comp Sys, IEEE 1982, pp.526-531].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+DPLL
+
+	{Digital Phase-Locked Loop}
+
+DPMI
+
+	{DOS Protected Mode Interface}
+
+DPMS
+
+	<hardware> {Display Power Management Signaling}.
+
+	(1995-12-11)
+
+DPN
+
+	{Decomposed Petri Net}
+
+DPP
+
+	{Dining Philosophers Problem}
+
+d-Prolog
+
+	<language> A version of {Prolog} extended with {defeasible
+	reasoning}.
+
+	{(ftp://aisun1.ai.uga.edu/ai.prolog/)} for {MS-DOS} and {Unix}.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+DPS
+
+	1. <language, text> {Display PostScript}.
+
+	2. <language> A {real-time} language with direct
+	expression of timing requests.
+
+	["Language Constructs for Distributed Real-Time PRogramming",
+	I. Lee et al Proc IEEE Real-Time Sys Symp pp.57-66 (Dec
+	1985)].
+
+	[What does it stand for?]
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+DPS-6
+
+	<computer> A {Honeywell} {minicomputer} from the 1980s-1990s.
+	It originally ran the {GCOS-6} {operating system}.
+
+	(2004-08-24)
+
+dpSather
+
+	{Data-parallel} {Sather}.  {deterministic} {fine-grained
+	parallelism}.
+
+	E-mail: <hws@csis.dit.csiro.au>.
+	{(ftp://lynx.csis.dit.csiro.au/p/pub/ather/dpsather.papers)}.
+
+DPSK
+
+	<communications> {Differential Phase-Shift Keying}.
+
+DQDB
+
+	{Distributed Queue Dual Bus}
+
+draco
+
+	A blend of {Pascal}, {C} and {ALGOL 68} developed by Chris
+	Gray in 1987.  It has been implemented for {CP/M-80} and
+	{Amiga}.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Draft Once ReUse Many
+
+	<jargon> (DORUM) Reusing parts of a document to produce parts
+	of an entirely new document.  The term normally refers to text
+	documents but the practise is equally common in programming.
+
+	(1998-05-09)
+
+drag
+
+	{drag and drop}
+
+drag and drop
+
+	A common method for manipulating files (and sometimes text)
+	under a {graphical user interface} or {WIMP} environment.  The
+	user moves the pointer over an icon representing a file and
+	presses a mouse button.  He holds the button down while moving
+	the pointer (dragging the file) to another place, usually a
+	directory viewer or an icon for some {application program},
+	and then releases the button (dropping the file).  The meaning
+	of this action can often be modified by holding certain keys
+	on the keyboard at the same time.
+
+	Some systems also use this technique for objects other than
+	files, e.g. portions of text in a {word processor}.
+
+	The biggest problem with drag and drop is does it mean "copy"
+	or "move"?  The answer to this question is not intuitively
+	evident, and there is no consensus for which is the right
+	answer.  The same vendor even makes it move in some cases and
+	copy in others.  Not being sure whether an operation is copy
+	or move will cause you to check very often, perhaps every time
+	if you need to be certain.  Mistakes can be costly.  People
+	make mistakes all the time with drag and drop.  {Human
+	computer interaction} studies show a higher failure rate for
+	such operations, but also a higher "forgiveness rate" (users
+	think "silly me") than failures with commands (users think
+	"stupid machine").  Overall, drag and drop took some 40 times
+	longer to do than single-key commands.
+
+	[Erik Naggum <erik@naggum.no>]
+
+	(2007-06-15)
+
+dragging
+
+	{drag}
+
+drag-n-drop
+
+	<spelling> Stupid spelling of {drag and drop}.
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+DRAGON
+
+	1. An {Esprit} project aimed at providing effective support to
+	{reuse} in {real-time} distributed {Ada} {application
+	programs}.
+
+	2. An implementation language used by {BTI Computer Systems}.
+
+	E-mail: Pat Helland <helland@hal.com>.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+dragon
+
+	[MIT] A program similar to a {daemon}, except that it is not
+	invoked at all, but is instead used by the system to perform
+	various secondary tasks.  A typical example would be an
+	accounting program, which keeps track of who is logged in,
+	accumulates load-average statistics, etc.  Under ITS, many
+	terminals displayed a list of people logged in, where they
+	were, what they were running, etc., along with some random
+	picture (such as a unicorn, Snoopy or the Enterprise), which
+	was generated by the "name dragon".  Use is rare outside
+	{MIT}, under {Unix} and most other {operating systems} this
+	would be called a "background {demon}" or {daemon}.  The
+	best-known Unix example of a dragon is {cron}.  At {SAIL},
+	they called this sort of thing a "phantom".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Dragon Book
+
+	<publication> The classic text "Compilers: Principles,
+	Techniques and Tools", by Alfred V. Aho, Ravi Sethi, and
+	Jeffrey D.  Ullman (Addison-Wesley 1986; ISBN 0-201-10088-6).
+	So called because of the cover design featuring a dragon
+	labelled "complexity of compiler design" and a knight bearing
+	the lance "LALR parser generator" among his other trappings.
+	This one is more specifically known as the "Red Dragon Book"
+	(1986); an earlier edition, sans Sethi and titled "Principles
+	Of Compiler Design" (Alfred V. Aho and Jeffrey D. Ullman;
+	Addison-Wesley, 1977; ISBN 0-201-00022-9), was the "Green
+	Dragon Book" (1977).  (Also "New Dragon Book", "Old Dragon
+	Book".)  The horsed knight and the Green Dragon were warily
+	eying each other at a distance; now the knight is typing
+	(wearing gauntlets!) at a terminal showing a video-game
+	representation of the Red Dragon's head while the rest of the
+	beast extends back in normal space.
+
+	See also {book titles}.
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+DRAGOON
+
+	<language> A {distributed}, {concurrent}, {object-oriented}
+	{Ada}-based language developed in the {Esprit} {DRAGON}
+	project by Colin Atkinson at {Imperial College} in 1989 (Now
+	at University of Houston, Clear Lake).  DRAGOON supports
+	object-oriented programming for {embeddable systems} and is
+	presently implemented as an Ada {preprocessor}.
+
+	["Object-Oriented Reuse, Concurrency and Distribution: An
+	Ada-Based Approach", C. Atkinson, A-W 1991, ISBN
+	0-2015-6-5277].
+
+	(1999-11-22)
+
+drain
+
+	<jargon> (IBM) To allow a system to complete the processing of
+	its current work before the system becomes unavailable.
+	E.g. draining a device before taking it {off-line} or telling
+	a {web server} in a {server farm} not to accept any new
+	requests but to finish processing any requests it has already
+	accepted.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2005-07-18)
+
+DRAM
+
+	{dynamic random-access memory}
+
+DRAM refresh
+
+	<storage> The operation which cycles through a {DRAM} reading
+	each row and writing it back again to compensate for the
+	gradual leakage of charge from the {capacitors} which store
+	the data.  This may be done by the {CPU} but is often done by
+	a dedicated {memory controller}.
+
+	(1997-02-23)
+
+Drawing eXchange Format
+
+	(DXF) A file format for graphical information, similar to
+	{IGES}.  Commonly used by {CAD} systems like {AutoCAD}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+dread high bit disease
+
+	<character> A condition endemic to {PRIME} (also known as
+	"PR1ME") {minicomputers} that results in all the characters
+	having their high bit (0x80, see {meta bit}) ON rather than
+	OFF.  This complicates transporting files to other systems and
+	talking to true 8-bit devices.  Folklore had it that PRIME
+	adopted the convention in order to save 25 cents per {serial
+	line} per machine; PRIME old-timers, on the other hand, claim
+	they inherited the disease from {Honeywell} via customer
+	NASA's compatibility requirements and struggled heroically to
+	cure it.  Whoever was responsible, this probably qualifies as
+	one of the most cretinous design tradeoffs ever made.  A few
+	other machines have exhibited similar brain damage.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-04-09)
+
+DREAM 6800
+
+	<computer> A computer based on the {Motorola 6800}
+	{microprocessor}.
+
+	The DREAM 6800 could be programmed in {CHIP-8}.
+
+	(2002-04-09)
+
+DRECNET
+
+	/drek'net/ [Yiddish/German "dreck", meaning filth] Deliberate
+	distortion of DECNET, a networking protocol used in the {VMS}
+	community.  So called because DEC helped write the Ethernet
+	specification and then (either stupidly or as a malignant
+	customer-control tactic) violated that spec in the design of
+	DRECNET in a way that made it incompatible.  See also
+	{connector conspiracy}.
+
+drill down
+
+	<database> (Or "drill-down analysis") To examine data in
+	greater detail, especially, in {reporting}, to interactively
+	select some item from a summary and display the data that
+	contributed to that item, broken down by some extra parameter.
+
+	For example, when viewing your company's total worldwide sales
+	for each month of this year, you might drill down to see
+	October's sales by country, then again to see October's sales
+	in Afghanistan by product and so on.
+
+	This kind of analysis is often supported by some kind of {data
+	warehouse}.
+
+	(2007-06-04)
+
+drill-down analysis
+
+	{drill down}
+
+drive
+
+	<storage> A {peripheral} device that allows a computer to read
+	or/or write some storage medium such as a {hard disk}, {floppy
+	disk}, {magnetic tape}, {compact disc} or {DVD}.  These would
+	be called a {disk drive}, {magnetic tape drive}, etc.  CD and
+	DVD drives are known collectively as {optical drives}.  When
+	unqualified the term probably refers to a hard disk drive.
+
+	The term "drive" refers particularly to the electrical
+	components such as electric motors and head positioning
+	system, read-write heads and associated electronics.
+
+	Of the above storage media, typically only hard disks are
+	fixed, the rest being removable.  Most PCs in 2009 include one
+	disk drive and one optical drive housed in the main PC
+	enclosure.  Extra drives can be connected externally via
+	{USB}, {SCSI} or {Firewire}.  Magnetic tape is always
+	removable and tape drives are typically external.
+
+	Not to be confused with a "driver" meaning {device driver} -
+	software used to access a peripheral device.
+
+	(2009-12-01)
+
+driver
+
+	1. <operating system> {device driver}.
+
+	2. <programming> The {main loop} of an event-processing
+	program; the code that gets commands and dispatches them for
+	execution.
+
+	3. <tool> In the {TeX} world and the computerised typesetting
+	world in general, a program that translates some
+	device-independent or other common format to something a real
+	device can actually understand.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+drivers
+
+	{driver}
+
+Dr. James H. Clark
+
+	<person> The founder of {Silicon Graphics, Inc.} and
+	co-founder of {Netscape Communications Corporation}.
+
+	(1998-05-21)
+
+DRM
+
+	1. {Digital Rights Management}
+
+	2. {Digital Radio Mondiale}
+
+	(2006-02-02)
+
+droid
+
+	<robotics> (From "android") The robots of the Star Wars
+	universe.  While androids look somewhat human-like, Star Wars'
+	droids are typically fashioned in the likeness of their
+	creators or in a utilitarian design that stresses function
+	over appearance.  Droids are equipped with artificial
+	intelligence, though some are naturally created smarter than
+	others depending on the function they are designed to serve.
+
+	"Droid" is a Lucasfilm Ltd. trademark.
+
+	{starwars.com (http://starwars.com/databank/droid/)}.
+
+	["A Guide to the Star Wars Universe", Bill Slavicsek, 1994,
+	Lucasfilm Ltd.]
+
+	[Was George Lucas really the first to use the abbreviation (in
+	1977)?]
+
+	(2006-07-21)
+
+DROOL
+
+	<games> Dave's Recycled Object-Oriented Language.  Language
+	for writing adventure games.  An updated implementation of
+	AdvSys.  {multiple inheritance}, garbage collection.
+
+	["Dave's Recycled OO Language", David Betz, Dr. Dobbs J, Oct
+	1993, pp.74-78].
+
+drool-proof paper
+
+	<jargon> Documentation that has been obsessively {dumbed
+	down}, to the point where only a {cretin} could bear to read
+	it, is said to have succumbed to the "drool-proof paper
+	syndrome" or to have been "written on drool-proof paper".  For
+	example, this is an actual quote from {Apple Computer}'s
+	LaserWriter manual: "Do not expose your LaserWriter to open
+	fire or flame."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-06-23)
+
+drop cable
+
+	Wiring between a computer and its {Ethernet transceiver}.
+	Maximum length if full-spec is 47m.
+
+drop-down list
+
+	{pull-down list}
+
+drop-down menu
+
+	{pull-down menu}
+
+drop-ins
+
+	[analogy with {drop-outs}] Spurious characters appearing on a
+	terminal or console as a result of {line noise} or a system
+	malfunction of some sort.  Especially used when these are
+	interspersed with one's own typed input.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+drop on the floor
+
+	To react to an error condition by silently discarding messages
+	or other valuable data.  "The gateway ran out of memory, so it
+	just started dropping packets on the floor."  Also frequently
+	used of faulty mail and netnews relay sites that lose
+	messages.  See also {black hole}, {bit bucket}.
+
+drop-outs
+
+	1. A variety of "power glitch" (see {glitch}); momentary zero
+	voltage on the electrical mains.
+
+	2. Missing characters in typed input due to software
+	malfunction or system overload (one cause of such behaviour
+	under {Unix} when a bad connection to a modem swamps the
+	processor with spurious character interrupts; see {screaming
+	tty}).
+
+	3. Mental glitches; used as a way of describing those
+	occasions when the mind just seems to shut down for a couple
+	of beats.  See {glitch}, {fried}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-02-22)
+
+DrScheme
+
+	<Scheme> A popular {Scheme} implementation from the {PLT} team
+	at {Rice University}.
+
+	{(http://cs.rice.edu/CS/PLT/packages/drscheme/)}.
+
+	(2001-02-22)
+
+DRUCO I
+
+	Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+drugged
+
+	(Or "on drugs") 1. Conspicuously stupid, heading toward
+	{brain-damaged}.  Often accompanied by a pantomime of toking a
+	joint.
+
+	2. Of hardware, very slow relative to normal performance.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2011-12-03)
+
+drug report
+
+	<humour> A {bug report} so utterly incomprehensible that
+	whoever submitted it must have been smoking crack.  Even
+	worse than a {chug report}.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2011-12-03)
+
+drum
+
+	Ancient slow, cylindrical magnetic media that were once
+	state-of-the-art storage devices.  Under {BSD} {Unix} the disk
+	partition used for swapping is still called "/dev/drum"; this
+	has led to considerable humour and not a few straight-faced
+	but utterly bogus "explanations" getting foisted on {newbies}.
+
+	See also "{The Story of Mel}".
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+drunk mouse syndrome
+
+	(Also "mouse on drugs") A malady exhibited by the mouse
+	pointing device of some computers.  The typical symptom is for
+	the mouse cursor on the screen to move in random directions
+	and not in sync with the motion of the actual mouse.  Can
+	usually be corrected by unplugging the mouse and plugging it
+	back again.  Another recommended fix for optical mice is to
+	rotate your {mouse mat} 90 degrees.
+
+	At {Xerox PARC} in the 1970s, most people kept a can of copier
+	cleaner (isopropyl alcohol) at their desks.  When the steel
+	ball on the mouse had picked up enough {cruft} to be
+	unreliable, the mouse was doused in cleaner, which restored it
+	for a while.  However, this operation left a fine residue that
+	accelerated the accumulation of cruft, so the dousings became
+	more and more frequent.  Finally, the mouse was declared
+	"alcoholic" and sent to the clinic to be dried out in a CFC
+	ultrasonic bath.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+dry run
+
+	<programming> To execute a program by hand, writing values of
+	variables and other run-time data on paper, in order to check
+	its operation and {control flow} or to track down a {bug} (as
+	part of {debugging}).  A dry run is an extreme form of {desk
+	check} or {code review} and is practical only for fairly
+	simple programs, small amounts of data and simple external
+	interfaces.  It was often performed {off-line} using a
+	{hardcopy} of the {source code}.
+
+	Dry runs were common practice in the days when access to
+	computers was limited but the availability of {screen editors}
+	and fast {compilers} makes {debugging by printf} a more
+	productive method in most cases.  Sophisticated {debuggers}
+	that allow you to get the computer to step through your source
+	code line by line and show values of variables make even this
+	unnecessary.
+
+	(2006-11-27)
+
+DS0
+
+	<communications> The zeroth {DS level}, having a transmission
+	rate of 64,000 bits per second (64 kb/s), intended to carry
+	one {voice channel} (a phone call).
+
+	(2001-03-18)
+
+DS1
+
+	<communications> A {DS level} and {framing specification} for
+	synchronous digital streams, over circuits in the North
+	American {digital transmission hierarchy}, at the {T1}
+	transmission rate of 1,544,000 bits per second ({baud}).
+
+	DS1 is commonly used to multiplex 24 {DS0} channels.  Each DS0
+	channel, originally a digitised voice-grade telephone signal,
+	carries 8000 bytes per second (64,000 bits per second).  A DS1
+	frame includes one byte from each of the 24 DS0 channels and
+	adds one {framing bit}, making a total of 193 bits per frame
+	at 8000 frames per second.  The result is 193*8000 = 1,544,000
+	bits per second.
+
+	In the original standard, the successive framing bits
+	continuously repeated the 12-bit sequence 110111001000, and
+	such a 12-frame unit is called a super-frame.  In voice
+	telephony, errors are acceptable (early standards allowed as
+	much as one frame in six to be missing entirely), so the least
+	significant bit in two of the 24 streams was used for
+	signaling between network equipments.  This is called
+	{robbed-bit signaling}.
+
+	To promote error-free transmission, an alternative called the
+	extended super-frame (ESF) of 24 frames was developed.  In
+	this standard, six of the 24 framing bits provide a six bit
+	{cyclic redundancy check} (CRC-6), and six provide the actual
+	framing.  The other 12 form a virtual circuit of 4000 bits per
+	second for use by the transmission equipment, for {call
+	progress signals} such as busy, idle and ringing.  DS1 signals
+	using ESF equipment are nearly error-free, because the CRC
+	detects errors and allows automatic re-routing of connections.
+
+	Compare {T-carrier systems}.
+
+	[Kenneth Sherman, "Data Communications : a user's guide",
+	third edition (1990), Reston/Prentice-Hall/Simon & Schuster].
+
+	(1996-03-30)
+
+DS1C
+
+	<communications> A {DS level} and {framing specification} for
+	digital signals in the North American digital transmission
+	hierarchy.  A DS1C signal uses 48 {PCM} channels and has a
+	transmission rate of 3.15 Megabits per second, twice that of
+	{DS1}.
+
+	DS1C uses two {DS1} signals combined and sent on a 3.152
+	megabit per second {carrier} which allows 64 kilobits per
+	second for synchronisation and {framing} using "{pulse
+	stuffing}".  The channel 2 signal is logically inverted, and a
+	framing bit is stuffed in two out of three code words,
+	resulting in 26-bit information units.  The channels are
+	interleaved and then scrambled by the addition {modulo} 2 of
+	the signal with the previous bit.  Finally the bit stream is
+	combined with a control bit sequence that permits the
+	{demultiplexor} to function by preceding each 52 bits with one
+	DS1C framing bit.  A series of 24 such 53-bit frames forms a
+	1272-bit "M-frame".
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+DS2
+
+	<communications> A {DS level} and {framing specification} for
+	digital signals in the North American digital transmission
+	hierarchy.  A DS2 signal uses 96 {PCM} channels and has a
+	transmission rate of 6.31 Megabits per second, twice that of
+	{DS1C}.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+DS3
+
+	<communications> The third {DS level}, a {framing
+	specification} for digital signals in the North American
+	digital transmission hierarchy.  A DS3 signal has a
+	transmission rate of 44.736 Megabits per second.
+
+	DS3 is used, for example, on {T3} synchronous {Integrated
+	Services Digital Network} lines.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+DSA
+
+	{Directory System Agent}
+
+DSDM
+
+	{Dynamic Systems Development Method}
+
+DSE
+
+	1. Display Screen Equipment.  See {Visual Display Unit}.
+
+	2. {Data Structure Editor}.
+
+	(2002-11-09)
+
+DSEE
+
+	{Domain Software Engineering Environment}
+
+D-shell connector
+
+	<hardware> One of the family of connectors: DA-15, {DB-25},
+	DC-37, DD-50, {DE-9}, and DEH-15 [VGA].  The "D" is the shape
+	of the shell, the next letter determines connector size, and
+	the number is the maximum pin count.
+
+	(1999-12-08)
+
+DSI
+
+	{Delivered Source Instruction}
+
+DSL
+
+	1. <communications> {Digital Subscriber Line}.
+
+	2. <language> {Digital Simulation Language}.
+
+	3. <language> {Denotational Semantics Language}.
+
+	(1996-10-13)
+
+DSLAM
+
+	{Digital Subscriber Line Access Module}
+
+DS level
+
+	<communications> (Digital Signal or Data Service level)
+	Originally an {AT&T} classification of transmitting one or
+	more voice conversations in one digital data stream.  The best
+	known DS levels are {DS0} (a single conversation), {DS1} (24
+	conversations multiplexed), {DS1C}, {DS2}, and {DS3}.
+
+	By extension, the DS level can refer to the raw data rate
+	necessary for transmission:
+
+	 DS0      64 Kb/s
+	 DS1   1.544 Mb/s
+	 DS1C  3.15  Mb/s
+	 DS2   6.31  Mb/s
+	 DS3  44.736 Mb/s
+	 DS4 274.1   Mb/s
+
+	(where K and M signify multiplication by 1000 and 1000000,
+	rather than powers of two).  In this sense it can be used to
+	measure of data service rates classifying the user access
+	rates for various point-to-point {WAN} technologies or
+	standards (e.g. {X.25}, {SMDS}, {ISDN}, {ATM}, {PDH}).
+
+	Japan uses the US standards for DS0 through DS2 but Japanese
+	DS5 has roughly the circuit capacity of US DS4, while the
+	European standards are rather different (see {E1}).  In
+	the US all of the transmission rates are integral multiples of
+	8000 bits per second but rates above DS1 are not necessarily
+	integral multiples of 1,544 kb/s.
+
+	(1998-05-18)
+
+DSM
+
+	1. Data Structure Manager.
+
+	An {object-oriented} language by J.E. Rumbaugh and M.E. Loomis
+	of {GE}, similar to {C++}.  It is used in implementation of
+	{CAD}/{CAE} software.  DSM is written in DSM and {C} and
+	produces {C} as output.
+
+	["DSM: An Object-Relationship Modeling Language", A. Shah et
+	al, SIGPLAN Notices 24(10):191-202 (OOPSLA '89) (Oct 1989)].
+
+	2. {DIGITAL Standard MUMPS}.
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+DSN
+
+	{Digital Switched Network}
+
+DSO
+
+	{dynamic shared object}
+
+DSORG
+
+	{data set organization}
+
+DSP
+
+	{digital signal processing}
+
+DSP32 Assembly Language
+
+	A high-level assembly language for the DSP32
+	Programmable DSP Chip.
+
+DSP56000
+
+	A {digital signal processing} chip from {Motorola}.
+
+	An assembler called {a56} and a port of {gcc} called
+	{dsp56k-gcc} are available.
+
+DSP56001
+
+	A {digital signal processing} chip from {Motorola}.
+
+	An assembler called {a56} is available.
+
+dsp56165-gcc
+
+	A port of {gcc} version 1.40 to the {Motorola} {DSP56156} and
+	{DSP56000} by Andrew Sterian <asterian@eecs.umich.edu>.
+
+	{alt.sources}
+
+dsp56k-gcc
+
+	{Motorola}'s port of {gcc} version 1.37.1 to the {Motorola}
+	{DSP56000}.
+
+	{Finland
+	(ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/ham/dsp/dsp56k-tools/dsp56k-gcc.tar.Z)}.
+	{Australia
+	(ftp://evans.ee.adfa.oz.au/pub/micros/56k/g56k.tar.Z)}.
+
+DSP/C
+
+	Numerical extension to C, for DSP applications.
+
+	["DSP/C: A Standard High Level Language for DSP and Numeric
+	Processing", K. Leary & W.  Waddington, Proc ICASSP 90, Apr
+	1990, pp.1065-1068].
+
+DSPL
+
+	{Digital Signal Processing Language}
+
+DSR
+
+	{Dynamic Service Register}
+
+DSS
+
+	1. {Decision Support Systems}.
+
+	2. {Digital Signature Standard}.
+
+	(1995-11-16)
+
+DSSSL
+
+	{Document Style Semantics and Specification Language}
+
+DST
+
+	Daylight-Saving Time.
+
+DSU
+
+	1. <communications> {Data Service Unit}.
+
+	2. {Disk Subsystem Unit} ({Artecon}).
+
+	3. <humour> {Dwarf Storage Unit}.
+
+	(1996-12-01)
+
+DSVD
+
+	{Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data}
+
+DSW
+
+	{penis war}
+
+DTALGOL
+
+	Decision Table ALGOL.
+
+	An {ALGOL} superset from {Victoria University}, Wellington
+	that added {decision tables} and runs on {Burroughs Large
+	System}.
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+DTD
+
+	{Document Type Definition}
+
+DTE
+
+	{Data Terminal Equipment}
+
+DT&E
+
+	{Developmental Test and Evaluation}
+
+DTLS
+
+	{Descriptive Top-Level Specification}
+
+DTMF
+
+	{Dual Tone Multi Frequency}
+
+DTP
+
+	{desktop publishing}
+
+DTR
+
+	{Data Terminal Ready}
+
+DTS
+
+	1. {Distributed Time Service}.
+
+	2. <audio> {Digital Theatre Sound}.
+
+	(2001-12-24)
+
+DTSS
+
+	<operating system> The first commercial {time-sharing} system,
+	created by {Dartmouth College} and sold by {General Electric}
+	around 1967.
+
+	GE's Information Service Divsion (ISD) marketed DTSS which was
+	running on a system called {GE-265} (a combination of the
+	{front-end processor} the {Datanet-30} and the {GE-235}).
+
+	DTSS was ported (and significantly improved by GE ISD around
+	1965-1966 on a combination of DN-30 and {GE-635}).  This
+	proprietary system, called Mk-II, later improved by GE and
+	renamed Mk-III, is still working today (1997) as part of the
+	GE service bureau that also includes {IBM} and {Unix}
+	computers.
+
+	(1997-09-16)
+
+D-type
+
+	1. <hardware> A type of computer peripheral connector so named
+	because one side is shorter (with one less pin) than the other
+	giving a (squarish) "D" shape.  The connectors have two rows
+	of pins (or holes).  Common types are 25-way (13+12 pins) and
+	9-way (5+4 pins).  They are often used for serial lines,
+	especially {EIA-232}.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+	2. {D-type flip-flop}.
+
+D-type flip-flop
+
+	<hardware> A digital logic device that stores the status of
+	its "D" input whenever its clock input makes a certain
+	transition (low to high or high to low).  The output, "Q",
+	shows the currently stored value.
+
+	Compare {J-K flip-flop}.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+du
+
+	<tool, storage> ("disk usage") The {Unix} command to list the
+	amount of disk space consumed by a directory and its
+	subdirectories.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: du(1).
+
+	(2004-04-01)
+
+DUA
+
+	{Directory User Agent}
+
+dual
+
+	<mathematics> Every field of mathematics has a different
+	meaning of dual.  Loosely, where there is some binary symmetry
+	of a theory, the image of what you look at normally under this
+	symmetry is referred to as the dual of your normal things.
+
+	In linear algebra for example, for any {vector space} V, over
+	a {field}, F, the vector space of {linear maps} from V to F is
+	known as the dual of V.  It can be shown that if V is
+	finite-dimensional, V and its dual are {isomorphic} (though no
+	isomorphism between them is any more natural than any other).
+
+	There is a natural {embedding} of any vector space in the dual
+	of its dual:
+
+	    V -> V'': v -> (V': w -> wv : F)
+
+	(x' is normally written as x with a horizontal bar above it).
+	I.e. v'' is the linear map, from V' to F, which maps any w to
+	the scalar obtained by applying w to v.  In short, this
+	double-dual mapping simply exchanges the roles of function and
+	argument.
+
+	It is conventional, when talking about vectors in V, to refer
+	to the members of V' as covectors.
+
+	(1997-03-16)
+
+DUAL-607
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 701}.
+
+	[CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+dual-attached
+
+	The form of {FDDI} interface where a device is connected to
+	both FDDI token-passing rings, so that uninterrupted operation
+	continues in the event of a failure of either of the rings.
+	All connections to the main {FDDI} rings are dual-attached.
+	Typically, a small number of critical infrastructure devices
+	such as {routers} and {concentrators} are dual-attached,
+	whereas {host} computers are normally single-attached or
+	{dual-homed} to a router or concentrator.
+
+	For example, a ring could be formed between a single router
+	and two concentrators (all dual-attached) then all other
+	components that need to be fault-tolerant (typically file
+	servers) can be {dual-homed} to both concentrators.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+dual boot
+
+	<operating system> Any system offering the user the choice of
+	two {operation systems} (OSes) under which to start a
+	computer.  A dual boot system allows the user to run programs
+	for both operating systems on a single computer (though not
+	simultaneously).  The term "multiple boot" or "multiboot"
+	extends the idea to more than two OSes.
+
+	The OSes are generally unaware of each other's existence.
+	They are installed on separate {hard disk} {partitions} or on
+	separate disks.  They may be able to access each other's
+	files, possibly via some extra {driver} software if they use
+	different {file systems}.
+
+	The OSes need not be completely different - they might be
+	different versions of {Microsoft Windows} (e.g. {Windows XP}
+	and {Windows NT}) or {Linux} (e.g. {Debian} and {Fedora}).
+
+	A dual boot system differs from an {emulator} such as
+	{vmware}, which runs one or more OSes "on top" of the primary
+	OS, using its resources.
+
+	(2005-02-01)
+
+dual-homed
+
+	<networking> A kind of connection to a {FDDI} network where a
+	{host} is simultaneously connected to two separate devices in
+	the same FDDI ring.  One of the connections becomes active
+	while the other one is automatically blocked.  If the first
+	connection fails, the backup link takes over with no
+	perceptible delay.
+
+	A dual-homed device can tolerate a fault in one of its "homes"
+	whereas a {dual-attached} device can tolerate a fault in one
+	of the rings.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+Dual In-Line
+
+	<hardware> {Dual In-Line Package}.
+
+Dual In-line Memory Module
+
+	<storage> Small circuit boards carrying memory {integrated
+	circuits}, with signal and power pins on both sides of the
+	board, in contrast to {single-in-line memory modules} (SIMM).
+
+	The individual gold or lead connectors (pins) on SIMMs,
+	although they are on both sides of the chip, are connected to
+	the same memory chip, while on a DIMM, the connections on each
+	side of the module connect to different chips.  This allows
+	for a wider data path, as more modules can be accessed at
+	once.  DIMM pins are arranged in a zigzag design to allow PCB
+	tracks to pass between them.
+
+	The 8-byte DIMM format with dual-sided contacts can
+	accommodate 4- and 16-megabit {dynamic RAM} chips, and is
+	predicted to handle 64- and 256-Mbit devices.  The 8-byte DIMM
+	will hold up to 32 megabytes of memory using 16-Mbit DRAMs,
+	but with the 256-Mbit future-generation DRAM, it will be able
+	to hold a 64-Mx64 configuration.  Another variation, the
+	72-pin {SO-DIMM}, is designed to connect directly to 32 bit
+	data buses, and is intended for use in memory-expansion
+	applications in {notebook computers}.
+
+	A Dual in-line memory module (DIMM), as opposed to SIMMs (used
+	by the majority of the PC industry) allows for a 128-bit data
+	path by interleaving memory on alternating memory access
+	cycles.  SIMMs on the other hand, have a 64-bit data path.
+	Suppliers are unanimous in their belief that the DIMM will
+	eventually replace the SIMM as the market's preferred memory
+	module.
+
+	(1996-01-28)
+
+Dual In-Line Package
+
+	<hardware> (DIL, DIP) The most common type of package for
+	small and medium scale {integrated circuits}, with up to about
+	48 pins.  The pins hang vertically from the two long edges of
+	the rectangular package, spaced at intervals of 0.1 inch.  The
+	pins fit through holes in the circuit board to which they are
+	soldered or into a socket.
+
+	[More than 48 pins?]
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+dual ported
+
+	A term used to describe memory {integrated circuits} which can
+	be accessed simultaneously via two independent address and
+	data busses.
+
+	Dual ported memory is often used in {video display} hardware,
+	especially in conjunction with {Video Random Access Memory}
+	(VRAM).  The two ports allow the video display hardware to
+	read memory to display the contents on screen at the same time
+	as the CPU writes data to other areas of the same memory.  In
+	single-ported memory these two processes cannot occur
+	simultanteously, the CPU must wait, thus resulting in slower
+	access times.  {Cycle stealing} is one technique used to avoid
+	this in single-ported {video memory}.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+dual-stack
+
+	<networking> A term used to describe a network {node} running both
+	{IPv4} and {IPv6} {protocol stacks} (or possibly others) at the
+	same time.  Such a machine can act as a {protocol converter}
+	between the two networks.
+
+	A node without dual-stack support can relay traffic in a protocol
+	it does not support natively by use of {tunnelling}.
+
+	{RFC 4213 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4213)}
+
+	(2013-10-08)
+
+Dual Tone Multi Frequency
+
+	<communications> (DTMF, or "touch-tone") A method used by the
+	telephone system to communicate the keys pressed when
+	dialling.  Pressing a key on the phone's keypad generates two
+	simultaneous tones, one for the row and one for the column.
+	These are decoded by the exchange to determine which key was
+	pressed.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+duck typing
+
+	<programming> A term coined by Dave Thomas for a kind of
+	{dynamic typing} typical of some programming languages, such
+	as {Smalltalk}, {Ruby} or {Visual FoxPro}, where a
+	{variable}'s {run-time} value determines the operations that
+	can be performed on it.
+
+	The term comes from the "duck test": if it walks like a duck
+	and quacks like a duck, it must be a duck.
+
+	Duck typing considers the {methods} to which a value responds
+	and the {attributes} it posesses rather than its relationship
+	to a type hierarchy.  This encourages greater {polymorphism}
+	because types are enforced as late as possible.
+
+	{(http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/100511)}.
+
+	(2006-09-13)
+
+DUEL
+
+	<programming> A {front end} to {gdb} by Michael Golan
+	<mg@cs.princeton.edu>.  DUEL implements a language designed
+	for {debugging} {C} programs.  It features efficient ways to
+	select and display data items.  It is normally linked into the
+	gdb executable, but could stand alone.  It interprets a subset
+	of {C} in addition to its own language.
+
+	Version 1.10.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/duel/)}.
+
+	(1993-03-20)
+
+duff
+
+	1. <programming> {Duff's device}.
+
+	2. <person> {Tom Duff}.
+
+Duff's device
+
+	The most dramatic use yet seen of {fall through} in {C},
+	invented by Tom Duff when he was at Lucasfilm.  Trying to
+	{bum} all the instructions he could out of an inner loop that
+	copied data serially onto an output port, he decided to unroll
+	it.  He then realised that the unrolled version could be
+	implemented by *interlacing* the structures of a switch and a
+	loop:
+
+	  register n = (count + 7) / 8;      /* count > 0 assumed */
+
+	  switch (count % 8)
+	  {
+	  case 0:        do {  *to = *from++;
+	  case 7:              *to = *from++;
+	  case 6:              *to = *from++;
+	  case 5:              *to = *from++;
+	  case 4:              *to = *from++;
+	  case 3:              *to = *from++;
+	  case 2:              *to = *from++;
+	  case 1:              *to = *from++;
+	                     } while (--n > 0);
+	  }
+
+	Shocking though it appears to all who encounter it for the
+	first time, the device is actually perfectly valid, legal C.
+	C's default {fall through} in case statements has long been
+	its most controversial single feature; Duff observed that
+	"This code forms some sort of argument in that debate, but I'm
+	not sure whether it's for or against."
+
+	[For maximal obscurity, the outermost pair of braces above
+	could be actually be removed - {GLS}]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-06-22)
+
+dumbed down
+
+	<jargon> Simplified, with a strong connotation of
+	*over*simplified.  Often, a {marketroid} will insist that the
+	interfaces and documentation of software be dumbed down after
+	the designer has burned untold gallons of midnight oil making
+	it smart.  This creates friction.
+
+	See {user-friendly}.
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+dumb terminal
+
+	<hardware> A type of {terminal} that consists of a keyboard
+	and a display screen that can be used to enter and transmit
+	data to, or display data from, a computer to which it is
+	connected.  A dumb terminal, in contrast to an {intelligent
+	terminal}, has no independent processing capability or
+	{auxiliary storage} and thus cannot function as a stand-alone
+	device.
+
+	The dumbest kind of terminal is a {glass tty}.  The next step
+	up has a minimally {addressable cursor} but no on-screen
+	editing or other features normally supported by an
+	{intelligent terminal}.
+
+	Once upon a time, when glass ttys were common and addressable
+	cursors were something special, what is now called a dumb
+	terminal could pass for a smart terminal.
+
+	[Examples?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+dump
+
+	<operating system> 1. An undigested and voluminous mass of
+	information about a problem or the state of a system,
+	especially one routed to the slowest available output device
+	(compare {core dump}), and most especially one consisting of
+	{hexadecimal} or {octal} {runes} describing the byte-by-byte
+	state of memory, mass storage, or some file.  In {elder days},
+	debugging was generally done by "groveling over" a dump (see
+	{grovel}); increasing use of high-level languages and
+	interactive debuggers has made such tedium uncommon, and the
+	term "dump" now has a faintly archaic flavour.
+
+	2. A {backup}.  This usage is typical only at large
+	{time-sharing} installations.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: dump(1).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+dumpster diving
+
+	/dump'-ster di:'-ving/ 1. The practice of sifting refuse from
+	an office or technical installation to extract confidential
+	data, especially security-compromising information ("dumpster"
+	is an Americanism for what is elsewhere called a "skip").
+	Back in AT&T's monopoly days, before paper shredders became
+	common office equipment, phone phreaks (see {phreaking}) used
+	to organise regular dumpster runs against phone company plants
+	and offices.  Discarded and damaged copies of AT&T internal
+	manuals taught them much.  The technique is still rumored to
+	be a favourite of crackers operating against careless targets.
+
+	2. The practice of raiding the dumpsters behind buildings
+	where producers and/or consumers of high-tech equipment are
+	located, with the expectation (usually justified) of finding
+	discarded but still-valuable equipment to be nursed back to
+	health in some hacker's den.  Experienced dumpster-divers not
+	infrequently accumulate basements full of moldering (but still
+	potentially useful) {cruft}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Dungeon
+
+	{Zork}
+
+dup killer
+
+	/d[y]oop kill'r/ Software that is supposed to detect and
+	delete duplicates of a message that may have reached the
+	{FidoNet} system via different routes.
+
+	See also {dup loop}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+duplex
+
+	<communications> Used to describe a communications channel
+	that can carry signals in both directions, in contrast to a
+	{simplex} channel which only ever carries a signal in one
+	direction.
+
+	If signals can only flow in one direction at a time the
+	communications is "{half-duplex}", like a single-lane road with
+	traffic lights at each end.  Walkie-talkies with a
+	"press-to-talk" button provide half-duplex communications.
+
+	If signals can flow in both directions simultaneously the
+	communications is "{full-duplex}", like a normal two-lane
+	road.  Telephones provide full-duplex communications.
+
+	The term "duplex" was first used in wireless, telegraph, and
+	telephone communications.  Nearly all communications circuits
+	used by computers are two-way, so the term is seldom used.
+
+	{(http://cit.ac.nz/smac/dc100www/dc_014.htm)}.
+
+	(2001-07-21)
+
+Duplex High Speed Data
+
+	(DHSD) A term which describes a {full-duplex} channel that can
+	carry 64 kilobits per second.
+
+	This is the kind of service provided by an Inmarsat-B type
+	portable earth station or a {leased line} (not {ISDN}).
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+dup loop
+
+	<messaging> /d[y]oop loop/ (also "dupe loop") [FidoNet] An
+	infinite stream of duplicated, near-identical messages on a
+	FidoNet {echo}, the only difference being unique or mangled
+	identification information applied by a faulty or incorrectly
+	configured system or network gateway, thus rendering {dup
+	killers} ineffective.  If such a duplicate message eventually
+	reaches a system through which it has already passed (with the
+	original identification information), all systems passed on
+	the way back to that system are said to be involved in a {dup
+	loop}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-12-15)
+
+Durra
+
+	Description language for {coarse-grained concurrency} on
+	heterogeneous processors.  "Durra: A Task-level Description
+	Language", M.R.  Barbacci et al, CMU/SEI-86-TR-3, CMU 1986.
+
+dusty deck
+
+	Old software (especially applications) which one is obliged to
+	remain compatible with, or to maintain.  {DP} types call this
+	"legacy code", a term hackers consider smarmy and excessively
+	reverent.  The term implies that the software in question is a
+	holdover from card-punch days.  Used especially when referring
+	to old scientific and {number crunching} software, much of
+	which was written in Fortran and very poorly documented but is
+	believed to be too expensive to replace.  See {fossil};
+	compare {crawling horror}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+DV cartridge
+
+	<games> (Digital Video?)  A plug-in circuit cartridge required
+	by some games consoles in order to play {MPEG} video material.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+DVD
+
+	{Digital Versatile Disc}
+
+DVD-R
+
+	{Digital Versatile Disc}
+
+DVD-RAM
+
+	{Digital Versatile Disk Random Access Memory}
+
+DVD-ROM
+
+	{Digital Versatile Disc}
+
+DVI
+
+	1. <file format> (device independent) The usual output format
+	of {TeX}, giving a description of a formatted document that is
+	not related to any specific hardware or other standard
+	document format.  Utilities exist to view and print DVI files
+	on various systems and devices.
+
+	2. {Digital Video Input}.
+
+	(2003-09-11)
+
+Dvorak
+
+	<hardware> A configuration of (computer) keyboard keys
+	arranged to increase the speed and ease of typing over the
+	normal {qwerty} layout; the most common characters (for
+	English) have been put on the home row.
+
+	The standard Dvorak International layout is:
+
+	 `~  1!  2@  3#  4%  5^     6^  7&  8*  9(  0)  [\{  ]\}  \\|
+	     '"  ,<  .>  p   y      f   g   c   r   l   /?  +=
+	     a   o   e   u   i      d   h   t   n   s   -_
+	     ;:  q   j   k   x      b   m   w   v   z
+
+	[Do other Dvorak-like layout standards exist for other
+	languages?]
+
+	(2002-03-14)
+
+Dwarf Storage Unit
+
+	<humour> (DSU) An {IBM} term for a cupboard.
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+DWDM
+
+	{wavelength division multiplexing}
+
+dweeb
+
+	An even lower form of life than the {spod}, found in much the
+	same habitat as the former.  though more prevailent on {talker
+	systems}.  Unlike spods, upon receiving the desired response
+	to the question "Are you male or female?", dweebs will then
+	engage upon a detailed description of themselves and how
+	wonderful they are, often in the hopes of truly impressing the
+	other with their "charm" and "wit".  Nearly all dweebs are
+	male, but very few actually live up to the image that they
+	present.  Dweebs, unfortunately, are often the cause of
+	ill-will, and may well bring a bad reputation to the system in
+	question.  They are often, however, easy to wind up and can be
+	the source of great mirth to the seasoned user.
+
+dwg
+
+	<filename extension> The {filename extension} for {Autodesk}
+	{drawing} files.
+
+	{(http://faqs.org/faqs/graphics/fileformats-faq/part3/)}.
+
+	(2000-08-02)
+
+DWIM
+
+	/dwim/ [acronym, "Do What I Mean" (not what I say)] 1. Able to
+	guess, sometimes even correctly, the result intended when
+	bogus input was provided.
+
+	2. The BBNLISP/INTERLISP function that attempted to accomplish
+	this feat by correcting many of the more common errors.  See
+	{hairy}.
+
+	3. Occasionally, an interjection hurled at a balky computer,
+	especially when one senses one might be tripping over
+	legalisms (see {legalese}).
+
+	Warren Teitelman originally wrote DWIM to fix his typos and
+	spelling errors, so it was somewhat idiosyncratic to his
+	style, and would often make hash of anyone else's typos if
+	they were stylistically different.  Some victims of DWIM thus
+	claimed that the acronym stood for "Damn Warren's Infernal
+	Machine!'.
+
+	In one notorious incident, Warren added a DWIM feature to the
+	command interpreter used at {Xerox PARC}.  One day another
+	hacker there typed "delete *$" to free up some disk space.
+	(The editor there named backup files by appending "$" to the
+	original file name, so he was trying to delete any backup
+	files left over from old editing sessions.)  It happened that
+	there weren't any editor backup files, so DWIM helpfully
+	reported "*$ not found, assuming you meant 'delete *'".  It
+	then started to delete all the files on the disk!  The hacker
+	managed to stop it with a {Vulcan nerve pinch} after only a
+	half dozen or so files were lost.
+
+	The disgruntled victim later said he had been sorely tempted
+	to go to Warren's office, tie Warren down in his chair in
+	front of his workstation, and then type "delete *$" twice.
+
+	DWIM is often suggested in jest as a desired feature for a
+	complex program; it is also occasionally described as the
+	single instruction the ideal computer would have.  Back when
+	proofs of program correctness were in vogue, there were also
+	jokes about "DWIMC" (Do What I Mean, Correctly).  A related
+	term, more often seen as a verb, is DTRT (Do The Right Thing);
+	see {Right Thing}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+DX4
+
+	{Intel DX4}
+
+DXF
+
+	{Drawing Exchange Format}
+
+dyadic
+
+	<programming> {binary} (describing an {operator}).
+
+	Compare {monadic}.
+
+	(1998-07-24)
+
+Dyadic Systems Limited
+
+	{Dyalog Limited}
+
+Dyalog APL
+
+	<language> Arguably the current (2001) market-leading
+	implementation of {APL}, from {Dyalog Limited}.  Dyalog APL
+	runs under {Windows 95}, {Windows 98}, {Windows NT}, and
+	{Windows 2000}; and several popular {UNIX} systems including
+	{Linux}.
+
+	Dyalog APL complies with {ISO 8485} and has many features that
+	make it good for complex {GUI} applications.
+
+	Dyalog APL was introduced in 1983 and is currently (2002) in
+	active development.
+
+	(2003-11-17)
+
+Dyalog Limited
+
+	<company> The company that distributes {Dyalog APL}.
+	Previously known as Dyadic Systems Limited.
+
+	{Dyalog Home (http://dyalog.com)}.
+
+	(2003-11-17)
+
+DYANA
+
+	{DYnamics ANAlyzer}
+
+Dylan
+
+	{DYnamic LANguage}
+
+Dylperl
+
+	A {dynamic linking} package for {Perl} by Roberto Salama
+	<rs@fi.gs.com>.  Dynamically loaded functions are accessed as
+	if they were user-defined functions.  This code is based on
+	Oliver Sharp's May 1993 article in Dr. Dobbs Journal ("Dynamic
+	Linking under Berkeley Unix").
+
+	Posted to {news:comp.lang.perl} on 1993-08-11.
+
+	(1993-08-11)
+
+dynamic adaptive routing
+
+	Automatic re{routing} of traffic based on analysis of current
+	{network} conditions.  This does not include routing decisions
+	based on predefined information.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+Dynamic Address Translation
+
+	<architecture> (DAT) Conversion of a {virtual address} into a
+	{physical address}, as performed by a {memory management unit}
+	and an {operating system} which supports {virtual memory}.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+Dynamically Linked Library
+
+	<library> (DLL) A {library} which is linked to {application
+	programs} when they are loaded or run rather than as the final
+	phase of {compilation}.  This means that the same block of
+	library code can be shared between several {tasks} rather than
+	each task containing copies of the routines it uses.  The
+	executable is compiled with a library of "{stubs}" which allow
+	{link errors} to be detected at {compile-time}.  Then, at {run
+	time}, either the system {loader} or the task's entry code
+	must arrange for library calls to be patched with the
+	addresses of the real shared library routines, possibly via a
+	{jump table}.
+
+	The alternative is to make library calls part of the
+	{operating system} {kernel} and enter them via some kind of
+	{trap} instruction.  This is generally less efficient than an
+	ordinary {subroutine} call.
+
+	It is important to ensure that the version of a dynamically
+	linked library is compatible with what the executable expects.
+
+	Examples of operating systems using dynamic linking are
+	{SunOS} (.so - shared object files), {Microsoft Windows}
+	(.dll) and {RISC OS} on the {Acorn} {Archimedes} (relocatable
+	modules).
+
+	(1995-12-12)
+
+dynamically scoped
+
+	{dynamic scope}
+
+dynamically typed
+
+	{dynamic typing}
+
+dynamic analysis
+
+	<programming> Evaluation of a program based on its execution.
+	Dynamic analysis relies on executing a piece of software with
+	selected test data.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+dynamic binding
+
+	The property of {object-oriented programming} languages where
+	the code executed to perform a given operation is determined
+	at {run time} from the {class} of the operand(s) (the receiver
+	of the message).  There may be several different classes of
+	objects which can receive a given message.  An expression may
+	denote an object which may have more than one possible class
+	and that class can only be determined at run time.  New
+	classes may be created that can receive a particular message,
+	without changing (or recompiling) the code which sends the
+	message.  An class may be created that can receive any set of
+	existing messages.
+
+	{C++} implements dynamic binding using "{virtual member
+	functions}".
+
+	One important reason for having dynamic binding is that it
+	provides a mechanism for selecting between alternatives which
+	is arguably more robust than explicit selection by
+	conditionals or {pattern matching}.  When a new {subclass} is
+	added, or an existing subclass changes, the necessary
+	modifications are localised: you don't have incomplete
+	conditionals and broken patterns scattered all over the
+	program.
+
+	See {overloading}.
+
+dynamic database management system
+
+	<database> (dynamic DBMS) A {database} with "value-based"
+	relationships where typically the relationship is specified at
+	retrieval time and the locations of related records are
+	discovered during retrieval.  Both {Independent Logical File}
+	(ILF) databases and {relational databases} are value-based.
+
+	The opposite is a {static database management system}.
+
+	(1998-10-07)
+
+Dynamic Data Exchange
+
+	<language> (DDE, originally Dynamic Data Linking, DDL) A
+	{Microsoft Windows} 3 {hotlink} {protocol} that allows
+	{application programs} to communicate using a {client-server}
+	model.  Whenever the server (or "publisher") modifies part of
+	a document which is being shared via DDE, one or more clients
+	("subscribers") are informed and include the modification in
+	the copy of the data on which they are working.
+
+	(1997-06-05)
+
+Dynamic Data Linking
+
+	{Dynamic Data Exchange}
+
+dynamic DBMS
+
+	{dynamic database management system}
+
+Dynamic Drive Overlay
+
+	<storage, software> (DDO) Software to allow a {system BIOS}
+	that does not support {Logical Block Addressing} to access
+	drives larger than 528 MB.
+
+	The alternatives are to update the system BIOS or install an
+	{EIDE controller} card with a suitable on-board BIOS.
+
+	{Seagate
+	(http://seagate.com/support/disc/drivers/discfile.shtml)}.
+
+	(2001-03-18)
+
+Dynamic Execution
+
+	<processor> A combination of techniques - {multiple branch
+	prediction}, {data flow analysis} and {speculative execution}.
+	{Intel} implemented Dynamic Execution in the {P6} after
+	analysing the execution of billions of lines of code.
+
+	(1995-05-05)
+
+Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (DHCP) A {protocol} that provides a means to
+	dynamically allocate {IP address}es to computers on a {local
+	area network}.  The {system administrator} assigns a range of
+	IP addresses to DHCP and each client computer on the LAN has
+	its {TCP/IP} software configured to request an IP address from
+	the DHCP server.  The request and grant process uses a lease
+	concept with a controllable time period.
+
+	DHCP is defined in {RFC 2131}.
+
+	{Microsoft} introduced DHCP on their {NT server} with version
+	3.5 in late 1994.
+
+	{(http://dhcp.org/)}.
+
+	(1998-11-22)
+
+Dynamic HTML
+
+	<language, web> (DHTML) The addition of
+	{JavaScript} to {HTML} to allow web pages to change and
+	interact with the user without having to communicate with the
+	server.  JavaScript allows the behaviour of the page to be
+	controlled by code that is downloaded with the HTML.  It does
+	this by manipulating the {Document Object Model} (DOM).
+
+	The term DHTML is often also taken to include the use of
+	"style" information to give finer control of HTML layout.  The
+	style information can be supplied as {Cascading Style Sheets}
+	(CSS) or as "style" attributes (which can be manipulated by
+	JavaScript).  Layers are often also used with DHTML.
+
+	Both the JavaScript and style data can be included in the HTML
+	file or in a separate file referred to from the HTML.  Some
+	web browsers allow other languages (e.g. {VBScript} or {Perl})
+	to be used instead of JavaScript but this is less common.
+
+	DHTML can be viewed in {Internet Explorer} 4+, {Firefox} and
+	{Netscape} Communicator 4+ but, as usual, Microsoft disagree
+	on how DHTML should be implemented.  The {Document Object
+	Model} Group of the {World Wide Web Consortium} is developing
+	standards for DHTML.
+
+	{(http://w3c.org/DOM/)}.
+
+	(2005-10-17)
+
+DYnamic LANguage
+
+	<language> (Dylan) A simple {object-oriented} {Lisp} dialect,
+	most closely resembling {CLOS} and {Scheme}, developed by
+	Advanced Technology Group East at {Apple Computer}.
+
+	{Thomas} is a Dylan {compiler} implemented in {Scheme}.
+
+	See also {Marlais}.
+
+	["Dylan(TM) an Object-Oriented Dynamic Language", {Apple
+	Computer}, Eastern Research and Technology, April 1992].
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+dynamic link
+
+	<compiler> A pointer from an {activation record} to the
+	{activation record} for the {scope} from which the current
+	scope was called at {run time}.  This is used in a {statically
+	scoped} language to restore the {environment pointer} on exit
+	from a scope.  To access a {non-local variable} in a
+	{dynamically scoped} language, dynamic links are followed
+	until a binding for the given variable name is found.
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+dynamic link library
+
+	{Dynamically Linked Library}
+
+Dynamic Object-Oriented Requirements System
+
+	<programming, tool, product> (DOORS) A tool from {Quality
+	Systems & Software Ltd.} for handling all kinds of
+	{requirements} (in fact, any information at all) as modules
+	containing trees of text objects, qualified by an arbitrary
+	number of user-defined attributes, and cross-linked by
+	directional links.
+
+dynamic RAM
+
+	{dynamic random-access memory}
+
+dynamic random-access memory
+
+	<storage> (DRAM) A type of {semiconductor} memory in which the
+	information is stored in {capacitors} on a {MOS} {integrated
+	circuit}.  Typically each {bit} is stored as an amount of
+	electrical charge in a storage cell consisting of a capacitor
+	and a {transistor}.  Due to leakage the capacitor discharges
+	gradually and the memory cell loses the information.
+	Therefore, to preserve the information, the memory has to be
+	refreshed periodically.  Despite this inconvenience, the DRAM
+	is a very popular memory technology because of its high
+	density and consequent low price.
+
+	The first commercially available DRAM chip was the {Intel
+	1103}, introduced in 1970.
+
+	Early DRAM chips, containing up to a 16k x 1 (16384 locations
+	of one bit each), needed 3 supply voltages (+5V, -5V and
+	+12V).  Beginning with the 64 kilobit chips, {charge pumps}
+	were included on-chip to create the necessary supply voltages
+	out of a single +5V supply.  This was necessary to fit the
+	device into a 16-pin {DIL} package, which was the preferred
+	package at the time, and also made them easier to use.
+
+	To reduce the pin count, thereby helping miniaturisation,
+	DRAMs generally had a single data line which meant that a
+	computer with an N bit wide {data bus} needed a "bank" of (at
+	least) N DRAM chips.  In a bank, the address and control
+	signals of all chips were common and the data line of each
+	chip was connected to one of the data bus lines.
+
+	Beginning with the 256 kilobit DRAM, a tendency toward
+	{surface mount} packaging arose and DRAMs with more than one
+	data line appeared (e.g. 64k x 4), reducing the number of
+	chips per bank.  This trend has continued and DRAM chips with
+	up to 36 data lines are available today.  Furthermore,
+	together with surface mount packages, memory manufacturers
+	began to offer memory modules, where a bank of memory chips
+	was preassembled on a little {printed circuit} board (SIP =
+	Single Inline Pin Module, SIMM = Single Inline Memory Module,
+	DIMM = Dual Inline Memory Module).  Today, this is the
+	preferred way to buy memory for {workstations} and {personal
+	computers}.
+
+	DRAM bit cells are arranged on a chip in a grid of rows and
+	columns where the number of rows and columns are usually a
+	power of two.  Often, but not always, the number of rows and
+	columns is the same.  A one megabit device would then have
+	1024 x 1024 memory cells.  A single memory cell can be
+	selected by a 10-bit row address and a 10-bit column address.
+
+	To access a memory cell, one entire row of cells is selected
+	and its contents are transferred into an on-chip buffer.  This
+	discharges the storage capacitors in the bit cells.  The
+	desired bits are then read or written in the buffer.  The
+	(possibly altered) information is finally written back into
+	the selected row, thereby refreshing all bits (recharging the
+	capacitors) in the row.
+
+	To prevent data loss, all bit cells in the memory need to be
+	refreshed periodically.  This can be done by reading all rows
+	in regular intervals.  Most DRAMs since 1970 have been
+	specified such that one of the rows needs to be refreshed at
+	least every 15.625 microseconds.  For a device with 1024 rows,
+	a complete refresh of all rows would then take up to 16 ms; in
+	other words, each cell is guaranteed to hold the data for 16
+	ms without refresh.  Devices with more rows have accordingly
+	longer retention times.
+
+	Many varieties of DRAM exist today.  They differ in the way
+	they are interfaced to the system - the structure of the
+	memory cell itself is essentially the same.
+
+	"Traditional" DRAMs have multiplexed address lines and
+	separate data inputs and outputs.  There are three control
+	signals: RAS\ (row address strobe), CAS\ (column address
+	strobe), and WE\ (write enable) (the backslash indicates an
+	{active low} signal).  Memory access procedes as follows:
+	1. The control signals initially all being inactive (high), a
+	memory cycle is started with the row address applied to the
+	address inputs and a falling edge of RAS\ .  This latches the
+	row address and "opens" the row, transferring the data in the
+	row to the buffer.  The row address can then be removed from
+	the address inputs since it is latched on-chip.  2. With RAS\
+	still active, the column address is applied to the address
+	pins and CAS\ is made active as well.  This selects the
+	desired bit or bits in the row which subsequently appear at
+	the data output(s).  By additionally activating WE\ the data
+	applied to the data inputs can be written into the selected
+	location in the buffer.  3. Deactivating CAS\ disables the
+	data input and output again.  4. Deactivating RAS\ causes the
+	data in the buffer to be written back into the memory array.
+
+	Certain timing rules must be obeyed to guarantee reliable
+	operation.  1. RAS\ must remain inactivate for a while before
+	the next memory cycle is started to provide sufficient time
+	for the storage capacitors to charge (Precharge Time).  2. It
+	takes some time from the falling edge of the RAS\ or CAS\
+	signals until the data appears at the data output.  This is
+	specified as the Row Access Time and the Column Access Time.
+	Current DRAM's have Row Access Times of 50-100 ns and Column
+	Access Times of 15-40 ns.  Speed grades usually refer to the
+	former, more important figure.
+
+	Note that the Memory Cycle Time, which is the minimum time
+	from the beginning of one access to the beginning of the next,
+	is longer than the Row Access Time (because of the Precharge
+	Time).
+
+	Multiplexing the address pins saves pins on the chip, but
+	usually requires additional logic in the system to properly
+	generate the address and control signals, not to mention
+	further logic for refresh.  Therefore, DRAM chips are usually
+	preferred when (because of the required memory size) the
+	additional cost for the control logic is outweighed by the
+	lower price.
+
+	Based on these principles, chip designers have developed many
+	varieties to improve performance or ease system integration of
+	DRAMs:
+
+	PSRAMs (Pseudo Static Random Access Memory) are essentially
+	DRAMs with a built-in address {multiplexor} and refresh
+	controller.  This saves some system logic and makes the device
+	look like a normal {SRAM}.  This has been popular as a lower
+	cost alternative for SRAM in {embedded systems}.  It is not a
+	complete SRAM substitute because it is sometimes busy when
+	doing self-refresh, which can be tedious.
+
+	{Nibble Mode DRAM} can supply four successive bits on one data
+	line by clocking the CAS\ line.
+
+	{Page Mode DRAM} is a standard DRAM where any number of
+	accesses to the currently open row can be made while the RAS
+	signal is kept active.
+
+	Static Column DRAM is similar to Page Mode DRAM, but to access
+	different bits in the open row, only the column address needs
+	to be changed while the CAS\ signal stays active.  The row
+	buffer essentially behaves like SRAM.
+
+	{Extended Data Out DRAM} (EDO DRAM) can continue to output
+	data from one address while setting up a new address, for use
+	in {pipelined} systems.
+
+	DRAM used for Video RAM ({VRAM}) has an additional long
+	shift register that can be loaded from the row buffer.  The
+	shift register can be regarded as a second interface to the
+	memory that can be operated in parallel to the normal
+	interface.  This is especially useful in {frame buffers} for
+	{CRT} displays.  These frame buffers generate a serial data
+	stream that is sent to the CRT to modulate the electron beam.
+	By using the shift register in the VRAM to generate this
+	stream, the memory is available to the computer through the
+	normal interface most of the time for updating the display
+	data, thereby speeding up display data manipulations.
+
+	SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) adds a separate clock signal to the
+	control signals.  It allows more complex {state machines} on
+	the chip and high speed "burst" accesses that clock a series
+	of successive bits out (similar to the nibble mode).
+
+	CDRAM (Cached DRAM) adds a separate static RAM array used for
+	caching.  It essentially combines main memory and {cache}
+	memory in a single chip.  The cache memory controller needs to
+	be added externally.
+
+	RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) changes the system interface of DRAM
+	completely.  A byte-wide bus is used for address, data and
+	command transfers.  The bus operates at very high speed: 500
+	million transfers per second.  The chip operates synchronously
+	with a 250MHz clock.  Data is transferred at both rising and
+	falling edges of the clock.  A system with signals at such
+	frequencies must be very carefully designed, and the signals
+	on the Rambus Channel use nonstandard signal levels, making it
+	incompatible with standard system logic.  These disadvantages
+	are compensated by a very fast data transfer, especially for
+	burst accesses to a block of successive locations.
+
+	A number of different refresh modes can be included in some of
+	the above device varieties:
+
+	RAS\ only refresh: a row is refreshed by an ordinary read
+	access without asserting CAS\.  The data output remains
+	disabled.
+
+	CAS\ before RAS\ refresh: the device has a built-in counter
+	for the refresh row address.  By activating CAS\ before
+	activating RAS\, this counter is selected to supply the row
+	address instead of the address inputs.
+
+	Self-Refresh: The device is able to generate refresh cycles
+	internally.  No external control signal transitions other than
+	those for bringing the device into self-refresh mode are
+	needed to maintain data integrity.
+
+	(1996-07-11)
+
+dynamic routing
+
+	<networking> (Or "adaptive routing") {Routing} that adjusts
+	automatically to network topology or traffic changes.
+
+	(1997-05-08)
+
+DYnamics ANAlyzer
+
+	<language> (DYANA) An early language specialised for
+	vibrational and other dynamic physical systems.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 628].
+
+	(1997-07-20)
+
+dynamic scope
+
+	<language> In a dynamically scoped language, e.g. most
+	versions of {Lisp}, an {identifier} can be referred to, not
+	only in the block where it is declared, but also in any
+	function or procedure called from within that block, even if
+	the called procedure is declared outside the block.
+
+	This can be implemented as a simple stack of (identifier,
+	value) pairs, accessed by searching down from the top of stack
+	for the most recent instance of a given identifier.
+
+	The opposite is {lexical scope}.  A common implementation of
+	dynamic scope is {shallow binding}.
+
+	(1996-07-11)
+
+dynamic scoping
+
+	{dynamic scope}
+
+Dynamic Systems Development Method
+
+	<programming> (DSDM) An independent software development
+	framework.
+
+	{DSDM.org Home (http://dsdm.org/)}.
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+	(2002-02-14)
+
+dynamic translation
+
+	<architecture> A {virtual machine} implementation approach,
+	used to speed up execution of {byte-code} programs.  To
+	execute a program unit such as a {method} or a {function}, the
+	virtual machine compiles its bytecodes into (hardware) machine
+	code.  The translated code is also placed in a cache, so that
+	next time that unit's machine code can be executed
+	immediately, without repeating the translation.
+
+	This technique was pioneered by the commercial {Smalltalk}
+	implementation currently known as {VisualWorks}, in the early
+	1980s.  Currently it is also used by some implementations of
+	the {Java Virtual Machine} under the name {JIT} (Just In Time
+	compilation).
+
+	[Peter L. Deutsch and Alan Schiffman. "Efficient
+	Implementation of the Smalltalk-80 System", 11th Annual
+	Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, Jan 1984,
+	pp. 297-302].
+
+	(2002-04-15)
+
+dynamic typing
+
+	<programming> Enforcement of type rules at {run time} as
+	opposed to {compile time}.  Dynamic typing catches more errors
+	as run-time exceptions than {static typing}.
+
+	{Tcl}, {Perl}, {PHP}, {Python} and {Visual Basic} are examples
+	of dynamically typed languages.  A dynamically typed language
+	may have {strong typing} or {weak typing}.
+
+	(2004-07-20)
+
+DYNAMO
+
+	DYNamic MOdels.  A language for continuous {simulation}
+	including economic, industrial and social systems, developed
+	by Phyllis Fox and A.L. Pugh in 1959.
+
+	Versions include DYNAMO II, DYNAMO II/370, DYNAMO II/F, DYNAMO
+	III and Gaming DYNAMO.
+
+	["DYNAMO User's Manual", A.L. Pugh, MIT Press 1976].
+
+Dynix
+
+	<library> A {host-based} library automation system from {Dynix
+	Automated Library Systems}.  First installed in 1993, it is
+	now used in over 2000 libraries worldwide.
+
+	Dynix runs on {Unix} using the {UniVerse} post relational
+	database.  The software is configurable using tables of
+	parameters.  It includes modules for cataloguing, circulation,
+	OPAC, acquisitions, serials, reserve book room, advance
+	bookings, homebound, BiblioBus, Pac Plus for Windows, Kids
+	Catalog, Dynix Online Catalog, media bookings, and community
+	information.
+
+	{(http://uk.dynix.com/classic.html)}.
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+Dynix Automated Library Systems
+
+	<company> The world's largest supplier of library automation
+	systems with European offices in France, Germany, Ireland, the
+	Netherlands and the UK.
+
+	Dynix sell two library management systems - Horizon
+	({client/server}) and, Dynix ({host-based}).  Both have {GUI}
+	or {terminal interfaces}.  Dynix also sell other products and
+	services for {database} enrichment, interconnectivity, and
+	on-line and {CD-ROM} databases.
+
+	{(http://uk.dynix.com/dynix.html)}.
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+dynner
+
+	<data, jargon> /din'r/ 32 {bits}, by analogy with {byte}.
+	Usage: rare and extremely silly.
+
+	See also {playte}, {tayste}, {crumb}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-12-03)
+
+DYSAC
+
+	Digital Simulated Analog Computer.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 629].
+
+DYSTAL
+
+	DYnamic STorage ALlocation.
+
+	Adds lists, strings, sorting, statistics and matrix operations
+	to Fortran.  Sammet 1969, p.388.  "DYSTAL: Dynamic Storage
+	Allocation Language in FORTRAN", J.M. Sakoda, in Symbol
+	Manipulation Languages and Techniques, D.G. Bobrow ed, N-H
+	1971, pp.302- 311.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+dz
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Algeria.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+E
+
+	1. An extension of {C++} with {database} types and
+	{persistent} {objects}.  E is a powerful and flexible
+	{procedural} programming language.  It is used in the {Exodus}
+	database system.
+
+	See also {GNU E}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/exodus/E/)}.
+
+	["Persistence in the E Language: Issues and Implementation",
+	J.E. Richardson et al, Soft Prac & Exp 19(12):1115-1150 (Dec
+	1989)].
+
+	2. <language> A {procedural language} by Wouter van
+	Oortmerssen with {semantics} similar to {C}.  E features
+	lists, low-level {polymorphism}, {exception} handling, quoted
+	expressions, {pattern matching} and {object} {inheritance}.
+	{Amiga E} is a version for the {Amiga}.
+
+	(1999-10-05)
+
+E1
+
+	<communications> A European {framing specification} for the
+	transmission of 32 {DS0} (64 kb/s) data streams.  By
+	extension, it can also denote the transmission rate required
+	(2.048 Mb/s = 2048 kb/s).  Unlike {DS1} it is free of
+	{bit-robbing}.
+
+	(2002-03-22)
+
+E2
+
+	<communications> A European {framing specification} for the
+	transmission of four multiplexed {E1} data streams, resulting
+	in a transmission rate of 8.448 Mb/s (= 8448 kb/s).
+
+	(2002-03-22)
+
+E2ES
+
+	{end-to-end solution}
+
+E3
+
+	<communications> A European {framing specification} for the
+	transmission of 16 multiplexed {E1} data streams, resulting in
+	a transmission rate of 34.368 Mb/s (= 34,368 kb/s).
+
+	(2002-03-22)
+
+E4
+
+	<communications> A European {framing specification} for the
+	transmission of 64 multiplexed {E1} data streams, resulting in
+	a transmission rate of 139.264 Mb/s (= 139,264 kb/s).
+
+	(2002-03-22)
+
+E5
+
+	<communications> A European {framing specification} for the
+	transmission of 256 multiplexed {E1} data streams, resulting
+	in a transmission rate of 565.148 Mbps (= 565,148 kb/s).
+
+	(2002-03-22)
+
+E-acute
+
+	<character> "É" - a capital "E" with an acute accent.  Character
+	code 201, 0xC9.  Entity reference: &amp;Eacute;.
+
+	(2013-01-13)
+
+EAF
+
+	{Effort Adjustment Factor}
+
+EAG
+
+	{Extended Affix Grammar}
+
+eager evaluation
+
+	Any {evaluation strategy} where evaluation of some or all
+	function arguments is started before their value is required.
+	A typical example is {call-by-value}, where all arguments are
+	passed evaluated.  The opposite of eager evaluation is
+	{call-by-need} where evaluation of an argument is only started
+	when it is required.
+
+	The term "{speculative evaluation}" is very close in meaning
+	to eager evaluation but is applied mostly to parallel
+	architectures whereas eager evaluation is used of both
+	sequential and parallel evaluators.
+
+	Eager evaluation does not specify exactly when argument
+	evaluation takes place - it might be done fully speculatively
+	(all {redex}es in the program reduced in parallel) or may be
+	done by the caller just before the function is entered.
+
+	The term "eager evaluation" was invented by Carl Hewitt and
+	Henry Baker <hbaker@netcom.com> and used in their paper ["The
+	Incremental Garbage Collection of Processes", Sigplan Notices,
+	Aug 1977.
+	{(ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/hb/hbaker/Futures.html)}].  It was
+	named after their "eager beaver" evaluator.
+
+	See also {conservative evaluation}, {lenient evaluation},
+	{strict evaluation}.
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+Eagle
+
+	A {dBASE}-like dialect bundled with {Emerald Bay}, sold by
+	{Migent} from 1986-1988, later renamed {Vulcan} when {Wayne
+	Ratliff} reacquired the product.
+
+EAI
+
+	{Enterprise Application Integration}
+
+EAPROM
+
+	{Electrically Alterable Programmable Read-Only Memory}
+
+earliest deadline first
+
+	<operating system, algorithm> (EDF) A strategy for {CPU} or
+	disk access {scheduling}.  With EDF, the task with the
+	earliest deadline is always executed first.
+
+	{Scan-EDF} is an example.
+
+	(1995-11-15)
+
+Early PL/I
+
+	<language> (EPL) A {PL/I} subset dialect by McIlroy, Morris et
+	al, the first running PL/I {compiler}.  It was used by {Bell
+	Labs} and {MIT} to write {Multics}.  EPL had extensions to
+	handle the segment/offset nature of {Multics} pointers.
+
+	See also {REPL}, {TMG}.
+
+	["EPL Reference Manual", Project MAC, April 1966].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 542].
+
+	(1995-11-15)
+
+EARN
+
+	<networking> {European Academic and Research
+	Network}.
+
+	(1995-11-15)
+
+EAROM
+
+	Electrically Alterable Read-Only Memory.
+
+	{EEPROM}
+
+earthquake
+
+	(IBM) The ultimate real-world shock test for computer
+	hardware.  Hackish sources at {IBM} deny the rumor that the
+	San Francisco Bay Area quake of 1989 was initiated by the
+	company to test quality-assurance procedures at its California
+	plants.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+Ease
+
+	General purpose parallel programming language, combining the
+	process constructs of CSP and the distributed data structures
+	of Linda.  "Programming with Ease: Semiotic Definition of the
+	Language", S.E. Zenith, <zenith-steven@yale.edu> Yale U
+	TR-809, Jul 1990.
+
+EASE II
+
+	Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+EASIAC
+
+	Early system on Midac computer.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
+	1959).
+
+EAST
+
+	A {Eureka} project developing a {software engineering}
+	{platform}.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+easter egg
+
+	<jargon> (From the custom of the Easter Egg hunt observed in
+	the US and many parts of Europe)
+
+	1. A message hidden in the {object code} of a program as a
+	joke, intended to be found by persons disassembling or
+	browsing the code.
+
+	2. A message, graphic, sound effect, or other behaviour
+	emitted by a program (or, on an {IBM PC}, the {BIOS} {ROM}) in
+	response to some undocumented set of commands or keystrokes,
+	intended as a joke or to display program credits.
+
+	One well-known early Easter egg found in a couple of
+	{operating systems} caused them to respond to the command
+	"make love" with "not war?".  Many {personal computers}, and
+	even satellite control computers, have much more elaborate
+	eggs hidden in {ROM}, including lists of the developers' names
+	(e.g. {Microsoft Windows} 3.1x), political exhortations and
+	snatches of music.  The {Tandy} Color Computer 3 ({CoCo}) had
+	images of the entire development team.  Microsoft {Excel} 97
+	includes a flight simulator!
+
+	{(http://eeggs.com/)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-06-23)
+
+Easter egging
+
+	<jargon> ({IBM}, From the custom of the Easter Egg hunt
+	observed in the US and many parts of Europe) The act of
+	replacing unrelated components more or less at random in the
+	hope that a malfunction will go away.  Hackers consider this
+	the normal operating mode of {field circus} techs and do not
+	love them for it.
+
+	Compare {Easter egg}, {shotgun debugging}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-03-18)
+
+Eastern Washington University
+
+	A university 20 miles southwest of Spokane, WA on the edge of
+	the rolling Palouse Prairie.
+
+	{(http://ewu.edu/)}.
+
+	Address: Cheney, Washington, USA.
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+EASY FOX
+
+	An early system on the {JOHNNIAC} computer.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+eat flaming death
+
+	<humour, abuse> A construction popularised among hackers by
+	the infamous {CPU Wars} comic; supposedly derive from a
+	famously turgid line in a WWII-era anti-Nazi propaganda comic
+	that ran "Eat flaming death, non-Aryan mongrels!" or something
+	of the sort (however, it is also reported that the Firesign
+	Theater's 1975 album "In The Next World, You're On Your Own"
+	included the phrase "Eat flaming death, fascist media pigs";
+	this may have been an influence).  Used in humorously
+	overblown expressions of hostility. "Eat flaming death,
+	{EBCDIC} users!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-12-12)
+
+eating one's own dogfood
+
+	<programming> When a developer uses their own code for their
+	own daily needs.  Being a user as well as a developer creates
+	the user empathy that is the hallmark of good software.
+
+	The term seems to have originated at {Microsoft}.
+
+	{(http://www.joelonsoftware.com/items/2004/04/16.html)}
+
+	(2006-12-12)
+
+eating your own dogfood
+
+	{eating one's own dogfood}
+
+EAX
+
+	{Environmental Audio eXtensions}
+
+EBASIC
+
+	<language> A {BASIC} by Gordon Eubanks, now at {Symantec},
+	that led to {CBASIC}.
+
+	(2006-12-12)
+
+EBCDIC
+
+	{Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code}
+
+EBCIDIC
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{EBCDIC}".
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+EBNF
+
+	<language> {Extended Backus-Naur Form}.
+
+Ebone
+
+	A pan-European {backbone} network service.
+
+ec
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Ecuador.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+EC++
+
+	A preprocessor
+	by Glauco Masotti <masotti@lipari.usc.edu>
+	that translates Extended C++ into C++.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.uu.net/languages/c++/EC++.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1989-10-10)
+
+ECAP II
+
+	Electronic Circuit Analysis Program.  Simple language for
+	analysing electrical networks.  "Introduction to Computer
+	Analysis: ECAP for Electronics Technicians and Engineers",
+	H. Levin, P-H 1970.
+
+E-carrier system
+
+	<communications> A series of {digital} transmission formats
+	promulgated by the {ITU} and used outside of North America and
+	Japan.
+
+	The basic unit of the E-carrier system is the {DS0}, which has
+	a transmission rate of 64 Kbps, and is commonly used for one
+	{voice circuit}.  The {E1} format consists of 32 DS0 channels,
+	for a total capacity of 2.048 Mbps.  {E2}, {E3}, {E4}, and
+	{E5} circuits carry multiple E1 channels multiplexed,
+	resulting in transmission rates of up to 565.148 Mbps.
+
+	The E-carrier system is similar to, and compatible with, the
+	{T-carrier system} used in North America, but has higher
+	capacity since it uses {out-of-band signaling} in contrast to
+	the {in-band signaling} or {bit-robbing} used in the T-system.
+
+	(2000-03-10)
+
+Ecash
+
+	<application> A trial form of {electronic funds transfer} over
+	the {Internet} (and soon by {electronic mail}).
+
+	The ecash software stores digital money, signed by a bank, on
+	the user's local computer.  The user can spend the digital
+	money at any shop accepting ecash, without the trouble of
+	having to open an account there first, or having to transmit
+	credit card numbers.  The shop just has to accept the money,
+	and deposit it at the bank.  The security is provided by a
+	{public-key} {digital signature}.
+
+	There process involves the issuing banks who exchange real
+	money for ecash, users who have and spend ecash, shops who
+	accept ecash payments, and clearing banks who clear payments
+	received by shops.
+
+	At the moment, all users and shops must have an account at
+	{DigiCash}'s own bank, the "First Digital Bank" at
+	bank.digicash.com.  They can withdraw money from the bank, and
+	convert it to ecash.  Shops can be started by any ecash user.
+
+	{(http://digicash.com/ecash/ecash-home.html)}.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+ECC
+
+	{error detection and correction}
+
+Eccles-Jordan circuit
+
+	{flip-flop}
+
+Echidna
+
+	{Constraint logic programming} embedded in an
+	{object-oriented} language.  The {syntax} is an extension of
+	{Edinburgh Prolog}.
+
+	["Hierarchical Arc Consistency Applied to Numeric Processing
+	in Constraint Logic Programming", G. Sidebottom et al,
+	TR-91-06, CSS-IS, Simon Fraser U, and Comp Intell 8(4)
+	(1992)].
+
+	{(ftp://cs.sfu.edu/pub/ecl/papers)}.
+
+	E-mail: <expert@cs.sfu.edu>.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+echo
+
+	1. A {topic group} on {FidoNet}'s {echomail} system.
+
+	Compare {newsgroup}.
+
+	2. A {Unix} command that just prints its arguments.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+echo cancellation
+
+	A process which removes unwanted echoes from the signal on a
+	telephone line.  Echoes are usually caused by impedance
+	mismatches along an analogue line.
+
+ECHT
+
+	European Conference on {Hypertext}.
+
+ECIP2
+
+	An {Esprit} project on the definition of a specification
+	language at the requirement level.
+
+ECIS
+
+	{European Committee for Interoperable Systems}
+
+Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
+
+	<company> The company which designed and built {Univac}
+	computers.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+ECL
+
+	1. <hardware> {Emitter Coupled Logic}.
+
+	2. <language> Extensible {CL}.
+
+	Wegbreit, ca 1970.
+
+	["The ECL Programming System", B. Wegbreit, Proc FJCC
+	39:253-261, AFIPS (Fall 1971)].
+
+	["ECL Programmer's Manual", B. Wegbreit, TR 23-74, Harvard U
+	(Dec 1974)].
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+ECLIPSE
+
+	A {Prolog} + {CLP} compiler from {ECRC}.
+
+ECM
+
+	<storage> {error correcting memory}.
+
+	(1995-10-10)
+
+ECMA
+
+	1. {European Computer Manufacturers Association},
+	   now {ECMA International}.
+
+	2. A subset of {ALGOL}.  [Sammet 1969, p.180].
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+ECMA International
+
+	<body> (Formerly European Computer Manufacturers Association)
+	An industry association founded in 1961 and dedicated to the
+	standardisation of information and communication systems.
+
+	ECMA edits {standards} and technical reports.  All ECMA
+	publications are available free of charge.
+
+	The best known ECMA standard is ECMA 262, defining the
+	{scripting language} {ECMAScript}.
+
+	(2003-06-23)
+
+ECMAScript
+
+	<language> ({ECMA} standard 262, {ISO} standard 16262) The
+	standardised version of the core {JavaScript} language.
+
+	(2005-07-28)
+
+Ecole Normale Superieure
+
+	<body> (ENS) A higher education and research institution in
+	Paris, France.
+
+e-commerce
+
+	{electronic commerce}
+
+Econet
+
+	1. One of the IGC networks.  EcoNet serves individuals and
+	organisations working for environmental preservation and
+	sustainability.  Important issues covered include: global
+	warming, energy policy, rainforest preservation, legislative
+	activities, water quality, toxics and environmental education.
+
+	EcoNet users can send and receive private messages, including
+	fax and telex, to and from more than 18,000 international
+	users on the APC networks or to millions on other networks.
+	EcoNet seeks to build coalitions and partnerships with
+	activist and non-profit organisations to develop the use of
+	the electronic communications medium.  EcoNet provides
+	subsidies and financial incentives to environmental
+	organisations and committed individuals who foster the
+	effectiveness of organisations through the use of electronic
+	networking.  FTP/Telnet: igc.apc.org.
+
+	2. A network produced by {Acorn Computers} Ltd. for the {BBC
+	Microcomputer} and its successors.
+
+ECOOP
+
+	European Conference on Object-oriented Programming.
+
+ECP
+
+	1. {Engineering Change Proposal}.
+
+	2. {Enhanced Capabilities Port}.
+
+	3. {Extended Capabilities Port}.
+
+	4. {Extended Concurrent Prolog}.
+
+	(1997-12-01)
+
+ECRC
+
+	{European Computer-Industry Research Centre GmbH}
+
+ECRC-Prolog
+
+	Evidently {Prolog} with {coroutine} extensions.
+
+	See also {SEPIA}.
+
+	["ECRC-Prolog User's Manual Version 1.0", K. Estenfeld,
+	TR-LP-08 ECRC, Feb 1986].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+ECSL
+
+	Extended CSL.
+
+	A {discrete simulation} language, the successor to {CSL}.
+
+	["Extended Control and Simulation Language", A.T. Clementson,
+	Comp J 9(3):215-220 (1966)].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+ECSP
+
+	An extension to {CSP}, supporting dynamic communication
+	channels and nested processes.
+
+	["Static Type Checking of Interprocess Communication in ECSP",
+	F. Baiardi et al, SIGPLAN Notices 19(6):290-299 (June 1984)].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+ECSS II
+
+	Extendable Computer System Simulator.
+
+	An extension of {SIMSCRIPT II}.
+
+	["The ECSS II Language for Simulating Computer Systems",
+	D.W. Kosy, R-1895-GSA, Rand Corp].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+ECSSL
+
+	Formerly APSE.  An equation-oriented specification language
+	for {continuous simulations}.  The {compiler} outputs
+	{HYTRAN}, which must be run on an analog processor.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+ed
+
+	<tool, text> (editor) {Unix}'s {line editor}.  Ed is rarely
+	used by humans since even {vi} is better.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: ed(1).
+
+	(1999-03-01)
+
+EDA
+
+	1. {Electronic Design Automation}.
+
+	2. {Exploratory Data Analysis}.
+
+	3. A product line from {Dazix}.
+
+	(1995-10-02)
+
+EDAC
+
+	{error detection and correction}
+
+e-ddress
+
+	{electronic mail address}
+
+Eden
+
+	<language, operating system> A {concurrent},
+	{object-oriented}, distributed {operating system} and
+	language, {Eden Programming Language} (EPL), based on {remote
+	procedure call}.  It has both {synchronous} and {asynchronous}
+	{message passing}.
+
+	["The Eden System: A Technical Review", G. Almes et al, IEEE
+	Trans Soft Eng SE-11(1):43-59, Jan 1985].
+
+	(2009-05-26)
+
+Eden Programming Language
+
+	<language> (EPL) A language developed at the {University of
+	Washington}, based on {Concurrent Euclid} and used with the
+	{Eden} distributed operating system.
+
+	EPL influenced {Emerald} and {Distributed Smalltalk}.
+
+	["EPL Programmer's Guide", A. Black et al, U Washington June
+	1984].
+
+	{Eden}
+
+EDF
+
+	{earliest deadline first}
+
+EDI
+
+	{Electronic Data Interchange}
+
+EDI analyst
+
+	<job> A person who introduces {EDI} {standards} and
+	technology.  An EDI analyst makes decisions for information
+	construction and selects resources for EDI processing and
+	application expansion.  He coordinates processing and
+	transmission schedules and mapping of standard data formats.
+	He generally serves as a key contact for trading partners and
+	value-added network consultants.
+
+	(2004-03-11)
+
+EDIF
+
+	Electronic Design Interchange Format.
+
+	Not a programming language, but a format to simplify data
+	transfer between CAD/CAE systems.  LISP-like syntax.  See also
+	{Berkeley EDIF200}.
+
+	E-mail: <edif-support@cs.man.ac.uk>
+	{(ftp://edif.cs.man.ac.uk/pub/edif)}.
+
+	["Designer's Guide to EDIF", E. Marx et al, EDN 1987."EDIF
+	Electronic Design Interchange Format Version 200", ANSI/EIA
+	Standard 548].
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+EDIFACT
+
+	{ISO 9735}:1988
+
+Edinburgh Multi Access System
+
+	<operating system> (EMAS) One of the first {operating systems}
+	written in a {high-level language} ({IMProved Mercury
+	autocode}), apparently predating {Unix}.
+
+	[Papers in J. {British Computer Society}].
+
+	[More info?  Dates?]
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+Edinburgh Prolog
+
+	Prolog dialect which eventually developed into the standard,
+	as opposed to Marseille Prolog.  (The difference is largely
+	syntax.)  Clocksin & Mellish describe Edinburgh Prolog.
+	Version: C-Prolog.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+Edinburgh SML
+
+	(EdML) Implementation of the {Core} language of {SML}.
+	{Byte-code interpreter} in {C}.  Ported to {Amiga}, {Atari},
+	{Archimedes} and {IBM PC}.
+
+	Version: 0.44.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.dcs.ed.ac.uk/pub/edml/EDML4)}.
+
+	E-mail: <lfcs@ed.ac.uk>.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Edison
+
+	1. (Named after the American inventor Thomas Edison
+	(1847-1931))
+
+	A simplified Pascal by Per Brinch Hansen with {modules} and
+	{concurrency} (cobegin/coend).
+
+	["Edison - A Multiprocessor Language", P. Brinch Hansen, CS
+	Dept, USC, Sep 1980].
+
+	["Programming a Personal Computer", Brinch Hansen, P-H 1977].
+
+	2. A language which adds an {OPS5}-like {rete}-based
+	{production system} system to {C}.  It is implemented as a {C}
+	{preprocessor}.
+
+	["Edison, A Unix and C Friendly Rete Based Production System",
+	B. Thirion, SIGPLAN Notices 27(1):75-84 (Jan 1992)].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+edit
+
+	<application> Use of some kind of {editor} program to modify a
+	{document}.  Also used to refer to the modification itself,
+	e.g. "my last edit only made things worse".
+
+	To edit something usually implies that the changes will
+	persist for some time, usually by saving the edited document
+	to a {file}, though one might open an editor, create a new
+	document in memory, print it and exit without saving it to
+	disk.
+
+	Editing is normally done by a human but see, e.g., {sed}.
+
+	(2007-07-11)
+
+editor
+
+	<application> A program used to {edit} a {document}.
+
+	Different types of document have different editors, e.g. a
+	{text editor} for {text files}, an {image editor} for
+	{images}, an {HTML editor} for {web pages}, etc.  The term can
+	be used for pretty much any kind of data modification, e.g. a
+	{disk sector editor} which operates directly on the {hard
+	disk}, bypassing the {filesystem}.
+
+	(2007-07-11)
+
+EDL
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. {Experiment Description Language}.
+
+	2. {Event Description Language}.
+
+EDM
+
+	{Electronic Data Management}
+
+EdML
+
+	{Edinburgh SML}
+
+EDMS
+
+	{Electronic Document Management System}
+
+EDO DRAM
+
+	{Extended Data Out Dynamic Random Access Memory}
+
+EDO memory
+
+	{Extended Data Out Dynamic Random Access Memory}
+
+EDO RAM
+
+	{Extended Data Out Dynamic Random Access Memory}
+
+EDP
+
+	{Electronic Data Processing}
+
+EDP auditor
+
+	<job> A person who analyses system functions and operations to
+	determine adequate security and controls.  An EDP analyst
+	evaluates systems and operational procedures and reports
+	findings to senior management.  He writes ad hoc report
+	programs using {4GLs} and specialised audit software.
+
+	(2004-03-11)
+
+EDRAM
+
+	{Enhanced Dynamic Random Access Memory}
+
+EDS
+
+	{Enhanced Directory Service}
+
+EDS+
+
+	<database, hardware> A {database accelerator} built by {ICL}
+	as part of the {EDS} project.  The machine has up to 64 nodes,
+	each node having 64Mb of memory, 2 {SPARC} processors and a
+	1Gb of disk.
+
+	See also {PARADE}.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+EDSAC
+
+	{Electronic Discrete Sequential Automatic Computer}
+
+edu
+
+	<networking> ("education") The {top-level domain} for
+	educational establishments in the USA (and some other
+	countries).  E.g. "mit.edu".  The UK equivalent is "ac.uk".
+
+	(1999-01-26)
+
+education contact
+
+	<job> The person at a company who should receive educational
+	material.
+
+	(2004-03-11)
+
+edutainment
+
+	<application> Interactive education and entertainment services
+	or software, usually supplied commercially via a cable network
+	or on {CD-ROM}.
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+Edward Lorenz
+
+	<person> A mathematical meteorologist who discovered the
+	{Lorenz attractor} in the 1960s.
+
+	(1996-01-13)
+
+Edward Yourdon
+
+	<person> A {software engineering} consultant, widely known as
+	the developer of the "{Yourdon method}" of structured systems
+	analysis and design, as well as the co-developer of the
+	Coad/Yourdon method of {object-oriented analysis} and design.
+	He is also the editor of three software journals - American
+	Programmer, Guerrilla Programmer, and Application Development
+	Strategies - that analyse software technology trends and
+	products in the United States and several other countries
+	around the world.
+
+	Ed Yourdon received a B.S. in Applied Mathematics from {MIT},
+	and has done graduate work at MIT and at the Polytechnic
+	Institute of New York.  He has been appointed an Honorary
+	Professor of {Information Technology} at Universidad CAECE in
+	Buenos Aires, Argentina and has received numerous honors and
+	awards from other universities and professional societies
+	around the world.
+
+	He has worked in the computer industry for 30 years, including
+	positions with {DEC} and {General Electric}.  Earlier in his
+	career, he worked on over 25 different {mainframe} computers,
+	and was involved in a number of pioneering computer projects
+	involving {time-sharing} and {virtual memory}.
+
+	In 1974, he founded the consulting firm, {Yourdon, Inc.}.  He
+	is currently immersed in research in new developments in
+	software engineering, such as object-oriented software
+	development and {system dynamics} modelling.
+
+	Ed Yourdon is the author of over 200 technical articles; he
+	has also written 19 computer books, including a novel on
+	{computer crime} and a book for the general public entitled
+	Nations At Risk.  His most recent books are Object-Oriented
+	Systems Development (1994), Decline and Fall of the American
+	Programmer (1992), Object-Oriented Design (1991), and
+	Object-Oriented Analysis (1990).  Several of his books have
+	been translated into Japanese, Russian, Chinese, Spanish,
+	Portugese, Dutch, French, German, and other languages, and his
+	articles have appeared in virtually all of the major computer
+	journals.
+
+	He is a regular keynote speaker at major computer conferences
+	around the world, and serves as the conference Chairman for
+	Digital Consulting's SOFTWARE WORLD conference.  He was an
+	advisor to Technology Transfer's research project on software
+	industry opportunities in the former Soviet Union, and a
+	member of the expert advisory panel on CASE acquisition for
+	the U.S. Department of Defense.
+
+	Mr. Yourdon was born on a small planet at the edge of one of
+	the distant red-shifted galaxies.  He now lives in the Center
+	of the Universe (New York City) with his wife, three children,
+	and nine Macintosh computers, all of which are linked together
+	through an Appletalk network.
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+Edwin
+
+	{MIT Scheme}
+
+ee
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Estonia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+EEMA
+
+	{European Electronic Messaging Association}
+
+EEPROM
+
+	{Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory}
+
+	See also {EAPROM}.
+
+EER
+
+	An extended {entity-relationship model}.
+
+E. F. Codd
+
+	<person> The inventor of the {relational data model} of
+	{databases}.
+
+	[Name?  More?]
+
+	(1995-11-29)
+
+EFF
+
+	{Electronic Frontier Foundation}
+
+effective computable
+
+	<theory> A term describing a {function} for which there is an
+	{effective algorithm} that correctly calculates the function.
+	The algorithm must consist of a {finite} sequence of
+	instructions.
+
+	(1996-05-03)
+
+effective number of bits
+
+	<hardware> (ENOB) An indication of the quality of an {analog
+	to digital converter}.  The measurement is related to the test
+	frequency and the {signal-to-noise ratio}.
+
+	[Better definition?]
+
+	(1998-06-15)
+
+Effort Adjustment Factor
+
+	<programming> (EAF) A term used in {COCOMO} to calculate a
+	{cost driver attribute}'s effect on a project.  It is the
+	product of the effort multipliers corresponding to each of the
+	cost drivers for the project.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+EFI
+
+	{Extensible Firmware Interface}
+
+EFL
+
+	{Extended Fortran Language}
+
+EFNet
+
+	<networking> (From "Eris-free Net", eris being
+	eris.berkeley.edu).
+
+	The dominant {Internet Relay Chat} network.
+
+	See also {Undernet}.
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+Eforth
+
+	<language> A system produced by Ting to help implementers
+	produce Forths for different targets, using {assemblers}.
+
+	(1996-07-28)
+
+E-Forth
+
+	<language> A {Forth} {interpreter} written in {Motorla 6809}
+	assembly code by Lennart Benschop
+	<lennart@blade.stack.urc.tue.nl>.  Posted to {Usenet}
+	newsgroup {alt.sources} on 1993-11-03 with a {Motorola 6809}
+	{assembler}.
+
+	(1993-11-03)
+
+EFT
+
+	{electronic funds transfer}
+
+EFTPOS
+
+	{Electronic Funds Transfer Point of Sale}
+
+EFTS
+
+	{electronic funds transfer}
+
+eg
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Egypt.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+EGA
+
+	{Enhanced Graphics Adapter}
+
+Eggdrop
+
+	<communications> The world's most popular {open source IRC
+	bot}, designed for flexibility and ease of use.  Eggdrop is
+	freely distributable under the {GPL}.  It was originally
+	developed by Robey Pointer but he no longer works on it.
+
+	Eggdrop is designed to run on {Linux}, {*BSD}, {SunOs},
+	{Windows}, {Mac OS X} and other platforms.  It is extendable
+	with {Tcl} scripts and/or {C} modules.  It supports
+	{Undernet}, {DALnet}, {EFnet}, {IRCnet}, and {QuakeNet}.  It
+	can form {botnets} and share {partylines} and userfiles
+	between bots.
+
+	(2005-07-07)
+
+egosurfing
+
+	<jargon> Scanning the {web}, databases, print media
+	or research papers looking for the mention of your name.
+
+	(1997-04-17)
+
+EGP
+
+	{Exterior Gateway Protocol}
+
+egrep
+
+	<tool> An extended version of the {Unix} {grep} command.
+	Egrep accepts extended {regular expressions} (REs) including
+	"*" following multi-character REs; "+" (one or more matches);
+	"?"  (zero or one matches); "|" separating two REs matches
+	either.  REs may be bracketed with ().  Despite its additional
+	complexity, egrep is usually faster than {fgrep} or {grep}.
+
+	(2004-07-20)
+
+Egyptian brackets
+
+	<programming, humour> A humourous term for {K&R} {indent style},
+	referring to the "one hand up in front, one down behind" pose
+	which popular culture inexplicably associates with Egypt.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2011-11-30)
+
+Eh
+
+	/A/.  Software Portability Group, U Waterloo.  A typeless
+	language derived from (and similar to) B.  Provides guaranteed
+	order of evaluation for side effects in expressions.  Also
+	character indexing operators.
+
+	See also {Zed}.
+
+	["Eh Reference Manual", R.S.C. Braga, RR CS-76-45, U Waterloo,
+	Nov 1976].
+
+eh
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Western Sahara.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+eHelp Corporation
+
+	<company> A vendor of {Microsoft} {Windows} application
+	development tools such as {RoboHELP} and {RoboDemo}.
+
+	EHelp were formerly (around 1997) Blue Sky Software.
+
+	{eHelp Home (http://ehelp.com/)}.
+
+	Address: 7777 Fay Avenue, Suite 201, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
+	Telephone: +1-800-793-0364, +1 (619) 459 6365.  Fax: +1 (619)
+	459 6366.
+
+	(2003-07-24)
+
+EHTS
+
+	Emacs HyperText System.
+
+	An experimental multi-user {hypertext} system from the
+	{University of Aalborg}.  It consists of a text editor (based
+	on {Epoch} and {GNU Emacs} and written in {elisp}) and a
+	graphical {browser} (based on {XView} and written in {C})
+	running under the {X Window System} and {OpenWindows}.  Both
+	tools use {HyperBase} as their {database}.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+EIA
+
+	{Electronics Industry Association}
+
+EIA-232
+
+	<communications, standard> (Formerly "RS-232") The most common
+	{asynchronous} {serial line} {standard}.  EIA-232 is the {EIA}
+	equivalent of {ITU-T} {V.24}, and {V.28}.
+
+	EIA-232 specifies the {gender} and pin use of connectors, but
+	not their physical type.  {RS-423} specifies the electrical
+	signals.  25-way {D-type} connectors are common but often only
+	three wires are connected - one ground (pin 7) and one for
+	data in each direction.  The other pins are primarily related
+	to {hardware handshaking} between sender and receiver and to
+	{carrier detection} on {modems}, inoperative circuits, busy
+	conditions etc.
+
+	The standard classifies equipment as either {Data
+	Communications Equipment} (DCE) or {Data Terminal Equipment}
+	(DTE).  DTE receives data on pin 3 and transmits on pin 2
+	(TD).  A DCE EIA-232 interface has a female connector.  DCE
+	receives data from DTE on pin 2 (TD) and sends that data out
+	the analog line.  Data received from the analog line is sent
+	by the DCE on pin 3(RD).
+
+	Originally DCE was a modem and DTE was a computer or terminal.
+	The terminal or computer was connected (via EIA-232) to two
+	modems, which were connected via a telephone line.
+
+	The above arrangement allows a computer or terminal to be
+	connected to a modem with a straight-through (2-2, 3-3) cable.
+	It is common, however, to find equipment with the wrong sex
+	connector or with pins two and three reversed, requiring the
+	insertion of a cable or adaptor wired as a {gender mender} or
+	{null modem}.  Such an adaptor is also required when
+	connecting a computer directly to a terminal or to another
+	computer without the use of modems.
+
+	(1999-12-28)
+
+EIA-232C
+
+	<communications, standard> The {EIA} equivalent of {ITU-T}
+	{standard} {V.24}.
+
+	The {EIA} EIA-232C electrical signal is unbalanced +/- 5 to +/-
+	12V, {polar} {non return to zero} and handles data speeds up
+	to 19.2 kilobits per second.
+
+	[Correct name?  Relationship to RS-232C? Difference from
+	EIA-232?]
+
+	(2004-08-02)
+
+EIA-422
+
+	<communications, standard> (Formerly "RS-422") An {EIA}
+	{serial line} {standard} which specifies 4-wire,
+	{full-duplex}, {differential line}, {multi-drop}
+	communications.  The mechanical connections for this interface
+	are specified by {EIA-449}.  The maximum cable length is
+	1200m.  Maximum data rates are 10Mbps at 1.2m or 100Kbps at
+	1200m.  EIA-422 cannot implement a truly multi-point
+	communications network (such as with {EIA-485}), although only
+	one driver can be connected to up to ten receivers.  The best
+	use of EIA-422 is probably in {EIA-232} extension cords.
+
+	{Comparing EIA-422, 423, 449 to RS-232-C
+	(http://rad.com/networks/1995/rs232/rs449.htm)}.  {Details
+	on RS-232, 422, 423 and 485
+	(http://rs485.com/rs485spec.html)}.
+
+	(2002-10-05)
+
+EIA-423
+
+	<communications, standard> (Formerly "RS-423") An {EIA}
+	{serial line} {standard} which specifies {single ended}
+	communication.  The mechanical connections for this interface
+	are specified by {EIA-449}.  Although it was originally
+	intented as a successor of {EIA-232} it is not widely used.
+	The {EIA-232} standard has its limits at 20kbps and 1.5m.
+	EIA-423 can have a cable lenght of 1200m, and achieve a data
+	rate of 100Kbps.  When no data is being transmitted, the
+	serial line is at a logical zero (+3 to +15 Volts).  A logical
+	one is represented as a signal level of -15 to -3 Volts.  In
+	practise, one often finds signals which switch between
+	nominally +4.5 and +0.5 Volts.  Such signals are large by
+	modern standards, and because the impedance of the circuits is
+	relatively high, the allowable bit rate is modest.  The data
+	is preceded by a start bit which is always a logical
+	one.  There may be seven or eight bits of data, possibly
+	followed by an even or odd parity bit and one or two stop
+	bits.  A "break" condition is a continuous logical one on the
+	line which is what would be observed if nothing was connected.
+
+	{Comparing EIA-422, 423, 449 to RS-232-C
+	(http://rad.com/networks/1995/rs232/rs449.htm)}.  {Details
+	on RS-232, 422, 423 and 485
+	(http://rs485.com/rs485spec.html)}.
+
+	(2002-10-05)
+
+EIA-449
+
+	<communications, standard> (Formerly "RS-449") An EIA
+	{standard} for a 37-pin or 9-pin {D-type} connector
+	(functional- and mechanical characteristics), usually used
+	with {EIA-422} or {EIA-423} electrical specifications.
+
+	(2002-10-05)
+
+EIA-485
+
+	<communications, standard> (Formerly "RS-485") An {EIA}
+	{serial line} {standard} which specifies 2-wire,
+	{half-duplex}, {differential line}, {multi-point}
+	communications.  Maximum cable length is 1200m.  Maximum data
+	rates are 10Mbps at 1.2m or 100Kbps at 1200m.  EIA-485 can
+	implement a truly multi-point communications network, and
+	specifies up to 32 drivers and 32 receivers on a single
+	(2-wire) bus.
+
+	{Differential SCSI} uses EIA-485.
+
+	{Details on RS-232, 422, 423, and 485
+	(http://rs485.com/rs485spec.html)}.
+
+	(2003-04-18)
+
+EIA-530
+
+	<communications, standard> (Formerly "RS-530") An {EIA}
+	{serial line} {standard} which specifies {differential line}
+	and {singe ended} communications.  Combining {EIA-422} and
+	{EIA-423}, and defining a 25-pin connector for mechanical
+	connections, this standard serves as a complement to {EIA-232}
+	for high(er) speed data transmissions.
+
+	(2002-10-05)
+
+EIDE
+
+	{Advanced Technology Attachment Interface with Extensions}
+
+Eiffel
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} language produced by {Bertrand
+	Meyer} in 1985.  Eiffel has {classes} with {multiple
+	inheritance} and {repeated inheritance}, {deferred class}es
+	(like {Smalltalk}'s {abstract class}), and {clusters} of
+	classes.  Objects can have both {static types} and {dynamic
+	types}.  The dynamic type must be a descendant of the static
+	(declared) type.  {Dynamic binding} resolves {multiple
+	inheritance} clashes.  It has flattened forms of classes, in
+	which all of the inherited features are added at the same
+	level and {generic class}es parametrised by type.
+
+	Other features are {persistent objects}, {garbage collection},
+	{exception} handling, {foreign language interface}.  Classes
+	may be equipped with {assertions} (routine preconditions and
+	postconditions, class {invariants}) implementing the theory of
+	"{Design by Contract}" and helping produce more reliable
+	software.
+
+	Eiffel is compiled to {C}.  It comes with libraries containing
+	several hundred classes: data structures and {algorithms}
+	(EiffelBase), graphics and user interfaces (EiffelVision) and
+	language analysis (EiffelLex, EiffelParse).
+
+	The first release of Eiffel was release 1.4, introduced at the
+	first {OOPSLA} in October 1986.  The language proper was first
+	described in a University of California, Santa Barbara report
+	dated September 1985.
+
+	Eiffel is available, with different libraries, from several
+	sources including {Interactive Software Engineering}, USA (ISE
+	Eiffel version 3.3); Sig Computer GmbH, Germany (Eiffel/S);
+	and {Tower, Inc.}, Austin (Tower Eiffel).
+
+	The language definition is administered by an open
+	organisation, the Nonprofit International Consortium for
+	Eiffel (NICE).  There is a standard kernel library.
+
+	An {Eiffel source checker} and compiler {front-end} is
+	available.
+
+	Latest version: 4.2, as of 1998-10-28.
+
+	Latest version: ISE Eiffel version 3.3.
+
+	See also {Sather}, {Distributed Eiffel}, {Lace}, {shelf}.
+
+	E-mail: <queries@eiffel.com>.
+
+	["Eiffel: The Language", Bertrand Meyer, P-H 1992].
+
+	(1998-11-15)
+
+Eiffel source checker
+
+	A compiler {front-end} for {Eiffel} 3 by Olaf Langmack
+	<langmack@inf.fu-berlin.de> and Burghardt Groeber.  It was
+	generated automatically with the {Karlsruhe toolbox} for
+	compiler construction according to the most recent public
+	language definition.  The {parser} derives an easy-to-use
+	{abstract syntax tree}, supports elementary error recovery and
+	provides a precise source code indication of errors.  It
+	performs a strict syntax check and analyses 4000 lines of
+	source code per second on a {Sun} {SPARC} {workstation}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/pub/heron/ep.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1992-12-14)
+
+eigenvalue
+
+	<mathematics> The factor by which a {linear transformation}
+	multiplies one of its {eigenvectors}.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+eigenvector
+
+	<mathematics> A {vector} which, when acted on by a particular
+	{linear transformation}, produces a scalar multiple of the
+	original vector.  The scalar in question is called the
+	{eigenvalue} corresponding to this eigenvector.
+
+	It should be noted that "vector" here means "element of a
+	vector space" which can include many mathematical entities.
+	Ordinary vectors are elements of a vector space, and
+	multiplication by a matrix is a {linear transformation} on
+	them; {smooth functions} "are vectors", and many partial
+	differential operators are linear transformations on the space
+	of such functions; quantum-mechanical states "are vectors",
+	and {observables} are linear transformations on the state
+	space.
+
+	An important theorem says, roughly, that certain linear
+	transformations have enough eigenvectors that they form a
+	{basis} of the whole vector states.  This is why {Fourier
+	analysis} works, and why in quantum mechanics every state is a
+	superposition of eigenstates of observables.
+
+	An eigenvector is a (representative member of a) {fixed point}
+	of the map on the {projective plane} induced by a {linear
+	map}.
+
+	(1996-09-27)
+
+eight-bit clean
+
+	<software> A term which describes a system that deals
+	correctly with extended {character sets} which (unlike ASCII)
+	use all eight {bits} of a {byte}.  Many programs and
+	communications systems assume that all characters have codes
+	in the range 0 to 127.  This leaves the top bit of each byte
+	free for use as a {parity} bit or some kind of {flag bit}.
+	These assumptions break down when the program is used in some
+	non-english-speaking countries with larger alphabets.
+
+	If a binary file is transmitted via a communications link
+	which is not eight-bit clean, it will be corrupted.  To combat
+	this you can encode it with {uuencode} which uses only {ASCII}
+	characters.  There are some links however which are not even
+	"seven-bit clean" and cause problems even for uuencoded data.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+eight queens problem
+
+	{eight queens puzzle}
+
+eight queens puzzle
+
+	<algorithm> A puzzle in which one has to place eight queens on
+	a chessboard such that no queen is attacking any other,
+	i.e. no two queens occupy the same row, column or diagonal.
+	One may have to produce all possible such configurations or
+	just one.
+
+	It is a common students assignment to devise a program to
+	solve the eight queens puzzle.  The {brute force} {algorithm}
+	tries all 64*63*62*61*60*59*58*57 = 178,462,987,637,760
+	possible layouts of eight pieces on a chessboard to see which
+	ones meet the criterion.  More intelligent algorithms use the
+	fact that there are only ten positions for the first queen
+	that are not reflections of each other, and that the first
+	queen leaves at most 42 safe squares, giving only
+	10*42*41*40*39*38*37*36 = 1,359,707,731,200 layouts to try,
+	and so on.
+
+	The puzzle may be varied with different number of pieces and
+	different size boards.
+
+	[Best algorithm?]
+
+	(1999-07-28)
+
+eighty-column mind
+
+	<abuse> The sort said to be possessed by persons for whom the
+	transition from {punched card} to {paper tape} was traumatic
+	(nobody has dared tell them about disks yet).  It is said that
+	these people, including (according to an old joke) the founder
+	of {IBM}, will be buried "face down, 9-edge first" (the 9-edge
+	being the bottom of the card).  This directive is inscribed on
+	IBM's 1402 and 1622 card readers and is referenced in a famous
+	bit of doggerel called "The Last Bug", the climactic lines of
+	which are as follows:
+
+	  He died at the console
+	  Of hunger and thirst.
+	  Next day he was buried,
+	  Face down, 9-edge first.
+
+	The eighty-column mind is thought by most {hackers} to
+	dominate IBM's customer base and its thinking.
+
+	See {fear and loathing}, {card walloper}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-16)
+
+eighty-twenty rule
+
+	<programming> The program-design version of the law of
+	diminishing returns.  The 80/20 rule says that roughly 80% of
+	the problem can be solved with 20% of the effort that it would
+	take to solve the whole problem.
+
+	For example, parsing {e-mail addresses} in "From:" lines in
+	e-mail messages is notoriously difficult if you follow the RFC
+	2822 specification.  However, about 60% of actual "From:"
+	lines are in the format "From: Their Name <user@host>", with a
+	far more constrained idea of what can be in "user" or "host"
+	than in RFC 2822.  Another 25% just add double-quotes around
+	"Their Name".  Matching just those two patterns would thus
+	cover 85% of "From:" lines, with a tiny portion of the code
+	required to fully implement RFC2822.
+
+	(Adding support for "From: user@host" and "From: user@host
+	(Their Name) " brings coverage to almost 100%, leaving only
+	really baroque things that RFC-2822 permits, like "From:
+	Pete(A wonderful \) chap) <pete(his account)@silly.test(his
+	host)" or the like.)
+
+	It is an eternal question whether too much attention is paid
+	to the 80/20 rule (leading to systems that are irrevocably
+	broken for "unusual" cases), or too little (leading to systems
+	that sacrifice usability in the typical case, just so that
+	rare cases can work properly).
+
+	Compare: {KISS Principle}
+
+	(2003-11-17)
+
+EIRP
+
+	{equivalent isotropically radiated power}
+
+EISA
+
+	{Extended Industry-Standard Architecture}
+
+EJB
+
+	{Enterprise JavaBeans}
+
+Eksi Sozluk
+
+	<web> ("Sour Dictionary") An online, Turkish,
+	colaborative, hypertext dictionary.
+
+	{Eksi Sozluk Home (http://sourtimes.org/)}.
+
+	(2006-11-02)
+
+EL1
+
+	Extensible Language One.  An extensible language by
+	B. Wegbreit of Harvard ca 1974.  EL1 is internally somewhat
+	{Lisp}-like, but fully typed with {records} and pointers.  The
+	external {syntax} is {ALGOL}-like and extensible, supporting
+	user-defined {data structures}, control structures and
+	operations.  The {parser} is table-driven, with a modifiable
+	set of productions.  Used as the basis for the {ECL}
+	{operating system}.
+
+	["Studies in Extensible Programming Languages", B. Wegbreit,
+	Garland.  Pub 1980].
+
+el(alpha)
+
+	Aims to be a high-level language that knows about real
+	hardware, for systems programming.  "Essential Language
+	el(alpha) - A Reduced Expression Set Language for Systems
+	Programming", T. Watanabe et al, SIGPLAN Notices 26(1):85-98.
+
+Elan
+
+	["Top-down Programming with Elan", C.H.A. Koster, Ellis
+	Horwood 1987].
+
+El Camino Bignum
+
+	<humour> /el' k*-mee'noh big'nuhm/ The road mundanely called
+	El Camino Real, a road through the San Francisco peninsula
+	that originally extended all the way down to Mexico City and
+	many portions of which are still intact.  Navigation on the
+	San Francisco peninsula is usually done relative to El Camino
+	Real, which defines {logical} north and south even though it
+	isn't really north-south many places.  El Camino Real runs
+	right past {Stanford University}.
+
+	The Spanish word "real" (which has two syllables: /ray-al'/)
+	means "royal"; El Camino Real is "the royal road".  In the
+	{Fortran} language, a "{real}" quantity is a number typically
+	precise to seven significant digits, and a "{double
+	precision}" quantity is a larger {floating-point} number,
+	precise to perhaps fourteen significant digits (other
+	languages have similar "real" types).
+
+	When a {hacker} from {MIT} visited Stanford in 1976, he
+	remarked what a long road El Camino Real was.  Making a pun on
+	"real", he started calling it "El Camino Double Precision" -
+	but when the hacker was told that the road was hundreds of
+	miles long, he renamed it "El Camino Bignum", and that name
+	has stuck.  (See {bignum}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-07-16)
+
+elder days
+
+	The heroic age of hackerdom (roughly, pre-1980); the era of
+	the {PDP-10}, {TECO}, {ITS} and the {ARPANET}.  This term has
+	been rather consciously adopted from J. R. R. Tolkien's
+	fantasy epic "The Lord of the Rings".
+
+	Compare {Iron Age}.  See also {elvish} and {Great Worm}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+e-learning
+
+	{Computer-Aided Instruction}
+
+Electing a Pope
+
+	<electronics, humour> (From the smoke signals given out when
+	the guys in funny hats choose a new Pope) Causing an
+	{integrated circuit} or other electronic component to emit
+	smoke by passing too much current through it.
+
+	See {magic smoke}.
+
+	(1995-08-18)
+
+Electrically Alterable Programmable Read-Only Memory
+
+	<storage> (EAPROM) A {PROM} whose contents can be changed.
+
+	[What's the difference between EAPROM and {EEPROM}?]
+
+	(1995-11-12)
+
+Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
+
+	<storage> (EEPROM) A {non-volatile storage} device using a
+	technique similar to the floating gates in {EPROMs} but with
+	the capability to discharge the floating gate electrically.
+	Usually bytes or words can be erased and reprogrammed
+	individually during system operation.
+
+	In contrast to {RAM}, writing takes much longer than reading
+	and EEPROM is more expensive and less dense than RAM.  It is
+	appropriate for storing small amounts of data which is changed
+	infrequently, e.g. the hardware configuration of an {Acorn}
+	{Archimedes}.
+
+	[Difference from {EAPROM}?]
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+Electromagnetic Compatibility
+
+	<hardware, testing> (EMC) The extent to which a piece of
+	hardware will tolerate electrical interference from other
+	equipment, and will interfere with other equipment.
+
+	There are strict legal EMC requirements for the sale of any
+	electrical or electronic hardware in most countries, although
+	the actual standards differ.  See, for example, {EMCNet
+	(http://emcnet.com/)}.
+
+	See also {Electrostatic Discharge}, {Radio Frequency
+	Interference}.
+
+	(1997-12-19)
+
+electromigration
+
+	<electronics> Mass transport due to momentum exchange between
+	conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms.
+	Electromigration causes progressive damage to the metal
+	conductors in an {integrated circuit}.  It is characteristic
+	of metals at very high current density and temperatures of
+	100C or more.
+
+	The term was coined by Professor Hilbert Huntington in the
+	late 1950s because he didn't like the German use of the word
+	"electrotransport".
+
+	Mass transoport occurs via the Einstein relation J=DFC/kT
+	where F is the driving force for the transoport.  For
+	electromigraiton F is z*epj and z* is an electromigration
+	parameter relating the momentum exchange and z is the charge
+	of the "diffusing" species.
+
+	(1999-02-25)
+
+electron
+
+	<electronics> A sub-atomic particle with a negative quantised
+	{charge}.  A flow of electrical {current} consists of the
+	unidirectional (on average) movement of many electrons.  The
+	more mobile electrons are in a given material, the greater it
+	electrical conductance (or equivalently, the lower its
+	resistance).
+
+	(1995-10-06)
+
+electronic commerce
+
+	<application, communications> (EC) The conducting of business
+	communication and transactions over networks and through
+	computers.  As most restrictively defined, electronic commerce
+	is the buying and selling of goods and services, and the
+	transfer of funds, through digital communications.  However EC
+	also includes all inter-company and intra-company functions
+	(such as marketing, finance, manufacturing, selling, and
+	negotiation) that enable commerce and use {electronic mail},
+	{EDI}, file transfer, fax, {video conferencing}, {workflow},
+	or interaction with a remote computer.
+
+	Electronic commerce also includes buying and selling over the
+	{web} and the {Internet}, {electronic funds
+	transfer}, {smart cards}, {digital cash} (e.g. Mondex), and all
+	other ways of doing business over digital networks.
+
+	[{Electronic Commerce Dictionary}].
+
+	(1995-10-08)
+
+Electronic Commerce Dictionary
+
+	<publication> A lexicon of {electronic commerce} terms.  It
+	includes over 900 terms and acronyms, and over 200 {website}
+	addresses.  It has entries on commerce over the {World-Wide
+	Web}, {Internet} payment systems, The {National Information
+	Infrastructure}, {Electronic Data Interchange}, {Electronic
+	Funds Transfer}, {Public Key Cryptography}, {smart cards} and
+	{digital cash}, computer and network security for commerce,
+	marketing through electronic media.
+
+	{(http://tedhaynes.com/haynes1/intro.html)}.
+
+	(1999-03-24)
+
+electronic data interchange
+
+	<application, communications> (EDI) The exchange of
+	standardised document forms between computer systems for
+	business use.  EDI is part of {electronic commerce}.
+
+	EDI is most often used between different companies ("trading
+	partners") and uses some variation of the {ANSI X12}
+	{standard} (USA) or {EDIFACT} (UN sponsored global standard).
+
+	[{Electronic Commerce Dictionary}].
+
+	(1995-10-06)
+
+Electronic Data Processing
+
+	1. <application> (EDP) {data processing} by computers.
+
+	2. <company> The name of {Honeywell}'s computer business
+	between 1960, when it gained complete ownership of {Datamatic
+	Corporation}, and 1963, when it was officially renamed
+	Honeywell Inc.
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+Electronic Design Automation
+
+	<application> (EDA) Software tools for the development of
+	{integrated circuits} and systems.
+
+	Companies selling EDA tools include {Cadence}, {Intergraph},
+	{Mentor}, {Synopsys}, {Viewlogic}.  {Zuken-Redac Dazix} has
+	been acquired by Intergraph.
+
+	(1995-10-09)
+
+Electronic Discrete Sequential Automatic Computer
+
+	<computer, history> (EDSAC, often "Electronic Delay Storage
+	Automatic Computer") Based upon the {EDVAC} (Electronic
+	Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) designed in 1945, the
+	EDSAC was completed in 1949 at the University of Cambridge
+	Mathematical Laboratory in England.  The EDSAC performed its
+	first calculation on 1949-05-06. EDSAC was considered to be
+	the first computer to store programs.  It ceased to exist in
+	about 1951.
+
+	[What happened to it?]
+
+	(2010-01-07)
+
+Electronic Frontier Foundation
+
+	<body> (EFF) A group established to address social and legal
+	issues arising from the impact on society of the increasingly
+	pervasive use of computers as a means of communication and
+	information distribution.  EFF is a non-profit civil liberties
+	public interest organisation working to protect freedom of
+	expression, privacy, and access to on-line resources and
+	information.
+
+	{(http://eff.org/)}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+electronic funds transfer
+
+	<application, communications> (EFT, EFTS, - system) Transfer
+	of money initiated through electronic terminal, automated
+	teller machine, computer, telephone, or {magnetic tape}.  In
+	the late 1990s, this increasingly includes transfer initiated
+	via the {web}.  The term also applies to credit
+	card and automated bill payments.
+
+	{Glossary (http://fms.treas.gov/eft/glossary.html)}.
+
+	(1999-12-08)
+
+Electronic Funds Transfer Point of Sale
+
+	<business, real-time> A method of electronic payment which
+	allows money to be transferred from the account of the shopper
+	to the merchant in close-to real-time.  Generally the shopper
+	will give the merchant a credit or debit card, which will be
+	swiped to obtain the account information.  The shopper will
+	then be required to either sign a receipt or enter a {PIN} via
+	a keypad to authorise the transaction.
+
+	(2003-06-22)
+
+electronic funds transfer system
+
+	{electronic funds transfer}
+
+electronic magazine
+
+	<messaging, publication, web> (e-zine) A regular
+	publication on some particular topic distributed in digital
+	form, chiefly now via the {web} but also by
+	{electronic mail} or {floppy disk}.  E-zines are often
+	distributed for free by enthusiasts.
+
+	(1996-08-04)
+
+electronic mail
+
+	<messaging> (e-mail) Messages automatically passed from one
+	computer user to another, often through computer {networks}
+	and/or via {modems} over telephone lines.
+
+	A message, especially one following the common {RFC 822}
+	{standard}, begins with several lines of {headers}, followed
+	by a blank line, and the body of the message.  Most e-mail
+	systems now support the {MIME} {standard} which allows the
+	message body to contain "{attachments}" of different kinds
+	rather than just one block of plain {ASCII} text.  It is
+	conventional for the body to end with a {signature}.
+
+	Headers give the name and {electronic mail address} of the
+	sender and recipient(s), the time and date when it was sent
+	and a subject.  There are many other headers which may get
+	added by different {message handling systems} during delivery.
+
+	The message is "composed" by the sender, usually using a
+	special program - a "{Mail User Agent}" (MUA).  It is then
+	passed to some kind of "{Message Transfer Agent}" (MTA) - a
+	program which is responsible for either delivering the message
+	locally or passing it to another MTA, often on another {host}.
+	MTAs on different hosts on a network often communicate using
+	{SMTP}.  The message is eventually delivered to the
+	recipient's {mailbox} - normally a file on his computer - from
+	where he can read it using a mail reading program (which may
+	or may not be the same {MUA} as used by the sender).
+
+	Contrast {snail-mail}, {paper-net}, {voice-net}.
+
+	The form "email" is also common, but is less suggestive of the
+	correct pronunciation and derivation than "e-mail".  The word
+	is used as a noun for the concept ("Isn't e-mail great?", "Are
+	you on e-mail?"), a collection of (unread) messages ("I spent
+	all night reading my e-mail"), and as a verb meaning "to send
+	(something in) an e-mail message" ("I'll e-mail you (my
+	report)").  The use of "an e-mail" as a count noun for an
+	e-mail message, and plural "e-mails", is now (2000) also well
+	established despite the fact that "mail" is definitely a mass
+	noun.
+
+	Oddly enough, the word "emailed" is actually listed in the
+	Oxford English Dictionary.  It means "embossed (with a raised
+	pattern) or arranged in a net work".  A use from 1480 is
+	given.  The word is derived from French "emmailleure",
+	network.  Also, "email" is German for enamel.
+
+	{The story of the first e-mail message
+	(http://pretext.com/mar98/features/story2.htm)}.
+
+	(2002-07-14)
+
+electronic mail address
+
+	<messaging> (Usually "e-mail address") The string used to
+	specify the source or destination of an {electronic mail}
+	message.  E.g. "john@doc.acme.ac.uk".
+
+	The {RFC 822} standard is probably the most widely used on the
+	{Internet}.  {X.400} was once used in Europe and Canada.
+	{UUCP}-style ({bang path}) addresses or other kinds of {source
+	route} became virtually extinct in the 1990s.
+
+	In the example above, "john" is the {local part} which is the
+	name of a {mailbox} on the destination computer.  If the
+	sender and recipient use the same computer, or the same {LAN},
+	for electronic mail then the local part is usually all that is
+	required.
+
+	If they use different computers, e.g. they work at different
+	companies or use different {Internet service providers}, then
+	the "host part", e.g. "sales.acme.com" must be appended after
+	an "@".  This usually takes the form of a {fully qualified
+	domain name} or, within a large organisation, it may be just
+	the {hostname} part, e.g. "sales".  The destination computer
+	named by the host part is usually a {server} of some kind
+	rather than an individual's {workstation} or {PC}.  The user's
+	mail is stored on the server and read later via {client} mail
+	software running on the user's computer.
+
+	Large organisations, such as universities will often set up a
+	global {alias} directory which maps a simple user name such as
+	"jsmith" to an address which contains more information such as
+	"jsmith@london.bigcomp.co.uk".  This hides the detailed
+	knowledge of where the message will be delivered from the
+	sender, making it much easier to redirect mail if a user
+	leaves or moves to a different department for example.
+
+	(2006-10-18)
+
+electronic mail client
+
+	{Mail User Agent}
+
+electronic meeting
+
+	<messaging, meeting> The use of a {network} of {personal
+	computers} to improve communication that takes place in a meeting.
+	Electronic meetings are effective with as few as two participants
+	and with over 100 participants.  Participants can be face-to-face
+	in a meeting room or distributed around the world.  They may all
+	be participating at the same time or different times.
+
+	{Getting Results from Electronic Meetings
+	(http://emsl.co.uk/)}.
+
+	(2014-09-20)
+
+Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
+
+	<computer> (ENIAC) The first electronic {digital computer} and
+	an ancestor of most computers in use today.  ENIAC was
+	developed by Dr. {John Mauchly} and {J. Presper Eckert} during
+	World War II at the Moore School of the {University of
+	Pennsylvania}.
+
+	In 1940 Dr. {John Vincent Atanasoff} attended a lecture by
+	Mauchly and subsequently agreed to show him his binary
+	calculator, the {Atanasoff-Berry Computer} (ABC), which was
+	partially built between 1937-1942.  Mauchly used ideas from
+	the ABC in the design of ENIAC, which was started in June 1943
+	and released publicly in 1946.
+
+	ENIAC was not the first digital computer, {Konrad Zuse}'s {Z3}
+	was released in 1941.  Though, like the ABC, the Z3 was
+	{electromechanical} rather than electronic, it was freely
+	programmable via paper tape whereas ENIAC was only
+	programmable by manual rewiring or switches.  Z3 used binary
+	representation like modern computers whereas ENIAC used
+	decimal like mechanical calculators.
+
+	ENIAC was underwritten and its development overseen by
+	Lieutenant Herman Goldstine of the U.S. Army Ballistic
+	Research Laboratory (BRL).  While the prime motivation for
+	constructing the machine was to automate the wartime
+	production of firing and bombing tables, the very first
+	program run on ENIAC was a highly classified computation
+	for Los Alamos.  Later applications included weather
+	prediction, cosmic ray studies, wind tunnel design,
+	petroleum exploration, and optics.
+
+	ENIAC had 20 {registers} made entirely from {vacuum tubes}.
+	It had no other no memory as we currently understand it.  The
+	machine performed an addition in 200 {microseconds}, a
+	multiplication in about three {milliseconds}, and a division
+	in about 30 milliseconds.
+
+	{John von Neumann}, a world-renowned mathematician serving on
+	the BRL Scientific Advisory Committee, soon joined the
+	developers of ENIAC and made some critical contributions.
+	While Mauchly, Eckert and the Penn team continued on the
+	technological problems, he, Goldstine, and others took up the
+	logical problems.
+
+	In 1947, while working on the design for the successor
+	machine, EDVAC, von Neumann realized that ENIAC's lack of a
+	central control unit could be overcome to obtain a rudimentary
+	stored program computer (see the Clippinger reference below).
+	Modifications were undertaken that eventually led to an
+	{instruction set} of 92 "orders".  {Von Neumann} also proposed
+	the {fetch-execute cycle}.
+
+	[R. F. Clippinger, "A Logical Coding System Applied to the
+	ENIAC", Ballistic Research Laboratory Report No. 673, Aberdeen
+	Proving Ground, MD, September 1948.
+	{(http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/48eniac-coding)}].
+
+	[H. H. Goldstine, "The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann",
+	Princeton University Press, 1972].
+
+	[K. Kempf, "Electronic Computers within the Ordnance Corps",
+	Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 1961.
+	{(http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/61ordnance)}].
+
+	[M. H. Weik, "The ENIAC Story", J. American Ordnance Assoc.,
+	1961. {(http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html)}].
+
+	[How "general purpose" was ENIAC, compared to Zuse's {Z3}?]
+
+	(2003-10-01)
+
+Electronic Performance Support System
+
+	<tool> (EPSS) A system that provides electronic task guidance
+	and support to the user at the moment of need.  EPSS can
+	provide {application} help, reference information, guided
+	instructions and/or tutorials, subject matter expert advice
+	and hints on how to perform a task more efficiently.  An EPSS
+	can combine various technologies to present the desired
+	information.  The information can be in the form of text,
+	{graphical displays}, sound, and {video} presentations.
+
+	["Electronic Performance Support Systems: How and Why to
+	Remake the Workplace Through the Strategic Application of
+	Technology", Gloria Gerry, Weingarten Press].
+
+	(1997-10-24)
+
+Electronic Piece Of Cheese
+
+	{EPOC}
+
+Electronic Report Management
+
+	<storage> (ERM, Enterprise Report Management) The capture,
+	archiving and publishing, in digital form, of (typically
+	{mainframe} generated) documents such as accounting and
+	financial reports.  ERM often replaces systems based on paper
+	or {microfilm}.
+
+	ERM usually captures data from {print streams} and stores it
+	on {hard drives}, {storage area networks} or {optical disk}
+	drives.  The data is indexed and can be retreived at the
+	desktop with a {web browser} or a {fat client}.  ERM systems
+	are part of {enterprise content management} or {electronic
+	document management}.
+
+	An example application is {PearlDoc QuickFile Information
+	Management System (http://pearldoc.com/)} (IMS).
+
+	An early replacement for {greenbar} printed reports was
+	Computer Output on Microfilm (COM, not to be confused with
+	{Microsoft}'s {Component Object Model}).  This was superseded
+	by Computer Output to Laser Disk (or Disc - COLD) which used
+	optical media.
+
+	In 1999 the {AIIM} renamed COLD to ERM/COLD to reflect the
+	variety of media in use.  This was promoted, in 2002, by Mason
+	Grigsby - widely reputed as "The Father of COLD" for his
+	seminal work with {INSCI} in the late 1980s.  Judging from
+	their website, AIIM don't seem too sure whether ERM is
+	"Electronic", "Enterprise" or both.
+
+	(2007-07-25)
+
+Electronics Industry Association
+
+	<body, standard> (EIA) A body which publishes "Recommended
+	Standards" (RS) for physical devices and their means of
+	interfacing.  {EIA-232} is their standard that defines a
+	computer's {serial port}, connector pin-outs, and electrical
+	signaling.
+
+	(1995-03-02)
+
+electronic whiteboarding
+
+	{Audiographic Teleconferencing}
+
+electron model
+
+	<electronics> A {model} of {semiconductor} behaviour in which
+	{donors} contribute the {charge} of an {electron}, and
+	{acceptors} contribute a space for same, in effect
+	contributing a fictional positive charge of similiar
+	magnitude.  Physicists use the {electron model}.  Some
+	language theorists consider language and the {electron} to be
+	{models} in themselves.
+
+	Contrast {hole model}.
+
+	(1995-10-06)
+
+electron tube
+
+	<electronics> (Or tube, vacuum tube, UK: valve, electron
+	valve, thermionic valve, firebottle, glassfet) An electronic
+	component consisting of a space exhausted of gas to such an
+	extent that {electrons} may move about freely, and two or more
+	electrodes with external connections.  Nearly all tubes are of
+	the thermionic type where one electrode, called the cathode,
+	is heated, and electrons are emitted from its surface with a
+	small energy (typically a Volt or less).  A second electrode,
+	called the anode (plate) will attract the electrons when it is
+	positive with respect to the cathode, allowing current in one
+	direction but not the other.
+
+	In types which are used for amplification of signals,
+	additional electrodes, called grids, beam-forming electrodes,
+	focussing electrodes and so on according to their purpose, are
+	introduced between cathode and plate and modify the flow of
+	electrons by electrostatic attraction or (usually) repulsion.
+	A voltage change on a grid can control a substantially greater
+	change in that between cathode and anode.
+
+	Unlike {semiconductors}, except perhaps for {FETs}, the
+	movement of electrons is simply a function of electrostatic
+	field within the active region of the tube, and as a
+	consequence of the very low mass of the electron, the currents
+	can be changed quickly.  Moreover, there is no limit to the
+	current density in the space, and the electrodes which do
+	dissapate power are usually metal and can be cooled with
+	forced air, water, or other refrigerants.  Today these
+	features cause tubes to be the active device of choice when
+	the signals to be amplified are a power levels of more than
+	about 500 watts.
+
+	The first electronic digital computers used hundreds of vacuum
+	tubes as their active components which, given the reliability
+	of these devices, meant the computers needed frequent repairs
+	to keep them operating.  The chief causes of unreliability are
+	the heater used to heat the cathode and the connector into
+	which the tube was plugged.
+
+	Vacuum tube manufacturers in the US are nearly a thing of the
+	past, with the exception of the special purpose types used in
+	broadcast and image sensing and displays.  Eimac, GE, RCA, and
+	the like would probably refer to specific types such as "Beam
+	Power Tetrode" and the like, and rarely use the generic terms.
+
+	The {cathode ray tube} is a special purpose type based on
+	these principles which is used for the visual display in
+	television and computers.  X-ray tubes are diodes (two element
+	tubes) used at high voltage; a tungsten anode emits the
+	energetic photons when the energetic electrons hit it.
+	Magnetrons use magnetic fields to constrain the electrons;
+	they provide very simple, high power, ultra-high frequency
+	signals for radar, microwave ovens, and the like.  Klystrons
+	amplify signals at high power and microwave frequencies.
+
+	(1996-02-05)
+
+Electrostatic Discharge
+
+	<hardware, testing> (ESD) One kind of test that hardware
+	usually has to pass to prove it is suitable for sale and use.
+	The hardware must still work after is has been subjected to
+	some level of electrostatic discharge.  Some organisations
+	have their own ESD requirements which hardware must meet
+	before it will be considered for purchase.
+
+	Different countries have different legal regulations about
+	levels of ESD.
+
+	See also {Radio Frequency Interference}, {Electromagnetic
+	Compatibility}.
+
+	(1997-12-19)
+
+elegant
+
+	(From Mathematics) Combining simplicity, power, and a certain
+	ineffable grace of design.  Higher praise than "clever",
+	"winning" or even {cuspy}.
+
+	The French aviator, adventurer, and author Antoine de
+	Saint-Exup'ery, probably best known for his classic children's
+	book "The Little Prince", was also an aircraft designer.  He
+	gave us perhaps the best definition of engineering elegance
+	when he said "A designer knows he has achieved perfection not
+	when there is nothing left to add, but when there is nothing
+	left to take away."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+element
+
+	1. <data, programming> One of the items of data in an {array}.
+
+	2. <language, text> One kind of node in an {SGML}, {HTML}, or
+	{XML} {document} {tree}.  An SGML element is typically
+	represented by a start {tag} ("<p>") and an end tag ("</p>").
+	In some SGML implementations, some tags are omissible, as with
+	"</p>" in {HTML}.
+
+	The start tag can contain {attributes} ("<p lang="en-UK"
+	class='stuff'>"), which are an unordered set of key-value
+	bindings for that element.  Both the start tag and end tag for
+	an element typically contain the "tag name" (also called the
+	"{GI}" or generic identifier) for that element.
+
+	In {XML}, an element is always represented either by an
+	explicit start tag and end tag, or by an empty element tag
+	("<img src='thing.{png}' alt='a dodad' />").
+
+	Other kinds of SGML node are: a section of character data
+	("foo"), a comment ("<!-- bar -->"), a markup declaration
+	("<!ENTITY reg CDATA '&#174'>"), or a processing instruction
+	("<?xml-stylesheet href="shop-english.xsl" type="text/xsl"
+	?>").
+
+	(2001-01-30)
+
+elephant
+
+	Large, grey, four-legged mammal.
+
+elephantine
+
+	Used of programs or systems that are both conspicuous {hogs}
+	(owing perhaps to poor design founded on {brute force and
+	ignorance}) and exceedingly {hairy} in source form.  An
+	elephantine program may be functional and even friendly, but
+	(as in the old joke about being in bed with an elephant) it's
+	tough to have around all the same (and, like a pachyderm,
+	difficult to maintain).  In extreme cases, hackers have been
+	known to make trumpeting sounds or perform expressive
+	proboscatory mime at the mention of the offending program.
+	Usage: semi-humorous.  Compare "has the elephant nature" and
+	the somewhat more pejorative monstrosity.  See also
+	{second-system effect} and {baroque}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+elevator controller
+
+	An archetypal dumb embedded-systems application, like
+	{toaster} (which superseded it).  During one period (1983--84)
+	in the deliberations of ANSI X3J11 (the C standardisation
+	committee) this was the canonical example of a really stupid,
+	memory-limited computation environment.  "You can't require
+	"printf(3)" to be part of the default run-time library - what
+	if you're targeting an elevator controller?"  Elevator
+	controllers became important rhetorical weapons on both sides
+	of several {holy wars}.
+
+ELF
+
+	Binary format used by System V Release 4 Unix.
+
+ELI
+
+	1. <language> An early system on the {IBM 705} and {IBM 650}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	2. {Embedded Lisp Interpreter}.
+
+Eli Compiler Construction System
+
+	<tool> A compiler generation package which integrates
+	off-the-shelf tools and libraries with specialised language
+	processors to generate complete compilers quickly and
+	reliably.  It simplifies the development of new
+	special-purpose languages, implementation of existing
+	languages on new hardware and extension of the constructs and
+	features of existing languages.
+
+	It runs on {Sun-4} {SunOS} 4, 5, {Ultrix}/{MIPS}, {RS/6000},
+	{HP-UX}, {SGI}, {Linux}.
+
+	Latest version 4.3.1, as of 2000-08-07
+
+	{Colorado U (ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/cs/distribs/eli/)}.
+	{Europe (ftp://ftp.upb.de/unix/eli)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <eli-request@cs.colorado.edu>.
+
+	E-mail: <compiler@uni-paderborn.de>, Developers
+	<elibugs@cs.colorado.edu>, Users <eli@cs.colorado.edu>.
+
+	(2000-08-12)
+
+ELISP
+
+	1. <language> A {Lisp} variant originally implemented for
+	{DEC-20s} by Chuck Hedrick of Rutgers.
+
+	2. <language> A common abbreviation for {Emacs Lisp}.  Use of
+	this abbreviation is discouraged because "Elisp" is or was a
+	trademark.
+
+	[Still a trademark?  Whose?]
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+elite
+
+	1. <security> A term used to describe skilled {crackers} or
+	{hackers}, or their deeds.  In the last sense, compare to
+	{elegant}.
+
+	The term is also used to describe exclusive forums ({ftp}
+	sites, {BBSs}) used for trading pirated software, {crack}ing
+	tools, or {phreaking} codes.
+
+	(1997-01-31)
+
+ELIZA
+
+	<artificial intelligence> A famous program by {Joseph
+	Weizenbaum}, which simulated a Rogerian psychoanalyst by
+	rephrasing many of the patient's statements as questions and
+	posing them to the patient.  It worked by simple {pattern
+	recognition} and substitution of key words into canned
+	phrases.  It was so convincing, however, that there are many
+	anecdotes about people becoming very emotionally caught up in
+	dealing with ELIZA.  All this was due to people's tendency to
+	attach to words meanings which the computer never put there.
+
+	See also {ELIZA effect}.
+
+	(1997-09-13)
+
+ELIZA effect
+
+	<jargon> /e-li:'z* *-fekt'/ (From {ELIZA}) The tendency of
+	humans to attach associations to terms from prior experience.
+	For example, there is nothing magic about the symbol "+" that
+	makes it well-suited to indicate addition; it's just that
+	people associate it with addition.  Using "+" or "plus" to
+	mean addition in a computer language is taking advantage of
+	the ELIZA effect.
+
+	The ELIZA effect is a {Good Thing} when writing a programming
+	language, but it can blind you to serious shortcomings when
+	analysing an {Artificial Intelligence} system.
+
+	Compare {ad-hockery}; see also {AI-complete}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-09-13)
+
+Elk
+
+	{Extension Language Kit}
+
+ELLA
+
+	A hardware design language from DRA Malvern.  Implemented in
+	{ALGOL68-RS}.
+
+	E-mail: <ella@dra.hmg.gb>.  {SPARC version
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/ELLA)}.
+
+	["ELLA 2000: A Language for Electronic System Design",
+	J.D. Morison and A.S. Clarke, McGraw-Hill 1993].
+
+Ellemtel
+
+	A {C++} style-guide originated by {Ellemtel Telecom Systems},
+	Stockholm.
+
+Ellie
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} language with {fine-grained
+	parallelism} for {distributed computing}.  Ellie is based on
+	{BETA}, {Smalltalk}, and others.  Parallelism is supported by
+	{unbounded RPC} and "{future}" {objects}.  Synchronisation is
+	by {dynamic interfaces}.  {Classes}, {methods}, {blocks}, and
+	{objects} are all modelled by {first-class} "Ellie objects".
+	It supports {genericity}, {polymorphism}, and
+	{delegation}/{inheritance}.
+
+	{(http://diku.dk/ellie/papers/)}?
+
+	["Ellie Language Definition Report", Birger Andersen
+	<birger.andersen@acm.org>, SIGPLAN Notices 25(11):45-65, Nov
+	1990].
+
+	(2000-04-02)
+
+ELLIS
+
+	EuLisp LInda System.  An object-oriented Linda system written
+	for EuLisp.  "Using Object-Oriented Mechanisms to Describe
+	Linda", P. Broadbery <pab@maths.bath.ac.uk> et al, in
+	Linda-Like Systems and Their Implementation, G. Wilson ed, U
+	Edinburgh TR 91-13, 1991.
+
+elm
+
+	<messaging> A {full-screen} {MUA} for {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {MS
+	Windows}, and {OS/2}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.mail.elm}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/elm/FAQ/faq.html)}.
+
+	(1996-03-20)
+
+ELMAGUIDE
+
+	<language> The {metalanguage} used for interpretation of user
+	actions in the {ELMA} compiler writer developed at Tallinn
+	Poly Institute in 1978.
+
+	(1996-03-20)
+
+ELMAMETA
+
+	A Fortran extension, written at the {Tallinn Poly Inst} in
+	1978, used for lexical, syntactic and semantic sepecification
+	in the {ELMA} {compiler} writer.  This system was widely used
+	in the Soviet Union, and produced an {Ada} to {Diana}
+	{compiler}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+ELP
+
+	1. English Language Programs.  Language for testing avionics
+	equipment, on Varian 620/i.
+
+	"Multiband Automatic test Equipment - A Computer Controlled
+	Checkout System", T. Kuroda et al, Proc SJCC, 38 (1971).
+
+	2. Equational Logic Programming.  A semantically pure, fully
+	{lazy} language by M.J. O'Donnell <odonnell@cs.uchicago.edu>.
+	Latest version: 4.2.
+
+	{Sun and DEC versions
+	(ftp://gargoyle.uchicago.edu/pub/equations/eq4.2.tar.Z)}.
+
+	["Equational Logic as a Programming Language", M.J. O'Donnell,
+	MIT Press 1985].
+
+ELSIE
+
+	<language> A distributed version of {ELLIS}.
+
+	["Using Object-Oriented Mechanisms to Describe Linda",
+	P. Broadbery <pab@maths.bath.ac.uk> et al, in "Linda-Like
+	Systems and Their Implementati"on, G. Wilson ed, U Edinburgh
+	TR 91-13, 1991].
+
+	(1995-11-16)
+
+Elvis
+
+	<tool> A {vi} lookalike which supports nearly all of the vi/ex
+	commands, in both visual mode and colon mode.
+
+	Like vi/ex, elvis stores most of the text in a temporary file
+	instead of RAM.  This allows it to edit files that are too
+	large to fit in a single process' data space.
+
+	Elvis runs under {BSD} UNIX, AT&T {SysV} UNIX, {MINIX},
+	{MS-DOS}, {Atari TOS}, {Coherent}, {OS9}/68000, {VMS},
+	{Windows 95} and {Windows NT}.
+
+	Elvis is just as awful to use as vi, so someone will like it.
+
+	Version 1.8pl14 (1995-09-04).
+
+	{FTP Delft (ftp://dutepp0.et.tudelft.nl/pub/Unix/Editors/)},
+	{FTP PDX (ftp://ftp.cs.pdx.edu/pub/elvis/)}.
+
+	E-mail: Steve Kirkendall <kirkenda@cs.pdx.edu>.
+
+	(1995-11-16)
+
+elvish
+
+	<character> 1. The Tengwar of Feanor, a table of letterforms
+	resembling the beautiful Celtic half-uncial hand of the "Book
+	of Kells".  Invented and described by J.R.R. Tolkien in "The
+	Lord of The Rings" as an orthography for his fictional
+	"elvish" languages, this system (which is both visually and
+	phonetically {elegant}) has long fascinated hackers (who tend
+	to be intrigued by artificial languages in general).  It is
+	traditional for graphics printers, plotters, window systems,
+	and the like to support a Feanorian typeface as one of their
+	demo items.  By extension, the term might be used for any odd
+	or unreadable typeface produced by a graphics device.
+
+	2. The typeface mundanely called "B"ocklin", an art-decoish
+	{display font}.  [Why?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-04-28)
+
+EM
+
+	{End of Medium}
+
+EM-1
+
+	<language> A {stack}-oriented intermediate language from
+	{Vrije University Amsterdam}, used by the {Amsterdam Compiler
+	Kit}.
+
+	E-mail: Andrew Tanenbaum <ast@cs.vu.nl>.
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+EMA
+
+	Extended Mercury Autocode.
+
+	See {Autocode}.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+Emacs
+
+	<text, tool> /ee'maks/ (Editing MACroS, or Extensible MACro
+	System, GNU Emacs) A popular {screen editor} for {Unix} and
+	most other {operating systems}.
+
+	Emacs is distributed by the {Free Software Foundation} and was
+	{Richard Stallman}'s first step in the {GNU} project.  Emacs
+	is extensible - it is easy to add new functions; customisable
+	- you can rebind keys, and modify the behaviour of existing
+	functions; self-documenting - there is extensive on-line,
+	context-sensitive help; and has a real-time "what you see is
+	what you get" display.  Emacs is writen in {C} and the higher
+	levels are programmed in {Emacs Lisp}.
+
+	Emacs has an entire {Lisp} system inside it.  It was
+	originally written in {TECO} under {ITS} at the {MIT} {AI
+	lab}.  AI Memo 554 described it as "an advanced,
+	self-documenting, customisable, extensible real-time display
+	editor".
+
+	It includes facilities to view directories, run compilation
+	subprocesses and send and receive {electronic mail} and
+	{Usenet} {news} ({GNUS}).  {W3} is a {web browser}, the
+	ange-ftp package provides transparent access to files on
+	remote {FTP} {servers}.  {Calc} is a calculator and {symbolic
+	mathematics} package.  There are "modes" provided to assist in
+	editing most well-known programming languages.  Most of these
+	extra functions are configured to load automatically on first
+	use, reducing start-up time and memory consumption.  Many
+	hackers (including {Denis Howe}) spend more than 80% of their
+	{tube time} inside Emacs.
+
+	GNU Emacs is available for {Unix}, {VMS}, {GNU}/{Linux},
+	{FreeBSD}, {NetBSD}, {OpenBSD}, {MS Windows}, {MS-DOS}, and
+	other systems.  Emacs has been re-implemented more than 30
+	times.  Other variants include {GOSMACS}, CCA Emacs, UniPress
+	Emacs, Montgomery Emacs, and {XEmacs}.  {Jove}, {epsilon}, and
+	{MicroEmacs} are limited look-alikes.
+
+	Some Emacs versions running under {window managers} iconify as
+	an overflowing kitchen sink, perhaps to suggest the one
+	feature the editor does not (yet) include.  Indeed, some
+	hackers find Emacs too {heavyweight} and {baroque} for their
+	taste, and expand the name as "Escape Meta Alt Control Shift"
+	to spoof its heavy reliance on keystrokes decorated with
+	{bucky bits}.  Other spoof expansions include "Eight Megabytes
+	And Constantly Swapping", "Eventually "malloc()'s All Computer
+	Storage", and "Emacs Makes A Computer Slow" (see {recursive
+	acronym}).  See also {vi}.
+
+	Latest version: 20.6, as of 2000-05-11.  21.1 ({RSN}) adds a
+	new redisplay engine with support for {proportional text},
+	images, {toolbars}, {tool tips}, toolkit scroll bars, and a
+	mouse-sensitive mode line.
+
+	{FTP} from your nearest {GNU archive site}.
+
+	E-mail: (bug reports only) <bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org>.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:gnu.emacs.help},
+	{news:gnu.emacs.bug}, {news:alt.religion.emacs},
+	{news:gnu.emacs.sources}, {news:gnu.emacs.announce}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-02-04)
+
+Emacs Lisp
+
+	<language> A dialect of {Lisp} used to implement the higher
+	layers of the {Free Software Foundation}'s editor, {GNU}
+	{Emacs}.  Sometimes abbreviated to "{elisp}".  An enormous
+	number of Emacs Lisp packages have been written including
+	modes for editing many programming languages and interfaces to
+	many {Unix} programs.
+
+e-mail
+
+	{electronic mail}
+
+e-mail address
+
+	{electronic mail address}
+
+e-mail client
+
+	{Mail User Agent}
+
+EMAS
+
+	{Edinburgh Multi Access System}
+
+Embedded Lisp Interpreter
+
+	<language> (ELI) A small {Common Lisp}-like {interpreter}
+	embedded in the {Andrew mail system}, written by Bob
+	Glickstein at {CMU}.
+
+	(2000-04-05)
+
+Embedded Mode
+
+	<programming> A term used by {COCOMO} to describe a project
+	development that is characterised by tight, inflexible
+	constraints and interface requirements.  The product must
+	operate within (is embedded in) a strongly coupled complex of
+	hardware, software, regulations and operational procedures.
+	An embedded mode project will require a great deal of
+	innovation.  An example would be a {real-time system} with
+	timing constraints and customised hardware.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+embedded system
+
+	<computer> Hardware and software which forms a component of
+	some larger system and which is expected to function without
+	human intervention.
+
+	A typical embedded system consists of a single-board
+	{microcomputer} with software in {ROM}, which starts running
+	some special purpose {application program} as soon as it is
+	turned on and will not stop until it is turned off (if ever).
+
+	An embedded system may include some kind of {operating system}
+	but often it will be simple enough to be written as a single
+	program.  It will not usually have any of the normal
+	{peripherals} such as a keyboard, monitor, serial connections,
+	mass storage, etc. or any kind of user interface software
+	unless these are required by the overall system of which it is
+	a part.  Often it must provide {real-time} response.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.arch.embedded}.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+embedding
+
+	1. <mathematics> One instance of some mathematical object
+	contained with in another instance, e.g. a {group} which is a
+	subgroup.
+
+	2. <theory> ({domain theory}) A {complete partial order} F in
+	[X -> Y] is an embedding if
+
+	(1) For all x1, x2 in X, x1 <= x2  <=>  F x1 <= F x2 and
+
+	(2) For all y in Y, {x | F x <= y} is {directed}.
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\sqsubseteq}).
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+EMBLA Pro
+
+	<messaging, tool> An {IMAP}-compliant {electronic mail}
+	{client} from {WinSoft Products Ltd}.  EMBLA Pro allows you to
+	use an IMAP mail server in a true client/server network
+	manner, once you've connected to the IMAP server, you can
+	organise messages into folders on the server and you can view
+	messages and any attached files at the server before deciding
+	whether or not to download them to your local system.  IMAP
+	allows the user to select individual message attachments to be
+	viewed and/or downloaded.  You can delete files and messages
+	from the server, move or copy them to the local computer or
+	leave them for future retrieval.  EMBLA Pro also supports the
+	standard {POP3} protocol.  Both POP3 and IMAP2 run over
+	{E-SMTP}.
+
+	The IMAP {Unix} {daemons} can support specific environments,
+	for example, Sun MailTool attachments.  All flavours of Unix
+	are catered for with a suite of binary mail daemons, eg:
+	{SunSoft} {Solaris}, {HP}, {IBM} and {SCO}.
+
+	EMBLA conforms to the SMTP, E-SMTP, {MIME} and IMAP {Internet}
+	standards - RFC1590 (RFC1521), RFC1522, RFC1426, RFC1425,
+	RFC1176, RFC0822, RFC0821 and the draft update of RFC1176.
+
+	{(http://ftech.co.uk/~winsoft/embla.htm)}.
+
+	(1996-03-11)
+
+embosser
+
+	{Braille printer}
+
+EMC
+
+	{Electromagnetic Compatibility}
+
+EMD Enterprises, Inc.
+
+	<company> A software development and consulting firm
+	specialising in {database} and {client-server} applications.
+
+	{(http://emdent.com/)}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+EMDIR
+
+	The CERN {Electronic Mail DIRectory} utility.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+Emerald
+
+	An {object-oriented} distributed programming language and
+	environment developed at the {University of Washington} in the
+	early 1980s.  Emeral was the successor to {EPL}.  It is
+	{strongly typed} and uses {signatures} and {prototypes} rather
+	than {inheritance}.
+
+	["Distribution and Abstract Types in Emerald", A. Black et al,
+	IEEE Trans Soft Eng SE-13(1):65-76 (Jan 1987)].
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+EMI
+
+	{External Machine Interface}
+
+Emitter Coupled Logic
+
+	(ECL) (Or "Current Mode Logic") A technology for building
+	logic gates where the emitter of a {transistor} is used as the
+	output rather than its collector.  ECL has a propagation time
+	of 0.5 - 2 ns (faster than {TTL}) and a power dissipation 3 -
+	10 times higher than {TTL}.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+EML
+
+	Extended ML.  A language for formally specifying {SML}
+	programs.
+
+	["Formal Program Development in Extended ML for the Working
+	Programmer", D.  Sannella, Proc 3rd BCS/FACS Workshop on
+	Refinement", Springer 1990].
+
+EMM
+
+	<storage> {Expanded Memory Manager}.
+
+	(1996-01-12)
+
+EMM386
+
+	<software, storage> An {expanded memory manager} for {IBM PCs}
+	with an {Intel 80386} or higher processor, part of {MS-DOS}
+	version 5.00 or higher.  EMM386 uses {extended memory} to
+	simulate {expanded memory} and also provides {upper memory
+	blocks}.  It must be loaded by a DEVICE= command in your
+	{CONFIG.SYS} file.
+
+	(1996-01-13)
+
+emote
+
+	<chat> (emotion) A command used on {talk} systems and {MUDs}
+	to indicate the performance of an action, usually a facial
+	expression of emotional state.
+
+	(1996-11-28)
+
+emoticon
+
+	<messaging> /ee-moh'ti-kon/ (Or "smiley") An {ASCII} {glyph}
+	used to indicate an emotional state in text-only {electronic
+	messaging} systems such as {chat}, {electronic mail}, {SMS} or
+	{news}.  Although originally intended mostly as jokes,
+	emoticons are widely recognised if not expected; the lack of
+	verbal and visual cues can otherwise cause non-serious
+	comments to be misinterpreted, resulting in offence, arguments
+	and {flame wars}.
+
+	Hundreds of emoticons have been proposed, but only a few are
+	in common use.  These include:
+
+	 :-)	"smiley face" (for humour, laughter,
+		friendliness, occasionally sarcasm)
+
+	 :-(	"frowney face" (for sadness, anger, or upset)
+
+	 ;-)	"half-smiley" (ha ha only serious); also
+		known as "semi-smiley" or "winkey face".
+
+	 :-/	"wry face"
+
+	These are more recognisable if you tilt your head to the left.
+	The first two are by far the most frequently encountered.
+	Hyphenless forms of them are also common.  The acronym "{lol}"
+	is also often used in the same context for the same effect
+	(and is easier to type).
+
+	The emoticon was invented by one Scott Fahlman on the {CMU}
+	{bboard} systems on 1982-09-19.  He later wrote: "I had no
+	idea that I was starting something that would soon pollute all
+	the world's communication channels."  {GLS} confirms that he
+	remembers this original posting, which has subsequently been
+	{retrieved from a backup
+	(http://research.microsoft.com/~mbj/Smiley/BBoard_Contents.html)}.
+
+	As with exclamation marks, overuse of the smiley is a mark of
+	loserhood!  More than one per paragraph is a fairly sure sign
+	that you've gone over the line.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2010-05-16)
+
+empeg
+
+	<hardware> An in-car audio product that plays {MP3} files from
+	a {hard disk}.  It is based around a {DEC}/{Intel} {StrongARM}
+	{S-1100} processor and runs a version of {Linux}.  The {user
+	interface} is written in {Python}.
+
+	{(http://empeg.com/)}.
+
+	See also {MPEG}.
+
+	(1999-09-14)
+
+empire
+
+	<games> Any of a family of military simulations derived from a
+	game written by Peter Langston many years ago.  Five or six
+	multi-player variants of varying degrees of sophistication
+	exist, and one single-player version implemented for both
+	{Unix} and {VMS}; the latter is even available as {MS-DOS}
+	{freeware}.  All are notoriously addictive.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-08-06)
+
+empty element tag
+
+	{tag}
+
+EMS
+
+	{Expanded Memory Specification}
+
+emTeX
+
+	<language, text, tool> (Eberhard Mattes TeX) Eberhard Mattes
+	<mattes@azu.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de>'s version of the
+	{LaTeX} document preparation system designed for {DOS} and
+	{OS/2}.
+
+	(2001-05-24)
+
+EMU8000
+
+	<multimedia, hardware, music> The "{Advanced WavEffect}" music
+	synthesizer {integrated circuit} used on the {SB AWE32} card.
+
+	The EMU8000 is a sub-system offering high quality music
+	synthesis and an "effect {engine}" which provides musical
+	effects like reverb and chorus to {MIDI} playback.  The
+	EMU8000 supports up to 32 voices, and the effect amount for
+	each voice can be controlled via MIDI.
+
+	(1996-12-15)
+
+emulation
+
+	<architecture> When one system performs in exactly the same
+	way as another, though perhaps not at the same speed.  A
+	typical example would be emulation of one computer by (a
+	program running on) another.  You might use an emulation as a
+	replacement for a system whereas you would use a simulation if
+	you just wanted to analyse it and make predictions about it.
+
+	(2003-05-22)
+
+emulator
+
+	{Hardware} or {software} that performs {emulation}.
+
+	(1995-05-12)
+
+Emulator program
+
+	<networking> (EP) {IBM} software that emulates a 2701/2/3
+	hard-wired {IBM 360} communications controller and resides in
+	a 370x/372x/374x comms controller.
+
+	See also {Partitioned Emulation Program} (PEP).
+
+	(1999-01-29)
+
+EMX
+
+	A programming environment for {OS/2} by Eberhard Mattes
+	<mattes@azu.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de>.  EMX supports
+	programming in {C}, {C++} and {Objective C}.  It works with
+	{gcc}, {g++}, {gdb}, {libg++}, .obj linkage, {DLL} and
+	{headers}.  Version 0.8g.
+
+	{Europe (ftp://ftp.uni-stuttgart.de/soft/os2/emx-0.8g)}.  {US
+	(ftp://ftp-os2.cdrom.com/os2/2_x/Unix/gnu/emx0.8g)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <listserv@ludd.luth.se> ("subscribe to
+	emx-list").
+
+	(1992-09-21)
+
+enabling
+
+	{software enabling}
+
+Encapsulated PostScript
+
+	(EPS) An extension of the {PostScript} graphics file format
+	developed by {Adobe Systems}.  EPS is used for {PostScript}
+	graphics files that are to be incorporated into other
+	documents.  An EPS file includes {pragmas} (special PostScript
+	comments) giving information such as the bounding box, page
+	number and fonts used.
+
+	On some computers, EPS files include a low resolution version
+	of the PostScript image.  On the {Macintosh} this is in {PICT}
+	format, while on the {IBM PC} it is in {TIFF} or {Microsoft
+	Windows} {metafile} format.
+
+	[Spec?]
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+encapsulation
+
+	1. The technique used by layered protocols in which a layer
+	adds header information to the protocol data unit (PDU) from
+	the layer above.  As an example, in Internet terminology, a
+	packet would contain a header from the physical layer,
+	followed by a header from the network layer (IP), followed by
+	a header from the transport layer (TCP), followed by the
+	application protocol data.
+
+	2. The ability to provide users with a well-defined interface
+	to a set of functions in a way which hides their internal
+	workings.  In {object-oriented programming}, the technique of
+	keeping together data structures and the methods (procedures)
+	which act on them.
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+encode
+
+	1. <algorithm, hardware> To convert {data} or some physical
+	quantity into a given format.  E.g. {uuencode}.
+
+	See also {encoder}.
+
+	2. <cryptography> To encrypt, to perform {encryption}.
+
+	(1999-07-06)
+
+encoder
+
+	1. <algorithm, hardware> Any program, circuit or {algorithm}
+	which {encodes}.
+
+	Example usages: "{MPEG} encoder", "{NTSC} encoder",
+	"{RealAudio} encoder".
+
+	2. <hardware> A sensor or transducer for converting rotary
+	motion or position to a series of electronic pulses.
+
+	(1997-03-04)
+
+encryption
+
+	<algorithm, cryptography> Any procedure used in {cryptography}
+	to convert {plaintext} into {ciphertext} (encrypted message)
+	in order to prevent any but the intended recipient from
+	reading that data.
+
+	Schematically, there are two classes of encryption primitives:
+	{public-key cryptography} and {private-key cryptography}; they
+	are generally used complementarily.
+	Public-key encryption algorithms include {RSA};
+	private-key algorithms include the obsolescent {Data Encryption
+	Standard}, the {Advanced Encryption Standard}, as well as
+	{RC4}.
+
+	The {Unix} command {crypt} performs a weak form of encryption.
+	Stronger encryption programs include {Pretty Good Privacy} and
+	the {GNU Privacy Guard}.
+
+	Other closely related aspects of {cryptograph} include
+	{message digests}.
+
+	(2003-04-12)
+
+endian
+
+	<data, architecture> Suffix used in the terms {big-endian} and
+	{little-endian} that describe the ordering of {bytes} in a
+	multi-byte number.
+
+	The term comes from Swift's "Gulliver's Travels" via the
+	famous paper "On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace" by Danny
+	Cohen, USC/ISI IEN 137, 1980-04-01.
+
+	The Lilliputians, being very small, had correspondingly small
+	political problems.  The Big-Endian and Little-Endian parties
+	debated over whether soft-boiled eggs should be opened at the
+	big end or the little end.
+
+	See also {middle-endian}, {holy wars}, {NUXI problem}, {swab}.
+
+	(2007-08-14)
+
+endless loop
+
+	{infinite loop}
+
+End Of Line
+
+	<character> (EOL) Synonym for {newline}, derived perhaps from
+	the original {CDC 6600} {Pascal}.  The abbreviation "EOL" is
+	now rare, but widely recognised and occasionally used for
+	brevity.  Used in the example entry under {BNF}.
+
+	Out of context this would probably be (deliberately) ambiguous
+	because different systems used different (combinations of)
+	characters to mark the end of a line.  {Unix} uses a {line
+	feed}; DOS uses {carriage return}, line feed ({CRLF}) and the
+	{Macintosh} uses carriage return.
+
+	See also {EOF}.
+
+	(2002-03-22)
+
+End of Medium
+
+	<character> (EM) {ASCII} character 25.
+
+	(1996-06-28)
+
+End Of Text
+
+	{control-C}
+
+End Of Transmission
+
+	<character> (EOT) The {mnemonic} for {ASCII} character 4.
+
+end tag
+
+	{tag}
+
+end-to-end solution
+
+	<jargon> (E2ES) A term that suggests that the supplier of an
+	{application program} or system will provide all the hardware
+	and/or software components and resouces to meet the customer's
+	requirement and no other supplier need be involved.
+
+	Compare: {turn-key} solution.
+
+	(2006-03-30)
+
+End Transmission Block
+
+	<character> (ETB) The {mnemonic} for {ASCII} character 23.
+
+	(1996-06-28)
+
+end-user
+
+	<job> The person who uses a computer application, as opposed
+	to those who developed or support it.  The end-user may or may
+	not know anything about computers, how they work, or what to
+	do if something goes wrong.  End-users do not usually have
+	administrative responsibilities or privileges.
+
+	End users are certain to have a different set of assumptions
+	than the developers who created the application.
+
+	(1997-03-29)
+
+engage
+
+	<spelling> Do you mean {Nokia N-Gage}?
+
+	(2005-01-18)
+
+Engelbart, Douglas
+
+	{Douglas Engelbart}
+
+engine
+
+	<jargon> 1. A piece of {hardware} that encapsulates some
+	function but can't be used without some kind of {front end}.
+	Today we have, especially, "{print engine}": the guts of a
+	{laser printer}.
+
+	2. An analogous piece of software; notionally, one that does a
+	lot of noisy {crunching}, such as a "database engine", or
+	"{search engine}".
+
+	The hackish senses of "engine" are actually close to its
+	original, pre-Industrial-Revolution sense of a skill, clever
+	device, or instrument (the word is cognate to "ingenuity").
+	This sense had not been completely eclipsed by the modern
+	connotation of power-transducing machinery in {Charles
+	Babbage}'s time, which explains why he named the
+	stored-program computer that he designed in 1844 the
+	"{Analytical Engine}".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-31)
+
+English
+
+	<database> The official name of the {database} language used by
+	the {Pick} {operating system}, actually a sort of {crufty},
+	brain-damaged {SQL} with delusions of grandeur.  The name permits
+	{marketroids} to say "Yes, and you can program our computers in
+	English!" to ignorant {suits} without quite running afoul of the
+	truth-in-advertising laws.
+
+	["Exploring the Pick Operating System", J.E. Sisk et al,
+	Hayden 1986].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2014-06-27)
+
+English shellcode
+
+	<security> A kind of {malware} that is embedded in ordinary
+	English sentences.  English shellcode attempts to avoid
+	detection by {antivirus software} by making the code resemble,
+	e.g. {e-mail} text or {Wikipedia} entries.  It was first
+	revealed by researchers at {Johns Hopkins}.
+
+	(2010-03-02)
+
+Enhanced Capabilities Port
+
+	<hardware> (ECP) The most common {parallel printer interface}
+	on current (1997) {IBM PC} compatibles.
+
+	Enhanced Capabilities Port is defined in standard IEEE 1284.
+	It is bi-directional and faster than earlier parallel ports.
+
+	Not to be confused with {Extended Capabilities Port}.
+
+	(1997-12-01)
+
+Enhanced Directory Service
+
+	<operating system> (EDS) A common, distributed, integrated,
+	{directory service} with centralized and/or replicated
+	administration.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(2003-06-18)
+
+Enhanced Dynamic Random Access Memory
+
+	(EDRAM)
+	{(http://ruralnet.net/~prairie)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+Enhanced Graphics Adapter
+
+	<graphics, hardware> (EGA) An {IBM PC} {display standard} with
+	a {resolution} of 640 x 350 {pixels} of 16 colours.
+
+	(1995-06-28)
+
+Enhanced IDE
+
+	{Advanced Technology Attachment Interface with Extensions}
+
+Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
+
+	{Advanced Technology Attachment Interface with Extensions}
+
+enhanced parallel port
+
+	<hardware> (EPP) A {parallel port} that confirms to the
+	{IEEE}'s EPP {standard}.  An EPP is actually an expansion bus
+	that can handle 64 {disk drives} and other {peripherals}.
+
+	["PC Magazine", 1996-01-09, p. 262].
+
+	[Details?  Manufacturers?]
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+Enhanced Small Disk Interface
+
+	<storage, hardware> (ESDI) An obsolete {hard disk}
+	{controller} {standard}, first introduced by {Maxtor} in 1983,
+	and intended to be the successor to the original
+	{ST-506}/{ST-412}.  ESDI was faster and more reliable, but
+	still could not compete with {IDE} and {SCSI}.
+
+	EDSI used two cables: a 20-pin data cable to each drive and a
+	single 34-pin control cable {daisy chain} with the controller
+	at one end and a terminator at the other.  In PCs, it
+	supported up to two drives at 1-2MB/s with drives up to 2GB.
+
+	{PC Guide
+	(http://pcguide.com/ref/hdd/if/obsoESDI-c.html)}.
+
+	(2003-08-01)
+
+enhancement
+
+	1. A change to a product which is intended to make it better
+	in some way, e.g. new functions, faster, or occasionally more
+	compatible with other systems.  Enhancements to {hardware}
+	components, especially {integrated circuits} often mean they
+	are smaller and less demanding of resources.  Sadly, this is
+	almost never true of {software} enhancements.
+
+	2. {Marketroid}-speak for a {bug fix}.  This abuse of language
+	is a popular and time-tested way to turn incompetence into
+	increased revenue.  A hacker being ironic would instead call
+	the fix a {feature}, or perhaps save some effort by declaring
+	"{That's not a bug, that's a feature!}".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-04-04)
+
+ENIAC
+
+	{Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer}
+
+Enigma
+
+	<hardware, cryptography> The electro-mechanical {cipher}
+	engine used by the Germans in World War II to encrypt and
+	decrypt field orders.  Many of their messages were deciphered
+	at {Bletchley Park}, by {Alan Turing} and others.
+
+	See also: {Tunny Emulator}.
+
+	(2012-03-25)
+
+ENOB
+
+	{effective number of bits}
+
+ENQ
+
+	1. <character> /enkw/ or /enk/ ENQuire.  The {mnemonic} for
+	{ASCII} character 5.
+
+	2. <chat> An on-line convention for querying someone's
+	availability.  After opening a {chat} connection to someone
+	apparently in heavy hack mode, one might type "SYN SYN ENQ?"
+	(the SYNs representing notional synchronisation bytes), and
+	expect a return of {ACK} or {NAK} depending on whether or not
+	the person felt interruptible.
+
+	Compare {ping}, {finger}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-18)
+
+enqueue
+
+	{queue}
+
+ENS
+
+	<body> See {Ecole Normale Superieure}
+
+Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione
+
+	(UNI) The Italian national standards body, a member of {ISO}.
+
+enterprise
+
+	<body> A business, generally a large one.
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+Enterprise Application Integration
+
+	<software> (EAI) The use of {middleware} to integrate the
+	{application programs}, {databases}, and {legacy systems}
+	involved in an organisation's critical business processes.
+
+	[Example?]
+
+	(1999-09-28)
+
+Enterprise JavaBeans
+
+	<specification, business, programming> (EJB) A {server}-side
+	{component architecture} for writing reusable {business logic}
+	and {portable} {enterprise} applications.  EJB is the basis of
+	{Sun}'s {Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition} (J2EE).
+
+	Enterprise JavaBean components are written entirely in {Java}
+	and run on any EJB compliant server.  They are {operating
+	system}, {platform}, and {middleware} independent, preventing
+	vendor {lock-in}.
+
+	EJB servers provide system-level services (the "plumbing")
+	such as {transactions}, security, {threading}, and
+	{persistence}.
+
+	The EJB architecture is inherently transactional,
+	{distributed}, {multi-tier}, {scalable}, secure, and {wire
+	protocol} neutral - any {protocol} can be used: {IIOP},
+	{JRMP}, {HTTP}, {DCOM} etc.  EJB 1.1 requires {RMI} for
+	communication with components.  EJB 2.0 is expected to require
+	support for RMI/IIOP.
+
+	EJB applications can serve assorted clients: {browsers}, Java,
+	{ActiveX}, {CORBA} etc.  EJB can be used to wrap {legacy
+	systems}.
+
+	EJB 1.1 was released in December 1999.  EJB 2.0 is in
+	development.
+
+	Sun claims broad industry adoption.  30 vendors are shipping
+	server products implementing EJB.  Supporting vendors include
+	{IBM}, {Fujitsu}, {Sybase}, {Borland}, {Oracle}, and
+	{Symantec}.
+
+	An alternative is Microsoft's MTS ({Microsoft Transaction
+	Server}).
+
+	{(http://java.sun.com/products/ejb/)}.
+
+	{FAQ (http://java.sun.com/products/ejb/faq.html)}.
+
+	(2000-04-20)
+
+Enterprise Report Management
+
+	{Electronic Report Management}
+
+Enterprise Resource Planning
+
+	<application, business> (ERP) Any {software} system designed
+	to support and automate the business processes of medium and
+	large businesses.  This may include manufacturing,
+	distribution, personnel, project management, payroll, and
+	financials.
+
+	ERP systems are accounting-oriented information systems for
+	identifying and planning the {enterprise}-wide resources
+	needed to take, make, distribute, and account for customer
+	orders.  ERP systems were originally extensions of {MRP II}
+	systems, but have since widened their scope.  An ERP system
+	also differs from the typical MRP II system in technical
+	requirements such as {relational database}, use of {object
+	oriented programming} language, {computer aided software
+	engineering} tools in development, {client/server}
+	{architecture}, and {open system} {portability}.
+
+	{JBOPS} are the major producers of ERP software.
+
+	{"ERP Systems - Using IT to gain a competitive advantage",
+	Shankarnarayanan S.
+	(http://expressindia.com/newads/bsl/advant.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-07-27)
+
+Enterprise Systems CONnectivity
+
+	<networking> (ESCON) {Optical fibre} connections between a
+	{mainframe} and its {peripherals}.  Also an {IBM} registered
+	trademark.
+
+	(1997-03-31)
+
+EntireX
+
+	<operating system> The German company {Software AG}'s
+	implementation of {DCOM} under {Unix} and on {IBM}
+	{mainframes}, released at the end of 1997.  EntireX enables
+	users to exchange their {DCOM} components between {Windows
+	95}, {Windows NT}, {Unix} and {OS/390} and to build
+	{application programs} with components running on any of those
+	{platforms}.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://softwareag.com/corporat/solutions/entirex/entirex.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-02-05)
+
+entity
+
+	<database> In an {entity-relationship model}, an entity is a
+	type of thing being modeled such as "person" or "product".
+	Different entities have different sets of attributes such as
+	"name" or "price" and are connected via relationships like
+	"bought".  Entities are closely related to {classes (class)}.
+
+	(2009-11-22)
+
+entity-relationship diagram
+
+	{entity-relationship model}
+
+entity-relationship model
+
+	<database, specification> An approach to {data modelling}
+	proposed by P. Chen in 1976.  The model says that you divide
+	your database in two logical parts, entities (e.g. "customer",
+	"product") and relations ("buys", "pays for").
+
+	One of the first activities in specifying an application is
+	defining the entities involved and their relationships,
+	e.g. using an entity-relationship diagram to represent a
+	model.
+
+	["The entity-relationship model: toward a unified view of
+	data", P.P. Chen, ACM Transactions on Database Systems 1:1 pp
+	9-36, 1976].
+
+	(2009-11-21)
+
+entropy
+
+	<theory> A measure of the disorder of a system.  Systems tend
+	to go from a state of order (low entropy) to a state of
+	maximum disorder (high entropy).
+
+	The entropy of a system is related to the amount of
+	{information} it contains.  A highly ordered system can be
+	described using fewer {bits} of information than a disordered
+	one.  For example, a string containing one million "0"s can be
+	described using {run-length encoding} as [("0", 1000000)]
+	whereas a string of random symbols (e.g. bits, or characters)
+	will be much harder, if not impossible, to compress in this
+	way.
+
+	{Shannon}'s formula gives the entropy H(M) of a message M in
+	bits:
+
+		H(M) = -log2 p(M)
+
+	Where p(M) is the probability of message M.
+
+	(1998-11-23)
+
+Entry Sequenced Data Set
+
+	<database> (ESDS) An {IBM} straight sequential flat file (like
+	{QSAM}) but externally managed via {IDCAMS}.  ESDS is used in
+	{VSAM}.
+
+	(1999-01-11)
+
+enumerated type
+
+	<programming> (Or "enumeration") A {type} which includes in
+	its definition an exhaustive list of possible values for
+	variables of that type.  Common examples include {Boolean},
+	which takes values from the list [true, false], and
+	day-of-week which takes values [Sunday, Monday, Tuesday,
+	Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday].  Enumerated types are
+	a feature of {strongly typed languages}, including {C} and
+	{Ada}.
+
+	Characters, (fixed-size) integers and even {floating-point}
+	types could be (but are not usually) considered to be (large)
+	enumerated types.
+
+	(1996-11-28)
+
+enumeration
+
+	1. <mathematics> A {bijection} with the {natural numbers}; a
+	{counted set}.
+
+	Compare {well-ordered}.
+
+	2. <programming> {enumerated type}.
+
+	(1996-11-28)
+
+environment
+
+	{environment variable}
+
+Environmental Audio eXtensions
+
+	<audio> (EAX) Something from {Creative Labs} for generating
+	sound effects.
+
+	EAX is a competitor to {Aureal}'s {A3D}.
+
+	[Hardware or software?]
+
+	(2008-02-17)
+
+environment variable
+
+	<programming, operating system> A {variable} that is bound in
+	the current environment.  When evaluating an expression in
+	some environment, the evaluation of a variable consists of
+	looking up its name in the environment and substituting its
+	value.
+
+	Most programming languages have some concept of an environment
+	but in {Unix} {shell scripts} it has a specific meaning
+	slightly different from other contexts.  In shell scripts,
+	environment variables are one kind of {shell variable}.  They
+	differ from {local variables} and {command line arguments} in
+	that they are inheritted by a {child process}.  Examples are
+	the PATH variable that tells the shell the {file system}
+	{paths} to search to find command {executables} and the TZ
+	variable which contains the local time zone.  The variable
+	called "SHELL" specifies the type of shell being used.
+
+	These variables are used by commands or {shell scripts} to
+	discover things about the environment they are operating in.
+	Environment variables can be changed or created by the {user}
+	or a program.
+
+	To see a list of environment variables type "setenv" at the
+	{csh} or {tcsh} {prompt} or "set" at the {sh}, {bash}, {jsh}
+	or {ksh} prompt.
+
+	In other programming languages, e.g. {functional programming}
+	languages, the environment is extended with new bindings when
+	a {function}'s {parameters} are bound to its {actual
+	arguments} or when new variables are declared.  In a
+	{block-structured} {procedural} language, the environment
+	usually consists of a {linked list} of {activation records}.
+
+	(1999-01-26)
+
+Envoy
+
+	{Motorola}'s integrated personal wireless communicator.  Envoy
+	is a {personal digital assistant} which incorporates two-way
+	wireless and wireline communication.  It was announced on 7
+	March 1994 and released in the third quarter of 1994.  It runs
+	{Genral Magic}'s {Magic Cap} {operating system} and
+	Telescript(TM) communications language on Motorola's {Dragon}
+	chip set.  This includes the highly integrated {Motorola
+	68349} processor and a special purpose {application specific
+	integrated circuit} (ASIC) referred to as Astro.  This chip
+	set was designed specifically for {Magic Cap} and
+	{Telescript}.
+
+	A user can write on the Envoy communicator with the
+	accompanying stylus or a finger, to type and select or move
+	objects on its screen.  An on-screen keyboard can be used to
+	input information, draw or write personal notations, or send
+	handwritten messages and faxes.
+
+	Envoy can send a wireless message to another Envoy, {PC} or
+	fax; broadcast a message to a group, with each member of that
+	group receiving the message in their preferred format; gather
+	information based on your requirements; schedule a meeting and
+	automatically invite attendees; screen, route and organise
+	messages; send a business card to another Envoy across a
+	conference room table; access real-time scheduling and pricing
+	information for US airline flights, then order tickets via fax
+	or {electronic mail}; keep track of contacts through an
+	address book; receive daily news summaries and stock
+	information; capture, organize and review business and
+	personal expenses on-the-go; gather, edit and analyze
+	information in spreadsheets and graphs compatible with {Lotus
+	1-2-3} and {Excel}; shop in an electronic mall.
+
+	{(http://motorola.com/MIMS/WDG/Technology/Envoy/)}.
+
+	[Was it released in Q3 '94?]
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+EOF
+
+	End Of File
+
+	1. The {out-of-band} value returned by {C}'s sequential
+	character-input functions (and their equivalents in other
+	environments) when end of file has been reached.  This value
+	is -1 under {C} libraries postdating V6 Unix, but was
+	originally 0.
+
+	2. The keyboard character (usually control-D, the ASCII EOT
+	(End Of Transmission) character) that is mapped by the {Unix}
+	terminal driver into an end-of-file condition.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+EOL
+
+	1. {End Of Line}.
+
+	2. Expression Oriented Language.  A low-level language for
+	strings. Versions: EOL-1, EOL-2, EOL-3.  ["EOL - A Symbol
+	Manipulation Language", L. Lukaszewicz, Computer J 10(1):53
+	(May 1967)].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+EOR
+
+	{exclusive or}
+
+EOT
+
+	1. <character> {End Of Transmission}
+
+	2. <storage> End Of Tape.  A marker used on {magnetic tapes}.
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+EOU
+
+	<character, humour> The mnemonic of a mythical {ASCII} control
+	character (End Of User) that would make an {ASR-33} {Teletype}
+	explode on receipt.  This construction parodies the numerous
+	obscure {delimiter} and control characters left in ASCII from
+	the days when it was associated more with wire-service
+	teletypes than computers (e.g. {FS}, {GS}, {RS}, {US}, {EM},
+	{SUB}, {ETX}, and especially {EOT}).  It is worth remembering
+	that ASR-33s were big, noisy mechanical beasts with a lot of
+	clattering parts; the notion that one might explode was
+	nowhere near as ridiculous as it might seem to someone sitting
+	in front of a {tube} or flatscreen today.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-29)
+
+EOUG
+
+	European {ORACLE} Users Group.
+
+EP
+
+	{Emulator program}
+
+EPCS
+
+	{Experimental Physics Control Systems}
+
+ephemeral port
+
+	<networking> A {TCP} or {UDP} {port} number that is
+	automatically allocated from a predefined range by the {TCP/IP
+	stack} software, typically to provide the port for the client
+	end of a {client-server} communication.
+
+	{BSD} used ports 1024 through 4999 as ephemeral ports, though
+	it is often desirable to increase this allocation.
+
+	{(http://ncftpd.com/ncftpd/doc/misc/ephemeral_ports.html)}.
+
+	(2002-10-06)
+
+EPILOG
+
+	1. Extended Programming In LOGic.  {PROLOG} with several AND's
+	having different time constraints.
+
+	["Epilog: A Language for Extended Programming in Logic",
+	A. Porto in Implementations of Prolog, J.A. Campbell ed, Ellis
+	Horwood 1984].
+
+	2. A {data-driven} {PROLOG}, with both {AND parallelism} and
+	{OR parallelism}.  ["EPILOG = PROLOG + Data Flow", M.J. Wise,
+	SIGPLAN Noices 17:80-86 (1982)].
+
+EPIM
+
+	{Enterprise Product Information Management}
+
+EPL
+
+	1. {Early PL/I}.
+
+	2. {Experimental Programming Language}.
+
+	3. {Eden Programming Language}.
+
+	4. {Equational Programming Language}
+
+	5. {Ethernet Private Line}
+
+EPOC
+
+	<operating system> A family of graphical {operating systems}
+	developed by {Psion} for portable devices, primarily {PDA}s.
+	The name EPOC came from epoch, the beginning of an era, but was
+	backfitted by the engineers to "Electronic Piece Of Cheese".
+	The first version, later known as EPOC16, was developed in the
+	late 1980s and early 1990s for Psion's "{SIBO}" (SIxteen Bit
+	Organisers) devices.  All EPOC16 devices feature an
+	{8086}-family processor and a 16-bit architecture.  EPOC16 is
+	a single-user {pre-emptive multitasking} operating system,
+	written in Intel 8086 {assembler language} and {C} and
+	designed to be delivered in {ROM}.  It supported a simple
+	programming language called {OPL} and an {IDE} called {OVAL}.
+
+	EPOC16 was followed by {EPOC32} in 1997.
+
+	(2009-05-26)
+
+epoch
+
+	1. <operating system> (Probably from astronomical timekeeping)
+	A term used originally in {Unix} documentation for the time
+	and date corresponding to zero in an {operating system}'s
+	{clock} and {timestamp} values.
+
+	Under most Unix versions the epoch is 1970-01-01 00:00:00 GMT;
+	under {VMS}, it's 1858-11-17 00:00:00 (the base date of the US
+	Naval Observatory's ephemerides); on a {Macintosh}, it's
+	1904-01-01 00:00:00.
+
+	System time is measured in seconds or {ticks} past the epoch.
+	Weird problems may ensue when the clock wraps around (see
+	{wrap around}), which is not necessarily a rare event; on
+	systems counting 10 ticks per second, a signed 32-bit count of
+	ticks is good only for 0.1 * 2**31-1 seconds, or 6.8 years.
+	The one-tick-per-second clock of Unix is good only until
+	2038-01-18, assuming at least some software continues to
+	consider it signed and that word lengths don't increase by
+	then.  See also {wall time}.
+
+	2. <editor> (Epoch) A version of {GNU Emacs} for the {X Window
+	System} from {NCSA}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-06-10)
+
+EPP
+
+	{Enhanced Parallel Port}
+
+EPROM
+
+	{Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory}
+
+EPROM OTP
+
+	{Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory One Time Programmable}
+
+EPROS
+
+	A specification/prototyping language.  Implemented in {Franz
+	Lisp}.
+
+	{(ftp://utsun.s.u-tokyo.jp/lang/epros)}.
+
+	["Software Prototyping, Formal Methods and VDM", Sharam
+	Hekmatpour et al, A-W 1988].
+
+EPS
+
+	{Encapsulated PostScript}
+
+EPSILON
+
+	<language> A {macro} language with high level features
+	including strings and lists, developed by A.P. Ershov at
+	Novosibirsk in 1967.  EPSILON was used to implement {ALGOL 68}
+	on the {M-220}.
+
+	["Application of the Machine-Oriented Language Epsilon to
+	Software Development", I.V. Pottosin et al, in Machine
+	Oriented Higher Level Languages, W. van der Poel, N-H 1974,
+	pp. 417-434].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+epsilon
+
+	1. <character> The fifth letter of the Greek alphabet.
+
+	2. <mathematics> (From the Hungarian mathematician {Paul
+	Erdos}) A very small, insignificant, or negligible quantity of
+	something.
+
+	The use of epsilon is from the {epsilon-delta method} of
+	{proof} in {differential calculus}.
+
+	(2001-07-06)
+
+epsilon squared
+
+	<jargon> A quantity even smaller than {epsilon}, as small in
+	comparison to epsilon as epsilon is to something normal;
+	completely negligible.  If you buy a supercomputer for a
+	million dollars, the cost of the thousand-dollar terminal to
+	go with it is {epsilon}, and the cost of the ten-dollar cable
+	to connect them is epsilon squared.
+
+	Compare {lost in the underflow}, {lost in the noise}.
+
+	(1997-09-05)
+
+EPSIMONE
+
+	Concurrent simulation language derived from Simone.  "EPSIMONE
+	Manual", J. Beziin et al, Pub Int No 90, IRISA, Sept 1978.
+
+EPSS
+
+	{Electronic Performance Support System}
+
+EqL
+
+	An equational language.  Bharat Jayaraman
+	<bharat@cs.buffalo.edu>.  "EqL: The Language and its
+	Implementation", B. Jayaraman et al, IEEE Trans Soft Eng
+	SE-15(6):771-780 (June 1989).
+
+EQLOG
+
+	Equality, types and generic modules for logic programming.
+	A language using Horn clauses.  J.A. Goguen, J. Meseguer.
+
+EQLog
+
+	OBJ2 plus logic programming based on Horn logic with equality.
+
+	"EQLog: Equality, Types and Generic Modules for Logic
+	Programming", J.  Goguen et al in Functional and Logic
+	Programming, D. DeGroot et al eds, pp.295-363, P-H 1986.
+
+Eqn
+
+	Language for typesetting mathematics.
+
+	"A System for Typesetting Mathematics", B.W. Kernighan and
+	L.L. Cherry, CACM 18(3):151-157 (Mar 1975).
+
+equals
+
+	<character> "=", {ASCII} character 61.
+
+	Common names: {ITU-T}: equals; gets; takes.  Rare:
+	quadrathorpe; {INTERCAL}: half-mesh.
+
+	Equals is used in many languages as the {assignment} operator
+	though earlier languages used ":=" ("becomes equal to") to
+	avoid upsetting mathematicians with statements such as "x =
+	x+1".  It is also used in compounds such as "<=", ">=", "==",
+	"/=", "!=" for various comparison operators and in {C}'s "+=",
+	"*=" etc. which mimic the {primitive} operations of
+	{two-address code}.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+equational logic
+
+	<logic> First-order equational logic consists of
+	{quantifier}-free terms of ordinary {first-order logic}, with
+	equality as the only {predicate} symbol.  The {model theory}
+	of this logic was developed into {Universal algebra} by
+	Birkhoff et al.  [Birkhoff, Gratzer, Cohn].  It was later made
+	into a branch of {category theory} by Lawvere ("algebraic
+	theories").
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+Equational Programming Language
+
+	<language> (EPL) An {equational language} for {parallel}
+	scientific applications, developed by RPI. Szymanski.
+
+	["EPL - Parallel Programming with Recurrent Equations",
+	B. Szymanski in Parallel Functional Languages and Compilers,
+	B. Szymanski et al, A-W 1991].
+
+	(2010-09-21)
+
+Equel
+
+	Embedded Quel.  {INGRES, Inc.}  Combines QUEL theories with C
+	code.
+
+equivalence class
+
+	<mathematics> An equivalence class is a subset whose elements
+	are related to each other by an {equivalence relation}.  The
+	equivalence classes of a set under some relation form a
+	{partition} of that set (i.e. any two are either equal or
+	{disjoint} and every element of the set is in some class).
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+equivalence class partitioning
+
+	<testing> A software testing technique that involves
+	identifying a small set of representative input values that
+	invoke as many different input conditions as possible.
+
+	For example, for {binary search} the following partitions
+	exist: inputs that do or do not conform to pre-conditions,
+	Inputs where the key element is or is not a member of the
+	array.  One can combine these into finer partitions.  One can
+	also pick specific conditions of the array, e.g. a single
+	value, even or odd number of elements.  One should look at
+	{boundary conditions}, e.g. inputs where the key element is
+	the first or last element in the array.
+
+	(2004-01-18)
+
+equivalence partitioning
+
+	{equivalence class partitioning}
+
+equivalence relation
+
+	<mathematics> A relation R on a set including elements a, b,
+	c, which is reflexive (a R a), symmetric (a R b => b R a) and
+	transitive (a R b R c => a R c).  An equivalence relation
+	defines an {equivalence} class.
+
+	See also {partial equivalence relation}.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+equivalent isotropically radiated power
+
+	<communications> (EIRP) The power radiated by a radio antenna
+	calculated as the power output of the {intentional radiator}
+	multiplied by the gain of the antenna (due to its shape).
+
+	Limits are defined by the {FCC} and other national regulators.
+
+	(2008-02-11)
+
+ER
+
+	{Entity-Relationship}
+
+er
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Eritrea.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+ERA
+
+	{Entity-Relationship-Attribute}
+
+era
+
+	Synonym {epoch}.  Webster's Unabridged makes these words
+	almost synonymous, but "era" usually connotes a span of time
+	rather than a point in time.
+
+Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
+
+	<storage> (EPROM) A type of storage device in which the data
+	is determined by electrical charge stored in an isolated
+	("floating") {MOS} {transistor} {gate}.  The isolation is good
+	enough to retain the charge almost indefinitely (more than ten
+	years) without an external power supply.  The EPROM is
+	programmed by "injecting" charge into the floating gate, using
+	a technique based on the tunnel effect.  This requires higher
+	voltage than in normal operation (usually 12V - 25V).  The
+	floating gate can be discharged by applying ultraviolet light
+	to the chip's surface through a quartz window in the package,
+	erasing the memory contents and allowing the chip to be
+	reprogrammed.
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+erase
+
+	{delete}
+
+eraser stains code
+
+	<humour, programming> {Code} that has been {refactored} many
+	times, leaving swaths of {legacy code} and design; like paper that
+	has been written on and erased so many times that the pencil marks
+	are no longer the problem - the large greasy stain is.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2014-07-22)
+
+ERC
+
+	<database> An extended {entity-relationship model}.
+
+	[Details?  What does it stand for?]
+
+	(1997-12-23)
+
+ERCIM
+
+	European Research Consortium on Informatics and Mathematics.
+	An association of European research organisations promoting
+	cooperative research on key issues in {Information
+	Technology}.
+
+	(2000-12-30)
+
+ERD
+
+	{entity-relationship diagram}
+
+EREW PRAM
+
+	exclusive read, exclusive write {PRAM}.
+
+ERFPI
+
+	An early system on the {LGP-30} computer.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+ergonomic
+
+	Concerning {ergonomics} or exhibitting good ergonimics.
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+ergonomics
+
+	The study of the design and arrangement of equipment so that
+	people will interact with the equipment in healthy,
+	comfortable, and efficient manner.  As related to computer
+	equipment, ergonomics is concerned with such factors as the
+	physical design of the keyboard, screens, and related
+	hardware, and the manner in which people interact with these
+	hardware devices.
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+ERGO-Shell
+
+	<operating system, tool> An ergonomic {X Window System} {Unix}
+	{shell} for software engineers by Regine Freitag
+	<freitag@gmd.de>.  ERGO-Shell is now obsolete.
+
+	Version: 2.1.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.gmd.de/gmd/ergo/)}.
+
+	E-mail: Dr. Wolfgang Dzida, GMD <dzida@gmd.de> or the author.
+
+	(2000-12-19)
+
+Eric Conspiracy
+
+	<person, humour> A shadowy group of moustachioed hackers named
+	Eric first pinpointed as a sinister conspiracy by an infamous
+	talk.bizarre posting ca. 1986.  This was doubtless influenced
+	by the numerous "Eric" jokes in the Monty Python oeuvre.
+	There do indeed seem to be considerably more moustachioed
+	Erics in hackerdom than the frequency of these three traits
+	can account for unless they are correlated in some arcane way.
+	Well-known examples include {Eric Allman} (of the "Allman
+	style" described under {indent style}), {Erik Fair} (co-author
+	of NNTP), {Eric S. Raymond} and about fifteen others.  The
+	organisation line "Eric Conspiracy Secret Laboratories" now
+	emanates regularly from more than one site.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-10-20)
+
+Eric S. Raymond
+
+	<person> One of the authors of the Hacker's {Jargon File}.
+	Eric was involved in the {JOLT} project and {GNU Emacs} as
+	well as maintaining several {FAQ} lists.  He is a keen
+	advocate of {open source}.
+
+	{(http://ccil.org/~esr)}.
+
+	E-mail: <esr@snark.thyrsus.com>
+
+	(1998-10-20)
+
+Eris
+
+	/e'ris/ The Greek goddess of Chaos, Discord, Confusion, and
+	Things You Know Not Of; her name was latinised to Discordia
+	and she was worshiped by that name in Rome.  Not a very
+	friendly deity in the Classical original, she was reinvented
+	as a more benign personification of creative anarchy starting
+	in 1959 by the adherents of {Discordianism} and has since been
+	a semi-serious subject of veneration in several "fringe"
+	cultures, including hackerdom.
+
+	See {Church of the SubGenius}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Erlang
+
+	1. <person> {Agner Krarup Erlang}.  (The other senses were
+	named after him).
+
+	2. <language> A concurrent {functional language} for large
+	industrial {real-time} systems by Armstrong, Williams and
+	Virding of Ellemtel, Sweden.
+
+	Erlang is untyped.  It has {pattern matching} syntax,
+	{recursion equations}, explicit {concurrency}, {asynchronous
+	message passing} and is relatively free from {side-effects}.
+	It supports transparent cross-{platform} distribution.  It has
+	primitives for detecting run-time errors, real-time {garbage
+	collection}, {modules}, {dynamic code replacement} (change
+	code in a continuously running real-time system) and a
+	{foreign language interface}.
+
+	An unsupported free version is available (subject to a
+	non-commercial licence).  Commercial versions with support are
+	available from {Erlang Systems AB}.  An {interpreter} in
+	{SICStus Prolog} and compilers in {C} and Erlang are available
+	for several {Unix} {platforms}.
+
+	{Open Telecom Platform} (OTP) is a set of {libraries} and
+	tools.
+
+	{Commercial version (http://erlang.se/)} - sales, support,
+	training, consultants.  {Open-source version
+	(http://erlang.org/)} - downloads, user-contributed
+	software, mailing lists.
+
+	{Training and consulting (http://erlang-consulting.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <erlang@erix.ericsson.se>.
+
+	[Erlang - "Concurrent Programming in Erlang", J. Armstrong, M.
+	& Williams R. Virding, Prentice Hall, 1993. ISBN 13-285792-8.]
+
+	3. <unit> 36 {CCS} per hour, or 1 call-second per second.
+
+	Erlang is a unit without dimension, accepted internationally
+	for measuring the traffic intensity.  This unit is defined as
+	the aggregate of continuous occupation of a channel for one
+	hour (3600 seconds).  An intensity of one Erlang means the
+	channel is continuously occupied.
+
+	(2003-03-25)
+
+ERM
+
+	{Electronic Report Management}
+
+erotica
+
+	{pornography}
+
+ERP
+
+	{Enterprise Resource Planning}
+
+error
+
+	1. A discrepancy between a computed, observed, or measured
+	value or condition and the true, specified, or theoretically
+	correct value or condition.
+
+	2. <programming> A mental mistake made by a programmer that
+	may result in a program {fault}.
+
+	3. (verb) What a program does when it stops as result of a
+	programming error.
+
+	(2000-03-28)
+
+error-based testing
+
+	<programming> Testing where information about programming
+	style, error-prone language constructs, and other programming
+	knowledge is applied to select test data capable of detecting
+	faults, either a specified class of faults or all possible
+	faults.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+error correcting memory
+
+	<storage> (ECM) {RAM} using some kind of {error detection and
+	correction} (EDAC) scheme.  The two types of memory errors in
+	RAM (especially {DRAM}) are "soft" errors due to
+	radiation-induced bit switching, and "hard" errors due to the
+	unexpected deterioration of a memory chip.  Soft errors do not
+	indicate lasting damage to the memory board, but they do
+	corrupt programs or data.  Hard errors demand physical
+	repairs.  Single bit memory failures are the most common.  A
+	hard single bit failure, such as that caused by a completely
+	dead chip can be corrected by EDAC if each chip supplies only
+	one bit of each word.  EDAC memory is the most common level of
+	protection for {minicomputers} and {mainframes} whereas the
+	cheaper parity protection is more common in {microcomputers}.
+
+	[Clearpoint, "The Designer's Guide to Add-In Memory", Third
+	Addition].
+
+	(1995-10-10)
+
+error detection and correction
+
+	<algorithm, storage> (EDAC, or "error checking and
+	correction", ECC) A collection of methods to detect errors in
+	transmitted or stored data and to correct them.  This is done
+	in many ways, all of them involving some form of coding.  The
+	simplest form of error detection is a single added {parity
+	bit} or a {cyclic redundancy check}.  Multiple parity bits can
+	not only detect that an error has occurred, but also which
+	bits have been inverted, and should therefore be re-inverted
+	to restore the original data.  The more extra bits are added,
+	the greater the chance that multiple errors will be detectable
+	and correctable.
+
+	Several codes can perform Single Error Correction, Double
+	Error Detection (SECDEC).  One of the most commonly used is
+	the {Hamming code}.
+
+	At the other technological extreme, cuniform texts from about
+	1500 B.C. which recorded the dates when Venus was visible,
+	were examined on the basis of contained redundancies (the
+	dates of appearance and disappearance were suplemented by the
+	length of time of visibility) and "the worst data set ever
+	seen" by [Huber, Zurich] was corrected.
+
+	{RAM} which includes EDAC circuits is known as {error
+	correcting memory} (ECM).
+
+	[Wakerly, "Error Detecting Codes", North Holland 1978].
+
+	[Hamming, "Coding and Information Theory", 2nd Ed, Prentice
+	Hall 1986].
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+es
+
+	1. <networking> The {country code} for Spain.
+
+	2. <operating system> {Extensible Shell}.
+
+	3. (Expert System) An {expert system} for the {IBM PC}
+	featuring {forward chaining}, {backward chaining} and {fuzzy
+	set} relations.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/ai/expert-sys/summers.tar.Z)}.
+
+	[BYTE Oct 1990].
+
+	(1999-02-01)
+
+ES-1
+
+	<text, tool> An early text editing {interpreter}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 684].
+
+	(1999-02-01)
+
+ESA
+
+	1. <architecture> {Enterprise Systems Architecture}.
+
+	2. <body> European Space Agency.
+
+	(1999-10-31)
+
+ESC
+
+	{escape}
+
+ESCAPE
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 650}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+escape
+
+	<character> (ESC) {ASCII} character 27.
+
+	When sent by the user, escape is often used to abort execution
+	or data entry.  When sent by the computer it often starts an
+	{escape sequence}.
+
+	(1997-11-27)
+
+escape sequence
+
+	<character> (Or "escape code") A series of characters starting
+	with the {escape} character (ASCII 27).  Escape sequences are
+	often used to control display devices such as {VDUs}.  An
+	escape sequence might change the colour of subsequent text,
+	reassign keys on the keyboard, change printer settings or
+	reposition the cursor.  The escape sequences of the {DEC}
+	{vt100} {video terminal} have become a {de facto standard} for
+	this purpose.
+
+	The term is also used for any sequence of characters that
+	temporarily suspends normal processing of a stream of
+	characters to perform some special function.  For example, the
+	{Hayes} {modem} uses the sequence "+++" to escape to command
+	mode in which characters are interpreted as commands to the
+	modem itself rather than as data to pass through.
+
+	[Was the character named after this use or vice versa?]
+
+	(1997-11-27)
+
+ESCD
+
+	{Extended System Configuration Data}
+
+ESCON
+
+	{Enterprise Systems CONnectivity}
+
+escrow
+
+	<security> An arrangement where something (generally money or
+	documents) is held in trust ("in escrow") by a trusted third
+	party until certain agreed conditions are met.  In computing
+	the term is used for {key escrow} and also for {source code
+	escrow}.
+
+	(1999-12-14)
+
+ESD
+
+	{Electrostatic Discharge}
+
+ESDI
+
+	{Enhanced Small Disk Interface}
+
+ESF
+
+	Eureka Software Factory.
+
+ESI
+
+	1. {European Software Institute}.
+
+	2. A dialect of {JOSS}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 217].
+
+esim
+
+	A language for {simulation} of {VLSI} at the {switch level}.
+	The {primitives} are nodes and {transistors}.
+
+	[C.M. Baker et al, "Tools for Verifying Integrated CIrcuit
+	Design", Lambda 1(3):22-30 (1980)].
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+ESL
+
+	{Expert Systems} Ltd.
+
+ESLPDPRO
+
+	{ESL} public domain version of Edinburgh {Prolog} for
+	{MS-DOS}.  The code is totally compatible with C-Prolog.
+
+	{(ftp://aisun1.ai.uga.edu/ai.prolog/eslpdpro.zip)}.
+
+ESML
+
+	{Extended Systems Modelling Language}
+
+ESMTP
+
+	<messaging, protocol> Extended {SMTP}.  Initially defined in
+	{RFC 1869} and extended thereafter.
+
+	See also {ETRN}.
+
+	(1997-11-21)
+
+ESP
+
+	1. Extra Simple Pascal.  Subset of Pascal.
+
+	2. Econometric Software Package.  Statistical analysis of time
+	series.  "Econometric Software Package, User's Manual",
+	J.P. Cooper, Graduate School of Business, U Chicago.  Sammet
+	1978.
+
+	3. {Extended Self-containing Prolog}.
+
+	4. An early {symbolic mathematics} system.
+
+	[A. Rom, Celest Mech 3:331-345 (1971)].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+ESPOL
+
+	{Executive Systems Programming Oriented Language}
+
+ESPRIT
+
+	{European Strategic Programme for Research in Information Technology}
+
+ESR
+
+	{Eric S. Raymond}
+
+essential complexity
+
+	<programming> A measure of the "structuredness" of a program.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+Estelle
+
+	A {Pascal} extension for formal specification of computer
+	{network} {protocols}.  Protocols are described by {modules}
+	which are communicating {NFAs}.  Modules are arranged in a
+	dynamic hierarchy and communicate at named interaction points.
+
+	{EstPC (ftp:osi.ncsl.nist.gov/pub/osikit/estpc)} Compiles
+	Estelle into C.  {petdingo} Translates Estelle into C++
+
+	Adopted by {ITU-T}.  ISO 9074 (1989).
+
+	["The Formal Description Technique Estelle", M.  Diaz et al
+	eds, N-H 1989].
+
+Esterel
+
+	A distributed language for synchronous interaction of
+	{real-time} systems with their environment.  Uses explicit
+	timing requests.  Esterel programs are compiled into finite
+	{automata}.
+
+	["The ESTEREL Programming Language and its Mathematical
+	Semantics", G. Berry & L. Cosserat, TR 327, INRIA, 1984].
+
+EstPC
+
+	A {compiler} from {Estelle} to {C}.
+
+	{(ftp:osi.ncsl.nist.gov/pub/osikit/estpc)}.
+
+	(1994-09-19)
+
+ET
+
+	Bernd Gersdorf, U Bremen.  An integration of functional and
+	logic programming.
+
+et
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Ethiopia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+ET++
+
+	A {Smalltalk}-like system for {Suns}, built on {C++} by
+	Weinand of UBILAB Zurich.  Version 3.0-alpha includes {class}
+	libraries and documentation.
+
+	{(ftp://iamsun.unibe.ch/C++/ET++/et2.2.tar.Z)}.
+
+	E-mail: Erich Gamma <gamma@ifi.unizh.ch>.
+
+	(1992-10-26)
+
+eta abstraction
+
+	{eta conversion}
+
+eta conversion
+
+	<theory> In {lambda-calculus}, the eta conversion rule states
+
+		\ x . f x  <-->  f
+
+	provided x does not occur as a {free variable} in f and f is a
+	function.  Left to right is eta reduction, right to left is
+	eta abstraction (or eta expansion).
+
+	This conversion is only valid if {bottom} and \ x . bottom are
+	equivalent in all contexts.  They are certainly equivalent
+	when applied to some argument - they both fail to terminate.
+	If we are allowed to force the evaluation of an expression in
+	any other way, e.g. using {seq} in {Miranda} or returning a
+	function as the overall result of a program, then bottom and
+	\ x . bottom will not be equivalent.
+
+	See also {observational equivalence}, {reduction}.
+
+eta expansion
+
+	{eta conversion}
+
+eta reduction
+
+	{eta conversion}
+
+ETB
+
+	{End Transmission Block}
+
+ETC
+
+	{ExTendible Compiler}
+
+e-text
+
+	{electronic text}
+
+ETHER
+
+	<language> A {concurrent} {object-oriented} language?
+
+	(1997-03-18)
+
+EtherGate
+
+	Multi-protocol Ethernet gateway made by LRT.
+	See Computer Systems, October 1985.
+
+Ethernet
+
+	<networking> A {local area network} first described by
+	Metcalfe & Boggs of {Xerox PARC} in 1976.  Specified by {DEC},
+	{Intel} and {XEROX} (DIX) as {IEEE 802.3} and now recognised
+	as the industry standard.
+
+	Data is broken into {packets} and each one is transmitted
+	using the {CSMA/CD} {algorithm} until it arrives at the
+	destination without colliding with any other packet.  The
+	first {contention slot} after a transmission is reserved for
+	an {acknowledge} packet.  A {node} is either transmitting or
+	receiving at any instant.  The {bandwidth} is about 10 Mbit/s.
+	Disk-Ethernet-Disk transfer rate with {TCP/IP} is typically 30
+	kilobyte per second.
+
+	Version 2 specifies that {collision} detect of the transceiver
+	must be activated during the {inter-packet gap} and that when
+	transmission finishes, the differential transmit lines are
+	driven to 0V (half step).  It also specifies some {network
+	management} functions such as reporting {collisions}, retries
+	and {deferrals}.
+
+	Ethernet cables are classified as "XbaseY", e.g. 10base5,
+	where X is the data rate in {Mbps}, "base" means "{baseband}"
+	(as opposed to {radio frequency}) and Y is the category of
+	cabling.  The original cable was {10base5} ("full spec"),
+	others are {10base2} ("thinnet") and {10baseT} ("twisted
+	pair") which is now (1998) very common.  {100baseT} ("{Fast
+	Ethernet}") is also increasingly common.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.dcom.lans.ethernet}.
+
+	{(http://wwwhost.ots.utexas.edu/ethernet/ethernet-home.html)}.
+
+	(1997-04-16)
+
+Ethernet address
+
+	<networking> (Or "{MAC} address") The physical address
+	identifying an individual {Ethernet controller} board.  An
+	Ethernet addess is a 48-bit number aabbccddeeff where a-f are
+	{hexadecimal} digits.  The first 24 bits, aabbcc, identify the
+	manufacturer of the controller.  The Ethernet address is
+	hard-wired on some controllers, stored in a {ROM} on some, and
+	others allow it to be changed from software.  It is usually
+	written as six hexadecimal numbers, e.g. 08:00:20:03:72:DC.
+
+	See also {ARP}, {Internet address}.
+
+	(1996-02-21)
+
+Ethernet meltdown
+
+	A {network meltdown} on {Ethernet}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Ethernet Private Line
+
+	<networking> (EPL) A data service defined by the {Metro
+	Ethernet Forum}, providing a point-to-point Ethernet
+	connection between a pair of dedicated User-Network Interfaces
+	(UNIs), with a high degree of transparency.
+
+	(2010-09-21)
+
+EtherTalk
+
+	<networking> An {Apple Computer} {network} {standard} used to
+	extend an {AppleTalk} network across an {Ethernet} network.
+
+	Compare {LocalTalk}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+ethics
+
+	{computer ethics}
+
+ETL
+
+	<database> The processes of Extracting, Transforming (or
+	Transporting), and Loading data from {source systems} into a
+	{data warehouse}.
+
+	(2003-12-31)
+
+ETM
+
+	<database> An {active DBMS} from the {University of
+	Karlsruhe}.
+
+	[Expansion?  Features?]
+
+	(1997-06-23)
+
+ETRN
+
+	<messaging, protocol> ("Extended {TURN}") An {ESMTP} command
+	(first defined in {RFC 1985}) with which a {client} asks the
+	{server} to deliver queued mail to the client via a new ESMTP
+	connection.
+
+	ETRN supersedes the {SMTP} "TURN" command in the same way that
+	ESMTP's "{EHLO}" supersedes SMTP's "{HELO}".
+
+	(1997-11-21)
+
+ETSI
+
+	{European Telecommunications Standards Institute}
+
+ETX
+
+	{End Of Text}
+
+Euclid
+
+	<language> (Named after the Greek geometer, fl ca 300 BC.) A
+	{Pascal} descendant for development of verifiable system
+	software.  No {goto}, no {side effects}, no global
+	assignments, no functional arguments, no nested procedures, no
+	floats, no {enumeration types}.  Pointers are treated as
+	indices of special arrays called collections.  To prevent
+	{aliasing}, Euclid forbids any overlap in the list of actual
+	parameters of a procedure.  Each procedure gives an imports
+	list, and the compiler determines the identifiers that are
+	implicitly imported.  Iterators.
+
+	Ottawa Euclid is a variant.
+
+	["Report on the Programming Language Euclid", B.W. Lampson et
+	al, SIGPLAN Notices 12(2):1-79, Feb 1977].
+
+	(1998-11-23)
+
+Euclidean Algorithm
+
+	{Euclid's Algorithm}
+
+Euclidean norm
+
+	<mathematics> The most common {norm}, calculated by summing
+	the squares of all coordinates and taking the square root.
+	This is the essence of {Pythagoras's theorem}.  In the
+	infinite-dimensional case, the sum is infinite or is replaced
+	with an integral when the number of dimensions is
+	{uncountable}.
+
+	(2004-02-15)
+
+Euclid's Algorithm
+
+	<algorithm> (Or "Euclidean Algorithm") An {algorithm} for
+	finding the {greatest common divisor} (GCD) of two numbers.
+	It relies on the identity
+
+		gcd(a, b) = gcd(a-b, b)
+
+	To find the GCD of two numbers by this algorithm, repeatedly
+	replace the larger by subtracting the smaller from it until
+	the two numbers are equal.  E.g. 132, 168 -> 132, 36 -> 96, 36
+	-> 60, 36 -> 24, 36 -> 24, 12 -> 12, 12 so the GCD of 132 and
+	168 is 12.
+
+	This algorithm requires only subtraction and comparison
+	operations but can take a number of steps proportional to the
+	difference between the initial numbers (e.g. gcd(1, 1001) will
+	take 1000 steps).
+
+	(1997-06-30)
+
+Eudora
+
+	{Electronic mail} software for communicating over {TCP/IP}
+	from {Macintosh}, {Microsoft Windows}, {Windows NT}, and {IBM}
+	{OS/2} computers.  Both commercial and free versions are
+	produced by {QUALCOMM, Inc.}
+
+EULA
+
+	{end-user license agreement}
+
+EULER
+
+	[Named after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler
+	(1707-1783)] A revision of {ALGOL} by {Niklaus Wirth}.  A
+	small predecessor of {Pascal}.
+
+	["EULER: A Generalisation of ALGOL and Its Formal Definition",
+	N. Wirth, CACM 9(1) (Jan 1966) and 9(2) (Feb 1966)].
+
+EuLisp
+
+	1985-present.  A {Lisp} dialect intended to be a common
+	European {standard}, with influences from {Common LISP}, {Le
+	LISP}, {Scheme} and {T}.  {First-class functions}, {class}es
+	and {continuations}, both {static scope} and {dynamic scope},
+	{modules}, support for {parallelism}.  The class system
+	({TELOS}) incorporates ideas from {CLOS}, {ObjVLisp} and
+	{Oaklisp}.
+
+	See also {Feel}.
+
+	E-mail: <eudist@maths.bath.ac.uk>.
+
+EUnet Ltd.
+
+	EUnet Ltd. is jointly owned by the EUnet national service
+	providers and {EurOpen}, the European Forum for Open Systems.
+
+	EUnet services include {electronic mail} ({Internet}-style
+	{RFC 822} as well as {X.400}), {InterEUnet} ({Internet
+	Protocol}) connectivity and services such as {remote login}
+	and {file transfer} over {leased lines}, {dial-up lines},
+	{X.25} and {Integrated Services Digital Network}.  EUnet is
+	the primary European region provider of {network news} and the
+	top-level European distributor of {Internet Talk Radio}.
+
+	EUnet operates its own infrastructure across Europe and is the
+	largest European component of the {Internet}.  EUnet is a
+	member of {Commercial Internet Exchange} and {Ebone93}, a
+	research network consortium.
+
+	E-mail: <info@EU.net>.  {(http://eu.net/)}.
+
+Euphoria
+
+	End User Programming with Hierarchical Objects for Robust
+	Interpreted Applications.  Interpreted language with dynamic
+	storage and dynamic typing.  Rapid Deployment Software.
+
+	E-mail: <robert.craig@canrem.com>.
+
+Eureka
+
+	A European technological development programme.
+
+Eureka step
+
+	In {program transformation}, a transformation which is not
+	obvious or easy to define as an {algorithm}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Eurisko
+
+	<artificial intelligence> A language for "{opportunistic
+	programming}" written by {Doug Lenat} in 1978.  Eurisko
+	constructs its own methods and modifies its strategies as it
+	tries to solve a problem.
+
+	{(http://homepages.enterprise.net/hibou/aicourse/lenat.txt)}.
+
+	[Mentioned by Alan Kay, SIGPLAN Notices 28(3), March 1993,
+	p. 88].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Eurocard
+
+	A range of standard circuit board sizes.
+
+	Normal	       double Eurocard = 233.4 x 160 mm
+	Extended       double Eurocard = 233.4 x 220 mm
+	Super extended double Eurocard = 233.4 x 250 mm
+	Hyper extended double Eurocard = 233.4 x 280 mm
+
+Euro-ISDN
+
+	European Integrated Services Digital Network.
+
+	An {ETSI} standard for {Integrated Services Digital Network}
+	being phased in in March 1994.  Euro-ISDN will allow full
+	transparent interworking between all European countries
+	(members of the {CEPT}).  It is available on a commercial
+	basis in most European countries.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+EuroNet
+
+	<company> An {IAP} from Amsterdam, The Netherlands operating
+	since 1994-08-01 and owned by {France Telecom} since
+	1998-11-06.
+
+	{(http://euronet.nl/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <info@euro.net>.
+
+	Telephone: +31 (020) 535 5555.
+
+	Fax: +31 (020) 535 5400.
+
+	Address: Herengracht 208-214, 1016 BS Amsterdam, The
+	Netherlands.
+
+	(1999-01-17)
+
+EuropaNET
+
+	A combination of pan-European backbone services run by DANTE.
+
+European Academic and Research Network
+
+	<networking> (EARN) A self-managing network in the research
+	community originally sponsored by {IBM}.  It uses {BITNET}
+	{protocols} and connects to BITNET in the USA.
+
+	(1995-11-15)
+
+European Computer-Industry Research Centre GmbH
+
+	<body> (ECRC) A joint research organisation founded in 1984 on
+	the initiative of three major European manufacturers: {Bull}
+	(France), {ICL} (UK) and {Siemens} (Germany).  Its activities
+	were intended to enhance the future competitive ability of the
+	European {Information Technology} industry and thus complement
+	the work of national and international bodies.
+
+	The Centre is intended to be the breeding ground for those
+	ideas, techniques and products which are essential for the
+	future use of electronic information processing.  The work of
+	the Centre will focus on advanced information processing
+	technology for the next generation of computers.
+
+	ECRC is an independent company, owned equally by its
+	shareholders.  The formal interface between ECRC and its
+	shareholders consists of two bodies: The Shareholders'
+	Council, which approves the Centre's programmes and budgets
+	and supervises their execution and the Scientific Advisory
+	Board, which advises the Shareholders' Council in determining
+	future research directions.
+
+	There are many collaborations between ECRC and its
+	shareholders' companies on specific projects (Technology
+	Transfer, prospective studies etc).  The Centre is staffed by
+	highly qualified scientists drawn from different countries.
+	Research staff are hired directly by ECRC, as well as some who
+	come on assignment from the member companies, and others
+	seconded from public research agencies and universities.
+
+	Seminars are held which bring together specialists from the
+	Centre and the member companies.
+
+	ECRC's mission is to pursue research in fundamental areas of
+	computer science.  The aim is to develop the theory,
+	methodologies and tools needed to build innovative computer
+	applications.  ECRC contributes actively to the international
+	effort that is expanding the frontiers of knowledge in
+	computer science.  It plays an important role in bridging the
+	gap between research and industry by striving to work at the
+	highest academic level with a strong industrial focus.  ECRC
+	constitutes an opportunity in Europe for the best scientists
+	and offers young researchers the possibility to mature in an
+	environment which exposes them to both fundamental research
+	and the process of delivering the results to industry.
+
+	ECRC plays an important role in Europe and is involved in
+	several European Community initiatives.  It is regularly
+	consulted by the Commission of the European Communities on
+	strategic issues, such as the definition of future research
+	plans, international co-operation and relationships between
+	academia and industry.
+
+	Address: ECRC GmbH, Arabellastrasse 17, D-81925 Munich,
+	Germany.
+
+	{(http://ecrc.de/)}.
+
+	Telephone: +49 (89) 926 99 0.  Fax: +49 (89) 926 99 170.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+European Computer Manufacturers Association
+
+	<body> (ECMA) The former name of {ECMA International}
+
+European Strategic Programme for Research in Information Technology
+
+	<project> (ESPRIT) A funding programme to develop Information
+	Technology in the European Economic Communities.  Superseded
+	by {Framework 4}.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+European Telecommunications Standards Institute
+
+	<body> (ETSI) A European version of the {ITU-T}(?).
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+EUUG
+
+	{European Unix User Group}
+
+EV6
+
+	<hardware, protocol> (Alpha EV6) {Compaq}'s {bus protocol} for
+	{Slot A} {motherboards}.  The Alpha EV6 bus protocol is
+	capable of bus speeds from 40 to 400 MHz and uses a
+	{point-to-point} {topology} with {clock forwarding}.
+
+	(1999-08-05)
+
+Eva
+
+	1. A toy ALGOL-like language used in "Formal Specification of
+	Programming Languages: A Panoramic Primer", F.G. Pagan, P-H
+	1981.
+
+	2. Explicit Vector Language.
+
+EVALUATE
+
+	<programming> The {COBOL85} {keyword} for a {switch
+	statement}.
+
+	(1997-06-10)
+
+evaluation
+
+	<programming> 1. Converting an expression into a value using
+	some {reduction strategy}.
+
+	2. The process of examining a system or system component to
+	determine the extent to which specified properties are
+	present.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+evaluation strategy
+
+	{reduction strategy}
+
+evaluator
+
+	<theory> Geoff Burn defines evaluators E0, E1, E2 and E3 which
+	when applied to an expression, reduce it to varying degrees.
+	E0 does no evaluation, E1 it evaluates to {weak head normal
+	form} (WHNF), E2 evaluates the structure of a list, i.e. it
+	evaluates it either to NIL or evaluates it to a CONS and then
+	applies E2 to the second argument of the CONS.  E3 evaluates
+	the structure of a list and evaluates each element of the list
+	to {WHNF}.  This concept can be extended to data structures
+	other than lists and forms the basis of the {evaluation
+	transformer} style of {strictness analysis}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+EVE
+
+	{Extensible VAX Editor}
+
+event
+
+	1. <software> An occurrence or happening of significance to a
+	task or program, such as the completion of an asynchronous
+	input/output operation.  A task may wait for an event or any
+	of a set of events or it may (request to) receive asynchronous
+	notification (a {signal} or {interrupt}) that the event has
+	occurred.
+
+	See also {event-driven}.
+
+	2. <data> A transaction or other activity that affects the
+	records in a file.
+
+	(2000-02-09)
+
+Event Description Language
+
+	<language> (EDL)
+
+	["EDL: A Basis for Distributed System Debugging Tools",
+	P.C. Bates et al, in Proc Hawaii Intl Conf on Sys Sci, Jan
+	1982, pp.86-93].
+
+	(2007-07-11)
+
+event-driven
+
+	<programming> A kind of program, such as a {graphical user
+	interface}, with a main loop which just waits for {events} to
+	occur.  Each event has an associated handler which is passed
+	the details of the event, e.g. mouse button 3 pressed at
+	position (355, 990).
+
+	For example, {X window system} and most {Visual Basic}
+	{application programs} are event-driven.
+
+	See also {callback}.
+
+	(2000-02-09)
+
+EVGA
+
+	{Extended Video Graphics Array}
+
+evolutionary algorithm
+
+	(EA) An {algorithm} which incorporates aspects of natural
+	selection or survival of the fittest.  An evolutionary
+	algorithm maintains a population of structures (usually
+	randomly generated initially), that evolves according to rules
+	of selection, recombination, mutation and survival, referred
+	to as genetic operators.  A shared "environment" determines
+	the fitness or performance of each individual in the
+	population.  The fittest individuals are more likely to be
+	selected for reproduction (retention or duplication), while
+	recombination and mutation modify those individuals, yielding
+	potentially superior ones.
+
+	EAs are one kind of {evolutionary computation} and differ from
+	{genetic algorithms}.  A GA generates each individual from
+	some encoded form known as a "chromosome" and it is these
+	which are combined or mutated to breed new individuals.
+
+	EAs are useful for optimisation when other techniques such as
+	{gradient descent} or direct, analytical discovery are not
+	possible.  Combinatoric and real-valued function optimisation
+	in which the optimisation surface or fitness landscape is
+	"rugged", possessing many {locally optimal} solutions, are
+	well suited for evolutionary algorithms.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+evolutionary computation
+
+	Computer-based problem solving systems that use computational
+	models of evolutionary processes as the key elements in design
+	and implementation.
+
+	A number of evolutionary computational models have been
+	proposed, including {evolutionary algorithms}, {genetic
+	algorithms}, the {evolution strategy}, {evolutionary
+	programming}, and {artificial life}.
+
+	{The Hitchhiker's Guide to Evolutionary Computation
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/bngusenet/comp/ai/genetic/top.html)}.
+
+	{Bibliography
+	(http://liinwww.ira.uka.de/bibliography/Ai/EC-ref.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.ai.genetic}.
+
+	(1995-03-02)
+
+evolutionary programming
+
+	(EP) A {stochastic} optimisation strategy originally conceived
+	by Lawrence J. Fogel in 1960.
+
+	An initially random population of individuals (trial
+	solutions) is created.  Mutations are then applied to each
+	individual to create new individuals.  Mutations vary in the
+	severity of their effect on the behaviour of the individual.
+	The new individuals are then compared in a "tournament" to
+	select which should survive to form the new population.
+
+	EP is similar to a {genetic algorithm}, but models only the
+	behavioural linkage between parents and their offspring, rather
+	than seeking to emulate specific genetic operators from nature
+	such as the encoding of behaviour in a genome and
+	recombination by genetic crossover.
+
+	EP is also similar to an {evolution strategy} (ES) although
+	the two approaches developed independently.  In EP, selection
+	is by comparison with a randomly chosen set of other
+	individuals whereas ES typically uses {deterministic}
+	selection in which the worst individuals are purged from the
+	population.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+evolution strategy
+
+	(ES) A kind of {evolutionary algorithm} where individuals
+	(potential solutions) are encoded by a set of real-valued
+	"object variables" (the individual's "genome").  For each
+	object variable an individual also has a "strategy variable"
+	which determines the degree of mutation to be applied to the
+	corresponding object variable.  The strategy variables also
+	mutate, allowing the rate of mutation of the object variables
+	to vary.
+
+	An ES is characterised by the population size, the
+	number of offspring produced in each generation and whether
+	the new population is selected from parents and offspring or
+	only from the offspring.
+
+	ES were invented in 1963 by Ingo Rechenberg, Hans-Paul
+	Schwefel at the {Technical University of Berlin} (TUB) while
+	searching for the optimal shapes of bodies in a flow.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+EWOS
+
+	{European Workshop for Open Systems}
+
+exa-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+Exabyte
+
+	<company, storage> A company and, by extension, a tape format for
+	computer data backup and transfer.  The tape is a data quality 8mm
+	video cassette recorder tape.  Exabyte units can store between
+	five and fourteen {gigabytes} of data per tape.  Exabytes are
+	usually attached to {Unix} {workstations}.
+
+	[What different tape capacities exist?  Compare with DAT?]
+
+	(1995-07-06)
+
+exabyte
+
+	<unit, data> (EB) A unit of {data} equal to 10^18 {bytes} but see
+	{binary prefix} for other definitions.  An exabyte is exactly
+	1000^6 bytes or 1000 {petabytes}.
+
+	1000 exabytes are one {zettabyte}.
+
+	See {prefix}.
+
+	(2013-11-04)
+
+examining the entrails
+
+	The process of {grovel}ling through a {core dump} or {hex}
+	image in an attempt to discover the bug that brought a program
+	or system down.  The reference is to divination from the
+	entrails of a sacrified animal.
+
+	Compare {runes}, {incantation}, {black art}, {desk check}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+EXAPT
+
+	EXtended {APT}.
+
+Excalibur bug
+
+	<humour, programming> The legendary bug that, despite repeated
+	valliant attempts, none but the true king of all programmers
+	can fix.  Named after the sword in the stone in the legend of King
+	Arthur.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2013-03-20)
+
+Exceed
+
+	<interface> A tool to display remote {X Window System}
+	applications on {Microsoft Windows}.  Exceed is not an X
+	server.
+
+	(2001-04-29)
+
+Excel
+
+	{Microsoft Excel}
+
+Excelan
+
+	Manufacturers of intelligent {Ethernet} cards.  Software and
+	addresses are down-loadable.  The cards have their own {RAM}
+	for buffers.
+
+Excelerator
+
+	A set of {CASE} tools from {Index Technology Corporation}.
+
+exception
+
+	An error condition that changes the normal {flow of control}
+	in a program.  An exception may be generated ("raised") by
+	{hardware} or {software}.  Hardware exceptions include
+	{reset}, {interrupt} or a signal from a {memory management
+	unit}.  Exceptions may be generated by the {arithmetic logic
+	unit} or {floating-point unit} for numerical errors such as
+	divide by zero, {overflow} or {underflow} or {instruction
+	decoding} errors such as privileged, reserved, {trap} or
+	undefined instructions.  Software exceptions are even more
+	varied and the term could be applied to any kind of error
+	checking which alters the normal behaviour of the program.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+exception handler
+
+	Special code which is called when an {exception} occurs during
+	the execution of a program.  If the programmer does not
+	provide a handler for a given exception, a built-in system
+	exception handler will usually be called resulting in abortion
+	of the program run and some kind of error indication being
+	returned to the user.
+
+	Examples of exception handler mechanisms are {Unix}'s signal
+	calls and {Lisp}'s {catch} and {throw}.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+EXCH
+
+	<jargon> /eks'ch*/ or /eksch/ To exchange two things, each for
+	the other; to swap places.  If you point to two people sitting
+	down and say "Exch!", you are asking them to trade places.
+	EXCH, meaning EXCHange, was originally the name of a {PDP-10}
+	instruction that exchanged the contents of a {register} and a
+	memory location.
+
+	Many newer hackers are probably thinking instead of the
+	{PostScript} exchange operator (which is usually written in
+	lowercase).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-09-17)
+
+Exchange Server
+
+	{Microsoft Exchange}
+
+excl
+
+	{exclamation mark}
+
+exclamation mark
+
+	<character> The character "!" with {ASCII} code 33.
+
+	Common names: {bang}; pling; excl (/eks'kl/); shriek; {ITU-T}:
+	exclamation mark, exclamation point (US).  Rare: {factorial};
+	exclam; smash; cuss; boing; yell; wow; hey; wham; eureka;
+	soldier; {INTERCAL}: spark-spot.
+
+	The {Commonwealth Hackish}, "pling", is common among {Acorn
+	Archimedes} owners.  {Bang} is more common in the USA.
+
+	The occasional {CMU} usage, "shriek", is also used by {APL}
+	fans and mathematicians, especially {category} theorists.
+
+	Exclamation mark is used in {C} and elsewhere as the logical
+	negation {operation} ({NOT}).
+
+	(1998-09-17)
+
+exclamation point
+
+	{exclamation mark}
+
+exclusive or
+
+	<logic> (XOR, EOR) /X or, E or/ A two-input {Boolean logic}
+	{function} whose result is true if one input is true and the
+	other is false.  The {truth table} is
+
+		A | B | A xor B
+		--+---+--------
+		F | F |    F
+		F | T |    T
+		T | F |    T
+		T | T |    F
+
+	The output is thus true if the inputs are not equal.  If one
+	input is false, the other is passed unchanged whereas if one
+	input is true, the other is inverted.
+
+	In Boolean algebra, exclusive or is often written as a plus in
+	a circle: "&oplus;".  The circle may be omitted suggesting
+	addition {modulo} two.
+
+	In {digital logic}, an exclusive or {logic gate} is drawn like
+	a normal {inclusive or} gate but with a curved line across
+	both inputs:
+	{exclusive or gate (img:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/XOR.jpg)}.
+
+	(2006-12-13)
+
+EXCP
+
+	{Execute Channel Program}
+
+EXE
+
+	/eks'ee/ or /eek'see/ or /E-X-E/ An executable binary file.
+	Some operating systems (notably {MS-DOS}, VMS, and TWENEX) use
+	the extension .EXE to mark such files.  This usage is also
+	occasionally found among Unix programmers even though Unix
+	executables don't have any required suffix.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+EXEC
+
+	<language> An early {batch} language for the {IBM} {VM/CMS}
+	systems.
+
+	[SC19-6209 Virtual Machine/ System Product CMS Command and
+	Macro Reference, Appendix F. CMS EXEC Control Statements].
+
+	[Was {EXEC 2} was a later version?]
+
+	(2000-08-06)
+
+exec
+
+	/eg-zek'/ <operating system> 1. execute.
+
+	A synonym for {chain} derived from the {Unix} "exec" {system
+	call}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: execve(2).
+
+	2. (Obsolete) {executive}.
+
+	The mainstream "exec" as an abbreviation for (human) executive
+	is *not* used.  To a hacker, an "exec" is a always a program,
+	never a person.
+
+	3. At {IBM} and {VM}/{CMS} shops, the equivalent of a {shell}
+	command file.
+
+	4. <operating system> The innermost {kernel} of the {Amiga}
+	{operating system} which provides shared-library support,
+	device interface, {memory management}, {CPU} management, basic
+	{IPC}, and the basic structures for OS extension.  The rest of
+	the Amiga OS (windowing, file system, third-party extensions,
+	etc.) is built using these structures.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-08-01)
+
+EXEC 2
+
+	1. <language> A {scripting language} produced by {IBM} in the
+	late 1970s.
+
+	Superseded by {REXX}.
+
+	[SC24-5219, "Virtual Machine/System Product EXEC 2
+	Reference"].
+
+	[Successor to {EXEC 1}?  With or without a space?]
+
+	2. <operating system> An archaic {operating system} from
+	{UNIVAC}.  By about 1980 it had been replaced by {EXEC 8}.
+
+	[Dates?  Did EXEC 3 to EXEC 7 exist?]
+
+	(2000-08-06)
+
+EXEC 8
+
+	<operating system> {Unisys}'s {operating system} from about
+	1980 to 2000, by which time it was a dying breed with Unisys
+	moving to {Windows NT} and {Unix}.
+
+	[Was 8 the successor to {EXEC 2}?]
+
+	(2000-08-06)
+
+executable
+
+	<operating system> A {binary} file containing a program in
+	{machine language} which is ready to be {execute}d (run).
+
+	The term might also be, but generally isn't, applied to
+	{scripts} which are interpreted by a {command line
+	interpreter}.  Executables are distinguished in {Unix} by
+	having the execute permission bits set, at least for the
+	owner.  {MS-DOS} uses the {filename extension} ".exe".
+
+	(1997-06-21)
+
+executable content
+
+	<operating system> Executable programs sent by one computer to
+	another via a network.  For example a {Java} {applet} is
+	executable content.  Usage: rare.
+
+	(1998-03-23)
+
+execute
+
+	{execution}
+
+Execute Channel Program
+
+	<operating system> (EXCP) An {IBM} system for low-level file
+	access, where the programmer is completely responsible for
+	providing a list of device-specific "channel comands" to be
+	executed by {I/O channels}, {control units} and/or {devices}.
+	The {operating system} will simply check the "{CCW}" chains
+	for security purposes (access invalid memory or outside of
+	{file extents}) and then schedule them for execution.
+
+	(2005-08-08)
+
+execution
+
+	<operating system, programming> The process of carrying out
+	the {instructions} in a computer program by a computer.
+
+	See also {dry run}.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+executive
+
+	<operating system> The {command interpreter} or {shell} for an
+	{operating system}.  The term is used especially around
+	{mainframes} and probably derived from {UNIVAC}'s archaic
+	{EXEC 2} and current (in 2000) {EXEC 8} {operating systems}.
+
+	(2000-08-06)
+
+Executive Systems Programming Oriented Language
+
+	<language> An {ALGOL} superset with high level instructions
+	for low level actions, e.g. interrupting another processor on
+	a multiprocessor system.  Its single pass compiler was very
+	fast: over 250 lines/s on a 10MHz processor.
+
+	ESPOL was used to write the MCP (Master Control Program) on
+	the {Burroughs 6700}.  It was superseded by {NEWP}.
+
+	["The B6700 ESPOL Reference Manual", Burroughs, 1970].
+
+	(2001-06-14)
+
+exercise, left as an
+
+	Used to complete a proof in technical books when one doesn't
+	mind a {handwave}, or to avoid one entirely.  The complete
+	phrase is: "The proof [or "the rest"] is left as an exercise
+	for the reader."  This comment *has* occasionally been
+	attached to unsolved research problems by authors possessed of
+	either an evil sense of humour or a vast faith in the
+	capabilities of their audiences.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-20)
+
+exhaustive testing
+
+	<programming> Executing a program with all possible
+	combinations of inputs or values for program variables.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+existence proof
+
+	{non-constructive proof}
+
+existential quantifier
+
+	{quantifier}
+
+exit
+
+	1. <programming> A {library function} in the {C} and {Unix}
+	{run-time library} that causes the program to terminate and
+	return control to the {shell}.  The alternative to calling
+	"exit" is simply to "fall off the end" of the program or its
+	top-level, {main}, routine.
+
+	Equivalent functions, possibly with different names, exist in
+	pretty much every programming language, e.g. "exit" in
+	{Microsoft DOS} or "END" in {BASIC}.
+
+	On exit, the {run-time system} closes open files and releases
+	other resources.  An {exit status} code (a small integer, with
+	zero meaning OK and other values typically indicating some
+	kind of error) can be passed as the only argument to "exit";
+	this will be made available to the shell.  Some languages
+	allow the programmer to set up exit handler code which will be
+	called before the standard system clean-up actions.
+
+	2. Any point in a piece of code where control is returned to
+	the caller, possibly activating one or more user-provided exit
+	handlers.  This might be a {return} statement, exit call (in
+	sense 1 above) or code that raises an error condition (either
+	intentionally or unintentionally).  If the exit is from the
+	top-level routine then such a point would typically terminate
+	the whole program, as in sense 1.
+
+	(2008-05-15)
+
+EXODUS
+
+	<database> An extensible {database} project developed at the
+	University of Wisconsin.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+eXodus
+
+	A package from White Pines allowing the Macintosh to be used
+	as an X server.
+
+EXOS
+
+	A brand of {Ethernet controller} card and Ethernet software
+	for {Unix}.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+expanded memory
+
+	<storage> Memory used through {EMS}.  In systems based on
+	{Intel 80386} or later processor expanded memory is part of
+	the {extended memory} that is mapped into the {expanded memory
+	page frame} by the processor.  The mapping is controlled by
+	the {EMM}.  In earlier systems, a dedicated {EMS} hardware
+	adaptor is needed to map memory into the page frame.  In both
+	cases, an appropriate {device driver} is needed for the proper
+	communication between hardware and {EMM}.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+expanded memory manager
+
+	<software, storage> (EMM) {IBM PC} memory manager software
+	implementing {Expanded Memory Specification}, such as {EMM386}
+	or {QEMM386}.  EMMs can usually provide {UMB} as well.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+expanded memory page frame
+
+	<storage> The part of the {IBM PC} {reserved memory} address
+	space used by {EMS}.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+Expanded Memory Specification
+
+	<storage> (EMS) An {IBM PC} memory {paging} scheme enabling
+	access to memory other than {conventional memory} in {real
+	mode}.
+
+	{Expanded memory} is provided through a {page frame} of at
+	least 64 {kilobytes} in the {reserved memory} address region.
+	Access to this memory is provided by an {expanded memory
+	manager} (EMM) software.  The EMM functions are accessible
+	through {interrupt} 67H.
+
+	In {8086} or {8088} based systems this is the only way to use
+	memory beyond conventional memory.  In systems based on
+	{80286} or later, {XMS} and {HMA} provide alternative methods.
+
+	EMS was developed jointly by {Lotus}, {Intel}, and {Microsoft}
+	prior to 1988.  Accordingly, this specification is sometimes
+	referred to as LIM EMS.
+
+	A complete discussion of EMS and programming examples can be
+	found in ["PC System Programming for developers", 1989, ISBN
+	1-55755-035-2 (Book only) and ISBN 1-55755-036-0 (Book and
+	diskette)].
+
+	{EEMS}, a competing expanded memory management standard, was
+	developed by {AST Research}, {Quadram} and {Ashton-Tate}.
+
+	See also {upper memory block}.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+expansion card
+
+	<hardware> A circuit board which can be plugged into one of a
+	computer's {expansion slots} to provide some optional extra
+	facility such as additional {RAM}, {disk controller},
+	{coprocessor}, {graphics accelerator}, communication device or
+	some special-purpose interface.
+
+	Different computers have different standards for the cards
+	they accept, e.g. {PCI}.
+
+	(1998-06-26)
+
+expansion slot
+
+	<hardware> A connector in a computer into which an {expansion
+	card} can be plugged.  The connector supplies power to the
+	card and connects it to the {data bus}, {address bus} and
+	control signals of the {motherboard}.
+
+	(1998-06-26)
+
+expect
+
+	<language, tool> A {Unix} tool written in {Tcl} and a {script
+	language} for automating the operation of {interactive}
+	applications such as {telnet}, {FTP}, {passwd}, {fsck},
+	{rlogin}, {tip}, etc..  Expect can feed input to other
+	programs and perform {pattern matching} on their output.  It
+	is also useful for testing these applications.  By adding
+	{Tk}, you can also wrap interactive applications in {X11}
+	{GUIs}.
+
+	{(http://expect.nist.gov/)}.
+
+	["expect: Scripts for Controlling Interactive Tasks", Don
+	Libes, Comp Sys 4(2), U Cal Press Journals, Nov 1991].
+
+	(1997-06-09)
+
+eXperimental LISP
+
+	<language> (xlisp) An experimental programming language
+	combining a subset of {Common Lisp} with an {object-oriented}
+	extension capability (Class and Object types).  It was
+	implemented by David Micheal Betz at Apple to allow
+	experimentation with {object-oriented programming} on small
+	computers.  The {C} {source code} has been ported to {Unix},
+	{Microsoft Windows}, {Macintosh}, {Amiga}, {Atari}, and
+	{MS-DOS}.
+
+	Version 2.1 of the {interpreter}, by Tom Almy is closer to
+	Common Lisp.
+
+	Latest version: 2.1, as of 1992-05-26.
+
+	{(ftp://wasp.eng.ufl.edu/)}, {(ftp://cs.orst.edu/)},
+	{(ftp://glia.biostr.washington.edu/)}.
+
+	E-mail: Tom Almy <toma@sail.labs.tek.com>.
+
+	{Microsoft Windows version
+	(ftp://ftp.cica.indiana.edu/util/wxlslib.zip)}.
+
+	{Macintosh version (ftp://netcom.com/pub/bskendig/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.lisp.x}.
+
+	(2000-08-14)
+
+Experimental Physics Control Systems
+
+	<body> (EPCS) A group of the European Physical Society,
+	focussing on all aspects of controls, especially
+	{informatics}, in experimental physics, including accelerators
+	and experiments.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Experimental Programming Language
+
+	<language> (EPL) A language by {David May} which influenced
+	{occam}.
+
+	["EPL: An Experimental Language for Distributed Computing",
+	D.C. May, in Trends and Applications 1978: Distributed
+	Processing, NBS, pp.69-71].
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+Experiment Description Language
+
+	<language> (EDL) J.S. Jenkins.
+
+	["A Programmable System for Acquisition and Reduction of
+	Respiratory Physiological Data", J.S. Jenkins et al, Ann
+	Biomed Eng, 17:93-108 1989].
+
+	(2007-07-11)
+
+Expert Judgement Models
+
+	<programming> A method of software estimation that is based on
+	consultation with one or more experts that have experience
+	with similar projects.  An expert-consensus mechanism such as
+	the {Delphi Technique} may be used to produce the estimate.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+expert system
+
+	<artificial intelligence> A computer program that contains a
+	{knowledge base} and a set of {algorithms} or rules that infer
+	new facts from knowledge and from incoming data.
+
+	An expert system is an {artificial intelligence} application
+	that uses a knowledge base of human expertise to aid in
+	solving problems.  The degree of problem solving is based on
+	the quality of the data and rules obtained from the human
+	expert.  Expert systems are designed to perform at a human
+	expert level.  In practice, they will perform both well below
+	and well above that of an individual expert.
+
+	The expert system derives its answers by running the knowledge
+	base through an {inference engine}, a software program that
+	interacts with the user and processes the results from the
+	rules and data in the knowledge base.
+
+	Expert systems are used in applications such as medical
+	diagnosis, equipment repair, investment analysis, financial,
+	estate and insurance planning, route scheduling for delivery
+	vehicles, contract bidding, counseling for self-service
+	customers, production control and training.
+
+	[Difference from "{knowledge-based system}"?]
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+Expert Systems Ltd.
+
+	<company> (ESL) Distributors of {ESLPDPRO}.
+
+	Adderss: Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4
+	4GA.  Telephone +44 (865) 784474.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+explicit parallelism
+
+	A feature of a programming language for a {parallel
+	processing} system which allows or forces the programmer to
+	annotate his program to indicate which parts should be
+	executed as independent parallel tasks.  This is obviously
+	more work for the programmer than a system with {implicit
+	parallelism} (where the system decides automatically which
+	parts to run in parallel) but may allow higher performance.
+
+explicit type conversion
+
+	<programming> (Or "cast" in {C} and elsewhere).  A programming
+	construct ({syntax}) to specify that an expression's value
+	should be converted to a different type.
+
+	For example, in {C}, to convert an {integer} (usually 32 bits)
+	to a {char} (usually 8 bits) we might write:
+
+		int i = 42;
+		char *p = &buf;
+		*p = (char) i;
+
+	The expression "(char)" (called a "cast") converts i's value
+	to char type.  Casts (including this one) are often not
+	strictly necessary, due to automatic {coercions} performed by
+	the compiler, but can be used to make the conversion obvious
+	and to avoid warning messages.
+
+	(1999-09-19)
+
+exploit
+
+	<security> A security hole or an instance of taking advantage
+	of a security hole.
+
+	"[...] {hackers} say exploit. {sysadmins} say hole"
+	-- {Mike Emke (http://emke.com/)}.
+
+	Emke reports that the stress is on the second syllable.  If
+	this is true, this may be a case of hackerly zero-deriving
+	verbs (especially instantials) from nouns, akin to "write" as
+	a noun to describe an instance of a disk drive writing to a
+	disk.
+
+	(2001-11-24)
+
+Exploratory Data Analysis
+
+	(EDA)
+
+	[J.W.Tukey, "Exploratory Data Analysis", 1977, Addisson
+	Wesley].
+
+exponent
+
+	<programming> (Or "characteristic") The part of a
+	{floating-point} number specifying the power of ten by which
+	the {mantissa} should be multiplied.  In the common notation,
+	e.g. 3.1E8, the exponent is 8.
+
+	(1995-02-27)
+
+exponential
+
+	1. <mathematics> A function which raises some given constant
+	(the "base") to the power of its argument.  I.e.
+
+		f x = b^x
+
+	If no base is specified, {e}, the base of {natural
+	logarthims}, is assumed.
+
+	2. <complexity> {exponential-time algorithm}.
+
+	(1995-04-27)
+
+exponential-time
+
+	<complexity> The set or property of problems which can be
+	solved by an {exponential-time algorithm} but for which no
+	{polynomial-time algorithm} is known.
+
+	(1995-04-27)
+
+exponential-time algorithm
+
+	<complexity> An {algorithm} (or {Turing Machine}) that is
+	guaranteed to terminate within a number of steps which is a
+	{exponential} function of the size of the problem.
+
+	For example, if you have to check every number of n digits to
+	find a solution, the {complexity} is O(10^n), and if you add
+	an extra digit, you must check ten times as many numbers.
+
+	Even if such an algorithm is practical for some given value of
+	n, it is likely to become impractical for larger values.  This
+	is in contrast to a {polynomial-time algorithm} which grows
+	more slowly.
+
+	See also {computational complexity}, {polynomial-time},
+	{NP-complete}.
+
+	(1995-04-27)
+
+Express
+
+	1. A language supporting {concurrency} through {message
+	passing} to named message queues from {ParaSoft} Corporation
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.parasoft.com/express/docs)}.
+
+	2. Data definition language, meant to become an ISO standard
+	for product data representation and exchange.  TC 184/SC4 N83,
+	ISO, 1991-05-31.  E-mail: <smith@cme.nist.gov>.
+
+	3. A data modelling language adopted by the {ISO} working
+	group on {STEP}.
+
+expression
+
+	<programming> Any piece of program code in a {high-level
+	language} which, when (if) its execution terminates, returns a
+	value.  In most programming languages, expressions consist of
+	constants, variables, operators, functions, and {parentheses}.
+	The operators and functions may be built-in or user defined.
+	Languages differ on how expressions of different {types} may
+	be combined - with some combination of explicit {casts} and
+	implicit {coercions}.
+
+	The {syntax} of expressions generally follows conventional
+	mathematical notation, though some languages such as {Lisp} or
+	{Forth} have their own idiosyncratic syntax.
+
+	(2001-05-14)
+
+expression tree
+
+	<mathematics, grammar> The {syntax tree} of an {expression}.
+
+	(1998-11-14)
+
+extend
+
+	<programming> To add {features} to a program, especially
+	through the use of {hooks}.
+
+	"Extend" is very often used in the phrase "extend the
+	{functionality} of a program."
+
+	{Plug-ins} are one form of extension.
+
+	(1997-06-21)
+
+Extended Affix Grammar
+
+	<language, grammar> (EAG) A formalism for describing both the
+	{context free syntax} and the {context sensitive syntax} of
+	languages.
+
+	EAGs belong to the family of {two-level grammars}.  They are
+	very closely related to two-level {van Wijngaarden grammars}.
+
+	EAG can be used as a specification formalism, specifying in
+	{relations} rather than {functions}, or as a {relational
+	programming language} like {PROLOG}.
+
+	{(http://www.cs.ru.nl/~kees/eag/)}
+
+	(2009-02-06)
+
+Extended ALGOL
+
+	<language> An extension of {ALGOL 60}, used to write the
+	{ESPOL} compiler on the {Burroughs B5500}, {Burroughs B6500},
+	and {Burroughs B6700}.
+
+	["Burroughs B6700 Extended ALGOL Language Information Manual",
+	No. 5000128 (Jul 1971)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 196].
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+Extended Architecture
+
+	<storage> (XA) A {CD-ROM} drive specification required by
+	{Green Book CD-ROM} and {White Book CD-ROM} formats.  Drives
+	labelled "XA ready" may require a {firmware} upgrade.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Extended Backus-Naur Form
+
+	<language> Any variation on the basic {Backus-Naur Form} (BNF)
+	{meta-syntax} notation with (some of) the following additional
+	constructs: {square brackets} "[..]" surrounding optional
+	items, suffix "*" for {Kleene closure} (a sequence of zero or
+	more of an item), suffix "+" for one or more of an item,
+	{curly brackets} enclosing a list of alternatives, and
+	super/subscripts indicating between n and m occurrences.
+
+	All these constructs can be expressed in plain BNF using extra
+	{productions} and have been added for readability and
+	succinctness.
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
+
+	<character, standard> /eb's*-dik/, /eb'see`dik/, /eb'k*-dik/,
+	/ee`bik'dik`/, /*-bik'dik`/ (EBCDIC) A proprietary 8-bit
+	{character set} used on {IBM} {dinosaurs}, the {AS/400}, and
+	{e-Server}.
+
+	EBCDIC is an extension to 8 bits of BCDIC (Binary Coded
+	Decimal Interchange Code), an earlier 6-bit character set used
+	on IBM computers.  EBCDIC was [first?] used on the successful
+	{System/360}, anounced on 1964-04-07, and survived for many
+	years despite the almost universal adoption of {ASCII}
+	elsewhere.  Was this concern for {backward compatibility} or,
+	as many believe, a marketing strategy to lock in IBM
+	customers?
+
+	IBM created 57 national EBCDIC character sets and an
+	International Reference Version (IRV) based on {ISO 646} (and
+	hence ASCII compatible).  Documentation on these was not
+	easily accessible making international exchange of data even
+	between IBM mainframes a tricky task.
+
+	US EBCDIC uses more or less the same characters as {ASCII},
+	but different {code points}.  It has non-contiguous letter
+	sequences, some ASCII characters do not exist in EBCDIC
+	(e.g. {square brackets}), and EBCDIC has some ({cent sign},
+	{not sign}) not in ASCII.  As a consequence, the translation
+	between ASCII and EBCDIC was never officially completely
+	defined.  Users defined one translation which resulted in a
+	so-called de-facto EBCDIC containing all the characters of
+	ASCII, that all ASCII-related programs use.
+
+	Some printers, telex machines, and even electronic cash
+	registers can speak EBCDIC, but only so they can converse with
+	IBM mainframes.
+
+	For an in-depth discussion of character code sets, and full
+	translation tables, see {Guidelines on 8-bit character codes
+	(ftp://ftp.ulg.ac.be/pub/docs/iso8859/iso8859.networking)}.
+
+	{A history of character codes
+	(http://tronweb.super-nova.co.jp/characcodehist.html)}.
+
+	(2002-03-03)
+
+Extended BNF
+
+	{Extended Backus-Naur Form}
+
+Extended C++
+
+	<language> {EC++} extended by G. Masotti
+	<masotti@lipari.usc.edu> with preconditions, postconditions
+	and {class invariants}, {parameterised classes}, {exception
+	handling} and {garbage collection}.  {EC++} translates
+	Extended C++ into C++.
+
+	(1989-10-10)
+
+Extended Capabilities Port
+
+	<hardware> (ECP) A {parallel printer interface} for {IBM PC}
+	compatibles, supported by several, mainly US, manufacturers.
+
+	Not to be confused with the more common {Enhanced Capabilities
+	Port}.
+
+	(1997-12-01)
+
+Extended Concurrent Prolog
+
+	<language> (ECP) {Concurrent Prolog} with {OR parallelism},
+	{set abstraction} and {meta-inference} features.
+
+	["AND-OR Queuing in Extended Concurrent Prolog", J. Tanaka et
+	al, Proc Logic Prog Conf '85, LNCS 193, Springer 1985].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+Extended Data Out Dynamic Random Access Memory
+
+	<storage> (EDO DRAM, EDO RAM) A type of {DRAM} designed to
+	access nearby memory locations faster than {FPM DRAM}.
+
+	Extended Data Out DRAM (EDO-DRAM) allows the data outputs to
+	be kept active after the CAS\ signal goes inactive, using an
+	additional signal OE\ to control the data outputs.  This can
+	be used in {pipelined} systems for overlapping accesses where
+	the next cycle is started before the data from the last cycle
+	is removed from the bus.
+
+	EDO DRAM is primarily used with {Intel}'s {Pentium} processors
+	since with slower processors there is no significant
+	performance gain.  To make use of the advanced features of EDO
+	an appropriate {chipset}, such as {Triton}, must be used.  In
+	early 1995, EDO DRAM was available for computers from
+	{Micron}, {Gateway 2000}, and {Intel Corporation}; since then
+	other manufactures followed suit.
+
+	Note that in comparison to {Burst EDO} EDO is sometimes
+	referred to as "Standard EDO".
+
+	(1996-06-25)
+
+Extended Data Out Random Access Memory
+
+	{Extended Data Out Dynamic Random Access Memory}
+
+Extended Fortran Language
+
+	(EFL) A {Fortran} {preprocessor} to provide {structured
+	programming} constructs much like {C}.  EFL is a descendant of
+	{RATFOR}.  It is written in C.
+
+	["An Informal Description of EFL", S.I. Feldman].
+
+eXtended Graphics Array
+
+	<hardware> (XGA) An {IBM} {display standard} introduced in
+	1990.
+
+	XGA supports a {resolution} of 1024 x 768 {pixels} with a
+	{palette} of 256 colours, or 640 x 480 with {high colour} (16
+	{bits per pixel}).
+
+	XGA-2 added 1024 x 768 support for high colour and higher
+	refresh rates, improved performance, and supports 1360 x 1024
+	in 16 colours.
+
+	XGA is probably not the same as {8514-A}.
+
+	See also {VESA}'s {EVGA} released at a similar time.
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+Extended Industry-Standard Architecture
+
+	<architecture, standard> (EISA) /eesa/ A {bus} standard for
+	{IBM compatibles} that extends the {ISA} bus architecture to
+	32 bits and allows more than one {CPU} to share the bus.  The
+	{bus mastering} support is also enhanced to provide access to
+	4 GB of memory.  Unlike {MCA}, EISA can accept older {XT bus
+	architecture} and {ISA} boards.
+
+	EISA was announced in late 1988 by compatible vendors as a
+	counter to {IBM}'s MCA in its {PS/2} series.  Although
+	somewhat inferior to the MCA it became much more popular due
+	to the proprietary nature of MCA.
+
+	[Main sponsors?  Open standard?]
+
+	(1996-06-25)
+
+extended memory
+
+	<storage> Memory above the first {megabyte} of {address space}
+	in an {IBM PC} with an {80286} or later processor.
+
+	Extended memory is not directly available in {real mode}, only
+	through {EMS}, {UMB}, {XMS}, or {HMA}; only applications
+	executing in {protected mode} can use extended memory
+	directly.  In this case, the extended memory is provided by a
+	supervising {protected-mode} {operating system} such as
+	{Microsoft Windows}.  The processor makes this memory
+	available through a system of {global descriptor tables} and
+	{local descriptor tables}.  The memory is "protected" in the
+	sense that memory assigned a local descriptor cannot be
+	accessed by another program without causing a hardware {trap}.
+	This prevents programs running in protected mode from
+	interfering with each other's memory.
+
+	A {protected-mode} {operating system} such as Windows can also
+	run {real-mode} programs and provide {expanded memory} to
+	them.  {DOS Protected Mode Interface} is {Microsoft}'s
+	prescribed method for an {MS-DOS} program to access extended
+	memory under a {multitasking} environment.
+
+	Having extended memory does not necessarily mean that you have
+	more than one megabyte of memory since the reserved memory
+	area may be partially empty.  In fact, if your 386 or higher
+	uses extended memory as expanded memory then that part is not
+	in excess of 1Mb.
+
+	See also {conventional memory}.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+extended memory manager
+
+	<software, storage> (XMM) The memory manager software
+	implementing {Extended Memory Specification}, such as {HIMEM}
+	or {QEMM386}.  XMM's can usually also act as {A20 handlers}.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+Extended Memory Specification
+
+	<storage> (XMS) The specification describing the use of {IBM
+	PC} {extended memory} in {real mode} for storing data (but not
+	executable code).  Memory is made available by {extended
+	memory manager} (XMM) software.  The XMM functions are
+	accessible through {interrupt} 2FH.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+Extended ML
+
+	A language by Don Sannella of the {University of Edinburgh}
+	combining {algebraic specification} and {functional
+	programming}.
+
+	["Program Specification and Development in Standard ML",
+	D. Sannella et al, 12th POPL, ACM 1985].
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Extended Pascal
+
+	A superset of {ANSI} and {ISO Pascal} with many enhancements,
+	including {modules}, {separate compilation}, {type schema}ta,
+	variable-length strings, direct-access files, complex numbers,
+	initial values, constant expressions.  ANSI/IEEE770X3.160-1989
+	and ISO 10206.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Extended Self-containing Prolog
+
+	<language> (ESP) An {object-oriented} extension of {KL0} by
+	Chikayama.  ESP has {backtracking}-based control,
+	{unification}-based parameter passing and {object-oriented}
+	calling.  An {object} in ESP is an {axiom} set.  A {class}
+	definition consists of nature definitions ({inheritance}),
+	slot definitions ({class variables}) and {clause} definitions.
+	ESP has {multiple inheritance} similar to {Flavors}.  It has
+	been implemented for {ICOT}'s {PSI} Sequential Inference
+	machine.
+
+	See also {CESP}.
+
+	E-mail: <k-hata@air.co.jp>.
+
+	["Unique Features of ESP", T. Chikayama, Proc Intl Conf 5th
+	Gen Comp Sys, ICOT 1984].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Extended System Configuration Data
+
+	<operating system> (ESCD) An area of memory, not exceeding 32
+	kilobytes in size, used by {MS-DOS}(?) as {NVRAM} for {PNP
+	BIOS} and {PNP OS}.  It must be writeable at {run time}.
+
+	Intel's {ICU} also uses ESCD to store information for PNP
+	{ISA} cards and {legacy} ISA cards.
+
+	(1999-11-22)
+
+Extended Systems Modelling Language
+
+	<language> (ESML) A {real-time} software engineering
+	methodology based on {RTSA}.
+
+	(2009-05-11)
+
+Extended Tcl
+
+	<language> (TclX) {Tcl} extended by Mark Diekhans
+	<markd@NeoSoft.com> and Karl Lehenbauer from 1989 on with
+	statements to provide high-level access {Unix} system
+	primitives.
+
+	Latest version: 7.6p2, as of 2003-02-12.
+
+	{TclX Home (http://neosoft.com/tclx/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <tcl-project@NeoSoft.com>.
+
+	(2003-02-12)
+
+Extended Tiny
+
+	A research/educational tool for experimenting with {array}
+	data dependence tests and reordering transformations.  It
+	works with a language {tiny}, which does not have procedures,
+	{goto}'s, pointers, or other features that complicate
+	dependence testing.
+
+	Michael Wolfe's original {tiny} has been extended
+	substantially by William Pugh <pugh@cs.umd.edu> et al. at the
+	{University of Maryland}.
+
+	Version 3.0 (Dec 12th, 1992) includes a programming
+	environment, dependence tester, tests translator
+	({Fortran}->tiny), documentation, and technical reports.  It
+	should run on any {Unix} system.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.umd.edu/pub/omega)}.
+
+	E-mail: Omega test research group <omega@cs.umd.edu>.
+
+	(1992-12-12)
+
+Extended Video Graphics Array
+
+	<hardware, graphics> (EVGA) A {display standard} introduced by
+	{VESA} in 1991.
+
+	It offers a maximum {resolution} of 1024 x 768 {pixels}
+	({non-interlaced}) and a 70 Hz {refresh rate}.
+
+	EVGA should not be confused with the older {EGA} (Enhanced
+	Graphics Array) or {XGA} (eXtended Graphics Array).
+
+	[Same as "{eXtended Video Graphics Array}" (XVGA)?]
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+eXtended Video Graphics Array
+
+	<hardware> (XVGA) A {display standard} with a {resolution} of
+	1024 by 768 {pixels} of 256 colours.  {IBM} call this mode
+	"{8514}".
+
+	[Same as "{Extended Video Graphics Array}" (EVGA)?]
+
+	(1997-12-11)
+
+ExTendible Compiler
+
+	<language> (ETC) A {Fortran}-like compiler that can be
+	extended with {macros}.
+
+	["ETC - An Extendible Macro-Based Compiler", B.N. Dickman,
+	Proc SJCC 38 1971].
+
+	(2010-01-28)
+
+extensible
+
+	<programming> Said of a system (e.g., {program}, {file
+	format}, {programming language}, {protocol}, etc.) designed to
+	easily allow the addition of new {features} at a later date,
+	e.g. through the use of {hooks}, an {API} or {plug-ins}.
+
+	See also {extend}, {forward compatible}.
+
+	(1998-01-15)
+
+extensible database
+
+	<database> A {DBMS} that allows access to data from remote
+	sources as if the remote data were part of the {database}.
+
+	[Example?]
+
+	(1997-11-20)
+
+Extensible Firmware Interface
+
+	<specification> (EFI) A specification originating from {Intel
+	Corporation}, defining the {interface} between an {operating
+	system} and {platform} {firmware}, and aiming to reduce OS
+	dependence on details of the firmware implementation.
+
+	{EFI Home (http://intel.com/technology/efi/)}.
+
+	(2004-10-23)
+
+Extensible HyperText Markup Language
+
+	<hypertext, standard, web> (XHTML) A reformulation
+	of {HTML} 4.01 in {XML}.  Being XML means that XHTML can be
+	viewed, edited, and validated with standard XML tools.  At the
+	same time, it operates as well as or better than HTML 4 in
+	existing HTML 4 conforming user agents.
+
+	The most important change is that all elements must be
+	terminated, either with a closing tag or using the <tag.../>
+	shorthand.  So, instead of
+
+		<input type=submit>
+
+	you would write
+
+		<input type="submit" />
+
+	The space before the "/" is required by some older browsers.
+	Other differences are that tag and attribute names should be
+	lower case and all attributes should be quoted.
+
+	{XHTML Home (http://w3.org/TR/xhtml1/)}.
+
+	{Quick Summary
+	(http://technorealm.co.uk/design/html-to-xhtml-conversions.html)}
+
+	Latest version: 1.0 Second Edition 2002-08-01, as of 2004-03-16.
+
+	(2006-01-19)
+
+Extensible Markup Language
+
+	<language, text> (XML) An initiative from the {W3C} defining
+	an "extremely simple" dialect of {SGML} suitable for use on
+	the {web}.
+
+	{(http://w3.org/XML/)}.
+
+	[Relationship to the {XSL} forthcoming subset of {DSSSL}?]
+
+	(1997-11-20)
+
+Extensible Shell
+
+	<operating system> (es) A {Unix} {shell} written by Byron
+	Rakitzis <byron@netapp.com> and Paul Haahr <haahr@adobe.com>,
+	derived from {rc}.  Es has real {functions}, {closures},
+	{exceptions} and lets you redefine most internal shell
+	operations.
+
+	Version: 0.84.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.sys.utoronto.ca/pub/es/)}.
+
+	["Es - A Shell with Higher Order Functions", P. Haahr et al,
+	Proc Winter 1993 Usenix Technical Conference].
+
+	(1993-04-30)
+
+Extensible Stylesheet Language
+
+	<web> (XSL) A {standard} developed by the {World
+	Wide Web Consortium} defining a language for transforming and
+	formatting {XML (eXtensible Markup Language)} documents.
+
+	An XSL {stylesheet} is written in {XML} and consists of
+	instructions for tree transformation and formatting.  The tree
+	transformations describe how each XML {tag} relates to other
+	data and the formatting instructions describe how to output
+	the various types of data.
+
+	{(http://w3.org/Style/XSL/)}.
+
+	See also {Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations}.
+
+	(2005-09-30)
+
+Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations
+
+	<web> (XSLT) A {W3C} standard for transforming
+	{XML} documents into other XML documents or other formats.
+	This was conceived as part of {XSL} but has been found to have
+	wider applications.
+
+	{(http://w3.org/TR/xslt)}.
+
+	(2001-10-04)
+
+Extensible VAX Editor
+
+	<text, tool> (EVE) A {DEC} product implemented using DEC's
+	{Text Processing Utility} (TPU).
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2000-05-08)
+
+extension
+
+	1. <filename extension> {filename extension}.
+
+	2. <programming> A {feature} or piece of {code} which
+	{extends} a program's {functionality}, e.g. a {plug-in}.
+
+	(1997-06-21)
+
+extensional
+
+	Extensional properties, e.g. extensional equality, relate to
+	the "black-box" behaviour of an object, i.e. how its output
+	depends on its input.  The opposite is intensional which
+	concerns how the object is implemented.
+
+extensional equality
+
+	(Or extensionality).  Functions, f and g are extensionally
+	equal if and only if
+
+		f x = g x  for all x.
+
+	where "=" means both expressions fail to terminate (under some
+	given {reduction strategy}) or they both terminate with the
+	same basic value.
+
+	Two functions may be extensionally equal but not
+	inter-convertible (neither is reducible to the other).  E.g.
+	\ x . x+x and \ x . 2*x.  See also {observational
+	equivalence}, {referential transparency}.
+
+extensionality
+
+	{extensional equality}
+
+Extension Language Kit
+
+	<language> (Elk) A {Scheme} {interpreter} by Oliver Laumann
+	<net@cs.tu-berlin.de> and Carsten Bormann
+	<cabo@cs.tu-berlin.de> of the {Technical University of
+	Berlin}.  Elk was designed to be used as a general extension
+	language.  New {types} and {primitive} procedures can easily
+	be added.  It has {first-class environments}, {dynamic-wind},
+	{fluid-let}, {macros}, {autoload}ing and a {dump}.  It
+	provides interfaces to {Xlib}, {Xt} and various {widget} sets;
+	{dynamic loading} of extensions and {object files}; almost all
+	artificial limitations removed; {generational}/{incremental
+	garbage collector}; {Unix} {system call} extensions; {Records}
+	(structures) and {bit strings}.
+
+	Version: 2.2 is mostly {R3RS} compatible and runs on {Unix},
+	{Ultrix}, {VAX}, {Sun-3}, {Sun-4}, {68000}, {i386}, {MIPS}, {IBM
+	PC RT}, {RS/6000}, {HP700}, {SGI}, {Sony}, {MS-DOS}
+	({gcc}+{DJGPP} or {go32}).
+
+	{Germany
+	(ftp://ftp.fu-berlin.de/pub/Unix/languages/scheme/elk-2.2.tar.gz)}.
+	{US (ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/elk-2.2.tar.gz)}.  {US
+	(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/comp.sources.misc/volume8/elk)}.
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+Exterior Gateway Protocol
+
+	(EGP) A protocol which distributes routing information to the
+	{routers} which connect {autonomous systems}.  The term
+	"{gateway}" is historical, and "router" is currently the
+	preferred term.  There is also a routing protocol called {EGP}
+	defined in STD 18, RFC 904.  See also {Border Gateway
+	Protocol}, {Interior Gateway Protocol}.
+
+eXternal Data Representation
+
+	(XDR) A {standard} for machine independent data structures
+	developed by {Sun Microsystems} for use in {remote procedure
+	call} systems.  It is defined in {RFC 1014} and is similar to
+	{ASN.1}.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+External Machine Interface
+
+	<protocol> (EMI) A {protocol} primarily used to connect to
+	{short message service} centres for {mobile telephones}.  EMI
+	is an extension to Universal Computer Protocol (UCP).  EMI was
+	was developed by CMG, now a part of {LogicaCMG}, the current
+	{SMSC} market leader.
+
+	Each byte of the message is encoded as two {hexadecimal}
+	characters using an encoding not quite like {ASCII}.
+
+	{EMI specification
+	(http://www.netfunitalia.it/downloads/SMSC_EMI_Specification.PDF)}
+
+	(2007-09-10)
+
+external memory
+
+	<storage> A vague term for slower, {non-volatile storage},
+	usually {magnetic disk}, in contrast to {main memory} which is
+	usually volatile {semiconductor} {RAM}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-02-17)
+
+EXTRA
+
+	Object-oriented, Pascal style, handles sets.  "A Data Model
+	and Query Language for EXODUS", M.J. Carey et al, SIGMOD 88
+	Conf Proc, pp.413- 423, ACM SIGMOD Record 17:3 (Sept 1988).
+
+extranet
+
+	<web> The extension of a company's {intranet} out
+	onto the {Internet}, e.g. to allow selected customers,
+	suppliers and mobile workers to access the company's private
+	data and applications via the {web}.  This is in
+	contrast to, and usually in addition to, the company's public
+	{website} which is accessible to everyone.  The difference
+	can be somewhat blurred but generally an extranet implies
+	real-time access through a {firewall} of some kind.
+
+	Such facilities require very careful attention to security but
+	are becoming an increasingly important means of delivering
+	services and communicating efficiently.
+
+	[Did {Marc Andreessen} invent the term in September 1996?]
+
+	(1997-12-17)
+
+extrapolate
+
+	{extrapolation}
+
+extrapolation
+
+	<mathematics, algorithm> A mathematical procedure which
+	estimates values of a {function} for certain desired inputs
+	given values for known inputs.
+
+	If the desired input is outside the range of the known values
+	this is called extrapolation, if it is inside then it is
+	called interpolation.
+
+	The method works by fitting a "curve" (i.e. a function) to two
+	or more given points and then applying this function to the
+	required input.  Example uses are calculating {trigonometric
+	functions} from tables and audio waveform sythesis.
+
+	The simplest form of interpolation is where a function, f(x),
+	is estimated by drawing a straight line ("linear
+	interpolation") between the nearest given points on either
+	side of the required input value:
+
+		f(x) ~ f(x1) + (f(x2) - f(x1))(x-x1)/(x2 - x1)
+
+	There are many variations using more than two points or higher
+	degree {polynomial} functions.  The technique can also be
+	extended to functions of more than one input.
+
+	(2007-06-29)
+
+EXUG
+
+	{European X User Group}
+
+eyeball search
+
+	<jargon> (Or vgrep) To look for something in a mass of code or
+	data with one's own native optical sensors, as opposed to
+	using some sort of pattern matching software like {grep} or
+	any other automated search tool.
+
+	Compare {vdiff}, {desk check}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-12-17)
+
+EZ
+
+	High-level string-processing language derived from SNOBOL4,
+	SL5 and Icon.
+
+	["The EZ Reference Manual", C.W. Fraser et al, CS TR 84-1, U
+	Arizona, 1984].
+
+ezd
+
+	<graphics, tool> (Easy drawing) A graphics {server} that sits
+	between an {application program} and an {X} server and allows
+	both existing and new programs easy access to structured
+	graphics.  Ezd users have been able to have their programs
+	produce interactive drawings within hours of reading the
+	manual page.  Ezd supports structured graphics - application
+	defined graphical objects are ordered into drawings by the
+	application.  Unlike most X tools, ezd does not require any
+	event handling by the application.  The ezd server maintains
+	the window contents.  When an event occurs an application
+	supplied {Scheme} expression is evaluated.
+
+	Latest version: 15mar93 (as of 1993-03-10).
+
+	{(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/ezd/)}.
+
+	Contact: Joel Bartlett.
+
+	(2000-03-25)
+
+e-zine
+
+	{electronic magazine}
+
+F100-L
+
+	{Ferranti F100-L}
+
+f2c
+
+	A {Fortran 77} to {C} translator by S. I. Feldman, D. M. Gay,
+	M. W. Maimone and N. L. Schryer.  Produces {ANSI C} or {C++}.
+
+	{(ftp://netlib.bell-labs.com/netlib/f2c)}.
+
+	E-mail: <dmg@bell-labs.com>.
+
+	Latest version: 1997.07.24.
+
+	(1997-08-01)
+
+F2F
+
+	{face-to-face}
+
+F68K
+
+	A portable {Forth} system for {Motorola} {680x0} computers by
+	Joerg Plewe <joerg.plewe@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de>.  Ported to
+	{Atari ST}, {Atari TT}, {Amiga}, {Sinclair QL} and {OS9}.
+	Easily ported to {Motorola} {68000} based systems.
+
+	{(ftp://archive.umich.edu/atari/Languages/)}.
+
+	(1992-12-14)
+
+FAC
+
+	Functional Array Calculator.  An {APL}-like language, but
+	{purely functional} and {lazy}.  It allows infinite {arrays}.
+
+	["FAC: A Functional APL Language", H.-C. Tu and A.J. Perlis,
+	IEEE Trans Soft Eng 3(1):36-45 (Jan 1986)].
+
+facebook.com
+
+	<web> One of the most popular {social networking}
+	websites.
+
+	{FaceBook home (http://facebook.com/)}.
+
+	(2007-11-16)
+
+face time
+
+	<jargon> Time spent interacting with somebody face-to-face (as
+	opposed to via electronic links).  "Oh, yeah, I spent some
+	face time with him at the last Usenix."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+face-to-face
+
+	<jargon, chat> (F2F, {IRL}) Used to describe personal
+	interaction in real life as opposed to via some digital or
+	electronic communications medium.
+
+	(1997-01-31)
+
+Facile
+
+	<language> A {concurrent} extension of {ML} from {ECRC}.
+
+	{(http://ecrc.de/facile/facile_home.html)}.
+
+	["Facile: A Symmetric Integration of Concurrent and Functional
+	Programming", A. Giacalone et al, Intl J Parallel Prog
+	18(2):121-160, Apr 1989].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+facsimile
+
+	<communications> ("fax") A process by which fixed graphic
+	material including pictures, text, or images is scanned and
+	the information converted into electrical signals which are
+	transmitted via telephone to produce a paper copy of the
+	graphics on the receiving fax machine.
+
+	Some {modems} can be used to send and receive fax data.  {V.27
+	ter} and {V.29} {protocols} are used.
+
+	[Details?  Standards?]
+
+	(2004-07-26)
+
+FACT
+
+	{Fully Automated Compiling Technique}
+
+fact
+
+	<artificial intelligence, programming> The kind of {clause}
+	used in {logic programming} which has no {subgoals} and so is
+	always true (always succeeds).  E.g.
+
+		wet(water).
+		male(denis).
+
+	This is in contrast to a {rule} which only succeeds if all its
+	subgoals do.  Rules usually contain {logic variables}, facts
+	rarely do, except for oddities like "equal(X,X).".
+
+	(1996-10-20)
+
+factor
+
+	A quantity which is multiplied by another quantity.
+
+	See also {divisor}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+factorial
+
+	<mathematics> The mathematical {function} that takes a
+	{natural number}, N, and returns the product of N and all
+	smaller positive integers.  This is written
+
+		N! = N * (N-1) * (N-2) * ... * 1.
+
+	The factorial of zero is one because it is an {empty
+	product}.
+
+	Factorial can be defined {recursively} as
+
+		0! = 1
+		N! = N * (N-1)!		, N > 0
+
+	The {gamma function} is the equivalent for {real numbers}.
+
+	For example, the number of ways of shuffling 52 playing cards is
+	52! or nearly 10^68.  {52 Factorial
+	(http://czep.net/weblog/52cards.html)}.
+
+	(2012-11-23)
+
+FAD
+
+	["FAD, A Simple and Powerful Database Language", F. Bancilon
+	et al, Proc 13th Intl Conf on VLDB, Brighton, England, Sep
+	1987].
+
+failback
+
+	{failover}
+
+failover
+
+	<systems> Automatically switching to a different, {redundant}
+	system upon {failure} or {abnormal termination} of the currently
+	active system.  Failover can be applied to a {cluster} of
+	{servers}, to {network} or storage components or any other set of
+	redundant devices that must provide {high availability} because
+	down-time would be expensive or inconvenient.  It may be
+	implemented in hardware, software or a combination.
+
+	A "{hot standby}" is continuously active at the same time as
+	the failed system, using some kind of {load balancing} to
+	share the work, whereas a "{warm standby}" is ready to become
+	active at short notice.
+
+	When the failed system is operational again it may "failback",
+	i.e. become (one of) the active system(s) or it may become a
+	warm standby.
+
+	(2008-01-15)
+
+failure
+
+	The inability of a system or system component to perform a
+	required function within specified limits.  A failure may be
+	produced when a {fault} is encountered.
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+failure-directed testing
+
+	<programming> (Or "heuristics testing") Software testing based
+	on the knowledge of the types of {errors} made in the past
+	that are likely for the system under test.
+
+	(1996-05-16)
+
+FAIR
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 705}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):1959-05-16].
+
+	(1996-05-13)
+
+Fairchild F8
+
+	<processor> An 8-bit {microprocessor}.  The processor itself
+	had no {address bus} - program and data memory access were
+	contained in separate units, which reduced the number of pins
+	and the associated cost.  It also featured 64 {registers},
+	accessed by the ISAR register in cells ({register windows}) of
+	eight, which meant external {RAM} wasn't always needed for
+	small applications.  In addition, the 2-chip processor didn't
+	need support chips, unlike others which needed seven or more.
+
+	The F8 inspired other similar {CPUs}, such as the {Intel
+	8048}.  The use of the ISAR register allowed a subroutine to
+	be entered without saving a bunch of registers, speeding
+	execution - the ISAR would just be changed.  Special purpose
+	registers were stored in the second cell (regs 9-15), and the
+	first eight registers were accessed directly.  The windowing
+	concept was useful, but only the register pointed to by the
+	ISAR could be accessed - to access other registers the ISAR
+	was incremented or decremented through the window.
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+fall back
+
+	<communications> A feature of a {modem} {protocol} where two
+	modems which experience data corruption, e.g. due to line
+	noise, can renegotiate to use a lower speed connection,
+	possibly applying {fall forward} if the channel improves.
+
+	(2004-07-30)
+
+fall forward
+
+	<communications> A feature of a {modem} {protocol} where two
+	modems which {fall back} to a lower speed because of data
+	corruption can later return to the higher speed if the
+	connection improves.
+
+	(2004-07-30)
+
+fall over
+
+	[IBM] Yet another synonym for {crash} or {lose}.  "Fall over
+	hard" equates to {crash and burn}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+fall through
+
+	<programming> (The American misspelling "fall thru" is
+	also common)
+
+	1. To exit a loop by exhaustion, i.e. by having fulfilled its
+	exit condition rather than via a break or exception condition
+	that exits from the middle of it.  This usage appears to be
+	*really* old, dating from the 1940s and 1950s.
+
+	2. To fail a test that would have passed control to a
+	subroutine or some other distant portion of code.
+
+	3. In C, "fall-through" occurs when the flow of execution in a
+	{switch statement} reaches a "case" label other than by
+	jumping there from the switch header, passing a point where
+	one would normally expect to find a "break".  A trivial
+	example:
+
+		switch (colour)
+		{
+		case GREEN:
+		  do_green();
+		  break;
+		case PINK:
+		  do_pink();
+		  /* FALL THROUGH */
+		case RED:
+		  do_red();
+		  break;
+		default:
+		  do_blue();
+		  break;
+		}
+
+	The effect of the above code is to "do_green()" when colour is
+	"GREEN", "do_red()" when colour is "RED", "do_blue()" on any
+	other colour other than "PINK", and (and this is the important
+	part) "do_pink()" __and then__ "do_red()" when colour is "PINK".
+	Fall-through is {considered harmful} by some, though there are
+	contexts (such as the coding of state machines) in which it is
+	natural; it is generally considered good practice to include a
+	comment highlighting the fall-through where one would normally
+	expect a break.  See also {Duff's Device}.
+
+fall thru
+
+	{fall through}
+
+FALSE
+
+	A small, compiled extensible language with {lambda
+	abstractions} by W. van Oortmerssen.
+
+	{For Amiga (ftp://ftp.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/amiga/fish/ff885)}.
+
+fandango on core
+
+	<jargon, programming> (Unix/C, from the Mexican dance) In {C},
+	a wild pointer that runs out of bounds, causing a {core dump},
+	or corrupts the {malloc} {arena} in such a way as to cause
+	mysterious failures later on, is sometimes said to have "done
+	a fandango on core".  On low-end personal machines without an
+	{MMU}, this can corrupt the {operating system} itself, causing
+	massive lossage.  Other frenetic dances such as the rhumba,
+	cha-cha, or watusi, may be substituted.
+
+	See {aliasing bug}, {precedence lossage}, {smash the stack},
+	{memory leak}, {memory smash}, {overrun screw}, {core}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+fan-out
+
+	<electronics> The number of {logic gate} inputs that can be
+	driven from a single gate output of the same type.  Circuit
+	designers need to add extra {buffers} if a signal goes to more
+	inputs than the fan-out of the gate that produces it allows.
+
+	(2007-05-16)
+
+FAP
+
+	<language> The {assembly language} for {Sperry-Rand 1103} and
+	1103A.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+FAQ
+
+	{frequently asked question}
+
+FAQL
+
+	{frequently asked question}
+
+FAQ list
+
+	{frequently asked question}
+
+faradise
+
+	/far'*-di:z/ [US Geological Survey] To start any
+	hyper-addictive process or trend, or to continue adding
+	current to such a trend.  Telling one user about a new
+	octo-tetris game you compiled would be a faradising act - in
+	two weeks you might find your entire department playing the
+	faradic game.
+
+farkled
+
+	<jargon> /far'kld/ (From DeVry Institute of Technology,
+	Atlanta) A synonym for {hosed}.  Possibly related to Yiddish
+	"farblondjet" and/or the "Farkle Family" skits on Rowan &
+	Martin's Laugh-In.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+farm
+
+	{processor farm}
+
+farming
+
+	<jargon> (From Adelaide University, Australia) What the
+	{heads} of a {disk drive} are said to do when they plow little
+	furrows in the magnetic media during a {head crash}.
+	Typically used as follows: "Oh no, the machine has just
+	crashed; I hope the hard drive hasn't gone {farming} again."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-03-26)
+
+FARNET
+
+	A non-profit corporation, established in 1987, whose mission
+	is to advance the use of computer networks to improve research
+	and education.
+
+fas
+
+	1. Frankenstein Cross Assemblers.  A reconfigurable assembler
+	package, especially suited for 8-bit processors, consisting of
+	a base assembler module and a {yacc} parser, for each
+	{microprocessor}, to handle {mnemonics} and addressing.
+	Second party parser modules available from many sites.
+
+	Base assembler and yacc parser modules by Mark Zenier.  FTP:
+	ftp.njit.edu/pub/msdos/frankasm/frankasm.zoo.
+
+	2. FAS.  A general purpose language sponsored by the Finnish
+	government in the 70's and 80's.
+
+FASBOL
+
+	["FASBOL. A SNOBOL4 Compiler", P.J. Santos, Memo ERL-M134, UC
+	Berkeley 1971].
+
+fascist
+
+	<jargon> Said of a computer system with excessive or annoying
+	security barriers, usage limits, or access policies.  The
+	implication is that said policies are preventing hackers from
+	getting interesting work done.  The variant "fascistic" seems
+	to have been preferred at {MIT}.
+
+	In the design of languages and other software tools, "the
+	fascist alternative" is the most restrictive and structured
+	way of capturing a particular function; the implication is
+	that this may be desirable in order to simplify the
+	implementation or provide tighter error checking.  Compare
+	{bondage-and-discipline language}, although that term is
+	global rather than local.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-07-29)
+
+FASE
+
+	Fundamentally Analyzable Simplified English.
+
+	L.E. McMahon, Bell Labs.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.720].
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+FAST
+
+	1. <body> {Federation Against Software Theft}.
+
+	2. <language> {Fortran Automatic Symbol Translator}.
+
+	(1996-05-19)
+
+Fast ATA
+
+	{Advanced Technology Attachment Interface with Extensions}
+
+Fast ATA-2
+
+	{Advanced Technology Attachment Interface with Extensions}
+
+Faster LEX
+
+	<language> (FLEX) A reimplementation of the {Lex} {scanner
+	generator}, by Vern Paxson <vern@ee.lbl.gov>.
+
+	{Flex++} produces {C++} and {aflex} produces {Ada}.
+
+	FTP flex-2.3.8.tar.Z from a {GNU archive site} or
+	{(ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/pub/flex-2.4.3.tar.Z)}.
+
+	["The FLEX Scanner Generator", Vern Paxson <vern@ee.lbl.gov>,
+	Systems Engineering, LBL, CA].
+
+	[Home?  Current version?]
+
+	(2003-12-16)
+
+Fast Ethernet
+
+	<networking> A version of {Ethernet} developed in the 1990s(?)
+	which can carry 100 {Mbps} compared with standard Ethernet's
+	10 Mbps.  It requires upgraded {network cards} and {hubs}.
+
+	The relevant standards are {100BaseT}, {100BaseFX} and
+	{100BaseVG}.
+
+	(1998-03-23)
+
+Fast Fourier Transform
+
+	<algorithm> (FFT) An {algorithm} for computing the {Fourier
+	transform} of a set of discrete data values.  Given a finite
+	set of data points, for example a periodic sampling taken from
+	a real-world signal, the FFT expresses the data in terms of
+	its component frequencies.  It also solves the essentially
+	identical inverse problem of reconstructing a signal from the
+	frequency data.
+
+	The FFT is a mainstay of {numerical analysis}.  Gilbert Strang
+	described it as "the most important algorithm of our
+	generation".  The FFT also provides the asymptotically fastest
+	known algorithm for multiplying two {polynomials}.
+
+	Versions of the algorithm (in {C} and {Fortran}) can be found
+	on-line from the {GAMS} server {here
+	(http://gams.nist.gov/cgi-bin/gams-serve/class/J1.html)}.
+
+	["Numerical Methods and Analysis", Buchanan and Turner].
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+Fast Packet
+
+	{Asynchronous Transfer Mode}
+
+Fast Page Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory
+
+	<hardware, storage> Is this the same as {Page Mode Dynamic
+	Random Access Memory}?
+
+	(1996-10-06)
+
+Fast SCSI
+
+	<hardware> A variant on the {SCSI-2} bus.  It uses the same
+	8-bit bus as the original {SCSI}-1 but runs at up to 10MB/s -
+	double the speed of SCSI-1.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+FAT
+
+	{File Allocation Table}
+
+FAT32
+
+	{File Allocation Table}
+
+fatal
+
+	<programming> Resulting in termination of the program.
+
+	(1997-08-03)
+
+fatal error
+
+	<programming, operating system> Any {error} which causes
+	abrupt {termination} of the program.  The program may be
+	terminated either by itself or by the {operating system} (a
+	"{fatal exception}").  In the former instance, the program
+	contains code which catches the error and, as a result,
+	returns to the operating system or calls an operating system
+	service to terminate the program.
+
+	(1997-08-03)
+
+fatal exception
+
+	<programming, operating system> A program execution error
+	which is trapped by the {operating system} and which results
+	in abrupt termination of the program.
+
+	It may be possible for the program to catch some such errors,
+	e.g. a {floating point} {underflow}; others, such as an
+	invalid memory access (an attempt to write to read-only memory
+	or an attempt to read memory outside of the program's {address
+	space}), may always cause control to pass to the operating
+	system without allowing the program an opportunity to handle
+	the error.  The details depend on the language's {run-time
+	system} and the operating system.
+
+	See also: {fatal error}.
+
+	(1997-08-03)
+
+fat binary
+
+	<operating system> An executable file containing code for more
+	than one {CPU}.  The correct code is selected automatically at
+	run time.  This is convenient for distributing {software} and
+	sharing it between multiple {platforms}.
+
+	{NEXTSTEP} supports fat binaries, e.g. for {Motorola 68000},
+	{Intel 80486} and {SPARC} ("triple fat").  {Mac OS} supports
+	fat binaries for both {680x0} and {PowerPC} native code.
+
+	[Other OSes?]
+
+	(1995-09-23)
+
+fat client
+
+	<networking> Opposite of "{thin client}".
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+fat electrons
+
+	<electronics, humour> Old-time hacker David Cargill's theory
+	on the cause of computer glitches.  Your typical electricity
+	company draws its line current out of the big generators with
+	a pair of coil taps located near the top of the dynamo.  When
+	the normal tap brushes get dirty, they take them off line to
+	clean them up, and use special auxiliary taps on the *bottom*
+	of the coil.  Now, this is a problem, because when they do
+	that they get not ordinary or "thin" electrons, but the fat
+	sloppy electrons that are heavier and so settle to the bottom
+	of the generator.  These flow down ordinary wires just fine,
+	but when they have to turn a sharp corner (as in an
+	integrated-circuit via), they're apt to get stuck.  This is
+	what causes computer glitches.
+
+	[Obviously, fat electrons must gain mass by {bogon} absorption
+	- ESR]
+
+	Compare {bogon}, {magic smoke}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+fault
+
+	1. <programming> A manifestation of an {error} in {software}.
+	A fault, if encountered, may cause a {failure}.
+
+	2. <architecture> {page fault}.
+
+	(1996-05-14)
+
+fault-based testing
+
+	<testing> Software testing using test data designed to
+	demonstrate the absence of a set of pre-specified {faults};
+	typically, frequently occurring faults.  For example, to
+	demonstrate that the software handles or avoids {divide by
+	zero} correctly, the test data would include zero.
+
+	(1996-05-15)
+
+fault tolerance
+
+	<architecture> 1. The ability of a system or component to
+	continue normal operation despite the presence of hardware or
+	software faults.  This often involves some degree of
+	{redundancy}.
+
+	2. The number of faults a system or component can withstand
+	before normal operation is impaired.
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+fault tolerant
+
+	{fault tolerance}
+
+fault tree analysis
+
+	<programming> A form of safety analysis that assesses hardware
+	safety to provide failure statistics and sensitivity analyses
+	that indicate the possible effect of critical failures.
+
+	(1996-05-15)
+
+fax
+
+	{facsimile}
+
+Fax over IP
+
+	<communications> (FoIP) Transmission of a {facsimile} over an
+	{IP} networking instead of {PSTN}, analogous to {Voice over
+	IP}.
+
+	(1999-04-26)
+
+FC
+
+	<language> A {functional language}.
+
+	["FC Manual", L. Augustsson, Memo 13, Programming Methodology
+	Group, Chalmers U, Sweden 1982].
+
+	(1995-03-22)
+
+FC-AL
+
+	{Fibre Channel-Arbitrated Loop}.
+
+FCB
+
+	<operating system> {file control block}.
+
+F-code
+
+	The code for the {FP/M} {abstract machine}.
+
+	["FP/M Abstract Syntax Description", Roger Bailey, Dept
+	Computing, Imperial College, U London, 1985]1w.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+FCP
+
+	Flat Concurrent Prolog.
+
+	["Design and Implementation of Flat Concurrent Prolog",
+	C. Mierowsky, TR CS84-21 Weizmann Inst, Dec 1984].
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+FC-PGA
+
+	{Flip Chip Pin Grid Array}
+
+FCS
+
+	{Frame Check Sequence}
+
+FDC
+
+	{floppy disk controller}
+
+FDD
+
+	{disk drive}
+
+FDDI
+
+	{Fiber Distributed Data Interface}
+
+FDISK
+
+	<operating system, tool> (Fixed disk utility) An {MS-DOS}
+	utility program which prepares a {hard disk} so that it can be
+	used as a {boot disk} and {file systems} can be created on it.
+	{OS/2}, {NT}, {Windows 95}, {Linux}, and other {Unix} versions
+	all have this command or something similar.
+
+	(1996-12-23)
+
+fd leak
+
+	{file descriptor leak}
+
+fdlibm
+
+	A new version of the {C} maths library, libm, by Dr. K-C Ng.
+	It is the basis for the bundled /usr/lib/libm.so in Solaris
+	2.3 for SPARC and for future Solaris 2 releases for x86 and
+	PowerPC.  It provides the standard functions necessary to pass
+	the usual test suites.  This new libm can be configured to
+	handle exceptions in accordance with various language
+	standards or in the spirit of {IEEE 754}. The C source code
+	should be portable to any IEEE 754 system.
+
+	E-mail: <netlib@research.att.com> ("send all from fdlibm"),
+	<fdlibm-comments@sunpro.eng.sun.com> (comments and bug
+	reports).
+
+	{(ftp://netlib.att.com/netlib)}.
+
+	(1993-12-18).
+
+FDMA
+
+	{frequency division multiple access}
+
+FDSE
+
+	{full-duplex Switched Ethernet}
+
+FDSP
+
+	{full-duplex speaker phone}
+
+FDT
+
+	{Formal Description Technique}
+
+fdx
+
+	{full-duplex}
+
+FEA
+
+	{finite element analysis}
+
+fear and loathing
+
+	(Hunter S. Thompson) A state inspired by the prospect of
+	dealing with certain real-world systems and standards that are
+	totally {brain-damaged} but ubiquitous - {Intel 8086s},
+	{COBOL}, {EBCDIC}, or any {IBM} machine except the {Rios}
+	(also known as the {RS/6000}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+fear-driven development
+
+	<jargon, humour> When project management adds more pressure (fires
+	someone or something).  A play on {test-driven development}.
+
+	[arnis-l, {Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2014-09-04)
+
+feasibility study
+
+	<systems analysis> Part of the {systems develpment life cycle}
+	which aims to determine whether it is sensible to develop some
+	system.  The most popular model of feasibility study is
+	"TELOS", standing for Technical, Economic, Legal, Operational,
+	Schedule.
+
+	Technical Feasibility: does the technology exist to implement
+	the proposed system?  Is it a practical proposition?
+
+	Economic Feasibility: is the system cost-effective?  Do
+	benefits outweigh costs?
+
+	Legal Feasibility: is there any conflict between the proposed
+	system and legal requirements, e.g. the {Data Protection Act}?
+
+	Operational Feasibility: are the current work practices and
+	procedures adequate to support the new system?
+
+	Schedule Feasibility: can the system be developed in time?
+
+	After the feasibility study, the {requirements analysis}
+	should be carried out.
+
+	(2006-07-11)
+
+feasible
+
+	<algorithm> A description of an {algorithm} that takes
+	{polynomial} time (that is, for a problem set of size N, the
+	resources required to solve the problem can be expressed as
+	some polynomial involving N).
+
+	Problems that are "feasible" are said to be "in P" where P is
+	polynomial time.  Problems that are "possible" but not
+	"feasible" are said to be "in NP".
+
+	(2001-04-12)
+
+	<systems analysis> A description of a project or system for
+	which a {feasibility study} gives a positive answer.
+
+	(2006-07-11)
+
+feature
+
+	<jargon> 1. A good property or behaviour (as of a program).
+	Whether it was intended or not is immaterial.
+
+	2. An intended property or behaviour (as of a program).
+	Whether it is good or not is immaterial (but if bad, it is
+	also a {misfeature}).
+
+	3. A surprising property or behaviour; in particular, one that
+	is purposely inconsistent because it works better that way -
+	such an inconsistency is therefore a {feature} and not a
+	{bug}.  This kind of feature is sometimes called a {miswart}.
+
+	4. A property or behaviour that is gratuitous or unnecessary,
+	though perhaps also impressive or cute.  For example, one
+	feature of {Common LISP}'s "format" function is the ability to
+	print numbers in two different Roman-numeral formats (see
+	{bells, whistles, and gongs}).
+
+	5. A property or behaviour that was put in to help someone
+	else but that happens to be in your way.
+
+	6. A bug that has been documented.  To call something a
+	feature sometimes means the author of the program did not
+	consider the particular case, and that the program responded
+	in a way that was unexpected but not strictly incorrect.  A
+	standard joke is that a bug can be turned into a {feature}
+	simply by documenting it (then theoretically no one can
+	complain about it because it's in the manual), or even by
+	simply declaring it to be good.  "That's not a bug, that's a
+	feature!" is a common catch-phrase.  Apparently there is a
+	Volkswagen Beetle in San Francisco whose license plate reads
+	"FEATURE".
+
+	See also {feetch feetch}, {creeping featurism}, {wart}, {green
+	lightning}.
+
+	The relationship among bugs, features, misfeatures, warts and
+	miswarts might be clarified by the following hypothetical
+	exchange between two hackers on an airliner:
+
+	A: "This seat doesn't recline."
+
+	B: "That's not a bug, that's a feature.  There is an emergency
+	exit door built around the window behind you, and the route
+	has to be kept clear."
+
+	A: "Oh.  Then it's a misfeature; they should have increased
+	the spacing between rows here."
+
+	B: "Yes.  But if they'd increased spacing in only one section
+	it would have been a wart - they would've had to make
+	nonstandard-length ceiling panels to fit over the displaced
+	seats."
+
+	A: "A miswart, actually.  If they increased spacing throughout
+	they'd lose several rows and a chunk out of the profit margin.
+	So unequal spacing would actually be the Right Thing."
+
+	B: "Indeed."
+
+	"Undocumented feature" is a common euphemism for a {bug}.
+
+	7. An attribute or function of a {class} in {Eiffel}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-10-22)
+
+feature creature
+
+	[Possibly from slang "creature feature" for a horror movie]
+	1. One who loves to add features to designs or programs,
+	perhaps at the expense of coherence, concision or {taste}.
+
+	2. Alternately, a mythical being that induces otherwise
+	rational programmers to perpetrate such crocks.  See also
+	{feeping creaturism}, {creeping featurism}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+feature creep
+
+	{creeping featurism}
+
+featurectomy
+
+	/fee"ch*r-ek"t*-mee/ The act of removing a {feature} from a
+	program.  Featurectomies come in two flavours, the "righteous"
+	and the "reluctant".  Righteous featurectomies are performed
+	because the remover believes the program would be more elegant
+	without the feature, or there is already an equivalent and
+	better way to achieve the same end.  (Doing so is not quite
+	the same thing as removing a {misfeature}.)  Reluctant
+	featurectomies are performed to satisfy some external
+	constraint such as code size or execution speed.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+feature key
+
+	<hardware> (Or "flower", "pretzel", "clover", "propeller",
+	"beanie" (from propeller beanie), {splat}, "command key") The
+	{Macintosh} {modifier key} with the four-leaf clover graphic
+	on its keytop.
+
+	The feature key is the Mac's equivalent of a {control key}
+	(and so labelled on some Mac II keyboards).  The proliferation
+	of terms for this creature may illustrate one subtle peril of
+	iconic interfaces.  Macs also have an "Option" {modifier key},
+	equivalent to Alt.
+
+	The cloverleaf-like symbol's oldest name is "cross of
+	St. Hannes", but it occurs in pre-Christian Viking art as a
+	decorative motif.  In Scandinavia it marks sites of historical
+	interest.  An early {Macintosh} developer who happened to be
+	Swedish introduced it to Apple.  Apple documentation gives the
+	translation "interesting feature".
+
+	The symbol has a {Unicode} character called "PLACE OF INTEREST
+	SIGN" (U+2318), previously known as "command key".
+
+	The Swedish name of this symbol stands for the word
+	"sev"ardhet" (interesting feature), many of which are old
+	churches.  Some Swedes report as an idiom for it the word
+	"kyrka", cognate to English "church" and Scots-dialect "kirk"
+	but pronounced /shir'k*/ in modern Swedish.  Others say this
+	is nonsense.
+
+	{(http://fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2318/index.htm)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2005-09-15)
+
+feature shock
+
+	<jargon> (From Alvin Toffler's "Future Shock") A user's
+	confusion when confronted with a package that has too many
+	features and poor introductory material.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2005-09-15)
+
+FEC
+
+	{Forward Error Correction}
+
+FED
+
+	{field emission display}
+
+Federal Geographic Data Committee
+
+	(FGDC)
+
+	{(ftp://fgdc.er.usgs.gov/gdc/html/fgdc.html)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+Federal Information Exchange
+
+	<networking> (FIX) One of the connection points between the
+	American governmental {internets} and the {Internet}.
+
+	(2001-05-14)
+
+Federal Information Processing Standards
+
+	<standard> (FIPS) United States Government technical
+	{standards} published by the {National Institute of Standards
+	and Technology} (NIST).  NIST develops FIPS when there are
+	compelling Federal government requirements such as for
+	security and {interoperability} but no acceptable industry
+	standards or solutions.
+
+	Computer-related products bought by the US Government must
+	conform to FIPS.
+
+	(2003-06-04)
+
+Federal Networking Council
+
+	(FNC) The coordinating group of representatives from federal
+	agencies involved in the development and use of federal
+	networking, especially those networks using {TCP/IP} and the
+	{Internet}.  Current members include representatives from DOD,
+	DOE, {DARPA}, {NSF}, NASA, and HHS.
+
+	(1994-11-17)
+
+federation
+
+	<security> The establishment of some or all of business
+	agreements, {cryptographic} trust and user identifiers or
+	attributes across security and policy domains to enable more
+	seamless business interaction.
+
+	As {web services} promise to enable integration between
+	business partners through {loose coupling} at the application
+	and messaging layer, federation does so at the identity
+	management layer, insulating each domain from the details of
+	the others' authentication and authorization.  Key to this
+	loose coupling at the identity management layer are
+	standardized mechanisms and formats for the communication of
+	identity information between the domains.  {SAML} is one such
+	standard.
+
+	(2011-05-12)
+
+Federation Against Software Theft Limited
+
+	<body, legal> (FAST) A non-profitmaking organisation, formed
+	in 1984 by the software industry with the aim of eradicating
+	{software theft} in the UK.  FAST was the world's first
+	anti-piracy organisation to work to protect the intellectual
+	property rights of software publishers.  Initially
+	concentrating on lobbying parliament to revise Copyright law,
+	FAST also prosecutes organisations and individuals for
+	software theft on behalf of its members and publicises the
+	legal penalties and security risks.
+
+	FAST Corporate Services Limited runs the FAST Standard for
+	Software Compliance (FSSC-1:2004).  This was developed in
+	collaboration with the {British Standards Institution} as an
+	independent standard of excellence in {software compliance}.
+
+	In 1995 FAST proposed to merge with the {Business Software
+	Alliance} created by {Microsoft} and which has a world-wide
+	influence.  However, the talks fell through and in 1996,
+	{Novell} and {Adobe Systems, Inc.} defected to BSA.
+
+	{FAST Home (http://fast.org.uk/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <fast@fast.org>.
+
+	Address: York House, 18 York Road, Maidenhead, Berkshire SL6
+	1SF.
+
+	Telephone: +44 (1628) 622 121
+
+	(2005-12-27)
+
+Fedora
+
+	<operating system, project> An open source project, sponsored
+	by {Red Hat, Inc.}, and potentially feeding into their
+	products.
+
+	{Fedora Home (http://fedora.redhat.com/)}.
+
+	(2005-12-27)
+
+feed
+
+	1. <data> {data feed}.
+
+	2. {Rich Site Summary}.
+
+feedback
+
+	<electronics> Part of a system output presented at its input.
+	Feedback may be unintended.  When used as a design feature,
+	the output is usually transformed by passive components which
+	attenuate it in some manner; the result is then presented at
+	the system input.
+
+	Feedback is positive or negative, depending on the sign with
+	which a positive change in the original input reappears after
+	transformation.  Negative feedback was invented by Black to
+	stabilise {vacuum tube} amplifiers.  The behaviour becomes
+	largely a function of the feedback transformation and only
+	minimally a function of factors such as transistor gain which
+	are imperfectly known.
+
+	Positive feedback can lead to instability; it finds wide
+	application in the construction of oscillators.
+
+	Feedback can be used to control a system, as in {feedback
+	control}.
+
+	(1996-01-02)
+
+feedback control
+
+	<electronics> A control system which monitors its effect on
+	the system it is controlling and modifies its output
+	accordingly.  For example, a thermostat has two inputs: the
+	desired temperature and the current temperature (the latter is
+	the feedback).  The output of the thermostat changes so as to
+	try to equalise the two inputs.
+
+	Computer {disk drives} use feedback control to position the
+	read/write heads accurately on a recording track.  Complex
+	systems such as the human body contain many feedback systems
+	that interact with each other; the homeostasis mechanisms that
+	control body temperature and acidity are good examples.
+
+	(1996-01-02)
+
+feed-forward
+
+	A {multi-layer perceptron} network in which the outputs from
+	all neurons (see {McCulloch-Pitts}) go to following but not
+	preceding layers, so there are no feedback loops.
+
+Feel
+
+	(Free and Eventually Eulisp) An initial implementation of an
+	{EuLisp} {interpreter} by Pete Broadbery
+	<pab@maths.bath.ac.uk>.  Version 0.75 features an integrated
+	{object} system, {modules}, {parallelism}, interfaces to {PVM}
+	library, {TCP/IP} {sockets}, {futures}, {Linda} and {CSP}.
+	Portable to most {Unix} systems.  Can use {shared memory} and
+	{threads} if available.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.bath.ac.uk/pub/eulisp/)}.
+
+	(1992-09-14)
+
+feep
+
+	/feep/ 1.  The soft electronic "bell" sound of a display
+	terminal (except for a VT-52); a beep (in fact, the
+	microcomputer world seems to prefer {beep}).
+
+	2. To cause the display to make a feep sound.  ASR-33s (the
+	original TTYs) do not feep; they have mechanical bells that
+	ring.  Alternate forms: {beep}, "bleep", or just about
+	anything suitably onomatopoeic.  (Jeff MacNelly, in his comic
+	strip "Shoe", uses the word "eep" for sounds made by computer
+	terminals and video games; this is perhaps the closest written
+	approximation yet.)  The term "breedle" was sometimes heard at
+	SAIL, where the terminal bleepers are not particularly soft
+	(they sound more like the musical equivalent of a raspberry or
+	Bronx cheer; for a close approximation, imagine the sound of a
+	Star Trek communicator's beep lasting for five seconds).  The
+	"feeper" on a VT-52 has been compared to the sound of a '52
+	Chevy stripping its gears.  See also {ding}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+feeper
+
+	/fee'pr/  The device in a terminal or workstation (usually
+	a loudspeaker of some kind) that makes the {feep} sound.
+
+feeping creature
+
+	[{feeping creaturism}] An unnecessary feature; a bit of
+	{chrome} that, in the speaker's judgment, is the camel's nose
+	for a whole horde of new features.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+feeping creaturism
+
+	/fee'ping kree"ch*r-izm/ A deliberate spoonerism for {creeping
+	featurism}, meant to imply that the system or program in
+	question has become a misshapen creature of hacks.  This term
+	isn"t really well defined, but it sounds so neat that most
+	hackers have said or heard it.  It is probably reinforced by
+	an image of terminals prowling about in the dark making their
+	customary noises.
+
+FEL
+
+	Function Equation Language.  Programs are sets of definitions.
+	Sequences are lists stored in consecutive memory.  "FEL
+	Programmer's Guide", R. M. Keller, AMPS TR 7, U Utah, March
+	1982.
+
+femto-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+fence
+
+	1. A sequence of one or more distinguished ({out-of-band})
+	characters (or other data items), used to delimit a piece of
+	data intended to be treated as a unit (the computer-science
+	literature calls this a "sentinel").  The NUL (ASCII 0000000)
+	character that terminates strings in C is a fence.  {Hex} FF
+	is also (though slightly less frequently) used this way.  See
+	{zigamorph}.
+
+	2. An extra data value inserted in an array or other data
+	structure in order to allow some normal test on the array's
+	contents also to function as a termination test.  For example,
+	a highly optimised routine for finding a value in an array
+	might artificially place a copy of the value to be searched
+	for after the last slot of the array, thus allowing the main
+	search loop to search for the value without having to check at
+	each pass whether the end of the array had been reached.
+
+	3. [among users of optimising compilers] Any technique,
+	usually exploiting knowledge about the compiler, that blocks
+	certain optimisations.  Used when explicit mechanisms are not
+	available or are overkill.  Typically a hack: "I call a dummy
+	procedure there to force a flush of the optimiser's
+	register-colouring info" can be expressed by the shorter
+	"That's a fence procedure".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-01-08)
+
+fencepost error
+
+	1. (Rarely "lamp-post error") A problem with the discrete
+	equivalent of a {boundary condition}, often exhibited in
+	programs by iterative loops.  From the following problem: "If
+	you build a fence 100 feet long with posts 10 feet apart, how
+	many posts do you need?"  (Either 9 or 11 is a better answer
+	than the obvious 10).
+
+	For example, suppose you have a long list or array of items,
+	and want to process items m through n; how many items are
+	there?  The obvious answer is n - m, but that is off by one;
+	the right answer is n - m + 1.  The "obvious" formula exhibits
+	a fencepost error.
+
+	See also {zeroth} and note that not all {off-by-one errors}
+	are fencepost errors.  The game of Musical Chairs involves a
+	catastrophic off-by-one error where N people try to sit in N -
+	1 chairs, but it's not a fencepost error.  Fencepost errors
+	come from counting things rather than the spaces between them,
+	or vice versa, or by neglecting to consider whether one should
+	count one or both ends of a row.
+
+	2. (Rare) An error induced by unexpected regularities in input
+	values, which can (for instance) completely thwart a
+	theoretically efficient {binary tree} or {hash coding}
+	implementation.  The error here involves the difference
+	between expected and worst case behaviours of an {algorithm}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+fepped out
+
+	<jargon> /fept owt/ The {Symbolics 3600} {LISP Machine} has a
+	{Front-End Processor} (FEP).  When the main processor gets
+	{wedged}, the FEP takes control of the keyboard and screen.
+	Such a machine is said to have "fepped out" or "dropped into
+	the fep".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+FEPROM
+
+	{Flash Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory}
+
+Fermat prime
+
+	<mathematics> A {prime number} of the form 2^2^n + 1.  Any
+	prime number of the form 2^n+1 must be a Fermat prime.
+	{Fermat} conjectured in a letter to someone or other that all
+	numbers 2^2^n+1 are prime, having noticed that this is true
+	for n=0,1,2,3,4.
+
+	{Euler} proved that 641 is a factor of 2^2^5+1.  Of course
+	nowadays we would just ask a computer, but at the time it was
+	an impressive achievement (and his proof is very elegant).
+
+	No further Fermat primes are known; several have been
+	factorised, and several more have been proved composite
+	without finding explicit factorisations.
+
+	{Gauss} proved that a regular N-sided {polygon} can be
+	constructed with ruler and compasses if and only if N is a
+	power of 2 times a product of distinct Fermat primes.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+Fermat's Last Post
+
+	<humour> A post to a {bug tracker}, {mailing list} or {forum}
+	in which the author claims to have found a simple fix or
+	workaround for a bug, but never says what it is and never
+	shows up again to explain it (even after others have been
+	puzzling over the bug for years).
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2012-02-19)
+
+Ferranti F100-L
+
+	<processor> A {processor}, with 16-bit addressing, {registers}
+	and data paths and a 1-bit serial {ALU}.  The F100-L could
+	only access 32K of memory (one address bit was used for
+	{indirection}).  It was designed by a British company for the
+	British Military.
+
+	The unique feature of the F100-L was that it had a complete
+	control bus available for a {coprocessor}.  Any instruction
+	the F100-L couldn't decode was sent directly to the
+	coprocessor for processing.  Applications for coprocessors at
+	the time were limited, but the design is still used in modern
+	processors, such as the {National Semiconductor 32000} series.
+
+	The {disk operating system} was written by Alec Cawley.
+
+	(2007-05-19)
+
+ferrite core memory
+
+	<storage> (Or "core") An early form of {non-volatile storage}
+	built (by hand) from tiny rings of magnetisable material
+	threaded onto very fine wire to form large (e.g. 13"x13" or
+	more) rectangluar arrays.  Each core stored one {bit} of data.
+	These were sandwiched between {printed circuit boards}(?).
+	Sets of wires ran horizontally and vertically and where a
+	vertical and horizontal wire crossed, a core had both wires
+	threaded through it.
+
+	A single core could be selected and magnetised by passing
+	sufficient current through its horizontal and vertical wires.
+	A core would retain its magnetisation until it was
+	re-magnetised.  The two possible polarities of magnetisation
+	were used to represent the binary values zero and one.
+
+	A third "sense" wire, passed through the core and, if the
+	magnetisation of the core was changed, a small pulse would be
+	induced in the sense wire which could be detected and used to
+	deduce the core's original state.
+
+	Some core memory was immersed in a bath of heated oil to
+	improve its performance.
+
+	Core memory was rendered obsolete by {semiconductor} memory.
+
+	For example, the 1970s-era {NCR 499} had two boards, each with
+	16 {kilobytes} of core memory.
+
+	(1996-03-04)
+
+Ferroelectric RAM
+
+	{Ferroelectric Random Access Memory}
+
+Ferroelectric Random Access Memory
+
+	<storage> (FRAM) A type of {non-volatile} read/write {random
+	access} {semiconductor} memory.  FRAM combines the advantages
+	of {SRAM} - writing is roughly as fast as reading, and {EPROM}
+	- non-volatility and in-circuit programmability.  Current (Feb
+	1997) disadvantages are high cost and low density, but that
+	may change in the future.  Density is currently at most 32KB
+	on a chip, compared with 512KB for SRAM, 1MB for EPROM and 8MB
+	for DRAM.
+
+	A ferroelectric memory cell consists of a ferroelectric
+	{capacitor} and a {MOS} {transistor}.  Its construction is
+	similar to the storage cell of a {DRAM}.  The difference is in
+	the dielectric properties of the material between the
+	capacitor's electrodes.  This material has a high dielectric
+	constant and can be polarized by an electric field.  The
+	polarisation remains until it gets reversed by an opposite
+	electrical field.  This makes the memory non-volatile.  Note
+	that ferroelectric material, despite its name, does not
+	necessarily contain iron.  The most well-known ferroelectric
+	substance is BaTiO3, which does not contain iron.
+
+	Data is read by applying an electric field to the capacitor.
+	If this switches the cell into the opposite state (flipping
+	over the electrical dipoles in the ferroelectric material)
+	then more charge is moved than if the cell was not flipped.
+	This can be detected and amplified by sense amplifiers.
+	Reading destroys the contents of a cell which must therefore
+	be written back after a read.  This is similar to the
+	{precharge} operation in DRAM, though it only needs to be done
+	after a read rather than periodically as with DRAM {refresh}.
+	In fact it is most like the operation of {ferrite core
+	memory}.
+
+	FRAM has similar applications to EEPROM, but can be written
+	much faster.  The simplicity of the memory cell promises high
+	density devices which can compete with DRAM.
+
+	{RAMTRON} is the company behind FRAM.
+
+	(1997-02-17)
+
+Fetch
+
+	A {Macintosh} program by Jim Matthews <Fetch@Dartmouth.edu>
+	for transferring files using {File Transfer Protocol} (FTP).
+	Fetch requires a Mac 512KE, System 4.1, and either {KSP} 1.03
+	or {MacTCP}.
+
+	Latest version: 2.1.2.
+
+	Fetch is Copyright 1992, Trustees of Dartmouth College.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.Dartmouth.edu/pub/mac/Fetch_2.1.2.sit.hqx)}.
+	{(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/systems/mac/info-mac/comm/tcp)}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+fetch-execute cycle
+
+	<architecture, processor> The sequence of actions that a
+	{central processing unit} performs to execute each {machine
+	code} instruction in a program.
+
+	At the beginning of each cycle the CPU presents the value of
+	the {program counter} on the {address bus}.  The CPU then
+	fetches the instruction from {main memory} (possibly via a
+	{cache} and/or a {pipeline}) via the {data bus} into the
+	{instruction register}.
+
+	From the instruction register, the data forming the
+	instruction is decoded and passed to the {control unit} which
+	sends a sequence of control signals to the relevant {function
+	units} of the CPU to perform the actions required by the
+	instruction such as reading values from {registers}, passing
+	them to the {ALU} to add them together and writing the result
+	back to a register.
+
+	The program counter is then incremented to address the next
+	instruction and the cycle is repeated.
+
+	The fetch-execute cycle was first proposed by {John von
+	Neumann}.
+
+	(1998-06-25)
+
+Feynman, Richard P.
+
+	{Richard P. Feynman}
+
+FF
+
+	{form feed}
+
+ffccc
+
+	{Floppy} {Fortran} coding convention checker.
+
+FFP
+
+	Formal FP.  A language similar to FP, but with regular
+	sugarless {syntax}, for machine execution.
+
+	See also {FL}.
+
+	["Can Programming be Liberated From the von Neumann Style?  A
+	Functional Style and Its Algebra of Programs", John Backus,
+	1977 Turing Award Lecture, CACM 21(8):165-180 (Aug 1978)].
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+FFT
+
+	{Fast Fourier Transform}
+
+FGDC
+
+	{Federal Geographic Data Committee}
+
+FGHC
+
+	Flat GHC.  A {flat} variant of {GHC} in which {guard} calls
+	can be only to {primitives}.
+
+	See also {KL1}.
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+FGL
+
+	1. Flow Graph Lisp.  A distributed dataflow language for AMPS
+	(Applicative Multi-Processing System).  "A Loosely-Coupled
+	Applicative Multi-Processing System", R. Keller et al, NCC,
+	AFIPS June 1979, pp.613- 622.
+
+	2. Function Graph Language.  Related to FEL.
+
+FGL+LV
+
+	["Functional Programming and the Logical Variable",
+	G. Lindstrom, POPL 1985, pp. 266-280].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+FGRAAL
+
+	Fortran extended GRAph Algorithmic Language.  A Fortran
+	extension for handling sets and graphs.  "On a Programming
+	Language for Graph Algorithms", W.C. Rheinboldt et al, BIT
+	12(2) 1972.
+
+fgrep
+
+	<tool> A variant of the {Unix} {grep} command which searches
+	for fixed (uninterpreted) strings rather than {regular
+	expressions}.  Surprisingly, this is not always faster.
+
+	(1996-10-27)
+
+FhG
+
+	{Fraunhofer Gesellschaft}
+
+FHS
+
+	{Filesystem Hierarchy Standard}
+
+FHSS
+
+	{Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum}
+
+fi
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Finland.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Fiber Distributed Data Interface
+
+	(FDDI) A 100 Mbit/s {ANSI} {standard} {local area network}
+	architecture, defined in X3T9.5.  The underlying medium is
+	{optical fibre} (though it can be copper cable, in which case
+	it may be called {CDDI}) and the topology is a
+	{dual-attached}, counter-rotating {token ring}.
+
+	FDDI rings are normally constructed in the form of a "dual
+	ring of trees".  A small number of devices, typically
+	infrastructure devices such as {routers} and {concentrators}
+	rather than {host} computers, are connected to both rings -
+	these are referred to as "{dual-attached}".  Host computers
+	are then connected as {single-attached} devices to the
+	{routers} or {concentrators}.  The dual ring in its most
+	degenerate form is simply collapsed into a single device.  In
+	any case, the whole dual ring is typically contained within a
+	computer room.
+
+	This network topology is required because the dual ring
+	actually passes through each connected device and requires
+	each such device to remain continuously operational (the
+	standard actually allows for optical bypasses but these are
+	considered to be unreliable and error-prone).  Devices such as
+	{workstations} and {minicomputers} that may not be under the
+	control of the {network managers} are not suitable for
+	connection to the dual ring.
+
+	As an alternative to a dual-attached connection, the same
+	degree of resilience is available to a {workstation} through a
+	{dual-homed} connection which is made simultaneously to two
+	separate devices in the same FDDI ring.  One of the
+	connections becomes active while the other one is
+	automatically blocked.  If the first connection fails, the
+	backup link takes over with no perceptible delay.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.dcom.lans.fddi}.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+Fiber Optic InterRepeater Link
+
+	<networking> (FOIRL) An older standard of {fiber optic} guides
+	used for carrying 10 MBps {Ethernet}.  The maximum length of a
+	{segment} is 1 km.  A FOIRL {multiport repeater} and
+	transceivers are necessary to carry the signal to multiple
+	devices.
+
+	The more recent version of Ethernet over fiber optic cables is
+	{10baseFL} with a maximum segment length of 2 km.
+
+	(1998-06-28)
+
+fiber optics
+
+	<spelling> US spelling of "fibre optics".  See {optical
+	fibre}.
+
+	(1997-03-31)
+
+Fibonacci sequence
+
+	<mathematics> The {infinite} sequence of numbers beginning
+
+		1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...
+
+	in which each term is the sum of the two terms preceding it.
+
+	The ratio of successive Fibonacci terms tends to the {golden
+	ratio}, namely (1 + sqrt 5)/2.
+
+	[Why not "Fibonacci {series}"?]
+
+	(2002-10-15)
+
+Fibre Channel
+
+	<storage, networking, communications> An {ANSI} {standard}
+	originally intended for high-speed {SANs} connecting
+	{servers}, {disc arrays}, and {backup} devices, also later
+	adapted to form the {physical layer} of {Gigabit Ethernet}.
+
+	Development work on Fibre channel started in 1988 and it was
+	approved by the ANSI standards committee in 1994, running at
+	100Mb/s.  More recent innovations have seen the speed of Fibre
+	Channel SANs increase to 10Gb/s.  Several topologies are
+	possible with Fibre Channel, the most popular being a number
+	of devices attached to one (or two, for redundancy) central
+	Fibre Channel switches, creating a reliable infrastructure
+	that allows servers to share storage arrays or tape libraries.
+
+	One common use of Fibre Channel SANs is for high availability
+	databaseq clusters where two servers are connected to one
+	highly reliable {RAID} array.  Should one server fail, the
+	other server can mount the array itself and continue
+	operations with minimal {downtime} and loss of data.
+
+	Other advanced features include the ability to have servers
+	and {hard drives} seperated by hundreds of miles or to rapidly
+	{mirror} data between servers and hard drives, perhaps in
+	seperate geographic locations.
+
+	{Fibre Channel Industry Association
+	(http://fibrechannel.org)} (FCIA).
+
+	(2003-09-27)
+
+Fibre Channel-Arbitrated Loop
+
+	<hardware, standard> (FC-AL) A fast serial bus interface
+	standard intended to replace {SCSI} on high-end {servers}.
+
+	FC-AL has a number of advantages over SCSI.  It offers higher
+	speed: the base speed is 100 {megabytes} per second, with 200,
+	400, and 800 planned.  Many devices are dual ported, i.e., can
+	be accessed through two independent ports, which doubles speed
+	and increases fault tolerance.  Cables can be as long as 30 m
+	(coaxial) or 10 km (optical).  FC-AL enables
+	{self-configuring} and {hot swapping} and the maximum number
+	of devices on a single port is 126.  Finally, it provides
+	software compatibility with SCSI.
+
+	Despite all these features FC-AL is unlikely to appear on
+	desktops anytime soon, partly because its price, partly
+	because typical {desktop computers} would not take advantage
+	of many of the advanced features.  On these systems {FireWire}
+	has more potential.
+
+	[Current status?  Reference?]
+
+	(1999-09-12)
+
+fibre optics
+
+	{optical fibre}
+
+FIDIL
+
+	Based on "maps", generalised arrays whose index sets
+	("domains") are arbitrary D-dimensional sets.  Domains are
+	first-class objects and may be constructed by union,
+	intersection, etc.
+
+	["Fidil: A Language for Scientific Programming",
+	P.N. Hilfinger et al, TR UCRL-98057, LLNL Jan 1988].
+
+FIDO
+
+	FInite DOmains.  A constraint language implemented on top of
+	Prolog.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.uni-kl.de/pub1/Unix/languages/fido/)}.
+
+FidoNet
+
+	A worldwide hobbyist network of personal computers which
+	exchanges {e-mail}, discussion groups, and files.  Founded in
+	1984 and originally consisting only of {IBM PCs} and
+	compatibles, FidoNet now includes such diverse machines as
+	{Apple IIs}, {Ataris}, {Amigas}, and {Unix} systems.  Though
+	it is much younger than {Usenet}, FidoNet is already (in early
+	1991) a significant fraction of {Usenet}'s size at some 8000
+	systems.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+field
+
+	<data, database> An area of a {database} {record}, or
+	{graphical user interface} {form}, into which a particular
+	item of data is entered.
+
+	Example usage: "The telephone number field is not really a
+	numerical field", "Why do we need a four-digit field for the
+	year?".
+
+	A {database} {column} is the set of all instances of a given
+	field from all records in a {table}.
+
+	(1999-04-26)
+
+field circus
+
+	A derogatory pun on "field service".  The field service
+	organisation of any hardware manufacturer, but especially
+	{DEC}.  There is an entire genre of jokes about DEC field
+	circus engineers:
+
+	Q: How can you recognise a DEC field circus engineer with a
+	flat tire?
+
+	A: He's changing one tire at a time to see which one is flat.
+
+	Q: How can you recognise a DEC field circus engineer who is
+	out of gas?
+
+	A: He's changing one tire at a time to see which one is flat.
+
+	See {Easter egging} for additional insight on these jokes.
+
+	There is also the "Field Circus Cheer" (from the {plan file}
+	for {DEC} on MIT-AI):
+
+	 Maynard! Maynard!
+	 Don't mess with us!
+	 We're mean and we're tough!
+	 If you get us confused
+	 We'll screw up your stuff.
+
+	(DEC's service HQ is located in Maynard, Massachusetts).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+field effect transistor
+
+	<electronics> (FET) A {transistor} with a region of {donor}
+	material with two terminals called the "source" and the
+	"drain", and an adjoining region of {acceptor} material
+	between, called the "gate".  The voltage between the gate and
+	the {substrate} controls the current flow between source and
+	drain by depleting the donor region of its charge carriers to
+	greater or lesser extent.
+
+	There are two kinds of FET's, {Junction FETs} and {MOSFETs}.
+
+	Because no current (except a minute leakage current) flows
+	through the gate, FETs can be used to make circuits with very
+	low power consumption.
+
+	Contrast {bipolar transistor}.
+
+	(1995-10-05)
+
+field emission display
+
+	<hardware> (FED) A type of {flat panel display} in which field
+	emitting cathodes bombard a phosphor coating causing it to
+	emit light.
+
+	A field emission display is similar to a {cathode ray tube}
+	but only a few millimeters thick.  They use a large array of
+	fine metal tips or carbon nanotubes (which are the most
+	efficient electron emitters known), to emit electrons through
+	a process known as field emission.  Many of these are behind
+	each phosphor dot so FEDs do not display dead pixels like LCDs
+	even if 20% of the emitters fail.  {Sony} is researching FED
+	because it is the flat-panel technology that comes closest to
+	matching the picture of a CRT.
+
+	(2007-10-10)
+
+field mouse
+
+	{wireless mouse}
+
+field-programmable gate array
+
+	<hardware> (FPGA) A {gate array} where the logic network can
+	be programmed into the device after its manufacture.  An FPGA
+	consists of an array of logic elements, either gates or lookup
+	table {RAMs}, {flip-flops} and programmable interconnect
+	wiring.
+
+	Most FPGAs are reprogrammable, since their logic functions and
+	interconnect are defined by RAM cells.  The {Xilinx} LCA,
+	{Altera} FLEX and {AT&T} ORCA devices are examples.  Others
+	can only be programmed once, by closing "antifuses".  These
+	retain their programming permanently.  The {Actel} FPGAs are
+	the leading example of such devices.  Atmel FPGAs are
+	currently (July 1997) the only ones in which part of the array
+	can be reprogrammed while other parts are active.
+
+	As of 1994, FPGAs have logic capacity up to 10K to 20K
+	2-input-NAND-equivalent gates, up to about 200 I/O pins and
+	can run at {clock rates} of 50 MHz or more.  FPGA designs must
+	be prepared using {CAD} software tools, usually provided by
+	the chip vendor, to do technology mapping, partitioning and
+	placement, routing, and binary output.  The resulting binary
+	can be programmed into a {ROM} connected to the FPGA or
+	{downloaded} to the FPGA from a connected computer.
+
+	In addition to ordinary logic applications, FPGAs have enabled
+	the development of {logic emulators}.  There is also research
+	on using FPGAs as computing devices, taking direct advantage
+	of their reconfigurability into problem-specific hardware
+	processors.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.arch.fpga}.
+
+	(1997-07-11)
+
+field servoid
+
+	<jargon, abuse> /fee'ld ser'voyd/ A play on "android", a
+	derogatory term for a representative of a field service
+	organisation (see {field circus}), suggesting an unintelligent
+	rule-driven approach to servicing computer hardware.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-02-03)
+
+FIFO
+
+	{first-in first-out}
+
+Fifth
+
+	An enhanced version of FORTH.  M.S. Dissertation, Cliff Click
+	<cliff@cs.rice.edu>, Texas A&M, 1985.  Available from the
+	Software Construction Co, (409)696-5432.
+
+Fifth Dimension Technologies
+
+	<company, virtual reality> (5DT) Manufacturers of the {5th
+	Glove}.
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+fifth generation language
+
+	<language, artificial intelligence> A myth the Japanese spent
+	a lot of money on.  In about 1982, {MITI} decided it would
+	spend ten years and a lot of money applying {artificial
+	intelligence} to programming, thus solving the {software
+	crisis}.  The project spent its money and its ten years and in
+	1992 closed down with a wimper.
+
+	(1996-11-06)
+
+fifth normal form
+
+	{database normalisation}
+
+Fight-o-net
+
+	<messaging> A distortion of {FidoNet}, often applied after a
+	flurry of {flamage} in a particular {echo}, especially the
+	SYSOP echo or Fidonews (see {'Snooze}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-11-04)
+
+file
+
+	<file system> An element of data storage in a {file system}.
+
+	The history of computing is rich in varied kinds of files and
+	{file systems}, whether ornate like the {Macintosh file
+	system} or deficient like many simple pre-1980s file systems
+	that didn't have {directories}.  However, a typical file has
+	these characteristics:
+
+	* It is a single sequence of bytes (but consider {Macintosh}
+	{resource forks}).
+
+	* It has a finite length, unlike, e.g., a {Unix} {device}.
+
+	* It is stored in a {non-volatile storage} medium (but see
+	{ramdrive}).
+
+	* It exists (nominally) in a {directory}.
+
+	* It has a name that it can be referred to by in file
+	operations, possibly in combination with its {path}.
+
+	Additionally, a file system may support other {file
+	attributes}, such as {permissions}; timestamps for creation,
+	last modification, and last access and revision numbers (a` la
+	{VMS}).
+
+	Compare: {document}.
+
+	(2007-01-04)
+
+File Allocation Table
+
+	<file system> (FAT) The component of an {MS-DOS} or {Windows
+	95} {file system} which describes the {files}, {directories},
+	and free space on a {hard disk} or {floppy disk}.
+
+	A disk is divided into {partitions}.  Under the FAT {file
+	system} each partition is divided into {clusters}, each of
+	which can be one or more {sectors}, depending on the size of
+	the partition.  Each cluster is either allocated to a file or
+	directory or it is free (unused).  A directory lists the name,
+	size, modification time and starting cluster of each file or
+	subdirectory it contains.
+
+	At the start of the partition is a table (the FAT) with one
+	entry for each cluster.  Each entry gives the number of the
+	next cluster in the same file or a special value for "not
+	allocated" or a special value for "this is the last cluster in
+	the chain".  The first few clusters after the FAT contain the
+	{root directory}.
+
+	The FAT file system was originally created for the {CP/M}[?]
+	{operating system} where files were catalogued using 8-bit
+	addressing.  {MS DOS}'s FAT allows only {8.3} filenames.
+
+	With the introduction of MS-DOS 4 an incompatible 16-bit FAT
+	(FAT16) with 32-kilobyte {clusters} was introduced that
+	allowed {partitions} of up to 2 gigabytes.
+
+	Microsoft later created {FAT32} to support partitions larger
+	than two gigabytes and {pathnames} greater that 256
+	characters.  It also allows more efficient use of disk space
+	since {clusters} are four kilobytes rather than 32 kilobytes.
+	FAT32 was first available in {OEM} Service Release 2 of
+	{Windows 95} in 1996.  It is not fully {backward compatible}
+	with the 16-bit and 8-bit FATs.
+
+	{IDG article
+	(http://idg.net/idgframes/english/content.cgi?vc=docid_9-62525.html)}.
+	{(http://home.c2i.net/tkjoerne/os/fat.htm)}.
+	{(http://teleport.com/~brainy/)}.
+	{(http://209.67.75.168/hardware/fatgen.htm)}.
+	{(http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/q154/9/97.asp)}.
+
+	Compare: {NTFS}.
+
+	[How big is a FAT?  Is the term used outside MS DOS?  How long
+	is a FAT16 filename?]
+
+	(2000-02-05)
+
+File Attach
+
+	[FidoNet] 1.  A file sent along with a mail message from one
+	BBS to another.
+
+	2. Sending someone a file by using the File Attach option in a
+	BBS mailer.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+File Composition
+
+	A typesetting language.
+
+	["File Composition System Reference Manual", No. 90388,
+	Information Intl].
+
+file compression
+
+	<algorithm> The {compression} of data in a file, usually to
+	reduce storage requirements.
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+file control block
+
+	<operating system> (FCB) An {MS-DOS} data structure that
+	stores information about an open file.  The number of FCBs is
+	configured in {CONFIG.SYS} with a command
+
+		FCBS=x,y
+
+	where x (between 1 and 255 inclusive, default 4) specifies the
+	number of file control blocks to allocate and therefore the
+	number of files that MS-DOS can have open at one time.  y (not
+	needed from DOS 5.0 onward) specifies the number of files to
+	be closed automatically if all x are in use.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+file descriptor
+
+	<programming, operating system> An integer that identifies an
+	open {file} within a {process}.  This number is obtained as a
+	result of opening a file.  Operations which read, write, or
+	close a file would take the file descriptor as an input
+	parameter.
+
+	In many {operating system} implementations, file descriptors
+	are small integers which index a table of open files.  In
+	{Unix}, file descriptors 0, 1 and 2 correspond to the
+	{standard input}, {standard output} and {standard error} files
+	respectively.
+
+	See {file descriptor leak}.
+
+	(1998-02-06)
+
+file descriptor leak
+
+	<programming> (Or "fd leak" /F D leek/) A kind of programming
+	{bug} analogous to a {core leak}, in which a program fails to
+	close {file descriptors} ("fd"s) after file operations are
+	completed, and thus eventually runs out of them.
+
+	See {leak}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+file extension
+
+	{filename extension}
+
+FileMaker
+
+	<software> A {database} application developed by {Claris}.  It
+	is currently the leading database application for the
+	{Macintosh} and is the second most popular standalone package
+	for {Windows}.
+
+	(1998-02-18)
+
+FileMaker, Inc.
+
+	<company> The company that distributes the {FileMaker}
+	{database}.  FileMaker, Inc. was previously known as {Claris}
+	and was renamed after a restructuring in January 1998.
+
+	{(http://filemaker.com/)}.
+
+	(1998-02-18)
+
+filename extension
+
+	<filename extension> The portion of a filename, following the
+	final point, which indicates the kind of data stored in the
+	file - the {file type}.
+
+	Many {operating systems} use filename extensions, e.g. {Unix},
+	{VMS}, {MS-DOS}, {Microsoft Windows}.  They are usually from
+	one to three letters (some sad old OSes support no more than
+	three).  Examples include "c" for {C} {source code}, "ps" for
+	{PostScript}, "txt" for arbitrary text.
+
+	{NEXTSTEP} and its descendants also use extensions on
+	directories for a similar purpose.
+
+	Apart from informing the user what type of content the file
+	holds, filename extensions are typically used to decide which
+	program to launch when a file is "run", e.g. by
+	double-clicking it in a {GUI} {file browser}.  They are also
+	used by {Unix}'s {make} to determine how to build one kind of
+	file from another.
+
+	Compare: {MIME type}.
+
+	{Tony Warr's comprehensive list
+	(http://camalott.com/~rebma/filex.html)}.
+
+	{FAQS.org Graphics formats
+	(http://faqs.org/faqs/graphics/fileformats-faq/)}.
+
+	(2002-04-19)
+
+FileNet
+
+	<storage> A system for storage of {images} on laser disk using
+	{COLD}.
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+File Request
+
+	1. The {FidoNet} equivalent of {FTP}, in which one {BBS}
+	system automatically dials another and {snarfs} one or more
+	files.  Often abbreviated "FReq"; files are often announced as
+	being "available for FReq" in the same way that files are
+	announced as being "available for/by {anonymous FTP}" on the
+	{Internet}.
+
+	2. The act of getting a copy of a file by using the File
+	Request option of the {BBS} mailer.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+File Separator
+
+	<character> (FS) {ASCII} character 28.
+
+	(1996-06-28)
+
+file server
+
+	Hardware and software that together provide file-handling and
+	storage functions for multiple users on a {local area
+	network}.  The most common choices for file server software
+	are {Sun Microsystems}' {Network File System} for {Unix} and
+	{Novell Netware} for {IBM PC} compatibles.  There is also a
+	version of NFS for PCs called {PC-NFS}.  Storing files on a
+	file server saves having multiple copies stored on individual
+	computers, thus economising on disk space and also makes
+	administrating and updating the files easier.
+
+File Service Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (FSP) A {protocol}, similar to {FTP}, for copying
+	{files} between computers.  It's designed for {anonymous
+	archives}, and has protection against {server} and {network}
+	overloading.  It doesn't use connections so it can survive
+	interruptions in service.
+
+	Until 1993-08-12, FSP didn't stand for anything.  Wen-King
+	was responsible for the initials and Michael Grubb
+	<mg@ac.duke.edu> for their eventual expansion.  Other
+	suggestions were "File Slurping Protocol", "Flaky Stream
+	Protocol" and "FTP's Sexier Partner".
+
+	{FAQ
+	(ftp://ftp.germany.eu.net/pub/networking/inet/fsp/fsp-faq/)}.
+
+	[fsp-faq, 1993-08-12].
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+file signature
+
+	A {magic number}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+file system
+
+	<operating system> (FS, or "filesystem") 1. A system for
+	organizing {directories} and {files}, generally in terms of
+	how it is implemented in the {disk operating system}.  E.g.,
+	"The {Macintosh file system} is just dandy as long as you
+	don't have to interface it with any other file systems".
+
+	2. The collection of files and directories stored on a given
+	drive (floppy drive, hard drive, disk {partition}, {logical}
+	drive, {RAM drive}, etc.).  E.g., "mount attaches a named file
+	system to the file system hierarchy at the pathname location
+	directory [...]" -- {Unix manual page} for "mount(8)".
+
+	As an extension of this sense, "file system" is sometimes used
+	to refer to the representatation of the file system's
+	organisation (e.g. its {file allocation table}) as opposed the
+	actual content of the files in the file system.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: fs(5), mount(8).
+
+	(1997-04-10)
+
+Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
+
+	<storage, standard> (FHS) A {standard} designed to be used by
+	{Unix} {distribution} developers, {package} developers, and
+	system implementors.
+
+	FHS consists of a set of {requirements} and guidelines for
+	file and directory placement under {UNIX}-like {operating
+	systems}.
+
+	The {guidelines} are intended to support interoperability of
+	applications, system administration tools, development tools,
+	and scripts.  These systems should also be supported with
+	greater documentation uniformity.
+
+	The standard is primarily intended to be a reference and is
+	not a tutorial on how to manage a Unix filesystem or directory
+	hierarchy.
+
+	{(http://pathname.com/fhs/)}.
+
+	{RedHat deviation (http://redhat.com/corp/support/manuals/RHL-6.0-Manual/install-guide/manual/doc084.html)}.
+
+	(2001-05-24)
+
+file transfer
+
+	<networking> Copying a {file} from one computer to another
+	over a computer {network}.
+
+	See also {File Transfer Protocol}, {Kermit}, {Network File
+	System}, {rcp}, {uucp}, {XMODEM}, {ZMODEM}.
+
+	(1997-04-10)
+
+File Transfer Protocol
+
+	(FTP) A {client-server} protocol which allows a user on one
+	computer to transfer files to and from another computer over a
+	{TCP/IP} network.  Also the client program the user executes
+	to transfer files.  It is defined in {STD 9}, {RFC 959}.
+
+	See also {anonymous FTP}, {FSP}, {TFTP}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: ftp(1).
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+file type
+
+	<file format> The kind of data stored in a file.  Most modern
+	{operating systems} use the {filename extension} to determine
+	the file type though others store this information elsewhere
+	in the {file system}.  The file type is used to choose an
+	appropriate icon to represent the file in a {GUI} and the
+	correct {application} with which to view, edit, run, or print
+	the file.
+
+	Different operating systems support different sets of file
+	types though most agree on a large common set and allow
+	arbitrary new types to be defined.
+
+	See also {MIME}.
+
+	{FileInfo.com - The File Extensions Resource
+	(http://fileinfo.com/)}
+
+	(2009-03-27)
+
+filing system
+
+	{file system}
+
+filk
+
+	/filk/ [SF fandom, where a typo for "folk" was adopted as a
+	new word] A popular or folk song with lyrics revised or
+	completely new lyrics, intended for humorous effect when
+	read, and/or to be sung late at night at SF conventions.
+	There is a flourishing subgenre of these called "computer
+	filks", written by hackers and often containing rather
+	sophisticated technical humour.  See {double bucky} for an
+	example.  Compare {grilf}, {hing} and {newsfroup}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+fill-out form
+
+	<programming> A type of {user interface} used, for example, on
+	the {web}, to organise a set of questions or
+	options for the user so that it resembles a traditional paper
+	form that is filled out.  Typical query types are:
+	fill-in-the-blank (text), menu of options, select zero or
+	more, or select exactly one ("{radio buttons}").
+
+	Most {web browsers} support fill-out forms.
+	{Overview
+	(http://ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/fill-out-forms/overview.html)}.
+
+	(1998-03-24)
+
+film at 11
+
+	<jargon> (MIT, in parody of US TV newscasters) 1. Used in
+	conversation to announce ordinary events, with a sarcastic
+	implication that these events are earth-shattering.  "{ITS}
+	crashes; film at 11."  "Bug found in scheduler; film at 11."
+
+	2. Also widely used outside MIT to indicate that additional
+	information will be available at some future time, *without*
+	the implication of anything particularly ordinary about the
+	referenced event.  For example, "The mail file server died
+	this morning; we found garbage all over the root directory.
+	Film at 11." would indicate that a major failure had occurred
+	but that the people working on it have no additional
+	information about it as yet; use of the phrase in this way
+	suggests gently that the problem is liable to be fixed more
+	quickly if the people doing the fixing can spend time doing
+	the fixing rather than responding to questions, the answers to
+	which will appear on the normal "11:00 news", if people will
+	just be patient.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-03-24)
+
+FILO
+
+	{stack}
+
+Filtabyte
+
+	<networking, hardware> An {Ethernet controller} card made by
+	{LRT} based on the {LANCE} and {SIA}.  It uses {DMA}.  Its
+	{Ethernet address} can be changed by software.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+filter
+
+	1. (Originally {Unix}, now also {MS-DOS}) A program that
+	processes an input data stream into an output data stream in
+	some well-defined way, and does no I/O to anywhere else except
+	possibly on error conditions; one designed to be used as a
+	stage in a {pipeline} (see {plumbing}).  Compare {sponge}.
+
+	2. ({functional programming}) A {higher-order function} which
+	takes a {predicate} and a list and returns those elements of
+	the list for which the predicate is true.  In {Haskell}:
+
+		filter p []     = []
+		filter p (x:xs) = if p x then x : rest else rest
+				  where
+				  rest = filter p xs
+
+	See also {filter promotion}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+filter promotion
+
+	<algorithm> In a {generate and test} algorithm, combining part
+	of the filter with the generator in order to reduce the number
+	of potential solutions generated.  A trivial example:
+
+		filter (< 100) [1..1000]  ==>  [1..99]
+
+	where [1..n] generates the list of integers from 1 to n.  Here
+	the filter has been combined completely with the generator.
+	This is an example of {fusion}.
+
+	(2005-03-18)
+
+FIMS
+
+	{Form Interface Management System}
+
+Finagle's Law
+
+	<humour> The generalised or "folk" version of {Murphy's Law},
+	fully named "Finagle's Law of Dynamic Negatives" and usually
+	rendered "Anything that can go wrong, will".  One variant
+	favoured among hackers is "The perversity of the Universe
+	tends toward a maximum".
+
+	The label "Finagle's Law" was popularised by SF author Larry
+	Niven in several stories depicting a frontier culture of
+	asteroid miners; this "Belter" culture professed a religion
+	and/or running joke involving the worship of the dread god
+	Finagle and his mad prophet Murphy.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-12-14)
+
+Financial Information eXchange
+
+	<business, protocol> (FIX) A {standard} messaging {protocol}
+	for the {real-time} electronic exchange of securities
+	transactions.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(2001-05-14)
+
+Finder
+
+	<operating system> The part of the {Macintosh Operating
+	System} and {GUI} that simulates the {desktop}.  The
+	{multitasking} version of Finder was called "{MultiFinder}"
+	until {multitasking} was integrated into the core of the OS
+	with the introduction of System 7.0 in 1990.
+
+	(2005-03-18)
+
+fine adjuster
+
+	<jargon, tool, humour> A tool used for {percussive
+	maintenance}, also known as a "hammer".
+
+	(1999-01-15)
+
+fine grain
+
+	{granularity}
+
+finger
+
+	<tool> A {Unix} program that displays information about a
+	particular user or all users logged on the system, or a remote
+	system.  Finger typically shows full name, last login time,
+	idle time, terminal line, and terminal location (where
+	applicable).  It may also display a {plan file} left by the
+	user (see also {Hacking X for Y}).  Some versions take a "-l"
+	(long) argument which yields more information.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-10-06)
+
+finger-pointing syndrome
+
+	<programming> All-too-frequent result of {bugs}, especially in
+	new or experimental configurations.  The hardware vendor
+	points a finger at the software.  The software vendor points a
+	finger at the hardware.  All the poor users get is the finger.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-12-14)
+
+finite
+
+	{compact}
+
+Finite Automata
+
+	{Finite State Machine}
+
+Finite Automaton
+
+	{Finite State Machine}
+
+finite differencing
+
+	{strength reduction}
+
+Finite Impulse Response
+
+	<electronics, DSP> (FIR) A type of {digital signal} {filter},
+	in which every {sample} of output is the weighted sum of past
+	and current samples of input, using only some finite number of
+	past samples.
+
+	(2001-06-06)
+
+Finite State Automata
+
+	{Finite State Machine}
+
+Finite State Automaton
+
+	{Finite State Machine}
+
+Finite State Machine
+
+	<mathematics, algorithm, theory> (FSM or "Finite State
+	Automaton", "transducer") An {abstract machine} consisting of
+	a set of {states} (including the initial state), a set of
+	input events, a set of output events, and a state transition
+	function.  The function takes the current state and an input
+	event and returns the new set of output events and the next
+	state.  Some states may be designated as "terminal states".
+	The state machine can also be viewed as a function which maps
+	an ordered sequence of input events into a corresponding
+	sequence of (sets of) output events.
+
+	A {deterministic} FSM (DFA) is one where the next state is
+	uniquely determinied by a single input event.  The next state
+	of a {nondeterministic} FSM (NFA) depends not only on the
+	current input event, but also on an arbitrary number of
+	subsequent input events.  Until these subsequent events occur
+	it is not possible to determine which state the machine is in.
+
+	It is possible to automatically translate any nondeterministic
+	FSM into a deterministic one which will produce the same
+	output given the same input.  Each state in the DFA represents
+	the set of states the NFA might be in at a given time.
+
+	In a probabilistic FSM [proper name?], there is a
+	predetermined {probability} of each next state given the
+	current state and input (compare {Markov chain}).
+
+	The terms "acceptor" and "transducer" are used particularly in
+	language theory where automata are often considered as
+	{abstract machines} capable of recognising a language (certain
+	sequences of input events).  An acceptor has a single
+	{Boolean} output and accepts or rejects the input sequence by
+	outputting true or false respectively, whereas a transducer
+	translates the input into a sequence of output events.
+
+	FSMs are used in {computability theory} and in some practical
+	applications such as {regular expressions} and digital logic
+	design.
+
+	See also {state transition diagram}, {Turing Machine}.
+
+	[J.H. Conway, "regular algebra and finite machines", 1971, Eds
+	Chapman & Hall].
+
+	[S.C. Kleene, "Representation of events in nerve nets and
+	finite automata", 1956, Automata Studies. Princeton].
+
+	[Hopcroft & Ullman, 1979, "Introduction to automata theory,
+	languages and computations", Addison-Wesley].
+
+	[M. Crochemore "tranducters and repetitions",
+	Theoritical. Comp. Sc. 46, 1986].
+
+	(2001-09-22)
+
+finn
+
+	<jargon, chat> To pull rank on somebody based on the amount of
+	time one has spent on {IRC}.  The term derives from the fact
+	that IRC was originally written in Finland in 1987.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-08-05)
+
+FIPS
+
+	{Federal Information Processing Standards}
+
+FIR
+
+	1. <electronics> {Finite Impulse Response} (filter).
+
+	2. <standard> Fast Infrared.  {Infrared} standard from {IrDA},
+	part of {IrDA Data}.  FIR supports {synchronous}
+	communications at 4 Mbps (and 1.115 Mbps?), at a distance of
+	up to 1 metre.
+
+	(1999-10-14)
+
+firebottle
+
+	{electron tube}
+
+firefighting
+
+	1. What sysadmins have to do to correct sudden operational
+	problems.  An opposite of hacking.  "Been hacking your new
+	newsreader?"  "No, a power glitch hosed the network and I
+	spent the whole afternoon fighting fires."
+
+	2. The act of throwing lots of manpower and late nights at a
+	project, especially to get it out before deadline.  See also
+	{gang bang}, {Mongolian Hordes technique}; however, the term
+	"firefighting" connotes that the effort is going into chasing
+	bugs rather than adding features.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+Firefox
+
+	<web> A complete {free}, {open-source} {web
+	browser} from the {Mozilla Foundation} and therefore a true
+	code descendent of {Netscape Navigator}.  The first non-{beta
+	release} was in late 2004.
+
+	{Firefox Home (http://mozilla.org/products/firefox)}.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+firehose syndrome
+
+	<networking, jargon> An absence, failure or inadequacy of flow
+	control mechanisms causing the sender to overwhelm the
+	receiver.  The implication is that, like trying to drink from
+	a firehose, the consequenses are worse than just loss of data,
+	e.g. the receiver may {crash}.
+
+	See {ping-flood}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-03-12)
+
+firewall
+
+	1. {firewall code}.
+
+	2. {firewall machine}.
+
+firewall code
+
+	1. The code you put in a system (say, a telephone switch) to
+	make sure that the users can't do any damage. Since users
+	always want to be able to do everything but never want to
+	suffer for any mistakes, the construction of a firewall is a
+	question not only of defensive coding but also of interface
+	presentation, so that users don't even get curious about those
+	corners of a system where they can burn themselves.
+
+	2. Any sanity check inserted to catch a {can't happen} error.
+	Wise programmers often change code to fix a bug twice: once to
+	fix the bug, and once to insert a firewall which would have
+	arrested the bug before it did quite as much damage.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+firewall machine
+
+	<networking, security> A dedicated {gateway} {server} with special
+	security precautions on it, used to service external connections
+	(typically from the {public Internet}).  The firewall machine
+	protects servers and networks hidden behind it from {crackers}.
+
+	The typical firewall is an inexpensive {microprocessor}-based
+	{Unix} machine with no critical data, with public network ports on
+	it, but just one carefully watched connection back to the rest of
+	the cluster.  The special precautions may include threat
+	monitoring, {call-back}, and even a complete {iron box} keyable to
+	particular incoming IDs or activity patterns.
+
+	The type of network and security environment of a firewall machine
+	is often called a {De-Militarised Zone} (DMZ).  It may contain
+	other servers such as e-mail servers or {proxy gateways} -
+	machines that need to be publicly accessible but also need some
+	access to internal systems.
+
+	Also known as a (Venus) flytrap after the insect-eating plant.
+
+	(2014-07-15)
+
+FireWire
+
+	{High Performance Serial Bus}
+
+fireworks mode
+
+	The mode a machine is sometimes said to be in when
+	it is performing a {crash and burn} operation.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Firmware
+
+	Software stored in read-only memory (ROM) or programmable ROM
+	(PROM).  Easier to change than hardware but harder than
+	software stored on disk.  Firmware is often responsible for
+	the behaviour of a system when it is first switched on.  A
+	typical example would be a "monitor" program in a
+	microcomputer which loads the full operating system from disk
+	or from a network and then passes control to it.
+
+firmy
+
+	{stiffy}
+
+first class module
+
+	<programming> A {module} that is a {first class data object}
+	of the {programming language}, e.g. a {record} containing
+	{functions}.  In a {functional language}, it is standard to
+	have first class programs, so program building blocks can have
+	the same status.
+
+	{Claus Reinke's Virtual Bookshelf
+	(http://informatik.uni-kiel.de/~cr/bib/bookshelf/Modules.html)}.
+
+	(2004-01-26)
+
+First Fit
+
+	<algorithm> A {resource} allocation scheme (usually for
+	{memory}).  First Fit fits data into memory by scanning from
+	the beginning of available memory to the end, until the first
+	free space which is at least big enough to accept the data is
+	found.  This space is then allocated to the data.  Any left
+	over becomes a smaller, separate free space.
+
+	If the data to be allocated is bigger than the biggest free
+	space, the request cannot be met, and an error is generated.
+
+	Compare {Best Fit}.
+
+	(1997-06-02)
+
+first generation
+
+	1. <architecture> {first generation computer}.
+
+	2. <language> {first generation language}.
+
+first generation computer
+
+	<architecture> A prototype computer based on {vacuum tubes}
+	and other esoteric technologies.  Chronologically, any
+	computer designed before the mid-1950s.  Examples include
+	{Howard Aiken}'s {Mark 1} (1944), Maunchly and Eckert's
+	{ENIAC} (1946), and the {IAS} computer.
+
+	(1996-11-22)
+
+first generation language
+
+	Raw {machine code}.  When computers were first "programmed"
+	from an input device, rather than by being rewired, they were
+	fed input in the form of numbers, which they then interpreted
+	as commands.  This was really low level, and a program
+	fragment might look like "010307 010307".  Almost no one
+	programs in machine language anymore, because translators are
+	nearly trivial to write.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+first-in first-out
+
+	<algorithm> (FIFO, or "queue") A data structure or hardware
+	buffer from which items are taken out in the same order they
+	were put in.  Also known as a "shelf" from the analogy with
+	pushing items onto one end of a shelf so that they fall off
+	the other.  A FIFO is useful for buffering a stream of data
+	between a sender and receiver which are not synchronised -
+	i.e. not sending and receiving at exactly the same rate.
+	Obviously if the rates differ by too much in one direction for
+	too long then the FIFO will become either full ({block}ing the
+	sender) or empty ({block}ing the receiver).  A {Unix} {pipe}
+	is a common example of a FIFO.
+
+	A FIFO might be (but isn't ever?) called a LILO - last-in
+	last-out.  The opposite of a FIFO is a LIFO (last-in
+	first-out) or "{stack}".
+
+	(1999-12-06)
+
+first normal form
+
+	{database normalisation}
+
+first-order
+
+	Not {higher-order}.
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+first-order logic
+
+	<language, logic> The language describing the truth of
+	mathematical {formulas}.  Formulas describe properties of
+	terms and have a truth value.  The following are atomic
+	formulas:
+
+	 True
+	 False
+	 p(t1,..tn)	where t1,..,tn are terms and p is a predicate.
+
+	If F1, F2 and F3 are formulas and v is a variable then the
+	following are compound formulas:
+
+	 F1 ^ F2	conjunction - true if both F1 and F2 are true,
+
+	 F1 V F2	disjunction - true if either or both are true,
+
+	 F1 => F2	implication - true if F1 is false or F2 is
+			true, F1 is the antecedent, F2 is the
+			consequent (sometimes written with a thin
+			arrow),
+
+	 F1 <= F2	true if F1 is true or F2 is false,
+
+	 F1 == F2	true if F1 and F2 are both true or both false
+			(normally written with a three line
+			equivalence symbol)
+
+	 ~F1		negation - true if f1 is false (normally
+			written as a dash '-' with a shorter vertical
+			line hanging from its right hand end).
+
+	 For all v . F	universal quantification - true if F is true
+			for all values of v (normally written with an
+			inverted A).
+
+	 Exists v . F	existential quantification - true if there
+			exists some value of v for which F is true.
+			(Normally written with a reversed E).
+
+	The operators ^ V => <= == ~ are called connectives.  "For
+	all" and "Exists" are {quantifiers} whose {scope} is F.  A
+	term is a mathematical expression involving numbers,
+	operators, functions and variables.
+
+	The "order" of a logic specifies what entities "For all" and
+	"Exists" may quantify over.  First-order logic can only
+	quantify over sets of {atomic} {propositions}.  (E.g. For all p
+	. p => p).  Second-order logic can quantify over functions on
+	propositions, and higher-order logic can quantify over any
+	type of entity.  The sets over which quantifiers operate are
+	usually implicit but can be deduced from well-formedness
+	constraints.
+
+	In first-order logic quantifiers always range over ALL the
+	elements of the domain of discourse.  By contrast,
+	second-order logic allows one to quantify over subsets.
+
+	["The Realm of First-Order Logic", Jon Barwise, Handbook of
+	Mathematical Logic (Barwise, ed., North Holland, NYC, 1977)].
+
+	(2005-12-27)
+
+First Party DMA
+
+	{bus mastering}
+
+fish
+
+	(Adelaide University, Australia) 1. Another {metasyntactic
+	variable}.  See {foo}.  Derived originally from the Monty
+	Python skit in the middle of "The Meaning of Life" entitled
+	"Find the Fish".
+
+	2. <storage> microfiche.  A microfiche file cabinet may be
+	referred to as a "fish tank".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+FISH queue
+
+	<humour> (By analogy with {FIFO} - first-in, first-out) first
+	in, still here.
+
+	A joking way of pointing out that processing of a particular
+	sequence of events or requests has stopped dead.  Also "FISH
+	mode" and "FISHnet"; the latter may be applied to any network
+	that is running really slowly or exhibiting extreme flakiness.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+FITNR
+
+	({Thinking Machines, Inc.}) Fixed In the Next Release.
+
+	A written-only notation attached to bug reports.  Often
+	wishful thinking.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+FITS
+
+	Flexible Image Transport System.  The standard data
+	interchange and archive format of the astronomy community.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+FIX
+
+	1. <networking> {Federal Information Exchange}.
+
+	2. <business, protocol> {Financial Information eXchange}.
+
+	(2001-05-14)
+
+fix
+
+	1. <mathematics> The {fixed point} {combinator}.  Called Y in
+	{combinatory logic}.  Fix is a {higher-order function} which
+	returns a fixed point of its argument (which is a function).
+
+		fix :: (a -> a) -> a
+		fix f = f (fix f)
+
+	Which satisfies the equation
+
+		fix f = x such that f x = x.
+
+	Somewhat surprisingly, fix can be defined as the non-recursive
+	{lambda abstraction}:
+
+		fix = \ h . (\ x . h (x x)) (\ x . h (x x))
+
+	Since this involves self-application, it has an {infinite
+	type}.  A function defined by
+
+		f x1 .. xN = E
+
+	can be expressed as
+
+		f = fix (\ f . \ x1 ... \ xN . E)
+		  = (\ f . \ x1 ... \xN . E)
+			(fix (\ f . \ x1 ... \ xN . E))
+		  = let f = (fix (\ f . \ x1 ... \ xN . E))
+		    in \ x1 ... \xN . E
+
+	If f does not occur {free} in E (i.e. it is not {recursive})
+	then this reduces to simply
+
+		f = \ x1 ... \ xN . E
+
+	In the case where N = 0 and f is free in E, this defines an
+	infinite data object, e.g.
+
+		ones = fix (\ ones . 1 : ones)
+		     = (\ ones . 1 : ones) (fix (\ ones . 1 : ones))
+		     = 1 : (fix (\ ones . 1 : ones))
+		     = 1 : 1 : ...
+
+	Fix f is also sometimes written as mu f where mu is the Greek
+	letter or alternatively, if f = \ x . E, written as mu x . E.
+
+	Compare {quine}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+	2. {bug fix}.
+
+	(1998-06-25)
+
+fixed disk
+
+	<storage> A {hard disk} which is not a {removable disk}.
+
+fixed point
+
+	<mathematics> The fixed point of a function, f is any value, x
+	for which f x = x.  A function may have any number of fixed
+	points from none (e.g. f x = x+1) to infinitely many (e.g. f x
+	= x).  The {fixed point combinator}, written as either "fix"
+	or "Y" will return the fixed point of a function.
+
+	See also {least fixed point}.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+fixed-point
+
+	<programming> A {number representation} scheme where a number,
+	F is represented by an {integer} I such that F=I*R^-P, where R is
+	the (assumed) {radix} of the representation and P is the (fixed)
+	number of digits after the radix point.
+
+	On computers with no {floating-point unit}, fixed-point
+	calculations are significantly faster than floating-point as
+	all the operations are basically integer operations.
+	Fixed-point representation also has the advantage of having
+	uniform density, i.e., the smallest resolvable difference of
+	the representation is R^-P throughout the representable range,
+	in contrast to {floating-point} representations.
+
+	For example, in {PL/I}, FIXED data has both a {precision} and
+	a scale-factor (P above).  So a number declared as 'FIXED
+	DECIMAL(7,2)' has a precision of seven and a scale-factor of
+	two, indicating five integer and two fractional decimal
+	digits.  The smallest difference between numbers will be 0.01.
+
+	(2006-11-15)
+
+fixed point combinator
+
+	<mathematics> (Y) The name used in {combinatory logic} for the
+	{fixed point} function, also written as "{fix}".
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+fixed-radio access
+
+	{Wireless Local Loop}
+
+fixed-width
+
+	{record}
+
+FIXME
+
+	<programming> A standard tag often put in {comments} near a
+	piece of code that needs work.  The point of doing so is that
+	a {grep} or a similar pattern-matching tool can find all such
+	places quickly.  This is common in {GNU} code.  Compare {XXX}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-03-16)
+
+fixpoint
+
+	{fixed point}
+
+fj
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Fiji.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Fjolnir
+
+	<language> An Icelandic programming language for the {IBM PC}
+	from the {University of Iceland}.
+
+	[Pall Haraldsson <pallha@rhi.hi.is>].
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+fk
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Falkland Islands
+	(Malvinas).
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+FL
+
+	<language> Function Level.
+
+	John Backus's successor to {FP}, developed ca. 1985.  FL is
+	{dynamically typed} and adds {higher-order functions},
+	{exceptions}, {user-defined types} and other features.
+
+	["FL Language Manual, Parts 1 & 2", J. Backus et al, IBM
+	Research Report RJ 7100 (1989)].
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+F+L
+
+	<language> Functions plus Logic.  Equational clauses within
+	function definitions to solve for {logic variable} bindings.
+
+	["Functions plus Logic in Theory and Practice", R.B.
+	Kieburtz, Feb 1987, unpublished].
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+flag
+
+	1. <programming> A variable or quantity that can take on one
+	of two values; a bit, particularly one that is used to
+	indicate one of two outcomes or is used to control which of
+	two things is to be done.  "This flag controls whether to
+	clear the screen before printing the message."  "The program
+	status word contains several flag bits."  See also {hidden
+	flag}, {mode bit}.
+
+	2. {command line option}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-05-02)
+
+flag day
+
+	<jargon> A software change that is neither forward- nor
+	backward-compatible, and which is costly to make and costly to
+	reverse.  E.g. "Can we install that without causing a flag day
+	for all users?"
+
+	This term has nothing to do with the use of the word {flag} to
+	mean a variable that has two values.  It came into use when a
+	massive change was made to the {Multics} {time-sharing} system
+	to convert from the old {ASCII} code to the new one; this was
+	scheduled for Flag Day (a US holiday), June 14, 1966.
+
+	See also {backward combatability}, {lock-in}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-15)
+
+FLAIR
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 650}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+flaky
+
+	(Or "flakey") Subject to frequent {lossage}.  This use is of
+	course related to the common slang use of the word to describe
+	a person as eccentric, crazy, or just unreliable.  A system
+	that is flaky is working, sort of - enough that you are
+	tempted to try to use it - but fails frequently enough that
+	the odds in favour of finishing what you start are low.
+	Commonwealth hackish prefers {dodgy}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-05)
+
+flamage
+
+	{flame}
+
+flame
+
+	<messaging> To rant, to speak or write incessantly and/or
+	rabidly on some relatively uninteresting subject or with a
+	patently ridiculous attitude or with hostility toward a
+	particular person or group of people.  "Flame" is used as a
+	verb ("Don't flame me for this, but..."), a flame is a single
+	flaming message, and "flamage" /flay'm*j/ the content.
+
+	Flamage may occur in any medium (e.g. spoken, {electronic
+	mail}, {Usenet} news, {web}).  Sometimes a flame
+	will be delimited in text by marks such as "<flame
+	on>...<flame off>".
+
+	The term was probably independently invented at several
+	different places.
+
+	Mark L. Levinson says, "When I joined the Harvard student
+	radio station (WHRB) in 1966, the terms flame and flamer were
+	already well established there to refer to impolite ranting
+	and to those who performed it.  Communication among the
+	students who worked at the station was by means of what today
+	you might call a paper-based Usenet group.  Everyone wrote
+	comments to one another in a large ledger.  Documentary
+	evidence for the early use of flame/flamer is probably still
+	there for anyone fanatical enough to research it."
+
+	It is reported that "flaming" was in use to mean something
+	like "interminably drawn-out semi-serious discussions"
+	(late-night bull sessions) at Carleton College during
+	1968-1971.
+
+	{Usenetter} Marc Ramsey, who was at {WPI} from 1972 to 1976,
+	says: "I am 99% certain that the use of "flame" originated at
+	WPI.  Those who made a nuisance of themselves insisting that
+	they needed to use a {TTY} for "real work" came to be known as
+	"flaming asshole lusers".  Other particularly annoying people
+	became "flaming asshole ravers", which shortened to "flaming
+	ravers", and ultimately "flamers".  I remember someone picking
+	up on the Human Torch pun, but I don't think "flame on/off"
+	was ever much used at WPI."  See also {asbestos}.
+
+	It is possible that the hackish sense of "flame" is much older
+	than that.  The poet Chaucer was also what passed for a wizard
+	hacker in his time; he wrote a treatise on the astrolabe, the
+	most advanced computing device of the day.  In Chaucer's
+	"Troilus and Cressida", Cressida laments her inability to
+	grasp the proof of a particular mathematical theorem; her
+	uncle Pandarus then observes that it's called "the fleminge of
+	wrecches."  This phrase seems to have been intended in context
+	as "that which puts the wretches to flight" but was probably
+	just as ambiguous in Middle English as "the flaming of
+	wretches" would be today.  One suspects that Chaucer would
+	feel right at home on {Usenet}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-03-11)
+
+flame bait
+
+	<messaging> A {Usenet} posting or other message intended to
+	trigger a {flame war}, or one that invites {flames} in reply.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-05-27)
+
+flame off
+
+	{flame on}
+
+flame on
+
+	<messaging, jargon> To begin or continue to {flame}.  The
+	punning reference to Marvel Comics's Human Torch is no longer
+	widely recognised.
+
+	The phrase "flame on" may actually precede the flame, in which
+	case "flame off" will follow it.
+
+	See {rave}, {burble}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-10-29)
+
+flamer
+
+	<jargon, person> (Or "pain in the net") One who habitually
+	{flames}.  Said especially of obnoxious {Usenet}
+	personalities.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+flame war
+
+	<messaging, jargon> An acrimonious dispute conducted on a
+	public electronic forum such as {Usenet}.  See {flame}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-05-27)
+
+flaming
+
+	{flame}
+
+FLAP
+
+	A {symbolic mathematics} package for {IBM 360}.
+
+	["FLAP Programmer's Manual", A.H. Morris Jr., TR-2558 (1971)
+	US Naval Weapons Lab].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 506].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-17)
+
+flap
+
+	1. <storage, jargon> To unload a {DECtape} (so it goes flap,
+	flap, flap).  Old-time {hackers} at {MIT} tell of the days
+	when the disk was device 0 and {microtapes} were 1, 2,
+	etc. and attempting to flap device 0 would instead start a
+	motor banging inside a cabinet near the disk.
+
+	The term is used, by extension, for unloading any magnetic
+	tape.  See also {macrotape}.  Modern {cartridge tapes} no
+	longer actually flap, but the usage has remained.
+
+	The term could well be re-applied to {DEC}'s {TK50} cartridge
+	tape drive, a spectacularly misengineered contraption which
+	makes a loud flapping sound, almost like an old reel-type
+	lawnmower, in one of its many tape-eating failure modes.
+
+	2. <networking> See {flapping router}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-06-17)
+
+flapping router
+
+	<networking> A {router} that transmits routing updates
+	alternately advertising a destination network first via one
+	route, then via a different route.
+
+	Flapping routers are identified on more advanced {protocol
+	analysers} such as the Network General (TM) Sniffer.
+
+	(1999-08-24)
+
+flarp
+
+	/flarp/ [Rutgers University] Yet another {metasyntactic
+	variable} (see {foo}).  Among those who use it, it is
+	associated with a legend that any program not containing the
+	word "flarp" somewhere will not work.  The legend is
+	discreetly silent on the reliability of programs which *do*
+	contain the magic word.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Flash
+
+	<file format, web> (Or "Shockwave Flash") A file
+	format for delivering {interactive} {vector graphics} and
+	animation on the {web}, developed by {Macromedia}.
+
+	{(http://macromedia.com/software/flash/)}.
+
+	(1998-07-07)
+
+flash
+
+	1. <file format> {Adobe} {Flash}.
+
+	2. <storage> {flash memory}.
+
+	2. <chat> A program to flood a {Unix} user's {terminal} with
+	{garbage} by exploiting a {security hole} in the {talk}
+	{daemon}.
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+flash drive
+
+	<storage> Any of various kinds of device using {sold-state
+	memory} ("flash memory") with an interface like a {hard disk
+	drive}, often a {USB} interface.
+
+	(2009-07-28)
+
+Flash EPROM
+
+	{Flash Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory}
+
+Flash Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
+
+	<storage> (FEPROM, "flash memory") A kind of {non-volatile
+	storage} device similar to {EEPROM}, but where erasing can
+	only be done in blocks or the entire chip.
+
+	In 1995 this relatively new technology started to replace
+	{EPROMs} because reprogramming could be done with the chip
+	installed.  At that time FEPROMs could be rewritten about 1000
+	times.
+
+	Like {EAPROM} and ferro-magnetic material, FEPROMs rely on {FN
+	tunnelling}.  Some flash memory supports block erase.
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+Flash Lights Impressively
+
+	<programming, humour> (FLI) /FLY/ A joke {assembly language}
+	instruction first documented in the late 1970s in "The Hackers
+	Dictionary".
+
+	The FLI instruction was frequently referred to by engineers
+	when {minicomputers} such as the DEC {PDP-8}, {PDP-11} and
+	some early {microcomputers} such as the {IMSAI} and {Altair}
+	had dozens of front panel lights.
+
+	"When the computer is about to do some long I/O operation,
+	stick in a FLI so the accountants won't think the machine has
+	hung again."
+
+	(2004-08-23)
+
+flash memory
+
+	<storage> Originally, {Flash Erasable Programmable Read-Only
+	Memory} but commonly used for various kinds of {solid-state
+	memory}.
+
+	(2009-07-28)
+
+Flash ROM
+
+	{Flash Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory}
+
+flat
+
+	1. Lacking any complex internal structure.  "That {bitty box}
+	has only a flat file system, not a hierarchical one."  The verb
+	form is {flatten}.  Usually used pejoratively (at least with
+	respect to file systems).
+
+	2. Said of a memory architecture like that of the {VAX} or
+	{Motorola} {680x0} that is one big linear address space
+	(typically with each possible value of a processor register
+	corresponding to a unique address).  This is a {Good Thing}.
+	The opposite is a "{segmented}" architecture like that of the
+	{Intel 80x86} in which addresses are composed from a
+	base-register/offset pair.  Segmented designs are generally
+	considered cretinous.
+
+	3. A flat {domain} is one where all elements except {bottom}
+	are incomparable (equally well defined).  E.g. the integers.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+flat address space
+
+	<architecture> The memory architecture in which any memory
+	location can be selected from a single contiguous block by a
+	single integer offset.
+
+	Almost all popular {processors} have a flat address space, but
+	the {Intel x86} family has a {segmented address space}.  A
+	flat address space greatly simplifies programming because of
+	the simple correspondence between addresses (pointers) and
+	integers.
+
+	(1996-09-10)
+
+flat ASCII
+
+	<text> (Or "plain ASCII") Said of a text file that contains
+	only 7-bit {ASCII} characters and uses only ASCII-standard
+	{control characters} (that is, has no embedded codes specific
+	to a particular text formatter {markup} language, or output
+	device, and no {meta}-characters).
+
+	Compare {flat file}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-26)
+
+flat file
+
+	<operating system, storage> A single file containing {flat
+	ASCII} representing or encoding some structure, e.g. a
+	{database}, tree or network.
+
+	Flat files can be processed with general purpose tools such as
+	{Perl} and {text editors} but are less efficient than {binary
+	files} if they must be {parsed} repeatedly by a program.  Flat
+	files are more portable between different {operating systems}
+	and {application programs} than binary files, and are more
+	easily transmitted in {electronic mail}.
+
+	See also {flatten}, {sharchive}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-26)
+
+flat file database
+
+	<database> A {database} containing a single {table}, stored in
+	a single {flat file}, often in a human-readable format such as
+	{comma-separated values} or fixed-width columns.
+
+	(2008-06-16)
+
+flatten
+
+	To remove structural information, especially to filter
+	something with an implicit tree structure into a simple
+	sequence of leaves; also tends to imply mapping to
+	{flat ASCII}.  "This code flattens an expression with
+	parentheses into an equivalent {canonical} form."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+flat thunk
+
+	<programming> A software mechanism that allows a {Win32}
+	application to load and call a 16-bit {DLL}, or a 16-bit
+	application to load and call a Win32 DLL.
+
+	See also {generic thunk}, {universal thunk}.
+
+	(1999-04-05)
+
+Flavors
+
+	<language> A {Lisp} variant for the {LISP Machine}, with
+	{object-oriented} features, developed by D. Weinreb and D.A. Moon
+	<moon@cambridge.apple.com> in 1980.  "{Classes}" were called
+	Flavors in the language.
+
+	Though the Flavors design was superseded (notably by the {Common
+	LISP} {CLOS} facility), the term "flavor" persisted as a general
+	synonym for "class".
+
+	["Object-Oriented Programming with Flavors", D.A. Moon, SIGPLAN
+	Notices 21(11):1-8 (OOPSLA '86), Nov 1986].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+Fleng
+
+	A parallel logic language.
+
+	["Massively Parallel Implementation of Flat GHC on the
+	Connection Machine", M. Nilsson, Proc Intl Conf on 5th Gen
+	Comp Sys, 1988, pp.1031-1040].
+
+FLEX
+
+	<language> 1. {Faster LEX}.
+
+	2. A {real-time} language for dynamic environments.
+
+	["FLEX: Towards Flexible Real-Time Programs", K. Lin et al,
+	Computer Langs 16(1):65-79, Jan 1991].
+
+	3. An early {object-oriented} language developed for the
+	{FLEX} machine by {Alan Kay} in about 1967.  The FLEX language
+	was a simplification of {Simula} and a predecessor of
+	{Smalltalk}.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+Flex
+
+	<software, hardware> A system developed by Ian Currie (Iain?)
+	at the (then) {Royal Signals and Radar Establishment} at
+	Malvern in the late 1970s.  The hardware was custom and
+	{microprogrammable}, with an {operating system}, (modular)
+	{compiler}, editor, {garbage collector} and {filing system}
+	all written in {Algol-68}.  Flex was also re-implemented on
+	the {Perq}(?).
+
+	[I. F. Currie and others, "Flex Firmware", Technical Report,
+	RSRE, Number 81009, 1981].
+
+	[I. F. Currie, "In Praise of Procedures", RSRE, 1982].
+
+	(1997-11-17)
+
+Flex++
+
+	{GNU}'s {Flex} {scanner generator} retargeted to {C++} by
+	Alain Coetmeur <coetmeur@icdc.fr>.  Version 3.0.
+
+	{(ftp://iecc.com/pub/file/flex++.tar.gz)}.
+	{(ftp://iecc.com/pub/file/misc++.tar.gz)}.
+	{(ftp://ftp.th-darmstadt.de/pub/programming/languages/C++/tools/flex++-3.0.tar.gz)}.
+
+	(1993-07-08)
+
+Flex 2
+
+	<language> A {preprocessor} designed to make {Fortran} look
+	more like {Pascal}, developed in about 1980.
+
+	[DECUS?]
+
+	(2004-08-23)
+
+FLI
+
+	{Flash Lights Impressively}.
+
+flib
+
+	/flib/ ({WPI}) A meta-number, said to be an integer between 3
+	and 4.
+
+	See {grix}, {N}.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+FLIC
+
+	Functional Language Intermediate Code.
+
+	An {intermediate language} used in the {Chalmers} {LML}
+	compiler.
+
+	["FLIC - A Functional Language Intermediate Code", S. Peyton
+	Jones <simonpj@dcs.gla.ac.uk> et al, RR 148, U Warwick, Sep
+	1989].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+FLIP
+
+	1. An early {assembly language} on the {G-15}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	2. ["FLIP User's Manual", G. Kahn, TR 5, INRIA 1981].
+
+	3. Formal LIst Processor.
+
+	An early language for {pattern-matching} on {Lisp} structures,
+	similar to {CONVERT}.
+
+	["FLIP, A Format List Processor", W. Teitelman, Memo
+	MAC-M-263, MIT 1966].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+Flip Chip Pin Grid Array
+
+	<hardware, processor> (FC-PGA) The package of certain {Intel}
+	{Celeron} and {Pentium III} processors.  FC-PGA processors fit
+	into {Socket 370} {motherboard} sockets.
+
+	The Flip Chip {Pin Grid Array} is similar to {PPGA}, except
+	that the {silicon} {core} is facing up and the {heat slug} is
+	exposed.
+
+	FC-PGA packaging is used by Pentium III processors, and
+	Celeron 566 processors onward.  Earlier Celeron processors
+	used {PPGA} packaging.
+
+	Celeron processors are also available in {Slot 1} {SEPP}
+	packaging and Pentium III processors in Slot 1 {SECC2}
+	packaging.
+
+	Adapters are available to allow a PPGA Celeron to plug into
+	a Slot 1 connector.
+
+	(2000-08-26)
+
+flip-flop
+
+	<hardware> A digital logic circuit that can be in one of two
+	states which it switches (or "{toggles}") between under
+	control of its inputs.  It can thus be considered as a one bit
+	memory.  Three types of flip-flop are common: the {SR
+	flip-flop}, the {JK flip-flop} and the {D-type flip-flop} (or
+	{latch}).
+
+	Early literature refers to the "Eccles-Jordan circuit" and the
+	"Eccles-Jordan binary counter", using two {vacuum tubes} as
+	the active (amplifying) elements for each {bit} of information
+	storage.  Later implementations using {bipolar transistors}
+	could operate at up to 20 million state transitions per second
+	as early as 1963.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+flippy
+
+	<storage> /flip'ee/ A single-sided {floppy disk} altered for
+	double-sided use by addition of a second write-notch, so
+	called because it must be flipped over for the second side
+	(the "flip side") to be accessible.  Used in the {Commodore
+	1541} and elsewhere.  No longer common.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-03-07)
+
+FLIP-SPUR
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 1130}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+float
+
+	<programming> The usual {keyword} for the {floating-point}
+	{data type}, e.g. in the {C} programming language.  The
+	keyword "double" usually also introduces a floating-point
+	type, but with twice the {precession} of a float.
+
+	(2008-06-13)
+
+floater
+
+	<programming> A report in a {bug tracking} system that
+	"floats" at the top of the queue but never gets assigned to a
+	developer, maybe because there is a {workaround}.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2012-04-25)
+
+floating-point
+
+	<programming, mathematics> A number representation consisting
+	of a {mantissa}, M, an {exponent}, E, and a {radix} (or
+	"base").  The number represented is M*R^E where R is the
+	radix.
+
+	In science and engineering, {exponential notation} or
+	{scientific notation} uses a radix of ten so, for example, the
+	number 93,000,000 might be written 9.3 x 10^7 (where ^7 is
+	superscript 7).
+
+	In computer hardware, floating point numbers are usually
+	represented with a radix of two since the mantissa and
+	exponent are stored in binary, though many different
+	representations could be used.  The {IEEE} specify a
+	{standard} representation which is used by many hardware
+	floating-point systems.  Non-zero numbers are {normalised} so
+	that the {binary point} is immediately before the most
+	significant bit of the mantissa.  Since the number is
+	non-zero, this bit must be a one so it need not be stored.  A
+	fixed "bias" is added to the exponent so that positive and
+	negative exponents can be represented without a sign bit.
+	Finally, extreme values of exponent (all zeros and all ones)
+	are used to represent special numbers like zero and positive
+	and negative {infinity}.
+
+	In programming languages with {explicit typing},
+	floating-point types are introduced with the keyword "float"
+	or sometimes "double" for a higher precision type.
+
+	See also {floating-point accelerator}, {floating-point unit}.
+
+	Opposite: {fixed-point}.
+
+	(2008-06-13)
+
+floating-point accelerator
+
+	<hardware> (FPA) Additional hardware to perform functions on
+	{floating point} numbers such as addition, multiplication,
+	{logarithms}, {exponentials}, {trigonometric functions} and
+	various kinds of {rounding} and error detection.  A floating
+	point accelerator often functions as a {co-processor} to the
+	{CPU}.
+
+	The term "floating-point accelerator" suggests a physically
+	larger system, often an extra circuit board, whereas a
+	"floating-point unit" is probably a single chip or even part
+	of a chip.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+Floating-Point SPECbaserate
+
+	{SPECrate_base_fp92}
+
+Floating-Point SPECbaseratio
+
+	{SPECbase_fp92}
+
+Floating-Point SPECrate
+
+	{SPECrate_fp92}
+
+Floating-Point SPECratio
+
+	{SPECfp92}
+
+floating point underflow
+
+	{underflow}
+
+Floating-Point Unit
+
+	<hardware> (FPU) A {floating-point accelerator}, usually in a
+	single {integrated circuit}, possible on the same IC as the
+	{central processing unit}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+floating underflow
+
+	{underflow}
+
+F-Logic
+
+	An {object-oriented} language and {deductive database} system.
+
+	["F-Logic: A Higher-Order Language for Reasoning about
+	Objects, Inheritance and Scheme", ACM SIGMOD May 1989,
+	pp. 134-146].
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+flood
+
+	<chat> On a real-time network (whether at the level of
+	{TCP/IP}, or at the level of, say, {IRC}), to send a huge
+	amount of data to another user (or a group of users, in a
+	channel) in an attempt to annoy him, lock his terminal, or to
+	overflow his network buffer and thus lose his network
+	connection.
+
+	The basic principles of flooding are that you should have
+	better network {bandwidth} than the person you're trying to
+	flood, and that what you do to flood them (e.g., generate ping
+	requests) should be *less* resource-expensive for your machine
+	to produce than for the victim's machine to deal with.  There
+	is also the corrolary that you should avoid being caught.
+
+	Failure to follow these principles regularly produces
+	hilarious results, e.g., an IRC user flooding himself off the
+	network while his intended victim is unharmed, the attacker's
+	flood attempt being detected, and him being banned from the
+	network in semi-perpetuity.
+
+	See also {pingflood}, {clonebot} and {botwar}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-04-07)
+
+FLOP
+
+	1. An early system on the {IBM 701}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+	2. Erroneous singular of {FLOPS}.
+
+	(2005-06-17)
+
+Floppy
+
+	<programming, tool> A {Fortran} coding convention checker.
+	A later version can generate {HTML}.
+
+	See also {Flow}.
+
+	ffccc posted to comp.sources.misc volume 12.
+
+	(1996-08-23)
+
+floppy
+
+	{floppy disk}
+
+floppy disc
+
+	<spelling> It's "{floppy disk}", not like "{compact disc}".
+
+	(2004-11-08)
+
+floppy disk
+
+	<hardware, storage> (Or "floppy", "diskette") A small,
+	portable plastic disk coated in a magnetisable substance used
+	for storing computer data, readable by a computer with a
+	floppy disk drive.  The physical size of disks has shrunk from
+	the early 8 inch, to 5 1/4 inch ("minifloppy") to 3 1/2 inch
+	("microfloppy") while the data capacity has risen.
+
+	These disks are known as "floppy" disks (or diskettes) because
+	the disk is flexible and the read/write head is in physical
+	contact with the surface of the disk in contrast to "{hard
+	disks}" (or winchesters) which are rigid and rely on a small
+	fixed gap between the disk surface and the heads.  Floppies
+	may be either single-sided or double-sided.
+
+	3.5 inch floppies are less floppy than the larger disks
+	because they come in a stiff plastic "envelope" or case, hence
+	the alternative names "stiffy" or "crunchy" sometimes used to
+	distinguish them from the floppier kind.
+
+	The following formats are used on {IBM PCs} and elsewhere:
+
+	 Capacity  Density  Width
+	  360K	   double   5.25"
+	  720K	   double   3.5"
+	  1.2M	   high	    5.25"
+	 1.44M	   high	    3.5"
+
+	Double denisty and high density are usually abbreviated DD and
+	HD.  HD 3.5 inch disks have a second hole in the envelope and
+	an overlapping "HD" logo.
+
+	(1996-08-23)
+
+floppy disk drive
+
+	{disk drive}
+
+floppy drive
+
+	{disk drive}
+
+FLOPS
+
+	{Floating-point} operations per second.
+
+Flops
+
+	<benchmark> The {MFLOPS} {benchmark}.
+
+floptical
+
+	<hardware, storage> (From "floppy disk" and "optical") A
+	{floppy disk} which uses an optical tracking mechanism to
+	improve the positioning accuracy of an ordinary magnetic head,
+	thereby allowing more tracks and greater density.
+
+	{Storage media FAQ
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/arch-storage/part1/faq.html)}.
+
+	(1995-03-15)
+
+Flow
+
+	<tool> A companion utility to {Floppy} by Julian James Bunn
+	<julian@vxcrna.cxern.ch>.  Flow allows the user to produce
+	various reports on the structure of {Fortran 77} code, such as
+	{flow diagrams} and common block tables.  It runs under {VMS},
+	{Unix}, {CMS}.
+
+	Posted to comp.sources.misc volume 31.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+flow chart
+
+	<programming> An archaic form of visual control-flow
+	specification employing arrows and "speech balloons" of
+	various shapes.
+
+	Hackers never use flow charts, consider them extremely silly,
+	and associate them with {COBOL} programmers, {card wallopers},
+	and other lower forms of life.  This attitude follows from the
+	observations that flow charts (at least from a hacker's point
+	of view) are no easier to read than code, are less precise,
+	and tend to fall out of sync with the code (so that they
+	either obfuscate it rather than explaining it, or require
+	extra maintenance effort that doesn't improve the code).
+
+	See also {Program Design Language}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+flow control
+
+	<communications, protocol> The collection of techniques used
+	in serial communications to stop the sender sending data until
+	the receiver can accept it.  This may be either {software flow
+	control} or {hardware flow control}.  The receiver typically
+	has a fixed size {buffer} into which received data is written
+	as soon as it is received.  When the amount of buffered data
+	exceeds a "high water mark", the receiver will signal to the
+	transmitter to stop transmitting until the process reading the
+	data has read sufficient data from the buffer that it has
+	reached its "low water mark", at which point the receiver
+	signals to the transmitter to resume transmission.
+
+	(1995-03-22)
+
+flower key
+
+	{feature key}
+
+FLOW-MATIC or FLOWMATIC
+
+	(Originally B-0) Possibly the first English-like {DP}
+	language.  Developed at Remington Rand in 1958 for the
+	{UNIVAC} I.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 316-324].
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+flow of control
+
+	{control flow}
+
+FLPL
+
+	Fortran List Processing Language.  A package of {Fortran}
+	subroutines for handling lists by H. Gelernter et al, ca 1960.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 388].
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+FLUB
+
+	<language> The {abstract machine} for {bootstrapping}
+	{STAGE2}.
+
+	[Mentioned in Machine Oriented Higher Level Languages, W. van
+	der Poel, N-H 1974, p. 271].
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+Fluegelman, Andrew
+
+	{Andrew Fluegelman}
+
+flush
+
+	<data> To delete something, usually superfluous, or to abort
+	an operation.
+
+	"Flush" was standard {ITS} terminology for aborting an output
+	operation.  One spoke of the text that would have been
+	printed, but was not, as having been flushed.  It is
+	speculated that this term arose from a vivid image of flushing
+	unwanted characters by hosing down the internal output buffer,
+	washing the characters away before they could be printed.
+
+	Compare {drain}.
+
+	2. To force temporarily buffered data to be written to more
+	permanent memory.  E.g. flushing buffered disk writes to disk,
+	as with {C}'s {standard I/O} library "fflush(3)" call.  This
+	sense was in use among {BLISS} programmers at {DEC} and on
+	{Honeywell} and {IBM} machines as far back as 1965.  Another
+	example of this usage is flushing a {cache} on a {context
+	switch} where modified data stored in the cace which belongs
+	to one processes must be written out to main memory so that
+	the cache can be used by another process.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2005-07-18)
+
+Flynn's taxonomy
+
+	<architecture> A classification of computer architectures
+	based on the number of streams of instructions and data:
+
+	{Single instruction/single data} stream (SISD) - a sequential
+	computer.
+
+	Multiple instruction/single data stream (MISD) - unusual.
+
+	{Single instruction/multiple data} streams (SIMD) - e.g. an
+	{array processor}.
+
+	{Multiple instruction/multiple data} streams (MIMD) - multiple
+	autonomous processors simultaneously executing different
+	instructions on different data.
+
+	[Flynn, M. J., "Some Computer Organizations and Their
+	Effectiveness", IEEE Transactions on Computing C-21, No. 9,
+	Sep 1972, pp 948-960].
+
+	["A Survey of Parallel Computer Architectures", Duncan, Ralph,
+	IEEE Computer, Feb 1990, pp 5-16].
+
+	(2003-05-29)
+
+fly page
+
+	{banner}
+
+Flyspeck 3
+
+	<humour> A standard name for any {font} that is so tiny as to
+	be unreadable, by analogy with names like "Helvetica 10" for
+	10-point Helvetica.  Legal boilerplate is usually printed in
+	Flyspeck 3.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+flytrap
+
+	{firewall machine}
+
+FM
+
+	1. <communications> {Frequency Modulation}.
+
+	2. <jargon> Fucking Manual, a back-formation from {RTFM}.
+	Used to refer to the manual itself.
+
+	3. <jargon> Fucking Magic, in the sense of {black magic}.
+
+	(2001-04-30)
+
+fm
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Federated States of
+	Micronesia.
+
+	Heavily used for {vanity domains} by FM radio stations.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+FMPL
+
+	{Frobozz Magic Programming Language}
+
+FMQ
+
+	A {BNF}-based {paser generator} with an error corrector
+	generator, by Jon Mauney.
+
+	{(ftp://csczar.ncsu.edu/)}.
+
+	(1990-03-31)
+
+FMS
+
+	{Flexible Manufacturing System} (factory automation).
+
+FMV
+
+	{video}
+
+FNAL
+
+	Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Illinois, USA).
+
+FNC
+
+	{Federal Networking Council}
+
+fnord
+
+	1. <convention> A word used in {electronic mail} and {news}
+	messages to tag utterances as surrealist mind-play or humour,
+	especially in connection with {Discordianism} and elaborate
+	conspiracy theories.  "I heard that David Koresh is sharing an
+	apartment in Argentina with Hitler. (Fnord.)"  "Where can I
+	fnord get the Principia Discordia from?"
+
+	2. <programming> A {metasyntactic variable}, commonly used by
+	hackers with ties to {Discordianism} or the {Church of the
+	SubGenius}.
+
+	The word "fnord" was invented in the "Illuminatus!" trilogy by
+	Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+FN tunnelling
+
+	{Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling}
+
+fo
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Faroe Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+FOAD
+
+	<chat> fuck off and die.
+
+	(1998-01-18)
+
+FOAF
+
+	[{Usenet}] Friend Of A Friend.  The source of an unverified,
+	possibly untrue story.  This term was not originated by
+	hackers (it is used in Jan Brunvand's books on urban
+	folklore), but is much better recognised on {Usenet} and
+	elsewhere than in mainstream English.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+FOCAL
+
+	1. FOrmula CALculator.
+
+	An interactive system written by Rick Merrill of {DEC} in 1969
+	for {PDP-5} and {PDP-8}.  It was a descendant of {AID}/{JOSS}.
+
+	Versions: FOCAL-69, FOCAL-1971, FOCAL-11 (for {PDP-11} under
+	{RT-11}).
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+	2. Forty-One CAlculator Language.
+
+	The programming language of the HP-41 calculator line.
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+FOCL
+
+	An {expert system shell} and {backward chaining} rule
+	{interpreter} for the {Macintosh}.
+
+	{(ftp://ics.uci.edu/pub/machine-learning-programs/KR-FOCL-ES.cpt.hqx)}.
+
+	E-mail: <pazzani@ics.uci.edu>.
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+FOCUS
+
+	<database, language> A hierarchical {database} language from
+	{Information Builders, Inc.}
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+focus group
+
+	<product> An event where market researchers meet (potential)
+	users of a product to try to plan how to improve it.
+
+	(1999-02-24)
+
+FOD
+
+	/fod/ [Abbreviation for "Finger of Death", originally a
+	spell-name from fantasy gaming] To terminate with extreme
+	prejudice and with no regard for other people.  From {MUDs}
+	where the wizard command "FOD <player>" results in the
+	immediate and total death of <player>, usually as punishment
+	for obnoxious behaviour.  This usage migrated to other
+	circumstances, such as "I'm going to fod the process that is
+	burning all the cycles."  Compare {gun}.
+
+	In aviation, FOD means Foreign Object Damage, e.g. what happens
+	when a jet engine sucks up a rock on the runway or a bird in
+	flight.  Finger of Death is a distressingly apt description of
+	what this generally does to the engine.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+FOIL
+
+	File Oriented Interpretive Language.  CAI language.
+
+	["FOIL - A File Oriented Interpretive Language",
+	J.C. Hesselbart, Proc ACM 23rd National Conf (1968)].
+
+FoIP
+
+	{Fax over IP}
+
+FOIRL
+
+	{Fiber Optic InterRepeater Link}
+
+fold case
+
+	{case sensitivity}
+
+folder
+
+	{directory}
+
+FOLDOC
+
+	{Free On-line Dictionary of Computing}
+
+followup
+
+	On {Usenet}, a {posting} generated in response to another
+	posting (as opposed to a {reply}, which goes by e-mail rather
+	than being broadcast).  Followups include the ID of the
+	{parent message} in their headers; smart news-readers can use
+	this information to present {Usenet} news in "conversation"
+	sequence rather than order-of-arrival.  See {thread}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+font
+
+	<text> A set of {glyphs} ({images}) representing the
+	{characters} from some particular {character set} in a
+	particular size and {typeface}.  The image of each character
+	may be encoded either as a {bitmap} (in a {bitmap font}) or by
+	a higher-level description in terms of lines and areas (an
+	{outline font}).
+
+	There are several different computer representations for
+	fonts, the most widely known are {Adobe Systems, Inc.}'s
+	{PostScript} font definitions and {Apple}'s {TrueType}.
+	{Window systems} can display different fonts on the screen and
+	print them.
+
+	[Other types of font?]
+
+	(2001-04-27)
+
+fontology
+
+	({XEROX PARC}) The body of knowledge dealing with the
+	construction and use of new {fonts} (e.g. for window systems
+	and typesetting software).  It has been said that fontology
+	recapitulates file-ogeny.
+
+	Unfortunately, this reference to the embryological dictum
+	that "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" is not merely a joke.
+	On the Macintosh, for example, System 7 has to go through
+	contortions to compensate for an earlier design error that
+	created a whole different set of abstractions for fonts
+	parallel to "files" and "folders" - ESR
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+foo
+
+	<jargon> /foo/ A sample name for absolutely anything,
+	especially programs and files (especially {scratch files}).
+	First on the standard list of {metasyntactic variables} used
+	in {syntax} examples.  See also {bar}, {baz}, {qux}, {quux},
+	{corge}, {grault}, {garply}, {waldo}, {fred}, {plugh},
+	{xyzzy}, {thud}.
+
+	The etymology of "foo" is obscure.  When used in connection
+	with "bar" it is generally traced to the WWII-era Army slang
+	acronym {FUBAR}, later bowdlerised to {foobar}.
+
+	However, the use of the word "foo" itself has more complicated
+	antecedents, including a long history in comic strips and
+	cartoons.
+
+	"FOO" often appeared in the "Smokey Stover" comic strip by
+	Bill Holman.  This surrealist strip about a fireman appeared
+	in various American comics including "Everybody's" between
+	about 1930 and 1952.  FOO was often included on licence plates
+	of cars and in nonsense sayings in the background of some
+	frames such as "He who foos last foos best" or "Many smoke but
+	foo men chew".
+
+	Allegedly, "FOO" and "BAR" also occurred in Walt Kelly's
+	"Pogo" strips.  In the 1938 cartoon "The Daffy Doc", a very
+	early version of Daffy Duck holds up a sign saying "SILENCE IS
+	FOO!".  Oddly, this seems to refer to some approving or
+	positive affirmative use of foo.  It has been suggested that
+	this might be related to the Chinese word "fu" (sometimes
+	transliterated "foo"), which can mean "happiness" when spoken
+	with the proper tone (the lion-dog guardians flanking the
+	steps of many Chinese restaurants are properly called "fu
+	dogs").
+
+	Earlier versions of this entry suggested the possibility that
+	hacker usage actually sprang from "FOO, Lampoons and Parody",
+	the title of a comic book first issued in September 1958, a
+	joint project of Charles and Robert Crumb.  Though Robert
+	Crumb (then in his mid-teens) later became one of the most
+	important and influential artists in underground comics, this
+	venture was hardly a success; indeed, the brothers later
+	burned most of the existing copies in disgust.  The title FOO
+	was featured in large letters on the front cover.  However,
+	very few copies of this comic actually circulated, and
+	students of Crumb's "oeuvre" have established that this title
+	was a reference to the earlier Smokey Stover comics.
+
+	An old-time member reports that in the 1959 "Dictionary of the
+	TMRC Language", compiled at {TMRC} there was an entry that
+	went something like this:
+
+	FOO: The first syllable of the sacred chant phrase "FOO MANE
+	PADME HUM."  Our first obligation is to keep the foo counters
+	turning.
+
+	For more about the legendary foo counters, see {TMRC}.  Almost
+	the entire staff of what became the {MIT} {AI LAB} was
+	involved with TMRC, and probably picked the word up there.
+
+	Another correspondant cites the nautical construction
+	"foo-foo" (or "poo-poo"), used to refer to something
+	effeminate or some technical thing whose name has been
+	forgotten, e.g. "foo-foo box", "foo-foo valve".  This was
+	common on ships by the early nineteenth century.
+
+	Very probably, hackish "foo" had no single origin and derives
+	through all these channels from Yiddish "feh" and/or English
+	"fooey".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-04-16)
+
+foobar
+
+	<jargon> Another common {metasyntactic variable}; see {foo}.
+	Hackers do *not* generally use this to mean {FUBAR} in either
+	the slang or jargon sense.
+
+	According to a german correspondent, the term was coined
+	during WW2 by allied troops who could not pronounce the german
+	word "furchtbar" (horrible, terrible, awful).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-07-03)
+
+foogol
+
+	A tiny {ALGOL}-like language by Per Lindberg, based on the
+	{VALGOL} I compiler, G.A. Edgar, DDJ May 1985.  Runs on
+	{vaxen}.  Posted to comp.sources.Unix archive volume 8.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/systems/amiga/fish/fish/ff066)}.
+
+FOOL
+
+	Fool's Lisp.  A small {Scheme} {interpreter}.
+
+	{(ftp://scam.berkeley.edu/src/local/fools.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1994-10-04)
+
+fool file
+
+	<jargon> A term found on {Usenet} for a notional repository of
+	all the most dramatically and abysmally stupid utterances
+	ever.  An entire subgenre of {sig blocks} consists of the
+	header "From the fool file:" followed by some quote the poster
+	wishes to represent as an immortal gem of dimwittery; for this
+	usage to be really effective, the quote has to be so obviously
+	wrong as to be laughable.  More than one {Usenetter} has
+	achieved an unwanted notoriety by being quoted in this way.
+
+	(2001-01-05)
+
+Fools' Lisp
+
+	A small {Scheme} {interpreter} by Jonathan Lee
+	<jonathan@scam.berkeley.edu>.  Version 1.3.2 is R4RS
+	conformant.  It runs on {Sun-3}, {Sun-4}, {Decstation}, {VAX}
+	({Ultrix}), {Sequent}, {Apollo}.
+
+	{(ftp://scam.berkeley.edu/src/local/fools.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1991-10-31)
+
+Foonly
+
+	1. The {PDP-10} successor that was to have been built by the
+	Super Foonly project at the {Stanford Artificial Intelligence
+	Laboratory} along with a new operating system.  The intention
+	was to leapfrog from the old DEC {time-sharing} system SAIL
+	was then running to a new generation, bypassing TENEX which at
+	that time was the {ARPANET} {standard}.  {ARPA} funding for
+	both the Super Foonly and the new operating system was cut in
+	1974.  Most of the design team went to DEC and contributed
+	greatly to the design of the PDP-10 model KL10.
+
+	2. The name of the company formed by Dave Poole, one of the
+	principal Super Foonly designers, and one of hackerdom's more
+	colourful personalities.  Many people remember the parrot
+	which sat on Poole's shoulder and was a regular companion.
+
+	3. Any of the machines built by Poole's company.  The first
+	was the F-1 (a.k.a.  Super Foonly), which was the
+	computational engine used to create the graphics in the movie
+	"TRON".  The F-1 was the fastest PDP-10 ever built, but only
+	one was ever made.  The effort drained Foonly of its financial
+	resources, and the company turned toward building smaller,
+	slower, and much less expensive machines.  Unfortunately,
+	these ran not the popular {TOPS-20} but a TENEX variant called
+	Foonex; this seriously limited their market.  Also, the
+	machines shipped were actually wire-wrapped engineering
+	prototypes requiring individual attention from more than
+	usually competent site personnel, and thus had significant
+	reliability problems.  Poole's legendary temper and
+	unwillingness to suffer fools gladly did not help matters.  By
+	the time of the Jupiter project cancellation in 1983, Foonly's
+	proposal to build another F-1 was eclipsed by the {Mars}, and
+	the company never quite recovered.  See the {Mars} entry for
+	the continuation and moral of this story.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+FOOP
+
+	OBJ2 plus object-orientation.  "Extensions and Foundations for
+	Object-Oriented Programming", J. Goguen et al, in Research
+	Directions in Object-Oriented Programming, B. Shriver et al
+	eds, MIT Press 1987.
+
+foot-net
+
+	{sneakernet}
+
+footprint
+
+	1. <jargon, hardware> The floor or desk area taken up by a
+	piece of hardware.
+
+	2. <jargon, storage> The amount of {disk} or {RAM} taken up by
+	a program or file.
+
+	3. ({IBM}) The {audit trail} left by a crashed program (often
+	"footprints").
+
+	See also {toeprint}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-25)
+
+for
+
+	{for loop}
+
+fora
+
+	{forum}
+
+FORC
+
+	Early system on IBM 704.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+Force
+
+	A {dBASE} dialect for {MS-DOS}.
+
+ForceOne
+
+	A programming language by Andrew K. Wright.
+
+	["Polymorphism in the Compiled Language ForceOne",
+	G.V. Cormack et al, Proc 20th Annual Hawaii Intl Conf on
+	System Sciences, 1987, pp.284-292].
+
+	["Design of the Programming Language ForceOne", A.K. Wright,
+	MS Thesis, U Waterloo 1987].
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+ForceTwo
+
+	An unofficial successor to {ForceOne} by Andrew K. Wright.
+
+foreground
+
+	(Unix) On a {time-sharing} system, a task executing in
+	foreground is one able to accept input from and return output
+	to the user in contrast to one running in the {background}.
+	Nowadays this term is primarily associated with {Unix}, but it
+	appears first to have been used in this sense on {OS/360}.
+	Normally, there is only one foreground task per terminal (or
+	terminal window).  Having multiple processes simultaneously
+	reading the keyboard is confusing.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+Foreign eXchange Office
+
+	<communications> (FXO) An analog telephone plug on a handset
+	that receives {POTS} service from the telephone exchange
+	("central office") via a {Foreign eXchange Subscriber} socket
+	and provides on-hook/off-hook indication to the exchange.
+
+	(2008-01-17)
+
+Foreign eXchange Subscriber
+
+	<communications> (FXS) A socket that provides analog telephone
+	service ({POTS}) from the telephone exchange ("central
+	office") to a handset with an {Foreign eXchange Office} plug.
+	The socket provides {dial tone}, power and a ring signal.
+
+	(2008-01-17)
+
+foreign key
+
+	<database> A {column} in a database {table} containing values
+	that are also found in some {primary key} column (of a
+	different table).  By extension, any reference to entities of
+	a different type.
+
+	Some {RDBMSs} allow a column to be explicitly labelled as a
+	foreign key and only allow values to be inserted if they
+	already exist in the relevant primary key column.
+
+	[Is it still a foreign key if the primary key is in a different
+	column in the __same__ table?]
+
+	(2005-01-14)
+
+Foresight
+
+	<graphics, tool> A software product from {Nu Thena} providing
+	graphical modelling tools for high level system design and
+	{simulation}.
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+for free
+
+	Said of a capability of a programming language or hardware
+	equipment that is available by its design without needing
+	cleverness to implement: "In APL, we get the matrix operations
+	for free."  "And owing to the way revisions are stored in this
+	system, you get revision trees for free."  The term usually
+	refers to a serendipitous feature of doing things a certain
+	way (compare {big win}), but it may refer to an intentional
+	but secondary feature.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+fork
+
+	<operating system> A {Unix} {system call} used by a {process}
+	(the "parent") to make a copy (the "child") of itself.  The
+	child process is identical to the parent except it has a
+	different {process identifier} and a zero return value from
+	the fork call.  It is assumed to have used no resources.
+
+	A fork followed by an {exec} can be used to start a different
+	process but this can be inefficient and some later Unix
+	variants provide {vfork} as an alternative mechanism for this.
+
+	See also {fork bomb}.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+fork bomb
+
+	<programming> A particular species of {wabbit} that can be
+	written in one line of {C}:
+
+		main() {for(;;)fork();}
+
+	or {shell}:
+
+		$0 & $0 &
+
+	on any {Unix} system, or occasionally created by an egregious
+	coding bug.  A fork bomb process "explodes" by {recursive}ly
+	spawning copies of itself using the {Unix} {system call}
+	"{fork}(2)".  Eventually it eats all the process table entries
+	and effectively wedges the system.  Fortunately, fork bombs
+	are relatively easy to spot and kill, so creating one
+	deliberately seldom accomplishes more than to bring the just
+	wrath of the {gods} down upon the perpetrator.
+
+	See also {logic bomb}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+forked
+
+	<jargon> (Unix; probably after "fucked") Terminally slow, or
+	dead.  Originated when one system was slowed to a snail's pace
+	by an inadvertent {fork bomb}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+for loop
+
+	<programming> A {loop} construct found in many {procedural
+	languages} which repeatedly executes some instructions while a
+	condition is true.
+
+	In {C}, the for loop is written in the form;
+
+	 for (INITIALISATION; CONDITION; AFTER)
+	   STATEMENT;
+
+	where INITIALISATION is an expression that is evaluated once
+	before the loop, CONDITION is evaluated before each iteration
+	and the loop exits if it is false, AFTER is evaluated after
+	each iteration, and STATEMENT is any statement, including a
+	{compound statement} within braces "{..}", that is executed if
+	CONDITION is true.
+
+	For example:
+
+	 int i;
+	 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
+	 {
+	     printf("Hello\n");
+	 }
+
+	prints "Hello" 10 times.
+
+	Other languages provide a more succinct form of "for"
+	statement specifically for iterating over {arrays} or {lists}.
+	E.g., the {Perl} code,
+
+	 for my $task (@tasks)
+	 {
+	     postpone($task);
+	 }
+
+	calls function "postpone()" repeatedly, setting $task to each
+	element of the "@tasks" array in turn.  This avoids
+	introducing temporary index variables like "i" in the previous
+	example.
+
+	The for loop is an alternative way of writing a {while loop}
+	that is convenient because the loop control logic is collected
+	in a single place.  It is also closely related to the {repeat
+	loop}.
+
+	(2009-10-07)
+
+FORM
+
+	<mathematics, tool> A system written by Jos Vermaseren
+	<t68@nikhefh.nikhef.nl> in 1989 for fast handling of very
+	large-scale {symbolic mathematics} problems.  FORM is a
+	descendant of {Schoonschip} and is available for many
+	{personal computers} and {workstations}.
+
+	{(ftp://acm.princeton.edu/)}, {(ftp://nikhefh.nikhef.nl/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <form@can.nl>.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+FORMAC
+
+	FORmula MAnipulation Compiler.  J. Sammet & Tobey, IBM Boston
+	APD, 1962.  An extension of {Fortran} for {symbolic
+	mathematics}.  Versions: PL/I-FORMAC and FORMAC73.
+
+	["Introduction to FORMAC", J.E. Sammet et al, IEEE Trans Elec
+	Comp (Aug 1964)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 474-491].
+
+FORMAL
+
+	1. FORmula MAnipulation Language.
+
+	An early {Fortran} extension for {symbolic mathematics}.
+
+	["FORMAL, A Formula Manipulation Language", C.K. Mesztenyi,
+	Computer Note CN-1, CS Dept, U Maryland (Jan 1971)].
+
+	2.  A data manipulation language for nonprogrammers from {IBM}
+	{LASC}.
+
+	["FORMAL: A Forms-Oriented and Visual-Directed Application
+	System", N.C. Shu, IEEE Computer 18(8):38-49 (1985)].
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+formal argument
+
+	<programming> (Or "parameter") A name in a {function} or
+	{subroutine} definition that is replaced by, or bound to, the
+	corresponding {actual argument} when the function or
+	subroutine is called.  In many languages formal arguments
+	behave like {local variables} which get initialised on entry.
+
+	See: {argument}.
+
+	(2002-07-02)
+
+Formal Description Technique
+
+	<specification, protocol> (FDT) A {formal method} for
+	developing telecomunications services and {protocols}.  FDTs
+	range from abstract to implementation-oriented descriptions.
+	All FDTs offer the means for producing unambiguous
+	descriptions of {OSI} services and {protocols} in a more
+	precise and comprehensive way than {natural language}
+	descriptions.  They provide a foundation for analysis and
+	verification of a description.  The target of analysis and
+	verification may vary from abstract properties to concrete
+	properties.  Natural language descriptions remain an essential
+	adjunct to formal description, enabling an unfarmiliar reader
+	to gain rapid insight into the structure and function of
+	services and protocols.
+
+	Examples of FDTs are {LOTOS}, {Z}, {SDL}, and {Estelle}.
+
+	[ISO/IEC DTR10167: "Guidelines for the application of
+	{Estelle}, {LOTOS} and {SDL}"].
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+formal methods
+
+	<mathematics, specification> Mathematically based techniques
+	for the {specification}, development and verification of
+	software and hardware systems.
+
+	{Referentially transparent} languages are amenable to symbolic
+	manipulation allowing {program transformation} (e.g. changing
+	a clear inefficient specification into an obscure but
+	efficient program) and proof of correctness.
+
+	{Oxford FM archive
+	(http://comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/formal-methods.html)}.
+
+	(1996-05-15)
+
+Formal Object Role Modeling Language
+
+	<language> (FORML) A {CASE} language?
+
+	(1997-04-12)
+
+formal review
+
+	<project> A technical review conducted with the customer
+	including the types of reviews called for in DOD-STD-2167A
+	(Preliminary Design Review, Critical Design Review, etc.)
+
+	(1996-05-15)
+
+format
+
+	1. <storage> {disk format} - to prepare a new, blank disk for
+	writing.
+
+	2. <operating system> {file format} - how data is arranged in
+	a specific type of file.
+
+	(2007-09-04)
+
+FORMAT-Fortran
+
+	{Fortran Matrix Abstraction Technique Fortran}
+
+Formatting Output Specification Instance
+
+	<text, standard> (FOSI) An old {SGML} {DTD} {standard} for
+	{document management} in the US military, to be replaced (soon
+	after Oct 1996?) by the {ISO} standard {DSSSL}.
+
+	(1996-10-07)
+
+Formes
+
+	<language, music> An {object-oriented} language for music
+	composition and synthesis, written in {VLISP}.
+
+	["Formes: Composition and Scheduling of Processes", X. Rodet &
+	P. Cointe, Computer Music J 8(3):32-50 (Fall 1984)].
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+form factor
+
+	<hardware> The type of packaging of a processor {integrated
+	circuit}, e.g. {PPGA}, {FC-PGA}.
+
+	More generally, a term popular among {marketroids} in 1998,
+	denoting the shape of something designed.
+
+	(2000-08-26)
+
+form feed
+
+	<character> (FF, Control-L, {ASCII} 12) The character used to
+	start a new page on a printer.  This is done by "feeding" a
+	new page (or "form") through the printer.
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+form function
+
+	<jargon> The shape of something designed.  This term is
+	currently (Feb 1998) in vogue among {marketroids}.
+
+	(1998-02-11)
+
+FORML
+
+	1. <language> {Formal Object Role Modeling Language}.
+
+	2. <event> {Forth Modification Lab}.
+
+	(1997-04-12)
+
+forms
+
+	1. <programming> {fill-out form}.
+
+	2. <library> (Xforms) A {GUI} component library for {X11}.
+
+	(1998-03-24)
+
+formula
+
+	1. In logic, a sequence of symbols representing terms,
+	{predicates}, {connectives} and {quantifiers} which is either
+	true or false.
+
+	2. <language, music> FORTH Music Language.  An extension of
+	{FORTH} with concurrent note-playing processes.  Runs on
+	{Macintosh} and {Atari ST} with {MIDI} output.
+
+	["Formula: A Programming Language for Expressive Computer
+	Music", D.P. Anderson et al Computer 24(7):12 (Jul 1991)].
+
+	3. Preprocessor language for the {Acorn Archimedes}, allowing
+	inline high-level statements to be entered in an assembly
+	program.  Written in {nawk}.
+
+Formula ALGOL
+
+	An {ALGOL} extension for {symbolic mathematics}, strings and
+	lists, developed by A.J. Perlis and R. Iturriaga at {Carnegie}
+	for the {CDC G-20} in 1962.
+
+	["An Extension of ALGOL for Manipulating Formulae",
+	A.J. Perlis et al, CACM 7(2):127-130 (Feb 1964)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 583].
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Forsythe
+
+	A descendent of {Algol 60}, intended to be as uniform and
+	general as possible, while retaining the basic character of
+	its progenitor.  Forsythe features {higher-order procedures}
+	and {intersection types}.
+
+	{(ftp://e.ergo.cs.cmu.edu/)}.
+
+	["Preliminary Design of the Programming Language Forsythe",
+	J.C. Reynolds, CMU-CS-88-159, 1988].
+
+FORTH
+
+	1. <language> An interactive extensible language using
+	{postfix syntax} and a data stack, developed by Charles
+	H. Moore in the 1960s.  FORTH is highly user-configurable and
+	there are many different implementations, the following
+	description is of a typical default configuration.
+
+	Forth programs are structured as lists of "words" - FORTH's
+	term which encompasses language keywords, primitives and
+	user-defined {subroutines}.  Forth takes the idea of
+	subroutines to an extreme - nearly everything is a subroutine.
+	A word is any string of characters except the separator which
+	defaults to space.  Numbers are treated specially.  Words are
+	read one at a time from the input stream and either executed
+	immediately ("interpretive execution") or compiled as part of
+	the definition of a new word.
+
+	The sequential nature of list execution and the implicit use
+	of the data stack (numbers appearing in the lists are pushed
+	to the stack as they are encountered) imply postfix syntax.
+	Although postfix notation is initially difficult, experienced
+	users find it simple and efficient.
+
+	Words appearing in executable lists may be "{primitives}"
+	(simple {assembly language} operations), names of previously
+	compiled procedures or other special words.  A procedure
+	definition is introduced by ":" and ended with ";" and is
+	compiled as it is read.
+
+	Most Forth dialects include the source language structures
+	BEGIN-AGAIN, BEGIN-WHILE-REPEAT, BEGIN-UNTIL, DO-LOOP, and
+	IF-ELSE-THEN, and others can be added by the user.  These are
+	"compiling structures" which may only occur in a procedure
+	definition.
+
+	FORTH can include in-line {assembly language} between "CODE"
+	and "ENDCODE" or similar constructs.  Forth primitives are
+	written entirely in {assembly language}, secondaries contain a
+	mixture.  In fact code in-lining is the basis of compilation
+	in some implementations.
+
+	Once assembled, primitives are used exactly like other words.
+	A significant difference in behaviour can arise, however, from
+	the fact that primitives end with a jump to "NEXT", the entry
+	point of some code called the sequencer, whereas
+	non-primitives end with the address of the "EXIT" primitive.
+	The EXIT code includes the scheduler in some {multi-tasking}
+	systems so a process can be {deschedule}d after executing a
+	non-primitive, but not after a primitive.
+
+	Forth implementations differ widely.  Implementation
+	techniques include {threaded code}, dedicated Forth
+	processors, {macros} at various levels, or interpreters
+	written in another language such as {C}.  Some implementations
+	provide {real-time} response, user-defined data structures,
+	{multitasking}, {floating-point} arithmetic, and/or {virtual
+	memory}.
+
+	Some Forth systems support virtual memory without specific
+	hardware support like {MMUs}.  However, Forth virtual memory
+	is usually only a sort of extended data space and does not
+	usually support executable code.
+
+	FORTH does not distinguish between {operating system} calls
+	and the language.  Commands relating to I/O, {file systems}
+	and {virtual memory} are part of the same language as the
+	words for arithmetic, memory access, loops, IF statements, and
+	the user's application.
+
+	Many Forth systems provide user-declared "vocabularies" which
+	allow the same word to have different meanings in different
+	contexts.  Within one vocabulary, re-defining a word causes
+	the previous definition to be hidden from the interpreter (and
+	therefore the compiler), but not from previous definitions.
+
+	FORTH was first used to guide the telescope at NRAO, Kitt
+	Peak.  Moore considered it to be a {fourth-generation
+	language} but his {operating system} wouldn't let him use six
+	letters in a program name, so FOURTH became FORTH.
+
+	Versions include fig-FORTH, FORTH 79 and FORTH 83.
+
+	{FAQs
+	(http://complang.tuwien.ac.at/forth/faq/faq-general-2.html)}.
+	{ANS Forth standard, dpANS6
+	(http://taygeta.com/forth/dpans.html)}.
+
+	FORTH Interest Group, Box 1105, San Carlos CA 94070.
+
+	See also {51forth}, {F68K}, {cforth}, {E-Forth}, {FORML},
+	{TILE Forth}.
+
+	[Leo Brodie, "Starting Forth"].
+
+	[Leo Brodie, "Thinking Forth"].
+
+	[Jack Woehr, "Forth, the New Model"].
+
+	[R.G. Loeliger, "Threaded Interpretive Languages"].
+
+	2. {FOundation for Research and Technology - Hellas}.
+
+	(1997-04-16)
+
+for The Rest Of Them
+
+	{for The Rest Of Us}
+
+for The Rest Of Us
+
+	<abuse> (From the {Macintosh} slogan "The computer for the
+	rest of us") 1. Used to describe a {spiffy} product whose
+	affordability shames other comparable products, or (more
+	often) used sarcastically to describe {spiffy} but very
+	overpriced products.
+
+	2. Describes a program with a limited interface, deliberately
+	limited capabilities, non-{orthogonal}ity, inability to
+	compose primitives, or any other limitation designed to not
+	"confuse" a naïve user.  This places an upper bound on how far
+	that user can go before the program begins to get in the way
+	of the task instead of helping accomplish it.
+
+	Used in reference to {Macintosh} software which doesn't
+	provide obvious capabilities because it is thought that the
+	poor {luser} might not be able to handle them.  Becomes "the
+	rest of *them*" when used in third-party reference; thus,
+	"Yes, it is an attractive program, but it's designed for The
+	Rest Of Them" means a program that superficially looks neat
+	but has no depth beyond the surface flash.
+
+	See also {point-and-drool interface}, {user-friendly}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-08-08)
+
+Forth Modification Lab
+
+	<event> (FORML) A {Forth} conference held every November on
+	the West coast of the USA ().
+
+	(1997-04-12)
+
+Fortran
+
+	<language> (Formula Translation) The first and, for a long
+	time, the most widely used programming language for numerical
+	and scientific applications.  The original versions lacked
+	{recursive} procedures and {block structure} and had a
+	line-oriented {syntax} in which certain columns had special
+	significance.
+
+	There have been a great many versions.
+
+	The name is often written "FORTRAN", harking back to the days
+	before computers were taught about lower case, but {ANSI}
+	decreed, in about 1985 via the ANSI {FORTRAN} Technical
+	Committee {TC}, that it should be "Fortran".
+
+	See also: {Fortrash}.
+
+	[Was {Fortran I} the first version?]
+
+	(2000-07-07)
+
+Fortran 66
+
+	Fortran IV standardised.  ASA X3.9-1966.
+
+Fortran 77
+
+	A popular version of {Fortran} with Block IF, PARAMETER and
+	SAVE statements added, but still no WHILE.  It has
+	fixed-length character strings, format-free I/O, and {arrays}
+	with lower bounds.
+
+	[ANSI X3.9-1978].
+
+	{GNU version (ftp://gnu.org/pub/gnu/g77)}.
+
+	{Amiga version (ftp://ftp.cso.uiuc.edu/amiga/fish/ff470/BCF)}.
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+Fortran 90
+
+	(Previously "Fortran 8x" and "Fortran Extended") An extensive
+	enlargement of {Fortran 77}.  Fortran 90 has {derived types},
+	{assumed shape arrays}, {array sections}, functions returning
+	arrays, case statement, {module} subprograms and internal
+	subprograms, optional and keyword subprogram arguments,
+	{recursion}, and {dynamic allocation}.  It is defined in ISO
+	1539:1991, soon to be adopted by {ANSI}.
+
+	["Fortran 90 Explained", M. Metcalf et al, Oxford University
+	Press 1990].
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+Fortran Automatic Symbol Translator
+
+	<language> (FAST) An {assembly language} for the {IBM 650} by
+	{MITRE Corporation}.
+
+	[CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.526].
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+Fortran D
+
+	A {data-parallel} {Fortran} developed by {Ken Kennedy} at
+	{Rice University}.
+
+	["Fortran D Language Specification", G. Fox et al, TR 90079,
+	Rice U, March 1991].
+
+	E-mail: Theresa Chapman <tlc@cs.rice.edu>.
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+Fortran I
+
+	An early version of {Fortran} designed by {John Backus} at
+	{IBM} for the {IBM 704}.  The design was begun in 1954 and a
+	{compiler} released in April 1957.
+
+	[Was this the first Fortran?]
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Fortran II
+
+	1958.  Added subroutines.
+
+Fortran III
+
+	This was only distributed to ca. 20 sites.  See Wexelblat.
+
+Fortran IV
+
+	IBM 1962.  For the IBM 7090/94.  Many implementations went
+	well beyond the original definition.
+
+Fortran-Linda
+
+	Scientific Computer Assocs <linda@sca.com>.
+
+Fortran M
+
+	Parallel extensions to Fortran with processes and channels by
+	Ian Foster <fortran-m@mcs.anl.gov>.
+
+	["Fortran M: A Language for Modular Parallel Programming",
+	I. Foster et al, MCS-P327-0992, ANL, 1992].
+
+	(1994-10-26)
+
+Fortran Matrix Abstraction Technique Fortran
+
+	<language> (FORMAT-Fortran) A language for manipulation,
+	printing and plotting of large matrices.
+
+	["FORMAT-FORTRAN Matrix Abstraction Technique (Vol. V)"
+	AFFDL-TR-66-207, Douglas Aircraft Co.  Oct 1968].
+
+	(1996-09-29)
+
+Fortran-Plus
+
+	Fortran for the DAP parallel machine, implements many
+	Fortran 90 features.
+
+FORTRANSIT
+
+	<language> Fortran Internal Translator.
+
+	A subset of {Fortran} translated into {IT} on the {IBM 650}.
+	It was in use in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
+
+	Compilation took place in several steps (using {punched cards}
+	as the only input/output media).  FORTRANSIT was converted to
+	IT {Internal Translator} which was converted into {SOAP} and
+	thence to {machine code}.
+
+	In the SOAP -> machine code step, the user had to include card
+	decks for all the subroutines used in his FORTRANSIT program
+	(including e.g. square root, sine, and even basic {floating
+	point} routines).
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 141].
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+Fortran V
+
+	Preliminary work on adding character handling to {Fortran} by
+	{IBM} ca. 1962.  This name as never really used.
+
+	(1994-10-26)
+
+Fortran VI
+
+	{IBM}'s internal name for early {PL/I} work ca. 1963.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 540].
+
+	(1994-10-25)
+
+Fortrash
+
+	<abuse, language> /for'trash/ Hackerism for the {Fortran}
+	language, referring to its primitive design, gross and
+	irregular {syntax}, limited {control constructs}, and
+	slippery, exception-filled {semantics}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-26)
+
+FORTRUNCIBLE
+
+	A cross between Fortran and RUNCIBLE for the IBM 650.
+	Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+fortune cookie
+
+	({WAITS}, via the {Unix} "fortune" program) A quotation, item
+	of trivia, joke, or maxim selected at random from a collection
+	(the "{cookie file}") and printed to the user's tty at login
+	time or (less commonly) at logout time.
+
+	There was a fortune program on {TOPS-20}.
+
+	[First program?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+forum
+
+	<messaging> (Plural "fora" or "forums") Any discussion group
+	accessible through a dial-in {BBS} (e.g. {GEnie}, {CI$}), a
+	{mailing list}, or a {Usenet} {newsgroup} (see {network,
+	the}).  A forum functions much like a {bulletin board}; users
+	submit {postings} for all to read and discussion ensues.
+
+	Contrast real-time {chat} or point-to-point personal {e-mail}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-18)
+
+for values of
+
+	<jargon> A common rhetorical maneuver at {MIT} is to use any
+	of the canonical {random numbers} as placeholders for
+	variables.  "The max function takes 42 arguments, for
+	arbitrary values of 42".  "There are 69 ways to leave your
+	lover, for 69 = 50".  This is especially likely when the
+	speaker has uttered a random number and realises that it was
+	not recognised as such, but even "non-random" numbers are
+	occasionally used in this fashion.  A related joke is that pi
+	equals 3 - for small values of pi and large values of 3.
+
+	This usage probably derives from the programming language MAD
+	({Michigan Algorithm Decoder}), an {ALGOL}-like language that
+	was the most common choice among mainstream (non-hacker) users
+	at {MIT} in the mid-1960s.  It had a {control structure} FOR
+	VALUES OF X = 3, 7, 99 DO ... that would repeat the indicated
+	instructions for each value in the list (unlike the usual FOR
+	that generates an {arithmetic sequence} of values).  MAD is
+	long extinct, but similar for-constructs still flourish
+	(e.g. in {Unix}'s {shell} languages).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+forward
+
+	<messaging> (verb) To send (a copy of) an {electronic mail}
+	message that you have received on to one or more other
+	{addressees}.  Most e-mail systems can be configured to do
+	this automatically to all or certain messages, e.g. {Unix}
+	{sendmail} looks for a ".forward" file in the recipient's
+	{home directory}.
+
+	A {mailing list} server (or "{mail exploder}") is designed to
+	forward messages automatically to lists of people.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: aliases(5).
+
+	(2000-03-22)
+
+forward analysis
+
+	An analysis which determines properties of the output of a
+	program from properties of the inputs.
+
+forward chaining
+
+	A data-driven technique used in constructing {goals} or
+	reaching {inferences} derived from a set of {facts}.  Forward
+	chaining is the basis of {production systems}.  Oppose
+	{backward chaining}.
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+forward compatibility
+
+	<jargon> The ability to accept input from later versions of
+	itself.
+
+	Forward compatibility is harder to achieve than {backward
+	compatibility}, since, in the backward case, the input format
+	is know whereas a forward compatible system needs to cope
+	gracefully with unknown future features.  An example of future
+	compatibility is the stipulation that a {web browser} should
+	ignore {HTML tags} it does not recognise.
+
+	See also {extensible}.
+
+	(2003-06-23)
+
+forward compatible
+
+	{forward compatibility}
+
+forward delta
+
+	The delta which, when combined with a version, creates a child
+	version.  See change management
+
+forward engineering
+
+	<process> The traditional process of moving from high-level
+	abstractions and logical, implementation-independent designs
+	to the physical implementation of a system.
+
+	Contrast {reverse engineering}.
+
+	(1996-10-02)
+
+Forward Error Correction
+
+	<algorithm> (FEC) A class of methods for controling errors in
+	a one-way {communication} system.  FEC sends extra information
+	along with the data, which can be used by the receiver to
+	check and correct the data.
+
+	A {CPU} writing data to {RAM} is a kind of one-way
+	communication - see {error correcting memory} and {error
+	checking and correction}.
+
+	(1996-10-02)
+
+forwards compatibility
+
+	{forward compatible}
+
+forwards compatible
+
+	{forward compatible}
+
+FORWISS
+
+	Bayerische Forschungszentrum fuer Wissensbasierte Systeme
+	(Bavarian research centre for knowledge-based systems) in
+	Passau.
+
+For Your Information
+
+	(FYI) A subseries of {RFCs} that are not technical {standards}
+	or descriptions of {protocols}.  FYIs convey general
+	information about topics related to {TCP/IP} or the
+	{Internet}.
+
+	See also {STD}.
+
+	(1994-10-26)
+
+FOSI
+
+	{Formatting Output Specification Instance}
+
+FOSIL
+
+	{Fredette's Operating System Interface Language}
+
+FOSS
+
+	{free open-source software}
+
+fossil
+
+	1. In software, a misfeature that becomes understandable only
+	in historical context, as a remnant of times past retained so
+	as not to break compatibility.  Example: the retention of
+	{octal} as default base for string escapes in {C}, in spite of
+	the better match of {hexadecimal} to ASCII and modern
+	byte-addressable architectures.  See {dusty deck}.
+
+	2. More restrictively, a feature with past but no present
+	utility.  Example: the force-all-caps (LCASE) bits in the V7
+	and {BSD} Unix tty driver, designed for use with monocase
+	terminals.  (In a perversion of the usual
+	backward-compatibility goal, this functionality has actually
+	been expanded and renamed in some later {USG Unix} releases as
+	the IUCLC and OLCUC bits.)
+
+	3. The FOSSIL (Fido/Opus/Seadog Standard Interface Level)
+	driver specification for serial-port access to replace the
+	{brain-dead} routines in the IBM PC ROMs.  Fossils are used by
+	most {MS-DOS} {BBS} software in preference to the "supported"
+	ROM routines, which do not support interrupt-driven operation
+	or setting speeds above 9600; the use of a semistandard FOSSIL
+	library is preferable to the {bare metal} serial port
+	programming otherwise required.  Since the FOSSIL
+	specification allows additional functionality to be hooked in,
+	drivers that use the {hook} but do not provide serial-port
+	access themselves are named with a modifier, as in "video
+	fossil".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+foundation
+
+	The axiom of foundation states that the membership relation is
+	well founded, i.e. that any non-empty collection Y of sets has
+	a member y which is disjoint from Y.  This rules out sets
+	which contain themselves (directly or indirectly).
+
+FOundation for Research and Technology - Hellas
+
+	<company> (FORTH) A small Greek software and research company
+	associated with the Institute of Computer Science,
+
+	Address: Science and Technology Park of Crete, Vassilika
+	Vouton, P.O.Box 1385 GR 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
+
+	Telephone: +30 (81) 39 16 00, Fax: +30 (81) 39 16 01.
+
+	(1997-04-12)
+
+four-colour glossies
+
+	1. Literature created by {marketroids} that allegedly contains
+	technical specs but which is in fact as superficial as
+	possible without being totally {content-free}.  "Forget the
+	four-colour glossies, give me the tech ref manuals."  Often
+	applied as an indication of superficiality even when the
+	material is printed on ordinary paper in black and white.
+	Four-colour-glossy manuals are *never* useful for finding a
+	problem.
+
+	2. [rare] Applied by extension to manual pages that don't
+	contain enough information to diagnose why the program doesn't
+	produce the expected or desired output.
+
+four colour map theorem
+
+	<mathematics, application> (Or "four colour theorem") The
+	theorem stating that if the plane is divided into connected
+	regions which are to be coloured so that no two adjacent
+	regions have the same colour (as when colouring countries on a
+	map of the world), it is never necessary to use more than four
+	colours.
+
+	The proof, due to Appel and Haken, attained notoriety by using
+	a computer to check tens of thousands of cases and is thus not
+	humanly checkable, even in principle.  Some thought that this
+	brought the philosophical status of the proof into doubt.
+
+	There are now rumours of a simpler proof, not requiring the
+	use of a computer.
+
+	See also {chromatic number}
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+four colour theorem
+
+	{four colour map theorem}
+
+Fourier transform
+
+	<mathematics> A technique for expressing a waveform as a
+	weighted sum of sines and cosines.
+
+	Computers generally rely on the version known as {discrete
+	Fourier transform}.
+
+	Named after J. B. Joseph Fourier (1768 -- 1830).
+
+	See also {wavelet}, {discrete cosine transform}.
+
+	(1997-03-9)
+
+fourth generation computer
+
+	<architecture> A computer built using {Very Large Scale
+	Integration} (VLSI) {integrated circuits}, especially a
+	{microcomputer} based on a {microprocesseor}, or a {parallel
+	processor} containing two to thousands of {CPUs}.
+
+	VLSI made it routine to fabricate an entire CPU, main memory,
+	or similar device with a single integrated circuit that can be
+	mass produced at very low cost.  This has resulted in new
+	classes of machines such as {personal computers}, and high
+	performance parallel processors that contains thousands of
+	CPUs.
+
+	(1996-11-22)
+
+fourth generation language
+
+	<language> (4GL, or "report generator language") An
+	"application specific" language, one with built-in knowledge
+	of an {application domain}, in the way that {SQL} has built-in
+	knowledge of the {relational} database domain.
+
+	The term was invented by Jim Martin to refer to
+	{non-procedural} {high level languages} built around
+	{database} systems.
+
+	Fourth generation languages are close to {natural language}
+	and were built with the concept that certain applications
+	could be generalised by adding limited programming ability to
+	them.
+
+	When given a description of the data format and the report to
+	generate, a 4GL system produces {COBOL} (or other 3GL) code,
+	that actually reads and processes the data and formats the
+	results.
+
+	Some examples of 4GL are: {database query language} e.g.{SQL};
+	{Focus}, {Metafont}, {PostScript}, {S}, {IDL-PV}, {WAVE},
+	{Gauss}, {Mathematica}, and {data-stream languages} such as
+	{AVS}, {APE}, {Iris Explorer}.
+
+	(2004-04-01)
+
+fourth normal form
+
+	{database normalisation}
+
+Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling
+
+	<electronics> (US: "tunneling") The quantum mechanical effect
+	exploited in {EAPROM} and {Flash Erasable Programmable Read
+	Only Memory}.  It differs from {Frenkel-Pool Tunnelling} in
+	that it does not rely on defects in the {semiconductor}.
+
+	[More detail?]
+
+	(2001-09-27)
+
+Fox
+
+	{Free Objects for Crystallography}
+
+FoxBASE+
+
+	<database> {Fox Software}'s {dBASE} III+-like product which
+	later became {FoxPRO}.  It used the {Xbase} programming
+	language.
+
+	[Features?  Dates?  Status?]
+
+	(2004-09-01)
+
+FoxPRO
+
+	<database> A {dBASE} IV-like product originally from {Fox
+	Software} which (well before 2000) mutated into {Microsoft}
+	{Visual FoxPro}.
+
+	[Features?  Dates?]
+
+	(2000-08-06)
+
+Fox Software
+
+	<company> Developers of {FoxBASE+} and {FoxPRO}.  Fox Software
+	merged with {Microsoft} around 1992.
+
+	Addresss: Perrysburg, OH, USA.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	(1997-11-18)
+
+Fox Wiki
+
+	<application> A {wiki} for the {Fox} (Free Objects for
+	Crystallography) {software}.
+
+	{Fox Wiki (http://vincefn.net/Fox/)}.
+
+	(2014-01-20)
+
+FP
+
+	1. {functional programming}.
+
+	2. {floating-point}.
+
+	3. Functional Programming.  A {combinator}-based {functional
+	language} by John Backus stressing the use of {higher-order
+	functions}.
+
+	Implementation by Andy Valencia.
+	{(ftp://apple.com/comp.sources.Unix/volume13)}.
+
+	See also {FFP}, {FL}, {IFP}, {Berkeley FP}.
+
+	["Can Programming be Liberated From the von Neumann Style?  A
+	Functional Style and Its Algebra of Programs", John Backus,
+	1977 Turing Award Lecture, CACM 21(8):165-180 (Aug 1978)].
+
+	4. <programming> {Function Point}.
+
+	(1995-03-12)
+
+FP2
+
+	Functional Parallel Programming.  A {term rewriting} language
+	which unifies {functional programming} and {parallel
+	programming}.  Every object is a term and every computation is
+	done by rewriting.  Rewrite rules are used to specify
+	{algebraic data types} and parallel processes.
+
+	["Term Rewriting as a Basis for the Design of a Functional and
+	Parallel Programming Language.  A Case Study: The Language
+	FP2", Ph. Jorrand in Fundamentals of Artificial Intelligence,
+	LNCS 258, Springer 1986, pp. 221-276].
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+FPA
+
+	1. <hardware> {floating-point accelerator}.
+
+	2. <programming> {Function Point Analysis}.
+
+fpc
+
+	A translator from {Backus}'s {FP} to {C}.
+
+	{(ftp://apple.com/comp.sources.Unix/Volume20)}.
+
+FPGA
+
+	{Field-Programmable Gate Array}
+
+FPLMTS
+
+	<communications> {Future Public Land Mobile
+	Telecommunications System}.
+
+FPM
+
+	{Fast Page Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory}
+
+FP/M
+
+	<programming> An {abstract machine} and intermediate language
+	for {functional languages}, used to implement {Hope}.  FP/M is
+	an optimisation of the {SECD machine}.
+
+	["The Compilation of FP/M Programs into Conventional Machine
+	Code", A.J. Field, Imperial College, London, 1985].
+
+	["Functional Programming", A.J. Field & P.G. Harrison, A-W
+	1988].
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+FPM DRAM
+
+	{Fast Page Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory}
+
+fprintf
+
+	<library> Variant of the {C} library routine {printf} which
+	prints to a given {stream}.  E.g.
+
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s: can't open file \"%s\".",
+			argv[0], argv[1]);
+
+	which prints to the "{standard error}" output stream.
+
+	(1995-04-25)
+
+fps
+
+	{frames per second}
+
+FPU
+
+	{floating-point unit}
+
+FQDN
+
+	{fully qualified domain name}
+
+FQL
+
+	<language> A {functional database} language.
+
+	["An Implementation Technique for Database Query Languages",
+	O.P. Buneman et al, ACM Trans Database Sys 7(2):164-186 (June
+	1982)].
+
+	(1995-04-27)
+
+fr
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for France.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+FRA
+
+	{Wireless Local Loop}
+
+fractal
+
+	<mathematics, graphics> A fractal is a rough or fragmented
+	geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which
+	is (at least approximately) a smaller copy of the whole.
+	Fractals are generally self-similar (bits look like the whole)
+	and independent of scale (they look similar, no matter how
+	close you zoom in).
+
+	Many mathematical structures are fractals; e.g. {Sierpinski
+	triangle}, {Koch snowflake}, {Peano curve}, {Mandelbrot set}
+	and {Lorenz attractor}.  Fractals also describe many
+	real-world objects that do not have simple geometric shapes,
+	such as clouds, mountains, turbulence, and coastlines.
+
+	{Benoit Mandelbrot}, the discoverer of the {Mandelbrot set},
+	coined the term "fractal" in 1975 from the Latin fractus or
+	"to break".  He defines a fractal as a set for which the
+	{Hausdorff Besicovich dimension} strictly exceeds the
+	{topological dimension}.  However, he is not satisfied with
+	this definition as it excludes sets one would consider
+	fractals.
+
+	{sci.fractals FAQ
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/usenet-by-group/sci.fractals/)}.
+
+	See also {fractal compression}, {fractal dimension}, {Iterated
+	Function System}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:sci.fractals},
+	{news:alt.binaries.pictures.fractals}, {news:comp.graphics}.
+
+	["The Fractal Geometry of Nature", Benoit Mandelbrot].
+
+	[Are there non-self-similar fractals?]
+
+	(1997-07-02)
+
+fractal compression
+
+	<algorithm> A technique for encoding {images} using
+	{fractals}.
+
+	{Yuval Fisher's fractal image compression site
+	(http://inls.ucsd.edu/y/Fractals/)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1998-03-27)
+
+fractal dimension
+
+	<mathematics> A common type of fractal dimension is the
+	Hausdorff-Besicovich Dimension, but there are several
+	different ways of computing fractal dimension.  Fractal
+	dimension can be calculated by taking the limit of the
+	quotient of the log change in object size and the log change
+	in measurement scale, as the measurement scale approaches
+	zero.  The differences come in what is exactly meant by
+	"object size" and what is meant by "measurement scale" and how
+	to get an average number out of many different parts of a
+	geometrical object.  Fractal dimensions quantify the static
+	*geometry* of an object.
+
+	For example, consider a straight line.  Now blow up the line
+	by a factor of two.  The line is now twice as long as before.
+	Log 2 / Log 2 = 1, corresponding to dimension 1.  Consider a
+	square.  Now blow up the square by a factor of two.  The
+	square is now 4 times as large as before (i.e. 4 original
+	squares can be placed on the original square).  Log 4 / log 2
+	= 2, corresponding to dimension 2 for the square.  Consider a
+	snowflake curve formed by repeatedly replacing ___ with _/\_,
+	where each of the 4 new lines is 1/3 the length of the old
+	line.  Blowing up the snowflake curve by a factor of 3 results
+	in a snowflake curve 4 times as large (one of the old
+	snowflake curves can be placed on each of the 4 segments
+	_/\_).  Log 4 / log 3 = 1.261...  Since the dimension 1.261 is
+	larger than the dimension 1 of the lines making up the curve,
+	the snowflake curve is a fractal.  [sci.fractals FAQ].
+
+FRAD
+
+	<communications> {Frame Relay Access Device}.
+
+fragile
+
+	{brittle}
+
+fragment
+
+	{fragmentation}
+
+fragmentation
+
+	1. <networking> {segmentation}.
+
+	2. The process, or result, of splitting a large area of free
+	memory (on disk or in main memory) into smaller non-contiguous
+	blocks.  This happens after many blocks have been allocated
+	and freed.  For example, if there is 3 kilobytes of free space
+	and two 1k blocks are allocated and then the first one (at the
+	lowest address) is freed, then there will be 2k of free space
+	split between the two 1k blocks.  The maximum size block that
+	could then be allocated would be 1k, even though there was 2k
+	free.  The solution is to "compact" the free space by moving
+	the allocated blocks to one end (and thus the free space to
+	the other).
+
+	As modern file systems are used and files are deleted and
+	created, the total free space becomes split into smaller
+	non-contiguous blocks (composed of "{clusters}" or "{sectors}"
+	or some other unit of allocation).  Eventually new files being
+	created, and old files being extended, cannot be stored each
+	in a single contiguous block but become scattered across the
+	file system.  This degrades performance as multiple {seek}
+	operations are required to access a single fragmented file.
+
+	Defragmenting consolidates each existing file and the free
+	space into a continuous group of sectors.  Access speed will
+	be improved due to reduced seeking.
+
+	The rate of fragmentation depends on the {algorithm} used to
+	allocate space and the number and position of free sectors.  A
+	nearly-full file system will fragment more quickly.
+
+	{MS-DOS} and {Microsoft Windows} use the simplest algorithm to
+	allocate free clusters and so fragmentation occurs quickly.  A
+	disk should be defragmented before fragmentation reaches 10%.
+
+	See {garbage collection}.
+
+	(1997-08-29)
+
+FRAM
+
+	{Ferroelectric Random Access Memory}
+
+frame
+
+	1. <networking> A {data link layer} "packet" which contains the
+	header and trailer information required by the physical
+	medium.  That is, {network layer} {packets} are encapsulated
+	to become frames.
+
+	See also {datagram}, {encapsulation}, {packet}, {Maximum
+	Transmission Unit}.
+
+	2. <programming> (language implementation) See {activation
+	record}.
+
+	3. <hardware> One complete scan of the active area of a
+	{display screen}.  Each frame consists of a number N of
+	horizontal {scan lines}, each of which, on a computer display,
+	consists of a number M of {pixels}.  N is the {vertical
+	resolution} of the display and M is the {horizontal
+	resolution}.  The rate at which the displayed image is updated
+	is the {refresh rate} in frames per second.
+
+	(2000-10-07)
+
+frame buffer
+
+	<hardware> Part of a video system in which an {image} is
+	stored, {pixel} by pixel and which is used to refresh a
+	{raster} image.  The term "{video memory}" suggests a fairly
+	static display whereas a frame buffer holds one frame from a
+	sequence of frames forming a moving image.
+
+	Frame buffers are found in {frame grabbers} and {time base
+	correction} systems, for example.
+
+	(1997-10-03)
+
+Frame Check Sequence
+
+	<communications> (FCS) The extra characters added to a {frame}
+	for {error detection and correction}(?).  FCS is used in
+	{X.25}, {HDLC}, {Frame Relay}, and other {data link layer}
+	{protocols}.
+
+	(1998-02-27)
+
+frame grabber
+
+	<hardware> A device that captures a single {frame} from an
+	{analog} {video} signal (from a video camera or {VCR}) and
+	stores it as a digital {image} under computer control.
+
+	(1997-07-11)
+
+FrameKit
+
+	<language> A {frame language}.
+
+	["The FrameKit User's Guide", E. Nyberg, TR CMU- CMT-88-MEMO,
+	CMU 1988].
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+FrameMaker
+
+	<text> A commercial document preparation program produced by
+	{Frame Technology Corporation} who were taken over by {Adobe
+	Systems, Inc.}  in 1995/6.  FrameMaker is available for a wide
+	variety of {workstations} and is designed for technical and
+	scientific documents.  It uses a powerful system of templates
+	and paragraph styles to control {WYSIWYG} formatting.  It
+	supports graphics, tables, and contents pages among other
+	things.
+
+	Version: FrameMaker 6, due April 2000.
+
+	See also {Maker Interchange Format}.
+
+	(2000-04-04)
+
+frame pointer
+
+	A pointer to the current {activation record} in an
+	implementation of a {block structured} language.
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+frame rate
+
+	<graphics> The number of {frames} of an {animation} which are
+	displayed every second, measured in frames per second (fps).
+	The higher the frame rate, the smoother the animation will
+	appear but the more processing power and system {bandwidth} is
+	required.
+
+	At less than 30 fps, the human eye can see the new pictures
+	coming onto the screen.
+
+	(2000-02-02)
+
+Frame Relay
+
+	<communications> A {DTE}-{DCE} interface specification based
+	on {LAPD} (Q.921), the {Integrated Services Digital Network}
+	version of {LAPB} ({X.25} {data link layer}).  A common
+	specification was produced by a consortium of {StrataCom},
+	{Cisco}, {Digital}, and Northern Telecom.
+
+	Frame Relay is the result of {wide area network}ing
+	requirements for speed; {LAN}-{WAN} and LAN-LAN
+	{internetworking}; "bursty" data communications; multiplicity
+	of {protocols} and {protocol transparency}.  These
+	requirements can be met with technology such as {optical
+	fibre} lines, allowing higher speeds and fewer transmission
+	errors; intelligent network end devices ({personal computers},
+	{workstations}, and {servers}); standardisation and adoption
+	of ISDN protocols.  Frame Relay could connect dedicated lines
+	and {X.25} to {ATM}, {SMDS}, {BISDN} and other "{fast packet}"
+	technologies.
+
+	Frame Relay uses the same basic {data link layer} {framing} and
+	{Frame Check Sequence} so current {X.25} hardware still works.
+	It adds addressing (a 10-bit {Data Link Connection Identifier}
+	(DLCI)) and a few control bits but does not include
+	retransmissions, link establishment, windows or error
+	recovery.  It has none of X.25's {session layer} but adds some
+	simple interface management.  Any {network layer} protocol can
+	be used over the data link layer Frames.
+
+	{Frame Relay Resource Center
+	(http://alliancedatacom.com/framerelay.asp)}.
+
+	(2000-07-14)
+
+Frame Relay Access Device
+
+	<communications> (FRAD) Hardware and software that turns
+	{packets} from {TCP}, {SNA}, {IPX}, etc into {frames} that can
+	be sent over a {Frame Relay} {wide area network}.
+
+	FRADs are a hot topic in data comms because companies like
+	{Netlink}, {Motorola}, {Stratacom} are making lots of money
+	out of them.
+
+	(1995-11-17)
+
+frames per second
+
+	<unit> (fps) The unit of measurement of the {frame rate} of a
+	moving image.
+
+	(2000-02-02)
+
+Frame Technology Corporation
+
+	<company> The company which developed {FrameMaker}, taken over
+	by {Adobe Systems, Inc.} in late 1995/early 1996.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+framework
+
+	In {object-oriented} systems, a set of {class}es that embodies
+	an abstract design for solutions to a number of related
+	problems.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+Framework 4
+
+	A European Union funding programme, the {information
+	technology} portion of which replaced {ESPRIT}.
+
+	(1994-09-19)
+
+framing specification
+
+	A specification of the "{protocol} bits" that surround the
+	"data bits" on a communications channel to allow the data to
+	be "framed" into chunks, like start and {stop bits} in
+	{EIA-232}.  It allows a receiver to synchronize at points along
+	the data stream.
+
+	(1995-01-13)
+
+FRANK
+
+	["Using BINS for Interprocess Communication", P.C.J. Graham,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 20(2):32-41 (Feb 1985)].
+
+	(1995-01-13)
+
+Franz Lisp
+
+	<language> A {MacLisp}-like dialect of {Lisp}, developed
+	primarily for work in {symbolic algebra} by R. Fateman et al
+	at {Ucb} in about 1980.  It was named after the Hungarian
+	composer Franz Liszt (1811-1886).  Franz Lisp was written in
+	{C} and includes a compiler called "{Liszt}".
+
+	["The FRANZ LISP Manual", J.K. Foderaro et al. UC Berkeley
+	1980].
+
+	Version: Opus 38.22.  Liszt 8.08.
+
+	{(ftp://ted.cs.uidaho.edu/pub/hol/franz.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(2001-12-04)
+
+Fraps
+
+	<application, video> A {Windows} application that can be used
+	with games using {DirectX} or {OpenGL} to display the current
+	screen redraw rate in frames per second (FPS).  Fraps can also
+	measure the frame rate between any two points and can capture
+	stills, audio and video to disk.
+
+	Latest version: 2.7.4 (2006-06-18), as of 2006-07-12.
+
+	{Fraps Home (http://fraps.com/)}.
+
+	(2006-07-12)
+
+Fraunhofer Gesellschaft
+
+	<company> (FhG, FhG IIS, Institut für Integrierte Schaltungen) A
+	german company, named after the physicist.  IIS is Integrated
+	Circuit Institute.
+
+	FhG are known for their research on {audio compression},
+	especially {MPEG-1 Layer-3} (MP3).
+
+	(2001-12-04)
+
+FRED
+
+	Robert Carr.  Language used by Framework, Ashton-Tate.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+fred
+
+	1. The personal name most frequently used as a {metasyntactic
+	variable} (see {foo}).  Allegedly popular because it's easy
+	for a non-touch-typist to type on a standard QWERTY keyboard.
+	Unlike {J. Random Hacker} or "J. Random Loser", this name has
+	no positive or negative loading (but see {Mbogo, Dr. Fred}).
+	See also {barney}.
+
+	2. An acronym for "Flipping Ridiculous Electronic Device";
+	other F-verbs may be substituted for "flipping".
+
+Fredette's Operating System Interface Language
+
+	<language, operating system> (FOSIL) A portable {job control
+	language} for {IBM} {OS360}, {UNIVAC} {EXEC 8} and {Honeywell}
+	{GCOS}.
+
+	["Fredette's Operating System Interface Language (FOSIL)",
+	G.N. Baird in Command Languages, C. Unger ed, N-H 1973].
+
+	(2000-08-06)
+
+frednet
+
+	/fred'net/ Used to refer to some {random} and uncommon
+	{protocol} encountered on a {network}.  "We're implementing
+	bridging in our {router} to solve the frednet problem."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+free
+
+	See {free software}, {free variable}.
+
+FreeBSD
+
+	<operating system> A free {operating system} based on the {BSD
+	4.4-lite} release from {Computer Systems Research Group} at
+	the {University of California at Berkeley}.
+
+	FreeBSD requires an {ISA}, {EISA}, {VESA}, or {PCI} based
+	computer with an {Intel 80386SX} to {Pentium} CPU (or
+	compatible {AMD} or {Cyrix} CPU) with 4 megabytes of {RAM} and
+	60MB of disk space.
+
+	Some of FreeBSD's features are: {preemptive multitasking} with
+	dynamic priority adjustment to ensure smooth and fair sharing
+	of the computer between applications and users.  Multiuser
+	access - {peripherals} such as printers and tape drives can be
+	shared between all users.  Complete {TCP/IP} networking
+	including {SLIP}, {PPP}, {NFS} and {NIS}.  {Memory
+	protection}, {demand-paged virtual memory} with a merged
+	{VM}/{buffer cache} design.  FreeBSD was designed as a {32 bit
+	operating system}.  {X Window System} (X11R6) provides a
+	{graphical user interface}.  {Binary compatibility} with many
+	programs built for {SCO}, {BSDI}, {NetBSD}, {386BSD}, and
+	{Linux}.  Hundreds of ready-to-run applications in the FreeBSD
+	ports collection.  FreeBSD is {source code compatible} with
+	most popular commercial {Unix} systems and thus most
+	applications require few, if any, changes to compile.  {Shared
+	libraries}.  A full compliment of {C}, {C++}, {Fortran} and
+	{Perl} development tools and many other languages.  {Source
+	code} for the entire system is available.  Extensive on-line
+	documentation.
+
+	{(http://freebsd.org/)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD)} or try your nearest
+	{mirror site} listed at the home site or buy the {CD-ROM} from
+	{Walnut Creek}.
+
+	(1998-11-24)
+
+FreeHEP
+
+	An organisation offering a repository of software and related
+	information for high energy physics applications.
+
+Freenet
+
+	Community-based bulletin board system with e-mail, information
+	services, interactive communications, and conferencing.
+	Freenets are funded and operated by individuals and volunteers
+	- in one sense, like public television.  They are part of the
+	National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN), an organisation
+	based in Cleveland, Ohio, devoted to making computer
+	telecommunication and networking services as freely available
+	as public libraries.
+
+Free Objects for Crystallography
+
+	<application> (Fox) A free, {open-source} program for ab
+	initio structure determination from powder diffraction.
+
+	{Fox Wiki (http://vincefn.net/Fox/)}.
+
+	(2014-01-21)
+
+Free On-line Dictionary
+
+	{Free On-line Dictionary of Computing}
+
+free open-source software
+
+	{free software}
+
+FreePPP
+
+	<networking> The latest incarnation of {MacPPP}.  FreePPP
+	continues to be used by many MacOS users as an alternative to
+	{Apple}'s {TCP/IP} stack.
+
+	{(http://rockstar.com/ppp.shtml)}.
+
+	(2000-11-25)
+
+freerexx
+
+	{REXX} {interpreters} for {Unix} in {C++}.
+
+	{(ftp://rexx.uwaterloo.ca/pub/freerexx/rx102.tar.Z)}.
+
+free software
+
+	<software> Software that everyone is free to copy,
+	redistribute and modify.  That implies free software must be
+	available as {source code}, hence "free open source software"
+	- "FOSS".  It is usually also free of charge, though anyone
+	can sell free software so long as they don't impose any new
+	restrictions on its redistribution or use.  The widespread
+	acceptance of this definition and free software itself owes a
+	great deal to {Richard Stallman} and the {Free Software
+	Foundation}.
+
+	There are many other kinds of "free software" in the sense of
+	"free of charge".  See "{-ware}".
+
+	{This dictionary} is free in both senses, though since it is
+	documentation not {software} it is distributed under the
+	{GFDL}.
+
+	(2007-02-09)
+
+Free Software Foundation
+
+	<body> (FSF) An organisation devoted to the creation and
+	dissemination of {free software}, i.e. software that is free
+	from licensing fees or restrictions on use.  The Foundation's
+	main work is supporting the {GNU} project, started by {Richard
+	Stallman} (RMS), partly to proselytise for his position that
+	information is community property and all software source
+	should be shared.
+
+	The GNU project has developed the GNU {Emacs} editor and a {C}
+	compiler, {gcc}, replacements for many Unix utilities and many
+	other tools.  A complete {Unix}-like operating system ({HURD})
+	is in the works (April 1994).
+
+	Software is distributed under the terms of the {GNU General
+	Public License}, which also provides a good summary of the
+	Foundation's goals and principles.  The Free Software
+	Foundation raises most of its funds from distributing its
+	software, although it is a charity rather than a company.
+	Although the software is freely available (e.g. by {FTP} - see
+	below) users are encouraged to support the work of the FSF by
+	paying for their distribution service or by making donations.
+
+	One of the slogans of the FSF is "Help stamp out software
+	hoarding!"  This remains controversial because authors want to
+	own, assign and sell the results of their labour.  However,
+	many hackers who disagree with RMS have nevertheless
+	cooperated to produce large amounts of high-quality software
+	for free redistribution under the Free Software Foundation's
+	imprimatur.
+
+	See {copyleft}, {General Public Virus}, {GNU archive site}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.gnu.ai.mit.edu)}.
+
+	Unofficial WWW pages: {PDX
+	(http://cs.pdx.edu/~trent/gnu/)}, {DeLorie
+	(http://delorie.com/gnu/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <gnu@gnu.org>.
+
+	Address: Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Massachusetts
+	Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (617) 876 3296.
+
+	(1995-12-10)
+
+free variable
+
+	1. A variable referred to in a function, which is not an
+	argument of the function.  In {lambda-calculus}, x is a {bound
+	variable} in the term M = \ x . T, and a free variable of T.
+	We say x is bound in M and free in T.  If T contains a subterm
+	\ x . U then x is rebound in this term.  This nested, inner
+	binding of x is said to "shadow" the outer binding.
+	Occurrences of x in U are free occurrences of the new x.
+
+	Variables bound at the top level of a program are technically
+	free variables within the terms to which they are bound but
+	are often treated specially because they can be compiled as
+	fixed addresses.  Similarly, an identifier bound to a
+	recursive function is also technically a free variable within
+	its own body but is treated specially.
+
+	A {closed term} is one containing no free variables.
+
+	See also {closure}, {lambda lifting}, {scope}.
+
+	2. In {logic}, a variable which is not quantified (see
+	{quantifier}).
+
+freeware
+
+	<legal> {Software}, often written by enthusiasts and
+	distributed at no charge by users' groups, or via the
+	{web}, {electronic mail}, {bulletin boards},
+	{Usenet}, or other electronic media.
+
+	At one time, "freeware" was a trademark of {Andrew
+	Fluegelman}.  It wasn't enforced after his death.
+
+	"Freeware" should not be confused with "{free software}"
+	(roughly, software with unrestricted redistribution) or
+	"{shareware}" (software distributed without charge for which
+	users can pay voluntarily).
+
+	{Jim Knopf's story (http://freewarehof.org/sstory.html)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-07-26)
+
+freeze
+
+	To lock an evolving software distribution or document against
+	changes so it can be released with some hope of stability.
+	Carries the strong implication that the item in question will
+	"unfreeze" at some future date.
+
+	There are more specific constructions on this term.  A
+	"feature freeze", for example, locks out modifications
+	intended to introduce new features but still allows bugfixes
+	and completion of existing features; a "code freeze" connotes
+	no more changes at all.  At {Sun Microsystems} and elsewhere,
+	one may also hear references to "code slush" - that is, an
+	almost-but-not-quite frozen state.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Frege, Gottlob
+
+	{Gottlob Frege}
+
+frequency division multiple access
+
+	{frequency division multiplexing}
+
+frequency division multiplexing
+
+	<communications> (FDM) The simultaneous transmission of
+	multiple separate signals through a shared medium (such as a
+	wire, {optical fibre}, or light beam) by modulating, at the
+	transmitter, the separate signals into separable frequency
+	bands, and adding those results linearly either before
+	transmission or within the medium.  While thus combined, all
+	the signals may be amplified, conducted, translated in
+	frequency and routed toward a destination as a single signal,
+	resulting in economies which are the motivation for
+	multiplexing.  Apparatus at the receiver separates the
+	multiplexed signals by means of frequency passing or rejecting
+	filters, and demodulates the results individually, each in the
+	manner appropriate for the modulation scheme used for that
+	band or group.
+
+	Bands are joined to form groups, and groups may then be joined
+	into larger groups; this process may be considered
+	recursively, but such technique is common only in large and
+	sophisticated systems and is not a necessary part of FDM.
+
+	Neither the transmitters nor the receivers need be close to
+	each other; ordinary radio, television, and cable service are
+	examples of FDM.  It was once the mainstay of the long
+	distance telephone system.  The more recently developed {time
+	division multiplexing} in its several forms lends itself to
+	the handling of digital data, but the low cost and high
+	quality of available FDM equipment, especially that intended
+	for television signals, make it a reasonable choice for many
+	purposes.
+
+	Compare {wavelength division multiplexing}, {time division
+	multiplexing}, {code division multiplexing}.
+
+	(2001-06-28)
+
+Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum
+
+	<communications> (FH, FHSS) A variation of {spread spectrum
+	communications} in which a sequence of {pseudo random numbers}
+	control a {frequency synthesizer}, generating different
+	carrier frequencies that "hop around" in the desired frequency
+	range.  The receiver tunes to the same sequence of carrier
+	frequencies in synchronisation with the transmitter.
+
+	Frequency hopping spread spectrum was invented by Hedy Lamarr
+	("the most beautiful girl in the world", Samson and Delilah
+	etc.) and the composer George Antheil.  They held a patent
+	filed in 1942.
+
+	(2009-07-01)
+
+Frequency Modulation
+
+	<communications> (FM) A method of encoding data by varying the
+	frequency of a constant amplitude {carrier signal}.
+
+	Contrast {Amplitude Modulation}.
+
+	(2001-04-02)
+
+Frequency Shift Keying
+
+	<communications> (FSK) The use of {frequency modulation} to
+	transmit digital data, i.e. two different {carrier}
+	frequencies are used to represent zero and one.
+
+	FSK was originally used to transmit {teleprinter} messages by
+	radio ({RTTY}) but can be used for most other types of radio
+	and land-line digital telegraphy.  More than two frequencies
+	can be used to increase transmission rates.
+
+	(1997-07-14)
+
+frequently asked question
+
+	<convention> (FAQ, or rarely FAQL, FAQ list) A document
+	provided for many {Usenet} {newsgroups} (and, more recently,
+	{web} services) which attempts to answer questions
+	which new readers often ask.  These are maintained by
+	volunteers and posted regularly to the newsgroup.  You should
+	always consult the FAQ list for a group before posting to it
+	in case your question or point is common knowledge.
+
+	The collection of all FAQ lists is one of the most precious
+	and remarkable resources on the {Internet}.  It contains a
+	huge wealth of up-to-date expert knowledge on many subjects of
+	common interest.  Accuracy of the information is greatly
+	assisted by its frequent exposure to criticism by an
+	interested, and occasionally well-informed, audience (the
+	readers of the relevant newsgroup).
+
+	The main {FTP archive} for FAQs is on a computer called {RTFM}
+	at {MIT}, where they can be accessed either {by group
+	(ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-group/comp.answers/)} or {by
+	hierarchy (ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierarchy/)}.
+	There is another archive at {Imperial College
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/news-info/)}, London, UK and a
+	{web} archive in {Ohio
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/top.html)},
+	USA.
+
+	The FAQs are also posted to {Usenet} newsgroups:
+	{news:comp.answers}, {news:news.answers} and
+	{news:alt.answers}.
+
+	(1997-12-08)
+
+Fresco
+
+	1. <standard, programming> An {object-oriented} {API} for
+	{graphical user interfaces}, under development by the {X
+	Consortium} as an open, multi-vendor {standard}.
+
+	2. <language, specification> An {object-oriented}
+	{specification language}.
+
+	["Refinement in Fresco", in Object Oriented Specification Case
+	Studies, K. Lano et al eds, P-H 1993].
+
+	(1996-04-28)
+
+Fresh
+
+	<language>
+
+	["Fresh: A Higher-Order Language Based on Unification",
+	G. Smolka, in Logic Programming: Functions, Relations and
+	Equations", D. DeGroot et al, P-H 1986, pp. 469-524].
+
+	(1996-04-28)
+
+friction feed
+
+	<printer> A method some {printers} and {plotters} use to move
+	paper by rotating one or both of a pair of spring-loaded
+	rubber-coated rollers with the paper sandwiched between them.
+
+	Friction feed printers are notorious for slipping when the
+	rollers wear out, but can take standard typing paper.
+
+	For printers with a {sheet feeder}, friction feed is more
+	appropriate than {sprocket feed} which requires the holes in
+	the paper to engage with the sprockets of the feed mechanism.
+
+	(1997-07-09)
+
+fried
+
+	1. <hardware> Non-working due to hardware failure; burnt out.
+	Especially used of hardware brought down by a "power glitch"
+	(see {glitch}), {drop-outs}, a short, or some other electrical
+	event.  (Sometimes this literally happens to electronic
+	circuits!  In particular, resistors can burn out and
+	transformers can melt down, emitting noxious smoke - see
+	{friode}, {SED} and {LER}.  However, this term is also used
+	metaphorically.)  Compare {frotzed}.
+
+	2. <jargon> Of people, exhausted.  Said particularly of those
+	who continue to work in such a state.  Often used as an
+	explanation or excuse.  "Yeah, I know that fix destroyed the
+	file system, but I was fried when I put it in."  Especially
+	common in conjunction with "brain": "My brain is fried today,
+	I'm very short on sleep."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-04-28)
+
+Friend
+
+	Relationship between classes in the language C++.
+
+FRINGE
+
+	C. Katz, GE, 1961.  Subcomponent of GE-255 GECOM system.
+	Sorting and merging of data, reports and file maintenance.
+
+frink
+
+	/frink/ The unknown ur-verb, fill in your own meaning.  Found
+	especially on the {Usenet} newsgroup {news:alt.fan.lemurs},
+	where it is said that the lemurs know what "frink" means, but
+	they aren't telling.
+
+	Compare {gorets}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+friode
+
+	<humour, electronics> /fri:'ohd/ (TMRC) A reversible (that is,
+	fused, blown, or {fried}) {diode}.  A friode may have been a
+	{SED} at some time.
+
+	See also {LER}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-04-28)
+
+fritterware
+
+	An excess of capability that serves no productive end.  The
+	canonical example is font-diddling software on the Mac (see
+	{macdink}); the term describes anything that eats huge amounts
+	of time for quite marginal gains in function but seduces
+	people into using it anyway.  See also {window shopping}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+FRL
+
+	Frame Representation Language.
+
+	MIT.
+
+	["The FRL Manual", R. Roberts et al, AI Memo 409, MIT AI Lab,
+	1977].
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+FRMT-FTRN
+
+	Scientific language.  1976.
+
+frob
+
+	/frob/ 1.  [MIT] The {TMRC} definition was "FROB = a
+	protruding arm or trunnion"; by metaphoric extension, a "frob"
+	is any random small thing; an object that you can comfortably
+	hold in one hand; something you can frob (sense 2).  See
+	{frobnitz}.
+
+	2. Abbreviated form of {frobnicate}.
+
+	3. [{MUD}] A command on some {MUDs} that changes a player's
+	experience level (this can be used to make wizards); also, to
+	request {wizard} privileges on the "professional courtesy"
+	grounds that one is a wizard elsewhere.  The command is
+	actually "frobnicate" but is universally abbreviated to the
+	shorter form.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+frobnicate
+
+	/frob'ni-kayt/ (Possibly from {frobnitz}, and usually
+	abbreviated to {frob}, but "frobnicate" is recognised as the
+	official full form).  To manipulate or adjust, to {tweak}.
+	One frequently frobs bits or other 2-state devices.  Thus:
+	"Please frob the light switch" (that is, flip it), but also
+	"Stop frobbing that clasp; you'll break it".  One also sees
+	the construction "to frob a frob".
+
+	Usage: frob, {twiddle}, and {tweak} sometimes connote points
+	along a continuum.  "Frob" connotes aimless manipulation;
+	"twiddle" connotes gross manipulation, often a coarse search
+	for a proper setting; "tweak" connotes fine-tuning.  If
+	someone is turning a knob on an oscilloscope, then if he's
+	carefully adjusting it, he is probably tweaking it; if he is
+	just turning it but looking at the screen, he is probably
+	twiddling it; but if he's just doing it because turning a knob
+	is fun, he's frobbing it.  The variant "frobnosticate" has
+	also been reported.
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+frobnitz
+
+	/frob'nits/, plural "frobnitzem" /frob'nit-zm/ or "frobni"
+	/frob'ni:/ (TMRC) An unspecified physical object, a widget.
+	Also refers to electronic {black boxes}.  This rare form is
+	usually abbreviated to "frotz", or more commonly to {frob}.
+	Also used are "frobnule" (/frob'n[y]ool/) and "frobule"
+	(/frob'yool/).  Starting perhaps in 1979, "frobozz" /fr*-boz'/
+	(plural: "frobbotzim" /fr*-bot'zm/) has also become very
+	popular, largely through its exposure as a name via {Zork}.
+	These variants can also be applied to nonphysical objects,
+	such as data structures.
+
+	Pete Samson, compiler of the original {TMRC} lexicon, adds,q
+	"Under the TMRC (railway) layout were many storage boxes,
+	managed (in 1958) by David R. Sawyer.  Several had fanciful
+	designations written on them, such as "Frobnitz Coil Oil".
+	Perhaps DRS intended Frobnitz to be a proper name, but the
+	name was quickly taken for the thing".  This was almost
+	certainly the origin of the term.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+Frobozz Magic Programming Language
+
+	<language> (FMPL of Accardi).  A {prototype-based},
+	{object-oriented}, {event-driven} (mainly I/O events) interpreted
+	language with {functional} features.  Developed at the
+	{Experimental Computing Facility}, {University of California,
+	Berkeley}.
+
+	There is an {interpreter} by Jon Blow
+	<blojo@xcf.berkeley.edu>.
+
+	Latest version: 1, as of 1992-06-02.
+
+	{(ftp://xcf.berkeley.edu/src/local/fmpl)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <fmpl@xcf.berkeley.edu>.
+
+	E-mail: Jack Hsu <tcl-archive@barkley.berkeley.edu>.
+
+	(1992-06-02)
+
+frogging
+
+	({University of Waterloo}) 1. Partial corruption of a text
+	file or input stream by some bug or consistent glitch, as
+	opposed to random events like line noise or media failures.
+	Might occur, for example, if one bit of each incoming
+	character on a tty were stuck, so that some characters were
+	correct and others were not.
+
+	See {terminak} for a historical example.
+
+	2. By extension, accidental display of text in a mode where
+	the output device emits special symbols or {mnemonics} rather
+	than conventional ASCII.  This often happens, for example,
+	when using a terminal or comm program on a device like an {IBM
+	PC} with a special "high-half" character set and with the
+	bit-parity assumption wrong.  A hacker sufficiently familiar
+	with ASCII bit patterns might be able to read the display
+	anyway.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Frolic
+
+	A {Prolog} system in {Common Lisp}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.utah.edu/pub/frolic.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1991-11-23)
+
+front end
+
+	1. An intermediary computer that does set-up and filtering for
+	another (usually more powerful but less friendly) machine (a
+	"back end").
+
+	2. Software that provides an interface to another program
+	"behind" it, which may not be as {user-friendly}.  Probably
+	from analogy with hardware front-ends that interfaced with
+	{mainframes}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+front-end processor
+
+	(FEP) 1. A small computer necessary to enable an {IBM}
+	{mainframe} using {SNA} to communicate beyond the limits of
+	the {dinosaur pen}.
+
+	2. A small computer controlling the screen and keyboard of a
+	{Symbolics 3600} {LISP Machine}.
+
+front side bus
+
+	<hardware> (FSB) The {bus} via which a {processor}
+	communicates with its {RAM} and {chipset}; one half of the
+	{Dual Independent Bus} (the other half being the {backside
+	bus}).  The {L2 cache} is usually on the FSB, unless it is on
+	the same chip as the processor [example?].
+
+	In {PCI} systems, the PCI bus runs at half the FSB speed.
+
+	{Intel}'s {Pentium 60} ran the bus and processor at 60 {MHz}.
+	All later processors have used multipliers to increase the
+	internal {clock} speed while maintaining the same external
+	clock speed, e.g. the {Pentium 90} used a 1.5x multiplier.
+	Modern {Socket 370} {motherboards} support multipliers from
+	4.5x to 8.0x, and FSB speeds from 50 MHz to a proposed 83 MHz
+	standard.  These higher speeds may cause problems with some
+	PCI hardware.
+
+	Altering the FSB speed and the multiplier ratio are the two
+	main ways of {overclocking} processors.
+
+	{Toms Hardware - The Bus Speed Guide
+	(http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/bus-speed-guide,49.html)}.
+
+	{Toms Hardware - The Overclocking Guide
+	(http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/overclocking-guide,15.html)}.
+
+	(2002-02-21)
+
+frotzed
+
+	<jargon> /frotst/ {down} because of hardware problems.
+	Compare {fried}.  A machine that is merely frotzed may be
+	fixable without replacing parts, but a fried machine is more
+	seriously damaged.
+
+	(2010-05-16)
+
+frowney
+
+	<chat> (Or "frowney face") See {emoticon}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+fry
+
+	1. To fail.  Said especially of smoke-producing hardware
+	failures.  More generally, to become non-working.  Usage:
+	never said of software, only of hardware and humans.  See
+	{fried}, {magic smoke}.
+
+	2. To cause to fail; to {roach}, {toast}, or {hose} a piece of
+	hardware.  Never used of software or humans, but compare
+	{fried}.
+
+FS
+
+	1. <file system> {file system}.
+
+	2. <character> {File Separator}.
+
+FSB
+
+	{front side bus}
+
+fsck
+
+	1. <operating system> file system check.  The {Unix} program
+	that checks a {file system} for internal consistency and bad
+	blocks etc. and can repair some faults.
+
+	fsck is often used after a {crash} when the file system has
+	been left in an inconsistent state, e.g. due to incomplete
+	flushing of {buffers}.
+
+	(1998-03-06)
+
+	2. <jargon> Used on {Usenet} {newsgroup} alt.sysadmin.recovery
+	as substitute for "fuck" and became more main-stream after the
+	{Communications Decency Act}.
+
+	(1998-03-06)
+
+FSF
+
+	{Free Software Foundation}
+
+FSK
+
+	{Frequency Shift Keying}
+
+FSL
+
+	Formal Semantics Language.
+
+	A language for {compiler} writing.
+
+	["A Formal Semantics for Computer Languages and its Application
+	in a Compiler-Compiler", J.A. Feldman, CACM 9(1) (Jan 1966)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 641].
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+FSM
+
+	1. <mathematics, algorithm, theory> {Finite State Machine}.
+
+	2. <networking> {FDDI Switching Module}.
+
+	({3Com} implements this device on its {LAN} switches).
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+	(1997-05-16)
+
+FSP
+
+	{File Service Protocol}
+
+fsplit
+
+	A tool to split up monolithic {Fortran} programs.
+
+FT
+
+	{fault tolerant}
+
+FTAM
+
+	File Transfer, Access, and Management: an application layer
+	protocol for file transfer and remote manipulation (ISO 8571).
+
+FTP
+
+	{File Transfer Protocol}
+
+FTP archive
+
+	{archive site}
+
+FTP by mail
+
+	A service offered by {DEC} to allow people without {Internet}
+	access to get copies of files which are available by
+	{anonymous FTP}.  Send a message with just the word "help" in
+	the body to <ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com>.
+
+FTP server
+
+	<networking> A network {server} program or computer which
+	responds to requests for files via {FTP}.
+
+	A busy {Internet} {archive site} may have one or more
+	computers dedicated to running FTP server software.  These
+	will typically have {hostnames} beginning with "ftp.",
+	e.g. ftp.denet.dk.
+
+	(1998-07-02)
+
+FTP Software, Inc.
+
+	<company> Developers of the original {PC/TCP} {Packet Driver}
+	specification.
+
+	Address: 26 Princess St. Wakefield, MA 01880-3004.  Telephone:
+	+1 (617) 246 0900.
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+FTTP
+
+	Do you mean {FTP} or {HTTP}?
+
+FTW
+
+	<chat> An ambiguous acronym which might stand for any of "For
+	The Win" (the thing just referred to will help you succeed),
+	"Forever Two Wheels" (biker slang), {WTF} backwards, "Fuck The
+	World", "Fuck This War", "Fun To Watch" or something else.
+
+	(2008-09-12)
+
+FTX
+
+	<operating system> {Stratus}' {Unix operating system}.
+
+	(1998-07-06)
+
+FUBAR
+
+	1. (WWII military slang) Fucked up beyond all
+	recognition (or repair).
+
+	See {foobar}.
+
+	2. <hardware> The Failed UniBus Address Register in a
+	{VAX}.  A good example of how jargon can occasionally be snuck
+	past the {suits}.
+
+	Larry Robinson <lrobins@indiana.edu> reports the following
+	nonstandard use for FUBAR:
+
+	One day somebody got mad at the {card reader} (or card eater
+	that day) on our {Univac 3200}.  He taped a sign, "This thing
+	is FUBAR", on the metal weight that sits on the stack of
+	unread cards.  The sign stayed there for over a year.  One
+	day, somebody said, "Don't forget to put the fubar on top of
+	the stack".  It stuck!  We called that weight the fubar until
+	they took away the machine.  The replacement card reader had
+	two spring loaded card clamps, one for the feed and one for
+	the return, and we called THOSE fubars until we dumped punch
+	cards.
+
+	Incidently, the way he taped the sign on the weight made up
+	for the lack of a little nylon piece that was missing from it,
+	and fixed the card reader.  That's why the sign stayed there.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-03-18)
+
+FUD
+
+	<jargon> /fuhd/ An acronym invented by {Gene Amdahl}
+	after he left {IBM} to found his own company: "FUD is the
+	fear, uncertainty, and doubt that {IBM} sales people instill
+	in the minds of potential customers who might be considering
+	[Amdahl] products."  The idea, of course, was to persuade them
+	to go with safe IBM gear rather than with competitors'
+	equipment.  This implicit coercion was traditionally
+	accomplished by promising that Good Things would happen to
+	people who stuck with IBM, but Dark Shadows loomed over the
+	future of competitors' equipment or software.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-23)
+
+fudge
+
+	1. To perform in an incomplete but marginally acceptable way,
+	particularly with respect to the writing of a program.  "I
+	didn't feel like going through that pain and suffering, so I
+	fudged it - I'll fix it later."
+
+	2.  The resulting code.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+fudge factor
+
+	A value or parameter that is varied in an ad hoc way to
+	produce the desired result.  The terms "tolerance" and {slop}
+	are also used, though these usually indicate a one-sided
+	leeway, such as a buffer that is made larger than necessary
+	because one isn't sure exactly how large it needs to be, and
+	it is better to waste a little space than to lose completely
+	for not having enough.  A fudge factor, on the other hand, can
+	often be tweaked in more than one direction.  A good example
+	is the "fuzz" typically allowed in {floating-point}
+	calculations: two numbers being compared for equality must be
+	allowed to differ by a small amount; if that amount is too
+	small, a computation may never terminate, while if it is too
+	large, results will be needlessly inaccurate.  Fudge factors
+	are frequently adjusted incorrectly by programmers who don't
+	fully understand their import.
+
+Fudgets
+
+	<programming> (From "functional widgets") {Graphical user
+	interface} {widgets} available as The Fudget library - a
+	toolkit for concurrent programming of graphical user
+	interfaces, {client/servers} and more written in {Haskell} by
+	Thomas Hallgren <hallgren@cs.chalmers.se> and Magnus Carlsson
+	<magnus@cs.chalmers.se>.
+
+	Version: h9 1995-07-04 (Baastad Spring School Release).
+
+	{(http://cs.chalmers.se/Fudgets/)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.chalmers.se/pub/haskell/chalmers)}.
+
+	(1996-03-17)
+
+FUDGIT
+
+	A double-precision multi-purpose fitting program by Thomas
+	Koenig <ig25@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de>.  It can manipulate complete
+	columns of numbers in the form of vector arithmetic.  FUDGIT
+	is also an expression language {interpreter} understanding
+	most of {C} {grammar} except pointers.  Morever, FUDGIT is a
+	front end for any plotting program supporting commands from
+	stdin, e.g. {Gnuplot}.
+
+	Version 2.27 runs on {AIX}, {HP-UX}, {Linux}, {IRIX}, {NeXT},
+	{SunOS}, {Ultrix}.
+
+	{(ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/sources/usr.bin/)}.
+
+	(1993-03-22)
+
+FUD wars
+
+	/fuhd worz/ Political posturing, intended to create {FUD},
+	engaged in by hardware and software vendors ostensibly
+	committed to standardisation but actually willing to fragment
+	the market to protect their own shares.  The {Unix
+	International} vs. {OSF} conflict is but one outstanding
+	example.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+Fuel-can
+
+	A derogatory term for the {Atari Falcon}.
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+Fugue
+
+	<language, music> A music language implemented in {Xlisp}.
+
+	["Fugue: A Functional Language for Sound Synthesis",
+	R.B. Dannenberg et al, Computer 24(7):36-41 (Jul 1991)].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+Fujitsu
+
+	<company> A Japanese elecronics corporation.  Fujitsu owns
+	{ICL}, {Amdahl Corporation}, and {DMR}.
+
+	Home {USA (http://fujitsu.com/)}, {Japan
+	(http://fujitsu.co.jp/index-e.html)}.
+
+	(2000-04-03)
+
+full-custom
+
+	Design of {integrated circuits} at the transistor or polygon
+	level.  This is in contrast to the use of libraries of
+	components.  Full-custom design requires considerable skill
+	and experience and is usually only feasible for simple
+	circuits, especially ones with much repetition, such as memory
+	device, where a small saving in the size and power consumption
+	of a component will yield a large overall saving.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+full-duplex
+
+	<communications> (fdx, from {telegraphy}) 1. A type of
+	{duplex} communications channel which carries data in both
+	directions at once.
+
+	On purely {digital} connections, full-duplex communication
+	requires two pairs of wires.  On {analog} networks or in
+	digital networks using carriers, it is achieved by dividing
+	the {bandwidth} of the line into two frequencies, one for
+	sending, and the other for receiving.
+
+	2. An obsolete term for {remote echo}.
+
+	Compare {simplex}, {half-duplex}, {double-duplex}.
+
+	(2001-07-21)
+
+full-duplex Switched Ethernet
+
+	<networking> (FDSE) A {Switched Ethernet} link which can carry
+	data in both directions simultaneously, doubling transmission
+	capacity from the usual 10 to 20 megabits per second.
+
+	(1996-06-20)
+
+full laziness
+
+	<functional programming> A transformation, described by
+	Wadsworth in 1971, which ensures that subexpressions in a
+	function body which do not depend on the function's arguments
+	are only evaluated once.  E.g. each time the function
+
+		f x = x + sqrt 4
+
+	is applied, (sqrt 4) will be evaluated.  Since (sqrt 4) does
+	not depend on x, we could transform this to:
+
+		f x = x + sqrt4
+		sqrt4 = sqrt 4
+
+	We have replaced the dynamically created (sqrt 4) with a
+	single shared constant which, in a {graph reduction} system,
+	will be evaluated the first time it is needed and then updated
+	with its value.
+
+	See also {fully lazy lambda lifting}, {let floating}.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+full-motion video
+
+	<video> (FMV) Any kind of {video} that is theoretically
+	capable of changing the entire content on the screen fast
+	enough that the transitions are not obvious to the human eye,
+	i.e. about 24 times a second or more.  In practise most {video
+	encoding} relies on the fact that in most video there is
+	relatively little change from one {frame} to the next.  This
+	allows for {compression} of the video data.
+
+	The term is used, chiefly in {computer games}, in contrast to
+	techniques such as the use of {sprites} that move against a
+	more-or-less fixed background.
+
+	(2011-01-04)
+
+full outer join
+
+	{outer join}
+
+fully associative cache
+
+	<memory management> A type of {cache} in which data from any
+	address can be stored in any cache location.  The whole address
+	must be used as the tag (the value that identifies a block of data
+	in the cache).  All tags must be compared simultaneously
+	(associatively) with the requested address and if one matches then
+	its associated data is accessed.  This requires an {associative
+	memory} to hold the tags which makes this form of cache more
+	expensive.  It does however solve the problem of contention for
+	cache locations ({cache conflict}) since a block need only be
+	flushed when the whole cache is full and then the block to flush
+	can be selected in a more efficient way.
+
+	The alternatives are {direct mapped cache} or {set associative
+	cache}.
+
+	(2013-08-09)
+
+Fully Automated Compiling Technique
+
+	<language> (FACT, "Honeywell-800 Business Compiler") A
+	pre-{COBOL} English-like business data processing language for
+	the {Honeywell 800}, developed ca. 1959.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 327].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+fully lazy lambda lifting
+
+	John Hughes's optimisation of {lambda lifting} to give {full
+	laziness}.  {Maximal free expressions} are shared to minimise
+	the amount of recalculation.  Each inner sub-expression is
+	replaced by a function of its maximal free expressions
+	(expressions not containing any {bound variable}) applied to
+	those expressions.  E.g.
+
+		f = \ x . (\ y . (+) (sqrt x) y)
+
+	((+) (sqrt x)) is a maximal free expression in
+	(\ y . (+) (sqrt x) y) so this inner {abstraction} is replaced
+	with
+
+		(\ g . \ y . g y) ((+) (sqrt x))
+
+	Now, if a {partial application} of f is shared, the result of
+	evaluating (sqrt x) will also be shared rather than
+	re-evaluated on each application of f.  As Chin notes, the
+	same benefit could be achieved without introducing the new
+	{higher-order function}, g, if we just extracted out (sqrt x).
+
+	This is similar to the {code motion} optimisation in
+	{procedural languages} where constant expressions are moved
+	outside a loop or procedure.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+fully qualified domain name
+
+	<networking> (FQDN) The full name of a system, consisting of
+	its local {hostname} and its {domain} name, including a
+	{top-level domain} (tld).  For example, "venera" is a hostname
+	and "venera.isi.edu" is an FQDN.  An FQDN should be sufficient
+	to determine a unique {Internet address} for any host on the
+	{Internet}.  This process, called "name resolution", uses the
+	{Domain Name System} (DNS).
+
+	With the explosion of interest in the {Internet} following the
+	advent of the {web}, domain names (especially the
+	most significant two components, e.g. "sun.com", and
+	especially in the ".com" tld) have become a valuable part of
+	many companies' "brand".  The allocation of these, overseen by
+	{ICANN}, has therefore become highly political and is
+	performed by a number of different registrars.  There are
+	different registries for the different tlds.
+
+	A final dot on the end of a FQDN can be used to tell the DNS
+	that the name is fully qualified and so needs no extra
+	suffixes added, but it is not required.
+
+	See also {network, the}, {network address}.
+
+	(2005-06-09)
+
+fum
+
+	<jargon> At {Xerox PARC}, often the third standard
+	{metasyntactic variable} after {foo} and {bar}.  {baz} is more
+	common outside PARC.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+Fun
+
+	A {typed lambda-calculus}, similar to {SOL}[2].  "On
+	Understanding Types, Data Abstractions and Polymorphism",
+	L. Cardelli et al, ACM Comp Surveys 17(4) (Dec 1985).
+
+function
+
+	1. <mathematics> (Or "map", "mapping") If D and C are sets
+	(the domain and codomain) then a function f from D to C,
+	normally written "f : D -> C" is a subset of D x C such that:
+
+	1. For each d in D there exists some c in C such that (d,c) is
+	an element of f.  I.e. the function is defined for every
+	element of D.
+
+	2. For each d in D, c1 and c2 in C, if both (d,c1) and (d,c2)
+	are elements of f then c1 = c2.  I.e. the function is uniquely
+	defined for every element of D.
+
+	See also {image}, {inverse}, {partial function}.
+
+	2. <programming> Computing usage derives from the mathematical
+	term but is much less strict.  In programming (except in
+	{functional programming}), a function may return different
+	values each time it is called with the same argument values
+	and may have {side effects}.
+
+	A {procedure} is a function which returns no value but has
+	only {side-effects}.  The {C} language, for example, has no
+	procedures, only functions.  {ANSI C} even defines a {type},
+	{void}, for the result of a function that has no result.
+
+	(1996-09-01)
+
+functional
+
+	1. Working correctly.
+
+	2. Pertaining to {functional programming}.
+
+	3. {higher-order function}.
+
+functional database
+
+	<database, language> A {database} which uses a {functional
+	language} as its {query language}.
+
+	Databases would seem to be an inappropriate application for
+	functional languages since, a {purely functional language}
+	would have to return a new copy of the entire database every
+	time (part of) it was updated.  To be practically {scalable},
+	the update mechanism must clearly be {destructive} rather than
+	functional; however it is quite feasible for the {query
+	language} to be purely functional so long as the database is
+	considered as an argument.
+
+	One approach to the update problem would use a {monad} to
+	encapsulate database access and ensure it was {single
+	threaded}.  Alternative approaches have been suggested by
+	Trinder, who suggests non-destructive updating with shared
+	data structures, and Sutton who uses a variant of a Phil
+	Wadler's {linear type} system.
+
+	There are two main classes of functional database languages.
+	The first is based upon {Backus}' {FP} language, of which
+	{FQL} is probably the best known example.  {Adaplan} is a more
+	recent language which falls into this category.
+
+	More recently, people have been working on languages which are
+	syntactically very similar to modern {functional programming
+	languages}, but which also provide all of the features of a
+	database language, e.g. bulk data structures which can be
+	incrementally updated, type systems which can be incrementally
+	updated, and all data persisting in a database.  Examples are
+	{PFL} [Poulovassilis&Small, VLDB-91], and {Machiavelli} [Ohori
+	et al, ACM SIGMOD Conference, 1998].
+
+	{Query optimisation} is very important for database languages
+	in general and the {referential transparency} of functional
+	languages allows optimisations which would be harder to verify
+	in presence of {side-effects}.
+
+	[Trinder, P., "Referentially transparent database languages",
+	1989 Glasgow Workshop on Functional programming]
+
+	[Breazu-Tannen et al., DBPL-91].
+
+	[Poulovassilis, VLDB-94].
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+functional dependency
+
+	<database> Given a relation R (in a {relational database}),
+	attribute Y of R is functionally dependent on attribute X of R
+	and X of R functionally determines Y of R (in symbols R.X ->
+	R.Y) if and only if each X in R has associated with it
+	precisely one Y in R (at any one time).  Attributes X and Y
+	may be {composite}.
+
+	This is very close to a {function} in the mathematical sense.
+
+	(1997-09-01)
+
+functionality
+
+	<programming> Waffle for "{features}" or "function".  The
+	capabilities or behaviours of a program, part of a program, or
+	system, seen as the sum of its {features}.  Roughly, "the
+	things it can do".  Generally used in a comparative sense,
+	e.g. "The latest update adds some useful functionality".
+
+	(1997-07-14)
+
+functional language
+
+	<language> A language that supports and encourages {functional
+	programming}.
+
+	(1995-11-08)
+
+functional program
+
+	<language> A program employing the {functional programming}
+	approach or written in a {functional language}.
+
+	(1995-11-07)
+
+functional programming
+
+	<programming> (FP) A program in a functional language consists
+	of a set of (possibly {recursive}) {function} definitions and
+	an expression whose value is output as the program's result.
+	Functional languages are one kind of {declarative language}.
+	They are mostly based on the {typed lambda-calculus} with
+	constants.  There are no {side-effects} to expression
+	evaluation so an expression, e.g. a function applied to
+	certain arguments, will always evaluate to the same value (if
+	its evaluation terminates).  Furthermore, an expression can
+	always be replaced by its value without changing the overall
+	result ({referential transparency}).
+
+	The order of evaluation of subexpressions is determined by the
+	language's {evaluation strategy}.  In a {strict}
+	({call-by-value}) language this will specify that arguments
+	are evaluated before applying a function whereas in a
+	non-strict ({call-by-name}) language arguments are passed
+	unevaluated.
+
+	Programs written in a functional language are generally
+	compact and elegant, but have tended, until recently, to run
+	slowly and require a lot of memory.
+
+	Examples of purely functional languages are {Clean}, {FP},
+	{Haskell}, {Hope}, {Joy}, {LML}, {Miranda}, and {SML}.  Many
+	other languages such as {Lisp} have a subset which is purely
+	functional but also contain non-functional constructs.
+
+	See also {lazy evaluation}, {reduction}.
+
+	{Lecture notes
+	(ftp://ftp.cs.olemiss.edu/pub/tech-reports/umcis-1995-01.ps)}.
+	or the same {in dvi-format
+	(ftp://ftp.cs.olemiss.edu/pub/tech-reports/umcis-1995-01.dvi)}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://cs.nott.ac.uk/Department/Staff/gmh/faq.html)}.
+
+	{SEL-HPC Article Archive
+	(http://lpac.ac.uk/SEL-HPC/Articles/)}.
+
+	(2003-03-25)
+
+functional programming language
+
+	<language> A language that supports and encourages {functional
+	programming}.
+
+	(1995-11-08)
+
+functional requirements
+
+	<specification> What a system should be able to do, the
+	functions it should perform.
+
+	This term is used at both the {user requirements} analysis and
+	{software requirements} specifications phases in the {software
+	life-cycle}.
+
+	An example of a non-functional requirement is an
+	initialisation sequence incorporated into the software that is
+	specific to a given customer.
+
+	(2001-05-22)
+
+functional specification
+
+	<programming, project> A description of what a system (e.g. a
+	piece of {software}) does or should do (but not how it should
+	do it).  The functional specification is one of the inputs to
+	the {design} process.
+
+	See {IEEE}/{ANSI} Std. 610.12-1990.
+
+	(1999-04-07)
+
+functional testing
+
+	<testing> (Or "black-box testing", "closed-box testing") The
+	application of test data derived from {functional requirements}
+	without regard to how the system is implemented.
+
+	(1996-05-15)
+
+functional unit
+
+	A subsystem of the {central processing unit} of a computer.
+	E.g. {arithmetic and logic unit}, {memory address register},
+	{barrel shifter}, {register file}.
+
+	(1995-02-10)
+
+function application
+
+	A {function} applied to (some of) its {arguments}.  If it is
+	not applied to all its argument then it is a "{partial
+	application}".  Application is usually written in the form
+	f(x) but some languages such as command-line interpreters and
+	many {functional languages} use {juxtaposition}: f x.  {Lisp}
+	places the parentheses around the whole application: (f x).
+
+function complete
+
+	<programming> State of a {software} component or system such
+	that each {function} described by the software's {functional
+	specification} can be reached by at least one {functional
+	path}, and attempts to operate as specified.
+
+	(1999-04-07)
+
+Function Graph Language
+
+	<language> (FGL) The {machine language} for the AMPS
+	({Applicative Multi-Processing System}) proposed by Robert
+	Keller, Gary Lindstrom and Suhas Patil at the University of
+	Utah.
+
+	(2007-03-22)
+
+function inlining
+
+	<programming> Defining a {member function}'s {implementation}
+	within the {class} where it was also declared.  This is
+	usually reserved for small functions since the inline function
+	must be re-compiled for every instance of the class.
+
+	(2007-03-22)
+
+function key
+
+	<hardware> (From the {IBM 3270} terminal's Programmed Function
+	Keys (PF keys)) One of a set of special keys on a computer or
+	{terminal} keyboard which can be programmed so as to cause an
+	{application program} to perform certain actions.
+
+	Function keys on a terminal may either generate short fixed
+	sequences of characters, often beginning with the {escape}
+	character ({ASCII} 27), or the characters they generate may be
+	configured by sending special character sequences to the
+	terminal.
+
+	On a {microcomputer} keyboard, the function keys may generate
+	a fixed, single byte code, outside the normal {ASCII} range,
+	which is translated into some other configurable sequence by
+	the keyboard {device driver} or interpreted directly by the
+	{application program}.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+Function Point Analysis
+
+	<programming> (FPA) A standard metric for the relative size
+	and complexity of a software system, originally developed by
+	Alan Albrecht of {IBM} in the late 1970s.
+
+	Functon points (FPs) can be used to estimate the relative size
+	and complexity of software in the early stages of development
+	- analysis and design.  The size is determined by identifying
+	the components of the system as seen by the end-user: the
+	inputs, outputs, inquiries, interfaces to other systems, and
+	logical internal files.  The components are classified as
+	simple, average, or complex.  All of these values are then
+	scored and the total is expressed in Unadjusted FPs (UFPs).
+	Complexity factors described by 14 general systems
+	characteristics, such as reusability, performance, and
+	complexity of processing can be used to weight the UFP.
+	Factors are also weighted on a scale of 0 - not present, 1 -
+	minor influence, to 5 - strong influence.  The result of these
+	computations is a number that correlates to system size.
+
+	Although the FP metric doesn't correspond to any actual
+	physical attribute of a software system (such as {lines of
+	code} or the number of subroutines) it is useful as a relative
+	measure for comparing projects, measuring productivity, and
+	estimating the amount a development effort and time needed for
+	a project.
+
+	See also {International Function Point Users Group}.
+
+	(1996-05-16)
+
+functor
+
+	In {category theory}, a functor F is an operator on types.  F
+	is also considered to be a {polymorphic} operator on functions
+	with the type
+
+		F : (a -> b) -> (F a -> F b).
+
+	Functors are a generalisation of the function "{map}".  The
+	type operator in this case takes a type T and returns type
+	"list of T".  The map function takes a function and applies it
+	to each element of a list.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+funky
+
+	Said of something that functions, but in a slightly strange,
+	{kluge}y way.  It does the job and would be difficult to
+	change, so its obvious non-optimality is left alone.  Often
+	used to describe interfaces.  The more bugs something has that
+	nobody has bothered to fix because workarounds are easier, the
+	funkier it is.  {TECO} and {UUCP} are funky.  The {Intel}
+	{i860}'s exception handling is extraordinarily funky.  Most
+	standards acquire funkiness as they age.  "The new mailer is
+	installed, but is still somewhat funky; if it bounces your
+	mail for no reason, try resubmitting it."  "This {UART} is
+	pretty funky.  The data ready line is active-high in interrupt
+	mode and active-low in {DMA} mode."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+FUNLOG
+
+	Functional programming plus unification.  "Lazy" in the sense
+	that expressions are reduced only if they are not unifiable.
+
+	["FUNLOG: A Computational Model Integrating Logic Programming
+	and Functional Programming", P.A. Subrahmanyam et al, in Logic
+	Programming: Functions, Relations and Equations, D. DeGroot et
+	al eds, P-H 1986].
+
+FunnelWeb
+
+	A {literate-programming} tool by Ross Williams
+	<ross@spam.adelaide.edu.au>.  It emphasises simplicity and
+	reliability.  It provides a {macro} facility and assists in
+	the production of typeset {documentation}.  It is independent
+	of the input programming language.
+
+	Posted to comp.sources.unix volume 26 under {CopyLeft}.  Runs
+	on {Sun}, {Vax}, {Macintosh} and {IBM PC}.
+
+	(1993-04-11)
+
+funny money
+
+	Notional units of computing time and/or storage handed to
+	students at the beginning of a computer course; also called
+	"play money" or "purple money" (in implicit opposition to real
+	or "green" money).
+
+	In New Zealand and Germany the odd usage "paper money" has
+	been recorded; in Germany, the particularly amusing synonym
+	"transfer ruble" commemorates the funny money used for trade
+	between COMECON countries back when the Soviet Bloc still
+	existed.
+
+	When your funny money ran out, your account froze and you
+	needed to go to a professor to get more.  Fortunately, the
+	plunging cost of {time-sharing} cycles has made this less
+	common.  The amounts allocated were almost invariably too
+	small, even for the non-hackers who wanted to slide by with
+	minimum work.  In extreme cases, the practice led to
+	small-scale black markets in bootlegged computer accounts.  By
+	extension, phantom money or quantity tickets of any kind used
+	as a resource-allocation hack within a system.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+furigana
+
+	<human language, Japanese> (Or "rubi") Small {hiragana},
+	written above {kanji} (and these days sometimes above Latin
+	characters) as a phonetic comment and reading aid.  The
+	singular and plural are both "furigana".
+
+	(2000-12-30)
+
+furrfu
+
+	<jargon> Written-only {rot13} "Sheesh!".  "furrfu" evolved in
+	mid-1992 as a response to postings repeating urban myths on
+	{newsgroup} {news:alt.folklore.urban}, after some posters
+	complained that "Sheesh!" as a response to {newbies} was being
+	overused.
+
+	(1995-10-25)
+
+FUSE
+
+	A {DEC} {software development environment} for {ULTRIX},
+	offering an integrated toolkit for developing, testing,
+	debugging and maintenance.
+
+FUSION
+
+	Software package supplied by Network Research Corporation
+	claiming to connect various different configurations of LAN.
+
+fusion
+
+	<programming> A {program transformation} where a {composition}
+	of two functions is replaced by in-lining them and combining
+	their bodies.  E.g.
+
+		f x = g (h x)	==>	f x = g (2 * x)
+		g x = x + 1		f x = 2 * x + 1
+		h x = 2 * x
+
+	This has the beneficial effect of reducing the number of
+	function calls.  It can be especially useful where the
+	intermediate result is a large data structure which can be
+	eliminated.
+
+	See also {vertical loop combination}.
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+FutureBasic
+
+	<language> A {BASIC} compiler for the {Macintosh}.
+
+	{(http://stazsoftware.com/futurebasic/)}.
+
+	[Summary?  Version?]
+
+	(2002-08-28)
+
+future date testing
+
+	<testing> The process of setting a computer's date to a future
+	date to test a program's (expected or unexpected) date
+	sensitivity.  Future date testing only shows the effects of
+	dates on the computer(s) under scrutiny, it does not take into
+	account knock-on effects of dates on other connected systems.
+
+	(2000-09-11)
+
+futz
+
+	<jargon> ("futzing around") To waste time on activity
+	that is often experimental and may or may not be
+	productive.  Not normally used for game playing.
+
+	(2008-11-27)
+
+fuzzball
+
+	A {DEC} {LSI-11} running a particular suite of homebrewed
+	software written by Dave Mills and assorted co-conspirators,
+	used in the early 1980s for {Internet} {protocol} testbedding
+	and experimentation.  These were used as {NSFnet} {backbone}
+	sites in its early 56KB-line days.  A few were still active on
+	the {Internet} in early 1991, doing odd jobs such as network
+	time service.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+fuzzy computing
+
+	{fuzzy logic}
+
+fuzzy logic
+
+	A superset of {Boolean logic} dealing with the concept of
+	partial truth -- {truth values} between "completely true" and
+	"completely false".  It was introduced by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh of
+	{UCB} in the 1960's as a means to model the uncertainty of
+	{natural language}.
+
+	Any specific theory may be generalised from a discrete (or
+	"crisp") form to a continuous (fuzzy) form, e.g. "fuzzy
+	calculus", "fuzzy differential equations" etc.  Fuzzy logic
+	replaces Boolean truth values with degrees of truth which are
+	very similar to probabilities except that they need not sum to
+	one.  Instead of an assertion pred(X), meaning that X
+	definitely has the property associated with {predicate}
+	"pred", we have a truth function truth(pred(X)) which gives
+	the degree of truth that X has that property.  We can combine
+	such values using the standard definitions of fuzzy logic:
+
+		truth(not x)   = 1.0 - truth(x)
+		truth(x and y) = minimum (truth(x), truth(y))
+		truth(x or y)  = maximum (truth(x), truth(y))
+
+	(There are other possible definitions for "and" and "or",
+	e.g. using sum and product).  If truth values are restricted to
+	0 and 1 then these functions behave just like their Boolean
+	counterparts.  This is known as the "extension principle".
+
+	Just as a Boolean predicate asserts that its argument
+	definitely belongs to some subset of all objects, a fuzzy
+	predicate gives the degree of truth with which its argument
+	belongs to a {fuzzy subset}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.ai.fuzzy}.
+
+	E-mail servers: <fuzzynet@aptronix.com>,
+	<rnalib@its.bldrdoc.gov>, <fuzzy-server@til.com>.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.hiof.no/pub/Fuzzy)},
+	{(ftp://ntia.its.bldrdoc.gov/pub/fuzzy)}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-group/comp.answers/fuzzy-logic)}.
+
+	{James Brule, "Fuzzy systems - a tutorial", 1985
+	(http://life.anu.edu.au/complex_systems/fuzzy.html)}.
+
+	{STB Software Catalog
+	(http://krakatoa.jsc.nasa.gov/stb/catalog.html)}, includes a
+	few fuzzy tools.
+
+	[H.J. Zimmerman, "Fuzzy Sets, Decision Making and Expert
+	Systems", Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1987].
+
+	["Fuzzy Logic, State of the Art", Ed. R. Lowen, Marc Roubens,
+	Theory and Decision Library, D: System theory, Knowledge
+	Engineering and Problem Solving 12, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993,
+	ISBN 0-7923-2324-6].
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+fuzzy subset
+
+	In {fuzzy logic}, a fuzzy subset F of a set S is defined by a
+	"membership function" which gives the degree of membership of
+	each element of S belonging to F.
+
+fweep
+
+	({WPI}) One step below a {gweep}, a person who uses the system
+	solely to play games and use {electronic mail}.
+
+	Compare {dweeb}, {twink}, {terminal junkie}, {tourist},
+	{weenie}.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+FWIW
+
+	For what it's worth.
+
+fx
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for metropolitan France.
+
+	Apprently not widely used.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+FX-87
+
+	Effects.  A {polymorphic} language based on {Scheme}, allowing
+	{side effects} and {first-class} functions.  It attempts to
+	integrate functional and {imperative programming}.
+	Expressions have types, side effects (e.g. reading, writing or
+	allocating) and regions (stating where the effects may occur).
+
+	Versions: FX-89, {FX-90}.
+
+	{(ftp://brokaw.lcs.mit.edu/)}.
+
+	["The FX-87 Reference Manual", D.K. Gifford
+	<gifford@lcs.mit.edu> et al, MIT/LCS/TR-407, Oct 1987].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+FX-90
+
+	<language> A language with partial type and effect
+	reconstruction and {first-class} {modules}.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+FXO
+
+	{Foreign eXchange Office}
+
+FXS
+
+	{Foreign eXchange Subscriber}
+
+FYA
+
+	For your amusement.
+
+FYI
+
+	{For Your Information}
+
+FYI4
+
+	[Malkin, G., and A. Marine, "FYI on Questions and Answers:
+	Answers to Commonly asked "New Internet User" Questions", FYI
+	4, RFC 1325, Xylogics, SRI, May 1992.]
+
+G
+
+	1. <unit> The abbreviated form of {giga-}.
+
+	2. <language> ["G: A Functional Language with Generic Abstract
+	Data Types", P.A.G. Bailes, Computer Langs 12(2):69-94, 1987].
+
+	3. <language> A language developed at {Oregon State
+	University} in 1988 which combines {functional programming},
+	{object-oriented programming}, relational, {imperative
+	programming} and {logic programming} (you name it we got it).
+
+	["The Multiparadigm Language G", J. Placer, Computer Langs
+	16:235-258, 1991].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-12)
+
+<g>
+
+	<chat> grin.  An alternative to {smiley}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-18)
+
+G2
+
+	A {real-time} {expert system} from {Gensym Corporation}.
+
+G3
+
+	1. <protocol, compression> {Group 3} fax.
+
+	2. <hardware, processor> {PowerPC G3}.
+
+	(1998-09-10)
+
+G4
+
+	{Group 4}
+
+GA
+
+	{genetic algorithm}
+
+ga
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Gabon.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Gabriel
+
+	<language> A graphical {DSP} language for {simulation} and
+	real systems.
+
+	["A Design Tool for Hardware and Software for Multiprocessor
+	DSP Systems," E.A.  Lee, E. Goei, J. Bier & S. Bhattacharya,
+	DSP Systems, Proc ISCAS-89, 1989].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+gabriel
+
+	/gay'bree-*l/ (After {Richard Gabriel}) An unnecessary (in the
+	opinion of the opponent) stalling tactic, e.g. tying one's
+	shoelaces or combing one's hair repeatedly, asking the time,
+	etc.  Also used to refer to the perpetrator of such tactics.
+	Also, "pulling a Gabriel", "Gabriel mode".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-10-12)
+
+Gabriel, Richard
+
+	{Richard Gabriel}
+
+GADS
+
+	Picture retrieval language.  "Integrated Geographical
+	Databases: The GADS Experience", P.E. Mantey et al, in
+	Database Techniques for Pictorial Applications, A. Blaser ed,
+	pp.193-198.
+
+Gaelic
+
+	For automated test programs.  Used in military, essentially
+	replaced by ATLAS.
+
+gag
+
+	Equivalent to {choke}, but connotes more disgust. "Hey, this
+	is Fortran code.  No wonder the C compiler gagged."  See also
+	{barf}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+GAIA
+
+	GUI Application Interoperability Architecture.  An {OSF}
+	project.
+
+GAL
+
+	<hardware> {Generic Array Logic}.
+
+	(1995-12-09)
+
+Galaxy
+
+	<language> An extensible language in the vein of {EL/1} and
+	{RCC}.
+
+	["Introduction to the Galaxy Language", Anne F. Beetem et al,
+	IEEE Software 6(3):55-62].
+
+	(1995-12-09)
+
+Galileo
+
+	["Galileo: A Strongly Typed Interactive Conceptual Language",
+	A.  Albano et al, ACM Trans Database Sys 10(2):230-260 (June
+	1985)].
+
+Gambit
+
+	<language> A variant of {Scheme} R3.99 supporting the {future}
+	construct of {Multilisp} by Marc Feeley
+	<feeley@iro.umontreal.ca>.  Implementation includes optimising
+	compilers for {Macintosh} (with Toolbox and built-in editor)
+	and {Motorola} {680x0} {Unix} systems and {HP300}, {BBN}
+	{GP100} and {NeXT}.  Version 2.0 conforms to the {IEEE}
+	{Scheme} standard.
+
+	Gambit used {PVM} as its intermediate language.
+
+	{(ftp://acorn.cs.brandeis.edu/dist)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/amiga/fish/f7/ff764/Gambit_Terp)}.
+	{(ftp://ftp.iro.umontreal.ca/pub/parallele/gambit/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: gambit@trex.umontreal.ca.
+
+	(1998-02-10)
+
+games
+
+	<games> "The time you enjoy wasting is not time wasted." --
+	{Bertrand Russell}.
+
+	Here are some games-related pages on the {Web}: {Imperial
+	Nomic (http://mit.edu:8001/people/achmed/fascist/)},
+	{Thoth's games and recreations page
+	(http://cis.ufl.edu/~thoth/library/recreation.html)},
+	{Games Domain (http://wcl-rs.bham.ac.uk/GamesDomain)},
+	{Zarf's	List of Games on the Web
+	(http://leftfoot.com/games.html)},
+	{Dave's list of pointers to games resources
+	(http://wcl-rs.bham.ac.uk/~djh/index.html)},
+	{Collaborative Fiction
+	(http://asylum.cid.com/fiction/fiction.html)}.
+
+	See also {3DO}, {ADL}, {ADVENT}, {ADVSYS}, {alpha/beta
+	pruning}, {Amiga}, {CHIP-8}, {Core Wars}, {DROOL}, {empire},
+	{I see no X here.}, {Infocom}, {Inglish}, {initgame}, {life},
+	{minimax}, {moria}, {mudhead}, {multi-user Dimension},
+	{nethack}, {ogg}, {plugh}, {rogue}, {SPACEWAR}, {virtual
+	reality}, {wizard mode}, {wumpus}, {xyzzy}, {ZIL}, {zorkmid}.
+
+	See also {game theory}.
+
+	(1996-03-03)
+
+game tree
+
+	<games> A {tree} representing contingencies in a game.  Each
+	{node} in a game tree represents a possible position (e.g.,
+	possible configuration of pieces on a chessboard) in the game,
+	and each branching ("edge" in graph terms) represents a
+	possible move.
+
+	(1998-11-14)
+
+GAMMA
+
+	<language> 1. A language for matrices and generation of
+	mathematical programming reports.
+
+	["GAMMA 3.3 for MPS/MPSX, IBM System:/360", Bonnor & Moore
+	Assocs (Mar 1975)].
+
+	2. A high-level parallel language.
+
+	[Research Directions in High-Level Parallel Languages,
+	LeMetayer ed, Springer 1992].
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+gamma correction
+
+	<hardware> Adjustments applied during the display of a digital
+	representation of colour on a screen in order to compensate
+	for the fact that the {Cathode Ray Tubes} used in computer
+	{monitors} (and televisions) produce a light intensity which
+	is not proportional to the input {voltage}.  The light
+	intensity is actually proportional to the input voltage raised
+	to the inverse power of some constant, called gamma.  Its
+	value varies from one display to another, but is usually
+	around 2.5.
+
+	Because it is more intuitive for the colour components (red,
+	green and blue) to be varied linearly in the computer, the
+	actual voltages sent to the monitor by the {display hardware}
+	must be adjusted in order to make the colour component
+	intensity on the screen proportional to the value stored in
+	the computer's {display memory}.  This process is most easily
+	achieved by a dedicated module in the display hardware which
+	simply scales the outputs of the {display memory} before
+	sending them to the {digital-to-analogue converters}.
+
+	More expensive {graphics cards} and {workstations}
+	(particularly those used for {CAD} applications) will have a
+	gamma correction facility.
+
+	In combination with the "{white-point}" gamma correction is
+	used to achieve precise colour matching.
+
+	{Robert Berger's explanation of monitor gamma
+	(http://cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/rwb/www/gamma.html)}.
+
+	[{"Digital Imaging in C and the World Wide Web", W. David
+	Schwaderer (http://itknowledge.com/)}].
+
+	(1999-02-01)
+
+GAMS
+
+	{Guide to Available Mathematical Software}
+
+gamut
+
+	The gamut of a {monitor} is the set of colours it can display.
+	There are some colours which can't be made up of a mixture of
+	red, green and blue phosphor emissions and so can't be
+	displayed by any monitor.
+
+	[Examples?]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+GAN
+
+	Generating and Analyzing Networks.  "GAN - A System for
+	Generating and Analyzing Activity Networks", A. Schurmann,
+	CACM 11(10) (Oct 1968).
+
+GANDALF
+
+	A software development environment from Carnegie Mellon
+	University.
+
+gang bang
+
+	The use of large numbers of loosely coupled programmers in an
+	attempt to wedge a great many features into a product in a
+	short time.  Though there have been memorable gang bangs
+	(e.g. that over-the-weekend assembler port mentioned in
+	Steven Levy's "Hackers"), most are perpetrated by large
+	companies trying to meet deadlines; the inevitable result is
+	enormous buggy masses of code entirely lacking in
+	{orthogonal}ity.  When market-driven managers make a list of
+	all the features the competition has and assign one programmer
+	to implement each, the probability of maintaining a coherent
+	(or even functional) design goes infinitesimal.  See also
+	{firefighting}, {Mongolian Hordes technique}, {Conway's Law}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+GAP
+
+	<mathematics, tool> Groups Algorithms and Programming.
+
+	A system for {symbolic mathematics} for computational discrete
+	algebra, especially group theory, by Johannes Meier, Alice
+	Niemeyer, Werner Nickel, and Martin Schonert of Aachen.  GAP
+	was designed in 1986 and implemented 1987.  Version 2.4 was
+	released in 1988 and version 3.1 in 1992.
+
+	{Sun version (ftp://ftp.math.rwth-aachen.de/pub/gap)}.
+
+	["GAP 3.3 Manual, M. Schonert et al, Lehrstuhl D Math, RWTH
+	Aachen, 1993].
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+GAPLog
+
+	General Amalgamated Programming with Logic.  {LOGPRO} group,
+	Linkoping Sweden.  A restricted version of {constraint logic
+	programming}, using {S-unification} but not restricted to a
+	single domain.
+
+	[Chapter in forthcoming Springer book on ESPRIT]
+
+garbageabetical order
+
+	<humour> 1. The result of using an {insertion} sort to merge
+	data into an unsorted list.
+
+	2. The state of any file or list that is supposed to be
+	sorted, but is not.
+
+	(1997-02-11)
+
+garbage collect
+
+	{garbage collection}
+
+garbage collection
+
+	<programming> (GC) The process by which dynamically allocated
+	storage is reclaimed during the execution of a program.  The
+	term usually refers to automatic periodic storage reclamation
+	by the garbage collector (part of the {run-time system}), as
+	opposed to explicit code to free specific blocks of memory.
+
+	Automatic garbage collection is usually triggered during
+	memory allocation when the amount free memory falls below some
+	threshold or after a certain number of allocations.  Normal
+	execution is suspended and the garbage collector is run.
+	There are many variations on this basic scheme.
+
+	Languages like {Lisp} represent expressions as {graphs} built
+	from {cells} which contain pointers and data.  These languages
+	use automatic {dynamic storage allocation} to build
+	expressions.  During the evaluation of an expression it is
+	necessary to reclaim space which is used by subexpressions but
+	which is no longer pointed to by anything.  This reclaimed
+	memory is returned to the free memory pool for subsequent
+	reallocation.
+
+	Without garbage collection the program's memory requirements
+	would increase monotonically throughout execution, possibly
+	exceeding system limits on {virtual memory} size.
+
+	The three main methods are {mark-sweep garbage collection},
+	{reference counting} and {copying garbage collection}.
+
+	See also the {AI koan} about garbage collection.
+
+	(1997-08-25)
+
+Garbage In, Garbage Out
+
+	<humour> (GIGO) /gi:'goh/ {Wilf Hey}'s maxim expressing the
+	fact that computers, unlike humans, will unquestioningly
+	process nonsensical input data and produce nonsensical output.
+	Of course a properly written program will reject input data
+	that is obviously erroneous but such checking is not always
+	easy to specify and is tedious to write.
+
+	GIGO is usually said in response to {lusers} who complain that
+	a program didn't "do the right thing" when given imperfect
+	input or otherwise mistreated in some way.  Also commonly used
+	to describe failures in human decision making due to faulty,
+	incomplete, or imprecise data.
+
+	The expansion "Garbage In, Gospel Out" is an ironic comment on
+	the tendency to put excessive trust in "computerised" data.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-10-03)
+
+Gargoyle
+
+	A language for compiler writing.
+
+	[J.V. Garwick, CACM 7(1):16-20, (Jan 1964)].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Garnet
+
+	1. A graphical object editor and {Macintosh} environment.
+
+	2. A user interface development environment for {Common Lisp}
+	and {X11} from The Garnet project team.  It helps you create
+	graphical, interactive user interfaces.
+
+	Version 2.2 includes the following: a custom {object-oriented
+	programming} system which uses a {prototype-instance model}.
+	automatic {constraint} maintenance allowing properties of
+	objects to depend on properties of other objects and be
+	automatically re-evaluated when the other objects change.  The
+	constraints can be arbitrary Lisp expressions.  Built-in,
+	high-level input event handling.  Support for {gesture
+	recognition}.  {Widgets} for multi-font, multi-line,
+	mouse-driven text editing.  Optional automatic layout of
+	application data into lists, tables, trees or graphs.
+	Automatic generation of {PostScript} for printing.  Support
+	for large-scale applications and data {visualisation}.
+
+	Also supplied are: two complete widget sets, one with a
+	{Motif} {look and feel} implemented in {Lisp} and one with a
+	custom {look and feel}.  Interactive design tools for creating
+	parts of the interface without writing code: Gilt interface
+	builder for creating {dialog box}es.  Lapidary interactive
+	tool for creating new {widgets} and for drawing
+	application-specific objects.  C32 {spreadsheet} system for
+	specifying complex {constraints}.
+
+	Not yet available: Jade automatic dialog box creation system.
+	Marquise interactive tool for specifying behaviours.
+
+	{(ftp://a.gp.cs.cmu.edu/usr/garnet/garnet)}.
+
+	(1999-07-02)
+
+GARP
+
+	A graphical language for {concurrent} programming.
+
+	["Visual Concurrent Programmint in GARP", S.K. Goering er al,
+	PARLE '89 v.II, LNCS 366, pp. 165-180].
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+garply
+
+	/gar'plee/ A {metasyntactic variable} like {foo}, once popular
+	among {SAIL} hackers.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+Gartner Group
+
+	<company> One of the biggest IT industry research firms.
+
+	Address: Connecticut, USA.
+
+	[URL?]
+
+	(1997-09-30)
+
+gas
+
+	{GNU assembler}
+
+GASP
+
+	1. {Graph Algorithm and Software Package}.
+
+	2. <simulation> {General Activities Simulation Program}.
+
+	3. <simulation> {General Aerodynamic Simulation Program}.
+
+	(2003-09-27)
+
+gas plasma display
+
+	<electronics> A type of display containing super-energised
+	neon gas, used mostly in flat {monitor} and television
+	{screens}.  Each {pixel} has a {transistor} that controls its
+	colour and brightness.
+
+	{Plasma
+	(http://kipinet.com/mmp/mmp_apr96/dep_techwatch.html)}.
+	{Flat Screen Technology
+	(http://montegonet.com/plasma.html)}.  {More about Gas
+	Plasma (http://advancedplasma.com/whatis.html)}.
+
+	[How does it work?]
+
+	(1998-04-30)
+
+GAT
+
+	Generalized Algebraic Translator.  Improved version of IT.  On
+	IBM 650 RAMAC.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 142].
+
+GATE
+
+	GAT Extended?  Based on {IT}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 139].
+
+gate
+
+	<hardware> A low-level {digital} logic component.  Gates
+	perform {Boolean} {functions} (e.g. {AND}, {NOT}), store
+	{bits} of data (e.g. a {flip-flop}), and connect and
+	disconnect various parts of the overall circuit to control the
+	flow of data ({tri-state} buffer).
+
+	In a {CPU}, the term applies particularly to the buffers that
+	route data between the various {functional units}.  Each gate
+	allows data to flow from one unit to another or enables data
+	from one output onto a certain {bus}.
+
+	(1999-09-02)
+
+gated
+
+	/gayt-dee/ Gate daemon.
+
+	A program which supports multiple routing {protocols} and
+	protocol families.  It may be used for routing, and makes an
+	effective {platform} for routing {protocol} research.
+
+	{(ftp://gated.cornell.edu)}.
+
+	See also {Exterior Gateway Protocol}, {Open Shortest Path
+	First}, {Routing Information Protocol}, {routed}.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Gates
+
+	{Bill Gates}
+
+gateway
+
+	1. <networking> A deprecated term for a device that enables
+	data to flow between different networks (forming an
+	{internet}).
+
+	Preferred terms are "{protocol converter}" (connects networks
+	that use different {protocols}), "{router}" (connects two
+	broadcast networks at layer 3 ({network layer}).  Another
+	example is a {mail gateway}, which is a layer 7 ({application
+	layer}) gateway.
+
+	2. <hypertext> An {interface} between an information source
+	and a {web server}.  {Common Gateway Interface}
+	is a {standard} for such interfaces.  The information source
+	can be any system that can be accessed by a program running on
+	the web server.  A typical example is a {relational
+	database}.
+
+	(2000-05-24)
+
+Gateway 2000
+
+	<company> One of the lagest US manufacturers of {IBM
+	compatibles}, founded by CEO Ted Waitt in September 1985, in
+	Sioux City, Iowa.  In 1990 the company moved to North Sioux
+	City, South Dakota.
+
+	In August 1994, quarterly profits were $4 million on sales of
+	$617 million.  Sales for the first quarter of 1997 were $1.42
+	billion.
+
+	On 1997-05-15 Gateway bought the {Amiga} brand.
+
+	{(http://gw2k.com/)}.
+
+	(1998-07-30)
+
+Gauss
+
+	1. <person> {Carl Friedrich Gauss}.
+
+	2. <statistics> Gaussian distribution.
+
+	See {normal distribution}.
+
+	3. <unit> The unit of magnetic field strength. 1 gauss = 1
+	Maxwell / cm^2.
+
+	A good loudspeaker coil magnet flux density is of the order of
+	10000 gauss.
+
+	4. <language> A powerful {matrix} programming language by
+	{Aptech Systems}.  Gauss is very popular with econometricians.
+
+	{(http://rhkoning.xs4all.nl/gauss/index.htm)}.
+
+	(2003-10-25)
+
+Gaussian distribution
+
+	{normal distribution}
+
+gawk
+
+	<tool, language> {GNU} {awk}.  Gawk is a superset of standard
+	awk and includes some {Plan 9} features.
+
+	David Trueman and Arnold Robbins of {Georgia Institute of
+	Technology} were developing it in 1993.  It has been ported to
+	{Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {Macintosh}, and {Archimedes}.
+
+	Latest version: 2.15.3, as of 1993-11-08.
+
+	Available by {FTP} from your nearest {GNU archive site}.
+
+	{Mac version
+	(ftp://archive.umich.edu/mac/utilities/developerhelps/macgawk2.11.cpt.hqx)}.
+
+	(2000-10-21)
+
+GB
+
+	<unit> {gigabytes} or {gigabits} - see {MB}.  Giga stands for
+	10^9 - a US billion, or in computing for 2^30.
+
+	The text of a thirty volume encyclopaedia would require about
+	one gigabyte of {ASCII} storage.
+
+	(1997-03-27)
+
+Gb
+
+	<unit> Gigabit.  10^9 {bits}.  Might also be wrongly used for
+	{gigabyte} ({GB}).
+
+	(1997-03-27)
+
+gb
+
+	<networking> (Great Britain) A {country code} for United
+	Kingdom.  "{uk}" is generally used instead.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+g-bell
+
+	{bell}
+
+GBIP
+
+	{General Purpose Interface Bus}
+
+GBML
+
+	{Genetics Based Machine Learning}
+
+gbps
+
+	{gigabits per second}
+
+GC
+
+	1. {garbage collection}.
+
+	2. A storage allocator with {garbage collection} by
+	Hans-J. Boehm and Alan J. Demers.  Gc is a plug-in replacement
+	for {C}'s {malloc}.  Since the collector does not require
+	{pointers} to be tagged, it does not attempt to ensure that
+	all inaccessible storage is reclaimed.
+
+	Version 3.4 has been ported to {Sun-3}, {Sun-4}, {Vax}/{BSD},
+	{Ultrix}, {Intel 80386}/{Unix}, {SGI}, {Alpha}/{OSF/1},
+	{Sequent} (single threaded), {Encore} (single threaded),
+	{RS/600}, {HP-UX}, {Sony News}, {A/UX}, {Amiga}, {NeXT}.
+
+	{(ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pub/russell/gc3.4.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(2000-04-19)
+
+GCAL
+
+	<text, tool> The Cambridge {Phoenix} equivalent of {troff}.
+	So called because all Cambridge utilities were named after
+	birds, GCAL was a "run off" equivalent, and Geococcyx
+	californianus is the Latin name of the roadrunner.  GCAL was
+	eventually obsoleted by {TeX}.
+
+	It is believed that even more obscure puns lurked in the
+	depths of Phoenix.  Perhaps it is better they stayed there.
+
+	(2003-12-05)
+
+GCC
+
+	<compiler, programming> The {GNU} {Compiler} Collection, which
+	currently contains front ends for {C}, {C++}, {Objective-C},
+	{Fortran}, {Java}, and {Ada}, as well as libraries for these
+	languages (libstdc++, libgcj, etc).
+
+	GCC formerly meant the GNU {C} compiler, which is a very high
+	quality, very portable compiler for {C}, {C++} and {Objective
+	C}.
+
+	The compiler supports multiple {front-ends} and multiple
+	{back-ends} by translating first into {Register Transfer
+	Language} and from there into {assembly code} for the target
+	architecture.
+
+	{(http://gcc.gnu.org/)}.
+	{Bug Reports (http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/)}.
+	{FTP} gcc-2.X.X.tar.gz from your nearest {GNU archive site}.
+	{MS-DOS (ftp://oak.oakland.edu/pub/msdos/djgpp/)}.
+
+	Mailing lists: gcc-help@gcc.gnu.org, gcc-announce@gcc.gnu.org
+	(announcements).
+
+	["Using and Porting GNU CC", R.M. Stallman, 1992-12-16].
+
+	(2003-08-05)
+
+GCL
+
+	General Control Language.  A portable job control language.
+
+	["A General Control Interface for Satellite Systems",
+	R.J. Dakin in Command Languages, C. Unger ed, N-H 1973].
+
+G-Code
+
+	1. Johnsson & Augustsson, Chalmers Inst Tech.  Intermediate
+	language used by the G-machine, an implementation of graph
+	reduction based on supercombinators.  "Efficient Compilation
+	of Lazy Evaluation", T. Johnsson, SIGPLAN Notices 19(6):58-69
+	(June 1984).
+
+	2. A machine-like language for the representation and
+	interpretation of attributed grammars.  Used as an
+	intermediate language by the Coco compiler generator.  "A
+	Compiler Generator for Microcomputers", P. Rechenberg et al,
+	P-H 1989.
+
+GCOS
+
+	<operating system> /jee'kohs/ An {operating system} developed
+	by {General Electric} from 1962; originally called GECOS (the
+	General Electric Comprehensive Operating System).
+
+	The GECOS-II operating system was developed by {General
+	Electric} for the 36-bit {GE-635} in 1962-1964.  Contrary to
+	rumour, GECOS was not cloned from {System/360} [{DOS/360}?] -
+	the GE-635 architecture was very different from the {IBM 360}
+	and GECOS was more ambitious than DOS/360.
+
+	GE Information Service Divsion developed a large special
+	multi-computer system that was not publicised because they did
+	not wish {time sharing} customers to challenge their bills.
+	Although GE ISD was marketing {DTSS} - the first commercial
+	time sharing system - GE Computer Division had no license from
+	Dartmouth and GE-ISD to market it to external customers, so
+	they designed a time-sharing system to sell as a standard part
+	of GECOS-III, which replaced GECOS-II in 1967.  GECOS TSS was
+	more general purpose than DTSS, it was more a programmer's
+	tool (program editing, e-mail on a single system) than a BASIC
+	TSS.
+
+	The {GE-645}, a modified 635 built by the same people, was
+	selected by {MIT} and {Bell} for the {Multics} project.
+	Multics' infancy was as painful as any infancy.  Bell pulled
+	out in 1969 and later produced {Unix}.
+
+	After the buy-out of GE's computer division by {Honeywell},
+	GECOS-III was renamed GCOS-3 (General Comprehensive Operating
+	System).  Other OS groups at Honeywell began referring to it
+	as "God's Chosen Operating System", allegedly in reaction to
+	the GCOS crowd's uninformed and snotty attitude about the
+	superiority of their product.  [Can anyone confirm this?]
+	GCOS won and this led in the orphaning and eventual death of
+	Honeywell {Multics}.
+
+	Honeywell also decided to launch a new product line called
+	Level64, and later DPS-7.  It was decided to mainatin, at
+	least temporarily, the 36-bit machine as top of the line,
+	because GCOS-3 was so successfull in the 1970s.  The plan in
+	1972-1973 was that GCOS-3 and Multics should converge.  This
+	plan was killed by Honeywell management in 1973 for lack of
+	resources and the inability of Multics, lacking {databases}
+	and {transaction processing}, to act as a business operating
+	system without a substantial reinvestment.
+
+	The name "GCOS" was extended to all Honeywell-marketed product
+	lines and GCOS-64, a completely different 32-bit operating
+	system, significanctly inspired by Multics, was designed in
+	France and Boston.  GCOS-62, another different 32-bit low-end
+	DOS level was designed in Italy.  GCOS-61 represented a new
+	version of a small system made in France and the new {DPS-6}
+	16-bit {minicomputer} line got GCOS-6.
+
+	When the intended merge between GCOS-3 and Multics failed, the
+	Phoenix designers had in mind a big upgrade of the
+	architecture to introduce {segmentation} and {capabilities}.
+	GCOS-3 was renamed GCOS-8, well before it started to use the
+	new features which were introduced in next generation
+	hardware.
+
+	The GCOS licenses were sold to the Japanese companies {NEC}
+	and {Toshiba} who developed the Honeywell products, including
+	GCOS, much further, surpassing the {IBM 3090} and {IBM 390}.
+
+	When Honeywell decided in 1984 to get its top of the range
+	machines from NEC, they considered running Multics on them but
+	the Multics market was considered too small.  Due to the
+	difficulty of porting the ancient Multics code they considered
+	modifying the NEC hardware to support the Multics compilers.
+
+	GCOS3 featured a good {Codasyl} {database} called IDS
+	(Integrated Data Store) that was the model for the more
+	successful {IDMS}.
+
+	Several versions of transaction processing were designed for
+	GCOS-3 and GCOS-8.  An early attempt at TP for GCOS-3, not
+	taken up in Europe, assumed that, as in {Unix}, a new process
+	should be started to handle each transaction.  IBM customers
+	required a more efficient model where multiplexed {threads}
+	wait for messages and can share resources.  Those features
+	were implemented as subsystems.
+
+	GCOS-3 soon acquired a proper {TP monitor} called Transaction
+	Driven System (TDS).  TDS was essentially a Honeywell
+	development.  It later evolved into TP8 on GCOS-8.  TDS and
+	its developments were commercially successful and predated IBM
+	{CICS}, which had a very similar architecture.
+
+	GCOS-6 and GCOS-4 (ex-GCOS-62) were superseded by {Motorola
+	68000}-based {minicomputers} running {Unix} and the product
+	lines were discontinued.
+
+	In the late 1980s Bull took over Honeywell and Bull's
+	management chose Unix, probably with the intent to move out of
+	hardware into {middleware}.  Bull killed the Boston proposal
+	to port Multics to a platform derived from DPS-6.  Very few
+	customers rushed to convert from GCOS to Unix and new machines
+	(of CMOS technology) were still to be introduced in 1997 with
+	GCOS-8.  GCOS played a major role in keeping Honeywell a
+	dismal also-ran in the {mainframe} market.
+
+	Some early Unix systems at {Bell Labs} used GCOS machines for
+	print spooling and various other services.  The field added to
+	"/etc/passwd" to carry GCOS ID information was called the
+	"{GECOS field}" and survives today as the "pw_gecos" member
+	used for the user's full name and other human-ID information.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-04-23)
+
+GCOS Macro Assembler Program
+
+	<language> (GMAP) The {macro assembler} for the {GCOS 8}
+	{operating system} on {Honeywell}/{Bull} {DPS-8} computers.
+
+	["GCOS8 OS GMAP User's Guide", Bull].
+
+	(2009-01-14)
+
+GCR
+
+	{Group Code Recording}
+
+GCT
+
+	<programming, tool> A {test-coverage} tool by Brian Marick
+	<marick@testing.com>, based on {GNU C}.  Version 1.4 was
+	ported to {Sun-3}, {Sun-4}, {RS/6000}, {68000}, {88000},
+	{HP-PA}, {IBM 3090}, {Ultrix}, {Convex}, {SCO} but not
+	{Linux}, {Solaris}, or {Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	Commercial support is available from the author (+1 217 351
+	7228).
+
+	{(ftp://cs.uiuc.edu/pub/testing/gct.file/)}.
+
+	(1999-07-08)
+
+gd
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Grenada.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+GDA
+
+	<application> (Genetic Data Analysis) A program by Paul
+	O. Lewis and Dmitri Zaykin, designed to accompany the
+	referenced book, that computes linkage and hardy-weinberg
+	disequilibrium and some genetic distances, and provides
+	method-of-moments estimators for hierarchical F-statistics.
+
+	A command-line version by Chris Basten runs under Mac OS.
+
+	["Genetic Data Analysis" by Bruce S. Weir, 1996, Sinaur
+	Associates].
+
+	(2009-10-15)
+
+GDB
+
+	<programming, tool> {GNU} debugger.  The {FSF}'s {source-level
+	debugger} for {C}, {C++} and other languages.  Developed by
+	many people but most recently Fred Fish <fnf@cygnus.com>, Stu
+	Grossman <grossman@cygnus.com> and {John Gilmore}
+	<gnu@cygnus.com> all of {Cygnus} Support.  GDB fills the same
+	niche as {dbx}.  Programs must be compiled to include
+	debugging symbols.
+
+	Version 4.11.  Distributed under {GNU} {CopyLeft}.  It runs on
+	most {Unix} variants, {VMS}, {VXWorks}, {Amiga} and {MS-DOS}.
+
+	FTP gdb-*.tar.[zZ] from a {GNU archive site}.
+	E-mail: <bug-gdb@gnu.org> (bug reports).
+
+	(1993-10-29)
+
+GDBPSK
+
+	{Gaussian Differential Binary Phase-Shift Keying}
+
+Gödel, Kurt
+
+	{Kurt Gödel}
+
+GDI
+
+	{Graphic Display Interface}
+
+GDMO
+
+	Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects.
+
+	A standard (ISO/IEC 10165-4) for defining data models on ASN.1
+
+GDPL
+
+	Generalized Distributed Programming Language.  "GDPL - A
+	Generalized Distributed Programming Language", K. Ng et al,
+	Proc 4th Intl Conf Distrib Comp Sys, IEEE 1984, pp.69-78.
+
+GE
+
+	{General Electric}
+
+ge
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Georgia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+GE-645
+
+	<computer> A computer built by {General Electric}, the
+	successor to the {GE-635}, designed to provide the extra CPU
+	features required by the {Multics} project.
+
+	The GE-645 was designed in 1965 by John Couleur and Edward
+	Glaser at MIT.  It had several security levels and
+	instructions for handling {virtual memory}.  Addressing used
+	an 18-bit segment in addition to the 18-bit address,
+	dramatically increasing the theoretical memory size and making
+	virtual memory easier to support.
+
+	Design of the GE-645's successor, the {GE-655}, started in 1967.
+
+	(2006-09-24)
+
+GEA
+
+	Graph Extended ALGOL.  Extension of ALGOL 60 for graph
+	manipulation, on UNIVAC 1108.  "A Language for Treating
+	Graphs", S. Crespi-Reghizzi et al, CACM 13(5) (May 1970).
+
+GEANT
+
+	A simulation, tracking and drawing package for HEP.
+
+GECOM
+
+	<language> A language for the {GE-255} series, like {COBOL}
+	with some {ALGOL} features added, in use around 1964-5.  GECOM
+	included many of the early COBOL constructs including {report
+	writer} and {TABSOL} (programming by {truth table}).  Another
+	(planned but unimplemented?) component was {FRINGE}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 329].
+
+	[Dates?]
+
+	(1996-09-15)
+
+GECOS
+
+	{GCOS}
+
+Gedanken
+
+	John Reynolds, 1970.  "GEDANKEN - A Simple Typeless Language
+	Based on the Principle of Completeness and the Reference
+	Concept", J.C.  Reynolds, CACM 13(5):308-319 (May 1970).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+gedanken
+
+	/g*-dahn'kn/ Ungrounded; impractical; not well-thought-out;
+	untried; untested.
+
+	"Gedanken" is a German word for "thought".  A thought
+	experiment is one you carry out in your head.  In physics, the
+	term "gedanken experiment" is used to refer to an experiment
+	that is impractical to carry out, but useful to consider
+	because it can be reasoned about theoretically.  (A classic
+	gedanken experiment of relativity theory involves thinking
+	about a man in an elevator accelerating through space.)
+	Gedanken experiments are very useful in physics, but must be
+	used with care.  It's too easy to idealise away some important
+	aspect of the real world in constructing the "apparatus".
+
+	Among hackers, accordingly, the word has a pejorative
+	connotation.  It is typically used of a project, especially
+	one in artificial intelligence research, that is written up in
+	grand detail (typically as a Ph.D.  thesis) without ever being
+	implemented to any great extent.  Such a project is usually
+	perpetrated by people who aren't very good hackers or find
+	programming distasteful or are just in a hurry.  A "gedanken
+	thesis" is usually marked by an obvious lack of intuition
+	about what is programmable and what is not, and about what
+	does and does not constitute a clear specification of an
+	algorithm.  See also {AI-complete}, {DWIM}.
+
+geef
+
+	(Ostensibly from "gefingerpoken") {mung}.
+
+	See also {blinkenlights}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+geek
+
+	{computer geek}
+
+geek out
+
+	To temporarily enter techno-nerd mode while in a non-hackish
+	context, for example at parties held near computer equipment.
+	Especially used when you need to do or say something highly
+	technical and don't have time to explain: "Pardon me while I
+	geek out for a moment."
+
+	See {computer geek}, {propeller head}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+GEI
+
+	A German software engineering company.
+
+GE Information Services
+
+	<networking, company> One of the leading on-line services,
+	started on 1st October 1985, providing subscribers with
+	hundreds of special interest areas, computer hardware and
+	software support, award-winning multi-player games, the most
+	software files in the industry (over 200 000), worldwide news,
+	sports updates, business news, investment strategies, and
+	{Internet} {electronic mail} and fax (GE Mail).  Interactive
+	conversations (Chat Lines) and {bulletin boards} (Round
+	Tables) with associated software archives are also provided.
+
+	GEnie databases (through the ARTIST gateway) allow users to
+	search the full text of thousands of publications, including
+	Dun & Bradstreet Company Profiles; a GEnie NewsStand with more
+	than 900 newspapers, magazines, and newsletters; a Reference
+	Center with information ranging from Agriculture to World
+	History; the latest in medical information from MEDLINE; and
+	patent and trademark registrations.
+
+	{(http://genie.com/)}.  {Shopping 2000
+	(http://shopping2000.com/shopping2000/genie/)}.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (800) 638 9636.
+
+	TDD: +1 (800) 238 9172.
+
+	E-mail: <info@genie.geis.com>.
+
+	[Connection with: GE Information Services, Inc., a division of
+	General Electric Company, Headquarters: Rockville, Maryland,
+	USA?]
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+GEM
+
+	<operating system> One of the first commercially available
+	{GUIs}.  Borrowing heavily from the {Macintosh} {WIMP}-style
+	interface it was available for both the {IBM} compatible
+	market (being packaged with {Amstrad}'s original {PC} series)
+	and more successfully for the {Atari} ST range.  The PC
+	version was produced by {Digital Research} (more famous for
+	{DR-DOS}, their {MS-DOS} clone), and was not developed very
+	far.  The Atari version, however, continued to be developed
+	until the early 1990s and the later versions supported 24-bit
+	colour modes, full colour {icons} and a nice looking sculpted
+	3D interface.
+
+	(1997-01-10)
+
+gen
+
+	{generate}
+
+gender mender
+
+	<hardware> (Or "gender bender", "gender blender", "sex
+	changer", and even "homosexual adaptor") A cable connector
+	shell with either two male or two female connectors on it,
+	used to correct the mismatches that result when some {loser}
+	didn't understand the {EIA-232C} specification and the
+	distinction between {DTE} and {DCE}.  Used especially for
+	EIA-232C parts in either the original {D-25} or the {IBM PC}'s
+	{D-9} connector.
+
+	There appears to be some confusion as to whether a "male
+	homosexual adaptor" has pins on both sides (is doubly male) or
+	sockets on both sides (connects two males).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+Gene Amdahl
+
+	<person> A former {IBM} engineer who founded {Amdahl
+	Corporation}.
+
+	(1995-05-23)
+
+General Activities Simulation Program
+
+	<simulation, library> (GASP) A set of {discrete system}
+	{simulation} {subroutines} for {Fortran}.
+
+	(2003-09-27)
+
+General Aerodynamic Simulation Program
+
+	<simulation> (GASP)
+
+	{(http://aerosft.com/Gasp/References/main.php3)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(2003-09-27)
+
+General Dynamics Canada Ltd
+
+	<company> A Canadian defence electronics company that makes direct
+	and indirect fire control {systems}, vehicle electronics,
+	reconnaissance vehicle surveillance systems, computerised laser
+	sight for anti-tank weapons, tactical {communication systems},
+	headquarters information distribution system, tactical voice and
+	distribution systems, acoustic signal processing, ASW mission
+	systems, sonobuoy {processors}, active sonar systems, towed array
+	sonar systems, tactical acoustic trainer, {Mil-Spec}
+	{electroluminiscent displays}, large multi-sensor displays,
+	coastal intrusion detection systems and {fibre-optic} distribution
+	systems.
+
+	The company was founded in 1948 as "Computing Devices Canada
+	Ltd.", part of the Ceridian group of companies.  It was renamed
+	General Dynamics Canada Ltd. on 2002-01-01.
+
+	{General Dynamics Canada (http://www.gdcanada.com/)}.
+
+	(2013-01-20)
+
+General Electric
+
+	<company> (GE) A US company that manufactured computers from
+	1956 until 1970, when it sold its computer division to
+	{Honeywell} and left the computer business.  Notable GE
+	computers were the {GE-265}, which supported the {Dartmouth
+	Time-sharing System} (DTSS), and the {GE-645} used for
+	{Multics} development.
+
+	See also {GCOS}.
+
+	Not to be confused with the General Electric Company (GEC) in
+	the UK (where FOLDOC's first seeds were sown).
+
+	(2002-02-27)
+
+General Electric Comprehensive Operating System
+
+	{GCOS}
+
+General Magic
+
+	A software company based in Mountain View, California.
+	Products released in 1994 after four years in development
+	include: {Telescript} - a communications-oriented programming
+	language; {Magic Cap} - an {OOPS} designed for {PDAs}; and a
+	new, third generation {GUI}.  {Motorola}'s {Envoy}, due for
+	release in the third quarter of 1994, will use {Magic Cap} as
+	its {OS}.
+
+	What {PostScript} did for cross-{platform}, device-independent
+	documents, Telescript aims to do for cross-{platform},
+	network-independent messaging.  Telescript protects
+	programmers from many of the complexities of network
+	protocols.
+
+	Competitors for Magic Cap include {Microsoft}'s {Windows for
+	Pens}/{Winpad}, {PenPoint}, {Apple Computer}'s {Newton
+	Intelligence} and {GEOS} by {GeoWorks}.
+
+	{(http://genmagic.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+General Packet Radio Service
+
+	<communications> (GPRS) A {GSM} data transmission technique
+	that does not set up a continuous channel from a portable
+	terminal for the transmission and reception of data, but
+	transmits and receives data in {packets}.  It makes very
+	efficient use of available radio spectrum, and users pay only
+	for the volume of data sent and received.
+
+	See also: {packet radio}.
+
+	(1999-09-12)
+
+General Protection Failure
+
+	(GPF, or General Protection Fault) An addressing error, caught
+	by the processor's {memory protection} hardware, that cannot
+	be attributed to any expected condition such as a {page
+	fault}.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+General Protection Fault
+
+	{General Protection Failure}
+
+General Public Licence
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{General Public License}".
+
+	(In the UK, "licence" is a noun and "license" is a verb (like
+	"advice"/"advise") but in the US both are spelled "license").
+
+	(1995-05-12)
+
+General Public License
+
+	<legal> (GPL, note US spelling) The licence applied to most
+	{software} from the {Free Software Foundation} and the {GNU}
+	project and other authors who choose to use it.
+
+	The licences for most software are designed to prevent users
+	from sharing or changing it.  By contrast, the GNU General
+	Public License is intended to guarantee the freedom to share
+	and change {free software} - to make sure the software is free
+	for all its users.  The GPL is designed to make sure that
+	anyone can distribute copies of free software (and charge for
+	this service if they wish); that they receive source code or
+	can get it if they want; that they can change the software or
+	use pieces of it in new free programs; and that they know they
+	can do these things.  The GPL forbids anyone to deny others
+	these rights or to ask them to surrender the rights.  These
+	restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for those
+	who distribute copies of the software or modify it.
+
+	See also {General Public Virus}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+General Public Virus
+
+	<software, legal> A pejorative name for some versions of the
+	{GNU} project {copyleft} or {General Public License} (GPL),
+	which requires that any tools or {application programs}
+	incorporating copylefted code must be source-distributed on
+	the same terms as GNU code.  Thus it is alleged that the
+	copyleft "infects" software generated with GNU tools, which
+	may in turn infect other software that reuses any of its code.
+
+	{Copyright} law limits the scope of the GPL to "programs
+	textually incorporating significant amounts of GNU code" so
+	GPL is only passed on if actual GNU source is transmitted.
+	This used to be the case with the {Bison} {parser} skeleton
+	until its licence was fixed.
+
+	{(http://org.gnu.de/manual/bison/html_chapter/bison_2.html#SEC2)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-07-14)
+
+General Purpose Graphic Language
+
+	["A General Purpose Graphic Language", H.E. Kulsrud, CACM
+	11(4) (Apr 1968)].
+
+General Purpose Interface Bus
+
+	{IEEE 488}
+
+General Purpose Language
+
+	(GPL) An {ALGOL 60} variant with user-definable types and
+	operators.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 195].
+
+	["The GPL Language", J.V. Garwick et al, TER-05, CDC, Palo
+	Alto 1969].
+
+General Purpose Macro-generator
+
+	<language> (GPM) An early text-processing language similar to
+	{TRAC}, implemented on the {Atlas 2} by {Christopher
+	Strachey}.
+
+	["A General Purpose Macrogenerator", C. Strachey, Computer J
+	8(3):225-241, Oct 1965].
+
+	(2006-07-21)
+
+General Recursion Theorem
+
+	<mathematics> {Cantor}'s {theorem}, originally stated for
+	{ordinals}, which extends {inductive} proof to {recursive}
+	construction.  The proof is by pasting together "attempts"
+	(partial solutions).
+
+	[Better explanation?]
+
+	(1995-06-15)
+
+generate
+
+	To produce something according to an {algorithm} or program or
+	set of rules, or as a (possibly unintended) {side effect} of
+	the execution of an algorithm or program.
+
+	The opposite of {parse}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-06-15)
+
+generation
+
+	An attempt to classify the degree of sophistication of
+	programming languages.
+
+	See {First generation language} -- {Fifth generation
+	language}.
+
+	(1995-06-15)
+
+Generic Array Logic
+
+	<hardware, integrated circuit> (GAL) A newer kind of
+	{Programmable Array Logic} based on {EEPROM} storage cells,
+	been pioneered by {Lattice}.  GALs can be erased and
+	reprogrammed and usually replace a whole set of different PALs
+	(hence the name).
+
+	(1995-12-09)
+
+Generic Expert System Tool
+
+	<artificial intelligence> (GEST) An {expert system shell} for
+	{Symbolics} {Lisp machine}, with {frames}, {forward chaining},
+	{backward chaining} and {fuzzy logic}; written by {John
+	Gilmore}(?) at GA Tech.
+
+	Latest version: 4.0, as of 1995-04-16.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.gatech.edu/pub/ai/gest.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+generic identifier
+
+	<language, text> A string constituting the name of a {element}
+	in an {SGML} {document}.
+
+	(2001-01-31)
+
+genericity
+
+	<programming> The possibility for a language to provided
+	parameterised {modules} or types.  E.g. List(of:Integer) or
+	List(of:People).
+
+	(1996-05-19)
+
+generic markup
+
+	<text> In computerised document preparation, a method of
+	adding information to the text indicating the logical
+	components of a document, such as paragraphs, headers or
+	footnotes.  {SGML} is an example of such a system.  Specific
+	instructions for layout of the text on the page do not appear
+	in the markup.
+
+	(1996-05-19)
+
+generic programming
+
+	<programming> A programming technique which aims to make
+	programs more adaptable by making them more general.  Generic
+	programs often embody non-traditional kinds of {polymorphism};
+	ordinary programs are obtained from them by suitably
+	instantiating their parameters.  In contrast with normal
+	programs, the parameters of a generic programs are often quite
+	rich in structure.  For example they may be other programs,
+	{types} or {type constructors} or even programming
+	{paradigms}.
+
+	(1997-11-22)
+
+Generic Routing Encapsulation
+
+	<networking, protocol> (GRE) A {protocol} which allows an
+	arbitrary network protocol A to be transmitted over any other
+	arbitrary network protocol B, by encapsulating the {packets}
+	of A within GRE packets, which in turn are contained within
+	packets of B.
+
+	Defined in {RFC 1701} and {RFC 1702} (GRE over IP).
+
+	(1998-07-19)
+
+Generic Security Service Application Programming Interface
+
+	<security, programming> (GSS-API) An application level
+	interface ({API}) to system security services.  It provides a
+	generic interface to services which may be provided by a
+	variety of different security mechanisms.  {Vanilla} GSS-API
+	supports {security contexts} between two entities (known as
+	"principals").
+
+	GSS-API is a draft internet standard which is being developed
+	in the {Common Authentication Technology Working Group}
+	(cat-wg) of the {Internet Engineering Task Force} (IETF).
+
+	Initial specifications for GSS-API appeared in {RFC 1508} and
+	{RFC 1509}.  Subsequent revisions appeared in several draft
+	standards documents.
+
+	{(http://dstc.qut.edu.au/~barton/work/project.html)}.
+
+	(1996-05-19)
+
+generic thunk
+
+	<programming> A software mechanism that allows a 16-bit
+	{Windows} application to load and call a {Win32} {DLL} under
+	{Windows NT} and {Windows 95}.
+
+	See also {flat thunk}, {universal thunk}.
+
+	(1999-04-05)
+
+generic type variable
+
+	<programming> (Also known as a "schematic type variable").
+	Different occurrences of a generic type variable in a type
+	expression may be instantiated to different types.  Thus, in
+	the expression
+
+		let id x = x in
+		(id True, id 1)
+
+	id's type is (for all a: a -> a).  The universal {quantifier}
+	"for all a:" means that a is a generic type variable.  For the
+	two uses of id, a is instantiated to Bool and Int.  Compare
+	this with
+
+		let id x = x in
+		let f g = (g True, g 1) in
+		f id
+
+	This looks similar but f has no legal {Hindley-Milner type}.
+	If we say
+
+		f :: (a -> b) -> (b, b)
+
+	this would permit g's type to be any instance of (a -> b)
+	rather than requiring it to be at least as general as (a ->
+	b).  Furthermore, it constrains both instances of g to have
+	the same result type whereas they do not.  The type variables
+	a and b in the above are implicitly quantified at the top
+	level:
+
+		f :: for all a: for all b: (a -> b) -> (b, b)
+
+	so instantiating them (removing the {quantifiers}) can only be
+	done once, at the top level.  To correctly describe the type
+	of f requires that they be locally quantified:
+
+		f :: ((for all a: a) -> (for all b: b)) -> (c, d)
+
+	which means that each time g is applied, a and b may be
+	instantiated differently.  f's actual argument must have a
+	type at least as general as ((for all a: a) -> (for all b:
+	b)), and may not be some less general instance of this type.
+	Type variables c and d are still implicitly quantified at the
+	top level and, now that g's result type is a generic type
+	variable, any types chosen for c and d are guaranteed to be
+	instances of it.
+
+	This type for f does not express the fact that b only needs to
+	be at least as general as the types c and d.  For example, if
+	c and d were both Bool then any function of type (for all a: a
+	-> Bool) would be a suitable argument to f but it would not
+	match the above type for f.
+
+Genesia
+
+	An {expert system} developed by Electricite de France and
+	commercialised by {STERIA} (Paris).
+
+genetic algorithm
+
+	(GA) An {evolutionary algorithm} which generates each
+	individual from some encoded form known as a "chromosome" or
+	"genome".  Chromosomes are combined or mutated to breed new
+	individuals.  "Crossover", the kind of recombination of
+	chromosomes found in sexual reproduction in nature, is often
+	also used in GAs.  Here, an offspring's chromosome is created
+	by joining segments choosen alternately from each of two
+	parents' chromosomes which are of fixed length.
+
+	GAs are useful for multidimensional optimisation problems in
+	which the chromosome can encode the values for the different
+	variables being optimised.
+
+	{Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory
+	(http://GAL4.GE.UIUC.EDU/illigal.home.html)} (IlliGAL).
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+genetic algorithms
+
+	{genetic algorithm}
+
+genetic programming
+
+	<programming> (GP) A programming technique which extends the
+	{genetic algorithm} to the domain of whole computer programs.
+	In GP, populations of programs are genetically bred to solve
+	problems.  Genetic programming can solve problems of system
+	identification, classification, control, robotics,
+	optimisation, game playing, and {pattern recognition}.
+
+	Starting with a primordial ooze of hundreds or thousands of
+	randomly created programs composed of functions and terminals
+	appropriate to the problem, the population is progressively
+	evolved over a series of generations by applying the
+	operations of Darwinian fitness proportionate reproduction and
+	crossover (sexual recombination).
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+GEnie Services
+
+	{GE Information Services}
+
+Genken Programming Language
+
+	<language> (GPL) A variant of {PL360} by K. Asai of the Japan
+	Atomic Energy Research Institute.
+
+	["Experience With GPL", K. Asai, in Machine Oriented Higher
+	Level Languages, W. van der Poel, N-H 1974, pp. 371-376].
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+GENOVA
+
+	An old statistical package still in use on some {VM}
+	computers.
+
+	(1995-11-28)
+
+gensym
+
+	<library> /jen'sim/ (From the {MacLISP} for "generated
+	symbol") To invent a new name for something temporary, in
+	such a way that the name is almost certainly not in conflict
+	with one already in use.
+
+	The canonical form of a gensym is "Gnnnn" where nnnn
+	represents a number; any {LISP} {hacker} would recognise G0093
+	(for example) as a gensym.  Gensymmed names are useful for
+	storing or uniquely identifying crufties.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-10-31)
+
+Gensym Corporation
+
+	<company> A company that supplies software and services for
+	intelligent operations management.  Common applications
+	include quality management, process optimisation, dynamic
+	scheduling, network management, energy and environmental
+	management, and process modelling and simulation.
+
+	Their products include {G2}.
+
+	{(http://gensym.com/)}.
+
+	(1999-10-31)
+
+Gensym Standard Interface
+
+	<programming> (GSI) A set of {C} libraries and programming
+	tools used to interface {G2} to external systems.
+	Commercially available bridges are available to {SCADA}
+	systems and {PLCs}.
+
+	(1997-02-11)
+
+Gentleman's Portable Coroutine System
+
+	A {coroutine} package in {Fortran}.
+
+	["A Portable Coroutine System", W.M. Gentleman, Info Proc 71,
+	C.V. Freiman ed, 1972].
+
+	(1995-02-01)
+
+GEN-X
+
+	An expert system developed by General Electric.
+
+Geographical Information System
+
+	{Geographic Information System}
+
+	[Which is more common?]
+
+	(1995-12-21)
+
+Geographic Information System
+
+	<application> (GIS) A computer system for capturing, storing,
+	checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing and displaying
+	data related to positions on the Earth's surface.  Typically,
+	a GIS is used for handling maps of one kind or another.  These
+	might be represented as several different layers where each
+	layer holds data about a particular kind of feature
+	(e.g. roads).  Each feature is linked to a position on the
+	graphical image of a map.
+
+	Layers of data are organised to be studied and to perform
+	statistical analysis (i.e. a layer of customer locations could
+	include fields for Name, Address, Contact, Number, Area).
+	Uses are primarily government related, town planning, local
+	authority and public utility management, environmental,
+	resource management, engineering, business, marketing, and
+	distribution.
+
+	{GIS dictionary
+	(http://geo.ed.ac.uk/root/agidict/html/welcome.html)}.
+
+	{(http://ncl.ac.uk/~ngraphic/wotzagis.html)}.
+
+	(1995-12-21)
+
+geometric mean
+
+	<mathematics> The Nth {root} of the {product} of N numbers.
+
+	If each number in a list of numbers was replaced with their
+	geometric mean, then multiplying them all together would still
+	give the same result.  The geometric mean thus gives an
+	average "factor" in a context where numbers are multiplied
+	together, e.g. compound interest.
+
+	{Wolfram (http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GeometricMean.html)}.
+
+	(2007-03-16)
+
+GEORGE
+
+	<language> One of the earliest programming languages,
+	developed by Charles Hamblin in 1957.  GEORGE was a {stack
+	oriented language}, using {reverse Polish notation}.  It was
+	implemented on the {English Electric} {DEUCE}.
+
+	["GEORGE: A Semi-Translation Programming Scheme for the DEUCE,
+	Programming and Operations Manual", C. L. Hamblin, U New S
+	Wales, 1958].
+
+	["Computer Languages", C.L. Hamblin, Aust J Sci 20(5):135-139,
+	Dec 1957 and Aust Comp J 17(4):195-198, Nov 1985]
+
+	(2007-03-18)
+
+GEORGE 3
+
+	<operating system> The {operating system} for the {ICL 1900}
+	{mainframe}.  Lots of two-letter commands.
+
+	(2003-09-20)
+
+George Boole
+
+	<person> 1815-11-02 - 2008-05-11 22:58
+	best known for his contribution to symbolic logic ({Boolean
+	Algebra}) but also active in other fields such as probability
+	theory, {algebra}, analysis, and differential equations.  He
+	lived, taught, and is buried in Cork City, Ireland.  The Boole
+	library at University College Cork is named after him.
+
+	For centuries philosophers have studied logic, which is
+	orderly and precise reasoning.  George Boole argued in 1847
+	that logic should be allied with mathematics rather than with
+	philosophy.
+
+	Demonstrating logical principles with mathematical symbols
+	instead of words, he founded {symbolic logic}, a field of
+	mathematical/philosophical study.  In the new discipline he
+	developed, known as {Boolean algebra}, all objects are divided
+	into separate classes, each with a given property; each class
+	may be described in terms of the presence or absence of the
+	same property.  An electrical circuit, for example, is either
+	on or off.  Boolean algebra has been applied in the design of
+	{binary} computer circuits and telephone switching equipment.
+	These devices make use of Boole's two-valued (presence or
+	absence of a property) system.
+
+	Born in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK, George Boole was the son of
+	a tradesman and was largely self-taught.  He began teaching at
+	the age of 16 to help support his family.  In his spare time
+	he read mathematical journals and soon began to write articles
+	for them.  By the age of 29, Boole had received a gold medal
+	for his work from the British Royal Society.  His
+	'Mathematical Analysis of Logic', a pamphlet published in
+	1847, contained his first statement of the principles of
+	symbolic logic.  Two years later he was appointed professor of
+	mathematics at Queen's College in Ireland, even though he had
+	never studied at a university.
+
+	He died in Ballintemple, Ireland, on 1864-12-08.
+
+	{Compton's Encyclopedia Online
+	(http://comptons2.aol.com/encyclopedia/ARTICLES/00619_A.html)}.
+
+	(1998-11-19)
+
+Georg Simon Ohm
+
+	<person> (1789-1854) A German physicist who became Professor
+	of Physics at Munich University, after whom the unit of
+	electrical resistance was named.
+
+	(2003-12-02)
+
+GEOS
+
+	A small windowing, {microkernel} (less than 64 kbytes long)
+	operating system written in heavily {bum}med {assembly
+	language} for {MS-DOS} computers.  It {multitasks} rather
+	nicely on a 6 Mhz {Intel 80286} with at least 512K memory.
+
+	It was adapted to {PDAs} by adding pen recognition, which
+	doesn't work very well.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.os.geos}.
+
+	(1995-01-21)
+
+GEPURS
+
+	An early system on the {IBM 701}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-01-21)
+
+Gerald
+
+	["Gerald: An Exceptional Lazy Functional Programming
+	Language", A.C. Reeves et al, in Functional Programming,
+	Glasgow 1989, K. Davis et al eds, Springer 1990].
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+Gerald Sussman
+
+	<person> (Gerald J. Sussman, Jerry) A noted {hacker} at {MIT}
+	and one of the developers of {SCHEME} and {6.001}.
+
+	{(http://martigny.ai.mit.edu/~gjs/gjs.html)}.
+
+	(1996-11-29)
+
+German
+
+	<human language> \j*r'mn\ A human language written (in latin
+	alphabet) and spoken in Germany, Austria and parts of
+	Switzerland.
+
+	German writing normally uses four non-{ASCII} characters: "ä", "ö"
+	and "ü" have "umlauts" (two dots over the top) and "ß" is a
+	double-S ("scharfes S") which looks like the Greek letter beta
+	(except in capitalised words where it should be written "SS").
+	These can be written in ASCII in several ways, the most common are
+	ae, oe ue AE OE UE ss or sz and the {TeX} versions "a "o "u "A "O
+	"U "s.
+
+	See also {ABEND}, {blinkenlights}, {DAU}, {DIN}, {gedanken},
+	{GMD}, {kluge}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:soc.culture.german}.
+	{(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/news-info/soc.answers/german-faq)},
+	{(ftp://alice.fmi.uni-passau.de/pub/dictionaries/german.dat.Z)}.
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+GEST
+
+	{Generic Expert System Tool}
+
+Get a life!
+
+	<abuse> Standard way of suggesting that someone has succumbed
+	to terminal {geek}dom.  Often heard on {Usenet}, especially as
+	a way of suggesting that the target is taking some obscure
+	issue of {theology} too seriously.  This exhortation was
+	popularised by William Shatner on a "Saturday Night Live"
+	episode in a speech that ended "Get a *life*!", but some
+	respondents believe it to have been in use before then.  It
+	was certainly in wide use among hackers for at least five
+	years before achieving mainstream currency in early 1992.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+Get a real computer!
+
+	<jargon> A typical {hacker} response to news that somebody is
+	having trouble getting work done on a {toy} system or {bitty
+	box}.
+
+	The threshold for "real computer" rises with time.  As of
+	mid-1993 it meant {multi-tasking}, with a {hard disk}, and an
+	{address space} bigger than 16 {megabytes}.  At this time,
+	according to {GLS}, computers with character-only displays
+	were verging on "unreal".  In 2001, a real computer has a one
+	{gigahertz} processor, 128 MB of {RAM}, 20 GB of hard disk,
+	and runs {Linux}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-06-22)
+
+get.com
+
+	<operating system> A command which can be created using debug
+	in {MS DOS} to set the errorlevel according to which key is
+	pressed.  The errorlevel can then be interrogated from a
+	{batch file} by a series of commands like this:
+
+	 get
+	 if errorlevel 118 goto E118
+	 if errorlevel 117 goto E117
+	 if errorlevel 116 goto E116
+	 if errorlevel 115 goto E115
+	 if errorlevel 114 goto E114
+
+	where E118 etc. are labels in the batch file.
+
+	(1996-02-01)
+
+getty
+
+	<operating system> A {Unix} program which sets terminal type,
+	modes, speed and line discipline for a {serial port}, and is
+	used in the login process.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+gf
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for French Guiana.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+GFDL
+
+	{GNU Free Documentation License}
+
+g file
+
+	<messaging> (General file) A mid 1980s term for text files,
+	usually short and unpublished found on {BBSs}.  The g-files
+	section on BBSs contain text files of general interest,
+	viewable on-line; this is as opposed to files in the file
+	transfer section, which are generally downloadable but not
+	viewable on-line.
+
+	When used on the {Internet}, this term generally refers to the
+	types of file most often associated with old BBSs such as
+	instructions on {phreak}ing or making bombs.
+
+	(1996-06-20)
+
+GFLOPS
+
+	{gigaflops}
+
+GFR
+
+	{Grim File Reaper}
+
+GFS
+
+	{Grandfather, Father, Son}
+
+gh
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Ghana.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+GHC
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. {Guarded horn clauses}.
+
+	2. {Glasgow Haskell Compiler}.
+
+	(1999-01-05)
+
+ghetto code
+
+	<humour, programming> A particularly inelegant and obviously
+	suboptimal section of {code} that still meets the original
+	requirements.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2014-05-14)
+
+ghost
+
+	<chat> (Or "zombie") The image of a user's session on {IRC}
+	and similar systems, left when the session has been terminated
+	(properly or, often, improperly) but the server (or the
+	network at large) believes the connection is still active and
+	belongs to a real user.
+
+	Compare {clonebot}.
+
+	(1997-04-07)
+
+Ghostscript
+
+	<graphics, tool> The {GNU} {interpreter} for {PostScript} and
+	{PDF}, with {previewers} for serval systems and many {fonts}.
+	Ghostscript was originally written by L. Peter Deutsch
+	<ghost@aladdin.com> of {Aladdin Enterprises}.  The first
+	public release was v1.0 on 1988-08-11.
+
+	Latest version: 8.11, as of 2003-08-29.
+
+	{GNU Home (http://gnu.org/software/ghostscript/)}.
+
+	{News & community (http://ghostscript.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+ghostview
+
+	An {X Window System} interface to the {ghostscript}
+	{PostScript} {interpreter}.
+
+GHz
+
+	{GigaHertz}
+
+GI
+
+	{generic identifier}
+
+gi
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Gibraltar.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Gibson, William
+
+	{William Gibson}
+
+gid
+
+	1. <operating system> {group identifier}.
+
+	2. <filename extension> {global index}.
+
+	(1997-01-30)
+
+GIF
+
+	{Graphics Interchange Format}
+
+GIF89
+
+	{Graphics Interchange Format}
+
+GIF89a
+
+	{animated GIF}
+
+GIFF
+
+	Do you mean {GIF} or is this some kind of {IFF}?
+
+gig
+
+	{gigabyte}
+
+giga-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+gigabit
+
+	<unit> 2^30 {bits}, 1,073,741,824 bits.
+
+	See {prefix}.
+
+	(1995-11-12)
+
+gigabits per second
+
+	<unit> (Gbps) A unit of information transfer rate equal to one
+	billion {bits} per second.  Note that, while a {gigabit} is
+	defined as a power of two (2^30 bits), a gigabit per second is
+	defined as a power of ten (10^9 bits per second, which is
+	slightly less) than 2^30).
+
+	(2004-02-10)
+
+gigabyte
+
+	<unit, data> (GB or colloquially "gig") A unit of {data} equal to
+	one billion {bytes} but see {binary prefix} for other definitions.
+	A gigabyte is 1000^3 {bytes} or 1000 {megabytes}.
+
+	A human gene sequence (including all the redundant codons)
+	contains about 1.5 gigabytes of data.
+
+	1000 gigabytes are one {terabyte}.
+
+	See {prefix}.
+
+	{Human genome data content
+	(http://bitesizebio.com/articles/how-much-information-is-stored-in-the-human-genome/)}.
+
+	(2013-11-03)
+
+gigaflop
+
+	{gigaflops}
+
+gigaflops
+
+	<unit> (GFLOPS) One thousand million (10^9) {floating point}
+	operations per second.
+
+	One of them is strictly "one gigaflops" in the same way that
+	one mile per hour isn't 1 MP.
+
+	See {prefix}.
+
+	(1998-04-19)
+
+GigaHertz
+
+	<unit> (GHz) Billions of cycles per second.
+
+	The unit of frequency used to measure the {clock rate} of
+	modern {digital logic}, including {microprocessors}.
+
+	(2001-05-14)
+
+GIGO
+
+	{Garbage In, Garbage Out}
+
+gilley
+
+	<humour> ({Usenet}) The unit of analogical bogosity.
+	According to its originator, the standard for one gilley was
+	"the act of bogotoficiously comparing the shutting down of
+	1000 machines for a day with the killing of one person".  The
+	milligilley has been found to suffice for most normal
+	conversational exchanges.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+gillion
+
+	<unit> /gil'y*n/ or /jil'y*n/ (From {giga-} by analogy with
+	mega/million and tera/trillion) 10^9.
+
+	Same as an American billion or a British "milliard".  How one
+	pronounces this depends on whether one speaks {giga-} with a
+	hard or soft "g".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+Gilmore, John
+
+	{John Gilmore}
+
+GIM-1
+
+	Generalized Information Management Language.  Nelson, Pick,
+	Andrews.  Proc SJCC 29:169-73, AFIPS (Fall 1966).
+
+GIN
+
+	A special-purpose {macro assembler} used to build the {GEORGE
+	3} {operating system} for {ICL1900} series computers.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+GINA
+
+	Generic Interactive Application.  An {application framework}
+	based on {Common Lisp} and {OSF}/{Motif}, designed to simplify
+	the construction of graphical interactive applications.
+
+	GINA consists of {CLM} - a language binding for {OSF}/{Motif}
+	in {Common Lisp}; the GINA application framework - a {class
+	library} in {CLOS}; the GINA interface builder - an
+	interactive tool implemented with GINA to design {Motif}
+	windows.
+
+	Version 2.2 requires {OSF}/{Motif} 1.1 or better, {Common
+	Lisp} with {CLX}, {CLOS}, {PCL} and processes.  It runs with
+	{Franz Allegro}, {Lucid}, {CMU CL} and {Symbolics} {Genera}.
+
+	{Germany (ftp://ftp.gmd.de/gmd/gina)}.  {N. America
+	(ftp://export.lcs.mit.edu/contrib/)}.  Mailing list:
+	gina-users-request@gmdzi.gmd.de.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Ginger
+
+	A simple {functional language} from the {University of
+	Warwick} with parallel constructs.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+GIP
+
+	1. General Interpretive Programme.
+
+	A 1956 interpreted language for the {English Electric}
+	{DEUCE}, with {array} operations and an extensive library of
+	numerical methods.
+
+	["Interpretive and Brick Schemes, with Special Reference to
+	Matrix Operations", English Electric COmpany, DEUCE News
+	No. 10 (1956)].
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+	2. An erroneous singular of {GIPS}.
+
+GIPS
+
+	/gips/ or /jips/ [Analogy with {MIPS}] Giga-Instructions per
+	Second (or possibly "Gillions of Instructions per Second"; see
+	{gillion}).
+
+	In 1991, this was used of only a handful of highly parallel
+	machines and one sequential processor built with {Josephson
+	devices}.  {DEC}'s {Alpha AXP 21164} processor was the first
+	commercially available 1 GIPS sequential processor (7 Sep
+	1994).  Compare {KIPS}.
+
+	["A 1-GIPS Josephson Data Processor", Yuji Hatano et al, IEEE
+	J Solid State Circuits, vol 26, 6, June 1991]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+GIRL
+
+	Graph Information Retrieval Language.  A language for handling
+	{directed graphs}.
+
+	["Graph Information Retrieval Language", S. Berkowitz, Report
+	76-0085, Naval Ship Res Dev Center, (Feb 1976)].
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+GIS
+
+	{Geographical Information System}
+
+Giuseppe Peano
+
+	<person, mathematics, logic> (1858-08-27 - 1932-04-20) An Italian
+	mathematician who wrote over 200 books and papers, was a founder
+	of {mathematical logic} and {set theory} and taught at the
+	University of Turin.  He contributed to mathematical {analysis},
+	{logic}, the teaching of {calculus}, {differential equations},
+	{vector analysis} and the axiomatization of mathematics.  The
+	standard {axiomatization} of the {natural numbers} is named {Peano
+	arithmetic} or the {Peano axioms} after him.  He also invented the
+	{Peano curve}, an early example of a {fractal}.
+
+	(2013-03-23)
+
+GIYF
+
+	<chat, WWW> Google Is Your Friend.  See {STFW}.
+
+	(2014-05-23)
+
+GKS
+
+	{Graphical Kernel System}
+
+GKS-3D
+
+	The three-dimensional version of {GKS}, a {standard} for
+	graphics I/O ({ISO} 8805).
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+GL
+
+	Graphics Language.  A graphics package from {Silicon
+	Graphics}.
+
+gl
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Greenland.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Glammar
+
+	A pattern transformation language for text-to-text
+	translation.  Used for compiler writing and linguistics.
+
+	{(ftp://phoibos.cs.kun.nl/pub/GLASS/glammar.tar.Z)}.
+
+glark
+
+	/glark/ To figure something out from context.  "The System III
+	manuals are pretty poor, but you can generally glark the
+	meaning from context."  Interestingly, the word was originally
+	"glork"; the context was "This gubblick contains many
+	nonsklarkish English flutzpahs, but the overall pluggandisp
+	can be glorked [sic] from context" (David Moser, quoted by
+	Douglas Hofstadter in his "Metamagical Themas" column in the
+	January 1981 "Scientific American").  It is conjectured that
+	hackish usage mutated the verb to "glark" because {glork} was
+	already an established jargon term.
+
+	Compare {grok}, {zen}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Glasgow Haskell Compiler
+
+	<language> (GHC) A {Haskell} 1.2 compiler written in Haskell
+	by the AQUA project at {Glasgow University}, headed by Simon
+	Peyton Jones <simonpj@dcs.glasgow.ac.uk> throughout the 1990's
+	[started?].  GHC can generate either {C} or {native code} for
+	{SPARC}, {DEC} {Alpha} and other platforms.  It can take
+	advantage of features of {gcc} such as global register
+	variables and has an extensive set of optimisations.
+
+	GHC features an extensible I/O system based on a "{monad}",
+	in-line {C} code, fully fledged {unboxed} data types,
+	incrementally-updatable {arrays}, {mutable reference types},
+	{generational garbage collector}, {concurrent} {threads}.
+	Time and space {profiling} is also supported.
+
+	It requires {GNU} gcc 2.1+ and {Perl}.
+
+	GHC runs on {Sun-4}, {DEC Alpha}, {Sun-3}, {NeXT}, {DECstation},
+	{HP-PA} and {SGI}.
+
+	Latest version: 4.01, as of 1998-11-30.
+
+	{Glasgow FTP
+	(ftp://ftp.dcs.glasgow.ac.uk/pub/haskell/glasgow/)}.  {Yale
+	(ftp://nebula.cs.yale.edu/pub/haskell/glasgow/)}.  {Sweden
+	(ftp://ftp.cs.chalmers.se/pub/haskell/glasgow/)}.
+
+	{Papers (ftp://ftp.dcs.glasgow.ac.uk/pub/glasgow-fp)}.
+
+	["Imperative functional programming", Peyton Jones & Wadler,
+	POPL '93].
+
+	["Unboxed data types as first-class citizens", Peyton Jones &
+	Launchbury, FPCA '91].
+
+	["Profiling lazy functional languages", Sansom & Peyton Jones,
+	Glasgow workshop '92].
+
+	["Implementing lazy functional languages on stock hardware",
+	Peyton Jones, Journal of Functional Programming, Apr 1992].
+
+	E-mail: <glasgow-haskell-request@dcs.glasgow.ac.uk>.
+
+	(1999-01-05)
+
+GLASS
+
+	General LAnguage for System Semantics.
+
+	An {Esprit} project at the {University of Nijmegen}.
+
+	{(ftp://phoibos.cs.kun.nl/pub/GLASS)}.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+glass
+
+	(IBM) {silicon}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+glass box testing
+
+	{white box testing}
+
+glassfet
+
+	/glas'fet/ [Analogy with {MOSFET}] (or "{firebottle}") A
+	humorous way to refer to a {vacuum tube}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+glass tty
+
+	/glas T-T-Y/ or /glas ti'tee/ A terminal that has a display
+	screen but which, because of hardware or software limitations,
+	behaves like a teletype or some other printing terminal,
+	thereby combining the disadvantages of both: like a printing
+	terminal, it can't do fancy display hacks, and like a display
+	terminal, it doesn't produce hard copy.  An example is the
+	early "dumb" version of Lear-Siegler ADM 3 (without cursor
+	control).  See {tube}, {tty}; compare {dumb terminal}, {smart
+	terminal}.  See "{TV Typewriters}" for an interesting true
+	story about a glass tty.
+
+GLB
+
+	{greatest lower bound}
+
+glibc
+
+	{GNU C Library}
+
+Glish
+
+	Glish is an interpretive language for building loosely-coupled
+	distributed systems from modular, event-oriented programs.
+	Written by Vern Paxson <vern@ee.lbl.gov>.  These programs are
+	written in conventional languages such as C, C++, or Fortran.
+
+	Glish scripts can create local and remote processes and
+	control their communication.  Glish also provides a full,
+	array-oriented programming language (similar to {S}) for
+	manipulating binary data sent between the processes.  In
+	general Glish uses a centralised communication model where
+	interprocess communication passes through the Glish
+	{interpreter}, allowing dynamic modification and rerouting of
+	data values, but Glish also supports point-to-point links
+	between processes when necessary for high performance.
+
+	Version 2.4.1 includes an {interpreter}, {C++} {class} library
+	and user manual.  It requires C++ and there are ports to
+	{SunOS}, {Ultrix}, an {HP/UX} (rusty).
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/glish/glish-2.4.1.tar.Z)}.
+
+	["Glish: A User-Level Software Bus for Loosely-Coupled
+	Distributed Systems," Vern Paxson and Chris Saltmarsh,
+	Proceedings of the 1993 Winter USENIX Conference, San Diego,
+	CA, January, 1993].
+
+	(1993-11-01)
+
+Glisp
+
+	Generalized LISP.  D.C. Smith, Aug 1990.  A coordinated set of
+	high-level syntaxes for Common LISP.  Contains Mlisp, Plisp
+	and ordinary LISP, with an extensible framework for adding
+	others.  Written in Plisp.
+
+	{(ftp://bric-a-brac.apple.com/dts/mac/lisp)}.
+
+glitch
+
+	/glich/ [German "glitschen" to slip, via Yiddish "glitshen",
+	to slide or skid] 1. (Electronics) When the inputs of a
+	circuit change, and the outputs change to some {random} value
+	for some very brief time before they settle down to the
+	correct value.  If another circuit inspects the output at just
+	the wrong time, reading the random value, the results can be
+	very wrong and very hard to debug (a glitch is one of many
+	causes of electronic {heisenbugs}).
+
+	2. A sudden interruption in electric service, sanity,
+	continuity, or program function.  Sometimes recoverable.  An
+	interruption in electric service is specifically called a
+	"power glitch" (or {power hit}), of grave concern because it
+	usually crashes all the computers.  See also {gritch}.
+
+	2. [Stanford] To scroll a display screen, especially several
+	lines at a time.  {WAITS} terminals used to do this in order
+	to avoid continuous scrolling, which is distracting to the
+	eye.
+
+	4. Obsolete.  Same as {magic cookie}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+glob
+
+	<file system, programming> /glob/ A mechanism that returns a list
+	of {pathnames} that match a pattern containing {wild card}
+	characters.  Globbing was available in early versions of {Unix}
+	and, in more limited form, in {Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	The characters are:
+
+	* = zero or more characters, e.g. "probab*" would match
+	probabilistic, probabilistically, probabilities, probability,
+	probable, probably.
+
+	? = any single character, e.g. "b?g" would match bag, big, bog,
+	bug.
+
+	[] any of the enclosed characters, e.g. "b[ao]g" would match bag,
+	bog (not on Windows).
+
+	These have become sufficiently pervasive that hackers use them in
+	written messages.  E.g. "He said his name was [KC]arl" (expresses
+	ambiguity).  "I don't read talk.politics.*" (any of the
+	talk.politics subgroups on {Usenet}).  Other examples are given
+	under the entry for {X}.
+
+	Later Unix shells introduced the {x,y,z} syntax which expands to a
+	comma-separated list of alternatives, thus foo{baz,qux} would
+	expand to "foobaz" and "fooqux".  This differs from a glob because
+	it generates a list of all possible expansions, rather than
+	matching against existing files.
+
+	Glob patterns are similar, but not identical, to {regular
+	expressions}.
+
+	"glob" was a subprogram that expanded wild cards in archaic
+	pre-{Bourne} versions of the {Unix} {shell}.  It is also a
+	{bulit-in function} in {Perl}.
+
+	(2014-08-22)
+
+global index
+
+	<filename extension> (gid) The filename extension of a
+	{Windows 95} "global index" file.  .gid files are created by
+	the help {browser} internal to Windows 95 (also available for
+	other Windows versions) for WinHelp files ({hlp}), as well as
+	for storing user preferences, such as window position.
+
+	(1997-01-30)
+
+globalisation
+
+	{internationalisation}
+
+Global Network Navigator
+
+	(GNN) A collection of free services provided by {O'Reilly &
+	Associates}.
+
+	The Whole Internet Catalog describes the most useful Net
+	resources and services with live links to those resources.
+	The GNN Business Pages list companies on the Internet.  The
+	Internet Help Desk provides help in starting {Internet}q
+	exploration.  NetNews is a weekly publication that reports on
+	the news of the {Internet}, with weekly articles on Internet
+	trends and special events, sports, weather, and comics.  There
+	are also pages aobut travel and personal finance.
+
+	{Home page (http://gnn.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <support@gnn.com>.
+
+	Telephone: (800) 998 9938 (USA), +1 (707) 829 0515 (outside
+	USA).
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+Global Positioning System
+
+	<communications> (GPS) A system for determining postion on the
+	Earth's surface by comparing radio signals from several
+	satellites.  When completed the system will consist of 24
+	satellites equipped with radio transmitters and atomic clocks.
+
+	Depending on your geographic location, the GPS receiver
+	samples data from up to six satellites, it then calculates the
+	time taken for each satellite signal to reach the GPS
+	receiver, and from the difference in time of reception,
+	determines your location.
+
+	["Global Positioning by Satellite"?  Precison?  Coverage?  Web
+	page?]
+
+	(1998-02-10)
+
+Global System for Mobile Communications
+
+	<communications> (GSM, originally "Groupe de travail Sp?ciale
+	pour les services Mobiles") One of the major {standards} for
+	digital {cellular} communications, in use in over 60 countries
+	and serving over one billion subscribers.  The GSM standard is
+	currently used in the 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz bands.
+
+	{GPRS} allows {circuit switched} data communications over GSM,
+	and is widely used for {World Wide Web} and {electronic mail}
+	access from cellular devices.
+
+	{GSM World (http://gsmworld.com/)}.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+glork
+
+	/glork/ 1. Used as a name for just about anything.
+
+	See {foo}.
+
+	2. Similar to {glitch}, but usually used reflexively.  "My
+	program just glorked itself."
+
+	See also {glark}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+GLOS
+
+	{Graphics Language Object System}.
+
+GLOW
+
+	<language> A POP-11 variant with {lexical scope}.
+
+	Available from Andrew Arnblaster, Bollostraat 6, B-3140
+	Keerbergen, Belgium, for Mac or {MS-DOS}.
+
+	[Byte's UK edition, May 1992, p.84UK-8].
+
+	(1997-02-07)
+
+GLS
+
+	{Guy Lewis Steele, Jr.}
+
+GLU
+
+	<language> A practical {coarse grain} implementation of the
+	Lucid dataflow language for networks.
+
+	(1998-03-07)
+
+glue
+
+	<jargon> A generic term for any interface logic or {protocol}
+	that connects two component blocks.  For example, {Blue Glue}
+	is IBM's SNA protocol, and hardware designers call anything
+	used to connect large VLSI's or circuit blocks "glue logic".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-02-22)
+
+glue language
+
+	<language> Any language, usually a {scripting language}, used
+	to write {glue} to integrate tools and other programs to solve
+	some problem.
+
+	(1999-02-22)
+
+glyph
+
+	<character> An {image} used in the visual representation of
+	{characters}; roughly speaking, how a character looks.  A
+	{font} is a set of glyphs.
+
+	In the simple case, for a given {font} ({typeface} and size),
+	each character corresponds to a single glyph but this is not
+	always the case, especially in a language with a large
+	alphabet where one character may correspond to several glyphs
+	or several characters to one glyph (a {character encoding}).
+
+	Usually used in reference to {outline fonts}, in particular
+	{TrueType}.
+
+	(1998-05-31)
+
+Glypnir
+
+	1966.  An ALGOL-like language with parallel extensions.
+	Similar to Actus.  "GLYPNIR - A Programming Language for the
+	Illiac IV", D.H.  Lawrie et al, CACM 18(3) (Mar 1975).
+
+gm
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Gambia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+GMAP
+
+	{GCOS Macro Assembler Program}
+
+GMD
+
+	<company> Full name: "GMD - Forschungszentrum
+	Informationstechnik GmbH" (German National Research Center for
+	Information Technology).
+
+	Before April 1995, GMD stood for "Gesellschaft für Mathematik
+	und Datenverarbeitung" - National Research Center for Computer
+	Science, it is retained for historical reasons.
+
+	{(http://gmd.de/GMDHome.english.html)}.
+
+	Address: D-53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+GMD Toolbox for Compiler Construction
+
+	(Or Cocktail) A huge set of compiler building tools for
+	{MS-DOS}, {Unix} and {OS/2}.
+
+	parser generator (LALR -> C, Modula-2), documentation, parser
+	generator (LL(1) -> C, Modula-2), tests, scanner generator (->
+	C, Modula-2), tests translator (Extended BNF -> BNF),
+	translator (Modula-2 -> C), translator (BNF (yacc) -> Extended
+	BNF), examples abstract syntax tree generator,
+	attribute-evaluator generator, code generator
+
+	Latest version: 9209.
+
+	The {MS-DOS} version requires DJ Delorie's DOS extender
+	({go32}) and the {OS/2} version requires the {emx} programming
+	environment.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.karlsruhe.gmd.de/pub/cocktail/dos)}.  {OS/2 FTP
+	(ftp://ftp.eb.ele.tue.nl/pub/src/cocktail/dos-os2.zoo)}.
+
+	Mailing list: listserv@eb.ele.tue.nl (subscribe to Cocktail).
+	E-mail: Josef Grosch <grosch@karlsruhe.gmd.de>, Willem Jan
+	Withagen <wjw@eb.ele.tue.nl> (OS/2).
+
+	(1992-01-01)
+
+GMT
+
+	{Universal Time 1}
+
+gn
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Guinea.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+gnarly
+
+	<jargon> /nar'lee/ Both obscure and {hairy}.  "{Yow}! - the
+	tuned {assembler} implementation of {BitBlt} is really
+	gnarly!"  From a similar but less specific usage in surfer
+	slang.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-09-17)
+
+Gnat
+
+	<language, tool> An {Ada} {compiler} written in {Ada} using
+	the {gcc} {code generator} to allow easy {porting} to a
+	variety of {platforms}.  Gnat is the only Ada compiler that
+	completely implements the Ada standard, including all the
+	annexes.
+
+	The compiler is released under the {GNU} license and is
+	currently maintained by {Ada Core Technologies} (ACT).
+
+	{(http://gnat.com/)}.
+
+	(1999-06-24)
+
+GNATS
+
+	{GNU Problem Report Management System}
+
+GNN
+
+	{Global Network Navigator}
+
+GNOME
+
+	{GNU Network Object Model Environment}
+
+Gnome Computers
+
+	<company> A small UK hardware and software company.  They make
+	{transputer} boards for the {Acorn} {Archimedes} among other
+	things.
+
+	E-mail: Chris Stenton <chris@gnome.co.uk>.
+
+	(1994-09-30)
+
+GNU
+
+	<body, project> /g*noo/ 1. A {recursive acronym}:
+	"GNU's Not Unix!".  The {Free Software Foundation}'s project
+	to provide a freely distributable replacement for {Unix}.  The
+	GNU Manifesto was published in the March 1985 issue of
+	Dr. Dobb's Journal but the GNU project started a year and a
+	half earlier when {Richard Stallman} was trying to get funding
+	to work on his freely distributable editor, {Emacs}.
+
+	{Emacs} and the GNU {C} compiler, {gcc}, two tools designed
+	for this project, have become very popular.  GNU software is
+	available from many {GNU archive sites}.
+
+	See also {Hurd}.
+
+	2. <person> {John Gilmore}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-04-12)
+
+GNU archive site
+
+	<body> The main {GNU} {FTP archive} is on gnu.org but
+	copies ("{mirrors}") of some or all of the files there are
+	also held on many other computers around the world.  To avoid
+	overloading gnu.org and the {Internet} you should
+	{FTP} files from the machine closest to yours (you may be able
+	to use {traceroute} to determine which is logically closest if
+	it's not obvious from the transfer rate).  Trans-ocean
+	{TCP/IP} links are very expensive and usually very slow.
+
+	The following {hosts} mirror GNU files.  Look for a directory
+	like /pub/gnu, /mirrors/gnu, /systems/gnu or /archives/gnu.
+	{Electronic mail addresses} of administrators and {Internet
+	address}es are given for some hosts.
+
+	{Original list (ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/gnu/GNUinfo/FTP)}.
+
+	Australia: archie.au, archie.oz, archie.oz.au
+
+	Brazil: ccsun.unicamp.br (143.106.1.5, <root@ccsun.unicamp.br>)
+
+	Denmark: ftp.denet.dk
+
+	Europe: archive.eu.net (192.16.202.1)
+
+	Finland: ftp.funet.fi (128.214.6.100, gnu-adm)
+
+	France: irisa.irisa.fr, ftp.univ-lyon1.fr
+	(<ftpmaint@ftp.univ-lyon1.fr>)
+
+	{Germany (ftp://ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/)},
+	{ftp://ftp.germany.eu.net/)}.
+
+	Israel: ftp.technion.ac.il (<ftp-admin@ftp.technion.ac.il>)
+
+	Japan: utsun.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp, ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp
+
+	Korea: cair.kaist.ac.kr (143.248.11.170)
+
+	Netherlands: hp4nl.nluug.nl, ftp.win.tue.nl (131.155.70.100)
+
+	Norway: ugle.unit.no (129.241.1.97)
+
+	South Africa: ftp.sun.ac.za
+
+	Sweden: isy.liu.se, ftp.stacken.kth.se, ftp.luth.se,
+	ftp.sunet.se, <archive@ftp.sunet.se>, sdi.slu.se.
+
+	Switzerland: ftp.eunet.ch, nic.switch.ch
+
+	Thailand: ftp.nectec.or.th (192.150.251.32,
+	<ftp@nwg.nectec.or.th>)
+
+	UK: src.doc.ic.ac.uk (146.169.3.7, <info-server@doc.ic.ac.uk>,
+	<lmjm@doc.ic.ac.uk> also sun cartridge or exabyte tapes);
+	info-server@cs.nott.ac.uk (<jpo@cs.nott.ac.uk>);
+	I.G.Batten@fulcrum.bt.co.uk (also qic-21 and qic-24 tapes);
+	ftp.mcc.ac.uk (130.88.203.12); Unix.hensa.ac.uk;
+	ftp.warwick.ac.uk (137.205.192.14, <Unixhelp@warwick.ac.uk>).
+
+	USA: louie.udel.edu, ftp.kpc.com (Silicon Valley, CA)
+	ftp.hawaii.edu, f.ms.uky.edu, ftp.digex.net (Internet address
+	164.109.10.23, run by <mcguire@digex.net>),
+	wuarchive.wustl.edu, col.hp.com, ftp.cs.columbia.edu,
+	vixen.cso.uiuc.edu, mrcnext.cso.uiuc.edu, jaguar.utah.edu,
+	gatekeeper.dec.com, labrea.stanford.edu, ftp.cs.widener.edu,
+	archive.cis.ohio-state.edu, and ftp.uu.net.
+
+	Western Canada: ftp.cs.ubc.ca (<ftp-admin@cs.ubc.ca>)
+
+	(1999-12-09)
+
+GNU assembler
+
+	(GAS) A {Unix} {assembler} for the {GNU} project.  Many {CPU}
+	types are handled and {COFF} and {IEEE-695} formats are
+	supported as well as standard {a.out}.
+
+	Current version 2.2 ported to {Sun-3}, {Sun-4}, {i386},
+	{386BSD}, {BSD/386}, {Linux}, {PS/2-AIX}, {VAX}, {Ultrix},
+	{BSD}, {VMS}.
+
+	The assembler has been merged with {GNU Binutils}.
+
+	E-mail: <bug-gnu-utils@gnu.org>.
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+GNU awk
+
+	{gawk}
+
+GNU BC
+
+	A {GNU} version of {BC} which is self-contained and internally
+	executes its own compiled code rather than acting as a
+	{front-end} to {DC} like the standard {Unix} bc.
+
+	Version 1.02
+
+	parser (yacc), interpreter, BC math library
+
+	Philip A. Nelson <phil@cs.wwu.edu>
+
+	FTP bc-1.02.tar.Z from a {GNU archive site}.
+
+	requires: vsprintf and vfprintf routines
+
+	ports: Unix (BSD, System V, MINIX, POSIX) Superset of POSIX BC
+	(P10003.2/D11), with a POSIX-only mode.
+
+GNU C
+
+	<language> The extension of {C} compiled by {gcc}.
+
+	(1997-09-30)
+
+GNU C Library
+
+	<library> (glibc) The {run-time} library for the {GNU C}
+	{compiler}, {gcc}, and others.  glibc is the {source code} for
+	libc.a.  It is maintained separately from the compilers and is
+	a superset of {ANSI C} and {POSIX}.1 and a large subset of
+	POSIX.2.
+
+	Latest version: 2.1.3, as of 2000-04-29
+
+	{(http://gnu.org/glibc)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <bug-glibc@gnu.org> (bugs).
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+GNU DC
+
+	GNU Desktop Calculator.
+
+	An {interpreter} for a subset of the standard {Unix} {DC} that
+	handles all its operations, except the (undocumented) {array}
+	operations.  Integration with GNU BC is being attempted.
+
+	Version 0.2.
+
+	{FTP} dc-0.2.tar.Z from your nearest {GNU archive site}.
+
+	(1993-05-21)
+
+GNU E
+
+	A persistent C++ variant
+
+	Version 2.3.3
+
+	compiler
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/exodus/E/)}.
+
+	GNU E is a persistent, object oriented programming language
+	developed as part of the Exodus project.  GNU E extends C++
+	with the notion of persistent data, program level data objects
+	that can be transparently used across multiple executions of a
+	program, or multiple programs, without explicit input and
+	output operations.
+
+	GNU E's form of {persistence} is based on extensions to the
+	C++ type system to distinguish potentially persistent data
+	objects from objects that are always memory resident.  An
+	object is made persistent either by its declaration (via a new
+	"persistent" storage class qualifier) or by its method of
+	allocation (via persistent dynamic allocation using a special
+	overloading of the new operator).  The underlying object
+	storage system is the Exodus storage manager, which provides
+	concurrency control and recovery in addition to storage for
+	persistent data.
+
+	restriction: Copyleft; not all run-time sources are available
+	(yet)
+
+	requires:	release 2.1.1 of the Exodus storage manager
+
+	E-mail: <exodus@cs.wisc.edu>.
+
+	(1993-01-20)
+
+GNU Emacs
+
+	{Emacs}
+
+GNU Free Documentation License
+
+	<legal> (GFDL) The {Free Software Foundation}'s license
+	designed to ensure the same freedoms for {documentation} that
+	the {GPL} gives to {software}.
+
+	This dictionary is distributed under the GFDL, see the
+	copyright notice in the {Free On-line Dictionary of Computing}
+	section (at the start of the source file).  The full text
+	follows.
+
+	Version 1.1, March 2000
+
+	Copyright 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+	59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+
+	Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
+	of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
+
+	0. PREAMBLE
+
+	The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or
+	other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
+	assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute
+	it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or
+	noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
+	author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while
+	not being considered responsible for modifications made by
+	others.
+
+	This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that
+	derivative works of the document must themselves be free in
+	the same sense.  It complements the GNU General Public
+	License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
+	software.
+
+	We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals
+	for free software, because free software needs free
+	documentation: a free program should come with manuals
+	providing the same freedoms that the software does.  But this
+	License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for
+	any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it
+	is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
+	principally for works whose purpose is instruction or
+	reference.
+
+	1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
+
+	This License applies to any manual or other work that contains
+	a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
+	distributed under the terms of this License.  The "Document",
+	below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the
+	public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".
+
+	A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing
+	the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or
+	with modifications and/or translated into another language.
+
+	A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter
+	section of the Document that deals exclusively with the
+	relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to
+	the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and
+	contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall
+	subject.  (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook
+	of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
+	mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
+	connection with the subject or with related matters, or of
+	legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political
+	position regarding them.
+
+	The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
+	titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections,
+	in the notice that says that the Document is released under
+	this License.
+
+	The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
+	listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the
+	notice that says that the Document is released under this
+	License.
+
+	A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable
+	copy, represented in a format whose specification is available
+	to the general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited
+	directly and straightforwardly with generic text editors or
+	(for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for
+	drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is
+	suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic
+	translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text
+	formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
+	format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
+	subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.  A copy
+	that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
+
+	Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include
+	plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input
+	format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
+	standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human
+	modification.  Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF,
+	proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
+	proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD
+	and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the
+	machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for
+	output purposes only.
+
+	The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page
+	itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold,
+	legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the
+	title page.  For works in formats which do not have any title
+	page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most
+	prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the
+	beginning of the body of the text.
+
+	2. VERBATIM COPYING
+
+	You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
+	commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License,
+	the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this
+	License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies,
+	and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of
+	this License.  You may not use technical measures to obstruct
+	or control the reading or further copying of the copies you
+	make or distribute.  However, you may accept compensation in
+	exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough number
+	of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
+
+	You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated
+	above, and you may publicly display copies.
+
+	3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
+
+	If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more
+	than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover
+	Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,
+	clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts
+	on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.
+	Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the
+	publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present the
+	full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
+	visible.  You may add other material on the covers in
+	addition.  Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long
+	as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
+	conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other
+	respects.
+
+	If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to
+	fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as
+	fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest
+	onto adjacent pages.
+
+	If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
+	numbering more than 100, you must either include a
+	machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy,
+	or state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible
+	computer-network location containing a complete Transparent
+	copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
+	general network-using public has access to download
+	anonymously at no charge using public-standard network
+	protocols.  If you use the latter option, you must take
+	reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of
+	Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent
+	copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until
+	at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
+	copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
+	edition to the public.
+
+	It is requested, but not required, that you contact the
+	authors of the Document well before redistributing any large
+	number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an
+	updated version of the Document.
+
+	4. MODIFICATIONS
+
+	You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
+	under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that
+	you release the Modified Version under precisely this License,
+	with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document,
+	thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified
+	Version to whoever possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you
+	must do these things in the Modified Version:
+
+	A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
+	distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
+	versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
+	History section of the Document).  You may use the same title
+	as a previous version if the original publisher of that
+	version gives permission.
+
+	B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
+	entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
+	the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
+	principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
+	authors, if it has less than five).
+
+	C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
+	Modified Version, as the publisher.
+
+	D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
+
+	E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
+	adjacent to the other copyright notices.
+
+	F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
+	notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
+	Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
+	the Addendum below.
+
+	G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
+	Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
+	license notice.
+
+	H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
+
+	I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and
+	add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
+	authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
+	Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in the
+	Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
+	publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
+	an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
+	previous sentence.
+
+	J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the
+	Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the
+	Document, and likewise the network locations given in the
+	Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be
+	placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network
+	location for a work that was published at least four years
+	before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of
+	the version it refers to gives permission.
+
+	K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or
+	"Dedications", preserve the section's title, and preserve in
+	the section all the substance and tone of each of the
+	contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
+
+	L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
+	unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
+	or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
+	titles.
+
+	M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
+	may not be included in the Modified Version.
+
+	N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
+	conflict in title with any Invariant Section.  If the Modified
+	Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that
+	qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied
+	from the Document, you may at your option designate some or
+	all of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their
+	titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
+	Version's license notice.  These titles must be distinct from
+	any other section titles.
+
+	You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it
+	contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by
+	various parties--for example, statements of peer review or
+	that the text has been approved by an organization as the
+	authoritative definition of a standard.
+
+	You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover
+	Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to
+	the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified
+	Version.  Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of
+	Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made
+	by) any one entity.  If the Document already includes a cover
+	text for the same cover, previously added by you or by
+	arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf
+	of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one,
+	on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
+	the old one.
+
+	The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
+	License give permission to use their names for publicity for
+	or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
+
+	5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
+
+	You may combine the Document with other documents released
+	under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above
+	for modified versions, provided that you include in the
+	combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the
+	original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant
+	Sections of your combined work in its license notice.
+
+	The combined work need only contain one copy of this License,
+	and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with
+	a single copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with
+	the same name but different contents, make the title of each
+	such section unique by adding at the end of it, in
+	parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of
+	that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same
+	adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
+	Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
+
+	In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled
+	"History" in the various original documents, forming one
+	section entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections
+	entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled
+	"Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled
+	"Endorsements."
+
+	6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
+
+	You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
+	documents released under this License, and replace the
+	individual copies of this License in the various documents
+	with a single copy that is included in the collection,
+	provided that you follow the rules of this License for
+	verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
+	respects.
+
+	You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
+	distribute it individually under this License, provided you
+	insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and
+	follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim
+	copying of that document.
+
+	7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
+
+	A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
+	separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume
+	of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count
+	as a Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation
+	copyright is claimed for the compilation.  Such a compilation
+	is called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to
+	the other self-contained works thus compiled with the
+	Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are
+	not themselves derivative works of the Document.
+
+	If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to
+	these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less
+	than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover
+	Texts may be placed on covers that surround only the Document
+	within the aggregate.  Otherwise they must appear on covers
+	around the whole aggregate.
+
+	8. TRANSLATION
+
+	Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
+	distribute translations of the Document under the terms of
+	section 4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations
+	requires special permission from their copyright holders, but
+	you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections
+	in addition to the original versions of these Invariant
+	Sections.  You may include a translation of this License
+	provided that you also include the original English version of
+	this License.  In case of a disagreement between the
+	translation and the original English version of this License,
+	the original English version will prevail.
+
+	9. TERMINATION
+
+	You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the
+	Document except as expressly provided for under this
+	License.  Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or
+	distribute the Document is void, and will automatically
+	terminate your rights under this License.  However, parties who
+	have received copies, or rights, from you under this License
+	will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
+	parties remain in full compliance.
+
+	10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
+
+	The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
+	of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such
+	new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version,
+	but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
+	See {here (http://gnu.org/copyleft/)}.
+
+	Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
+	number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
+	version of this License "or any later version" applies to it,
+	you have the option of following the terms and conditions
+	either of that specified version or of any later version that
+	has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software
+	Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version number
+	of this License, you may choose any version ever published
+	(not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+	End of full text of GFDL.
+
+	(2002-03-09)
+
+GNU General Public License
+
+	{General Public License}
+
+GNUMACS
+
+	/gnoo'maks/ [contraction of "GNU Emacs"] Often-heard
+	abbreviated name for the {GNU} project's flagship tool,
+	{Emacs}.  Used especially in contrast with {GOSMACS}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+GNU mirror site
+
+	{GNU archive site}
+
+GNU Network Object Model Environment
+
+	<operating system> (GNOME) A project to build a complete,
+	{user-friendly} {desktop} based entirely on {free software}.
+	GNOME is part of the {GNU project} and part of the
+	{OpenSource} movement.  The desktop will consist of small
+	{utilities} and larger {applications} which share a consistent
+	{look and feel}.  GNOME uses {GTK+} as the {GUI} {toolkit} for
+	applications.
+
+	GNOME is intended to run on any modern and functional
+	{Unix}-like system.  The current version runs on {Linux},
+	{FreeBSD}, {IRIX} and {Solaris}.
+
+	{(http://gnome.org/)}.
+
+	(1998-10-17)
+
+Gnuplot
+
+	<tool> A command-driven interactive graphing program.  Gnuplot
+	can plot two-dimensional functions and data points in many
+	different styles (points, lines, error bars); and
+	three-dimensional data points and surfaces in many different
+	styles (contour plot, mesh).  It supports {complex} arithmetic
+	and user-defined functions and can label title, axes, and data
+	points.  It can output to several different graphics file
+	formats and devices.  Command line editing and history are
+	supported and there is extensive on-line help.
+
+	Gnuplot is {copyright}ed, but freely distributable.  It was
+	written by Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley, Russell Lang, Dave
+	Kotz, John Campbell, Gershon Elber, Alexander Woo and many
+	others.  Despite its name, gnuplot is not related to the {GNU}
+	project or the {FSF} in any but the most peripheral sense.  It
+	was designed completely independently and is not covered by
+	the {General Public License}.  However, the {FSF} has decided
+	to distribute gnuplot as part of the {GNU} system, because it
+	is useful, redistributable software.
+
+	Gnuplot is available for: {Unix} ({X11} and {NEXTSTEP}),
+	{VAX}/{VMS}, {OS/2}, {MS-DOS}, {Amiga}, {MS-Windows},
+	{OS-9}/68k, {Atari ST} and {Macintosh}.
+
+	E-mail: <info-gnuplot@dartmouth.edu>.
+
+	{FAQ} - {Germany
+	(http://fg70.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~ig25/gnuplot-faq/)}, {UK
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/news-info/comp.graphics.gnuplot)},
+	{USA
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/graphics/gnuplot-faq/faq.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.graphics.gnuplot}.
+
+	(1995-05-04)
+
+GNU Privacy Guard
+
+	<tool, cryptography} (GPG) {GNU}'s encryption and digital
+	signature tool intended to be a free replacement for {PGP}.
+
+	(2003-04-12)
+
+GNU Problem Report Management System
+
+	<programming> (GNATS) {GNU}'s {bug tracking system}.  Users
+	who experience problems use electronic mail, web-based or
+	other clients communicating with the GNATS network daemon
+	running at the support site, or direct database submissions to
+	communicate these problems to maintainers at that Support
+	Site.
+
+	{(http://gnu.org/software/gnats)}.
+
+	(2002-06-12)
+
+GNU public licence
+
+	<legal> Properly known as the {General Public License}.
+	Improperly known as the {General Public Virus}.
+
+	(1995-05-04)
+
+GNUS
+
+	<tool, networking> GNU news.
+
+	A {GNU} {Emacs} subsystem for reading and sending {Usenet}
+	{news}, written by Masanobu Umeda <umerin@mse.kyutech.ac.jp>.
+	You can use GNUS to browse through news groups, look at
+	summaries of articles in a specific group, and read articles
+	of interest.  You can respond to authors or write articles or
+	replies to all the readers of a news group.
+
+	GNUS can be configured to use the {NNTP} {protocol} to get
+	news from a remove {server} or it can read it from local news
+	{spool} files.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgorup: {news:gnu.emacs.gnus}.
+
+	(1995-05-04)
+
+GNU sed
+
+	<tool, text> A {GNU} version of the standard {Unix} {Sed}
+	stream editor.  GNU sed was written by Tom Lord
+	<lord+@andrew.cmu.edu>.  Version 2.03.
+
+	FTP from your nearest {GNU archive site}.
+
+	E-mail: <bug-gnu-utils@gnu.org> (bugs).
+
+	(1993-08-09)
+
+GNU Smalltalk
+
+	<language> A {GNU} version of {Smalltalk}, by Steven Byrne
+	<sbb@eng.sun.com>.
+
+	Version 1.1.1,
+
+	{FTP} from your nearest {GNU archive site}.
+
+	{msgGUI} is a {graphical user interface} library for GNU
+	Smalltalk.
+
+	(1991-09-15)
+
+GNUStep
+
+	<operating system> A {GNU} implementation of {OpenStep}.  Work
+	has started on an implementation using an existing library
+	written in {Objective-C}.  Much work remains to be done to
+	bring this library close to the OpenStep specifications.  Adam
+	Fedor is head of the project.
+
+	{(http://gnustep.org/)}.
+
+	[Current status?  Newsgroup?]
+
+	(1999-11-25)
+
+GNU superoptimiser
+
+	(GSO) A function sequence generator that uses an exhaustive
+	generate-and-test approach to find the shortest instruction
+	sequence for a given function.  Written by Torbjorn Granlund
+	<tege@gnu.ai.mit.edu> and Tom Wood.  You have to tell the
+	superoptimiser which function and which {CPU} you want to get
+	code for.  This is useful for compiler writers.
+
+	FTP superopt-2.2.tar.Z from a {GNU archive site}.
+
+	Generates code for {DEC} {Alpha}, {SPARC}, {Intel 80386},
+	{88000}, {RS/6000}, {68000}, {29000} and {Pyramid} (SP, AP and
+	XP).
+
+	(1993-02-16)
+
+Go
+
+	<games, application> A thinking game with an oriental origin
+	estimated to be around 4000 years old.  Nowadays, the game is
+	played by millions of people in (most notably) China, Japan,
+	Korea and Taiwan.  In the Western world the game is practised
+	by a yearly increasing number of players.  On the {Internet}
+	Go players meet, play and talk 24 hours/day on the {Internet
+	Go Server} (IGS).
+
+	{(http://cwi.nl/~jansteen/go/go.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:rec.games.go}.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+goal
+
+	<programming> In {logic programming}, a {predicate} applied to
+	its {arguments} which the system attempts to prove by matching
+	it against the {clauses} of the program.  A goal may fail or
+	it may succeed in one or more ways.
+
+	(1997-07-14)
+
+goal seek
+
+	{what-if analysis}
+
+Go Back N
+
+	<networking> A {data link layer} {protocol}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2010-01-19)
+
+gobble
+
+	<jargon>
+
+	1. To consume, usually used with "up".  "The output spy
+	gobbles characters out of a {tty} output buffer."
+
+	2. To obtain, usually used with "down".  "I guess I'll gobble
+	down a copy of the documentation tomorrow."
+
+	See also {snarf}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2010-01-19)
+
+GObject Introspection
+
+	<programming> A {GNOME} project that defines a {syntax} for
+	{introspection annotation} {pragmas} to be used in the
+	{GObject library} {source code}.  Rather than actual
+	{introspection}, these are intended to allow automatic
+	generation of {bindings} ({API}s) to expose the library to
+	higher-level languages.  The sort of information provided is
+	the type and direction (in, out, inout) of function parameters
+	and the responsibility for freeing memory used by data
+	structures.
+
+	{GObject Introspection Home
+	(http://live.gnome.org/GObjectIntrospection/)}.
+
+	(2010-01-19)
+
+Godwin's Law
+
+	<usenet, humour> "As a {Usenet} discussion grows longer, the
+	probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler
+	approaches one."  There is a tradition in many groups that,
+	once this occurs, that {thread} is over, and whoever mentioned
+	the Nazis has automatically lost whatever argument was in
+	progress.  Godwin's Law thus practically guarantees the
+	existence of an {upper bound} on thread length in those
+	groups.  However there is also a widely recognised codicil
+	that any intentional triggering of Godwin's Law in order to
+	invoke its thread-ending effects will be unsuccessful.
+
+	[{Jargon}].
+
+	(2003-10-06)
+
+Godzillagram
+
+	<networking> /god-zil'*-gram/ (From Japan's national hero and
+	{datagram}) 1. A {network packet} that in theory is a
+	{broadcast} to every machine in the universe.  The typical
+	case is an {IP} {datagram} whose destination IP address is
+	[255.255.255.255].  Fortunately, few {gateways} are foolish
+	enough to attempt to implement this case!
+
+	2. A network packet of maximum size.  An {IP} Godzillagram has
+	65,536 {octets}.  Compare {super source quench}.
+
+	(2003-10-07)
+
+Goedel
+
+	<language> (After the mathematician {Kurt Gödel}) A
+	{declarative}, general-purpose language for {artificial
+	intelligence} based on {logic programming}.  It can be
+	regarded as a successor to {Prolog}.  The {type system} is
+	based on {many-sorted logic} with {parametric polymorphism}.
+	Modularity is supported, as well as {infinite precision
+	arithmetic} and {finite sets}.
+
+	Goedel has a rich collection of system {modules} and provides
+	{constraint} solving in several domains.  It also offers
+	{metalogical} facilities that provide significant support for
+	{metaprograms} that do analysis, transformation, compilation,
+	verification, and debugging.
+
+	A significant subset of Goedel has been implemented on top of
+	{SISCtus Prolog} by Jiwei Wang <jiwei@lapu.bristol.ac.uk>.
+
+	{FTP Bristol, UK (ftp://ftp.cs.bris.ac.uk/goedel)}, {FTP K U
+	Leuven (ftp://ftp.cs.kuleuven.ac.be/pub/logic-prgm/goedel)}.
+
+	E-mail: <goedel@compsci.bristol.ac.uk>.
+
+	(1995-05-02)
+
+go-faster stripes
+
+	<jargon> {chrome}.  Mainstream in some parts of UK.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-07-05)
+
+Gofer
+
+	<language> A {lazy} {functional language} designed by Mark
+	Jones <mpj@cs.nott.ac.uk> at the {Programming Research Group},
+	Oxford, UK in 1991.  It is very similar to {Haskell} 1.2.  It
+	has {lazy evaluation}, {higher order functions}, {pattern
+	matching}, and {type class}es, lambda, case, conditional and
+	let expressions, and wild card, "as" and {irrefutable
+	patterns}.  It lacks {modules}, {arrays} and standard
+	{classes}.
+
+	Gofer comes with an {interpreter} (in C), a {compiler} which
+	compiles to {C}, documentation and examples.  Unix Version
+	2.30 (1994-06-10) Mac_Gofer version 0.16 beta.  Ported to
+	{Sun}, {Acorn} {Archimedes}, {IBM PC}, {Macintosh}, {Atari},
+	{Amiga}.
+
+	Version 2.30 added support for contexts in datatype and member
+	function definitions, Haskell style {arrays}, an external
+	function calling mechanism for gofc, an experimental
+	implementation of Launchbury/Peyton Jones style lazy
+	functional state threads, an experimental implementation of
+	"do" notation for {monad comprehensions}.
+
+	Latest version: {HUGS}.
+
+	["Introduction to Gofer 2.20", M.P. Jones.]
+
+	[The implementation of the Gofer functional programming
+	system, Mark P. Jones, Research Report YALEU/DCS/RR-1030, Yale
+	University, Department of Computer Science, May 1994.  FTP:
+	nebula.cs.yale.edu/pub/yale-fp/reports].
+
+	{(http://cs.nott.ac.uk/Department/Staff/mpj/)}.
+
+	{FTP Yale (ftp://nebula.cs.yale.edu/)}, {FTP Glasgow
+	(ftp://ftp.dcs.glasgow.ac.uk/)}, {FTP Chalmers
+	(ftp://ftp.cs.chalmers.se/pub/haskell/gofer/)}.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+Goffin
+
+	<language> A {definitional constraint language} for
+	{declarative} parallel programming.  Goffin systematically
+	integrates {equational constraints} and functions within a
+	uniform framework of {concurrent} programming.
+
+	Goffin is an embedding of a functional language kernel
+	({Haskell}) into a layer of constraint logic, which allows
+	{logical variables} inside functional expressions.  In order
+	to preserve {referential transparency}, functional {reduction}
+	suspends until logical variables become bound.
+
+	Logical variables are bound by equational constraints, which
+	impose relations over expressions.  Hence, constraints are the
+	means to structure the concurrent reduction of functional
+	expressions.
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+go flatline
+
+	[{Cyberpunk} SF, refers to flattening of EEG traces upon
+	brain-death] also "flatlined". 1. To {die}, terminate, or
+	fail, especially irreversibly.  In hacker parlance, this is
+	used of machines only, human death being considered somewhat
+	too serious a matter to employ jargon-jokes about.
+
+	2. To go completely quiescent; said of machines undergoing
+	controlled shutdown.  "You can suffer file damage if you shut
+	down Unix but power off before the system has gone flatline."
+
+	3. Of a video tube, to fail by losing vertical scan, so all
+	one sees is a bright horizontal line bisecting the screen.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+GO-GO
+
+	{ALPS}
+
+go gold
+
+	<testing> The point in the life of a software product where it
+	is declared ready to release for sale.  This may be because it
+	has reached sufficiently high quality (freedom from {bugs},
+	etc.), or because it is financially expedient.
+
+	(2004-08-02)
+
+GOL
+
+	General Operating Language.  Subsystem of {DOCUS}.  [Sammet
+	1969, p.678].
+
+golden
+
+	[Probabaly from folklore's "golden egg"] When used to describe
+	a magnetic medium (e.g. "golden disk", "golden tape"),
+	describes one containing a tested, up-to-spec, ready-to-ship
+	software version.  Compare {platinum-iridium}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+golf ball printer
+
+	{IBM 2741}
+
+GOM
+
+	Good Old MAD.
+
+	Don Boettner, U Mich.  MAD for the IBM 360.  Parts of the MTS
+	{time-sharing} system were written in GOM.
+
+gonk
+
+	<jargon> /gonk/ 1. To prevaricate or to embellish the truth
+	beyond any reasonable recognition.  In German the term is
+	(mythically) "gonken"; in Spanish the verb becomes "gonkar".
+	"You're gonking me.  That story you just told me is a bunch of
+	gonk."  In German, for example, "Du gonkst mir" (You're
+	pulling my leg).
+
+	See also {gonkulator}.
+
+	2. (British) To grab some sleep at an odd time.
+
+	Compare {gronk out}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+gonkulator
+
+	/gon'kyoo-lay-tr/ (From "Hogan's Heroes", the TV series) A
+	pretentious piece of equipment that actually serves no useful
+	purpose.  Usually used to describe one's least favourite piece
+	of computer hardware.
+
+	See {gonk}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+GOOD
+
+	{Graph-Oriented Object Database}
+
+Good Thing
+
+	<convention> (From the 1930 Sellar and Yeatman parody "1066
+	And All That") Often capitalised; always pronounced as if
+	capitalised.
+
+	1. Self-evidently wonderful to anyone in a position to notice:
+	"The {Trailblazer}'s 19.2 K{baud} {PEP} mode with {on-the-fly}
+	{Lempel-Ziv compression} is a Good Thing for sites relaying
+	{netnews}".
+
+	2. Something that can't possibly have any ill side-effects and
+	may save considerable grief later: "Removing the
+	{self-modifying code} from that {shared library} would be a
+	Good Thing".
+
+	3. When said of software tools or libraries, as in "{Yacc} is
+	a Good Thing", specifically connotes that the thing has
+	drastically reduced a programmer's work load.
+
+	Opposite: {Bad Thing}, compare {big win}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-07)
+
+Google
+
+	<web> The {web} {search engine} that indexes the greatest number
+	of web pages - over two billion by December 2001 and provides a
+	free service that searches this index in less than a second.
+
+	The site's name is apparently derived from "{googol}", but
+	note the difference in spelling.
+
+	The "Google" spelling is also used in "The Hitchhikers Guide
+	to the Galaxy" by Douglas Adams, in which one of Deep
+	Thought's designers asks, "And are you not," said Fook,
+	leaning anxiously foward, "a greater analyst than the
+	Googleplex Star Thinker in the Seventh Galaxy of Light and
+	Ingenuity which can calculate the trajectory of every single
+	dust particle throughout a five-week Dangrabad Beta sand
+	blizzard?"
+
+	{(http://google.com/)}.
+
+	(2001-12-28)
+
+googol
+
+	<mathematics> The number represented in base-ten by a one with
+	a hundred zeroes after it.
+
+	According to Webster's Dictionary, the name was coined in 1938
+	by Milton Sirotta, the nine-year-old nephew of American
+	mathematician, Edward Kasner.
+
+	See also {googolplex}.
+
+	(2001-03-29)
+
+googolplex
+
+	<mathematics> The number represented in base-ten by a one with
+	a {googol} zeroes after it.
+
+	(2001-03-29)
+
+gopher
+
+	<networking, protocol> A {distributed} document retrieval
+	system which started as a {Campus Wide Information System} at
+	the {University of Minnesota}, and which was popular in the
+	early 1990s.
+
+	Gopher is defined in {RFC 1436}.  The protocol is like a
+	primitive form of {HTTP} (which came later).  Gopher lacks the
+	{MIME} features of HTTP, but expressed the equivalent of a
+	document's {MIME type} with a one-character code for the
+	"{Gopher object type}".  At time of writing (2001), all Web
+	browers should be able to access gopher servers, although few
+	gopher servers exist anymore.
+
+	{Tim Berners-Lee}, in his book "Weaving The Web" (pp.72-73),
+	related his opinion that it was not so much the protocol
+	limitations of gopher that made people abandon it in favor of
+	HTTP/{HTML}, but instead the legal missteps on the part of the
+	university where it was developed:
+
+	"It was just about this time, spring 1993, that the University
+	of Minnesota decided that it would ask for a license fee from
+	certain classes of users who wanted to use gopher.  Since the
+	gopher software being picked up so widely, the university was
+	going to charge an annual fee.  The browser, and the act of
+	browsing, would be free, and the server software would remain
+	free to nonprofit and educational institutions.  But any other
+	users, notably companies, would have to pay to use gopher
+	server software.
+
+	"This was an act of treason in the academic community and the
+	Internet community.  Even if the university never charged
+	anyone a dime, the fact that the school had announced it was
+	reserving the right to charge people for the use of the gopher
+	protocols meant it had crossed the line.  To use the
+	technology was too risky.  Industry dropped gopher like a hot
+	potato."
+
+	(2001-03-31)
+
+Gopher client
+
+	<networking> A program which runs on your local computer and
+	provides a {user interface} to the {Gopher} {protocol} and to
+	gopher servers.  {Web browsers} can act as Gopher clients and
+	simple Gopher-only clients are available for ordinary
+	terminals, the {X Window System}, {GNU Emacs}, and other
+	systems.
+
+	{(ftp://boombox.micro.umn.edu/)}.
+
+	(2001-03-31)
+
+Gopher object type
+
+	A character specifying how to display a {Gopher} document.
+	Current types are:
+
+	 0  document
+	 1  menu
+	 2  CSO phone book entity
+	 3  error
+	 4  binhex binary
+	 5  DOS binary (deprecated)
+	 6  UU  binary (deprecated)
+	 7  index search
+	 8  telnet connection
+	 9  binary
+	 +  duplicate server for previous object
+	 I  image
+	 M  MIME document
+	 T  tn3270 based telnet connection
+	 c  cal
+	 g  GIF image
+	 h  HTML
+	 s  binary
+	 u  {Usenet} newsgroup
+
+	(1999-10-14)
+
+Gopherspace
+
+	<networking> The sum of all files that can be reached using
+	{gopher}.
+
+	(2005-06-08)
+
+gorets
+
+	/gor'ets/ The unknown ur-noun, fill in your own meaning.
+	Found especially on the {Usenet} newsgroup alt.gorets, which
+	seems to be a running contest to redefine the word by
+	implication in the funniest and most peculiar way, with the
+	understanding that no definition is ever final.  [A
+	correspondent from the Former Soviet Union informs me that
+	"gorets" is Russian for "mountain dweller" - ESR] Compare
+	{frink}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+gorilla arm
+
+	The side-effect that destroyed touch-screens as a mainstream
+	input technology despite a promising start in the early 1980s.
+	It seems the designers of all those {spiffy} touch-menu
+	systems failed to notice that humans aren't designed to hold
+	their arms in front of their faces making small motions.
+	After more than a very few selections, the arm begins to feel
+	sore, cramped, and oversized - the operator looks like a
+	gorilla while using the touch screen and feels like one
+	afterward.  This is now considered a classic cautionary tale
+	to human-factors designers; "Remember the gorilla arm!" is
+	shorthand for "How is this going to fly in *real* use?".
+
+go root
+
+	[Unix] To temporarily enter {root mode} in order to perform a
+	privileged operation.  This use is deprecated in Australia,
+	where the verb "root" refers to animal sex.  See {su}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+gorp
+
+	/gorp/ (CMU, perhaps from the canonical hiker's food, Good Old
+	Raisins and Peanuts) Another {metasyntactic variable}, like
+	{foo} and {bar}.
+
+GOSIP
+
+	{Government OSI Profile}
+
+Gosling, James
+
+	{James Gosling}
+
+GOSMACS
+
+	/goz'maks/ Gosling Emacs.  The first {Emacs} implementation in
+	{C}, predating but now largely eclipsed by {GNU} {Emacs}.
+	Originally {freeware}; a commercial version is now modestly
+	popular as {UniPress Emacs}.  The author (James Gosling) went
+	on to invent {NeWS}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Gosperism
+
+	/gos'p*r-izm/ A hack, invention, or saying due to arch-hacker
+	R. William (Bill) Gosper.  This notion merits its own term
+	because there are so many of them.  Many of the entries in
+	{HAKMEM} are Gosperisms.
+
+	See also {life}.
+
+GOSPL
+
+	Graphics-Oriented Signal Processing Language.  A graphical DSP
+	language for simulation.
+
+	["Graphic Oriented Signal Processing Language - GOSPL",
+	C.D. Covington et al, Proc ICASSP-87, 1987].
+
+gotcha
+
+	<jargon, programming> A {misfeature} of a system, especially a
+	programming language or environment, that tends to breed
+	{bugs} or mistakes because it both enticingly easy to invoke
+	and completely unexpected and/or unreasonable in its outcome.
+
+	For example, a classic gotcha in {C} is the fact that
+
+		if (a=b) {code;}
+
+	is syntactically valid and sometimes even correct.  It puts
+	the value of "b" into "a" and then executes "code" if "a" is
+	non-zero.  What the programmer probably meant was
+
+		if (a==b) {code;}
+
+	which executes "code" if "a" and "b" are equal.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-17)
+
+goto
+
+	<programming> (Or "GOTO", "go to", "GO TO", "JUMP", "JMP") A
+	construct and {keyword} found in several higher-level
+	programming languages (e.g. {Fortran}, {COBOL}, {BASIC}, {C})
+	to cause an {unconditional jump} or transfer of {control} from
+	one point in a program to another.  The destination of the
+	jump is usually indicated by a {label} following the GOTO
+	keyword.
+
+	In some languages, a label is a line number, in which case
+	every statement may be labelled, in others a label is an
+	optional alphanumeric {identifier}.
+
+	Use of the GOTO instruction in {high level language}
+	programming fell into disrepute with the development and
+	general acceptance of {structured programming}, and especially
+	following the famous article "GOTO statement {considered
+	harmful}".  Since a GOTO is effectively an {assignment} to the
+	{program counter}, it is tempting to make the generalisation
+	"assignment considered harmful" and indeed, this is the basis
+	of {functional programming}.
+
+	Nearly(?) all {machine language} {instruction sets} include a
+	GOTO instruction, though in this context it is usually called
+	branch or jump or some {mnemonic} based on these.
+
+	See also {COME FROM}.
+
+	(2000-12-13)
+
+Gottlob Frege
+
+	<person, history, philosophy, mathematics, logic, theory>
+	(1848-1925) A mathematician who put mathematics on a new and
+	more solid foundation.  He purged mathematics of mistaken,
+	sloppy reasoning and the influence of {Pythagoras}.
+	Mathematics was shown to be a subdivision of {formal logic}.
+
+	[Where?]
+
+	(1997-07-14)
+
+gov
+
+	<networking> The {top-level domain} for US government bodies.
+
+	(1999-01-26)
+
+governance
+
+	{information technology governance}
+
+Government OSI Profile
+
+	<networking, standard> (GOSIP) A subset of {OSI} {standards}
+	specific to US Government procurements, designed to maximize
+	{interoperability} in areas where plain OSI standards are
+	ambiguous or allow excessive options.
+
+	(1995-12-13)
+
+go voice
+
+	<communications> When two or more parties stop communicating
+	digitally and resuming the conversation via voice
+	communication over the telephone.
+
+	Prototypically this is used (e.g., "Wanna go voice?") between
+	two modem users to denote the action of picking up the phone
+	while shutting off the modem, in order to use the same line
+	for voice communication as had was being used for data
+	transmission.
+
+	Compare: {Voice-Net}.
+
+	(1997-01-31)
+
+GP
+
+	Early system on UNIVAC I or II.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
+	1959).
+
+gp
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Guadeloupe.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+GPF
+
+	{General Protection failure}/fault
+
+GPIB
+
+	{IEEE 488}
+
+GPL
+
+	1. {General Purpose Language}.
+
+	2. ["A Sample Management Application Program in a Graphical
+	Data-driven Programming language", A.L. Davis et al, Digest of
+	Papers, Compcon Spring 81, Feb 1981, pp. 162-167].
+
+	3. {Genken Programming Language}.
+
+	4. {General Public License}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+GPM
+
+	{General Purpose Macro-generator}
+
+GPRS
+
+	{General Packet Radio Service}
+
+GPS
+
+	{Global Positioning System}
+
+GPSS
+
+	General Purpose Systems Simulator.  Geoffrey Gordon, 1960.
+	Discrete simulations.  "The Application of GPSS V to Discrete
+	System Simulation", G.  Gordon, P-H 1975.  Versions include
+	GPSS II (1963), GPSS III (1965), GPS/360 (1967), and GPSS V
+	(1970).
+
+GPV
+
+	{General Public Virus}
+
+GPX
+
+	Early system on UNIVAC II.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+gq
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Equatorial Guinea.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+gr
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Greece.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+GRAAL
+
+	("Grail") General Recursive Applicative and Algorithmic
+	Language.  FP with polyadic combinators.  "Graal: A Functional
+	Programming System with Uncurryfied Combinators and its
+	Reduction Machine", P. Bellot in ESOP 86, G. Goos ed, LNCS
+	213, Springer 1986.
+
+grabber pointer
+
+	<operating system> A {mouse pointer} {sprite} in the shape of
+	a small hand that closes when a {mouse button} is clicked,
+	indicating that the object on the screen under the pointer has
+	been selected.
+
+	(2012-07-08)
+
+Grace Hopper
+
+	<person> US Navy Rear Admiral Grace Brewster Hopper
+	(1906-12-09 to 1992-01-01), née Grace Brewster Murray.
+
+	Hopper is believed to have concieved the concept of the
+	{compiler} with the {A-0} in 1952.  She also developed the
+	first commercial {high-level language}, which eventually
+	evolved into {COBOL}.  She worked on the {Mark I} computer
+	with Howard Aiken and with {BINAC} in 1949.
+
+	She is credited with having coined the term "debug", and the
+	adage "it is always easier to ask forgiveness than it is to
+	get permission" (with various wordings), which has been the
+	guiding principle in {sysadmin} decisions ever since.
+
+	See also the entries {debug} and {bug}.
+
+	Hopper is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.  In 1994, the
+	US Navy named a new ship, the guided-missile destroyer {USS
+	Hopper (http://hopper.navy.mil/)}, after her.
+
+	(1999-06-29)
+
+GRAF
+
+	GRaphic Additions to Fortran.
+
+	{Fortran} plus graphic data types.
+
+	["GRAF: Graphic Additions to Fortran", A. Hurwitz et al, Proc
+	SJCC 30 (1967)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 674].
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+Graffiti
+
+	Handwriting recognition software for the {Newton} and {Zoomer}
+	which recognises symbols that aren't necessarily letters.
+	This gives greater speed and accuracy.  It was written by
+	{Berkeley Softworks}.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+GRAIL
+
+	Graphical Input Language.
+
+	A {flow chart} language entered on a graphics tablet.  The
+	graphical follow-on to {JOSS}.
+
+	["The GRAIL Language and Operations", T.O. Ellis et al,
+	RM-6001-ARPA, RAND, Sept 1969].
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+GRAIN
+
+	A pictorial {query language}.
+
+	["Pictorial Information Systems", S.K.  Chang et al eds,
+	Springer 1980].
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+grain
+
+	{granularity}
+
+GRAM
+
+	An extension of {BNF} used by the {SIS} compiler generator.
+
+	["SIS - Semantics Implementation System", P.D. Mosses, TR
+	DAIMI MD-30, Aarhus U, Denmark].
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+grammar
+
+	<language> A formal definition of the syntactic structure (the
+	{syntax}) of a language.
+
+	A grammar is normally represented as a set of {production
+	rules} which specify the order of constituents and their
+	sub-constituents in a {sentence} (a well-formed string in the
+	language).  Each rule has a left-hand side symbol naming a
+	syntactic category (e.g. "noun-phrase" for a {natural
+	language} grammar) and a right-hand side which is a sequence
+	of zero or more symbols.  Each symbol may be either a
+	{terminal symbol} or a non-terminal symbol.  A terminal symbol
+	corresponds to one "{lexeme}" - a part of the sentence with no
+	internal syntactic structure (e.g. an identifier or an
+	operator in a computer language).  A non-terminal symbol is
+	the left-hand side of some rule.
+
+	One rule is normally designated as the top-level rule which
+	gives the structure for a whole sentence.
+
+	A {parser} (a kind of {recogniser}) uses a grammar to parse a
+	sentence, assigning a terminal syntactic category to each
+	input token and a non-terminal category to each appropriate
+	group of tokens, up to the level of the whole sentence.
+	Parsing is usually preceded by {lexical analysis}.  The
+	opposite, generation, starts from the top-level rule and
+	chooses one alternative production wherever there is a choice.
+
+	In computing, a formal grammar, e.g. in {BNF}, can be used to
+	{parse} a linear input stream, such as the {source code} of a
+	program, into a data structure that expresses the (or a)
+	meaning of the input in a form that is easier for the computer
+	to work with.  A {compiler compiler} like {yacc} might be used
+	to convert a grammar into code for the parser of a {compiler}.
+	A grammar might also be used by a {transducer}, a {translator}
+	or a {syntax directed editor}.
+
+	See also {attribute grammar}.
+
+	(2009-02-06)
+
+grammar analysis
+
+	<language> A program written in {ABC} for answering such
+	questions as "what are the start symbols of all rules", "what
+	symbols can follow this symbol", "which rules are left
+	recursive", and so on.  Includes a grammar of {ISO Pascal}.
+
+	Version 1 by Steven Pemberton <Steven.Pemberton@cwi.nl>.
+	Ports to {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {Atari}, {Macintosh}.  FTP:
+	ftp.eu.net, ftp.nluug.net
+	programming/languages/abc/examples/grammar/.
+
+	(1993-07-05)
+
+grammatical inference
+
+	Deducing a {grammar} from given examples.  Also known as
+	"inductive inference" and recently as "computational
+	learning".
+
+Grandfather, Father, Son
+
+	<operating system> (GFS) A {backup rotation} scheme in which a
+	"grandfather" backup is performed on the first Monday of each
+	month, a "father" backup is performed on every other Monday
+	and a "son" backup is performed on every other day of the
+	week.  Grandfather tapes are kept for a year, father tapes for
+	a month and son tapes for a week.  The exact schedule (and
+	thus the number of tapes required) may vary, as may the choice
+	of {full backup} or {incremental backup}, but the idea is that
+	it should be possible to restore versions of any file of
+	different ages: e.g. yesterday's, last week's or last year's
+	version.
+
+	(2004-10-11)
+
+granularity
+
+	<jargon, parallel> The size of the units of {code} under
+	consideration in some context.  The term generally refers to
+	the level of detail at which code is considered, e.g. "You can
+	specify the granularity for this profiling tool".
+
+	The most common computing use is in {parallelism} or {concurrency}
+	where "fine grain parallelism" means individual tasks are
+	relatively small in terms of code size and execution time, "coarse
+	grain" is the opposite.  You talk about the "granularity" of the
+	parallelism.
+
+	The smaller the granularity, the greater the potential for
+	parallelism and hence speed-up but the greater the overheads
+	of synchronisation and communication.
+
+	(1997-05-08)
+
+Grapes
+
+	A {Modula}-like system description language.
+
+	E-mail: <peter@cadlab.cadlab.de>.
+
+	["GRAPES Language Description.  Syntax, Semantics and Grammar
+	of GRAPES-86", Siemens Nixdorf Inform, Berlin 1991, ISBN
+	3-8009-4112-0].
+
+Grapevine
+
+	A distributed system project.
+
+	[Who?  Where?  Why?]
+
+graph
+
+	1. <mathematics> A collection of {nodes} and {edges}.
+
+	See also {connected graph}, {degree}, {directed graph}, {Moore
+	bound}, {regular graph}, {tree}.
+
+	2. <graphics> A visual representation of algebraic equations
+	or data.
+
+	(1996-09-22)
+
+Graph Algorithm and Software Package
+
+	<library> (GASP) A {PL/I} extension for programming graph
+	{algorithms}.
+
+	["GASP - Gprah Algorithm Software Package", S. Chase, TR CS
+	Dept, U Illinois, Dec 1969].
+
+	(1998-02-27)
+
+graph coloring
+
+	{graph colouring}
+
+graph colouring
+
+	<application> A {constraint-satisfaction} problem often used
+	as a test case in research, which also turns out to be
+	equivalent to certain real-world problems (e.g. {register
+	allocation}).  Given a {connected graph} and a fixed number of
+	colours, the problem is to assign a colour to each node,
+	subject to the constraint that any two connected nodes cannot
+	be assigned the same colour.  This is an example of an
+	{NP-complete} problem.
+
+	See also {four colour map theorem}.
+
+Graphic ALGOL
+
+	<language> A extension of {ALGOL 60} for {real-time}
+	generation of shaded perspective pictures.
+
+	["An Extended ALGOL 60 for Shaded Computer Graphics",
+	B. Jones, Proc ACM Symp on Graphic Languages, Apr 1976].
+
+	(2011-03-08)
+
+Graphical Kernel System
+
+	<graphics, standard> (GKS) The widely recognised standard
+	{ANSI} X3.124 for graphical input/output.  GKS is worked on by
+	the {ISO}/{IEC} group {JTC1/SC24}.  It provides applications
+	programmers with standard methods of creating, manipulating,
+	and displaying or printing computer graphics on different
+	types of computer graphics output devices.  It provides an
+	abstraction to save programmers from dealing with the detailed
+	capabilities and interfaces of specific hardware.
+
+	GKS defines a basic two-dimensional graphics system with:
+	uniform input and output {primitives}; a uniform interface to
+	and from a {GKS metafile} for storing and transferring
+	graphics information.  It supports a wide range of graphics
+	output devices including such as {printers}, {plotters},
+	{vector graphics} devices, {storage tubes}, {refresh
+	displays}, {raster displays}, and {microfilm recorders}.
+
+	(1999-04-01)
+
+Graphical User Interface
+
+	<operating system> (GUI) The use of pictures rather than just
+	words to represent the input and output of a program.  A
+	program with a GUI runs under some {windowing system}
+	(e.g. The {X Window System}, {MacOS}, {Microsoft Windows},
+	{Acorn} {RISC OS}, {NEXTSTEP}).  The program displays certain
+	{icons}, {buttons}, {dialogue boxes}, etc. in its {windows} on
+	the screen and the user controls it mainly by moving a
+	{pointer} on the screen (typically controlled by a {mouse})
+	and selecting certain objects by pressing buttons on the mouse
+	while the pointer is pointing at them.  This contrasts with a
+	{command line interface} where communication is by exchange of
+	strings of text.
+
+	Windowing systems started with the first {real}-time graphic
+	display systems for computers, namely the {SAGE} Project
+	[Dates?] and {Ivan Sutherland}'s {Sketchpad} (1963).  {Douglas
+	Engelbart}'s {Augmentation of Human Intellect} project at
+	{SRI} in the 1960s developed the {On-Line System}, which
+	incorporated a mouse-driven cursor and multiple windows.
+	Several people from Engelbart's project went to Xerox PARC in
+	the early 1970s, most importantly his senior engineer, {Bill
+	English}.  The Xerox PARC team established the {WIMP} concept,
+	which appeared commercially in the {Xerox 8010} (Star) system
+	in 1981.
+
+	Beginning in 1980(?), led by {Jef Raskin}, the {Macintosh}
+	team at {Apple Computer} (which included former members of the
+	Xerox PARC group) continued to develop such ideas in the first
+	commercially successful product to use a GUI, the Apple
+	Macintosh, released in January 1984.  In 2001 Apple introduced
+	{Mac OS X}.
+
+	{Microsoft} modeled the first version of {Windows}, released
+	in 1985, on Mac OS.  Windows was a GUI for {MS-DOS} that had
+	been shipped with {IBM PC} and compatible computers since
+	1981.  Apple sued Microsoft over infringement of the
+	look-and-feel of the MacOS.  The court case ran for many
+	years.
+
+	[Wikipedia].
+
+	(2002-03-25)
+
+Graphic Display Interface
+
+	<hardware> (GDI) {graphics adaptor}.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+Graphic Language
+
+	For specifying graphic operations.
+
+	["A Problem Oriented Graphic Language", P.J. Schwinn, proc ACM
+	22nd Natl Conf, 1967].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 677].
+
+graphics
+
+	<graphics> Any kind of visible output including {text},
+	{images}, {movies}, {line art} and {digital photographs};
+	stored in {bitmap} or {vector graphic} form.
+
+	Most modern computers can display non-{text} data and most use
+	a {graphical user interface} (GUI) for virtually all
+	interaction with the user.  Special {hardware}, typically some
+	kind of {graphics adaptor}, is required to allow the computer
+	to display graphics (as opposed to, say, printing text on a
+	{teletype}) but since GUIs became ubiquitous this has become
+	the default form of visual output.  The most demanding
+	applications for computer graphics are those where the
+	computer actually generates moving images in {real time},
+	especially in {video games}.
+
+	There are many kinds of {software} devoted to manipulating
+	graphical data, including image editing (e.g. {Photoshop}),
+	{drawing} (e.g. {Illustrator}), user interface toolkits
+	(e.g. {X Window System}), {CAD}, {CGI}.
+
+	(2009-06-24)
+
+graphics accelerator
+
+	<graphics, hardware> {Hardware} (often an extra circuit board)
+	to perform tasks such as plotting lines and surfaces in two or
+	three dimensions, filling, shading and hidden line removal.
+
+	(1997-07-14)
+
+graphics adapter
+
+	{graphics adaptor}
+
+graphics adaptor
+
+	<hardware, graphics> (Or "graphics adapter", "graphics card",
+	"video adaptor", etc.) A circuit board fitted to a computer,
+	especially an {IBM PC}, containing the necessary {video
+	memory} and other electronics to provide a {bitmap display}.
+
+	Adaptors vary in the {resolution} (number of {pixels}) and
+	number of colours they can display, and in the {refresh rate}
+	they support.  These parameters are also limited by the
+	{monitor} to which the adaptor is connected.  A number of such
+	{display standards}, e.g. {SVGA}, have become common and
+	different {software} requires or supports different sets.
+
+	(1996-09-16)
+
+graphics card
+
+	{graphics adaptor}
+
+Graphics Interchange Format
+
+	<graphics, file format> /gif/, occasionally /jif/ (GIF, GIF
+	89A) A standard for digitised {images} compressed with the
+	{LZW} {algorithm}, defined in 1987 by {CompuServe} (CIS).
+
+	Graphics Interchange Format and GIF are service marks of
+	{CompuServe} Incorporated.  This only affects use of GIF
+	within Compuserve, and pass-through licensing for software to
+	access them, it doesn't affect anyone else's use of GIF.  It
+	followed from a 1994 legal action by {Unisys} against CIS for
+	violating Unisys's {LZW} {software patent}.  The CompuServe
+	Vice President has stated that "CompuServe is committed to
+	keeping the GIF 89A specification as an open, fully-supported,
+	non-proprietary specification for the entire on-line community
+	including the {web}".
+
+	{Filename extension}: .gif.
+
+	{File format (ftp://peipa.essex.ac.uk/ipa/info/file-formats)}.
+
+	{GIF89a specification
+	(http://asterix.seas.upenn.edu/~mayer/lzw_gif/gif89a.html)}.
+
+	See also {progressive coding}, {animated GIF}.
+
+	(2000-09-12)
+
+Graphics Interface Format
+
+	<spelling> You mean "{Graphics Interchange Format}".
+
+	(1999-10-11)
+
+Graphics Language Object System
+
+	<graphics, language> (GLOS) A language with statements for
+	describing graphics objects (line, circle, polygon, etc.),
+	written by Michael J McLean and Brian Hicks at the University
+	of Queensland, St. Lucia in 1978.  New objects are defined
+	using {procedures}.  2-D transformations are context dependent
+	and may be nested.
+
+	[M.J. McLean, "The Semantics of Computer Drafting Languages",
+	PhD thesis, University of Queensland, 1978].
+
+	[Hicks, B.W., and McLean, M.J. "A Graphic Language for
+	Describing Line Objects", Proceedings of the DECUS-Australia
+	August 1973 Symposium, Melbourne, 1973].
+
+	(2002-06-01)
+
+graphic workstation
+
+	<graphics, computer> A {workstation} specifically configured
+	for graphics works such as {image manipulation}, {bitmap
+	graphics} ("paint"), and {vector graphics} ("draw") type
+	applications.  Such work requires a powerful {CPU} and a high
+	{resolution} display.
+
+	A graphic workstation is very similar to a {CAD} workstation
+	and, given the typical specifications of personal computers
+	currently available in 1999, the distinctions are very blurred
+	and are more likely to depend on availability of specific
+	{software} than any detailed hardware requirements.
+
+	(1999-05-04)
+
+Graph-Oriented Object Database
+
+	<language, database> (GOOD) A graph manipulation language for
+	use as a {database query language}.
+
+	["A Graph-Oriented Object Database Model", M. Gyssens et al,
+	Proc ACM Symp Princs of Database Sys, Mar 1990].
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+graph plotter
+
+	{plotter}
+
+graph reduction
+
+	A technique invented by Chris Wadsworth where an expression is
+	represented as a {directed graph} (usually drawn as an
+	inverted tree).  Each node represents a function call and its
+	subtrees represent the arguments to that function.  Subtrees
+	are replaced by the expansion or value of the expression they
+	represent.  This is repeated until the tree has been reduced
+	to a value with no more function calls (a {normal form}).
+
+	In contrast to {string reduction}, graph reduction has the
+	advantage that common subexpressions are represented as
+	pointers to a single instance of the expression which is only
+	reduced once.  It is the most commonly used technique for
+	implementing {lazy evaluation}.
+
+graph rewriting system
+
+	An extension of a {term rewriting system} which uses {graph
+	reduction} on terms represented by {directed graphs} to avoid
+	duplication of work by sharing expressions.
+
+GRAPPLE
+
+	GRAPh Processing LanguagE.  1968.
+
+	["A Directed Graph Representation for Computer Simulation of
+	Belief Systems", L.G. Tesler et al, Math Biosciences 2:19-40
+	(1968)].
+
+GRAS
+
+	A {public domain} {graph-oriented database} system for
+	{software engineering} applications from {RWTH Aachen}.
+
+GRASP/Ada
+
+	Graphical Representation of Algorithms, Structures and
+	Processes.
+
+	["A Graphically Oriented Specification Language for Automatic
+	Code Generation", J.H. Cross, Auburn U, NASA CR-183212, 1989].
+
+GRASPIN
+
+	An Esprit project to develop a personal software engineering
+	environment to support the construction and verification of
+	distributed and non-sequential software systems.
+
+grault
+
+	/grawlt/ Yet another {metasyntactic variable}, invented by
+	Mike Gallaher and propagated by the {GOSMACS} documentation.
+	See {corge}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Gray
+
+	A {parser generator} written in {Forth} by Martin Anton Ertl
+	<anton@mips.complang.tuwien.ac.at>.  Gray takes grammars in an
+	{extended BNF} and produces executable Forth code for
+	{recursive descent parsers}.  There is no special support for
+	error handling.  Version 3 runs under {Tile Forth} Release 2
+	by Mikael Patel.
+
+	(1992-05-22)
+
+graybar land
+
+	<jargon> The place you go while you're staring at a computer
+	that's processing something very slowly (while you watch the
+	grey bar creep across the screen).
+
+	"I was in graybar land for hours, waiting for that CAD
+	rendering".
+
+	(1997-04-17)
+
+Gray code
+
+	<hardware> A {binary} sequence with the property that only one
+	{bit} changes between any two consecutive elements (the two
+	codes have a {Hamming distance} of one).
+
+	The Gray code originated when {digital logic} circuits were
+	built from {vacuum tubes} and electromechanical {relays}.
+	Counters generated tremendous power demands and noise spikes
+	when many bits changed at once.  E.g. when incrementing a
+	register containing 11111111, the {back-EMF} from the relays'
+	collapsing magnetic fields required copious noise suppression.
+	Using Gray code counters, any increment or decrement changed
+	only one bit, regardless of the size of the number.
+
+	Gray code can also be used to convert the angular position of
+	a disk to digital form.  A radial line of sensors reads the
+	code off the surface of the disk and if the disk is half-way
+	between two positions each sensor might read its bit from both
+	positions at once but since only one bit differs between the
+	two, the value read is guaranteed to be one of the two valid
+	values rather than some third (invalid) combination (a
+	{glitch}).
+
+	One possible {algorithm} for generating a Gray code sequence
+	is to toggle the lowest numbered bit that results in a new
+	code each time.  Here is a four bit Gray code sequence
+	generated in this way:
+
+		0 0 0 0
+		0 0 0 1
+		0 0 1 1
+		0 0 1 0
+		0 1 1 0
+		0 1 1 1
+		0 1 0 1
+		0 1 0 0
+		1 1 0 0
+		1 1 0 1
+		1 1 1 1
+		1 1 1 0
+		1 0 1 0
+		1 0 1 1
+		1 0 0 1
+		1 0 0 0
+
+	The codes were patented in 1953 by Frank Gray, a {Bell Labs}
+	researcher.
+
+	{(http://nist.gov/dads/HTML/graycode.html)}.
+
+	(2002-08-29)
+
+gray-scale
+
+	<spelling> US spelling of "{grey-scale}".
+
+<gr&d>
+
+	<chat> Grinning, running and ducking.
+
+	See {emoticon}.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+GRE
+
+	{Generic Routing Encapsulation}
+
+greater than
+
+	<character> ">" {ASCII} character 62.
+
+	Common names: {ITU-T}: greater than; ket ("<" = bra); right
+	angle; right angle bracket; right broket.  Rare: into,
+	toward; write to; blow ("<" = suck); gozinta; out; zap (all
+	from {Unix} {I/O redirection}); {INTERCAL}: right angle.
+
+	See also {less than}.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+greatest common divisor
+
+	<mathematics> (GCD) A function that returns the largest
+	positive {integer} that both arguments are integer multiples
+	of.
+
+	See also {Euclid's Algorithm}.  Compare: {lowest common
+	multiple}.
+
+	(1999-11-02)
+
+greatest lower bound
+
+	<theory> (glb, meet, infimum) The greatest lower bound of two
+	elements, a and b is an element c such that c <= a and c <= b
+	and if there is any other lower bound c' then c' <= c.
+
+	The greatest lower bound of a set S is the greatest element b
+	such that for all s in S, b <= s.  The glb of mutually
+	comparable elements is their minimum but in the presence of
+	incomparable elements, if the glb exists, it will be some
+	other element less than all of them.
+
+	glb is the dual to {least upper bound}.
+
+	(In {LaTeX} "<=" is written as {\sqsubseteq}, the glb of two
+	elements a and b is written as a {\sqcap} b and the glb of set
+	S as \bigsqcap S).
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Great Renaming
+
+	<history> The {flag day} in 1986 on which all of the non-local
+	groups on the {Usenet} had their names changed from the net.-
+	format to the current multiple-hierarchies scheme.  Used
+	especially in discussing the history of newsgroup names.  "The
+	oldest sources group is comp.sources.misc; before the Great
+	Renaming, it was net.sources."
+
+	{FAQ (http://vrx.net/usenet/history/rename.html)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-07-14)
+
+Great Runes
+
+	Uppercase-only text or display messages.  Some archaic
+	{operating systems} still emit these.
+
+	See also {runes}, {smash case}, {fold case}.
+
+	Decades ago, back in the days when it was the sole supplier of
+	long-distance hardcopy transmittal devices, the Teletype
+	Corporation was faced with a major design choice.  To shorten
+	code lengths and cut complexity in the printing mechanism, it
+	had been decided that teletypes would use a monocase font,
+	either ALL UPPER or all lower.  The Question Of The Day was
+	therefore, which one to choose.  A study was conducted on
+	readability under various conditions of bad ribbon, worn print
+	hammers, etc.  Lowercase won; it is less dense and has more
+	distinctive letterforms, and is thus much easier to read both
+	under ideal conditions and when the letters are mangled or
+	partly obscured.  The results were filtered up through
+	{management}.  The chairman of Teletype killed the proposal
+	because it failed one incredibly important criterion:
+
+	  "It would be impossible to spell the name of the Deity
+	  correctly."
+
+	In this way (or so, at least, hacker folklore has it)
+	superstition triumphed over utility.  Teletypes were the major
+	input devices on most early computers, and terminal
+	manufacturers looking for corners to cut naturally followed
+	suit until well into the 1970s.  Thus, that one bad call stuck
+	us with Great Runes for thirty years.
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+Great Worm
+
+	{Internet Worm}
+
+greek
+
+	1. <text, graphics> To display text as abstract dots and lines
+	in order to give a preview of layout without actually being
+	legible.  This is faster than drawing the characters correctly
+	which may require scaling or other transformations.  Greeking
+	is particularly useful when displaying a reduced image of a
+	document where the text would be too small to be legible on
+	the display anyway.
+
+	A related technique is {lorem ipsum}.
+
+	(2006-09-18)
+
+greeking
+
+	{greek}
+
+Green
+
+	<language> A language proposed by Cii {Honeywell-Bull} to meet
+	the DoD {Ironman} requirements which led to {Ada}.  This
+	language won in 1979.
+
+	["On the GREEN Language Submitted to the DoD", E.W. Dijkstra,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 13(10):16-21 (Oct 1978)].
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+Green Book
+
+	1.  <publication> Informal name for one of the four standard
+	references on {PostScript}.  The other three official guides
+	are known as the {Blue Book}, the {Red Book}, and the {White
+	Book}.
+
+	["PostScript Language Program Design", Adobe Systems,
+	Addison-Wesley, 1988 (ISBN 0-201-14396-8)].
+
+	2. <publication> Informal name for one of the three standard
+	references on {SmallTalk}.  Also associated with blue and red
+	books.
+
+	["Smalltalk-80: Bits of History, Words of Advice", by Glenn
+	Krasner (Addison-Wesley, 1983; QA76.8.S635S58; ISBN
+	0-201-11669-3)].
+
+	3.  <publication> The "X/Open Compatibility Guide", which
+	defines an international standard {Unix} environment that is a
+	proper superset of {POSIX}/SVID.  It also includes
+	descriptions of a standard utility toolkit, systems
+	administrations features, and the like.  This grimoire is
+	taken with particular seriousness in Europe.  See {Purple
+	Book}.
+
+	4.  <publication> The {IEEE} 1003.1 {POSIX} Operating Systems
+	Interface standard has been dubbed "The Ugly Green Book".
+
+	5.  <publication> Any of the 1992 standards issued by the
+	{ITU-T}'s tenth plenary assembly.  These include, among other
+	things, the dreadful {X.400} {electronic mail} standard and
+	the Group 1 through 4 fax standards.
+
+	6. {Green Book CD-ROM}.
+
+	See also {book titles}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+Green Book CD-ROM
+
+	A standard {CD-ROM} format developed by {Philips} for {CD-i}.
+	It is {ISO 9660} compliant and uses mode 2 form 2 addressing.
+	It can only be played on drives which are XA ({Extended
+	Architecture}) compatible.
+
+	Many Green Book discs contain {CD-i} applications which can
+	only be played on a {CD-i} player but many others contain
+	films or music videos.  Video CDs in Green Book format are
+	normally labelled "Digital Video on CD"
+
+	Green Book was obsoleted by {White book CD-ROM} in March 1994.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+green bytes
+
+	<jargon> (Or "green words") {Meta-information} embedded in a
+	file, such as the length of the file or its name; as opposed
+	to keeping such information in a separate description file or
+	record.
+
+	By extension, the non-data bits in any self-describing format.
+	"A {GIF} file contains, among other things, green bytes
+	describing the packing method for the image".
+
+	At a meeting of the SHARE Systems Division, November 22, 1964,
+	in Washington, DC, George Mealy of {IBM} described the new
+	block tape format for {FORTRAN} in which unformatted binary
+	records had a Control Word.  George used green chalk to
+	describe it.  No one liked the contents of the Green Word (not
+	information, wrong location, etc.) so Conrad Weisert and
+	Channing Jackson made badges saying "Stamp out Green Words".
+	This was the first computer badge.
+
+	Compare {out-of-band}, {zigamorph}, {fence}.
+
+	{Button 251 (http://mxg.com/thebuttonman/search.asp)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+green card
+
+	[after the "IBM System/360 Reference Data" card] A summary of
+	an assembly language, even if the colour is not green.  Less
+	frequently used now because of the decrease in the use of
+	assembly language.  "I'll go get my green card so I can check
+	the {addressing mode} for that instruction."  Some green cards
+	are actually booklets.
+
+	The original green card became a yellow card when the
+	System/370 was introduced, and later a yellow booklet.  An
+	anecdote from IBM refers to a scene that took place in a
+	programmers' terminal room at Yorktown in 1978.  A luser
+	overheard one of the programmers ask another "Do you have a
+	green card?"  The other grunted and passed the first a thick
+	yellow booklet.  At this point the luser turned a delicate
+	shade of olive and rapidly left the room, never to return.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+green lightning
+
+	[IBM] 1. Apparently random flashing streaks on the face of
+	3278-9 terminals while a new symbol set is being downloaded.
+	This hardware bug was left deliberately unfixed, as some
+	genius within IBM suggested it would let the user know that
+	"something is happening".  That, it certainly does.  Later
+	microprocessor-driven IBM colour graphics displays were
+	actually *programmed* to produce green lightning!
+
+	2. [proposed] Any bug perverted into an alleged feature by
+	adroit rationalisation or marketing.  "Motorola calls the CISC
+	{cruft} in the 88000 architecture "compatibility logic", but I
+	call it green lightning".  See also {feature}.
+
+green machine
+
+	A computer or peripheral device that has been designed and
+	built to military specifications for field equipment (that is,
+	to withstand mechanical shock, extremes of temperature and
+	humidity, and so forth).  Comes from the olive-drab "uniform"
+	paint used for military equipment.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+green monitor
+
+	{Advanced Power Management}
+
+Green's Theorem
+
+	<humour> (TMRC) For any story, in any group of people there
+	will be at least one person who has not heard the story.  A
+	refinement of the theorem states that there will be *exactly*
+	one person (if there were more than one, it wouldn't be as bad
+	to re-tell the story).  The name of this theorem is a play on
+	a fundamental theorem in calculus.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+Greenwich Mean Time
+
+	<time, standard> (GMT) The local time on the Greenwich
+	meridian, based on the hypothetical mean sun (which averages
+	out the effects of the Earth's elliptical orbit and its tilted
+	axis).  GMT is the basis of the civil time for the UK.
+
+	In 1925 the reference point was changed from noon to midnight
+	and it was recommended that the term "{Universal Time}" should
+	be used for the new GMT.
+
+	Authorities disagreed on whether GMT equates with {UT0} or
+	{UT1}, however the differences between the two are of the
+	order of thousandths of a second.  GMT is no longer used for
+	scientific purposes.
+
+	(2001-08-02)
+
+green words
+
+	{green bytes}
+
+Greg Olson
+
+	<person> President and CEO of {Sendmail Inc.}.  Olson is an
+	industry veteran who worked on {distributed systems} at
+	{Summit Systems Inc.}  then at {Britton Lee Inc.}, {Sybase
+	Inc.} and {Integrated Systems Inc.}.
+
+	(1998-08-25)
+
+Gregorian calendar
+
+	<time> The system of dates used by most of the world.  The
+	Gregorian calendar was proposed by the Calabrian doctor
+	Aloysius Lilius and was decreed by, and named after, Pope
+	Gregory XIII on 1582-02-24.  It corrected the Julian calendar
+	whose years were slightly longer than the solar year.  It also
+	replaced the lunar calendar which was also out of time with
+	the seasons.  The correction was achieved by skipping several
+	days as a one-off resynchronisation and then dropping three
+	leap days every 400 hundred years.  In the revised system,
+	leap years are all years divisible by 4 but excluding those
+	divisible by 100 but including those divisible by 400.  This
+	gives a mean calendar year of 365.2425 days = 52.1775 weeks =
+	8,765.82 hours = 525,949.2 minutes = 31,556,952 seconds.
+	{leap seconds} are occasionally added to this to correct for
+	irregularities in the Earth's rotation.
+
+	(2007-01-10)
+
+grep
+
+	<tool, information science> <tool> A {Unix} command for
+	searching files for lines matching a given {regular
+	expression} (RE).  Named after the {qed}/{ed} editor
+	subcommand "g/re/p", where re stands for a regular expression,
+	to Globally search for the Regular Expression and Print the
+	lines containing matches to it.  There are two other variants,
+	fgrep which searches only for fixed strings and {egrep} which
+	accepts extended REs but is usually the fastest of the three.
+
+	Used by extension to mean "to look for something by pattern".
+	When browsing through a large set of files, one may speak of
+	"grepping around".  "Grep the bulletin board for the system
+	backup schedule, would you?"  See also {vgrep}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+grey-scale
+
+	<graphics> (US "gray-scale") 1. Composed of (discrete) shades
+	of grey.  If the {pixels} of a grey-scale {image} have N
+	{bits}, they may take values from zero, representing black up
+	to 2^N-1, representing white with intermediate values
+	representing increasingly light shades of grey.  If N=1 the
+	image is not called grey-scale but could be called
+	{monochrome}.
+
+	2. A range of acurately known shades of grey printed out for
+	use in calibrating those shades on a display or printer.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+Greystone Technologies
+
+	<company> The producers of the {GT/M} {MUMPS} compiler and
+	{GT/SQL} {pre-processor} for {VAX} and {DEC Alpha}.
+
+	[Address?]
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+GRG
+
+	A computer algebra system for differential geometry,
+	gravitation and field theory.  Version 3.1 works with
+	PSL-based REDUCE 3.3 or 3.4.
+
+	E-mail: V.V. Zhytnikov <vvzhy@phy.ncu.edu.tw>.
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+GRIB
+
+	GRid In Binary.
+
+	The World Meteorological Organization's data format.
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+grick
+
+	/grik/ ({WPI}, first used by Tim Haven to describe "grick
+	trigonometry", a shortcut method of determing attack angles in
+	grid-based games like Star Trek) Any integral increment of
+	measurement.  E.g. "Please turn the stereo up a few gricks".
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+grilf
+
+	Girl-friend.
+
+	Like {newsfroup} and {filk}, a typo incarnated as a new word.
+	Seems to have originated sometime in 1992.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+Grim File Reaper
+
+	<storage, operating system> (GFR) An {ITS} and {LISP Machine}
+	utility to remove files according to some program-automated or
+	semi-automatic manual procedure, especially one designed to
+	reclaim mass storage space or reduce name-space clutter (the
+	original GFR actually moved files to tape).
+
+	See also {prowler}, {reaper}.  Compare {GC}, which discards
+	only provably worthless stuff.
+
+	(1996-06-20)
+
+GRIND
+
+	GRaphical INterpretive Display.
+
+	A graphics input language for the {PDP-9}.
+
+	["GRIND: A Language and Translator for Computer Graphics",
+	A.P. Conn, Dartmouth, June 1969].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+grind
+
+	1. (MIT and Berkeley) To prettify hardcopy of code, especially
+	LISP code, by reindenting lines, printing keywords and
+	comments in distinct fonts (if available), etc.  This usage
+	was associated with the MacLISP community and is now rare;
+	{prettyprint} was and is the generic term for such operations.
+
+	2. (Unix) To generate the formatted version of a document from
+	the {nroff}, {troff}, {TeX}, or Scribe source.
+
+	3. To run seemingly interminably, especially (but not
+	necessarily) if performing some tedious and inherently useless
+	task.  Similar to {crunch} or {grovel}.  Grinding has a
+	connotation of using a lot of CPU time, but it is possible to
+	grind a disk, network, etc.
+
+	See also {hog}.
+
+	4. To make the whole system slow.  "Troff really grinds a
+	PDP-11."
+
+	5. "grind grind" excl. Roughly, "Isn't the machine slow
+	today!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+grind crank
+
+	A mythical accessory to a {terminal}.  A crank on the side of
+	a monitor, which when operated makes a zizzing noise and
+	causes the computer to run faster.  Usually one does not refer
+	to a grind crank out loud, but merely makes the appropriate
+	gesture and noise.  See {grind}.
+
+	Historical note: At least one real machine actually had a
+	grind crank - the R1, a research machine built toward the
+	end of the days of the great vacuum tube computers, in 1959.
+	R1 (also known as "The Rice Institute Computer" (TRIC) and
+	later as "The Rice University Computer" (TRUC)) had a
+	{single-step}/free-run switch for use when debugging programs.
+	Since single-stepping through a large program was rather
+	tedious, there was also a crank with a cam and gear
+	arrangement that repeatedly pushed the single-step button.
+	This allowed one to "crank" through a lot of code, then slow
+	down to single-step for a bit when you got near the code of
+	interest, poke at some registers using the console typewriter,
+	and then keep on cranking.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+GRIP
+
+	Graph Reduction In Parallel.
+
+	Simon Peyton Jones's GRIP machine built at {UCL}, now at the
+	{University of Glasgow}.  It has many processors ({Motorola
+	68020} or other) on {Futurebus} with intelligent memory units.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+gripenet
+
+	[IBM] A wry (and thoroughly unofficial) name for {IBM}'s
+	internal {VNET} system, deriving from its common use by IBMers
+	to voice pointed criticism of IBM management that would be
+	taboo in more formal channels.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+gritch
+
+	/grich/ 1.  A complaint (often caused by a {glitch}).
+
+	2. To complain.  Often verb-doubled: "Gritch gritch".
+
+	3. A synonym for {glitch} (as verb or noun).
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+grix
+
+	/griks/ ({WPI}) A meta-number, said to be an integer between 6
+	and 7.  Used either alone or with {flib} or suffixes such as
+	-ty, -teen, etc. to denote an arbitrary integer (see {N}).
+	"This system will {bomb} if there are grixty-flib users on
+	it."
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+groff
+
+	GNU roff.
+
+	{GNU}'s implementation of {roff} in {C++}.
+
+	See also {nroff}, {troff}.
+
+	Version 1.07 by James J. Clark <jjc@jclark.com>.
+
+	FTP groff-1.07.tar.z from a {GNU archive site}.
+
+	(1993-03-03)
+
+grok
+
+	/grok/, /grohk/ (From the novel "Stranger in a Strange Land",
+	by Robert A. Heinlein, where it is a Martian word meaning
+	literally "to drink" and metaphorically "to be one with")
+
+	1. To understand, usually in a global sense.  Connotes
+	intimate and exhaustive knowledge.
+
+	Contrast {zen}, which is similar supernal understanding
+	experienced as a single brief flash.  See also {glark}.
+
+	2. Used of programs, may connote merely sufficient
+	understanding.  "Almost all C compilers grok the "void" type
+	these days."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+gronk
+
+	/gronk/ Popularised by Johnny Hart's comic strip "B.C." but
+	the word apparently predates that.
+
+	1. To clear the state of a {wedged} device and restart it.
+	More severe than "to {frob}" (sense 2).
+
+	2. [TMRC] To cut, sever, smash, or similarly disable.
+
+	3. The sound made by many 3.5-inch diskette drives.  In
+	particular, the microfloppies on a Commodore {Amiga} go
+	"grink, gronk".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+gronked
+
+	1. Broken.  "The teletype scanner was gronked, so we took the
+	system down."
+
+	2. Of people, the condition of feeling very tired or (less
+	commonly) sick.  "I've been chasing that bug for 17 hours now
+	and I am thoroughly gronked!"  Compare {broken}, which means
+	about the same as {gronk} used of hardware, but connotes
+	depression or mental/emotional problems in people.
+
+group
+
+	A group G is a non-empty {set} upon which a {binary} operator
+	* is defined with the following properties for all a,b,c in G:
+
+	  Closure:     G is closed under *,  a*b in G
+	  Associative: * is associative on G, (a*b)*c = a*(b*c)
+	  Identity:    There is an identity element  e  such that
+		       a*e = e*a = a.
+	  Inverse:     Every element has a unique inverse a' such that
+		       a * a' = a' * a = e.  The inverse is usually
+		       written with a superscript -1.
+
+	(1998-10-03)
+
+Group 3
+
+	<protocol, compression> (G3) The {CCITT} fax {protocol} which
+	uses data {compression} and allows a variety of file types
+	(e.g. {electronic mail}, pictures, {PostScript}) to be
+	transmitted over {analogue} telephone lines.
+
+	The Group 3 protocol was published by {CCITT} in 1993.  Full
+	details of the protocol are available from {ITU-T}.
+
+	See also {Group 4}.
+
+	(1998-10-03)
+
+Group 4
+
+	<protocol, compression> (G4) The {CCITT} fax {protocol} which
+	uses data {compression} and allows a variety of file types
+	(e-mail, pictures, {PostScript}, etc.) to be transmitted over
+	digital ({ISDN}) telephone lines.
+
+	The Group 4 protocol was published by {CCITT} in 1993.  Full
+	details of the protocol are available from {ITU-T}.
+
+	See also {Group 3}.
+
+	(1998-09-10)
+
+Group Code Recording
+
+	<storage> (GCR) A recording method used for 6250 BPI {magnetic
+	tapes}.
+
+	GCR typically uses a group of five {bits} of code to represent
+	four bits of data.  The encoding ensures no more than two or
+	three zeros occur in a row, and no more than eight or so ones
+	occur in a row, where zeros represent an absense of magnetic
+	change.
+
+	GCR is also used on {Commodore Business Machines} {diskette}
+	drives; the 4040, 8050, 154x, 157x and 158x series of 5.25"
+	and 3.5" low and high density diskette drives used with 8-bit
+	home computers circa 1977 to 1992.  It was also supported on
+	{Amiga} internal and external drives but only used for reading
+	non-Amiga disks.
+
+	Compare {NRZI}, {PE}.
+
+	(2004-06-01)
+
+group identifier
+
+	<operating system> (gid) A unique number, between 0 an 32767,
+	identifying a set of {users} under {Unix}.  Gids are found in
+	the /etc/{passwd} and /etc/group databases (or their {NIS}
+	equivalents) and one is also associated with each file,
+	indicating the group to which its group {permissions} apply.
+
+	(1996-12-01)
+
+Group Separator
+
+	<character> (GS) {ASCII} character 29.
+
+	(1996-06-28)
+
+Group-Sweeping Scheduling
+
+	<storage, algorithm> (GSS) A disk scheduling strategy in which
+	requests are served in cycles, in a round-robin manner.  To
+	reduce disk arm movements ("{seek}ing"), the set of streams is
+	divided into groups that are served in fixed order.  Streams
+	within a group are served according to "{SCAN}".
+
+	If all clients are assigned to one group, GSS reduces to SCAN,
+	and if all clients are assigned to separate groups, GSS
+	effectively becomes round-robin scheduling.  The service order
+	within one group is not fixed, and a stream may in fact be
+	first in one cycle while last in the next.  This variation has
+	to be masked by extra buffering but whereas SCAN requires
+	buffer space for all streams, GSS can reuse the buffer for
+	each group and effect a trade-off between {seek optimisation}
+	and buffer requirements.
+
+	(1995-11-12)
+
+Groupware
+
+	{CSCW}
+
+Groupwise
+
+	<software, networking> A {workgroup} application suite
+	offering {electronic mail} and diary scheduling from {Novell,
+	Inc.}. It can operate on a number of {platforms}.
+
+	Groupwise was previously known as {WordPerfect Office}, and is
+	an extensible system suitable for {LAN} or {WAN} operation.
+	{Mail gateway} software is available for a number of
+	{protocols} including {SMTP}, allowing the exchange of mail
+	with the {Internet}.
+
+	(1995-09-23)
+
+grovel
+
+	1. To work interminably and without apparent progress.  Often
+	used transitively with "over" or "through".  "The file
+	scavenger has been groveling through the /usr directories for
+	10 minutes now."  Compare {grind} and {crunch}.  Emphatic
+	form: "grovel obscenely".
+
+	2. To examine minutely or in complete detail.  "The compiler
+	grovels over the entire source program before beginning to
+	translate it."  "I grovelled through all the documentation,
+	but I still couldn't find the command I wanted."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+grunge
+
+	/gruhnj/ 1. That which is grungy, or that which makes it so.
+
+	2. [Cambridge] Code which is inaccessible due to changes in
+	other parts of the program.  The preferred term in North
+	America is {dead code}.
+
+gry
+
+	<puzzle> "Angry" and "hungry" are two words that end in "gry".
+	What is the third word.  Everyone knows what it means and
+	everyone uses it every day.  Look closely and I have already
+	given you the third word.  What is it?
+
+	Answer: "what".
+
+	Variants of this puzzle have circulated widely on the Internet
+	for some years, usually in a corrupted form such as "Name
+	three common English words ending in 'gry'", which has no
+	third answer.
+
+	{(http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/gry.htm)}.
+	{(http://word-detective.com/gry.html)}.
+
+	(2007-04-04)
+
+GS
+
+	{Group Separator}
+
+gs
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for South Georgia and the
+	South Sandwich Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+GSBL
+
+	<language>
+
+	["GSBL: An Algebraic Specification Language Based on
+	Inheritance", S. Clerici et al in ECOOP '88, S. Gjessing et
+	al eds, LNCS 322, Springer 1988, pp.78-92].
+
+	(2003-06-02)
+
+GSI
+
+	{Gensym Standard Interface}
+
+GSL
+
+	Grenoble System Language.  M. Berthaud, IBM, Grenoble.  "GSL
+	Language Reference Manual", M. Berthaud et al, March 1973.  "A
+	MOL-Based Software Construction System", M. Berthaud et al, in
+	Machine Oriented Higher Level Languages, W. van der Poel, N-H
+	1974, pp.151-157.
+
+GSM
+
+	{Global System for Mobile Communications}
+
+GSPL
+
+	<language> {Greenberg's System Programming Language}.
+
+	Bernard Greenberg.
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+GSS
+
+	<storage> {Group-Sweeping Scheduling}.
+
+	(1995-11-12)
+
+GSS-API
+
+	{Generic Security Service Application Programming Interface}
+
+gt
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Guatemala.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+gtg
+
+	<chat> Got to go.  The user is about to stop chatting.
+
+	(1999-06-07)
+
+GTK+
+
+	<graphics, interface, library, open source> ("The {GIMP}
+	ToolKit", or incorrectly "{Gnu} ToolKit" or "Generic ToolKit")
+	A {multi-platform} toolkit for creating {graphical user
+	interfaces}.  Offering a complete set of {widgets}, GTK+ is
+	suitable for projects ranging from small one-off projects to
+	complete application suites.
+
+	GTK+ consists of the three parts; {GLib}, providing basic data
+	structures, {event handling}, {threads}, etc., {Pango}, for
+	{layout} and {rendering} of text, and {ATK}, providing
+	interfaces for {accessibility}.
+
+	{GTK+ Home (http://gtk.org/)}.
+
+	(2003-12-03)
+
+GTL
+
+	{Gunning Transceiver Logic}
+
+GT/SQL
+
+	<tool> An {SQL} {pre-processor} from {Greystone Technologies}
+	which combines {MUMPS} code with {SQL} code and generates code
+	that can work with a {database} from both the MUMPS and SQL
+	perspectives.  This is often done when a database is to be
+	made available in a {client/server} environment, where the
+	MUMPS database serves one or more SQL {clients}.
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+gu
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Guam.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+guaranteed scheduling
+
+	<algorithm> A scheduling {algorithm} used in {multitasking}
+	{operating systems} that guarantees fairness by monitoring the
+	amount of {CPU time} spent by each user and allocating
+	resources accordingly.
+
+	[How does it allocate resources?]
+
+	(1998-04-26)
+
+guard
+
+	<programming> 1. In {functional programming}, a {Boolean}
+	expression attached to a function definition specifying when
+	(for what arguments) that definition is appropriate.
+
+	2. In (parallel) {logic programming}, a Boolean expression
+	which is used to select a {clause} from several alternative
+	matching clauses.
+
+	See {Guarded Horn Clauses}.
+
+	3. In {parallel} languages, a {Boolean} expression which
+	specifies when an message may be sent or received.
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+Guarded Horn Clauses
+
+	<language> (GHC) A parallel dialect of {Prolog} by K. Ueda in
+	which each {clause} has a {guard}.  GHC is similar to
+	{Parlog}.  When several clauses match a {goal}, their guards
+	are evaluated in parallel and the first clause whose guard is
+	found to be true is used and others are rejected.  It uses
+	{committed-choice nondeterminism}.
+
+	See also {FGHC}, {KL1}.
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+gubbish
+
+	<jargon> /guhb'*sh/ (A portmanteau of "garbage" and "rubbish"
+	which may have originated with SF author Philip K. Dick)
+	Garbage; crap; nonsense.  "What is all this gubbish?"  The
+	opposite portmanteau "rubbage" is also reported.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+guest book
+
+	<web> The electronic equivalent of the physical
+	notebooks found in some small hotels, in which visitors can
+	write their names, comments and suggestions for the benefit of
+	the proprietors and future visitors or purely for posterity.
+	The electronic version is a form on a {website} into which
+	users can enter similar details for display on the site.
+
+	(2009-01-15)
+
+GUI
+
+	{Graphical User Interface}
+
+GUIDE
+
+	{Graphical User Interface} Development Environment from {Sun}.
+
+Guide
+
+	A {hypertext} system from the University of Kent (GB) and
+	{OWL} for displaying on-line documentation.
+
+Guide to Available Mathematical Software
+
+	<mathematics>
+
+	{(http://gams.nist.gov/)}.
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+guiltware
+
+	/gilt'weir/ 1. A piece of {freeware} decorated with a message
+	telling one how long and hard the author worked on it and
+	intimating that one is a no-good freeloader if one does not
+	immediately send the poor suffering martyr gobs of money.
+
+	2. {Shareware} that works.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+gun
+
+	<jargon> ({ITS}, from the ":GUN" command) To forcibly
+	terminate a program or job (computer, not career).  "Some
+	idiot left a background process running soaking up half the
+	cycles, so I gunned it."
+
+	Compare {can}.
+
+	(1995-02-27)
+
+gunch
+
+	/guhnch/ <jargon> ({TMRC}) To push, prod, or poke at a device
+	that has almost (but not quite) produced the desired result.
+	Implies a threat to {mung}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-27)
+
+Gunning Transceiver Logic
+
+	<electronics, hardware, integrated circuit, standard> (GTL) A
+	{standard} for electrical signals in {CMOS} circuits used to
+	provide higher data transfer speeds with smaller voltage
+	swings [compared with what?].
+
+	The GTL signal swings between 0.4 volts and 1.2 volts with a
+	reference voltage of about 0.8 volts.  Only a small deviation
+	of 0.4 volts (or thereabouts) from the reference voltage is
+	required to switch between on and off states.  Therefore, a
+	GTL signal is said to be a low voltage swing logic signal.
+
+	Gunning Transceiver Logic has several advantages.  The
+	{resistive termination} of a GTL signal provides a clean
+	signalling environment [what?].  Moreover, the low terminating
+	voltage of 1.2 volts results in reduced voltage drops across
+	the resistive elements.  GTL has low power dissipation and can
+	operate at high frequency and causes less {electromagnetic
+	interference} (EMI).
+
+	{GTL/BTL: A Low-Swing Solution for High-Speed Digital Logic
+	(http://edtn.com/scribe/reference/appnotes/md003ecc.htm)}.
+
+	(2000-01-16)
+
+gunzip
+
+	<tool, compression> The decompression utility corresponding to
+	{gzip}.  In operating systems with links, gunzip is just a
+	link to gzip and its function can be invoked by passing a "-d"
+	flag to gzip.
+
+	(1996-01-03)
+
+Gupta Corporation
+
+	<company> The vendor of {SQLWindows}.
+
+	Gupta Corporation provides application development and
+	deployment software for {client-server} {applications},
+	consisting of a {relational database}, application development
+	tools and transparent connectivity software.
+
+	Gupta employs 400 people in 15 offices worldwide, including
+	the United States, Europe and Asia.  Gupta's 1993 fiscal year
+	income was $5.6 million and their revenue was $56.1 million.
+	Gupta sells client-server system components for networks of
+	{personal computers}.
+
+	{(http://wji.com/gupta/htmls/homepage.html)}.
+
+	Address: 1060 Marsh Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (415) 321 9500.  Fax: +1 (415) 321 5471.
+
+	(1997-04-28)
+
+gurfle
+
+	<exclamation> /ger'fl/ An expression of shocked disbelief.
+	"He said we have to recode this thing in {Fortran} by next
+	week.  Gurfle!"
+
+	Compare {weeble}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-01)
+
+guru
+
+	<job> An expert, especially in "{Unix} guru".  Implies not
+	only {wizard} skill but also a history of being a knowledge
+	resource for others.  Less often, used (with a qualifier) for
+	other experts on other systems, as in "VMS guru".
+
+	See {source of all good bits}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-01)
+
+guru meditation
+
+	<operating system, exception> The {Amiga} equivalent of
+	{Unix}'s {panic} (sometimes just called a "guru" or "guru
+	event").  When the system crashes, a cryptic message of the
+	form "GURU MEDITATION #XXXXXXXX.YYYYYYYY" may appear,
+	indicating what the problem was.  An Amiga guru can figure
+	things out from the numbers.
+
+	In the earliest days of the Amiga, there was a device called a
+	"Joyboard" which was basically a plastic board built onto a
+	joystick-like device; it was sold with a skiing game cartridge
+	for the Atari game machine.  It is said that whenever the
+	prototype OS crashed, the system programmer responsible would
+	concentrate on a solution while sitting cross-legged, balanced
+	on a Joyboard, resembling a meditating guru.  Sadly, the joke
+	was removed in AmigaOS 2.04.
+
+	The {Jargon File} claimed that a {guru} event had to be
+	followed by a {Vulcan nerve pinch} but, according to a
+	correspondent, a mouse click was enough to start a reboot.
+
+	(2002-06-25)
+
+Guy Lewis Steele, Jr.
+
+	<person> (GLS) A software engineer whose most notable
+	contributions to the art of computing include the design of
+	{Scheme} (in cooperation with {Gerald Sussman}) and the design
+	of the original command set of {Emacs}.  He is also known for
+	his contribution to the {Jargon File} and for being the first
+	to port {TeX} (from {WAITS} to {ITS}).  He wrote the book
+	"Common Lisp", which virtually defines the language.
+
+	He was working at {Sun Microsystems, Inc.} from 1996 to the
+	present (June 2001).
+
+	(2001-06-14)
+
+Guy Steele
+
+	{Guy Lewis Steele, Jr.}
+
+GVL
+
+	Graphical View Language.  A visual language for specifying
+	interactive graphical output by T.C.N. Graham & J.R. Cordy,
+	Queen's University, Canada.
+
+	["GVL: A Graphical, Functional Language for the Specification
+	of Output in Programming Languages", J.R. Cordy &
+	T.C.N. Graham, Proc IEEE Intl Conf on Comp Lang ICCL'90 (March
+	1990)].
+
+gw
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Guinea-Bissau.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+GW-Ada
+
+	A new version of {Ada/Ed}?
+
+	{MS-DOS version
+	(ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/compiler/adaed/gwu/9309/dos)},
+	{Macintosh version
+	(ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/compilers/adaed/gwu/mac)}.
+
+	(1993-09-01)
+
+GW-BASIC
+
+	<language> An early version of {MS-BASIC}.
+
+	(1995-05-12)
+
+gweep
+
+	/gweep/ To {hack}, usually at night, or one who does so.  At
+	{WPI}, from 1977 onward, gweeps could often be found at the
+	College Computing Center punching cards or crashing the
+	{PDP-10} or, later, the {DEC-20}.  The term has survived the
+	demise of those technologies, however, and is still alive in
+	late 1991.  "I'm going to go gweep for a while.  See you in
+	the morning."  "I gweep from 8 PM till 3 AM during the week."
+
+	"Gweep" originated as an onomatopeiac term, evoking the sound
+	of the (once-ubiquitous) {Hazeltine 9000} terminals' bell on
+	WPI campus.
+
+	A gweep is one step above a {fweep}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+GWHIS
+
+	<web> A commercial version of {NCSA} {Mosaic} for
+	{MS Windows} 3.x and {Windows for Workgroups}.  GWHIS was
+	released by {Quadralay} Corporation on 30 September 1994.
+
+	GWHIS Viewer for {Microsoft Windows} differs from {NCSA}
+	{Mosaic} for {Microsoft Windows} in several ways including:
+
+	A {hotlist} similiar to the {X Window System} version.  Edit
+	Annotation and Delete Annotation work.  All Buttons and Menu
+	Items are "greyed out" while files are being retreived and
+	processed.  This prevents the user from queing up requests to
+	the {TCP/IP} stack which causes many crashes.  {Look and Feel}
+	are similiar to the X version.  On-line help is complete.
+	Functional Setup program.  Greater overall stability.
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+GWM
+
+	Generic Window Manager.  An extensible window manager for the
+	{X Window System}.  It is built on top of an {interpreter} for
+	the {WOOL} language.
+
+	{(ftp://export.lcs.mit.edu/contrib/gwm)},
+	{(ftp://avahi.inria.fr/contrib/gwm)}.
+
+gy
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Guyana.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Gypsy
+
+	Specification and verification of {concurrent} systems
+	software.  {Message} passing using named {mailbox}es.
+	Separately compilable units: routine (procedure, function, or
+	process), type and constant definition, each with a list of
+	access rights.
+
+	["Report on the Language Gypsy", A.L.  Ambler et al, UT Austin
+	ICSCS-CMP-1976-08-1].
+
+gz
+
+	{gzip}
+
+gzip
+
+	<tool, compression> {GNU} compression utility.  Gzip reduces
+	the size of the named files using {Lempel-Ziv} {LZ77
+	compression}.  Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one
+	with the {filename extension} ".gz".  Compressed files can be
+	restored to their original form using gzip -d or gunzip or
+	zcat.
+
+	The Unix "{compress}" utility is patented (by two separate
+	patents, in fact) and is thus shunned by the GNU Project since
+	it is not {free software}.  They have therefore chosen gzip,
+	which is free of any known {software patents} and which tends
+	to compress better anyway.  All compressed files in the {GNU}
+	{anonymous FTP} area (gnu.org/pub/gnu) are in gzip
+	format and their names end in ".gz" (as opposed to
+	"compress"-compressed files, which end in ".Z").
+
+	Gzip can uncompress "compress"-compressed files and "pack"
+	files (which end in ".z").  The decompression algorithms are
+	not patented, only compression is.
+
+	The gzip program is available from any {GNU archive site} in
+	{shar}, {tar}, or gzipped tar format (for those who already
+	have a prior version of gzip and want faster data
+	transmission).  It works on virtually every {Unix} system,
+	{MS-DOS}, {OS/2} and {VMS}.
+
+h
+
+	1. A simple {markup} language intended for quick conversion of
+	existing text to {hypertext}.
+
+	2. A method of marking common words to call attention to the
+	fact that they are being used in a nonstandard, ironic, or
+	humorous way.  Originated in the fannish catchphrase "Bheer
+	is the One True Ghod!" from decades ago.  H-infix marking of
+	"Ghod" and other words spread into the 1960s counterculture
+	via underground comix, and into early hackerdom either from
+	the counterculture or from SF fandom (the three overlapped
+	heavily at the time).  More recently, the h infix has become
+	an expected feature of benchmark names (Dhrystone, Rhealstone,
+	etc.); this follows on from the original Whetstone (the name
+	of a laboratory) but may have been influenced by the
+	fannish/counterculture h infix.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+H.261
+
+	<networking, standard> A {video compression} {standard}
+	developed by {ITU-T} before 1992 to work with {integrated
+	service digital network}.  Data is compressed at the rate of
+	64P kilobits per second, where P can range from 1 to 30
+	depending on the number of ISDN channels used.  This standard
+	was developed primarily to support {video phones} and {video
+	conferencing}.
+
+	See also {ivs}.
+
+	{(http://crs4.it/~luigi/MPEG/mpeggloss-h.html#H.261)}.
+
+	[Date?  Details?]
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+H.264
+
+	<video, standard> (Or Advanced Video Coding, AVC) A low {bit
+	rate} visual communication {standard} used in {video
+	conferencing}.  H.264 was developed by {MPEG} and {ITU-T}
+	{VCEG} to replace {H.263}.
+
+	{Video and image compression resources and research
+	(http://www.vcodex.fsnet.co.uk/h264.html)}.
+
+	(2007-03-16)
+
+H.323
+
+	<communications, standard> The {ITU-T standard} for sending
+	{voice} ({audio}) and {video} using {IP} on a {LAN} without
+	{QoS}.
+
+	H.323 includes {Q.931} for call setup, {H.225} for call
+	signalling, {H.245} for exchanging terminal capabilities,
+	{RTP}/{RTCP} for packet streaming, {G.711}/{G.712} for
+	{CODECs}, and several other {protcols}, many of which need to
+	be negotiated to setup a simple voice call.
+
+	The complexity of H.323 has lead to the {IETF} proposing the
+	simpler alternatives {SIP} and {MGCP}/{Megaco}.
+
+	(2003-11-30)
+
+Habitat
+
+	<networking, graphics> The original term for on-line graphical
+	{virtual communities} or worlds.  Created at Lucasfilm in 1985
+	by Randy Farmer and Chip Morningstar.
+
+	{(http://communities.com/habitat.html)}.
+
+	(1996-06-12)
+
+hack
+
+	<jargon> 1. Originally, a quick job that produces what is
+	needed, but not well.
+
+	2.  An incredibly good, and perhaps very time-consuming, piece
+	of work that produces exactly what is needed.
+
+	3. To bear emotionally or physically.  "I can't hack this
+	heat!"
+
+	4. To work on something (typically a program).  In an
+	immediate sense: "What are you doing?"  "I'm hacking TECO."
+	In a general (time-extended) sense: "What do you do around
+	here?"  "I hack TECO."  More generally, "I hack "foo"" is
+	roughly equivalent to ""foo" is my major interest (or
+	project)".  "I hack solid-state physics."  See {Hacking X for
+	Y}.
+
+	5. To pull a prank on.  See {hacker}.
+
+	6. To interact with a computer in a playful and exploratory
+	rather than goal-directed way.  "Whatcha up to?"  "Oh, just
+	hacking."
+
+	7.  Short for {hacker}.
+
+	8. See {nethack}.
+
+	9. (MIT) To explore the basements, roof ledges, and steam
+	tunnels of a large, institutional building, to the dismay of
+	Physical Plant workers and (since this is usually performed at
+	educational institutions) the Campus Police.  This activity
+	has been found to be eerily similar to playing adventure games
+	such as {Dungeons and Dragons} and {Zork}.  See also
+	{vadding}.
+
+	See also {neat hack}, {real hack}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+hackathon
+
+	<jargon> A planned {hacking run} that is intended to last for
+	about a week with lots of {hackers}.  The term was used in
+	2005 by the {Apache} Foundation and the {OpenBSD} Project,
+	among others.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+hack attack
+
+	<jargon> (Possibly by analogy with "Big Mac Attack" from
+	advertisements for the McDonald's fast-food chain; the variant
+	"big hack attack" is reported) Nearly synonymous with {hacking
+	run}, though the latter more strongly implies an all-nighter.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+hacked off
+
+	<jargon> (Analogous to "pissed off") Said of {system
+	administrators} who have become annoyed, upset, or touchy
+	owing to suspicions that their sites have been or are going to
+	be victimised by {crackers}, or used for inappropriate,
+	technically illegal, or even overtly criminal activities.  For
+	example, having unreadable files in your home directory called
+	"worm", "lockpick", or "goroot" would probably be an effective
+	(as well as impressively obvious and stupid) way to get your
+	sysadmin hacked off at you.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+hacked up
+
+	<jargon, programming> Sufficiently {patched}, {kluge}d, and
+	{tweaked} that the surgical scars are beginning to crowd out
+	normal tissue (compare {critical mass}).  Not all programs
+	that are hacked become "hacked up"; if modifications are done
+	with some eye to coherence and continued maintainability, the
+	software may emerge better for the experience.
+
+	Contrast {hack up}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+hacker
+
+	<person, jargon> (Originally, someone who makes furniture with
+	an axe) 1. A person who enjoys exploring the details of
+	programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as
+	opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum
+	necessary.
+
+	2. One who programs enthusiastically (even obsessively) or who
+	enjoys programming rather than just theorizing about
+	programming.
+
+	3. A person capable of appreciating {hack value}.
+
+	4. A person who is good at programming quickly.
+
+	5. An expert at a particular program, or one who frequently
+	does work using it or on it; as in "a {Unix} hacker".
+	(Definitions 1 through 5 are correlated, and people who fit
+	them congregate.)
+
+	6. An expert or enthusiast of any kind.  One might be an
+	astronomy hacker, for example.
+
+	7. One who enjoys the intellectual challenge of creatively
+	overcoming or circumventing limitations.
+
+	8. (Deprecated) A malicious meddler who tries to discover
+	sensitive information by poking around.  Hence "password
+	hacker", "network hacker".  The correct term is {cracker}.
+
+	The term "hacker" also tends to connote membership in the
+	global community defined by the net (see {The Network} and
+	{Internet address}).  It also implies that the person
+	described is seen to subscribe to some version of the {hacker
+	ethic}.
+
+	It is better to be described as a hacker by others than to
+	describe oneself that way.  Hackers consider themselves
+	something of an elite (a meritocracy based on ability), though
+	one to which new members are gladly welcome.  Thus while it is
+	gratifying to be called a hacker, false claimants to the title
+	are quickly labelled as "bogus" or a "{wannabee}".
+
+	9. (University of Maryland, rare) A programmer who does not
+	understand proper programming techniques and principles and
+	doesn't have a Computer Science degree.  Someone who just
+	bangs on the keyboard until something happens.  For example,
+	"This program is nothing but {spaghetti code}.  It must have
+	been written by a hacker".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+hacker ethic
+
+	<philosophy> 1. The belief that information-sharing is a
+	powerful positive good, and that it is an ethical duty of
+	hackers to share their expertise by writing free software and
+	facilitating access to information and to computing resources
+	wherever possible.
+
+	2. The belief that system-cracking for fun and exploration is
+	ethically OK as long as the cracker commits no theft,
+	vandalism, or breach of confidentiality.
+
+	Both of these normative ethical principles are widely, but by
+	no means universally, accepted among hackers. Most hackers
+	subscribe to the hacker ethic in sense 1, and many act on it
+	by writing and giving away free software.  A few go further
+	and assert that *all* information should be free and *any*
+	proprietary control of it is bad; this is the philosophy
+	behind the {GNU} project.
+
+	Sense 2 is more controversial: some people consider the act of
+	cracking itself to be unethical, like breaking and entering.
+	But the belief that "ethical" cracking excludes destruction at
+	least moderates the behaviour of people who see themselves as
+	"benign" crackers (see also {samurai}).  On this view, it may
+	be one of the highest forms of hackerly courtesy to (a) break
+	into a system, and then (b) explain to the sysop, preferably
+	by e-mail from a {superuser} account, exactly how it was done
+	and how the hole can be plugged - acting as an unpaid (and
+	unsolicited) {tiger team}.
+
+	The most reliable manifestation of either version of the
+	hacker ethic is that almost all hackers are actively willing
+	to share technical tricks, software, and (where possible)
+	computing resources with other hackers.  Huge cooperative
+	networks such as {Usenet}, {FidoNet} and Internet (see
+	{Internet address}) can function without central control
+	because of this trait; they both rely on and reinforce a sense
+	of community that may be hackerdom's most valuable intangible
+	asset.
+
+	(1995-12-18)
+
+hacker humour
+
+	A distinctive style of shared intellectual humour found among
+	hackers, having the following marked characteristics:
+
+	1. Fascination with form-vs.-content jokes, paradoxes, and
+	humour having to do with confusion of metalevels (see {meta}).
+	One way to make a hacker laugh: hold a red index card in front
+	of him/her with "GREEN" written on it, or vice-versa (note,
+	however, that this is funny only the first time).
+
+	2. Elaborate deadpan parodies of large intellectual
+	constructs, such as specifications (see {write-only memory}),
+	standards documents, language descriptions (see {INTERCAL}),
+	and even entire scientific theories (see {quantum
+	bogodynamics}, {computron}).
+
+	3. Jokes that involve screwily precise reasoning from bizarre,
+	ludicrous, or just grossly counter-intuitive premises.
+
+	4. Fascination with puns and wordplay.
+
+	5. A fondness for apparently mindless humour with subversive
+	currents of intelligence in it - for example, old Warner
+	Brothers and Rocky & Bullwinkle cartoons, the Marx brothers,
+	the early B-52s, and Monty Python's Flying Circus.  Humour
+	that combines this trait with elements of high camp and
+	slapstick is especially favoured.
+
+	6. References to the symbol-object antinomies and associated
+	ideas in Zen Buddhism and (less often) Taoism.  See {has the X
+	nature}, {Discordianism}, {zen}, {ha ha only serious}, {AI
+	koan}.
+
+	See also {filk} and {retrocomputing}.  If you have an itchy
+	feeling that all 6 of these traits are really aspects of one
+	thing that is incredibly difficult to talk about exactly, you
+	are (a) correct and (b) responding like a hacker.  These
+	traits are also recognizable (though in a less marked form)
+	throughout {science-fiction fandom}.
+
+	(1995-12-18)
+
+hacking run
+
+	<jargon> (Analogy with "bombing run" or "speed run") A hack
+	session extended long outside normal working times, especially
+	one longer than 12 hours.  May cause you to "change {phase}
+	the hard way".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+Hacking X for Y
+
+	[ITS] Ritual phrasing of part of the information which ITS
+	made publicly available about each user.  This information
+	(the INQUIR record) was a sort of form in which the user could
+	fill out various fields.  On display, two of these fields were
+	always combined into a project description of the form
+	"Hacking X for Y" (e.g. ""Hacking perceptrons for Minsky"").
+	This form of description became traditional and has since been
+	carried over to other systems with more general facilities for
+	self-advertisement (such as Unix {plan files}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Hackintosh
+
+	1. <jargon, computer> An {Apple Lisa} that has been hacked
+	into emulating a {Macintosh} (also called a "Mac XL").
+
+	2. <jargon, computer> A {Macintosh} assembled from parts
+	theoretically belonging to different models in the line.
+
+	(1995-03-08)
+
+hackish
+
+	<jargon> /hak'ish/ 1. Said of something that is or involves a
+	{hack}.
+
+	2. Of or pertaining to {hackers} or the hacker subculture.
+
+	See also {true-hacker}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-08)
+
+hackishness
+
+	<jargon> The quality of being or involving a {hack}.  This
+	term is considered mildly silly.
+
+	Synonym {hackitude}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-08)
+
+hackitude
+
+	<jargon> An even sillier word for {hackishness}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-08)
+
+hack mode
+
+	<jargon> Engaged in {hack}ing.  A Zen-like state of total
+	focus on The Problem that may be achieved when one is hacking
+	(this is why every good hacker is part mystic).  Ability to
+	enter such concentration at will correlates strongly with
+	wizardliness; it is one of the most important skills learned
+	during {larval stage}.  Sometimes amplified as "deep hack
+	mode".
+
+	Being yanked out of hack mode (see {priority interrupt}) may
+	be experienced as a physical shock, and the sensation of being
+	in hack mode is more than a little habituating.  The intensity
+	of this experience is probably by itself sufficient
+	explanation for the existence of hackers, and explains why
+	many resist being promoted out of positions where they can
+	code.  See also {cyberspace}.
+
+	Some aspects of hackish etiquette will appear quite odd to an
+	observer unaware of the high value placed on hack mode.  For
+	example, if someone appears at your door, it is perfectly okay
+	to hold up a hand (without turning one's eyes away from the
+	screen) to avoid being interrupted.  One may read, type, and
+	interact with the computer for quite some time before further
+	acknowledging the other's presence (of course, he or she is
+	reciprocally free to leave without a word).  The understanding
+	is that you might be in {hack mode} with a lot of delicate
+	state in your head, and you dare not {swap} that context out
+	until you have reached a good point to pause.  See also
+	{juggling eggs}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-07-31)
+
+hack on
+
+	To {hack}; implies that the subject is some pre-existing hunk
+	of code that one is evolving, as opposed to something one
+	might {hack up}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+hack together
+
+	<jargon> To throw something together so it will work.  Unlike
+	"kluge together" or "{cruft together}", this does not
+	necessarily have negative connotations.
+
+	(2003-09-02)
+
+hack up
+
+	<jargon> To {hack}, but generally implies that the result is a
+	quick hack.  Contrast this with {hack on}.  To "hack up on"
+	implies a {quick-and-dirty} modification to an existing
+	system.  Contrast {hacked up}; compare {kluge up}, {monkey
+	up}, {cruft together}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-09-02)
+
+hack value
+
+	Often adduced as the reason or motivation for expending effort
+	toward a seemingly useless goal, the point being that the
+	accomplished goal is a hack.  For example, MacLISP had
+	features for reading and printing Roman numerals, which were
+	installed purely for hack value.  See {display hack} for one
+	method of computing hack value, but this cannot really be
+	explained, only experienced.  As Louis Armstrong once said
+	when asked to explain jazz: "Man, if you gotta ask you'll
+	never know."  (Feminists please note Fats Waller's explanation
+	of rhythm: "Lady, if you got to ask you ain't got it.")
+
+ha ha only serious
+
+	(SF fandom, originally as mutation of HHOK, "Ha Ha Only
+	Kidding") A phrase (often seen abbreviated as HHOS) that aptly
+	captures the flavour of much hacker discourse.  Applied
+	especially to parodies, absurdities, and ironic jokes that are
+	both intended and perceived to contain a possibly disquieting
+	amount of truth, or truths that are constructed on in-joke and
+	self-parody.
+
+	The {Jargon File} contains many examples of ha-ha-only-serious
+	in both form and content.  Indeed, the entirety of hacker
+	culture is often perceived as ha-ha-only-serious by hackers
+	themselves; to take it either too lightly or too seriously
+	marks a person as an outsider, a {wannabee}, or in {larval
+	stage}.  For further enlightenment on this subject, consult
+	any Zen master.  See also {AI koan}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+hair
+
+	[back-formation from {hairy}] The complications that make
+	something hairy.  "Decoding {TECO} commands requires a certain
+	amount of hair."  Often seen in the phrase "infinite hair",
+	which connotes extreme complexity.  Also in "hairiferous"
+	(tending to promote hair growth): "GNUMACS elisp encourages
+	{lusers} to write complex editing modes."  "Yeah, it's pretty
+	hairiferous all right." (Or just: "Hair squared!")
+
+hairy
+
+	1. Annoyingly complicated.  "{DWIM} is incredibly hairy."
+
+	2. Incomprehensible.  "{DWIM} is incredibly hairy."
+
+	3. Of people, high-powered, authoritative, rare, expert,
+	and/or incomprehensible.  Hard to explain except in context:
+	"He knows this hairy lawyer who says there's nothing to worry
+	about."  See also {hirsute}.
+
+	The adjective "long-haired" is well-attested to have been in
+	slang use among scientists and engineers during the early
+	1950s; it was equivalent to modern "hairy" and was very likely
+	ancestral to the hackish use.  In fact the noun "long-hair"
+	was at the time used to describe a hairy person.  Both senses
+	probably passed out of use when long hair was adopted as a
+	signature trait by the 1960s counterculture, leaving hackish
+	"hairy" as a sort of stunted mutant relic.
+
+	4. <topology> {hairy ball}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-03-29)
+
+hairy ball
+
+	<topology> A result in {topology} stating that a continuous
+	{vector field} on a sphere is always zero somewhere.  The name
+	comes from the fact that you can't flatten all the hair on a
+	hairy ball, like a tennis ball, there will always be a tuft
+	somewhere (where the tangential projection of the hair is
+	zero).  An immediate corollary to this theorem is that for any
+	{continuous map} f of the sphere into itself there is a point
+	x such that f(x)=x or f(x) is the {antipode} of x.  Another
+	corollary is that at any moment somewhere on the Earth there
+	is no wind.
+
+	(2002-01-07)
+
+HAKMEM
+
+	<publication> /hak'mem/ MIT AI Memo 239 (February 1972).  A
+	legendary collection of neat mathematical and programming
+	hacks contributed by many people at MIT and elsewhere.  (The
+	title of the memo really is "HAKMEM", which is a 6-letterism
+	for "hacks memo".)  Some of them are very useful techniques,
+	powerful theorems, or interesting unsolved problems, but most
+	fall into the category of mathematical and computer trivia.
+	Here is a sampling of the entries (with authors), slightly
+	paraphrased:
+
+	Item 41 (Gene Salamin): There are exactly 23,000 prime numbers
+	less than 2^18.
+
+	Item 46 (Rich Schroeppel): The most *probable* suit
+	distribution in bridge hands is 4-4-3-2, as compared to
+	4-3-3-3, which is the most *evenly* distributed.  This is
+	because the world likes to have unequal numbers: a
+	thermodynamic effect saying things will not be in the state of
+	lowest energy, but in the state of lowest disordered energy.
+
+	Item 81 (Rich Schroeppel): Count the magic squares of order 5
+	(that is, all the 5-by-5 arrangements of the numbers from 1 to
+	25 such that all rows, columns, and diagonals add up to the
+	same number).  There are about 320 million, not counting those
+	that differ only by rotation and reflection.
+
+	Item 154 (Bill Gosper): The myth that any given programming
+	language is machine independent is easily exploded by
+	computing the sum of powers of 2.  If the result loops with
+	period = 1 with sign +, you are on a sign-magnitude machine.
+	If the result loops with period = 1 at -1, you are on a
+	twos-complement machine.  If the result loops with period
+	greater than 1, including the beginning, you are on a
+	ones-complement machine.  If the result loops with period
+	greater than 1, not including the beginning, your machine
+	isn't binary - the pattern should tell you the base.  If you
+	run out of memory, you are on a string or bignum system.  If
+	arithmetic overflow is a fatal error, some fascist pig with a
+	read-only mind is trying to enforce machine independence.  But
+	the very ability to trap overflow is machine dependent.  By
+	this strategy, consider the universe, or, more precisely,
+	algebra: Let X = the sum of many powers of 2 = ...111111 (base
+	2).  Now add X to itself: X + X = ...111110.  Thus, 2X = X -
+	1, so X = -1.  Therefore algebra is run on a machine (the
+	universe) that is two's-complement.
+
+	Item 174 (Bill Gosper and Stuart Nelson): 21963283741 is the
+	only number such that if you represent it on the {PDP-10} as
+	both an integer and a {floating-point} number, the bit
+	patterns of the two representations are identical.
+
+	Item 176 (Gosper): The "banana phenomenon" was encountered
+	when processing a character string by taking the last 3
+	letters typed out, searching for a random occurrence of that
+	sequence in the text, taking the letter following that
+	occurrence, typing it out, and iterating.  This ensures that
+	every 4-letter string output occurs in the original.  The
+	program typed BANANANANANANANA....  We note an ambiguity in
+	the phrase, "the Nth occurrence of."  In one sense, there are
+	five 00's in 0000000000; in another, there are nine.  The
+	editing program TECO finds five.  Thus it finds only the first
+	ANA in BANANA, and is thus obligated to type N next.  By
+	Murphy's Law, there is but one NAN, thus forcing A, and thus a
+	loop.  An option to find overlapped instances would be useful,
+	although it would require backing up N - 1 characters before
+	seeking the next N-character string.
+
+	Note: This last item refers to a {Dissociated Press}
+	implementation.  See also {banana problem}.
+
+	HAKMEM also contains some rather more complicated mathematical
+	and technical items, but these examples show some of its fun
+	flavour.
+
+	HAKMEM is available from MIT Publications as a {TIFF} file.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/hb/hbaker)}.
+
+	(1996-01-19)
+
+hakspek
+
+	<jargon> /hak'speek/ A shorthand method of spelling found on
+	many British academic bulletin boards and {chat} systems.
+	Syllables and whole words in a sentence are replaced by single
+	{ASCII} characters the names of which are phonetically similar
+	or equivalent, while multiple letters are usually dropped.
+	Hence, "for" becomes "4"; "two", "too", and "to" become "2";
+	"ck" becomes "k".  "Before I see you tomorrow" becomes "b4 i c
+	u 2moro".  First appeared in London about 1986, and was
+	probably caused by the slowness of available {talk} systems,
+	which operated on archaic machines with outdated {operating
+	systems} and no standard methods of communication.  Has become
+	rarer since.
+
+	See also {chat}, {B1FF}, {ASCIIbonics}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-25)
+
+HAL
+
+	1. <computer> HAL 9000, the murdering computer on the
+	spaceship in the science fiction classic "2001, A Space
+	Odyssey" by Arthur C. Clark.
+
+	"HAL" is "{IBM}" with each letter changed to the one before
+	and there is an unconfirmed rumour that 9000 is the sum of the
+	various IBM computer numbers that were in service at the time.
+	However, in the sequel "2010", Clarke emphatically denies that
+	HAL's name is supposed to be "one step ahead of IBM".  It is,
+	rather, short for "heuristic algorithm".
+
+	2. <operating system> {Hardware Abstraction Layer}.
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+half-duplex
+
+	<communications> (hdx, from {telegraphy}) 1. A type of
+	communication channel using a single circuit which can carry
+	data in either direction but not both directions at once.
+
+	Compare: {simplex}, {full-duplex}.
+
+	2. An obsolete term for {local echo}.
+
+	(2001-07-21)
+
+halftone
+
+	<graphics> The reproducion of {greyscale} {images} using dots
+	of a single shade but varying size to simulate the different
+	shades of grey.
+
+	{Laser printers} that cannot print different sized dots,
+	halftones are produced by varying the numbers of dots in a
+	given area.
+
+	This process is also used to produce a black and white version
+	of a colour original using shades of grey in place of colours.
+
+	See also {device independent bitmap}.
+
+	(1996-09-20)
+
+HALGOL
+
+	<language> A simple language from {Hewlett-Packard} for
+	communicating with devices such as {modems} and {X.25} {PADs}.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+HALMAT
+
+	Intermediate language used by {HAL/S}.
+
+Hal/S
+
+	<language> (Hal/Shuttle) A {real-time} {high-level language}
+	for flight control applications.  Hal was developed for {NASA}
+	by {Intermetrics, Inc.} in the 1970s for on-board {software}.
+	The initial version was a {Fortran} {preprocessor}, written in
+	Fortran.  In 1972, as the space shuttle project advanced, the
+	language was renamed Hal/S and made more adaptable to
+	{architecture} of different computers by using {XPL}.  In all,
+	11 different implementations, mostly based on {IBM 360}, were
+	created.  Applications also included projects by {JPL}
+	(Galileo probe, Deep Space network).
+
+	["Two-Dimensional Characteristics of HAL, A Language for
+	Spaceflight Applications", J.S. Miller, SIGPLAN Notices 7(10),
+	Oct 1972].
+
+	["Space Station Flight Software: Hal/S or Ada?", Allan
+	R. Klumpp, "Computer", March 1985].
+
+	(2002-07-13)
+
+Halt and Catch Fire
+
+	<humour, processor> (HCF) Any of several undocumented and
+	semi-mythical {machine instructions} with destructive
+	side-effects, supposedly included for test purposes on several
+	well-known architectures going as far back as the {IBM 360}.
+
+	The {Motorola 6800} {microprocessor} was the first for which an
+	HCF {opcode} became widely known.  This instruction caused the
+	processor to read every memory location sequentially until reset.
+
+	[{Gerry Wheeler, Byte, December 1977, p46, "Undocumented M6800
+	Instructions"
+	(https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1977-12)}].
+
+	(2014-09-20)
+
+halting problem
+
+	The problem of determining in advance whether a particular
+	program or {algorithm} will terminate or run forever.  The
+	halting problem is the {canonical} example of a {provably
+	unsolvable} problem.  Obviously any attempt to answer the
+	question by actually executing the algorithm or simulating
+	each step of its execution will only give an answer if the
+	algorithm under consideration does terminate, otherwise the
+	algorithm attempting to answer the question will itself run
+	forever.
+
+	Some special cases of the halting problem are partially
+	solvable given sufficient resources.  For example, if it is
+	possible to record the complete state of the execution of the
+	algorithm at each step and the current state is ever identical
+	to some previous state then the algorithm is in a loop.  This
+	might require an arbitrary amount of storage however.
+	Alternatively, if there are at most N possible different
+	states then the algorithm can run for at most N steps without
+	looping.
+
+	A program analysis called {termination analysis} attempts to
+	answer this question for limited kinds of input algorithm.
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+Hamilton
+
+	{William Hamilton}
+
+Hamiltonian cycle
+
+	{Hamiltonian problem}
+
+Hamiltonian path
+
+	{Hamiltonian problem}
+
+Hamiltonian problem
+
+	<computability> (Or "Hamilton's problem") A problem in {graph
+	theory} posed by {William Hamilton}: given a {graph}, is there
+	a path through the graph which visits each {vertex} precisely
+	once (a "Hamiltonian path")?  Is there a Hamiltonian path
+	which ends up where it started (a "Hamiltonian cycle" or
+	"Hamiltonian tour")?
+
+	Hamilton's problem is {NP-complete}.  It has numerous
+	applications, sometimes completely unexpected, in computing.
+
+	{(http://ing.unlp.edu.ar/cetad/mos/Hamilton.html)}.
+
+	(1997-07-18)
+
+Hamiltonian tour
+
+	{Hamiltonian problem}
+
+Hamilton's problem
+
+	{Hamiltonian problem}
+
+hammer
+
+	Commonwealth hackish synonym for {bang on}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Hamming code
+
+	<algorithm> Extra, redundant bits added to stored or
+	transmitted data for the purposes of {error detection and
+	correction}.
+
+	Named after the mathematician {Richard Hamming}, Hamming codes
+	greatly improve the reliability of data, e.g. from distant
+	space probes, where it is impractical, because of the long
+	transmission delay, to correct errors by requesting
+	retransmission.
+
+	[Detail?  Connection with {Hamming Distance}?]
+
+	(2002-07-02)
+
+Hamming distance
+
+	<data> The minimum number of {bits} that must be changed in
+	order to convert one {bit string} into another.
+
+	Named after the mathematician {Richard Hamming}.
+
+	[Connection with {Hamming code}?].
+
+	(2002-07-02)
+
+Hamming, Richard
+
+	{Richard Hamming}
+
+hamster
+
+	1. <programming> (From {Fairchild}) A particularly slick
+	little piece of code that does one thing well; a small,
+	self-contained hack.  The image is of a hamster {happily}
+	spinning its exercise wheel.
+
+	2. <hardware> A tailless mouse; that is, one with an infrared
+	link to a receiver on the machine, as opposed to the
+	conventional cable.
+
+	3. <product> (UK) Any item of hardware made by {Amstrad}, a
+	company famous for its cheap plastic PC-almost-compatibles.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Han character
+
+	<character> (From the Han dynasty, 206 B.C.E to 25 C.E.)  One
+	of the set of {glyphs} common to Chinese (where they are
+	called "hanzi"), Japanese (where they are called {kanji}), and
+	Korean (where they are called {hanja}).
+
+	Han characters are generally described as "ideographic", i.e.,
+	picture-writing; but see the reference below.
+
+	Modern Korean, Chinese and Japanese {fonts} may represent a
+	given Han character as somewhat different glyphs.  However, in
+	the formulation of {Unicode}, these differences were {folded},
+	in order to conserve the number of {code positions} necessary
+	for all of {CJK}.  This unification is referred to as "Han
+	Unification", with the resulting character repertoire
+	sometimes referred to as "Unihan".
+
+	{Unihan reference at the Unicode Consortium
+	(http://charts.unicode.org/unihan.html)}.
+
+	[John DeFrancis, "The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy",
+	University of Hawaii Press, 1984].
+
+	(1998-10-18)
+
+HAND
+
+	<chat> Have A Nice Day.  Often used sarcastically and in
+	connection with {HTH}, as in:
+
+	  > Where's the point of alt.stupidity?
+
+	  Between the 't' and the 's'.  HTH.  HAND.
+
+	(1998-03-06)
+
+hand cruft
+
+	<jargon> (After "hand craft") To write something {by hand}
+	that would be better done automatically, e.g. writing
+	{assembly language} instead of using a compiler (see {hand
+	hacking}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-01-19)
+
+Handel
+
+	<language> An {imperative language} with {primitives} for
+	controlling {parallel programs}.
+
+	Used by Wayne Luk for work in compilation of programs to
+	hardware ({FPGAs}).
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+hand hack
+
+	<jargon> 1. (Or "{hand cruft}") To Translate a {hot spot} of a
+	program in a {HLL} into {assembly language} {by hand}, as
+	opposed to trying to coerce the {compiler} into generating
+	better code.  Both the term and the practice are becoming
+	uncommon.
+
+	See {tune}, {bum}.
+
+	2. More generally, manual construction or patching of data
+	sets that would normally be generated by a translation utility
+	and interpreted by another program, and aren't really designed
+	to be read or modified by humans.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Hand-held Personal Computer
+
+	{palmtop}
+
+handle
+
+	1. <programming, operating system> A simple item of data that
+	identifies a resource.  For example, a {Unix} file handle
+	identifies an open file and associated data such as whether it
+	was opened for read or write and the current read/write
+	position.  On the {Macintosh}, a handle is a pointer to a
+	pointer to some dynamically-allocated memory.  The extra level
+	of indirection allows on-the-fly {memory compaction} or
+	{garbage collection} without invalidating application program
+	references to the allocated memory.
+
+	2. <jargon> An alias used intended to conceal a user's true
+	identity in an electronic message.  The term is common on
+	Citizen's Band and other amateur radio but, in that context
+	usually means the user's real name as {FCC} rules forbid
+	concealing one's identity.
+
+	Use of grandiose handles is characteristic of {crackers},
+	{weenies}, {spods}, and other lower forms of network life;
+	true hackers travel on their own reputations.
+
+	Compare {nick}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	3. <networking> {domain handle}.
+
+	(2004-07-20)
+
+handoff
+
+	{handover}
+
+handover
+
+	<communications> (HO, or "handoff") the mechanism by which an
+	on going cellular connection between a {mobile terminal} (MT,
+	typically a {mobile phone}) or {mobile host} (MH) and a
+	corresponding terminal or host is transferred from one point
+	of access of the fixed network to another.
+
+	Handover may occur because the phone is leaving its current
+	cell, to balance demand between cells, to reduce interference
+	or to transfer a user who has stopped moving to a nearby cell
+	with shorter range.
+
+	(2010-05-07)
+
+hand-roll
+
+	<jargon> (From mainstream slang "hand-rolled cigarette" in
+	opposition to "ready-made") To perform a normally automated
+	software installation or configuration process {by hand};
+	implies that the normal process failed due to bugs or was
+	defeated by something exceptional in the local environment.
+	"The worst thing about being a gateway between four different
+	nets is having to hand-roll a new sendmail configuration every
+	time any of them upgrades."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+handshake
+
+	{handshaking}
+
+handshaking
+
+	1. Predetermined hardware or software activity designed to
+	establish or maintain two machines or programs in
+	synchronisation.  Handshaking often concerns the exchange of
+	messages or {packets} of data between two systems with limited
+	{buffers}.  A simple handshaking {protocol} might only involve
+	the receiver sending a message meaning "I received your last
+	message and I am ready for you to send me another one."  A
+	more complex handshaking {protocol} might allow the sender to
+	ask the receiver if he is ready to receive or for the receiver
+	to reply with a negative acknowledgement meaning "I did not
+	receive your last message correctly, please resend it" (e.g. if
+	the data was corrupted en route).
+
+	{Hardware handshaking} uses voltage levels or pulses on wires
+	to carry the handshaking signals whereas {software
+	handshaking} uses data units (e.g. {ASCII} characters) carried
+	by some underlying communication medium.
+
+	{Flow control} in bit-serial data transmission such as
+	{EIA-232} may use either hardware or software handshaking.
+
+	2. The method used by two {modems} to establish contact with
+	each other and to agreee on {baud rate}, {error correction}
+	and {compression} {protocols}.
+
+	3. The exchange of predetermined signals between agents
+	connected by a communications channel to assure each that it
+	is connected to the other (and not to an imposter).  This may
+	also include the use of passwords and codes by an operator.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-13)
+
+handwave
+
+	[possibly from gestures characteristic of stage magicians] To
+	gloss over a complex point; to distract a listener; to support
+	a (possibly actually valid) point with blatantly faulty logic.
+
+	If someone starts a sentence with "Clearly..." or
+	"Obviously..." or "It is self-evident that...", it is a good
+	bet he is about to handwave (alternatively, use of these
+	constructions in a sarcastic tone before a paraphrase of
+	someone else's argument suggests that it is a handwave).  The
+	theory behind this term is that if you wave your hands at the
+	right moment, the listener may be sufficiently distracted to
+	not notice that what you have said is wrong.  Failing that, if
+	a listener does object, you might try to dismiss the objection
+	with a wave of your hand.
+
+	The use of this word is often accompanied by gestures: both
+	hands up, palms forward, swinging the hands in a vertical
+	plane pivoting at the elbows and/or shoulders (depending on
+	the magnitude of the handwave); alternatively, holding the
+	forearms in one position while rotating the hands at the wrist
+	to make them flutter.  In context, the gestures alone can
+	suffice as a remark; if a speaker makes an outrageously
+	unsupported assumption, you might simply wave your hands in
+	this way, as an accusation, far more eloquent than words could
+	express, that his logic is faulty.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+hang
+
+	1. To wait for an event that will never occur.  "The system is
+	hanging because it can't read from the crashed drive".  See
+	{wedged}, {hung}.
+
+	2. To wait for some event to occur; to hang around until
+	something happens.  "The program displays a menu and then
+	hangs until you type a character."  Compare {block}.
+
+	3. To attach a peripheral device, especially in the
+	construction "hang off": "We're going to hang another tape
+	drive off the file server."  Implies a device attached with
+	cables, rather than something that is strictly inside the
+	machine's chassis.
+
+hanja
+
+	{Han characters}
+
+Hanoi
+
+	{Towers of Hanoi}
+
+Han Unification
+
+	{Han character}
+
+hanzi
+
+	{Han characters}
+
+happily
+
+	Of software, used to emphasise that a program is unaware of
+	some important fact about its environment, either because it
+	has been fooled into believing a lie, or because it doesn't
+	care.  The sense of "happy" here is not that of elation, but
+	rather that of blissful ignorance.  "The program continues to
+	run, happily unaware that its output is going to /dev/null."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Happy
+
+	<tool> A dyslexic acronym for "A Yacc-like Haskell Parser
+	generator".
+
+	An {LALR1 grammar} {parser generator} for {Haskell}.  Happy is
+	written in Haskell, uses a parser generated by itself, and can
+	be compiled using {ghc}, {hbc} or {gofer}.  Happy uses an
+	implementation of {monadic IO} built on top of stream IO, but
+	this should change when the {Haskell 1.3} {standard} has been
+	implemented.
+
+	Version: 0.9 (1996-02-28).
+
+	Happy is covered by the {General Public License}.
+
+	{(http://dcs.gla.ac.uk/fp/software/happy.html)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.dcs.gla.ac.uk/pub/haskell/happy/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <andy@dcs.gla.ac.uk>, <simonm@dcs.gla.ac.uk>.
+
+	(1996-03-21)
+
+haptic interface
+
+	<interface, hardware> A touch interface to a computer that
+	provides {feedback}, such as a {data glove}.
+
+	(2003-10-17)
+
+haptics
+
+	<interface> The science of applying tactile sensation to human
+	interaction with computers.
+
+	{Haptics Community (http://haptic.mech.northwestern.edu/)}.
+
+	(2003-10-17)
+
+haque
+
+	<spelling, jargon> /hak/ ({Usenet}) A variant spelling of
+	{hack}, used only for the noun form and connoting an {elegant}
+	hack.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+hard boot
+
+	<operating system> A {boot} which resets the entire {system}.
+
+	The phrase has connations of hostility toward, or frustration
+	with, the computer being booted.  For example, "I'll have to
+	hard boot this {losing} {Sun}", or "I recommend booting it
+	hard".
+
+	Hard boots are often performed with a {power cycle}.
+
+	Contrast {soft boot}.  See also {cold boot} and {reboot}
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-11-27)
+
+hard-coded
+
+	<jargon> (By analogy with "{hard-wired}") Said of a data value
+	or behaviour written directly into a program, possibly in
+	multiple places, where it cannot be easily modified.  There
+	are several alternatives, depending on how often the value is
+	likely to change.  It may be replaced with a {compile-time}
+	constant, such as a {C} "#define" {macro}, in which case a
+	change will still require recompilation; or it may be read at
+	{run time} from a {profile}, resource (see {de-rezz}), or
+	{environment variable} that a {user} can easily modify; or it
+	may be read as part of the program's input data.
+
+	To change something hard-coded requires recompilation (if
+	using a compiled language of course) but, more seriously, it
+	requires sufficient understanding of the implementation to be
+	sure that the change will not introduce inconsistency and
+	cause the program to fail.
+
+	For example, "The line terminator is hard-coded as newline;
+	who in their right mind would use anything else?"
+
+	See {magic number}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-10-18)
+
+hardcopy
+
+	<jargon> A paper printout of data displayed on a screen.
+
+	Contrast {softcopy}.
+
+	(1995-08-31)
+
+hard crash
+
+	<programming> When a program stops running completely and
+	unexpectedly, often due to external events, e.g. the {CPU}
+	overheating or an unrecoverable memory error.
+
+	See also {disk crash}.
+
+	(2009-07-01)
+
+hard disk
+
+	<storage> (In contrast to {floppy disk}) A {magnetic disk}
+	data storage device where the disks are rigid and fixed to a
+	central axle.  They are usually packaged with associated
+	read/write heads and electronics.  Most hard disks are
+	permanently connected to the drive (fixed disks) though there
+	are also {removable hard disks}.
+
+	See {magnetic disk}.
+
+	(2007-06-14)
+
+hard disk drive
+
+	<storage> (HDD) A {disk drive} used to read and write {hard
+	disks}.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+hard drive
+
+	{hard disk drive}
+
+hard link
+
+	<file system> One of several directory entries which refer to
+	the same {Unix} {file}.  A hard link is created with the "ln"
+	(link) command:
+
+		ln <old name> <new name>
+
+	where <old name> and <new name> are {pathnames} within the
+	same {file system}.  Hard links to the same file are
+	indistinguishable from each other except that they have
+	different pathnames.  They all refer to the same {inode} and
+	the inode contains all the information about a file.
+
+	The standard ln command does not usually allow you to create a
+	hard link to a directory, chiefly because the standard {rm}
+	and {rmdir} commands do not allow you to delete such a link.
+	Some systems provide link and {unlink} commands which give
+	direct access to the {system calls} of the same name, for
+	which no such restrictions apply.
+
+	Normally all hard links to a file must be in the same {file
+	system} because a directory entry just relates a pathname to
+	an inode within the same file system.  The only exception is a
+	{mount point}.
+
+	The restrictions on hard links to directories and between
+	file systems are very common but are not mandated by {POSIX}.
+	{Symbolic links} are often used instead of hard links because
+	they do not suffer from these restrictions.
+
+	The space associated with a file is not freed until all the
+	hard links to the file are deleted.  This explains why the
+	system call to delete a file is called "unlink".
+
+	{Microsoft Windows} {NTFS} supports hard links via the
+	{fsutil} command.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: ln(1).
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/windowsxp/home/using/productdoc/en/fsutil_hardlink.asp)}.
+
+	(2004-02-24)
+
+hard linking
+
+	{hard link}
+
+hard sector
+
+	<storage> An archaic {floppy disk} format employing multiple
+	synchronisation holes in the media to define the {sectors}.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+hardware
+
+	<hardware> The physical, touchable, material parts of a
+	computer or other system.  The term is used to distinguish
+	these fixed parts of a system from the more changeable
+	{software} or {data} components which it executes, stores, or
+	carries.
+
+	Typical computer hardware consists of electronic devices
+	({CPU}, {memory}, {display}) with some electromechanical parts
+	(keyboard, {printer}, {disk drives}, {tape drives},
+	loudspeakers) for input, output and storage.  Completely
+	non-electronic (mechanical, electromechanical, hydraulic,
+	biological) computers have also been conceived of and built.
+
+	See also {firmware}, {wetware}.
+
+	(1997-01-23)
+
+Hardware Abstraction Layer
+
+	<operating system> (HAL) The layer of {Microsoft} {Windows NT}
+	where they have isolated their {assembly language} code.
+
+	(1995-04-17)
+
+hardware circular buffer
+
+	<programming, hardware> {digital signal processors} which
+	support hardware {circular buffers} automatically generate and
+	increment {pointers} for {memory} accesses which wrap to the
+	beginning of the {buffer} when its end is reached, thus saving
+	the time and instructions otherwise needed to ensure that the
+	address pointer stays within the boundary of the buffer, and
+	speeding the execution of repetitive DSP algorithms.
+
+	{Digital Signal Processor For Digital Audio Applications
+	(http://analog.com/publications/documentation/21065L_Audio_Tutorial.PDF)}.
+
+	(2000-06-17)
+
+Hardware Description Language
+
+	<language> (HDL) A kind of language used for the conceptual
+	design of {integrated circuits}.  Examples are {VHDL} and
+	{Verilog}.
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+hardware handshaking
+
+	<communications> A technique for regulating the flow of data
+	across an interface by means of signals carried on separate
+	wires.
+
+	A common example is the RTS (Request to Send) and CTS (Clear
+	to Send) signals on an {EIA-232} {serial line}.
+
+	The alternative, {software handshaking}, uses two special
+	characters inserted into the data stream to carry the same
+	information.
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+hardware register
+
+	<hardware, system administration> (Or "hardware log") A list
+	of all {hardware}, both internal and external, that is
+	attached to a particular computer.
+
+	(2006-09-07)
+
+hardwarily
+
+	/hard-weir'*-lee/ In a way pertaining to hardware.  "The
+	system is hardwarily unreliable."  The adjective "hardwary" is
+	*not* traditionally used, though it has recently been reported
+	from the U.K.
+
+	See {softwarily}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+hard-wired
+
+	1. <electronics> An aspect of an electronic circuit which is
+	determined by the wiring of the hardware, as opposed to being
+	programmable in software or controlled by a switch.
+
+	2. <software, jargon> In software, a synonym for {hard-coded}.
+
+	3. By extension, anything that is not modifiable, especially
+	in the sense of customisable to one's particular needs or
+	tastes.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-10-18)
+
+Harris Semiconductor Ltd.
+
+	<company>
+
+	Address: Riverside Way, Camberley, Surrey, CU15 3YQ, UK.
+
+	Telephone: +44 (1276) 686 886.  Fax: +44 (1276) 682 323.
+
+	(1995-11-21)
+
+Harvard architecture
+
+	<architecture> A computer {architecture} in which program
+	instructions are stored in different memory from data.  Each
+	type of memory is accessed via a separate {bus}, allowing
+	instructions and data to be fetched in parallel.
+
+	Contrast: {von Neumann architecture}.
+
+	[Why Harvard?]
+
+	(2004-01-14)
+
+Harvard Graphics
+
+	<graphics, tool> A presentation graphics product by {Software
+	Publishing Corporation} (SPC) for creating presentations,
+	speeches, slides, etc..
+
+	(1998-07-20)
+
+Harvard Mark II Machine
+
+	<computer, history> A {relay}-based computer designed and
+	built by {Howard Aiken}, with support from {IBM}, for the
+	United States Navy's Naval Proving Ground, between 1942 -
+	1947.  The Harvard Mark II was the second in a series of four
+	{electro-mechanical} computers that were forerunners of the
+	{ENIAC}.
+
+	{Harvard machines
+	(http://hoc.co.umist.ac.uk/storylines/compdev/electromechanical/harvardmarkmachines.html)}.
+
+	(2003-09-13)
+
+Harvest
+
+	<tool, networking> A highly scalable, customisable system for
+	discovering resources on the {Internet}.
+
+	Version: 1.3.
+
+	{(http://tardis.ed.ac.uk/harvest/)}.
+
+	(1999-01-16)
+
+Harvest C
+
+	A {C} compiler, assembler and linker for the {Macintosh} by
+	Eric W. Sink.  The parts of the system are integrated in a
+	single application, which manages a "project" composed by
+	several C source files and resource files (which contain
+	data).  Version 1.3.
+
+	{(ftp://archive.umich.edu/mac/development/languages/)}.
+
+	(1992-05-26)
+
+hash
+
+	1. <character> {hash character}.
+
+	2. <programming> {hash coding}.
+
+	3. The preferred term for a {Perl} {associative array}.
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+hash bucket
+
+	{hash coding}
+
+hash character
+
+	<character> "#", {ASCII} character 35.
+
+	Common names: number sign; pound; pound sign; hash; sharp;
+	{crunch}; hex; {INTERCAL}: mesh.  Rare: grid; crosshatch;
+	octothorpe; flash; {ITU-T}: square, pig-pen; tictactoe;
+	scratchmark; thud; thump; {splat}.
+
+	The pronunciation of "#" as "pound" is common in the US but a
+	bad idea; {Commonwealth Hackish} has its own, rather more
+	apposite use of "pound sign" (confusingly, on British
+	keyboards the pound graphic happens to replace "#"; thus
+	Britishers sometimes call "#" on a US-ASCII keyboard "pound",
+	compounding the American error).  The US usage derives from an
+	old-fashioned commercial practice of using a "#" suffix to tag
+	pound weights on bills of lading.  The character is usually
+	pronounced "hash" outside the US.
+
+	The name "octothorpe" was made up by a {Bell Labs} supervisor,
+	Don Macpherson.
+
+	{Octothorpe story
+	(http://sigtel.com/tel_tech_octothorpe.html)}.
+
+	(2003-07-05)
+
+hash coding
+
+	<programming, algorithm> (Or "hashing") A scheme for providing
+	rapid access to data items which are distinguished by some
+	{key}.  Each data item to be stored is associated with a key,
+	e.g. the name of a person.  A {hash function} is applied to
+	the item's key and the resulting hash value is used as an
+	index to select one of a number of "hash buckets" in a hash
+	table.  The table contains pointers to the original items.
+
+	If, when adding a new item, the hash table already has an
+	entry at the indicated location then that entry's key must be
+	compared with the given key to see if it is the same.  If two
+	items' keys hash to the same value (a "{hash collision}") then
+	some alternative location is used (e.g. the next free location
+	cyclically following the indicated one).  For best
+	performance, the table size and {hash function} must be
+	tailored to the number of entries and range of keys to be
+	used.  The hash function usually depends on the table size so
+	if the table needs to be enlarged it must usually be
+	completely rebuilt.
+
+	When you look up a name in the phone book (for example), you
+	typically hash it by extracting its first letter; the hash
+	buckets are the alphabetically ordered letter sections.
+
+	See also: {btree}, {checksum}, {CRC}, {pseudorandom number},
+	{random}, {random number}, {soundex}.
+
+	(1997-08-03)
+
+hash collision
+
+	<programming> (Or "hash clash") When two different keys hash
+	to the same value, i.e. to the same location in a {hash
+	table}.
+
+	{ESR} once asked a friend what he expected Berkeley to be
+	like.  The friend replied, "Well, I have this mental picture
+	of naked women throwing Molotov cocktails, but I think that's
+	just a collision in my hash tables."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+hash function
+
+	<programming> A {hash coding} {function} which assigns a data
+	item distinguished by some "key" into one of a number of
+	possible "hash buckets" in a hash table.  The hash function is
+	usually combined with another more precise function.
+
+	For example a program might take a string of letters and put
+	it in one of twenty six lists depending on its first letter.
+	Ideally, a hash function should distribute items evenly
+	between the buckets to reduce the number of {hash collisions}.
+	If, for example, the strings were names beginning with "Mr.",
+	"Miss" or "Mrs." then taking the first letter would be a very
+	poor hash function because all names would hash the same.
+
+	(1997-08-03)
+
+hashing
+
+	{hash coding}
+
+hash table
+
+	{hash coding}
+
+Haskell
+
+	<language> (Named after the logician {Haskell Curry}) A {lazy}
+	{purely functional} language largely derived from {Miranda}
+	but with several extensions.  Haskell was designed by a
+	committee from the {functional programming} community in April
+	1990.  It features static {polymorphic} typing, {higher-order
+	functions}, user-defined {algebraic data types}, and
+	{pattern-matching} {list comprehensions}.  Innovations include
+	a {class} system, systematic operator {overloading}, a
+	{functional I/O} system, functional {arrays}, and {separate
+	compilation}.
+
+	Haskell 1.3 added many new features, including {monadic I/O},
+	standard libraries, {constructor classes}, {labeled fields} in
+	datatypes, {strictness} {annotations}, an improved {module}
+	system, and many changes to the Prelude.
+
+	{Gofer} is a cut-down version of Haskell with some extra
+	features.
+
+	{Filename extension}: .hs, .lhs ({literate programming}).
+
+	{(http://haskell.org/)}.
+
+	["Report on the Programming Language Haskell Version 1.1",
+	Paul Hudak & P. Wadler eds, CS Depts, U Glasgow and Yale U.,
+	Aug 1991].
+
+	[Version 1.2: SIGPLAN Notices 27(5), Apr 1992].
+
+	{Haskell 1.3 Report
+	(http://haskell.cs.yale.edu/haskell-report/haskell-report.html)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <haskell-request@cs.yale.edu>.
+
+	Yale Haskell - Version 2.0.6, Haskell 1.2 built on {Common
+	Lisp}.
+
+	{(ftp://nebula.cs.yale.edu/pub/haskell/yale/)}.
+
+	Glasgow Haskell (GHC) - Version 2.04 for {DEC Alpha}/{OSF}2;
+	{HPPA1.1}/{HPUX}9,10; {SPARC}/{SunOs} 4, {Solaris} 2;
+	{MIPS}/{Irix} 5,6; {Intel 80386}/{Linux},{Solaris}
+	2,{FreeBSD},{CygWin} 32; {PowerPC}/{AIX}.  GHC generates {C}
+	or {native code}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.dcs.glasgow.ac.uk/pub/haskell/glasgow/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <glasgow-haskell-request@dcs.glasgow.ac.uk>.
+
+	Haskell-B - Haskell 1.2 implemented in {LML}, generates
+	{native code}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.chalmers.se/pub/haskell/chalmers/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <hbc@cs.chalmers.se>.
+
+	(1997-06-06)
+
+Haskell B
+
+	<language> An early version of {Haskell} by Lennart Augustsson
+	<augustss@cs.chalmers.se> from {Chalmers}.  Haskell B evolved
+	into a full-featured implementation of Haskell 1.2, with quite
+	a few extensions.
+
+	Ports exist for many {platforms} including {Sun}, {DEC},
+	{Sequent}, {IBM PC}, {Symmetry} and unsupported versions for
+	{NS32000}, {IBM RT/PC}, {Cray}, {Sun-3}, {Vax}, {ARM}, and
+	{RS/6000}.
+
+	Version 0.999.5 included a compiler, interpreter, library,
+	documentation, and examples.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.chalmers.se/pub/haskell/chalmers/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <haskell-request@cs.yale.edu>.
+
+	E-mail: <hbc@cs.chalmers.se>.
+
+	(1996-08-21)
+
+Haskell Curry
+
+	<person> Haskell Brooks Curry (1900-09-12 - 1982-09-01).  The
+	logician who re-invented and developed {combinatory logic}.
+
+	The {functional programming} language {Haskell} was named
+	after him.
+
+	{Biography
+	(http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Curry.html)}.
+
+	(1999-01-08)
+
+Haskell User's Gofer System
+
+	<language> (HUGS) An implementation of {Haskell} derived from
+	{Gofer} 2.30b with an interactive development environment much
+	like Gofer's.  Almost all of the features of Haskell 1.2 are
+	implemented with the exception of the {module} system.  Hugs
+	supports Haskell style {type class}es, a full prelude,
+	{derived instances}, defaults, {overloaded} numeric {literals}
+	and {pattern matching}, and {bignum} arithmetic.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://cs.nott.ac.uk/Department/Staff/mpj/hugs.html)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.nott.ac.uk/pub/haskell/hugs)}.
+
+	E-mail: Mark P. Jones <mpj@cs.nott.ac.uk>.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+HASL
+
+	<language> {SASL} plus {conditional unification}.
+
+	["A Prological Definition of HASL, A Purely Functional
+	Language with Unification Based Conditional Binding
+	Expressions", H. Abramson in Logic Programming: Functions,
+	Relations and Equations, D. DeGroot et al eds, P-H 1986].
+
+	(1996-08-21)
+
+HASP
+
+	{Houston Automatic Spooling Program}
+
+has the X nature
+
+	(From Zen Buddhist koans of the form "Does an X have the
+	Buddha-nature?") Common hacker construction for "is an X",
+	used for humorous emphasis.  "Anyone who can't even use a
+	program with on-screen help embedded in it truly has the
+	{loser} nature!"  See also {the X that can be Y is not the
+	true X}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+hat
+
+	A common (spoken) name for the circumflex ("^", ASCII 94)
+	character.
+
+	See {ASCII} for other synonyms.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Hayes
+
+	A {modem} manufacturer.
+
+	{(gopher://leapfrog.almac.co.uk:70/00/business/comms/hayes/corporat.txt)}.
+
+	Address: Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+Hayes-compatible
+
+	<communications> A description of a {modem} which understands
+	the same set of commands as one made by {Hayes}.
+
+	[What are the commands?]
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+Haze
+
+	<graphics> An {X Window System} {window manager} designed to
+	be light-weight and look like {MacOS}.  Haze is based on
+	{mlvwm}.  It support {virtual desktops}, configurable menu
+	bar and shaded windows.
+
+	{Haze home (http://www.escomposlinux.org/jes/description.html)}.
+
+	(2010-05-03)
+
+HBOOK
+
+	A histogramming package in the CERN program library.
+
+hc
+
+	The compiler for the {h} {hyperbook} language.
+
+HC-900
+
+	<hardware> A hybrid {controller} made by {Honeywell}.
+
+	{Honeywell
+	(http://honeywell.silverw.com/docs/51-52-03-31.pdf)}.
+
+	[Hybrid of what and what?]
+
+	(2004-03-31)
+
+HCF
+
+	1. <operating system> {Host Command Facility}.
+
+	2. <architecture> {Halt and Catch Fire}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-01-24)
+
+HCI
+
+	1. {Human-Computer Interaction}.
+
+	2. {Human-Computer Interface}.
+
+	3. {Host Control Interface}.
+
+	(2002-06-21)
+
+HCLP
+
+	Hierarchical {CLP}.
+
+	["Constraint Hierarchies and Logic Programming", A. Borning et
+	al, in Proc Sixth Intl Logic Prog Conf, June 1989,
+	pp. 149-164].
+
+HCPRVR
+
+	"HCPRVR: An Interpreter for Logic Programs", D. Chester in
+	Proc First Natl Conf on AI, Stanford, 1980.
+
+HCS
+
+	{Heterogeneous Computer System}
+
+	A {distributed system} project.
+
+	[Where?  When?  What?]
+
+	(1995-02-01)
+
+HD
+
+	{high density}
+
+HD6309
+
+	{Hitachi 6309}
+
+HDA
+
+	{Head Disk Assembly}
+
+HDC
+
+	{Disk Controller}
+
+HDD
+
+	{hard disk drive}
+
+HDF
+
+	{Hierarchical Data Format}
+
+HDFL
+
+	A {single assignment} language.
+
+	["Methods for Handling Structures in Data-Flow Systems",
+	J.L. Gaudiot, Proc 12th Intl Symp Comp Arch, June 1985].
+
+HDL
+
+	{Hardware Description Language}
+
+HDLC
+
+	{High-level Data Link Control}
+
+HDM
+
+	{Hierarchical Design Methodology}
+
+HDMI
+
+	{High-Definition Multimedia Interface}
+
+HDSL
+
+	{High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line}
+
+HDTV
+
+	{High Definition Television}
+
+hdx
+
+	{half-duplex}
+
+Head Disk Assembly
+
+	<hardware, storage> (HDA) A sealed, high capacity {mainframe}
+	{hard disk} with integral heads, as opposed to a {removable
+	disk}.
+
+	(1999-01-13)
+
+header
+
+	1. The portion of a {packet}, preceding the actual data,
+	containing source and destination addresses, error checking
+	and other fields.
+
+	2. The part of an {electronic mail} message or {news} article
+	that precedes the body of a message and contains, among other
+	things, the sender's name and e-mail address and the date and
+	time the message was sent.
+
+Head Normal Form
+
+	<theory, reduction> (HNF) A term describing a {lambda
+	expression} whose top level is either a variable, a data
+	value, a built-in function applied to too few arguments, or a
+	{lambda abstraction} whose body is not reducible.  I.e. the
+	top level is neither a {redex} nor a lambda abstraction with a
+	reducible body.
+
+	An expression in HNF may contain redexes in argument postions
+	whereas a {normal form} may not.
+
+	Compare {Weak Head Normal Form}.
+
+	(2003-01-08)
+
+head normalisation theorem
+
+	Under the typed lambda-calculus, beta/delta reduction of the
+	left-most redex (normal order reduction) is guaranteed to
+	terminate with a head normal form if one exists.  See also
+	Church-Rosser theorem.
+
+heads down
+
+	[Sun] Concentrating, usually so heavily and for so long that
+	everything outside the focus area is missed.  See also {hack
+	mode} and {larval stage}, although this mode is hardly
+	confined to fledgling hackers.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+head-strict
+
+	<theory> A head-strict function will not necessarily evaluate
+	every {cons} cell of its (list) argument, but whenever it does
+	evaluate a cons cell it will also evaluate the element in the
+	head of that cell.  An example of a head-strict function is
+
+		beforeZero :: [Int] -> [Int]
+		beforeZero []     = []
+		beforeZero (0:xs) = []
+		beforeZero (x:xs) = x : beforeZero xs
+
+	which returns a list up to the first zero.
+
+	This pattern of evaluation is important because it is common
+	in functions which operate on a list of inputs.
+
+	See also {tail-strict}, {hyperstrict}.
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+heap
+
+	1. <programming> An area of memory used for {dynamic memory
+	allocation} where blocks of memory are allocated and freed in
+	an arbitrary order and the pattern of allocation and size of
+	blocks is not known until {run time}.  Typically, a program
+	has one heap which it may use for several different purposes.
+
+	Heap is required by languages in which functions can return
+	arbitrary data structures or functions with {free variables}
+	(see {closure}).  In {C} functions {malloc} and {free} provide
+	access to the heap.
+
+	Contrast {stack}.  See also {dangling pointer}.
+
+	2. <programming> A data structure with its elements partially
+	ordered (sorted) such that finding either the minimum or the
+	maximum (but not both) of the elements is computationally
+	inexpensive (independent of the number of elements), while
+	both adding a new item and finding each subsequent
+	smallest/largest element can be done in O(log n) time, where n
+	is the number of elements.
+
+	Formally, a heap is a {binary tree} with a key in each {node},
+	such that all the {leaves} of the tree are on two adjacent
+	levels; all leaves on the lowest level occur to the left and
+	all levels, except possibly the lowest, are filled; and the
+	key in the {root} is at least as large as the keys in its
+	children (if any), and the left and right subtrees (if they
+	exist) are again heaps.
+
+	Note that the last condition assumes that the goal is finding
+	the minimum quickly.
+
+	Heaps are often implemented as one-dimensional {arrays}.
+	Still assuming that the goal is finding the minimum quickly
+	the {invariant} is
+
+	   heap[i] <= heap[2*i] and heap[i] <= heap[2*i+1] for all i,
+
+	where heap[i] denotes the i-th element, heap[1] being the
+	first.  Heaps can be used to implement {priority queues} or in
+	{sort} algorithms.
+
+	(1996-02-26)
+
+heartbeat
+
+	1. <networking> The signal emitted by a Level 2 Ethernet
+	transceiver at the end of every {packet} to show that the
+	collision-detection circuit is still connected.
+
+	2. A periodic synchronisation signal used by software or
+	hardware, such as a {bus} clock or a periodic {interrupt}.
+
+	3. The "natural" oscillation frequency of a computer's clock
+	crystal, before frequency division down to the machine's clock
+	rate.
+
+	4. A signal emitted at regular intervals by software to
+	demonstrate that it is still alive.  Sometimes hardware is
+	designed to reboot the machine if it stops hearing a
+	heartbeat.  See also {breath-of-life packet}, {watchdog}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-03-12)
+
+heatseeker
+
+	<person, jargon> (IBM) A customer who can be relied upon to
+	buy, without fail, the latest version of an existing product
+	(not quite the same as a member of the {lunatic fringe}).  A
+	1993 example of a heatseeker is someone who, owning a 286 PC
+	and Windows 3.0, goes out and buys {Windows 3.1} (which offers
+	no worthwhile benefits unless you have a 386).  If all
+	customers were heatseekers, vast amounts of money could be
+	made by just fixing the bugs in each release (n) and selling
+	it to them as release (n+1).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-03-12)
+
+heat sink
+
+	<hardware> /heet sink/ (from "sink", electronics jargon for
+	something which takes in current) A piece of thermally
+	conductive metal attached to a {semiconductor} or other
+	electronic device and designed to prevent it from overheating
+	by conducting heat away from it and radiating it to the
+	environment.  Heat sinks often have fins to increase their
+	surface area.  They occasionally have fans attached.  Heat
+	sink compound can be smeared between the device and the heat
+	sink to improve thermal conduction.
+
+	(1997-06-10)
+
+heat slug
+
+	<hardware, processor> A metal plate that helps dissipate heat
+	away from the {silicon} {core} of a {processor} to the
+	packaging or {heat-sink}.
+
+	(2000-08-26)
+
+heavy metal
+
+	{big iron}
+
+heavyweight
+
+	High-overhead; {baroque}; code-intensive; featureful, but
+	costly.  Especially used of communication protocols, language
+	designs, and any sort of implementation in which maximum
+	generality and/or ease of implementation has been pushed at
+	the expense of mundane considerations such as speed, memory
+	use and startup time.  {Emacs} is a heavyweight editor; {X} is
+	an *extremely* heavyweight window system.  This term isn't
+	pejorative, but one hacker's heavyweight is another's
+	{elephantine} and a third's monstrosity.
+
+	Opposite: "lightweight".  Usage: now borders on technical
+	especially in the compound "heavyweight process".
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+heavy wizardry
+
+	Code or designs that trade on a particularly intimate
+	knowledge or experience of a particular operating system or
+	language or complex application interface.  Distinguished from
+	{deep magic}, which trades more on arcane *theoretical*
+	knowledge.  Writing device drivers is heavy wizardry; so is
+	interfacing to {X} (sense 2) without a toolkit.  Especially
+	found in source-code comments of the form "Heavy wizardry
+	begins here".
+
+	Compare {voodoo programming}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Hebbian learning
+
+	<artificial intelligence> The most common way to train a
+	{neural network}; a kind of {unsupervised learning}; named
+	after canadian neuropsychologist, Donald O. Hebb.
+
+	The {algorithm} is based on Hebb's Postulate, which states
+	that where one cell's firing repeatedly contributes to the
+	firing of another cell, the magnitude of this contribution
+	will tend to increase gradually with time.  This means that
+	what may start as little more than a coincidental relationship
+	between the firing of two nearby neurons becomes strongly
+	causal.
+
+	Despite limitations with Hebbian learning, e.g., the inability
+	to learn certain patterns, variations such as {Signal Hebbian
+	Learning} and {Differential Hebbian Learning} are still used.
+
+	{(http://neuron-ai.tuke.sk/NCS/VOL1/P3_html/node14.html)}.
+
+	(2003-11-07)
+
+heisenbug
+
+	<jargon> /hi:'zen-buhg/ (From Heisenberg's Uncertainty
+	Principle in quantum physics) A bug that disappears or alters
+	its behaviour when one attempts to probe or isolate it.  (This
+	usage is not even particularly fanciful; the use of a debugger
+	sometimes alters a program's operating environment enough that
+	buggy code, such as that which relies on the values of
+	uninitialised memory, behaves quite differently.)
+
+	In {C}, nine out of ten heisenbugs result from uninitialised
+	{auto variables}, {fandango on core} phenomena (especially
+	corruption of the malloc {arena}) or errors that {smash the
+	stack}.
+
+	Opposite: {Bohr bug}.  See also {mandelbug}, {schroedinbug}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+Helen Keller mode
+
+	1. State of a hardware or software system that is deaf, dumb,
+	and blind, i.e. accepting no input and generating no output,
+	usually due to an infinite loop or some other excursion into
+	{deep space}.  (Unfair to the real Helen Keller, whose success
+	at learning speech was triumphant.)  See also {go flatline},
+	{catatonic}.
+
+	2. On {IBM PCs} under {MS-DOS}, refers to a specific failure
+	mode in which a screen saver has kicked in over an
+	{ill-behaved} application which bypasses the very interrupts
+	the screen saver watches for activity.  Your choices are to
+	try to get from the program's current state through a
+	successful save-and-exit without being able to see what you're
+	doing, or to {re-boot} the machine.  This isn't (strictly
+	speaking) a crash.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Helix
+
+	A {hardware description language} from {Silvar-Lisco}.
+
+hello
+
+	{hello, world}
+
+hello packet
+
+	<networking, communications> An {OSPF} {packet} sent
+	periodically on each {network interface}, real or {virtual},
+	to discover and test connections to neighbours.  Hello packets
+	are multicast on physical networks capable of {multicasting}
+	or {broadcasting} to enable dynamic {router} discovery.  They
+	include the parameters that routers connected to a common
+	network must agree on.
+
+	Hello packets increase network resilience by, e.g., allowing a
+	router to establish a secondary connection when a primary
+	connection fails.
+
+	(1999-11-02)
+
+hello, sailor!
+
+	<jargon> Occasional West Coast equivalent of {hello, world};
+	seems to have originated at SAIL, later associated with the
+	game {Zork} (which also included "hello, aviator" and "hello,
+	implementor").  Originally from the traditional hooker's
+	greeting to a swabbie fresh off the boat, of course.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-10-30)
+
+hello, world
+
+	<programming> The canonical, minimal, first program that a
+	programmer writes in a new {programming language} or {development
+	environment}.  The program just prints "hello, world" to {standard
+	output} in order to verify that the programmer can successfully
+	edit, compile and run a simple program before embarking on
+	anything more challenging.
+
+	Hello, world is the first example program in the {C} programming
+	book, {K&R}, and the tradition has spread from there to pretty
+	much every other language and many of their textbooks.
+
+	Environments that generate an unreasonably large executable
+	for this trivial test or which require a {hairy}
+	compiler-linker invocation to generate it are considered bad.
+
+	{Hello, World in over 400 programming languages
+	(http://www.roesler-ac.de/wolfram/hello.htm)}.
+
+	(2013-10-27)
+
+HELP
+
+	1. <language, robotics> {DEA}.  A Language for industrial
+	robots.
+
+	2. (Help Est un Lisp Paresseux - Help Is a Lazy Lisp).  A
+	{lazy} version of {Scheme} with strictness {annotations}, by
+	Thomas Schiex <schiex@europe.cert.fr>.
+
+Helvetica
+
+	<text> One of the most widely used {sans-serif} {typefaces},
+	developed in 1957 by Swiss typeface designer Max Miedinger with
+	Eduard Hoffmann.  Originally called Neue Haas Grotesk, it was
+	renamed Helvetica for the international market.  Helvetica is very
+	similar to the common {Arial} typeface.  The name is Latin for
+	Swiss.
+
+	{Linotype (http://www.linotype.com/526/helvetica-family.html)}.
+
+	(2013-09-19)
+
+henry
+
+	<unit> (H) The {SI} unit of inductance: one henry is the
+	inductance of a closed loop in which the induced voltage is
+	one volt if the current flowing through it changes by one
+	ampere each second, i.e., 1 H = 1 Vs/A.  Named after the
+	American physicist Joseph Henry (1797-1878).
+
+	(1997-03-16)
+
+HENSA
+
+	{Higher Education National Software Archive}
+
+HEP
+
+	High Energy (Particle) Physics.
+
+HEPDB
+
+	A {database management system} for {HEP}.
+
+HEPiX
+
+	A recently formed collaboration among various HEP institutes
+	aiming at providing "compatible" versions of the Unix
+	operating system at their sites.
+
+HEPnet
+
+	An association concerned with networking requirements for high
+	energy physicists.
+
+HEPVM
+
+	A collaboration among various HEP institutes to implement
+	"compatible" versions of IBM's VM-CMS operating system at
+	their sites.
+
+HEQS
+
+	E. Derman.  Constraint language for financial modelling.  Uses
+	an extension of the equation solver in IDEAL.  "A Simple
+	Equation Solver and Its Application to Financial Modeling",
+	E. Derman et al, Soft Prac & Exp 14(12):1169-1181 (Dec 1984).
+
+HERA
+
+	An electron-proton collider at DESY, W. Germany.
+
+HERAKLIT
+
+	<language> A distributed {object-oriented} language.
+
+	["Definition einer objektorientierten Programmiersprache mit
+	hierarchischem Typkonzept", B. Hindel, diss U
+	Erlangen-Nuernberg, Dec 1987].
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+here document
+
+	<operating system> Data included in a {Unix} {shell script} or
+	{Perl} script using the "<<" syntax.
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+Herman Hollerith
+
+	<person> The promulgator of the {punched card}.  Hollerith was
+	born on 1860-02-29 and died on 1929-11-17.  He graduated from
+	Columbia University, NewYork, NY, USA.  He joined the US
+	Census Bureau as a statistician where he used a punched card
+	device to help analyse the 1880 US census data.  This punched
+	card system stored data in 80 columns.  This "80-column"
+	concept has carried forward in various forms into modern
+	applications.
+
+	In 1896, Hollerith founded the {Tabulating Machine Company} to
+	exploit his invention and in 1924 his firm became part of
+	{IBM}.  The Hollerith system was used for the 1911 UK census.
+
+	A correspondant writes:
+
+	Wasn't Hollerith's original machine first used for the 1990 US
+	census?  And I think I am right in saying that the physical
+	layout was a 20x12 grid of round holes.  The one I have seen
+	(picture only, unfortunately, not the real thing) did not use
+	'columns' as such but holes were grouped into
+	irregularly-shaped fields, such that each hole had a
+	more-or-less independent function.
+
+	(2001-08-30)
+
+Hermes
+
+	<language> An experimental, very high level, integrated
+	language and system from the {IBM} {Watson Research Centre},
+	produced in June 1990.  It is designed for implementation of
+	large systems and distributed applications, as well as for
+	general-purpose programming.  It is an {imperative language},
+	{strongly typed} and is a {process-oriented} successor to
+	{NIL}.
+
+	Hermes hides distribution and heterogeneity from the
+	programmer.  The programmer sees a single {abstract machine}
+	containing processes that communicate using calls or sends.
+	The {compiler}, not the programmer, deals with the complexity
+	of data structure layout, local and remote communication, and
+	interaction with the {operating system}.  As a result, Hermes
+	programs are portable and easy to write.  Because the
+	programming paradigm is simple and high level, there are many
+	opportunities for optimisation which are not present in
+	languages which give the programmer more direct control over
+	the machine.
+
+	Hermes features {threads}, {relational tables}Hermes is,
+	{typestate} checking, {capability}-based access and {dynamic
+	configuration}.
+
+	Version 0.8alpha patchlevel 01 runs on {RS/6000}, {Sun-4},
+	{NeXT}, {IBM-RT}/{BSD4.3} and includes a {bytecode compiler},
+	a bytecode->C compiler and {run-time support}.
+
+	{0.7alpha for Unix
+	(ftp://software.watson.ibm.com/pub/hermes)}.
+
+	E-mail: <hermes-request@watson.ibm.com>, Andy Lowry
+	<lowry@watson.ibm.com>.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.hermes}.
+
+	["Hermes: A Language for Distributed Computing".  Strom,
+	Bacon, Goldberg, Lowry, Yellin, Yemini.  Prentice-Hall,
+	Englewood Cliffs, NJ.  1991.  ISBN: O-13-389537-8].
+
+	(1992-03-22)
+
+Hesiod
+
+	<project> The {name server} of the {Athena} project.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1997-10-27)
+
+heterogeneous
+
+	Composed of unrelated parts, different in kind.
+
+	Often used in the context of {distributed systems} that may be
+	running different {operating systems} or network {protocols}
+	(a {heterogeneous network}).
+
+	For examples see: {interoperable database}, {middleware}.
+
+	Constrast {homogeneous}.
+
+	(1999-05-06)
+
+heterogeneous network
+
+	<networking> A {network} running multiple {network layer}
+	{protocols} such as {DECnet}, {IP}, {IPX}, {XNS}.
+
+	(1997-10-27)
+
+heterogenous
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled {heterogeneous}.
+
+	(1999-06-10)
+
+heuristic
+
+	1. <programming> A rule of thumb, simplification, or educated
+	guess that reduces or limits the search for solutions in
+	domains that are difficult and poorly understood.  Unlike
+	{algorithms}, heuristics do not guarantee optimal, or even
+	{feasible}, solutions and are often used with no theoretical
+	guarantee.
+
+	2. <algorithm> {approximation algorithm}.
+
+	(2001-04-12)
+
+heuristics testing
+
+	{failure-directed testing}
+
+Hewlett-Packard
+
+	(HP) Hewlett-Packard designs, manufactures and services
+	electronic products and systems for measurement, computation
+	and communications.  The company's products and services are
+	used in industry, business, engineering, science, medicine and
+	education in approximately 110 countries.
+
+	HP was founded in 1939 and employs 96600 people, 58900 in the
+	USA.  They have manufacturing and R&D establishments in 54
+	cities in 16 countries and approximately 600 sales and service
+	offices in 110 countries.  Their revenue (in 1992/1993?) was
+	$20.3 billion.  The Chief Executive Officer is Lewis E. Platt.
+	HP's stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange and the
+	Pacific, Tokyo, London, Frankfurt, Zurich and Paris exchanges.
+
+	Quarterly sales $6053M, profits $347M (Aug 1994).
+
+	{(http://hp.com/home.html)}.
+
+	(1994-09-26)
+
+Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language
+
+	<graphics, language> (HP-GL) A {vector graphics} language used
+	by {HP} plotters.
+
+	[Details?  On-line spec?]
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus
+
+	{IEEE 488}
+
+Hewlett Packard Multi Processing Executive
+
+	<operating system> (HP-MPE) The standard {operating system} on
+	all {HP3000} {minicomputers}, in the same way that HP9000
+	computers run {HP-UX}.
+
+	Latest version: MPE/IX Version 5.5.04, as of 1998-02-17.
+
+	(1998-02-17)
+
+Hewlett Packard Precision Architecture
+
+	(HP-PA) {Hewlett Packard}'s range of RISC processors.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+Hewlett-Packard Visual Engineering Environment
+
+	(HP VEE) A package similar in intention to {LabVIEW}, running
+	on {Unix} {workstations} under {OSF}/{Motif}.
+
+	(1997-05-12)
+
+hex
+
+	1. {hexadecimal}.
+
+	2. A 6-pack of anything (compare {quad}).  Neither usage has
+	anything to do with {magic} or {black art}, though the pun is
+	appreciated and occasionally used by hackers.  True story: As
+	a joke, some hackers once offered some surplus ICs for sale to
+	be worn as protective amulets against hostile magic.  The
+	chips were, of course, hex inverters.
+
+	3. <character> The {hash} character, used to introduce
+	{hexadecimal} constants in some {assembly languages}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+hexadecimal
+
+	<mathematics> (Or "hex") {Base} 16.  A number representation
+	using the digits 0-9, with their usual meaning, plus the
+	letters A-F (or a-f) to represent hexadecimal digits with
+	values of (decimal) 10 to 15.  The right-most digit counts
+	ones, the next counts multiples of 16, then 16^2 = 256, etc.
+
+	For example, hexadecimal BEAD is decimal 48813:
+
+		digit    weight        value
+		B = 11   16^3 = 4096   11*4096 = 45056
+		E = 14   16^2 =  256   14* 256 =  3584
+		A = 10   16^1 =   16   10*  16 =   160
+		D = 13   16^0 =    1   13*   1 =    13
+						 -----
+					BEAD   = 48813
+
+	There are many conventions for distinguishing hexadecimal
+	numbers from decimal or other bases in programs.  In {C} for
+	example, the prefix "0x" is used, e.g. 0x694A11.
+
+	Hexadecimal is more succinct than {binary} for representing
+	{bit-masks}, machines addresses, and other low-level constants
+	but it is still reasonably easy to split a hex number into
+	different bit positions, e.g. the top 16 bits of a 32-bit word
+	are the first four hex digits.
+
+	The term was coined in the early 1960s to replace earlier
+	"sexadecimal", which was too racy and amusing for stuffy
+	{IBM}, and later adopted by the rest of the industry.
+
+	Actually, neither term is etymologically pure.  If we take
+	"binary" to be paradigmatic, the most etymologically correct
+	term for base ten, for example, is "denary", which comes from
+	"deni" (ten at a time, ten each), a Latin "distributive"
+	number; the corresponding term for base sixteen would be
+	something like "sendenary".  "Decimal" is from an ordinal
+	number; the corresponding prefix for six would imply something
+	like "sextidecimal".  The "sexa-" prefix is Latin but
+	incorrect in this context, and "hexa-" is Greek.  The word
+	{octal} is similarly incorrect; a correct form would be
+	"octaval" (to go with decimal), or "octonary" (to go with
+	binary).  If anyone ever implements a base three computer,
+	computer scientists will be faced with the unprecedented
+	dilemma of a choice between two *correct* forms; both
+	"ternary" and "trinary" have a claim to this throne.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-03-09)
+
+hexidecimal
+
+	<spelling> Mis-spelling of "{hexadecimal}".
+
+	(1998-03-03)
+
+hexit
+
+	<jargon> /hek'sit/ A {hexadecimal} digit (0-9, and A-F or
+	a-f).  Used by people who claim that there are only *ten*
+	digits, sixteen-fingered human beings being rather rare,
+	despite what some keyboard designs might seem to imply (see
+	{space-cadet keyboard}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-03-09)
+
+HFC
+
+	1. <networking> {Hybrid Fiber Coax}.
+
+	2. <hardware> {hydrofluorocarbon}.
+
+	(1999-11-02)
+
+HHCP
+
+	{Host Host Copy}
+
+HHOJ
+
+	<chat> ha ha only joking.
+
+	Contrast {ha ha only serious}.
+
+	(1998-01-18)
+
+HHOK
+
+	ha ha only kidding.  See {ha ha only serious}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+HHOS
+
+	{ha ha only serious}
+
+hi
+
+	{hmake interactive}
+
+HIBOL
+
+	<language> A variant of {DIBOL}, used in {Infotec} computers.
+	HIBOL was considered to be a very high level language and
+	significantly easier to maintain than {COBOL}.  It uses a
+	single type of data object, called a flow, which is an indexed
+	stream of data values.  Computation is expressed as operations
+	acting on flows.
+
+	{Language List
+	(http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/H/HIBOL.htm)}.
+
+	{Translation of COBOL to HIBOL
+	(http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=889862)}.
+
+	["HIBOL: a language for fast prototyping in data processing
+	environments", Roland T. Mittermeir, Technische Universitaet
+	Wien, Vienna, Austria, Proceedings of the workshop on Rapid
+	Prototyping, ACM New York, NY, USA 1982, ISBN:0-89791-094-X,
+	{(http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1006282)}].
+
+	[R. T. Mittermeir, "HIBOL - A very High Level Business
+	Oriented Language, User Manual", TR DA 81/04/04, Institut fuer
+	Angewandte Informatik und Systemanalyse, Technische
+	Universitaet Wien, Wien, 1981].
+
+	(2012-01-08)
+
+HID
+
+	{Human Interface Device}
+
+hidden flag
+
+	(scientific computation) An extra option added to a routine
+	without changing the calling sequence.  For example, instead
+	of adding an explicit input variable to instruct a routine to
+	give extra diagnostic output, the programmer might just add a
+	test for some otherwise meaningless feature of the existing
+	inputs, such as a negative mass.  The use of hidden flags can
+	make a program very hard to debug and understand, but is all
+	too common wherever programs are hacked in a hurry.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+hierarchical database
+
+	<database> A kind of {database management system} that links
+	records together like a family tree such that each record type
+	has only one owner, e.g. an order is owned by only one
+	customer.  Hierarchical structures were widely used in the
+	first {mainframe} database management systems.  However, due
+	to their restrictions, they often cannot be used to relate
+	structures that exist in the real world.
+
+Hierarchical Data Format
+
+	<file format, data> (HDF) A {library} and multi-object file
+	format for the transfer of graphical and numerical data
+	between computeres.  The freely available HDF distribution
+	consists of the library, command line utilities, test suite
+	source, {Java} interface, and the Java-based HDF Viewer (JHV).
+
+	HDF supports several different {data models}, including
+	multidimensional {arrays}, {raster images}, and tables.  Each
+	defines a specific aggregate data type and provides an {API}
+	for reading, writing, and organising the data and {metadata}.
+	New data models can be added by the HDF developers or users.
+
+	HDF is self-describing, allowing an application to interpret
+	the structure and contents of a file without any outside
+	information.
+
+	One HDF file can hold a mixture of related objects which can
+	be accessed as a group or as individual objects.  Users can
+	create their own grouping structures called "vgroups".
+
+	HDF files can be shared across most common {platforms},
+	including many workstations and high performance computers.
+	An HDF file created on one computer can be read on a different
+	system without modification.
+
+	{(http://hdf.ncsa.uiuc.edu/)}.
+
+	(2001-07-02)
+
+Hierarchical Design Methodology
+
+	<programming> (HDM) A method for specifying {software} and
+	systems using hierarchies of {abstract machines}, developed by
+	Larry Robinson at SRI International circa 1975-1976.  The
+	specifications were written in {SPECIAL}.
+
+	(2012-07-08)
+
+hierarchical file system
+
+	<file system> A {file system} in which the {files} are
+	organised into a {hierarchy}.  The nodes of the hierarchy are
+	called {directories} while the leaves are the files
+	themselves.
+
+	See also {root directory}.  Compare {flat file system}.
+
+	(1996-11-21)
+
+Hierarchical Music Specification Language
+
+	<language, music> (HMSL) A programming language for
+	experimental music composition and performance.  It is a set
+	of {object-oriented} extensions to {Forth}.  (Its near-total
+	unintelligibility to people unfamiliar with {Forth} has led
+	some to expand "HMSL" as "Her Majesty's Secret Language".)
+
+	Phil Burk (who also later developed {pForth}), Larry Polansky,
+	and David Rosenboom started developing HMSL in 1980 while
+	working at the {Mills College Center for Contemporary Music
+	(http://mills.edu/LIFE/CCM/CCM.homepage.html)}.  As of
+	June 1998, development is ongoing.
+
+	{(http://softsynth.com/hmsl/)}.
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+hierarchical navigation
+
+	<web> On a {web page}, any type of menu whose
+	hierarchical structure matches that of the site to which the
+	page belongs.  A hierarchical navigation menu allows the user
+	to jump ("navigate") directly to a section of the site several
+	levels below the top.  The menu may present only a fixed
+	number of levels rather than the whole structure.
+
+	(2003-10-01)
+
+Hierarchical Object Oriented Design
+
+	<programming> (HOOD) An architectural design method, primarily
+	for {Ada}, leading to automated checking, {documentation} and
+	{source code} generation.
+
+	(2009-01-14)
+
+hierarchical routing
+
+	The complex problem of routing on large networks can be
+	simplified by breaking a network into a hierarchy of smaller
+	networks, where each level is responsible for its own routing.
+	The Internet has, basically, three levels: the backbones, the
+	mid-levels, and the stub networks.  The backbones know how to
+	route between the mid-levels, the mid-levels know how to route
+	between the sites, and each site (being an autonomous system)
+	knows how to route internally.  See also Exterior Gateway
+	Protocol, Interior Gateway Protocol, transit network.
+
+hierarchy
+
+	An organisation with few things, or one thing, at the top and
+	with several things below each other thing.  An inverted tree
+	structure.  Examples in computing include a directory
+	hierarchy where each directory may contain files or other
+	directories; a hierarchical {network} (see {hierarchical
+	routing}), a {class hierarchy} in {object-oriented
+	programming}.
+
+	(1994-10-11)
+
+Higgs Bugson
+
+	<humour> A hypothetical {bug} predicted to exist based on a
+	small number of possibly related event log entries and vague
+	anecdotal user reports.  The Higgs Bugson is difficult to
+	reproduce because you don't really know if it's there, and if
+	it is there what is causing it.  To find one you will need a
+	Large Hadron Debugger.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2012-08-31)
+
+high bit
+
+	(Or "high-order bit") The most significant {bit} in a {byte}.
+
+	See also {meta bit}, {hobbit}, {dread high bit disease}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2012-08-31)
+
+High bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line
+
+	<communications, protocol> (HDSL) A form of {Digital
+	Subscriber Line}, providing {T1} or {E1} connections over two
+	or three {twisted-pair} copper lines, respectively.  Unlike
+	most other forms of DSL HDSL is not a typical consumer
+	service, it's used mostly to replace traditional T1/E1
+	connections, such as connecting {PBXes} to {telco} offices.
+	The advantage of HDSL over the {Alternate Mark Inversion} line
+	coding scheme traditionally used on T1/E1 lines is that it
+	requires about an order of magnitude lower bandwidth to carry
+	the same traffic.
+
+	(1998-05-18)
+
+high colour
+
+	<hardware> A {colour depth} of 16 (or 15) {bits per pixel}.
+
+	Compare {true colour}.
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+High-Definition Multimedia Interface
+
+	<video, standard> (HDMI) an industry standard for connecting
+	digital audio and video devices via a single cable.  HDMI can
+	connect any audio/video source, such as a {set-top box}, {DVD
+	player}, or {A/V receiver} to an audio and/or video output
+	device such as a digital television (DTV).
+
+	HDMI supports standard, enhanced, or high-definition video,
+	plus multi-channel digital audio.  It transmits all {ATSC}
+	HDTV standards and supports 8-channel, 192kHz, uncompressed
+	digital audio and all currently-available compressed formats
+	(such as {Dolby Digital} and {DTS}), HDMI 1.3 adds additional
+	support for new lossless digital audio formats {Dolby TrueHD}
+	and {DTS-HD Master Audio} with {bandwidth} to spare to
+	accommodate future enhancements.  HDMI 1.4 incorporates
+	connection via {Ethernet}.
+
+	HDMI was created by {Hitachi}, {Panasonic Corporation},
+	{Philips}, {Sony}, {Thomson} (RCA), {Toshiba} and {Silicon
+	Image} and has the support of several major motion picture
+	producers and distributors.
+
+	Latest version: 1.4 (2009-06-08), as of 2009-06-29.
+
+	{hdmi.org (http://hdmi.org/)}.
+
+	(2009-06-29)
+
+high density
+
+	{floppy disk}
+
+Higher Education National Software Archive
+
+	(HENSA)
+
+	{(http://hensa.ac.uk/)}.
+
+	(1995-01-06)
+
+higher-order function
+
+	(HOF) A function that can take one or more functions as
+	argument and/or return a function as its value.  E.g. map in
+	(map f l) which returns the list of results of applying
+	function f to each of the elements of list l.  See also
+	{curried function}.
+
+higher-order macro
+
+	A means of expressing certain {higher-order functions} in a
+	first order language.  Proposed by Phil Wadler.  Higher-order
+	macros cannot be recursive at the top level but they may
+	contain recursive definitions.  E.g.
+
+		map f l = m l
+			  where
+			  m []	   = []
+			  m (x:xs) = f x : m xs
+
+	Expanding a call to this macro is equivalent to specialising a
+	call to map in its first argument.
+
+	See {partial evaluation}.
+
+High-level Data Link Control
+
+	<networking> (HDLC) A general-purpose {data link} control
+	{protocol} defined by {ISO} for use on both point-to-point and
+	{multipoint} (multidrop) data links.  It supports
+	{full-duplex}, {transparent-mode} operation.  It is used
+	extensively in both multipoint and computer networks.
+
+	Some manufacturers and other standards bodies still use their
+	own acronyms, e.g. {IBM}'s SDLC ({Synchronous Data Link
+	Control}), the forerunner of HDLC and {ANSI}'s ADCCP
+	({Advanced Data Communications Control Procedure}).
+
+	[Fred Halsall, "Data Communications, Computer Networks and
+	Open Systems" 4th edition, 1996, p.237, Addison-Wesley
+	Publishing Co. Reading, Mass., USA].
+
+	(1997-11-09)
+
+high-level language
+
+	(HLL) A programming language which provides some level of
+	abstraction above {assembly language}.  These normally use
+	statements consisting of English-like keywords such as "FOR",
+	"PRINT" or "GOTO", where each statement corresponds to several
+	{machine language} instructions.  It is much easier to program
+	in a high-level language than in {assembly language} though
+	the efficiency of execution depends on how good the {compiler}
+	or {interpreter} is at optimising the program.
+
+	Rarely, the variants "{VHLL}" and "{MLL}" are found.
+
+	See also {languages of choice}, {generation}.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+high memory area
+
+	<storage> (HMA) The first 64 {kilobytes} (minus 16 byte) of
+	the {extended memory} on an {IBM PC}.  By a strange design
+	glitch the {Intel 80x86} processors can actually address 17*64
+	kbyte minus 16 byte of memory (from 0000:0000 to ffff:ffff) in
+	real mode.  In the {Intel 8086} and {Intel 8088} processors,
+	unable to handle more than 1 {megabyte} of memory, addressing
+	wrapped around, that is, address ffff:0010 was equivalent to
+	0000:0000.  For compatibility reasons, later processors still
+	wrapped around by default, but this feature could be switched
+	off.  Special programs called {A20 handlers} can control the
+	addressing mode dynamically, thereby allowing programs to load
+	themselves into the 1024--1088 kbyte region and run in {real
+	mode}.  From version 5.0 parts of {MS-DOS} can be loaded into
+	HMA as well freeing up to 46 kbytes of {conventional memory}.
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+high moby
+
+	/hi:' mohb'ee/ The high half of a 512K {PDP-10}'s physical
+	address space; the other half was of course the low moby.
+	This usage has been generalised in a way that has outlasted
+	the {PDP-10}; for example, at the 1990 Washington D.C.  Area
+	Science Fiction Conclave (Disclave), when a miscommunication
+	resulted in two separate wakes being held in commemoration of
+	the shutdown of MIT's last {ITS} machines, the one on the
+	upper floor was dubbed the "high moby" and the other the "low
+	moby".  All parties involved {grok}ked this instantly.  See
+	{moby}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+High Performance Computing and Communications
+
+	(HPCC) High performance computing includes scientific
+	workstations, supercomputer systems, high speed networks,
+	special purpose and experimental systems, the new generation
+	of large scale parallel systems, and application and systems
+	software with all components well integrated and linked over a
+	high speed network.
+
+	["Grand Challenges 1993: High Performance Computing and
+	Communications", Committee on Physical, Mathematical and
+	Engineering Sciences of the Federal Coordinating Council for
+	Science, Engineering and Technology.]
+
+High Performance File System
+
+	<file system> (HPFS) The {native} {file system} for {IBM}'s
+	{OS/2}.
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+High Performance Fortran
+
+	<language> (HPF) A {data parallel} language extension to
+	{Fortran 90} which provides a portable programming interface
+	for a wide variety of target {platforms}.  The original HPF
+	language specification was produced by the High Performance
+	Fortran Forum, a broad consortium of industry and academia,
+	which met regularly throughout 1992 and early 1993.  HPF
+	{compilers} are now available on most commonly-used computing
+	systems, and users are beginning to gain first hand experience
+	with this language.  The Forum has continued to meet in order
+	to address advanced topics.
+
+	{HPF+ at Vienna (http://par.univie.ac.at/hpf+/)}.
+
+	["High Performance Fortran: Status Report", G.L. Steele Jr
+	<gls@think.com>, SIGPLAN Notices 28(1):1-4 (Jan 1993)].
+
+	(1996-09-09)
+
+High Performance Parallel Interface
+
+	<hardware, standard> (HIPPI, previously HPPI) A
+	{connection-oriented}, point-to-point networking {standard}
+	using {circuit-switching} technology at a speed of 800 Mbits/s
+	or 1.6 Gbits/s (simplex or full-duplex).  HIPPI is often used
+	for short distances (up to 10km depending on cable type) to
+	connect a {supercomputer} to {routers}, {frame buffers},
+	{mass-storage} peripherals and other computers.
+
+	HIPPI was developed at {Los Alamos National Laboratory} and is
+	now {ANSI} standard X3T9/88-127.  Standards for
+	interconnecting with {ATM}, {SONet}, and {fibre channel} are
+	in development.
+
+	{HIPPI Networking Forum (http://esscom.com/hnf)}.
+
+	(1997-06-29)
+
+High Performance Routing
+
+	<networking> (HPR) Routing designed to work in conjunction
+	with {APPN} {Intermediate Session Routing} (ISR) network
+	nodes.  HPR nodes perform many of the same functions as ISR
+	nodes.  For example, HPR nodes use the same method of
+	calculating routes based on the {Topology} Routing Service
+	database and {class of service} tables.  HPR nodes also
+	supports such APPN features as connection networks and support
+	for parallel {transmission groups} (TGs).  In the HPR
+	architecture, both partner nodes must support HPR for {RTP}
+	connections to take place between the nodes.  If one node
+	supports HPR and the partner node does not, then the link will
+	support ISR functionality only.
+
+	["APPN Architecture and Product Implementations Tutorial",
+	IBM, GG24-3669-92].
+
+	(1997-05-08)
+
+High Performance Serial Bus
+
+	<hardware, standard> (Or "{IEEE} 1394") A 1995 {Macintosh}/{IBM
+	PC} {serial bus} interface {standard} offering {isochronous}
+	{real-time} data transfer.
+
+	1394 can transfer data between a computer and its {peripherals} at
+	100, 200, or 400 {Mbps}, with a planed increase to 2 {Gbps}.
+	Cable length is limited to 4.5 m but up to 16 cables can be
+	daisy-chained yielding a total length of 72 m.
+
+	It can {daisy-chain} together up to 63 peripherals in a tree-like
+	structure (as opposed to {SCSI}'s linear structure).  It allows
+	peer-to-peer communication, e.g. between a {scanner} and a
+	{printer}, without using system memory or the {CPU}.  It is
+	designed to support {plug-and-play} and {hot swapping}.
+
+	Its six-wire cable is not only more convenient than SCSI cables
+	but can supply up to 60 watts of power, allowing low-consumption
+	devices to operate without a separate power cord.
+
+	Some expensive camcorders included this bus from 1995.  It is
+	expected to be used to carry {SCSI}, with possible application to
+	{home automation} using {repeaters}.
+
+	{Sony} calls it {I-Link}, most people call it "FireWire".
+
+	See also {Universal Serial Bus}, {FC-AL}.
+
+	(2014-09-06)
+
+High Speed Circuit Switched Data
+
+	<communications> (HSCSD) A planned feature of {GSM Phase 2}
+	defining a standard for {circuit switched} data transmission
+	over a {GSM} link at up to 57.6 (78.8?) {kbps}.  This is
+	achieved by concatenating up to four consecutive GSM
+	{timeslots}, each of which is capable of 14.4 kbit/s.  It uses
+	{multiplexing} and {compression} or filtering.
+
+	The following services toward the fixed network are
+	supported: {V.34} up to 28.8 kbps and {V.110} with rate
+	adaptation up to 38.4 kbps.
+
+	HSCSD is aimed at {mobile workstation} users.  As it is
+	circuit switched, it is suited to {streaming} applications
+	such as {video conferencing} and {multimedia}.  {Bursty}
+	applications like {electronic mail}, are more suited to
+	{packet switched} data (as in {GPRS}).
+
+	{Ericsson
+	(http://ericsson.com/wireless/products/mobsys/gsm/subpages/wise/subpages/hscsd.shtml)}.
+
+	{(http://gsmworld.com/)}.
+
+	(1999-12-04)
+
+High Speed Connect
+
+	<hardware> (HSC) A {Hewlett-Packard} bus like {EISA}.
+
+	[HP9000 Configuration Guide, January 1996].
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1996-06-06)
+
+High-speed Net Connect
+
+	<hardware, communications> (HNC) A network interface unit for
+	{BS2000} {mainframes} based on {Novell NetWare}, supporting
+	{Ethernet} and {FDDI}.
+
+	(2005-02-11)
+
+high speed serial interface
+
+	<hardware, communications> (HSSI) A {serial port} which
+	supports serial transmit speeds of up to 52 megabits per
+	second.  It is typically used for leased lines such as {DS3}
+	(44.736 Mbps) and {E3} (34 Mbps) and for {Wide Area Network}
+	devices such as {routers}.
+
+	(1995-11-20)
+
+High Voltage Differential
+
+	<hardware> (HVD) {Differential SCSI} scheme that has been in
+	use for years.  The {terminators} run on 5 Volts DC.
+
+	See also {LVD}.
+
+	(1999-02-16)
+
+HIGZ
+
+	High Level Interface to Graphics and Zebra.  Part of the {PAW}
+	system.
+
+hill climbing
+
+	<algorithm> A {graph} search {algorithm} where the current
+	path is extended with a successor node which is closer to the
+	solution than the end of the current path.
+
+	In simple hill climbing, the first closer node is chosen
+	whereas in steepest ascent hill climbing all successors are
+	compared and the closest to the solution is chosen.  Both
+	forms fail if there is no closer node.  This may happen if
+	there are local maxima in the {search space} which are not
+	solutions.  Steepest ascent hill climbing is similar to {best
+	first search} but the latter tries all possible extensions of
+	the current path in order whereas steepest ascent only tries
+	one.
+
+	(1995-12-09)
+
+HiLog
+
+	A {higher-order logic} programming language.  An extension of
+	normal {logic programming} where {predicate} symbols may be
+	variable or structured.  This allows {unification} to be
+	performed on the predicate symbols themselves in addition to
+	their arguments.
+
+	{(ftp://sbcs.sunysb.edu/SB-hilog)}.
+
+	["HiLog as a Platform for Database Languages (Or Why Predicate
+	Calculus is Not Enough)", W. Chen et al, Stony Brook, 2nd Intl
+	Workshop on Database Prog Langs, Morgan Kaufmann, 1989].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+HIMEM
+
+	<software, storage> An {IBM PC} {extended memory manager},
+	part of {MS-DOS} version 5.00 or higher.  HIMEM can also act
+	as an {A20 handler}.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+Hindenbug
+
+	<humour> A catastrophic, data-destroying {bug}, after the 1937
+	Hindenburg airship disaster.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2012-10-20)
+
+hing
+
+	({IRC}) Fortuitous typo for "hint", now in wide intentional
+	use among players of {initgame}.
+
+	Compare {newsfroup}, {filk}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+HINT
+
+	Hierarchical Information NeTs.
+
+	A language for the {CDC 3600}.
+
+	["HINT: A Graph Processing Language", R.D. Hart, Michigan
+	State U, Apr 1970].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+HiPAC
+
+	An active DBMS from Xerox Advanced Information Technology.
+
+HIPPI
+
+	{High Performance Parallel Interface}
+
+hiragana
+
+	<Japanese> The cursive formed Japanese {kana} syllabary.
+	Hiragana is mostly used for grammatical particles,
+	verb-inflection, and Japanese words which are not written in
+	{kanji} or which are too difficult for an educated person to
+	read or write in {kanji}.  Hiragana are also used for
+	{furigana}.
+
+	(2001-03-18)
+
+hirsute
+
+	Occasionally used as a humorous synonym for {hairy}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+HISTORIAN
+
+	A {source code management} system sold by {OPCODE, Inc.}
+
+history
+
+	1. <history> {Virginia Tech history of computing
+	(http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/index.html)}.  {IT Rentals computing
+	timeline (http://www.itrentals.com/historyofcomputing/)}.
+
+	2. <operating system> A record of previous user inputs (e.g. to a
+	{command interpreter}) which can be re-entered without re-typing
+	them.  The major improvement of the {C shell} (csh) over the
+	{Bourne shell} (sh) was the addition of a command history.  This
+	was still inferior to the history mechanism on {VMS} which allowed
+	you to recall previous commands as the current input line.  You
+	could then edit the command using cursor motion, insert and
+	delete.  These sort of history editing facilities are available
+	under {tcsh} and {GNU Emacs}.
+
+	3. The history of the world was once discussed in {Usenet}
+	newsgroups {news:soc.history} and {news:alt.history}.
+
+	(2013-08-04)
+
+hit
+
+	1. <architecture> {cache hit}.
+
+	2. <web> A request to a {web server} from a {web
+	browser} or other {client} (e.g. a {robot}).
+
+	The number of hits on a server may be important for
+	determining advertising revenue.
+
+	In the course of loading a single {web page}, a browser may
+	hit a web server many times e.g. to retrieve the page itself
+	and each {image} on the page.  In contrast, caching by
+	browsers and {web proxies} reduces the number of hits on the
+	server because some requests are satisfied from the cache.
+
+	3. <jargon> To press and release a key on the keyboard.  Some
+	prefer the less aggressive "tap".
+
+	(2000-02-20)
+
+Hitachi 6309
+
+	<processor> (HD6309) {Hitachi}'s version of the {Motorola
+	6809} {microprocessor}.  Compatible with the 6809, it added
+	two new eight-bit {registers} that could be added to form a
+	second 16-bit register, and all four eight-bit registers could
+	form a 32-bit register.  It also featured division, and some
+	32-bit arithmetic and was generally 30% faster in native mode.
+	This information, surprisingly, was never published by
+	Hitachi.
+
+	{Technical reference
+	(http://sandelman.ottawa.on.ca/People/Alan_DeKok/interests/6309.techref)}.
+
+	(1997-03-21)
+
+Hitachi HD64180
+
+	<processor> A processor family which adds peripherals and an
+	{MMU} to the {Zilog Z80}.
+
+	(1995-10-06)
+
+HITL
+
+	{Human Interface Technology Laboratory}
+
+hit rate
+
+	<architecture> The fraction of all memory reads which are
+	satisfied from the {cache}.
+
+	(1997-01-21)
+
+hk
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Hong Kong.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+HL7
+
+	<protocol> An information exchange {protocol} used in
+	medicine, and possibly elsewhere.  It is different from
+	{DICOM}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1998-12-23)
+
+HLISP
+
+	"Monocopy and Associative Algorithms in an Extended Lisp",
+	E. Goto, U Tokyo May 1974.
+
+HLL
+
+	{high-level language}
+
+HLLAPI
+
+	{High Level Language Application Programming Interface}
+
+hlp
+
+	<filename extension> A {Microsoft Windows} {filename
+	extension} for {hypertext} {WinHelp} files.  These are in a
+	{proprietary} format, and are compiled from {source files}
+	written in a dialect of {RTF}.
+
+	See also {gid}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup:
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.winhelp}.
+
+	(1997-01-30)
+
+hm
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Heard and McDonald
+	Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+HMA
+
+	{High Memory Area}
+
+HMAC
+
+	{Keyed-Hashing Message Authentication}
+
+hmake
+
+	<programming> A {compilation manager} for {Haskell}.  hmake
+	recompiles a given module or program by extracting
+	dependencies between {source} modules and issuing appropriate
+	compiler commands to rebuild only changed modules.  hmake can
+	use whatever Haskell compilers and preprocessors you have
+	installed.
+
+	If an .hi interface file is unchanged then changes in the
+	corresponding implementation code will not trigger
+	recompilation of calling code.
+
+	{hmake interactive} is an interactive development environment
+	built on hmake.
+
+	Malcolm Wallace of the {York Functional Programming Group}
+	developed hmake in 2005 based on Thomas Hallgren's hbcmake and
+	nhc13make.
+
+	{hmake home (http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/fp/hmake/hmake.html)}.
+
+	(2009-11-24)
+
+HMP
+
+	{hybrid multiprocessing}
+
+HMSL
+
+	{Hierarchical Music Specification Language}
+
+HMTL
+
+	<spelling> Do you mean {HTML}?
+
+	(1998-06-30)
+
+hn
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Honduras.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+HNC
+
+	{High-speed Net Connect}
+
+HO
+
+	{handover}
+
+Hoare powerdomain
+
+	{powerdomain}
+
+Hobbit
+
+	A {Scheme} to {C} compiler by Tanel Tammet
+	<tammet@cs.chalmers.se>.  Hobbit attempts to retain most of
+	the original Scheme program structure, making the output C
+	program readable and modifiable.  Hobbit is written in Scheme
+	and is able to self-compile.  Hobbit release 1 works together
+	with the {scm} release scm4b3.  Future releases of scm and
+	hobbit will be coordinated.
+
+	Latest version: release 2.
+
+	{(ftp://altdorf.ai.mit.edu/archive/scm/hobbit2.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1993-04-25)
+
+	2. The non-{ITS} name of <vad@ai.mit.edu> (*Hobbit*), master of
+	lasers.
+
+hobbit
+
+	High order bit.  The most significant bit (of a byte).  Also
+	known as the {meta bit} or {high bit}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+hog
+
+	<jargon> A term used to describe programs, hardware or people that
+	use more than their share of a system's resources, especially
+	those which noticeably degrade interactive response.
+
+	The term is usually qualified, e.g. "memory hog", "core hog", "hog
+	the processor", "hog the disk".  E.g. "A {controller} that never
+	gives up the {I/O bus} gets killed after the bus-hog timer
+	expires."
+
+	User also hog resources, particularly disk, where it seems that
+	10% of the people use 90% of the disk, no matter how big the disk
+	is or how many people use it.  Once a disk hog fills up one file
+	system, he typically finds a new one to consume, claiming to the
+	sysadmin that they have an important new project to complete.
+
+	(2014-08-16)
+
+HOL
+
+	Higher Order Logic.  A proof-generating system for {higher
+	order logic} based on {LCF}.  Implementations include {HOL-88}
+	and {HOL-90}.
+
+	{(ftp://ted.cs.uidaho.edu/pub/hol)}.  Mailing list:
+	info-hol@ted.cs.uidaho.edu.
+
+	["HOL: A Machine Oriented Formulation of Higher Order Logic",
+	M.J.C. Gordon, Report 68, Comp Lab U Cambridge (1985)].
+
+	["Introduction to HOL", M.J.C. Gordon et al, Cambridge U Press
+	1993 ISBN 0-521-441897].
+
+HOL-88
+
+	An implementation of {HOL} built on {ML} by Mike Gordon
+	<mjcg@cl.cam.ac.uk>.
+
+HOL-90
+
+	An implementation of {HOL} built on {SML/NJ} by Brian Graham
+	<graham@cpsc.ucalgary.ca>.  Runs on {Sun-4}.
+
+	{(ftp://fsa.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/pub/hol90.tar.Z)}.  Mailing list:
+	info-hol@clover.ucdavis.edu.
+
+hole
+
+	<electronics> The absence of an {electron} in a
+	{semiconductor} material.  In the {electron model}, a hole can
+	be thought of as an incomplete outer electron shell in a
+	doping substance.  Holes can also be thought of as positive
+	charge carriers; while this is in a sense a fiction, it is a
+	useful abstraction.
+
+	(1995-10-06)
+
+hole model
+
+	<electronics> A {model} of semiconductor behaviour in which
+	{donors} contribute a positive charge equal in magnitude to
+	the charge of an {electron}, and {acceptors} contribute space
+	for such a charge within the crystal lattice.  Honored by
+	history well before electrons were discovered and described,
+	much of {electronics}, especially at the engineering level,
+	continues to consider {current} as flowing from positive to
+	negative.
+
+	(1995-10-05)
+
+Hollerithabetical order
+
+	<algorithm> Sorted into the order a standard {Hollerith} {card
+	sorting machine} produces, with special characters interleaved
+	within the alphabet.
+
+	(1997-02-11)
+
+Hollerith, Herman
+
+	{Herman Hollerith}
+
+Hollywired
+
+	{Siliwood}
+
+HOL-UNITY
+
+	A verification tool for {UNITY}?  Version 2.1.
+
+	E-mail: Flemming Andersen <fa@tfl.dk>?
+
+holy wars
+
+	[{Usenet}, but may predate it] {flame wars} over {religious
+	issues}.  The paper by Danny Cohen that popularised the terms
+	{big-endian} and {little-endian} was entitled "On Holy Wars
+	and a Plea for Peace".  Other perennial Holy Wars have
+	included {Emacs} vs. {vi}, my personal computer vs. everyone
+	else's personal computer, {ITS} vs. {Unix}, {Unix} vs. {VMS},
+	{BSD} Unix vs. {USG Unix}, {C} vs. {Pascal}, {C} vs. Fortran,
+	etc., ad nauseam.  The characteristic that distinguishes holy
+	wars from normal technical disputes is that in a holy wars
+	most of the participants spend their time trying to pass off
+	personal value choices and cultural attachments as objective
+	technical evaluations.  See also {theology}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+home
+
+	1. <file system> {home directory}.
+
+	2. <web> {home page}.
+
+	3. <hardware> {home keys}.
+
+home box
+
+	<jargon, computer> A {hacker}'s personal machine, especially
+	one he or she owns.  "Yeah?  Well, *my* home box runs a full
+	{4.2BSD}, so there!"
+
+	(2006-12-01)
+
+home keys
+
+	<hardware> The eight keys on a typewriter or computer keyboard
+	on which a touch-typist positions their eight finger tips when
+	starting to type or when resting between words or phrases.
+	Typists learn the position of all keys on the keyboard in
+	relation to the home keys.
+
+	On a standard english keyboard layout, the home keys are ASDF
+	for the left hand and JKL; for the right.  Most keyboards have
+	small raised bumps on the left and right index finger keys (F
+	and J) so you can find the home keys by touch without looking.
+
+	(2006-12-01)
+
+home machine
+
+	1. Synonym {home box}.
+
+	2. The machine that receives your e-mail.  These senses might
+	be distinct, for example, for a hacker who owns one computer
+	at home, but reads e-mail at work.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-12-01)
+
+home page
+
+	<web> 1. The top-level entry point {web page}
+	relating to an individual or institution, or possibly a
+	subject area.  This often has a {URL} consisting of just a
+	{hostname}, e.g. http://ncsa.uiuc.edu/.  All other pages
+	on a {website} are usually accessible by following {links}
+	from the home page.
+
+	2. The {web page} a user's {web browser} is configured to load
+	each time it is started.  This will typically default to the
+	{home page} (sense 1) of the organisation that produced or
+	distributed the browser.
+
+	(1999-03-21)
+
+Home Phoneline Networking Alliance
+
+	<communications, networking, protocol, standard> (HomePNA) A
+	non-profit association of more than 100 technology companies
+	working together to ensure adoption of a phone line
+	{networking} standard which should provide high-speed,
+	affordable home networking.
+
+	The Home Phoneline Networking Alliance (HomePNA) was founded
+	in June 1998 by {3Com}, {AMD}, {AT&T Wireless Services},
+	{Compaq}, Conexant, Epigram, {Hewlett-Packard}, {IBM},
+	{Intel}, {Lucent Technologies}, Rockwell Semiconductor
+	Systems, and Tut Systems.  The membership now spans the
+	networking, telecommunications, {hardware}, {software}, and
+	consumer electronics industries.
+
+	The alliance was originally formed because of the increasing
+	demand for home networking caused by the growing number of
+	homes with multiple PCs (and other devices) to connect
+	together to provide facilities such as shared {Internet}
+	access, {networked gaming}, and sharing of {peripherals},
+	{files} and {applications}.
+
+	The member companies aimed to develop {open standards} to
+	ensure compatibility between different manufacturers'
+	products.  They also decided that this should be done using
+	the phone wiring that already existed in people's homes.  The
+	concept of "no new wires" networking meant installation was
+	simpler.
+
+	HomePNA's original specifications could be used to create a 1
+	{Mbps} (megabits per second) {Ethernet}-compatible {LAN} with
+	no {hubs}, {routers}, {splitters} or {terminations}.  Adapters
+	would allow any computer (or other device) with an Ethernet
+	port to be linked to the home network.  Up to 25 PCs,
+	peripherals and network devices can be connected to such a
+	network.
+
+	On 1999-12-01, the HomePNA announced a new release of its
+	networking technology specification, called Home PNA 2.0.
+	Like the first specification, it uses existing phone lines,
+	but it can operate at speeds up to 10 Mbps.  The new version
+	is {backwardly compatible} with the original 1 Mbps HomePNA
+	technology, and is designed to provide faster networks
+	suitable for future voice, video and data applications.
+
+	{HomePNA.org (http://homepna.org/)}.  {HomePNA.Com
+	(http://HomePNA.com/)}.
+
+	(2000-03-24)
+
+HomePNA
+
+	{Home Phoneline Networking Alliance}
+
+home row keys
+
+	{home keys}
+
+homogeneous
+
+	(Or "homogenous") Of uniform nature, similar in kind.
+
+	1. In the context of {distributed systems}, {middleware} makes
+	{heterogeneous} systems appear as a homogeneous entity.  For
+	example see: {interoperable network}.
+
+	Constrast {heterogeneous}.
+
+	2. <mathematics> (Of a {polynomial}) containing terms of the
+	same degree with respect to all the variables, as in x^2 + 2xy
+	+ y^2.
+
+	3. <mathematics> (Of a {function}) containing a set of
+	variables such that when each is multiplied by a constant,
+	this constant can be eliminated without altering the value of
+	the function, as in cos x/y + x/y.
+
+	4. <mathematics> (of an equation) containing a homogeneous
+	function made equal to 0.
+
+	(1999-05-06)
+
+homogenous
+
+	{homogeneous}
+
+homomorphism
+
+	<mathematics> A {map} f between groups A and B is a
+	homomorphism of A into B if
+
+	 f(a1 * a2) = f(a1) * f(a2)  for all a1, a2 in A.
+
+	where the *s are the respective group operations.
+
+	(2009-01-14)
+
+Honeywell
+
+	<company> A US company known for its {mainframes} and
+	{operating systems}.
+
+	The company's history is long and tortuous, with many mergers,
+	acquisitions and name changes.  A company formed on 1886-04-23
+	to make furnace regulators eventually merged in 1927 with
+	another company formed in 1904 by a young plumbing and heating
+	engineer named Mark Honeywell who was perfecting the heat
+	generator.
+
+	A 1955 joint venture with {Raytheon Corp.}, called {Datamatic
+	Corporation}, marked Honeywell's entry into the computer
+	business.  Their first computer was the {D-1000}.  In 1960
+	Honeywell bought out Raytheon's interest and the name changed
+	to {Electronic Data Processing} (EDP) then in 1963 it was
+	officially renamed Honeywell Inc.
+
+	In 1970 Honeywell merged its computer business with {General
+	Electric}'s to form Honeywell Information Systems.  In 1986 a
+	joint venture with the french company {Bull} and japanese {NEC
+	Corporation} created Honeywell Bull.  By 1991 Honeywell had
+	withdrawn from the computer business, focussing more on
+	aeropspace.
+
+	{CII Honeywell} was an important department.  Honeywell
+	operating systems included {GCOS} and {Multics}.
+
+	See also: {brain-damaged}.
+
+	{History
+	(http://www51.honeywell.com/honeywell/about-us/our-history.html)}.
+
+	(2009-01-14)
+
+Honeywell-800 Business Compiler
+
+	{Fully Automated Compiling Technique}
+
+HOOD
+
+	{Hierarchical Object Oriented Design}
+
+HOOK
+
+	? Object Oriented Kernel.  Delphia.  An object-oriented
+	extension of Delphia Prolog.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+hook
+
+	<programming> A {software} or {hardware} feature included in
+	order to simplify later additions or changes by a user.
+
+	For example, a simple program that prints numbers might always
+	print them in base 10, but a more flexible version would let a
+	variable determine what base to use; setting the variable to 5
+	would make the program print numbers in base 5.  The variable
+	is a simple hook.  An even more flexible program might examine
+	the variable and treat a value of 16 or less as the base to
+	use, but treat any other number as the address of a
+	user-supplied routine for printing a number.  This is a
+	{hairy} but powerful hook; one can then write a routine to
+	print numbers as Roman numerals, say, or as Hebrew characters,
+	and plug it into the program through the hook.
+
+	Often the difference between a good program and a superb one
+	is that the latter has useful hooks in judiciously chosen
+	places.  Both may do the original job about equally well, but
+	the one with the hooks is much more flexible for future
+	expansion of capabilities.
+
+	{Emacs}, for example, is *all* hooks.
+
+	The term "user exit" is synonymous but much more formal and
+	less hackish.
+
+	(1997-06-25)
+
+hop
+
+	1. <messaging> One point-to-point transmission in a series
+	required to get a message from point A to point B on a {store
+	and forward} network.  On such networks (including {UUCPNET}
+	and {FidoNet}), an important inter-machine metric is the hop
+	count of the shortest path between them.  This can be more
+	significant than their geographical separation.
+
+	Each {exclamation mark} in a {bang path} represents one hop.
+
+	2. <networking> One direct host-to-host connection forming
+	part of the route between two hosts in a {routed} {network}
+	such as the {Internet}.  Some {protocols} place an upper limit
+	on the hop count in order to detect routing loops.
+
+	3. <jargon, networking> To {log in} to a {remote} computer,
+	especially via {rlogin} or {telnet}.  "I'll hop over to foovax
+	to FTP that."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-06-25)
+
+Hope
+
+	<language> A {functional programming} language designed by
+	R.M. Burstall, D.B. MacQueen and D.T. Sanella at {University
+	of Edinburgh} in 1978.  It is a large language supporting
+	user-defined {prefix}, {infix} or {distfix} operators.  Hope
+	has {polymorphic} typing and allows {overloading} of operators
+	which requires explicit type declarations.  Hope has {lazy
+	lists} and was the first language to use {call-by-pattern}.
+
+	It has been ported to {Unix}, {Macintosh}, and {IBM PC}.
+
+	See also {Hope+}, {Hope+C}, {Massey Hope}, {Concurrent Massey
+	Hope}.
+
+	{(ftp://brolga.cc.uq.oz.au/pub/hope)}.
+
+	[R.M.Burstall, D.B.MacQueen, D.T.Sanella, "HOPE: An
+	experimental applicative language", Proc. 1980 Lisp conf.,
+	Stanford, CA, p.136-143, Aug 1980].
+
+	["A HOPE Tutorial", R. Bailey, BYTE Aug 1985, pp.235-258].
+
+	["Functional Programming with Hope", R. Bailey, Ellis Horwood
+	1990].
+
+	(1992-11-27)
+
+Hope+
+
+	<language, functional programming> An extension of {Hope}
+	implemented in the Alvey {Flagship} project at {Imperial
+	College}.  Hope+ has vectors, real numbers, best fit {pattern
+	matching}, lazy data constructors, absolute {set abstractions}
+	and {constraints}.  It has a {continuation}-based I/O system
+	with {referential transparency} and is capable of handling all
+	common I/O tasks such as terminal and file I/O, {signal}
+	handling and interprocess communications.  It has {modules}
+	and {separate compilation}.
+
+	See also {Hope+C}, {Massey Hope}, {Concurrent Massey Hope}.
+
+	["Hope+", N. Perry, Imperial College, IC/FPR/LANG/2.5.1/7,
+	1988.]
+
+	(1999-08-24)
+
+Hope+C
+
+	<language> A further evolution of {Hope+} with
+	{continuation-based I/O}, {coroutines}, and {RFCs}.  Hope+C
+	was developed as part of the {Flagship} project at {Imperial
+	College}.  It has been implemented for {Sun-3s} with
+	{Motorola} {FPUs}.
+
+	See also {Massey Hope}, {Concurrent Massey Hope}.
+
+	E-mail: John Darlington <jd@doc.ic.ac.uk>.
+
+	[What kind of RFCs?]
+
+	(1999-06-23)
+
+Hopfield model
+
+	{Hopfield network}
+
+Hopfield network
+
+	<artificial intelligence> (Or "Hopfield model") A kind of
+	{neural network} investigated by John Hopfield in the early
+	1980s.  The Hopfield network has no special input or output
+	neurons (see {McCulloch-Pitts}), but all are both input and
+	output, and all are connected to all others in both directions
+	(with equal weights in the two directions).  Input is applied
+	simultaneously to all neurons which then output to each other
+	and the process continues until a stable state is reached,
+	which represents the network output.
+
+	(1997-10-11)
+
+horizontal application
+
+	An {application program} common to different business
+	processes, e.g. {office automation}.
+
+	Compare {vertical application}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+horizontal encoding
+
+	<processor> An {instruction set} where each field (a bit or
+	group of bits) in an instruction word controls some
+	{functional unit} or {gate} directly, as opposed to {vertical
+	encoding} where instruction fields are decoded (by
+	{hard-wired} {logic} or {microcode}) to produce the control
+	signals.  Horizontal encoding allows all possible combinations
+	of control signals (and therefore operations) to be expressed
+	as instructions whereas vertical encoding uses a shorter
+	instruction word but can only encode those combinations of
+	operations built into the decoding logic.
+
+	An {instruction set} may use a mixture of horizontal and
+	vertical encoding within each instruction.  Because an
+	architecture using horizontal encoding typically requires more
+	instruction word bits it is sometimes known as a {very long
+	instruction word} (VLIW) architecture.
+
+	(1995-04-23)
+
+horizontal loop combination
+
+	{tupling}
+
+horizontal microcode
+
+	<processor> {Microcode} using {horizontal encoding}.
+
+	(1995-04-23)
+
+horizontal scan rate
+
+	<hardware> (HSR) The measure of how many {scan lines} of
+	{pixels} a {monitor} can display in one second, expressed in
+	kHz (generally somewhere between 20 and 100 kHz).
+
+	The HSR is controlled by the horizontal sync signal generated
+	by the {video controller}, but is limited by the speed with
+	which the monitor can scan the electron beam horizontally
+	across the screen and then return it to the beginning of the
+	next line.
+
+	(1996-02-09)
+
+horizontal tabulation
+
+	<character> (tab, Control-I, HT, {ASCII 9}) A character which
+	when displayed or printed causes the following character to be
+	placed at the next "tabstop" - the column whose number is a
+	multiple of the current tab width.  Commonly (especially in
+	Unix(?)) the tab width is eight, so, counting from the left
+	margin (column zero), the tab stops are at columns 8, 16, 24,
+	up to the width of the screen or page.
+
+	A tab width of four or two is often preferred when indenting
+	program {source code} to conserve indentation.
+
+	Represented as "\t" in {C}, {Unix}, and derivatives.
+
+	(1999-07-05)
+
+Horn clause
+
+	<logic> A set of {atomic literals} with at most one {positive
+	literal}.  Usually written
+
+		L <- L1, ..., Ln
+	or
+		<- L1, ..., Ln
+
+	where n>=0, "<-" means "is implied by" and comma stands for
+	{conjuction} ("AND").  If L is false the clause is regarded as
+	a {goal}.  Horn clauses can express a subset of statements of
+	{first order logic}.
+
+	The name "Horn Clause" comes from the logician Alfred Horn,
+	who first pointed out the significance of such clauses in
+	1951, in the article "On sentences which are true of direct
+	unions of algebras", Journal of Symbolic Logic, 16, 14-21.
+
+	A {definite clause} is a Horn clause that has exactly one
+	positive literal.
+
+	(2000-01-24)
+
+hose
+
+	1. To make non-functional or greatly degraded in performance.
+	"That big ray-tracing program really hoses the system."  See
+	{hosed}.
+
+	2. A narrow channel through which data flows under pressure.
+	Generally denotes data paths that represent performance
+	bottlenecks.
+
+	3. Cabling, especially {thick Ethernet cable}.  This is
+	sometimes called "bit hose" or "hosery" (a play on "hosiery")
+	or "etherhose".  See also {washing machine}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+hosed
+
+	<jargon> A somewhat humorous variant of "{down}", used
+	primarily by {Unix} {hackers}.  "Hosed" implies a condition
+	thought to be relatively easy to reverse.  It is also widely
+	used of people in the mainstream sense of "in an extremely
+	unfortunate situation".  The term was popularised by fighter
+	pilots refering to being hosed by machine gun fire (date?).
+	Usage in hackerdom dates back to {CMU} in the 1970s or
+	earlier.
+
+	{"Acronyms and Abbreviations" from UCC, Ireland
+	(http://ucc.ie/cgi-bin/acronym)} expands it as "Hardware
+	Or Software Error Detected", though this is probably a
+	back-formation.
+
+	The {Jargon File} version 4.1.4 1999-06-17 says that it was
+	probably derived from the Canadian slang "hoser" (meaning "a
+	man, esp. one who works at a job that uses physical rather
+	than mental skills and whose habits are slightly offensive but
+	amusing").
+
+	One correspondant speculates about an allusion to a hose-like
+	body part.
+
+	Once upon a time, a {Cray} that had been experiencing periodic
+	difficulties crashed, and it was announced to have been hosed.
+	It was discovered that the crash was due to the disconnection
+	of some coolant hoses.  The problem was corrected, and users
+	were then assured that everything was OK because the system
+	had been rehosed.  See also {dehose}.
+
+	See also: {hose}.
+
+	(1999-10-28)
+
+HOS-STPL
+
+	Hospital Operating System - STructured Programming Language.
+	A {Fortran}-like language with structured extensions.
+
+	["HOS-STPL User Manual", Health Services Research, US Public
+	Health Service (Jan 1975)].
+
+host
+
+	1. <networking> A computer connected to a {network}.
+
+	The term {node} includes devices such as routers and printers
+	which would not normally be called "hosts".
+
+	2. <communications> A computer to which one connects using a
+	{terminal emulator}.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+host adaptor
+
+	{SCSI adaptor}
+
+Host Command Facility
+
+	<operating system> (HCF) Used to access {IBM S/36} and
+	{AS/400} computers from a {mainframe}.
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+	(1999-01-24)
+
+Host Control Interface
+
+	<hardware, wireless> (HCI) A {network layer} in the {Bluetooth}
+	{Core Protocol Stack}, lying between the {software} and the
+	{hardware} stacks and serving as the {interface} through which the
+	{software} controls two of {Bluetooth}'s four core {protocols}.
+
+	(2002-06-28)
+
+host-host layer
+
+	{transport layer}
+
+hosting
+
+	{web hosting}
+
+hostname
+
+	1. (Or "sitename").  The unique name by which a computer is
+	known on a {network}, used to identify it in {electronic
+	mail}, {Usenet} {news}, or other forms of electronic
+	information interchange.
+
+	On the {Internet} the hostname is an {ASCII} string,
+	e.g. "foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk" which, consists of a local part
+	(foldoc) and a {domain} name (doc.ic.ac.uk).  The hostname is
+	translated into an {Internet address} either via the {hosts
+	file}, {NIS} or by the {Domain Name System} (DNS) or
+	{resolver}.  It is possible for one computer to have several
+	hostnames (aliases) though one is designated as its
+	{canonical} name.
+
+	It is often possible to guess a hostname for a particular
+	institution.  This is useful if you want to know if they
+	operate network services like {anonymous FTP}, {World-Wide
+	Web} or {finger}.  First try the institution's name or obvious
+	abbreviations thereof, with the appropriate {domain} appended,
+	e.g. "mit.edu".  If this fails, prepend "ftp." or "www." as
+	appropriate, e.g. "www.data-io.com".  You can use the {ping}
+	command as a quick way to test whether a hostname is valid.
+
+	The folklore interest of hostnames stems from the creativity
+	and humour they often display.  Interpreting a sitename is not
+	unlike interpreting a vanity licence plate; one has to
+	mentally unpack it, allowing for mono-case and length
+	restrictions and the lack of whitespace.  Hacker tradition
+	deprecates dull, institutional-sounding names in favour of
+	punchy, humorous, and clever coinages (except that it is
+	considered appropriate for the official public gateway machine
+	of an organisation to bear the organisation's name or
+	acronym).  Mythological references, cartoon characters, animal
+	names, and allusions to SF or fantasy literature are probably
+	the most popular sources for sitenames (in roughly descending
+	order).  The obligatory comment is Harris's Lament: "All the
+	good ones are taken!"
+
+	See also {network address}.
+
+	2. {Berkeley} {Unix} command to set and get the application
+	level name used by the host.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: hostname(1).
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+host number
+
+	<networking> The host part of an {Internet address}.  The rest
+	is the {network number}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+hosts file
+
+	<networking> A {text file} on a networked computer used to
+	associate {host names} with {IP addresses}.  A hosts file
+	contains lines consisting of {whitespace}-separated fields
+	giving an IP address followed by list of host names or
+	{aliases} associated with that address.  The {name resolution}
+	library software can use this file to look up the IP address
+	for a host name.  The hosts file is "/etc/hosts" on {Unix} and
+	"C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts" or "lmhosts" on
+	{Microsoft Windows},
+
+	In most cases, hosts files have now been almost entirely
+	replaced by {DNS}, in which distributed servers provide the
+	same information.  A hosts file can still be used to override
+	DNS for testing purposes or other special situations.
+
+	(2007-05-09)
+
+Hot Fix
+
+	<storage> {Novell, Inc.}'s term for the feature of their
+	network {file server} {operating system}, {Novell NetWare},
+	which handles errors in disk write operations.  The OS
+	re-reads every block it writes to disk while it holds the data
+	to be written in memory.  In the case of an error, the data
+	block is written to a spare area on the disk.
+
+	The feature lost much of its importance with the widespread
+	use of hard disk drives with built-in {error correction} and
+	{bad block} re-mapping.
+
+	(1997-05-27)
+
+HotJava
+
+	<web> A modular, extensible {web}
+	{browser} from {Sun Microsystems} that can execute programs
+	written in the {Java} programming language.  These programs,
+	known as "{applets}", can be included (like images) in {HTML}
+	pages.  Because Java programs are compiled into machine
+	independent {bytecodes}, applets can run on any {platform} on
+	which HotJava runs - currently (December 1995)
+	{SPARC}/{Solaris} 2 and {Intel 80x86}/{Windows 95}, {Windows
+	NT}.
+
+	{(http://java.sun.com/hotjava.html)}.
+
+	(1995-12-10)
+
+Hotline
+
+	1. <company> {Hotline Communications Ltd.}.
+
+	2. <messaging> {Hotline Connect}.
+
+	(1999-12-07)
+
+Hotline Communications Ltd.
+
+	<company> The company that developes and distributes {Hotline
+	Connect}.
+
+	{(http://BigRedH.com/index2.html)}.
+
+	(1999-12-07)
+
+Hotline Connect
+
+	<messaging> A suite of communication products developed by
+	{Hotline Communications Ltd.}  Hotline Connect is a
+	{real-time}, {multi-platform Internet}/{Intranet}
+	communication suite, that operates independent of the
+	{web}.  It provides easy-to-use private and public
+	{virtual community} building and live interaction with
+	real-time {chat}, conferencing, {messaging}, {data
+	warehousing}, {file transfer}, and viewing.
+
+	Version: 1.7.2, as of 1999-12-07.
+
+	(1999-12-07)
+
+hotlink
+
+	A mechanism for sharing data between two {application
+	programs} where changes to the data made by one application
+	appear instantly in the other's copy.
+
+	Under {System 7} on the {Macintosh} the users establishes a
+	hotlink by doing a "Create Publisher" on the server and
+	"Subscribe" on the client.
+
+	Under {Windows 3} it's "Cut Special"(?) and "Paste Special"
+	(as opposed to the normal Cut and Paste).
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+hotlist
+
+	<web> (From {hypertext} "{hot spot}") A {document}
+	on the {web} or a user's {browser} configuration
+	file containing {hypertext} {links}, often unorganised and
+	undocumented, to notable pages on the Web.
+
+	Compare the 19th century notion of a {commonplace book
+	(http://c.gp.cs.cmu.edu:5103/prog/webster?commonplace+book)}.
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+Hotmail
+
+	<messaging> A {web mail} service bought by {Microsoft}.
+
+	{(http://hotmail.com/)}.
+
+	(2006-10-30)
+
+hot spot
+
+	1. (primarily used by {C}/{Unix} programmers, but spreading)
+	It is received wisdom that in most programs, less than 10% of
+	the code eats 90% of the execution time; if one were to graph
+	instruction visits versus code addresses, one would typically
+	see a few huge spikes amidst a lot of low-level noise.  Such
+	spikes are called "hot spots" and are good candidates for
+	heavy optimisation or {hand-hacking}.  The term is especially
+	used of tight loops and recursions in the code's central
+	algorithm, as opposed to (say) initial set-up costs or large
+	but infrequent I/O operations.
+
+	See {tune}, {bum}, {hand-hacking}.
+
+	2. The active location of a cursor on a bit-map display.  "Put
+	the mouse's hot spot on the "ON" widget and click the left
+	button."
+
+	3. A screen region that is sensitive to mouse clicks, which
+	trigger some action.  {Hypertext} help screens are an example,
+	in which a hot spot exists in the vicinity of any word for
+	which additional material is available.
+
+	4. In a {massively parallel} computer with {shared memory},
+	the one location that all 10,000 processors are trying to read
+	or write at once (perhaps because they are all doing a
+	{busy-wait} on the same lock).
+
+	5. More generally, any place in a hardware design that turns
+	into a performance {bottleneck} due to resource contention.
+
+	6. {wireless hotspot}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Hot Standby Routing Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (HSRP) A {CISCO} standard, defined in {RFC 2281},
+	that calls for a {mirrored router} in {passive mode} to send
+	{hello packets}, wait for a {lead router} to die and, without
+	dropping a {packet}, take over from that router.
+
+	Note: "standby", not "swappable" (and certainly not
+	"swapable").
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+Hot Swapable Routing Protocol
+
+	<spelling> Incorrect spelling of incorrect expansion of HSRP -
+	{Hot Standby Routing Protocol}.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+Hot Swappable Routing Protocol
+
+	<spelling> Incorrect expansion of HSRP - {Hot Standby Routing
+	Protocol}.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+hot swapping
+
+	<hardware> The connection and disconnection of {peripherals}
+	or other components without interrupting system operation.
+	This facility may have design implications for both hardware
+	and software.
+
+	[More detail?]
+
+	(1997-03-15)
+
+HOTT
+
+	(Hot Off The Tree) An {Internet}-based electronic magazine
+	edited by David Scott Lewis <d.s.lewis@ieee.org> and
+	distributed by {electronic mail}.
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+house wizard
+
+	(Probably from ad-agency tradetalk, "house freak") A hacker
+	occupying a technical-specialist, R&D, or systems position at
+	a commercial shop.  A really effective house wizard can have
+	influence out of all proportion to his/her ostensible rank and
+	still not have to wear a suit.  Used especially of {Unix}
+	{wizards}.  The term "house guru" is equivalent.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Houston Automatic Spooling Program
+
+	<operating system> (HASP) A program developed by {IBM} for
+	{NASA} in the 1960s to {SPOOL} output on {OS/MFT} and {OS/MVT}
+	to improve job processing performance.
+
+	(2003-05-19)
+
+Howe, Denis
+
+	{Denis Howe}
+
+how many nibbles in a byte
+
+	<data> There are two {nibbles} in a {byte}.
+
+	(2009-09-17)
+
+HP
+
+	{Hewlett-Packard}
+
+hp2ps
+
+	<tool> An {HP-GL} {interpreter} written in {PostScript} by
+	Alun Jones.  hp2ps runs on the printer itself.  Version 1.9c.
+
+	(1999-11-23)
+
+H/PC
+
+	{Hand-held Personal Computer}
+
+HPCC
+
+	{High Performance Computing and Communications}
+
+HPcode
+
+	Stack-based intermediate language used by {HP} in many of its
+	compilers for {RISC} and stack-based architectures.  Supports
+	{Fortran}, {Ada}, {Pascal}, {COBOL} and {C++}.  Descended from
+	Stanford's {U-code}.
+
+HPCode-Plus
+
+	A descendant of {HPcode} with {data types}, developed to be an
+	{ANDF} language.
+
+	["ANDF: Finally an UNCOL After 30 Years", M.E. Benitez, Jack
+	Davidson <jwd@virginia.edu> et al, CS TR-91-05 U Virginia (Mar
+	1991)].
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+HPF
+
+	{High Performance Fortran}
+
+HPFS
+
+	{High Performance File System}
+
+HP-GL
+
+	{Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language}
+
+HP-GL/2
+
+	"HP-GL/2 Programmer's Guide", No. 5959-9733, HP.  (See PCL.)
+
+HP-IB
+
+	{IEEE 488}
+
+HPL
+
+	Language used in HP9825A/S/T "Desktop Calculators", 1978(?)
+	and ported to the early Series 200 family (9826 and 9836,
+	68000).  Fairly simple and standard, but with extensive I/O
+	support for data acquisition and control (BCD, Serial, 16 bit
+	custom and {IEEE 488} interfaces), including interrupt
+	handling.  Currently owned by Structured Software Systems.
+	"HPL Operating Manual for Series 200, Models 216, 226 and
+	235\6", HP 98614-90010, Jan 1984.
+
+HPLOT
+
+	A graphical output facility for {HBOOK}.
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+HP-MPE
+
+	{Hewlett Packard Multi Processing Executive}
+
+HP-PA
+
+	{Hewlett Packard Precision Architecture}
+
+HPPI
+
+	{High Performance Parallel Interface}
+
+HPR
+
+	{High Performance Routing}
+
+HP-SUX
+
+	<abuse, operating system> /H-P suhks/ An unflattering
+	hackerism for {HP-UX} which features some truly unique
+	bogosities in the {file system} internals and elsewhere (these
+	occasionally create portability problems).  HP-UX is often
+	referred to as "hockey-pux" inside HP, and one respondent
+	claims that the proper pronunciation is /H-P ukkkhhhh/ as
+	though one were about to spit.  Another such alternate
+	spelling and pronunciation is "H-PUX" /H-puhks/.  Hackers at
+	HP/Apollo (the former Apollo Computers which was swallowed by
+	HP in 1989) have been heard to complain that Mr. Packard
+	should have pushed to have his name first, if for no other
+	reason than the greater eloquence of the resulting acronym.
+
+	Compare {AIDX}, {buglix}, {Telerat}, {Open DeathTrap},
+	{ScumOS}, {sun-stools}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-05-12)
+
+HP-UX
+
+	<operating system> The version of {Unix} running on
+	{Hewlett-Packard} {workstations}.
+
+	HP-UX conforms to {X/Open}'s Portability Guide Issue 4
+	({XPG4}), Federal Information Processing Specification (FIPS)
+	151.1, {POSIX} 1003.1, POSIX 1003.2, {AT&T}'s System V
+	Interface Definition 2 ({SVID} 2).  HP-UX incorporates
+	selected features from the University of California at
+	Berkeley Software Distribution 4.3 ({4.3BSD}).
+
+	It is known by some as "{HP-SUX}".
+
+	[Features?]
+
+	(1997-05-12)
+
+HP VEE
+
+	{Hewlett-Packard Visual Engineering Environment}
+
+hqx
+
+	{binhex}
+
+hr
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Croatia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+href
+
+	<web> ({hypertext} reference) The attribute of an
+	{HTML} "a" (anchor or link) tag, whose value gives the {URL}
+	of the {web page} or other resource that the link points to.
+	For example,
+
+	 <a href="http://foldoc.org/">FOLDOC href definition</a>
+
+	would display an anchor pointing to this dictionary.
+
+	(2008-02-22)
+
+hs
+
+	{Haskell}
+
+HSB
+
+	{hue, saturation, brightness}
+
+HSC
+
+	{High Speed Connect}
+
+HSCSD
+
+	{High Speed Circuit Switched Data}
+
+HSL-FX
+
+	{Hierarchical Specification Language - Function Extension}
+
+HSM
+
+	{Hierarchical Storage Management}
+
+HSRP
+
+	{Hot Standby Routing Protocol}
+
+HSSI
+
+	{high speed serial interface}
+
+HSV
+
+	{hue, saturation, value}
+
+HT
+
+	{horizontal tabulation}
+
+ht
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Haiti.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+HTH
+
+	<chat> Hope This Helps.  Often used sarcastically, see {HAND}.
+
+	(1998-03-06)
+
+HTLM
+
+	Do you mean {HTML}?
+
+HTML
+
+	{Hypertext Markup Language}
+
+HTML+
+
+	<hypertext, standard> A proposed successor to {HTML}.  HTML+
+	was a superset of HTML designed to extend the capabilities of
+	the language to incorporate better support for {multimedia}
+	objects in documents.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+htmlcommentbox.com
+
+	<web> A service for adding a comment box to any web
+	page, allowing visitors to leave comments and the site owner to
+	review them.
+
+	{(http://htmlcommentbox.com/)}
+
+	(2013-03-20)
+
+HTTL
+
+	Do you mean {HTTP} or {HTML}?
+
+HTTP
+
+	{Hypertext Transfer Protocol}
+
+HTTP/1.0
+
+	{Hypertext Transfer Protocol} version 1.0.
+
+HTTP cookie
+
+	<web> A small string of information sent by a {web
+	server} to a {web browser} that will be sent back by the browser
+	each time it accesses that server.
+
+	Cookies were invented by {Netscape} to make it easier to maintain
+	{state} between {HTTP} {transactions}.  They can contain any
+	arbitrary information the server chooses to put in them.
+
+	The most common use of cookies is to identify and authenticate a
+	user who has logged in to a {website}, so they don't have to sign
+	in every time they visit.  Other example uses are maintaining a
+	{shopping basket} of goods you have selected to purchase during a
+	session at an online shop or site {personalisation} (presenting
+	different pages to different users).
+
+	The browser limits the size of each cookie and the number each
+	server can store.  This prevents a malicious site consuming lots
+	of disk space on the user's computer.  The only information that
+	cookies can return to the server is what that server previously
+	sent out.
+
+	The main privacy concern is that it is not obvious when a site is
+	using cookies or what for.  Even if you don't log in or supply any
+	personal information to a site, it can still assign you a unique
+	identifier and store it in a "tracking cookie".  This can then be
+	used to track every page you ever visit on the site.  However,
+	since it is possible to do the same thing without cookies, the UK
+	law requiring sites to declare their use of cookies makes little
+	sense and has been widely ignored.
+
+	After using a shared computer, e.g. in an {Internet cafe}, you
+	should remove all cookies to prevent the browser identifying
+	the next user as you if they happen to visit the same sites.
+
+	{Cookie Central (http://cookiecentral.com/c_concept.htm)}.
+
+	{Stupid cookie law
+	(http://blog.silktide.com/2013/01/the-stupid-cookie-law-is-dead-at-last/)}.
+
+	(2013-12-05)
+
+HTTPd
+
+	<web> (Hypertext transfer protocol daemon).
+
+	An {HTTP/1.0}-compatible {server}, written by Rob McCool
+	<robm@ncsa.uiuc.edu> of {NCSA}, for making {hypertext} and
+	other documents available to {web browsers}.
+
+	HTTPd is designed to be small and fast and to work with most
+	HTTP/0.9 and HTTP/1.0 {browsers}.  You can customise your
+	server to execute searches and handle {HTML} {forms}.  It also
+	supports {server side include} files, allowing you to include
+	the output of commands or other files in {HTML} documents.
+
+	The current (1994-08-08) version is 1.3.
+
+	{(http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/docs/Overview.html)}.
+
+	E-mail: <httpd@ncsa.uiuc.edu>.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+HTTP proxy server
+
+	<web> A {proxy server} for {HTTP} requests.
+	Typically an HTTP proxy or "web proxy" accepts HTTP requests
+	containing {URLs} with a special prefix.  The proxy removes
+	the prefix and looks for the resulting URL in its local
+	{cache} (if it is a caching proxy).  If found, it returns the
+	document immediately, otherwise it fetches it from the remote
+	server, saves a copy in its cache and returns it to the
+	requester.  The cache will usually have an expiry {algorithm}
+	which flushes documents according to their age, size and
+	access history.
+
+	The purpose is to reduce the amount of data flowing over the
+	proxy's Internet connection and to speed up clients' access to
+	frequently requested pages, e.g. at an {ISP} or on a large
+	company's {firewall}.  The proxy may also reject requests
+	where the URL or content matches certain conditions.
+
+	The {Apache} HTTP server can be configured to act as a proxy
+	server.  Another popular software proxy is {Squid}.
+
+	(2008-07-01)
+
+HTTPS
+
+	{HyperText Transmission Protocol, Secure}
+
+HTTP server
+
+	<web> (Or "web server") A {server} process running
+	at a {website} which sends out {web pages} in response to
+	{HTTP} requests from remote {browsers}.
+
+	If one site runs more than one server they must use different
+	{port numbers}.  Alternatively, several hostnames may be
+	mapped to the same computer in which case they are known as
+	"{virtual servers}".
+
+	{Apache} and {NCSA} {HTTPd} are two popular web servers.
+	There are many others including some for practically every
+	{platform}.  Servers differ mostly in the "server-side"
+	features they offer such as {server-side include}, and in
+	their {authentication} and access control mechanisms.  All
+	decent servers support {CGI} and most have some binary {API}
+	as well.
+
+	(1997-02-05)
+
+hu
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Hungary.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+hub
+
+	<networking> (By analogy with the hub of a wheel) A device
+	connected to several other devices.
+
+	In {ARCnet}, a hub is used to connect several computers
+	together.  In a message handling service, a number of local
+	computers might exchange messages solely with a hub computer.
+	The hub would be responsible for exchanging messages with
+	other hubs and non-local computers.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+Hubnet
+
+	<networking> A 50 Mb/s {optical fibre} {network} developed at
+	{Toronto University}.  Network {topology} is a rooted tree
+	with a maximum of 65536 hosts with maximum separation of 2 km.
+	The {protocol} is multiple access, collision avoidance, echo
+	detect and retry.
+
+	[Computer Systems Equipment Design, Jan 85].
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+hubs
+
+	{hub}
+
+hue
+
+	<graphics> (Or "tint") The coordinate in the {HSB} {colour
+	model} that determines the frequency of light or the position
+	in the spectrum or the relative amounts of red, green and
+	blue.  Hue corresponds to the common definition of colour,
+	e.g. "red", "orange", "violet" etc.  The other coordinates are
+	{saturation} and {brightness}.
+
+	(1999-07-05)
+
+hue, saturation, brightness
+
+	<graphics> (HSB) A {colour model} that describes colours in
+	terms of {hue}, {saturation}, and {brightness}.
+
+	In the tables below, a hue is a "pure" colour, i.e. one with
+	no black or white in it.  A shade is a "dark" colour, i.e. one
+	produced by mixing a hue with black.  A tint is a "light"
+	colour, i.e. one produced by mixing a hue with white.  A tone
+	is a colour produced by mixing a hue with a shade of grey.
+
+	{Microsoft Windows} colour dialogs, {PagePlus}, and {Paint
+	Shop Pro} use {HSB} but call the third dimension "luminosity"
+	or "lightness".  It ranges from 0% (black) to 100% (white).  A
+	pure hue is 50% luminosity, 100% saturation.
+
+	 Colour type   S      L
+	 Black        Any     0%
+	 White        Any    100%
+	 Grey          0%    1-99%
+	 Hue          100%    50%
+	 Shade        100%   1-49%
+	 Tint         100%  51-99%
+	 Tone         1-99%  1-99%
+
+	{Quattro Pro}, {CorelDraw}, and {PhotoShop} use a variant
+	(Quattro Pro calls the third parameter "brightness") in which
+	a brightness of 100% can produce white, a pure hue, or
+	anything in between, depending on the saturation.
+
+	 Colour type   S      B
+	 Black        Any     0%
+	 White         0%    100%
+	 Grey          0%    1-99%
+	 Hue          100%   100%
+	 Shade        100%   1-99%
+	 Tint         1-99%  100%
+	 Tone         1-99%  1-99%
+
+	[Same as {HSV}?]
+
+	(1999-07-05)
+
+hue, saturation, value
+
+	<graphics> (HSV) A {colour model} that describes colours in
+	terms of {hue} (or "tint"), {saturation} (or "shade") and
+	{value} (or "tone" or "luminance").
+
+	[Same as {HSB}?]
+
+	(1999-07-05)
+
+huff
+
+	<compression> To compress data using {Huffman coding}.
+	Various programs that use such methods have been called "HUFF"
+	or some variant thereof.
+
+	Opposite: {puff}.  Compare {crunch}, {compress}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+Huffman
+
+	{Huffman coding}
+
+Huffman code
+
+	{Huffman coding}
+
+Huffman coding
+
+	<algorithm> A {data compression} technique which varies the
+	length of the encoded symbol in proportion to its information
+	content, that is the more often a symbol or token is used, the
+	shorter the {binary string} used to represent it in the
+	compressed stream.  Huffman codes can be properly decoded
+	because they obey the prefix property, which means that no
+	code can be a prefix of another code, and so the complete set
+	of codes can be represented as a binary tree, known as a
+	Huffman tree.  Huffman coding was first described in a seminal
+	paper by D.A. Huffman in 1952.
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+Huffman encoding
+
+	{Huffman coding}
+
+Hugh Loebner
+
+	<person> Dr. Hugh Gene Loebner, the instigator of the {Loebner
+	Prize} in {artificial intelligence}.
+
+	{(http://loebner.net/)}.
+
+	E-mail address: Hugh Loebner <hugh@loebner.net>.
+
+	(2003-11-30)
+
+HUGO
+
+	A {bytecode}-interpreted {transaction handler} from {Geac}.
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+HUGS
+
+	{Haskell User's Gofer System}
+
+Human-Computer Interaction
+
+	<software, hardware> (HCI) The study of how humans interact
+	with computers, and how to design computer systems that are
+	easy, quick and productive for humans to use.
+
+	See also {Human-Computer Interface}.
+
+	{HCI Sites (http://acm.org/sigchi/hci-sites/)}.
+
+	(1999-05-09)
+
+Human-Computer Interface
+
+	<software, hardware> (HCI) Any {software} or {hardware} that
+	allows a user to interact with a computer.  Examples are
+	{WIMP}, {command-line interpreter}, or {virtual reality}.
+
+	See also {Human-Computer Interaction}.
+
+	(1999-05-09)
+
+Human Interface Device
+
+	<hardware> (HID) Any device to interact directly with humans
+	(mostly input) like {keyboard}, {mouse}, {joystick}, or {graphics
+	tablet}.
+
+	(2001-03-29)
+
+Human Interface Technology Laboratory
+
+	(HITL) The Human Interface Technology Laboratory at the
+	{University of Washington} was founded in 1990.  It is a
+	centre for research and development of advanced interface
+	technology.  Located on the university campus, HITL forms a
+	bridge between academia and industry.  It maintains its
+	industrial focus via the Virtual Worlds Consortium and
+	maintains contacts with academia by training students and
+	teaching courses.  The lab has access to faculty and students
+	throughout the State of Washington.
+
+	Address: Human Interface Technology Laboratory, University of
+	Washington, Seattle, USA.
+
+	(1995-02-13)
+
+humanist technology
+
+	<philosophy> Technology centered around the interests, needs,
+	and well-being of humans.
+
+	(2002-07-16)
+
+humma
+
+	<chat> A filler word used on various "chat" and "talk"
+	programs when you had nothing to say but felt that it was
+	important to say something.
+
+	The word apparently originated (at least with this definition)
+	on the MECC Timeshare System (MTS, a now-defunct educational
+	{time-sharing} system running in Minnesota during the 1970s
+	and the early 1980s) but was later sighted on early Unix
+	systems.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-02-27)
+
+humor
+
+	{hacker humour}
+
+humour
+
+	{hacker humour}
+
+hung
+
+	["hung up"] Equivalent to {wedged}, but more common at Unix/C
+	sites.  Not generally used of people.  Synonym with {locked
+	up}, {wedged}; compare {hosed}.  See also {hang}.  A hung
+	state is distinguished from {crash}ed or {down}, where the
+	program or system is also unusable but because it is not
+	running rather than because it is waiting for something.
+	However, the recovery from both situations is often the same.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Hungarian Notation
+
+	<language, convention> A linguistic convention requiring one
+	or more letters to be added to the start of {variable} names
+	to denote {scope} and/or {type}.
+
+	Hungarian Notation is mainly confined to {Microsoft Windows}
+	programming environments, such as Microsoft {C}, {C++} and
+	{Visual Basic}.  It was originally devised by {Charles
+	Simonyi}, a Hungarian, who was a senior programmer at
+	{Microsoft} for many years.  He disliked the way that names in
+	C programs gave no clue as to the type, leading to frequent
+	programmer errors.
+
+	According to legend, fellow programmers at Microsoft, on
+	seeing the convoluted, vowel-less variable names produced by
+	his scheme, said, "This might as well be in Greek - or even
+	Hungarian!".  They made up the name "Hungarian notation"
+	(possibly with "{reverse Polish notation}" in mind).
+
+	Hungarian Notation is not really necessary when using a modern
+	{strongly-typed language} as the {compiler} warns the
+	programmer if a variable of one type is used as if it were
+	another type.  It is less useful in {object-oriented
+	programming} languages such as {C++}, where many variables are
+	going to be instances of {classes} and so begin with "obj".
+
+	In addition, variable names are essentially only {comments},
+	and thus are just as susceptible to becoming out-of-date and
+	incorrect as any other comment.  For example, if a {signed}
+	{short} {int} becomes an unsigned {long} int, the variable
+	name, and every use of it, should be changed to reflect its
+	new type.
+
+	A variable's name should describe the values it holds.  Type
+	and scope are aspects of this, but Hungarian Notation
+	overemphasises their importance by allocating so much of the
+	start of the name to them.  Furthermore, type and scope
+	information can be found from the variable's declaration.
+	Ironically, this is particularly easy in the development
+	environments in which Hungarian Notation is typically used.
+
+	{Simonyi's original monograph
+	(http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/techart/hunganotat.htm)}.
+
+	{Microsoft VB Naming Conventions
+	(http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q110/2/64.asp)}.
+
+	(2003-09-11)
+
+Hungry Programmers
+
+	<body> A group of programmers producing {free software}.
+
+	{(http://hungry.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+hungry puppy
+
+	Synonym {slopsucker}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Hungry ViewKit
+
+	<operating system, library> A {C++} {class} library for
+	developing {Motif} {application programs} (although this
+	restriction will be lifted once {LessTif} is finished).  It
+	follows the {API} of the {Iris}(tm) {ViewKit}, put out by
+	{SGI}.  The Hungry ViewKit is a superset of the Iris ViewKit,
+	so any code developed for the Iris version will work with the
+	Hungry version, but possibly not vice versa.
+
+	{(http://hungry.com/products/viewkit/)}.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+hungus
+
+	<jargon> /huhng'g*s/ (Perhaps related to slang "humongous")
+	Large, unwieldy, usually unmanageable.  E.g. "{TCP} is a
+	hungus piece of code."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-01-26)
+
+Hunt the Wumpus
+
+	<games, history> (Or "Wumpus") /wuhm'p*s/ A famous fantasy
+	computer game, created by {Gregory Yob} in about 1973.
+
+	Hunt the Wumpus appeared in Creative Computing, Vol 1, No 5,
+	Sep - Oct 1975, where Yob says he had come up with the game
+	two years previously, after seeing the grid-based games
+	Hurkle, Snark and Mugwump at {People's Computing Company}
+	(PCC).  He later delivered Wumpus to PCC who published it in
+	their newsletter.
+
+	ESR says he saw a version including termites running on the
+	{Dartmouth Time-Sharing System} in 1972-3.
+
+	Magnus Olsson, in his 1992-07-07 {USENET} article
+	<9207071854.AA21847@thep.lu.se>, posted the {BASIC} {source
+	code} of what he believed was pretty much the version that was
+	published in 1973 in David Ahl's "101 Basic Computer Games",
+	by {Digital Equipment Corporation}.
+
+	The wumpus lived somewhere in a cave with the topology of an
+	dodecahedron's edge/vertex graph (later versions supported
+	other topologies, including an icosahedron and M"obius
+	strip). The player started somewhere at random in the cave
+	with five "crooked arrows"; these could be shot through up to
+	three connected rooms, and would kill the wumpus on a hit
+	(later versions introduced the wounded wumpus, which got very
+	angry).  Unfortunately for players, the movement necessary to
+	map the maze was made hazardous not merely by the wumpus
+	(which would eat you if you stepped on him) but also by
+	bottomless pits and colonies of super bats that would pick you
+	up and drop you at a random location (later versions added
+	"anaerobic termites" that ate arrows, bat migrations and
+	earthquakes that randomly changed pit locations).
+
+	This game appears to have been the first to use a non-random
+	graph-structured map (as opposed to a rectangular grid like
+	the even older Star Trek games).  In this respect, as in the
+	dungeon-like setting and its terse, amusing messages, it
+	prefigured {ADVENT} and {Zork} and was directly ancestral to
+	both (Zork acknowledged this heritage by including a super-bat
+	colony).
+
+	There have been many {ports} including one distributed with
+	{SunOS}, a {freeware} one for the {Macintosh} and a {C}
+	emulation by {ESR}.
+
+	[Does "101 Basic Computer Games" give any history?]
+
+	(2004-10-04)
+
+Hurd
+
+	<operating system> The {GNU} project's replacement for the
+	{Unix} {kernel}.  The Hurd is a collection of {servers} that
+	run on the {Mach} {microkernel} to implement {file systems},
+	{network protocols}, file access control, and other features
+	that are implemented by the Unix kernel or similar kernels
+	such as {Linux}.  The GNU {C Library} provides the {Unix}
+	{system call} interface, and calls the Hurd for services it
+	can't provide itself.
+
+	The Hurd aims to establish a framework for shared development
+	and maintenance, allowing a broad range of users to share
+	projects without knowing much about the internal workings of
+	the system - projects that might never have been attempted
+	without freely available source, a well-designed interface,
+	and a multi-server-based design.
+
+	Currently there are free ports of the {Mach} {kernel} to the
+	{Intel 80386} {IBM PC}, the {DEC} {PMAX} {workstation}, the
+	{Luna} {88k}, with more in progress, including the {Amiga} and
+	{DEC} {Alpha}-3000 machines.
+
+	According to Thomas Bushnell, BSG, the primary architect of
+	the Hurd: 'Hurd' stands for 'Hird of Unix-Replacing Daemons'
+	and 'Hird' stands for 'Hurd of Interfaces Representing Depth'.
+	Possibly the first software to be named by a pair of {mutually
+	recursive} acronyms.
+
+	{The Hurd Home (http://gnu.org/software/hurd/hurd.html)}.
+
+	[June 1994 GNU's Bulletin].
+
+	(2004-02-24)
+
+HVD
+
+	{High Voltage Differential}
+
+Hybrid
+
+	A {concurrent} {object-oriented} language.
+
+	["Active Objects in Hybrid", O.M. Nierstrasz, SIGPLAN Notices
+	22(12):243-253 (OOPSLA '87) (Dec 1987)].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Hybrid Fiber Coax
+
+	<networking> (HFC) A kind of physical connection used in
+	networks for audio, video, and data.  DVB (Digital Video
+	Broadcast) is used in Europe and DOCSIS is used in N America.
+
+	[What is the relationship between HFC, DVB, DOCSIS?]
+
+	(1999-11-02)
+
+hybrid multiprocessing
+
+	<parallel> (HMP) The kind of {multitasking} which {OS/2}
+	supports.  HMP provides some elements of {symmetric
+	multiprocessing}, using add-on {IBM} software called MP/2.
+	OS/2 SMP was planned for release in late 1993.
+
+	(1995-03-19)
+
+hybrid testing
+
+	<testing> A combination of {top-down testing} with {bottom-up
+	testing} of prioritised or available components.
+
+	(1996-05-22)
+
+hydra code
+
+	<humour, programming> {Code} that cannot be fixed because each
+	time a {bug} is remove, two new bugs grow in its place.  Named
+	after the many-headed Hydra of Greek mythology.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2014-01-04)
+
+hydrofluorocarbon
+
+	<hardware> (HFC) A suggested replacement for the
+	chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) coolant gas used in chillers and air
+	conditioners.
+
+	(1996-11-05)
+
+HyperBase
+
+	<database> An experimental active multi-user {database} for
+	{hypertext} systems from the {University of Aalborg}, written
+	in {C++}.  It is built on the {client-server} model enabling
+	distributed, {concurrent}, and shared access from
+	{workstations} in a {local area network}.
+
+	See also {EHTS}.
+
+	(1995-03-19)
+
+Hyper-C
+
+	A {data parallel} extension of {C} from HyperParallel Tech,
+	France, for {PVM}, {CM} and {Maspar}.  It is available from
+	Fortunel Systems <fortunel@vnet.net>, +1 (919) 319 1624.
+
+	E-mail: <hyperc-support@hyperparallel.polytechnique.fr>.
+
+	(1994-11-17)
+
+HyperCard
+
+	A software package by Bill Atkinson for storage and retrieval
+	of information on the {Macintosh}.  It can handle {images} and
+	is designed for {browsing}.  The powerful customisable
+	interactive {user interface} allows new {applications} to be
+	easily constructed by manipulating objects on the screen,
+	often without conventional programming, though the language
+	{HyperTalk} can be used for more complex tasks.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.sys.mac.hypercard}.
+
+	["Apple Macintosh HyperCard User Guide", Apple Computer 1987].
+
+	(1995-02-10)
+
+hypercube
+
+	A cube of more than three dimensions.  A single (2^0 = 1)
+	point (or "node") can be considered as a zero dimensional
+	cube, two (2^1) nodes joined by a line (or "edge") are a one
+	dimensional cube, four (2^2) nodes arranged in a square are a
+	two dimensional cube and eight (2^3) nodes are an ordinary
+	three dimensional cube.  Continuing this geometric
+	progression, the first hypercube has 2^4 = 16 nodes and is a
+	four dimensional shape (a "four-cube") and an N dimensional
+	cube has 2^N nodes (an "N-cube").  To make an N+1 dimensional
+	cube, take two N dimensional cubes and join each node on one
+	cube to the corresponding node on the other.  A four-cube can
+	be visualised as a three-cube with a smaller three-cube
+	centred inside it with edges radiating diagonally out (in the
+	fourth dimension) from each node on the inner cube to the
+	corresponding node on the outer cube.
+
+	Each node in an N dimensional cube is directly connected to N
+	other nodes.  We can identify each node by a set of N
+	{Cartesian coordinates} where each coordinate is either zero
+	or one.  Two node will be directly connected if they differ in
+	only one coordinate.
+
+	The simple, regular geometrical structure and the close
+	relationship between the coordinate system and binary numbers
+	make the hypercube an appropriate topology for a parallel
+	computer interconnection network.  The fact that the number of
+	directly connected, "nearest neighbour", nodes increases with
+	the total size of the network is also highly desirable for a
+	{parallel computer}.
+
+	(1994-11-17)
+
+Hyperion
+
+	<computer> An {MS-DOS} {personal computer} that was
+	manufactured in Kanata (near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada) in the
+	mid-1980s.  It received considerable government subsidies and,
+	while it was considered well-designed and manufactured and a
+	real threat to the {Compaq Portable}, the Ottawa firm that
+	designed it was unable to beat {Compaq}.
+
+	(1997-07-21)
+
+hyperlink
+
+	{hypertext link}
+
+Hyper-Man
+
+	A {browser} available with {Epoch} giving {hypertext} access
+	to the {Unix} manual.
+
+hypermedia
+
+	{hypertext}
+
+HyperNeWS
+
+	A Hypertext system from the Turing Institute Glasgow, based on
+	{NeWS}.
+
+Hyperscript
+
+	Informix.  The object-based programming language for Wingz,
+	used for creating charts, graphs, graphics, and customised
+	data entry.
+
+hyperspace
+
+	/hi:'per-spays/ A memory location that is *far* away from
+	where the {program counter} should be pointing, often
+	inaccessible because it is not even mapped in.  (Compare {jump
+	off into never-never land}.)
+
+	This usage is from the SF notion of a spaceship jumping "into
+	hyperspace", that is, taking a shortcut through
+	higher-dimensional space - in other words, bypassing this
+	universe.  The variant "east hyperspace" is recorded among
+	{CMU} and {Bliss} hackers.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+HyperSPARC
+
+	<processor> The successor to the {SuperSPARC} processor, based
+	on the {SPARC} {ISA}.  The HyperSPARC has smaller {caches}
+	than the {SuperSPARC}: 8kb on-chip and 256kb off-chip
+	(compared with 36kb and 1Mb).  The HyperSPARC's {memory
+	management} is optimised for more efficient out-of-cache
+	addressing which means quicker access to external (slower,
+	cheaper) memory.
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+Hyperstrict
+
+	A function which is hyperstrict in some argument will fully
+	evaluate that argument.  To fully evaluate an object, evaluate
+	it to WHNF and if it is a constructed data object (e.g. a list
+	or tuple) then fully evaluate every component and so on
+	recursively.  Thus a hyperstrict function will fail to
+	terminate if its argument or any component or sub-component of
+	its argument fails to terminate (i.e. if its argument is not
+	"total").
+
+HyperTalk
+
+	A verbose semicompiled language by Bill Atkinson and Dan
+	Winkler, with loose {syntax} and high readability.
+
+	HyperTalk uses {HyperCard} as an object management system,
+	development environment and interface builder.  Programs are
+	organised into "stacks" of "cards", each of which may have
+	"buttons" and "fields".  All data storage is in
+	zero-terminated strings in fields, local, or global variables;
+	all data references are through "chunk expressions" of the
+	form:
+
+		'last item of background field
+		"Name List" of card ID 34217'.
+
+	Flow of control is {event-driven} and uses message-passing
+	among scripts that are attached to stack, background, card,
+	field and button objects.
+
+	{Apple Computer} has taken back distribution and maintenance of
+	HyperCard from {Claris} Corporation
+
+	["HyperTalk Language Reference Manual", A-W 1988].
+
+	(1994-11-17)
+
+hypertext
+
+	<hypertext> A term coined by Ted Nelson around 1965 for a
+	collection of documents (or "nodes") containing
+	cross-references or "links" which, with the aid of an
+	interactive {browser} program, allow the reader to move easily
+	from one document to another.
+
+	The extension of hypertext to include other media - {sound},
+	{graphics}, and {video} - has been termed "{hypermedia}", but
+	is usually just called "hypertext", especially since the
+	advent of the {web} and {HTML}.
+
+	(2000-09-10)
+
+hypertext link
+
+	<hypertext> (Or "{hyperlink}", "button", formerly "span",
+	"region", "extent") A pointer from within the content of one
+	{hypertext} {node} (e.g. a {web page}) to another node.  In
+	{HTML} (the language used to write web pages), the source and
+	destination of a {link} are known as "anchors".  A source
+	anchor may be a word, phrase, image or the whole node.  A
+	destination anchor may be a whole node or some position within
+	the node.
+
+	A {hypertext browser} displays source anchors in some
+	distinctive way.  When the user activates the link (e.g. by
+	clicking on it with the {mouse}), the browser displays the
+	destination anchor to which the link refers.  Anchors should
+	be recognisable at all times, not, for example, only when the
+	mouse is over them.  Originally links were always underlined
+	but the modern preference is to use {bold} text.
+
+	In {HTML}, anchors are created with <a..>..</a> anchor
+	elements.  The opening "a" tag of a source anchor has an
+	"href" (hypertext reference) {attribute} giving the
+	destination in the form of a {URL} - usually a whole "page".
+	E.g.
+
+		<a href="http://foldoc.org/">
+		Free On-line Dictionary of Computing</a>
+
+	Destination anchors can be used in HTML to name a position
+	within a page using a "name" attribute.  E.g.
+
+		<a name="chapter3">
+
+	The name or "fragment identifier" is appended to the URL of
+	the page after a "#":
+
+		http://fairystory.com/goldilocks.html#chapter3
+
+	(2008-12-10)
+
+Hypertext Markup Language
+
+	<hypertext, web, standard> (HTML) A {hypertext}
+	document format used on the {web}.  HTML is built
+	on top of {SGML}.  "Tags" are embedded in the text.  A tag
+	consists of a "<", a "directive" (in lower case), zero or
+	more parameters and a ">".  Matched pairs of directives, like
+	"<title>" and "</title>" are used to delimit text which is to
+	appear in a special place or style.
+
+	Links to other documents are in the form
+
+	 <a href="http://machine.edu/subdir/file.html">foo</a>
+
+	where "<a>" and "</a>" delimit an "anchor", "href" introduces
+	a hypertext reference, which is most often a {Uniform Resource
+	Locator} (URL) (the string in double quotes in the example
+	above).  The link will be represented in the browser by the
+	text "foo" (typically shown underlined and in a different
+	colour).
+
+	A certain place within an HTML document can be marked with a
+	named anchor, e.g.:
+
+	 <a name="baz">
+
+	The "fragment identifier", "baz", can be used in an href by
+	appending "#baz" to the document name.
+
+	Other common tags include <p> for a new paragraph, <b>..</b>
+	for bold text, <ul> for an unnumbered list, <pre> for
+	preformated text, <h1>, <h2> .. <h6> for headings.
+
+	{HTML} supports some standard {SGML} {national characters} and
+	other non-{ASCII} characters through special {escape
+	sequences}, e.g. "&eacute;" for a lower case 'e' with an acute
+	accent.  You can sometimes get away without the terminating
+	semicolon but it's bad style.
+
+	Most systems will ignore the case of tags and attributes but
+	lower case should be used for compatibility with {XHTML}.
+
+	The {web Consortium} (W3C) is the international
+	{standards} body for HTML.
+
+	Latest version: {XHTML} 1.0, as of 2000-09-10.
+
+	{(http://w3.org/MarkUp/)}.
+
+	{Character escape sequences
+	(http://w3.org/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/ISOlat1.html)}.
+
+	See also {weblint}.
+
+	(2006-01-19)
+
+Hypertext Transfer Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (HTTP) The {client-server} {TCP/IP} {protocol} used
+	on the {web} for the exchange of {HTML} documents.
+	It conventionally uses {port} 80.
+
+	Latest version: HTTP 1.1, defined in {RFC 2068}, as of May
+	1997.
+
+	See also {Uniform Resource Locator}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+HyperText Transmission Protocol, Secure
+
+	<protocol> (HTTPS) A variant of {HTTP} used by {Netscape} for
+	handling secure transactions.
+
+	The {Netscape Navigator} supports a {URL} {access method},
+	"https", for connecting to {HTTP} {servers} using {SSL}.
+
+	"https" is a unique protocol that is simply {SSL} underneath
+	{HTTP}.  You need to use "https://" for HTTP {URLs} with
+	{SSL}, whereas you continue to use "http://" for HTTP URLs
+	without SSL.  The default "https" {port} number is 443, as
+	assigned by the {Internet Assigned Numbers Authority}.
+
+	{(http://netscape.com/info/security-doc.html)}.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+hyperware
+
+	<hypertext> {Software} that implements or uses {hypertext}.
+
+	(2000-09-11)
+
+hypotenuse
+
+	<mathematics> The side of a right-angled triangle opposite the
+	right angle.
+
+	(2004-02-15)
+
+hysterical reasons
+
+	(Or "hysterical raisins") A variant on the stock phrase "for
+	historical reasons", indicating specifically that something
+	must be done in some stupid way for backward compatibility,
+	and moreover that the feature it must be compatible with was
+	the result of a bad design in the first place.  "All IBM PC
+	video adaptors have to support MDA text mode for hysterical
+	reasons."  Compare {bug-for-bug compatible}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Hytelnet
+
+	<networking> A {hypertext} database of publicly accessible
+	{Internet} sites created and maintained by Peter Scott
+	<scottp@moondog.usask.ca>.  Hytelnet currently lists over 1400
+	sites, including Libraries, Campus-Wide Information Systems,
+	{Gopher}, {WAIS}, {WWW} and {Freenets}.
+
+	Hytelnet software is available for the {IBM PC}, {Macintosh},
+	{Unix} and {VMS} systems.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.usask.ca/pub/hytelnet)} (128.233.3.11).  {Telnet
+	(telnet://access.usask.ca/)}, login: hytelnet.
+
+	Mailing list: listserv@library.berkeley.edu (no subject, body:
+	subscribe hytelnet FirstName LastName).
+
+	(1995-10-18)
+
+HyTime
+
+	Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language: an emerging
+	ANSI/ISO Standard from the {SGML} Users' Group's Special
+	Interest Group on Hypertext and Multimedia (SIGhyper).  A
+	hypermedia extension of {SGML}.
+
+	["The HyTime Hypermedia/Time-based Document Structuring
+	Language", S. Newcomb et al, CACM 34(11):67-83 (Nov 1991)].
+
+i18n
+
+	{internationalisation}
+
+I2O
+
+	{Intelligent Input/Output}
+
+i386
+
+	{Intel 80386}
+
+i486
+
+	{Intel 486}
+
+i487
+
+	{Intel 487SX}
+
+i860
+
+	<processor> A 32/64-bit {superscalar} {RISC} {microprocessor}
+	from {Intel}, released in 1989.  Originally codenamed "N10".
+	It has a 32-bit integer {ALU} and a 64-bit {floating-point
+	unit}.  It has a 64-bit {data bus} with an initialisation mode
+	which only uses eight bits of the data bus to allow the use of
+	a small {boot ROM}.  It has a 32-bit wide {instruction cache}
+	and a separate 64-bit wide {data cache}.  It uses {register
+	scoreboarding} and {register bypassing}.  The {clock rate} is
+	33 MHz with a clock-doubled version available.
+
+	(1998-03-28)
+
+IA
+
+	{Information Appliance}
+
+IA32
+
+	<architecture> The {processor} chip architecture and
+	{instruction set} used by {Intel} in its {Pentium} processors.
+
+	(2007-06-17)
+
+IAB
+
+	{Internet Architecture Board}
+
+IAD
+
+	A dynamic analyser from {IBM} giving information on run-time
+	performance and code use.
+
+IAL
+
+	{ALGOL 58}
+
+IAM
+
+	Interactive Algebraic Manipulation.  Interactive {symbolic
+	mathematics} for {PDP-10}.
+
+	["IAM, A System for Interactive Algebraic Manipulation", C.
+	Christensen et al, Proc Second Symp Symb Alg Manip, ACM Mar
+	1971].
+
+IANA
+
+	{Internet Assigned Numbers Authority}
+
+IANAL
+
+	<chat> I Am Not A Lawyer (but my legal opinion is...).
+
+	(1998-07-28)
+
+IAP
+
+	{Internet Access Provider}
+
+I-APL
+
+	A version of {APL}.
+	{(ftp://watserv1.waterloo.edu/languages/apl/)}.
+
+	(1992-07-06)
+
+IAR
+
+	Instruction Address Register.
+
+	The {IBM} name for {program counter}.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+IAS
+
+	1. <computer> The first modern computer.  It had main
+	{registers}, processing circuits, information paths within the
+	{central processing unit}, and used {Von Neumann}'s
+	{fetch-execute cycle}.
+
+	The IAS machine's basic unit of information was a 40-bit
+	{word} and the memory had 4096 words.  A word stored in memory
+	could represent either an instruction or data.  Each IAS
+	instruction was twenty bits long, so that two instructions
+	could be stored in each 40-bit memory location.  Each
+	instruction consisted of an 8-bit {operation code} and a
+	12-bit address that could identify any of 2^12 locations that
+	may be used to store an {operand} of the instruction.
+
+	The {CPU} consisted of a data processing unit and a program
+	control unit.  It contained various processing and control
+	circuits along with a set of high-speed {registers} for the
+	temporary storage of instructions, memory addresses, and data.
+
+	The main actions specified by instructions were performed by
+	the arithmetic-logic circuits of the data processing unit.  An
+	electronic clock circuit was used to generate the signals
+	needed to synchronise the operation of the different parts of
+	the system.
+
+	[Who?  Where?  When?  Implemented using what?]
+
+	2. {Immediate Access Storage}.
+
+	(2003-10-24)
+
+IAW
+
+	<chat> inactive window.
+
+	Used in {talk} systems to mean that that person will not be
+	taking part in the conversation for a while.  The sadly
+	mispelled alternative, "unactive window" (UAW) has also been
+	reported.
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+IAYSDAH
+
+	<chat> I acknowledge your strangely depressing attempt at
+	humour.
+
+	(2004-03-04)
+
+IBEX
+
+	<language> The command language for {Honeywell}'s {CP-6}
+	{operating system}.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+IBM
+
+	{International Business Machines}
+
+IBM 1130
+
+	<computer> A computer introduced by {IBM} in 1965.  It was
+	their cheapest computer to date, and was aimed at
+	price-sensitive, computing-intensive technical markets like
+	education and engineering.  It notably included inexpensive
+	disk storage.  Non-IBM {clones} were produced.
+
+	{IBM 1130 Enthusiasts (http://ibm1130.org/)}.
+
+	(2005-01-17)
+
+IBM 1403
+
+	<printer> A printer used with the {IBM 360} {mainframe}, a
+	successor to the 1401.
+
+	(1999-01-11)
+
+IBM 1620
+
+	<computer> A computer built by {IBM} and released in late
+	1959.  The 1620 cost from around $85,000(?) up to hundreds of
+	thousands of dollars(?) according to the configuration.  It
+	was billed as a "small scientific computer" to distinguish it
+	from the business-oriented {IBM 1401}.  It was regarded as
+	inexpensive, and many schools started out with one.
+
+	It was either developed for the US Navy to teach computing, or
+	as a replacement for the very successful {IBM 650} which did
+	quite well in the low end scientific market.  Rumour has it
+	that the Navy called this computer the CADET - Can't Add,
+	Doesn't Even Try.
+
+	The {ALU} used lookup tables to add, subtract and multiply but
+	it could do address increments and the like without the
+	tables.  You could change the number base by adjusting the
+	tables, which were input during the boot sequence from
+	{Hollerith} cards.  The divide instruction required additional
+	hardware, as did {floating point} operations.
+
+	The basic machine had 20,000 decimal digits of {ferrite core
+	memory} arranged as a 100 by 100 array of 12-bit locations,
+	each holding two digits.  Each digit was stored as four
+	numeric bits, one flag bit and one parity bit.  The numeric
+	bits stored a decimal digit (values above nine were illegal).
+
+	Memory was logically divided into fields.  On the high-order
+	digit of a field the flag bit indicated the end of the field.
+	On the low-order digit it indicated a negative number.  A flag
+	bit on the low order of the address indicated {indirect
+	addressing} if you had that option installed.  A few "illegal"
+	bit combinations were used to store things like record marks
+	and "numeric blanks".
+
+	On a {subroutine} call it stored the {return address} in the
+	five digits just before the entry point to the routine, so you
+	had to build your own {stack} to do {recursion}.
+
+	The enclosure was grey, and the core was about four or five
+	inches across.  The core memory was kept cool inside a
+	temperature-controlled box.  The machine took a few minutes to
+	warm up after power on before you could use it.  If it got too
+	hot there was a thermal cut-out switch that would shut it
+	down.
+
+	Memory could be expanded up to 100,000 digits in a second
+	cabinet.  The cheapest package used {paper tape} for I/O.  You
+	could also get {punched cards} and later models could be
+	hooked up to a 1311 {disk drive} (a two-{megabyte} {washing
+	machine}), a 1627 {plotter}, and a 1443 {line printer}.
+
+	Because the 1620 was popular with colleges, IBM ran a clearing
+	house of software for a nominal cost such as {Snobol},
+	{COBOL}, chess games, etc.
+
+	The model II, released about three years later, could add and
+	subtract without tables.  The {clock period} decreased from 20
+	to 10 microseconds, instruction fetch sped up by a few cycles
+	and it added {index registers} of some sort.  Some of the
+	model I's options were standard on the model II, like
+	{indirect addressing} and the {console} {teletype} changed
+	from a model C to a {Selectric}.  Later still, IBM marketed
+	the {IBM 1710}.
+
+	A favorite use was to tune a FM radio to pick up the
+	"interference" from the lights on the console.  With the right
+	delay loops you could generate musical notes.  Hackers wrote
+	{interpreters} that played music from notation like "C44".
+
+	1620 consoles were used as props to represent {Colossus} in
+	the film "The Forbin Project", though most of the machines had
+	been scrapped by the time the film was made.
+
+	{A fully configured 1620
+	(http://uranus.ee.auth.gr/TMTh/exhibit.htm)}.
+
+	{IBM 1620 console picture (/pub/misc/IBM1620-console.jpg)}.
+
+	{IBM 1620 at Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover,
+	NH, USA (/pub/misc/IBM1620-Tuck1960s.jpg)} (Thanks Victor
+	E. McGee, pictured).
+
+	["Basic Programming Concepts and the IBM 1620 Computer",
+	Leeson and Dimitry, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962].
+
+	(1997-08-05)
+
+IBM 1710
+
+	<computer> An {IBM 1620} with additional features useful for
+	industrial process control: {A/D convertors}, {D/A
+	convertors}, general-purpose I/O lines, and {interrupts}.
+
+	[Date?]
+
+	(1997-07-20)
+
+IBM 2741
+
+	<printer> A slow, letter-quality printing device and
+	{terminal} based on the {IBM Selectric} {typewriter}.  The
+	print head was a little sphere resembling a golf ball, bearing
+	reversed embossed images of 88 different characters arranged
+	on four parallels of latitude; one could change the font by
+	changing the golf ball.  The device communicated at 134.5 bits
+	per second, {half duplex}.  When the computer transmitted, it
+	physically locked the keyboard.
+
+	This was the technology that enabled {APL} to use a
+	non-{EBCDIC}, non-{ASCII}, and in fact completely non-standard
+	{character set}.  This put it 10 years ahead of its time -
+	where it stayed, firmly rooted, for the next 20, until
+	{character displays} gave way to programmable {bit-mapped}
+	devices with the flexibility to support other character sets.
+
+	(2006-08-04)
+
+IBM 3270
+
+	<hardware> A class of {terminals} made by {IBM} known as
+	"Display Devices", normally used to talk to {IBM}
+	{mainframes}.  The 3270 attempts to minimise the number of
+	{I/O} {interrupts} required by accepting large blocks of data,
+	known as datastreams, in which both text and control (or
+	formatting functions) are interspersed allowing an entire
+	screen to be "painted" as a single output operation.  The
+	concept of "formatting" in these devices allows the screen to
+	be divided into clusters of contiguous character cells for
+	which numerous attributes (color, highlighting, {character
+	set}, protection from modification) can be set.  Further,
+	using a technique known as 'Read Modified' the changes from
+	any number of formatted fields that have been modified can be
+	read as a single input without transferring any other data,
+	another technique to enhance the terminal throughput of the
+	CPU.
+
+	The 3270 had twelve, and later twenty-four, special Programmed
+	Function Keys, or PF keys.  When one of these keys was
+	pressed, it would cause the device to generate an I/O
+	{interrupt} and present a special code identifying which key
+	was pressed.  {Application program} functions such as
+	termination, page-up, page-down or help could be invoked by a
+	single key-push, thereby reducing the load on very busy
+	processors.
+
+	A version of the {IBM PC} called the "3270 PC" was released in
+	October 1983.  It included 3270 {terminal emulation}.
+
+	{tn3270} is modified version of {Telnet} which acts as a 3270
+	{terminal emulator} and can be used to connect to an IBM
+	computer over a network.
+
+	See also {broken arrow}.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+IBM 360
+
+	{System/360}
+
+IBM 370
+
+	{System/370}
+
+IBM 370ESA
+
+	<computer, IBM> (Enterprise System Architecture) An {IBM}
+	{mainframe} {computer} introduced in 1988.  Successor to the
+	{IBM 370XA} had enhanced access registers that allowed access
+	to other forms of virtual memory.  This enhancement allowed
+	more data storage in main and virtual memory, reducing {I/O}
+	operating and improving speed and efficiency. The IBM 370ESA
+	was rebranded as the IBM390, and later as the zSeries.
+
+	(2004-06-06)
+
+IBM 370XA
+
+	<computer, IBM> An {IBM} {mainframe} {computer} introduced in
+	1983.  Successor to the {System/370}, this machine had an
+	enhanced {address space}.
+
+	(2004-05-27)
+
+IBM 3720
+
+	<hardware> A {communications controller} made by {IBM},
+	suitable for use in an {IBM S/390}.  Official service support
+	was withdrawn in 1999 in favour of the {IBM 3745}.
+
+	{(http://ibm.com/search?q=3720&realm=Networking)}.
+
+	(2000-02-21)
+
+IBM390
+
+	{IBM 370ESA}
+
+IBM 650
+
+	<computer> A computer, produced ca. 1955 and in use in the
+	late 1950s, with rotating {magnetic drum} storage and {punched
+	card} input.  Its memory words could store 10-digit decimal
+	numbers and each instruction had two addresses, one for the
+	{operand} and one for address of the next instruction on the
+	drum.
+
+	{SOAP} was its (optimising) {assembler}.  Languages used on it
+	included {BACAIC}, {BALITAC}, {BELL}, {CASE SOAP III}, {DRUCO
+	I}, {EASE II}, {ELI}, {ESCAPE}, {FAST}, {FLAIR}, {FORTRANSIT},
+	{FORTRUNCIBLE}, {GAT}, {IPL}, {Internal Translator}, {KISS},
+	{MITILAC}, {MYSTIC}, {OMNICODE}, {PIT}, {RELATIVE},
+	{RUNCIBLE}, {SIR}, {SOAP}, {Speedcoding}, {SPIT}, {SPUR}.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+IBM 700 series
+
+	<computer> A family of computers made by IBM, including the
+	{IBM 701}, {IBM 702}, {IBM 704}, {IBM 705} and {IBM 709}.
+
+	(2005-06-20)
+
+IBM 701
+
+	<computer> ("Defense Calculator") The first of the {IBM 700
+	series} of computers.
+
+	The IBM 701 was annouced internally on 1952-04-29 as "the most
+	advanced, most flexible high-speed computer in the world".
+	Known as the Defense Calculator while in development at {IBM
+	Poughkeepsie Laboratory}, it went public on 1953-04-07 as the
+	"IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machines" (plural because
+	it consisted of eleven connected units).
+
+	The 701 was the first IBM large-scale electronic computer
+	manufactured in quantity and their first commercial
+	{scientific computer}.  It was the first IBM machine in which
+	programs were stored in an internal, addressable, electronic
+	memory.  It was developed and produced in less than two years
+	from "first pencil on paper" to installation.  It was key to
+	IBM's transition from {punched card} machines to electronic
+	computers.
+
+	It consisted of four {magnetic tape drives}, a {magnetic drum}
+	memory unit, a {cathode-ray tube storage unit}, an L-shaped
+	{arithmetic and control unit} with an operator's panel, a
+	{punched card {reader}, a printer, a card punch and three
+	power units.  It performed more than 16,000 additions or
+	subtractions per second, read 12,500 digits a second from
+	tape, print 180 letters or numbers a second and output 400
+	digits a second from punched-cards.
+
+	The IBM 701 ran the following languages and systems: {BACAIC},
+	{BAP}, {DOUGLAS}, {DUAL-607}, {FLOP}, {GEPURS}, {JCS-13},
+	{KOMPILER}, {LT-2}, {PACT I}, {QUEASY}, {QUICK}, {SEESAW},
+	{SHACO}, {SO 2}, {Speedcoding}, {SPEEDEX}.
+
+	{IBM History
+	(http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/701/701_intro.html)}.
+
+	(2005-06-20)
+
+IBM 704
+
+	<computer> A large, scientific computer made by {IBM} and used
+	by the largest commercial, government and educational
+	institutions.
+
+	The IBM 704 had 36-bit memory words, 15-bit addresses and
+	instructions with one address.  A few {index register}
+	instructions had the infamous 15-bit decrement field in
+	addition to the 15-bit address.
+
+	The 704, and {IBM 709} which had the same basic architecture,
+	represented a substantial step forward from the {IBM 650}'s
+	{magnetic drum} storage as they provided random access at
+	electronic speed to {core storage}, typically 32k words of 36
+	bits each.
+
+	[Or did the 704 actually come *before* the 650?]
+
+	A typical 700 series installation would be in a specially
+	built room of perhaps 1000 to 2000 square feet, with cables
+	running under a raised floor and substantial air conditioning.
+	There might be up to eight {magnetic tape} transports, each
+	about 3 x 3 x 6 feet, on one or two "channels."  The 1/2 inch
+	tape had seven tracks and moved at 150 inches per second,
+	giving a read/write speed of 15,000 six bit characters (plus
+	parity) per second.
+
+	In the centre would be the operator's {console} consisting of
+	cabinets and tables for storage of tapes and boxes of cards;
+	and a {card reader}, a {card punch}, and a {line printer},
+	each perhaps 4 x 4 x 5 feet in dimension.  Small {jobs} could
+	be entered via {punched cards} at the console, but as a rule
+	the user jobs were transferred from cards to {magnetic tape}
+	by {off-line} equipment and only control information was
+	entered at the console (see {SPOOL}).  Before each job, the
+	{operating system} was loaded from a read-only system tape
+	(because the system in {core} could have been corrupted by the
+	previous user), and then the user's program, in the form of
+	card images on the input tape, would be run.  Program output
+	would be written to another tape (typically on another
+	channel) for printing off-line.
+
+	Well run installations would transfer the user's cards to
+	tape, run the job, and print the output tape with a turnaround
+	time of one to four hours.
+
+	The processing unit typically occupied a position symmetric
+	but opposite the operator's console.  Physically the largest
+	of the units, it included a glass enclosure a few feet in
+	dimension in which could be seen the "core" about one foot on
+	each side.  The 36-bit word could hold two 18-bit addresses
+	called the "Contents of the Address Register" ({CAR}) and the
+	"Contents of the Decrement Register" ({CDR}).
+
+	On the opposite side of the floor from the tape drives and
+	operator's console would be a desk and bookshelves for the
+	ever-present (24 hours a day) "field engineer" dressed in, you
+	guessed it, a grey flannel suit and tie.  The maintenance of
+	the many thousands of {vacuum tubes}, each with limited
+	lifetime, and the cleaning, lubrication, and adjustment of
+	mechanical equipment, was augmented by a constant flow of
+	{bug} reports, change orders to both hardware and software,
+	and hand-holding for worried users.
+
+	The 704 was oriented toward scientific work and included
+	{floating point} hardware and the first {Fortran}
+	implementation.  Its hardware was the basis for the
+	requirement in some programming languages that loops must be
+	executed at least once.
+
+	The {IBM 705} was the business counterpart of the 704.  The
+	705 was a decimal machine with a circular register which could
+	hold several variables (numbers, values) at the same time.
+
+	Very few 700 series computers remained in service by 1965, but
+	the {IBM 7090}, using {transistors} but similar in logical
+	structure, remained an important machine until the production
+	of the earliest {integrated circuits}.
+
+	[Was the 704 scientific, business or general purpose?
+	Difference between 704 and 709?]
+
+	(1996-01-24)
+
+IBM 7040
+
+	<computer> A scaled down version of the {IBM 7090}.
+
+	(1997-02-23)
+
+IBM 705
+
+	<computer> A business-oriented counterpart of the {IBM 704}.
+	The 705 was a decimal machine with a circular {register} which
+	could hold several values at the same time.
+
+	Languages incuded {ACOM}, {Autocode}, {ELI}, {PRINT}, {PRINT
+	I}, {SOHIO}, {SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLY}.
+
+	(2000-06-01)
+
+IBM 709
+
+	<computer> A computer made by {IBM} oriented toward
+	scientific work.  The 709 had the same basic architecture as
+	the {IBM 704} but with many {I/O} and performance refinements
+	over the 704.
+
+	The IBM 709 (like the 704) had 36-bit memory words, 15-bit
+	addresses and instructions with one address.  A few {index
+	register} instructions had the infamous 15-bit decrement field
+	in addition to the 15-bit address.
+
+	The {IBM 7090} was a transistorised version of the 709.
+
+	[Difference between 704 and 709?]
+
+	(1999-01-19)
+
+IBM 7090
+
+	<computer> A transistorised version of the {IBM 709} which was
+	a very popular high end computer in the early 1960s.  The 7090
+	had 32Kbytes of 36-bit {core} memory and a hardware {floating
+	point unit}.  {Fortran} was its most popular language, but it
+	supported many others.  It was later upgraded to the {IBM
+	7094}, and a scaled down version, the IBM 7040 was also
+	introduced.
+
+	IBM 7090s controlled the Mercury and Gemini space flights, the
+	Balistic Missile Early Warning System (until well into the
+	1980s), and the {CTSS} {time sharing} system at {MIT}.
+
+	The 7090 was not good at unit record I/O, so in small
+	configurations an {IBM 1401} was used for {SPOOL} I/O and in
+	large configurations (such as a 7090/94) a 7040/44 would be
+	directly coupled and dedicated to handling printers and {card
+	readers}.  (See the film Dr Strangelove).
+
+	(1999-01-19)
+
+IBM 7094
+
+	<computer> A faster version of the {IBM 7090} with more {index
+	registers}.
+
+	(1997-02-23)
+
+IBM 801
+
+	The original {IBM} {RISC} processor, developed as a research
+	project.  It was named after the building in which it was
+	designed.
+
+	[Features?  Dates?]
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+IBM compatible
+
+	<computer> A computer which can use hardware and software
+	designed for the {IBM PC} (or, less often, IBM {mainframes}).
+
+	This was once a key phrase in marketing a new PC {clone} but
+	now in 1998 is rarely used, the non-IBM {wintel} {personal
+	computer} manufacturers such as {Compaq}, {Dell} and {Gateway
+	2000} and OS vendor {Microsoft} having taken control of the
+	market, marginalising IBM.
+
+	(1998-07-30)
+
+IBM Customer Engineer
+
+	<job> (CE) A hardware guy from {IBM}.
+
+	[Are/were any CEs female?]
+
+	(1998-07-08)
+
+IBM discount
+
+	A price increase.  Outside IBM, this derives from the common
+	perception that IBM products are generally overpriced (see
+	{clone}); inside, it is said to spring from a belief that
+	large numbers of IBM employees living in an area cause prices
+	to rise.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+IBM PC
+
+	<computer> International Business Machines Personal Computer.
+
+	IBM PCs and compatible models from other vendors are the most
+	widely used computer systems in the world.  They are typically
+	single user {personal computers}, although they have been
+	adapted into multi-user models for special applications.
+
+	Note: "IBM PC" is used in this dictionary to denote IBM and
+	compatible personal computers, and to distinguish these from
+	other {personal computers}, though the phrase "PC" is often
+	used elsewhere, by those who know no better, to mean "IBM PC
+	or compatible".
+
+	There are hundreds of models of IBM compatible computers.
+	They are based on {Intel}'s {microprocessors}: {Intel 8086},
+	{Intel 8088}, {Intel 80286}, {Intel 80386}, {Intel 486} or
+	{Pentium}.  The models of IBM's first-generation Personal
+	Computer (PC) series have names: IBM PC, {IBM PC XT}, {IBM PC
+	AT}, Convertible and Portable.  The models of its second
+	generation, the Personal System/2 ({PS/2}), are known by model
+	number: Model 25, Model 30.  Within each series, the models
+	are also commonly referenced by their {CPU} {clock rate}.
+
+	All IBM personal computers are software compatible with each
+	other in general, but not every program will work in every
+	machine.  Some programs are time sensitive to a particular
+	speed class.  Older programs will not take advantage of newer
+	higher-resolution {display standards}.
+
+	The speed of the {CPU} ({microprocessor}) is the most
+	significant factor in machine performance.  It is determined
+	by its {clock rate} and the number of bits it can process
+	internally.  It is also determined by the number of bits it
+	transfers across its {data bus}.  The second major performance
+	factor is the speed of the {hard disk}.
+
+	{CAD} and other graphics-intensive {application programs} can
+	be sped up with the addition of a mathematics {coprocessor}, a
+	chip which plugs into a special socket available in almost all
+	machines.
+
+	{Intel 8086} and {Intel 8088}-based PCs require {EMS}
+	(expanded memory) boards to work with more than one megabyte
+	of memory.  All these machines run under {MS-DOS}.  The
+	original {IBM PC AT} used an {Intel 80286} processor which can
+	access up to 16 megabytes of memory (though standard {MS-DOS}
+	applications cannot use more than one megabyte without {EMS}).
+	{Intel 80286}-based computers running under {OS/2} can work
+	with the maximum memory.
+
+	Although IBM sells {printers} for PCs, most printers will work
+	with them.  As with display hardware, the software vendor must
+	support a wide variety of printers.  Each program must be
+	installed with the appropriate {printer driver}.
+
+	The original 1981 IBM PC's keyboard was severely criticised by
+	typists for its non-standard placement of the return and left
+	shift keys.  In 1984, IBM corrected this on its AT keyboard,
+	but shortened the backspace key, making it harder to reach.
+	In 1987, it introduced its Enhanced keyboard, which relocated
+	all the function keys and placed the control key in an awkward
+	location for touch typists.  The escape key was relocated to
+	the opposite side of the keyboard.  By relocating the function
+	keys, IBM made it impossible for software vendors to use them
+	intelligently.  What's easy to reach on one keyboard is
+	difficult on the other, and vice versa.  To the touch typist,
+	these deficiencies are maddening.
+
+	An "IBM PC compatible" may have a keyboard which does not
+	recognize every key combination a true IBM PC does,
+	e.g. shifted cursor keys.  In addition, the "compatible"
+	vendors sometimes use proprietary keyboard interfaces,
+	preventing you from replacing the keyboard.
+
+	The 1981 PC had 360K {floppy disks}.  In 1984, IBM introduced
+	the 1.2 megabyte floppy disk along with its AT model.
+	Although often used as {backup} storage, the high density
+	floppy is not often used for interchangeability.  In 1986, IBM
+	introduced the 720K 3.5" microfloppy disk on its Convertible
+	{laptop computer}.  It introduced the 1.44 megabyte double
+	density version with the PS/2 line.  These disk drives can be
+	added to existing PCs.
+
+	Fixed, non-removable, {hard disks} for IBM compatibles are
+	available with storage capacities from 20 to over 600
+	megabytes.  If a hard disk is added that is not compatible
+	with the existing {disk controller}, a new controller board
+	must be plugged in.  However, one disk's internal standard
+	does not conflict with another, since all programs and data
+	must be copied onto it to begin with.  Removable hard disks
+	that hold at least 20 megabytes are also available.
+
+	When a new peripheral device, such as a {monitor} or
+	{scanner}, is added to an IBM compatible, a corresponding, new
+	controller board must be plugged into an {expansion slot} (in
+	the bus) in order to electronically control its operation.
+	The PC and XT had eight-bit busses; the AT had a 16-bit bus.
+	16-bit boards will not fit into 8-bit slots, but 8-bit boards
+	will fit into 16-bit slots.  {Intel 80286} and {Intel 80386}
+	computers provide both 8-bit and 16-bit slots, while the 386s
+	also have proprietary 32-bit memory slots.  The bus in
+	high-end models of the PS/2 line is called "{Micro Channel}".
+	{EISA} is a non-IBM rival to Micro Channel.
+
+	The original IBM PC came with {BASIC} in {ROM}.  Later, Basic
+	and BasicA were distributed on floppy but ran and referenced
+	routines in ROM.
+
+	IBM PC and PS/2 models
+
+	PC range
+
+			Intro	  CPU	  Features
+	 PC		Aug 1981   8088	  Floppy disk system
+	 XT		Mar 1983   8088	  Slow hard disk
+	 XT/370		Oct 1983   8088	  IBM 370 mainframe emulation
+	 3270 PC	Oct 1983   8088	  with 3270 terminal emulation
+	 PCjr		Nov 1983   8088	  Floppy-based home computer
+	 PC Portable	Feb 1984   8088	  Floppy-based portable
+	 AT		Aug 1984   286	  Medium-speed hard disk
+	 Convertible	Apr 1986   8088	  Microfloppy laptop portable
+	 XT 286		Sep 1986   286	  Slow hard disk
+
+	PS/2 range
+
+			Intro	  CPU	  Features
+	 Model 1987-08-25   8086	  PC bus (limited expansion)
+	 Model 1987-04-30   8086	  PC bus
+	 Model 30 1988-09-286   286	  PC bus
+	 Model 1987-04-50   286	  Micro Channel bus
+	 Model 50Z	Jun 1988   286	  Faster Model 50
+	 Model 55 SX	May 1989   386SX  Micro Channel bus
+	 Model 1987-04-60   286	  Micro Channel bus
+	 Model 1988-06-70   386	  Desktop, Micro Channel bus
+	 Model P1989-05-70   386	  Portable, Micro Channel bus
+	 Model 1987-04-80   386	  Tower, Micro Channel bus
+
+	IBM PC compatible specifications
+
+	 CPU   CPU    Clock    Bus	    Floppy	  Hard
+	       bus    speed   width  RAM    disk	  disk	   OS
+	       bit    Mhz     bit   byte    inch   byte	  Mbyte
+
+	 8088  16    4.8-9.5	8    1M*     5.25  360K	  10-40	  DOS
+					     3.5   720K
+					     3.5   1.44M
+
+	 8086  16     6-12     16    1M*		  20-60
+
+	 286   16     6-25     16   1-8M*    5.25  360K	  20-300  DOS
+					     5.25  1.2M		  OS/2
+
+	 386   32     16-33    32   1-16M**  3.5   720K		  Unix
+					     3.5   1.44M  40-600
+
+	 386SX 32     16-33    16   1-16M**		  40-600
+
+	*Under DOS, RAM is expanded beyond 1M with EMS memory boards
+
+	**Under DOS, RAM is expanded beyond 1M with normal "extended"
+	memory and a memory management program.
+
+	See also {BIOS}, {display standard}.
+
+	(1995-05-12)
+
+IBM PC AT
+
+	<computer> ("Advanced Technology") A version of the {IBM PC},
+	released in Aug 1984 with an {Intel 80286} processor, a 16-bit
+	{bus}, a medium-speed {hard disk} and a 1.2 {megabyte}
+	{floppy} {disk drive}.  It had a larger case than the PC,
+	which allowed it to accept "{tall cards}".
+
+	The AT keyboard corrected the PC's non-standard placement of
+	the {return} and left shift keys but shortened the {backspace}
+	key, making it harder to reach.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+IBM PCjr
+
+	<computer> ({IBM PC} Junior) A {floppy disk}-based home
+	computer with an {Intel 8088} {CPU} and a {chiclet keyboard},
+	released in November 1983.  The PCjr could be expanded to have
+	two floppy drives and 640 kilobytes of {RAM} using {sidecars}.
+	Some even had a {mouse} and could run drawing programs with
+	{popup menus}.
+
+	(1995-10-06)
+
+IBM PC XT
+
+	<computer> An {IBM PC} with a (slow) {hard disk}.  The XT was
+	released in March 1983.  It had an {Intel 8088} {CPU}.  The
+	XT/370, released in October 1983, added {IBM 370} {mainframe}
+	{emulation}, and the XT 286 followed in September 1986 with an
+	{Intel 80286} CPU [Why?].
+
+	(1996-05-21)
+
+IBM System/36
+
+	<computer> A mid-range {computer} introduced in 1983, which
+	remained popular in the 1990s because of its low cost and high
+	performance.  Prices started in the $20k range for the small
+	5362 to $100+k for the expanded 5360.  In 1994, IBM introduced
+	the Advanced 36 for $9,000.
+
+	The largest 5360 had 7MB of {RAM} and 1432MB of {hard disk}.
+	The smallest 5362 had 256K of RAM and 30MB of hard disk.  The
+	Advanced 36 had 64MB of RAM and 4300MB of hard disk, but
+	design issues limit the amount of storage that can actually be
+	addressed by the {operating system}; underlying {microcode}
+	allowed additional RAM to cache disk reads and writes,
+	allowing the Advanced 36 to outperform the S/36 by 600 to
+	800%.
+
+	There was only one operating system for the S/36: SSP ({System
+	Support Product}).  SSP consumed about 7-10MB of hard drive
+	space.  Computer programs on the S/36 reside in "libraries,"
+	and the SSP itself resides in a special system library called
+	#LIBRARY.
+
+	Components of SSP include the {Data File Utility} (DFU), the
+	{Source Entry Utility} (SEU), the largely obselete {Work
+	Station Utility} (WSU), the {Screen Design Aid} (SDA) and
+	{Operational Control Language} (OCL).
+
+	Using the IBM S/36 is relatively simple.  The operator sits in
+	front of a computer monitor, types on a keyboard, and
+	interacts using a series of on-screen forms.  S/36 is
+	command-oriented, like MS-DOS, however, S/36 additionally uses
+	more than 70 menus which allow operators to type the number of
+	an appropriate command or response, and application writers
+	can create their own menus and commands ("procedures.")
+
+	Programmers use SEU to create or modify a {source} program
+	which is then compiled into an {object program}.  SEU uses 50
+	or so {templates} to assist the operator with the {syntax} of
+	different types of sources.
+
+	By 1985, an application called {Programmer/Operator
+	Productivity} was widely available and was probably the most
+	popular (and pirated) S/36 software ever written.  POP
+	included a {full-screen editor} called {FSEDIT} which could be
+	used in place of SEU, which only allowed single-line editing.
+
+	Data File Utility allows the programmer to quickly create a
+	simple, single-record display program to add, update and
+	delete {records} within a file.  Also, simple report programs
+	can be created.
+
+	Screen Design Aid allows the programmer to create menus,
+	create and update simple forms which are called "display
+	formats" or "prompt screens", and view existing display
+	formats.
+
+	By using Operational Control Language, the programmer can
+	assign files and resources to a particular program and pass
+	run-time information like a processing date, order number, or
+	user name to the compiled program.  Programs can acquire up to
+	8 workstations, or run in the background, but usually they run
+	on only one workstation.  The largest program size is 64K.
+
+	Whenever a program is called, SSP searches in the named user
+	library and then #LIBRARY.  Therefore, a system program can be
+	called from any library and all users have access to it.
+
+	S/36 has three types of security: (1) password security, (2) a
+	badge reader option that almost no-one ever bought, and (3)
+	resource security.  There are five levels of users access and
+	five levels of resource access.  By using password and
+	resource security effectively, the administrator (who was at
+	that time often called a DP Manager or Information Systems
+	Manager) can restrict access to critical and secure
+	applications.
+
+	The cheapest, and therefore most popular, language {compiler}
+	for the S/36 is {RPG II}, a language based on fixed logic
+	cycles which arose in the days of {card readers}.  Other
+	languages include {COBOL}, {FORTRAN} and {BASIC}.  Almost
+	every S/36 shop with in-house design uses RPG.
+
+	It's interesting to note that the S/36 allows the operator to
+	change a program while it is being used, which can be very
+	dangerous on live data.  The S/38 and the iSeries computer do
+	not allow this.
+
+	IBM has not marketed the S/36 or Advanced 36 since 2000.
+	Price/performance of the {AS/400} (aka iSeries) and hardware
+	technology of the present-generation {PC} makes the S/36 a
+	much less attractive offering from a different era in
+	computing.
+
+	(2005-04-05)
+
+IBM Systems Engineer
+
+	<job> (SE) A software person from {IBM}.
+
+	(1998-07-08)
+
+IBM zSeries
+
+	{IBM 370ESA}
+
+Ibpag2
+
+	{Icon-Based Parser Generation System 2}
+
+Iburg
+
+	A program by Christopher W. Fraser <cwf@research.att.com>,
+	David R. Hanson <drh@princeton.edu> and Todd A. Proebsting
+	<todd@cs.arizona.edu> that generates a fast tree parser.
+
+	Iburg is compatible with {Burg}.  Both programs accept a
+	cost-augmented tree {grammar} and emit a {C} program that
+	discovers an optimal parse of trees in the language described
+	by the grammar.  They have been used to construct fast optimal
+	instruction selectors for use in code generation.  Burg uses
+	{BURS}.  Iburg's matchers do {dynamic programming} at compile
+	time.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/pub/iburg.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1993-02-10)
+
+IC
+
+	1. <hardware> {integrated circuit}.
+
+	2. {Independent Carrier}.
+
+	3. {Imperial College}.
+
+	(1997-04-12)
+
+ICA
+
+	{Independent Computing Architecture}
+
+ICAM
+
+	{Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing}
+
+ICANN
+
+	{Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers}
+
+I-CASE
+
+	Integrated {CASE}.  Another term for an {IPSE}.
+
+ICBM address
+
+	<networking, humour> (Or "missile address") The form used to
+	register a site with the {Usenet} mapping project includes a
+	space for longitude and latitude, preferably to seconds-of-arc
+	accuracy.  This is actually used for generating
+	geographically-correct maps of {Usenet} links on a plotter;
+	however, it has become traditional to refer to this as one's
+	"ICBM address" or "missile address", and many people include
+	it in their {sig block} with that name.  (A real missile
+	address would include target altitude.)
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+ICE
+
+	1. <electronics> {in-circuit emulator}.
+
+	2. <security, jargon> {Intrusion Countermeasure Electronics}.
+
+	(2000-03-18)
+
+icebreaker
+
+	<security, jargon> A program designed for cracking security on
+	a system.
+
+	See also: {ICE}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-03-18)
+
+ICES
+
+	Integrated Civil Engineering System.  Subsystems include COGO,
+	STRUDL, BRIDGE, LEASE, PROJECT, ROADS and TRANSET.  Internal
+	languages include ICETRAN and CDL.  "An Integrated Computer
+	System for Engineering Problem Solving", D. Roos, Proc SJCC
+	27(2), AFIPS (Spring 1965).  Sammet 1969, pp.615-620.
+
+ICETRAN
+
+	An extension of {Fortran IV} and a component of {ICES}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 617].
+
+ICI
+
+	<language> An extensible, interpretated language by Tim Long
+	with {syntax} similar to {C}.  ICI adds high-level
+	garbage-collected {associative} data structures, {exception}
+	handling, sets, {regular expressions}, and {dynamic arrays}.
+
+	Libraries provide additional types and functions to support
+	common needs such as I/O, simple {databases}, character based
+	screen handling, direct access to {system calls}, {safe
+	pointers}, and {floating-point}.
+
+	ICI runs on {Microsoft Windows}, {MS-DOS}, {Unix}, and {Linux}
+	and in {embedded} environments.
+
+	{(http://zeta.org.au/~atrn/ici/)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.research.canon.com.au/pub/misc/ici)}.
+
+	E-mail: Andy Newman <andy@research.canon.com.au>.
+
+	Mailing list: ici@research.canon.com.au.
+
+	(1999-12-07)
+
+ICL
+
+	{International Computers Limited}.
+
+ICMP
+
+	{Internet Control Message Protocol}
+
+ICMP Router Discovery Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (IRDP) A {routing} {protocol} used by {Microsoft
+	Windows} {DHCP} clients and various {Unix} flavors.
+
+	{Vulnerability
+	(http://securiteam.com/securitynews/Most_DHCP_clients_are_vulnerable_to_an_IRDP_attack.html)}.
+
+	[Details?  Reference?]
+
+	(1999-10-31)
+
+I-Comm
+
+	<tool, web> A graphical {web browser}
+	for {IBM PCs} with a {window system} ({Windows 95}, {Windows
+	NT} or {OS/2}).  I-Comm does NOT require a {SLIP} or {PPP}
+	connection, just a {modem}.  It is available as a {shareware}
+	program.
+
+	Version: 1.15 Beta1.
+
+	{(http://talentcom.com/icomm/icomm.htm)}, {mirror
+	(http://best.com:80/~icomm/icomm/icomm.htm)}.
+
+	{FTP netcom.com (ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/ic/icomm/)},
+	{FTP best.com (ftp://ftp.best.com/pub/icomm/icomm/)}.
+
+	E-Mail: <icomm@talentcom.com>.
+
+	(1996-03-22)
+iCOMP
+
+	{Intel Comparative Microprocessor Performance index}
+
+Icon
+
+	<language> A descendant of {SNOBOL4} with {Pascal}-like
+	syntax, produced by Griswold in the 1970's.  Icon is a
+	general-purpose language with special features for string
+	scanning.  It has dynamic types: records, sets, lists,
+	strings, tables.  If has some {object oriented} features but
+	no {modules} or {exceptions}.  It has a primitive {Unix}
+	interface.
+
+	The central theme of Icon is the generator: when an expression
+	is evaluated it may be suspended and later resumed, producing
+	a result sequence of values until it fails.  Resumption takes
+	place implicitly in two contexts: iteration which is
+	syntactically loop-like ('every-do'), and goal-directed
+	evaluation in which a conditional expression automatically
+	attempts to produce at least one result.  Expressions that
+	fail are used in lieu of Booleans.  Data {backtracking} is
+	supported by a reversible {assignment}.  Icon also has
+	{co-expressions}, which can be explicitly resumed at any time.
+
+	Version 8.8 by Ralph Griswold <ralph@cs.arizona.edu> includes
+	an {interpreter}, a compiler (for some {platforms}) and a
+	library (v8.8).  Icon has been ported to {Amiga}, {Atari},
+	{CMS}, {Macintosh}, {Macintosh/MPW}, {MS-DOS}, {MVS}, {OS/2},
+	{Unix}, {VMS}, {Acorn}.
+
+	See also {Ibpag2}.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.arizona.edu/icon/)}, {MS-DOS FTP
+	(ftp://bellcore.com norman/iconexe.zip)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.icon}.
+
+	E-mail: <icon-project@cs.arizona.edu>, <mengarini@delphi.com>.
+
+	Mailing list: icon-group@arizona.edu.
+
+	["The Icon Programmming Language", Ralph E. Griswold and Madge
+	T. Griswold, Prentice Hall, seond edition, 1990].
+
+	["The Implementation of the Icon Programmming Language", Ralph
+	E. Griswold and Madge T. Griswold, Princeton University Press
+	1986].
+
+	(1992-08-21)
+
+icon
+
+	<graphics> A small picture intended to represent something (a
+	file, directory, or action) in a {graphical user interface}.
+	When an icon is clicked on, some action is performed such as
+	opening a directory or aborting a file transfer.
+
+	Icons are usually stored as {bitmap} images.  {Microsoft
+	Windows} uses a special bitmap format with file name extension
+	".ico" as well as embedding icons in executable (".exe") and
+	{Dynamically Linked Library} (DLL) files.
+
+	The term originates from {Alan Kay}'s theory for designing
+	interfaces which was primarily based on the work of Jerome
+	Bruner.  Bruner's second developmental stage, iconic, uses a
+	system of representation that depends on visual or other
+	sensory organization and upon the use of summarising images.
+
+	{IEEE publication
+	(http://ieee.org/organizations/history_center/cht_papers/Barnes.pdf)}.
+
+	[What MS tool can create .ico files?]
+
+	(2003-08-01)
+
+Icon-Based Parser Generation System 2
+
+	<language> (Ibpag2) A {parser generator} for {Icon} by Richard
+	L. Goerwitz <goer@midway.uchicago.edu>.  It can handle both
+	{SLR1 grammars} and even {GLR grammars} ({Tomita grammars}).
+	Ibpag2 runs under {Unix}.
+
+	Latest version: 1.0 (beta), as of 1993-07-13.
+
+	(2004-06-06)
+
+Iconicode
+
+	1990-1992.  Visual dataflow language, token-based with
+	hierarchical, recursive and iterative constructs.  Version:
+	IDF with extensions for image processing.
+
+	["IDF: A Graphical Data Flow Programming Language for Image
+	Processing and Computer Vision", Neil Hunt, Proc IEEE Conf on
+	Systems Man & Cybernetics, IEEE, Nov 1990.  Available from
+	Iconicon <icon@teleos.com>].
+
+ICONIX Software Engineering, Inc.
+
+	<company> Makers of {ICONIX PowerTools}, software development
+	tools, and the first {CD-ROM} training course in
+	{object-oriented} methods.  ICONIX started operating in 1984.
+
+	{(http://biap.com/iconix/)}.
+
+	Address: 2800 28th Street, Suite 320, Santa Monica, CA 90405,
+	USA.  Telephone: +1 (310) 458 0092
+
+	(1995-04-30)
+
+IC-Prolog
+
+	Clark & McCabe, Imperial College 1979.  Logic language with
+	coroutining.
+
+	["IC-Prolog Language Features", K.L. Clark <klc@doc.ic.ac.uk>
+	et al in Logic Programming, K.L. Clark et al eds, pp.253-266,
+	Academic Press 1982].
+
+IC Prolog II
+
+	<language, Prolog> {Imperial College} Prolog.  A {Prolog} with
+	{multi-threading}, {TCP} primitives for {interprocess
+	communication}, {mailboxes}, and an interface to {Parlog}.
+
+	{(ftp://doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/programming/languages)}.
+
+	["IC Prolog II: A Language for Implementing Multi-Agent
+	Systems", Y. Cosmadopoulos et al, in Tutorial and Workshop on
+	Cooperating Knowledge Based Systems, Keele U 1992].
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+ICQ
+
+	<chat> 1. Abbreviation for "I seek you".
+
+	2. A proprietary {chat} system created by a couple of israeli
+	guys, who later founded "mirabilis".  ICQ was sold to {America
+	On-Line} around 1998.
+
+	The name "ICQ" is a play on "cq", the radio signal for seeking
+	conversation.
+
+	{(http://icq.com/)}.
+
+	[Confirm derivation?  TCP?  Summary?]
+
+	(2000-04-03)
+
+ICSI
+
+	{International Computer Science Institute} at Berkeley, CA.
+
+ICT
+
+	1. <education> {Information and Communication Technology}.
+
+	2. <testing> {In Circuit Test}.
+
+	(2000-04-04)
+
+ICW
+
+	{Interactive CourseWare}
+
+ICWS
+
+	International {Core War} Society.
+
+Id
+
+	{Irvine Dataflow}
+
+id
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Indonesia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+I-D
+
+	{Internet-Draft}
+
+ID10T
+
+	<abuse> /I D ten T/ A grade of user problem somewhere between
+	{PEBCAK} and {UBD}.  Considered friendlier than saying, "You
+	called me down here to exit a modal dialog box for you?"
+
+	(2003-06-07)
+
+IDAMS
+
+	A pictorial retrieval language implemented in {APL}.
+
+	["Concept of the Diagnostic Image Workstation",
+	D. Meyer-Ebrecht, Proc 2nd Conf on Picture Archiving (PACS
+	II), SPIE 418, pp.180-183 (1983)].
+
+IDD
+
+	{international direct dialing}
+
+IDE
+
+	1. <storage> Integrated Drive Electronics, see {Advanced
+	Technology Attachment}.
+
+	2. <programming, tool> {integrated development environment}.
+
+	3. <company> {Interactive Development Environments}.
+
+	(2002-04-14)
+
+IDEA
+
+	1. <language> {Interactive Data Entry/Access}.
+
+	2. <algorithm> {International Data Encryption Algorithm}.
+
+	(1996-02-16)
+
+IDEAL
+
+	1. Ideal DEductive Applicative Language.  A language by Pier
+	Bosco and Elio Giovannetti combining {Miranda} and {Prolog}.
+	Function definitions can have a {guard} condition (introduced
+	by ":-") which is a conjunction of equalities between
+	arbitrary terms, including functions.  These guards are solved
+	by normal {Prolog} {resolution} and {unification}.  It was
+	originally compiled into {C-Prolog} but was eventually to be
+	compiled to {K-leaf}.
+
+	2. A numerical {constraint} language written by Van Wyk of
+	{Stanford} in 1980 for {typesetting} graphics in documents.
+	It was inspired partly by {Metafont} and is distributed as
+	part of {Troff}.
+
+	["A High-Level Language for Specifying Pictures", C.J. Van
+	Wyk, ACM Trans Graphics 1(2):163-182 (Apr 1982)].
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+ideal
+
+	<theory> In {domain theory}, a non-empty, {downward closed}
+	subset which is also closed under binary {least upper bounds}.
+	I.e. anything less than an element is also an element and the
+	least upper bound of any two elements is also an element.
+
+	(1997-09-26)
+
+Idealized CSP
+
+	<language> A programming language combining simply typed,
+	{call-by-name} {procedures} with {asynchronous} communicating
+	processes, assuming fair parallel execution.  Idealized CSP
+	generalises {Anthony Hoare}'s original {CSP} and Kahn's
+	networks of {deterministic} processes, and is closely related
+	to {Parallel Algol} by Stephen Brookes of {CMU}.
+
+	Procedures permit the encapsulation of common {protocols} and
+	parallel programming idioms.  {Local variables} and local
+	channel declarations provide a way to delimit the scope of
+	interference between parallel agents, and allow a form of
+	concurrent {object-oriented programming}.
+
+	[Was this language also designed by Brookes?]
+
+	(1997-09-26)
+
+Idealized Instruction Set
+
+	<language> (IIS) The {assembly language} for the {Flagship}
+	parallel machine.
+
+	["An Idealized Instruction Set for a Packet Rewrite Machine",
+	J. Sargeant, Manchester U, 1988].
+
+	(1994-11-07)
+
+IDEF
+
+	{ICAM} Definition.
+
+IDEF0
+
+	<modeling> A minor elaboration on {SADT}.
+
+	{IDEF Home (http://www.idef.com/idef0.html)}.
+
+	(2007-02-12)
+
+idempotent
+
+	1. A function f : D -> D is idempotent if
+
+		f (f x) = f x  for all x in D.
+
+	I.e. repeated applications have the same effect as one.  This
+	can be extended to functions of more than one argument,
+	e.g. Boolean & has x & x = x.  Any value in the {image} of an
+	idempotent function is a {fixed point} of the function.
+
+	2. This term can be used to describe {C} header files, which
+	contain common definitions and declarations to be included by
+	several source files.  If a header file is ever included twice
+	during the same compilation (perhaps due to nested #include
+	files), compilation errors can result unless the header file
+	has protected itself against multiple inclusion; a header file
+	so protected is said to be idempotent.
+
+	3. The term can also be used to describe an initialisation
+	subroutine that is arranged to perform some critical action
+	exactly once, even if the routine is called several times.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+identifier
+
+	1. <programming, operating system> A formal name used in
+	{source code} to refer to a {variable}, {function},
+	{procedure}, {package}, etc. or in an {operating system} to
+	refer to a {process}, {user}, {group}, etc.
+
+	Each different type of entity may have a different range of
+	valid identifiers or "name space".  For example, an identifier
+	in {C} is a series of one or more letters, digits and
+	{underscores} that does not begin with a digit.  An identifier
+	has a type, e.g. integer variable, {hash}, {variant} and a
+	{scope}, e.g. {block}, {global}.
+
+	(2006-05-29)
+
+	2. <database> (id) A {primary key}.  The column containing a
+	table's primary key is frequently named after the table with
+	"_id" appended, e.g. "customer_id".
+
+	(2006-05-29)
+
+ideogram
+
+	<text, graphics> A {symbol} representing a concept.  Nearly all
+	ideograms are {pictograms} - pictures of the thing represented,
+	others are merely conventional.  An example of non-pictorial
+	ideogram might be the {degree} symbol (a superfix circle) when
+	used for temperature.
+
+	(2014-07-30)
+
+{IDF}
+
+	<networking> {Intermediate Distribution Frame}.
+
+I didn't change anything!
+
+	An aggrieved cry often heard as bugs manifest during a
+	regression test.  The {canonical} reply to this assertion is
+	"Then it works just the same as it did before, doesn't it?"
+	See also {one-line fix}.  This is also heard from applications
+	programmers trying to blame an obvious applications problem on
+	an unrelated systems software change, for example a
+	divide-by-0 fault after terminals were added to a network.
+	Usually, their statement is found to be false.  Upon close
+	questioning, they will admit some major restructuring of the
+	program that shouldn't have broken anything, in their opinion,
+	but which actually {hosed} the code completely.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+idk
+
+	<chat> I don't know.
+
+	(2003-09-23)
+
+IDL
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. {Interactive Data analysis Language} ({Xerox}).
+
+	2. {Interface Description Language} (Snodgrass, UNC, Arizona).
+
+	3. {Interface Definition Language} ({SunSoft}, {OMG}).
+
+	4. {Interactive Data Language} ({Research Systems}).
+
+	(2004-05-07)
+
+IDMS
+
+	1. <language, database> A pictorial {query language},
+	an extension of {Sequel2}.
+
+	["A Management System for an Integrated Database of Pictures
+	and Alphanumeric Data", G.Y. Tang, Computer Graphics Image
+	Processing 16:270-286 (1981)].
+
+	2. <database> {Integrated Database Management System}.
+
+	(2002-06-10)
+
+IDMSX
+
+	<database> {IDMS} extended.
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+Id Nouveau
+
+	A {dataflow} language by Arvind <arvind@lcs.mit.edu> and
+	R.S. Nikhil <nikhil@crl.dec.com>, {MIT} {LCS}, ca. 1986.
+
+	Id Nouveau began as a {functional language}, added {streams},
+	resource managers and {I-structures} ({mutable arrays}).
+	Loops are {syntactic sugar} for {tail recursion}.
+
+	See also {Id}.
+
+	["Id Nouveau Reference Manual", R.S.  Nikhil, CS TR, MIT,
+	March 1988].
+
+	["Id (Version 90.1) Reference Manual", R.S. Nikhil, CSG Memo
+	284-2, LCS MIT, July 15, 1991].
+
+IDOL
+
+	Icon-Derived Object Language.  An {object-oriented}
+	{preprocessor} for {Icon}.
+
+	{(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/pub/languages/icon/idol.tar.Z)}.
+
+	["Programming in Idol: An Object Primer", C.L. Jeffery, U
+	Arizona CS TR #90-10].
+
+IDS/I
+
+	Integrated Data Store.  An extension to {COBOL} involving
+	"chains" (circular lists), for {General Electric} computers.
+
+	["A General Purpose Programming System for Random Access
+	Memories", C.W. Bachman et al, Proc FJCC 26(1), AFIPS (Fall
+	1964)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 376].
+
+IDSN
+
+	{ISDN}
+
+id Software
+
+	<games> Creators and publishers of the {DOOM} game for {IBM
+	PCs}.
+
+	E-mail: <help@idsoftware.com>.  Telephone: +1 800-ID-GAMES
+	(Orders only).
+
+IDSS
+
+	{Intelligent Decision Support Systems}
+
+IE
+
+	{Internet Explorer}
+
+ie
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Ireland.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+IEC
+
+	{International Electrotechnical Commission}
+
+IEC 559
+
+	{IEEE Floating Point Standard}
+
+IEEE
+
+	{Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}
+
+IEEE 1076
+
+	The {IEEE} standard for {VHDL}.
+
+IEEE 1394
+
+	{High Performance Serial Bus}
+
+IEEE 488
+
+	<hardware, standard> (GPIB, General-Purpose Interface Bus,
+	HP-IB, Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus) An 8-bit parallel {bus}
+	common on {test equipment}.
+
+	The IEEE-488 standard was proposed by {Hewlett-Packard} in the
+	late 1970s and has undergone a couple of revisions.  HP
+	documentation (including data sheets and manuals) calls it
+	HP-IB, or Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus.
+
+	It allows up to 15 intelligent devices to share a single bus,
+	with the slowest device participating in the control and data
+	transfer handshakes to drive the speed of the transaction.
+	The maximum data rate is about one {megabit} per second.
+
+	Other standards committees have adopted HP-IB (American
+	Standards Institute with ANSI Standard MC 1.1 and
+	International Electro-technical Commission with IEC
+	Publication 625-1).
+
+	To paraphrase from the HP 1989 Test & Measurement Catalog (the
+	50th Anniversary version): The HP-IB has a party-line
+	structure wherein all devices on the bus are connected in
+	parallel.  The 16 signal lines within the passive
+	interconnecting HP-IB (IEEE-488) cable are grouped into three
+	clusters according to their functions (Data Bus, Data Byte
+	Transfer Control Bus, General Interface Management Bus).
+
+	In June 1987 the IEEE approved a new standard for programmable
+	instruments called IEEE Std. 488.2-1987 Codes, Formats,
+	Protocols, and Common Commands.  It works with the IEEE
+	Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation,
+	IEEE 488-1978 (now 488.1).  HP-IB is Hewlett-Packard's
+	implementation of IEEE 488.1.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+IEEE 754
+
+	{IEEE Floating Point Standard}
+
+IEEE 802
+
+	<networking, standard> The {IEEE} standards for {local area
+	networks}.  The {spanning tree algorithm} is defined in {IEEE
+	802.1} (under consideration), {Logical Link Control} (LLC, the
+	upper portion of the {data link layer}) in {IEEE 802.2},
+	{Ethernet} in {IEEE 802.3}, {Token Bus} in IEEE 802.4 and IBM
+	{Token Ring} in {IEEE 802.5}.
+
+	The equivalent {ISO} {standard} is IS 8802.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+IEEE 802.1
+
+	<networking, standard> An {IEEE} working group concerned with
+	the {IEEE 802} family of {networking} {standards},
+	specifically {bridging} and {network management}.
+
+	The {spanning tree protocol} is standardised as 802.1D.
+
+	(2010-09-26)
+
+IEEE 802.2
+
+	(Networks) The {IEEE} standard defining {Logical Link Control}
+	(LLC, the upper portion of the {data link layer}) for {local
+	area networks}.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+IEEE 802.3
+
+	<networking> The {IEEE} standard defining the {hardware layer}
+	and {transport layer} of (a varient of) {Ethernet}.  The
+	maximum {segment} length is 500m and the maximum total length
+	is 2.5km.  The maximum number of hosts is 1024.
+
+	The maximum {packet} size is 1518 bytes.  If the upper layer
+	{protocol} submits a {PDU} less than 64 bytes, 802.3 will pad
+	the {LLC Info} field to achieve the minimum 64 bytes.
+
+	Although it is not technically correct, the terms "{packet}"
+	and frame are used interchangeably.  The {ISO}/{IEC} 8802-3
+	{ANSI}/{IEEE} 802.3 Standards refer to {MAC} sub-layer
+	{frames} consisting of the Destination Address, Source
+	Address, Length, LLC Info., and {FCS} fields.  The {Preamble}
+	and {SFD} are (usually) considered a header to the {MAC}
+	Frame.  This header plus the MAC Frame constitute a "Packet".
+
+	(1995-07-09)
+
+IEEE 802.3u
+
+	<networking, standard> The {IEEE} committee working on
+	standards for {Fast Ethernet}.
+
+	(1998-06-30)
+
+IEEE 802.3z
+
+	<networking, standard> The {IEEE} committee working on
+	standards for {Gigabit Ethernet}.
+
+	(1998-06-30)
+
+IEEE 802.4
+
+	<networking, standard> The {IEEE} {Token Bus} {standard}.
+
+	(1996-12-12)
+
+IEEE 802.5
+
+	The {IEEE} {token ring} {standard}.  The most common type of
+	token ring.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+IEEE Computer Society
+
+	<body> The society of the {IEEE} which publishes the journal
+	"Computer".
+
+	{(http://computer.org/)}.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+IEEE Floating Point Standard
+
+	<standard, mathematics> (IEEE 754) "{IEEE} Standard for Binary
+	{Floating-Point} Arithmetic (ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985)" or {IEC}
+	559: "Binary floating-point arithmetic for microprocessor
+	systems".  A {standard}, used by many {CPUs} and {FPUs}, which
+	defines formats for representing floating-point numbers;
+	representations of special values (e.g. {infinity}, very small
+	values, {NaN}); five {exceptions}, when they occur, and what
+	happens when they do occur; four {rounding modes}; and a set
+	of floating-point operations that will work identically on any
+	conforming system.
+
+	IEEE 754 specifies formats for representing floating-point
+	values: single-precision (32-bit) is required,
+	double-precision (64-bit) is optional.  The standard also
+	mentions that some implementations may include single-extended
+	precision (80-bit) and double-extended precision (128-bit)
+	formats.
+
+	[On-line document?]
+
+	(2003-06-17)
+
+IEEE Standard 1149.1
+
+	{Joint Test Action Group}
+
+IEF
+
+	{Advantage Gen}
+
+IEN
+
+	{Internet Experiment Note}
+
+IEPG
+
+	{Internet Engineering and Planning Group}
+
+IESG
+
+	{Internet Engineering Steering Group}
+
+IETF
+
+	{Internet Engineering Task Force}
+
+IF1
+
+	<language> A graph language used as an intermediate language
+	for {dataflow} hardware.  Used by the {OSC} {SISAL} compiler.
+
+	["The Manchester Prototype Dataflow Computer", J.R. Gurd et
+	al, CACM 28(1):34-52, Jan 1985].
+
+	(1996-01-05)
+
+IF2
+
+	<language> S graph language used by the {OSC} {SISAL}
+	compiler, a superset of {IF1}.
+
+	["IF2: An Applicative Language Intermediate Form with Explicit
+	Memory Management", M. L. Welcome et al, UC-LLNL, Nov 1986].
+
+	(1996-01-05)
+
+IFAC
+
+	International Federation of Automatic Control, involved in
+	informatics related to control systems.
+
+IFC
+
+	{Internet Foundation Classes}
+
+ifdef out
+
+	/if'def owt/ v. Synonym for {condition out}, specific
+	to {C}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+IFDL
+
+	<language> Independent Form Description Language.
+
+	{DEC}'s language for describing form-based human interfaces in
+	{DECforms}.
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+IFF
+
+	1. <file format> {Interchange File Format}.
+
+	2. Identify friend or foe (radar).
+
+iff
+
+	<mathematics, logic> if and only if, i.e. necessary and
+	sufficient.  For example, two figures are {congruent} iff one
+	can be placed over the other so that they coincide.
+
+	(2002-12-28)
+
+IFIP
+
+	1. {International Federation for Information Processing}.
+
+	2. A subset of {ALGOL}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 180].
+
+IFP
+
+	{Illinois Functional Programming}
+
+IFS
+
+	1. <operating system> {internal field separators}.
+
+	2. <operating system> {Installable File System}.
+
+	3. <graphics> {Iterated Function System}.
+
+	(1999-04-07)
+
+IFX
+
+	["Type Reconstruction with First-Class Polymorphic Values",
+	J. O'Toole et al, SIGPLAN Notices 24(7):207-217 (Jul 1989)].
+
+If you want X, you know where to find it.
+
+	<exclamation> There is a legend that {Dennis Ritchie},
+	inventor of {C}, once responded to demands for features
+	resembling those of what at the time was a much more popular
+	language by observing "If you want {PL/I}, you know where to
+	find it."  Ever since, this has been hackish standard form for
+	fending off requests to alter a new design to mimic some older
+	(and, by implication, inferior and {baroque}) one.  The case X
+	= {Pascal} manifests semi-regularly on {Usenet}'s
+	{news:comp.lang.c} {newsgroup}.  Indeed, the case X = X has
+	been reported in discussions of graphics software (see {X
+	Window System}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-10-25)
+
+IGC
+
+	{Institute for Global Communications}
+
+IGES
+
+	Initial Graphics Exchange Specification: an ASME/ANSI standard
+	for the exchange of CAD data.
+
+IGL
+
+	Interactive Graphic Language.  Used primarily by Physics Dept
+	at Brooklyn Poly, uses numerical methods on vectors to
+	approximate continuous function problems that don't have
+	closed form solutions.
+
+	[Is this being confused with Tektronix's graphics library by
+	the same name?]
+
+IGMP
+
+	{Internet Group Management Protocol}
+
+IGP
+
+	{Interior Gateway Protocol}
+
+IGPL
+
+	{Interest Group in Pure and Applied Logics}
+
+IGS
+
+	{Internet Go Server}.
+
+IGU
+
+	<chat> I Give Up.  Often found appended to documents, e-mail,
+	programs that don't work, etc.
+
+	(1999-09-30)
+
+IHS
+
+	{Integrated Home System}
+
+IHV
+
+	{Independent Hardware Vendor}
+
+IIcx
+
+	{Apple IIcx}
+
+IIDMS/R
+
+	{Integrated database management system}
+
+IIL
+
+	{Integrated Injection Logic}
+
+IINREN
+
+	{Interagency Interim National Research and Education Network}
+
+IIOP
+
+	{Internet Inter-ORB Protocol}
+
+IIR
+
+	{Infinite Impulse Response}
+
+IIRC
+
+	<chat> If I recall/remember correctly.
+
+	(1996-11-28)
+
+IIS
+
+	1. <web> {Internet Information Server}.
+
+	2. <language> {Idealized Instruction Set}.
+
+	(1999-08-26)
+
+IIT
+
+	{Integrated Information Technology}
+
+IITF
+
+	{Information Infrastructure Task Force}
+
+IITRAN
+
+	Simple PL/I-like language for students, on IBM 360.
+
+	["The IITRAN Programming Language", R. Dewar et al, CACM
+	12(10):569-575 (Oct 1969)].
+
+il
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Israel.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+ILBM
+
+	{interleaved bit-map}
+
+ILF
+
+	{Independent Logical File}
+
+ILIAD
+
+	<language, real-time> A {real-time} language.
+
+	["On the Design of a Language for Programming Real-Time
+	Concurrent Processes", H.A. Schutz, IEEE Trans Soft Eng
+	SE-5(3):248-255, May 1979].
+
+	(2000-09-03)
+
+I-Link
+
+	{High Performance Serial Bus}
+
+ILISP
+
+	A somewhat {LISP Machine}-like interface to {lisp listeners}
+	from {Emacs}.
+
+	Version 5.0 Emacs interface by ? Ivan Vazquez
+	<ivan@haldane.bu.edu>.
+
+	{(ftp://haldane.bu.edu/)} (128.197.54.25).  E-mail:
+	<ilisp-bug@darwin.bu.edu>, <ilisp-bugs@darwin.bu.edu>,
+	<ilisp-request@darwin.bu.edu> (discussion).
+
+	(1993-06-28)
+
+ill-behaved
+
+	1. [numerical analysis] Said of an {algorithm} or
+	computational method that tends to blow up because of
+	accumulated roundoff error or poor convergence properties.
+
+	2. Software that bypasses the defined {operating system}
+	interfaces to do things (like screen, keyboard, and disk I/O)
+	itself, often in a way that depends on the hardware of the
+	machine it is running on or which is nonportable or
+	incompatible with other pieces of software.
+
+	In the {IBM PC}/{mess-dos} world, there is a folk theorem
+	(nearly true) to the effect that (owing to gross inadequacies
+	and performance penalties in the OS interface) all interesting
+	applications are ill-behaved.
+
+	See also {bare metal}. Opposite: {well-behaved}, compare
+	{PC-ism}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+ILLIAC
+
+	Assembly language for the ILLIAC computer.  Listed in CACM
+	2(5):16, (May 1959) p.16.
+
+Illiac IV
+
+	<computer> One of the most infamous {supercomputers} ever.  It
+	used early ideas on {SIMD} (single instruction stream,
+	multiple data streams).  The project started in 1965, it used
+	64 processors and a 13MHz clock.  In 1976 it ran its first
+	sucessfull application.  It had 1MB memory (64x16KB).
+
+	Its actual performance was 15 MFLOPS, it was estimated in
+	initial predictions to be 1000 MFLOPS.  It totally failed as a
+	computer, only a quarter of the fully planned machine was ever
+	built, costs escalated from the $8 million estimated in 1966
+	to $31 million by 1972, and the computer took three more years
+	of enginering before it was operational.
+
+	The only good it did was to push research forward a bit,
+	leading way for machines such as the {Thinking Machines}
+	{CM-1} and CM-2.
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+Illinois Functional Programming
+
+	<language> (IFP) An {interpreter} written in {portable} {C} by
+	Arch D. Robison for a variant of {Backus}'s {FP} with syntax
+	like {ALGOL} or {Modula-2}.  IFP Runs under {Unix}, {CTSS}
+	({Cray}) and {MS-DOS}.
+
+	Version: 0.5.
+
+	{(ftp://a.cs.uiuc.edu/pub/ifp)}.  Posted to comp.sources.unix
+	volume 10.
+
+	["The Illinois Functional Programming Interpreter",
+	A.D. Robison, Proc 1987 SIGPLAN Conf on Interpreters and
+	Interpretive Techniques (June 1987), pp. 64-73].
+
+	["Illinois Functional Programming: A Tutorial", A.D. Robison,
+	BYTE Feb 1987, pp. 115-125].
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+ILOC
+
+	Rice U.  Register-oriented intermediate language targeted to
+	PC/RT.  Source languages include {Fortran} and {Russell}.
+
+Ilog Solver
+
+	A commercial {constraint} programming system.
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+iMac
+
+	<computer> One of the trademark/brand names that {Apple Inc}
+	use for their {Mac} family of {personal computers}.
+
+	(2009-05-05)
+
+image
+
+	1. <data, graphics> Data representing a two-dimensional scene.
+	A digital image is composed of {pixels} arranged in a
+	rectangular array with a certain height and width.  Each pixel
+	may consist of one or more {bits} of information, representing
+	the brightness of the image at that point and possibly
+	including colour information encoded as {RGB} triples.
+
+	{Images} are usually taken from the real world via a {digital
+	camera}, {frame grabber}, or {scanner}; or they may be
+	generated by computer, e.g. by {ray tracing} software.
+
+	See also {image formats}, {image processing}.
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+	2. <mathematics> The image (or range) of a {function} is the
+	set of values obtained by applying the function to all
+	elements of its {domain}.  So, if f : D -> C then the set f(D)
+	= \{ f(d) | d in D \} is the image of D under f.  The image is
+	a subset of C, the {codomain}.
+
+	(2000-01-19)
+
+image formats
+
+	<graphics, file format> There are many formats used to store
+	{images} in files.  {GIF}, {TIFF} and {JPEG} are very common.
+	Others are {BIFF}, {bmp}, {Clear}, {FITS}, {IFF}, {NFF},
+	{OFF}, {PCX}, {PNG}, {TGA}, {XBM}.
+
+	Some of these are documented on-line at the following sites:
+
+	{The Graphics File Format Page
+	(http://dcs.ed.ac.uk/~mxr/gfx/)}.
+	{The NCSA file formats archive
+	(ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/misc/file.formats/graphics.formats)}.
+	{The Avalon repository
+	(ftp://avalon.viewpoint.com/pub/format_specs)}.
+
+	[Others?]
+
+	(1997-08-07)
+
+image map
+
+	<web> An image in an {HTML} document with "hot
+	spots" which when clicked on in a suitable {browser}, act as
+	{anchors} or links to other information.  For example, an
+	image of a map of the world might provide links to resources
+	related to different countries.  Clicking on a country would
+	take the user to the relevant information.
+
+	[Documentation URL?]
+
+	(1995-12-05)
+
+image processing
+
+	<graphics> Computer manipulation of {images}.  Some of the
+	many {algorithms} used in image processing include
+	{convolution} (on which many others are based), {FFT}, {DCT},
+	{thinning} (or {skeletonisation}), {edge detection} and
+	{contrast enhancement}.  These are usually implemented in
+	{software} but may also use special purpose {hardware} for
+	speed.
+
+	Image processing contrasts with {computer graphics}, which is
+	usually more concerned with the generation of artificial
+	images, and {visualisation}, which attempts to understand
+	(real-world) data by displaying it as an artificial image
+	(e.g. a graph).  Image processing is used in {image
+	recognition} and {computer vision}.
+
+	{Silicon Graphics} manufacture {workstations} which are often
+	used for image processing.  There are a few programming
+	languages designed for image processing, e.g. {CELIP}, {VPL}.
+
+	See also {Pilot European Image Processing Archive}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:sci.image.processing}.
+
+	[Other algorithms, languages?  FAQ?]
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+image recognition
+
+	<graphics, artificial intelligence> The identification of
+	objects in an {image}.  This process would probably start with
+	{image processing} techniques such as {noise removal},
+	followed by (low-level) {feature extraction} to locate lines,
+	regions and possibly areas with certain textures.
+
+	The clever bit is to interpret collections of these shapes as
+	single objects, e.g. cars on a road, boxes on a conveyor belt
+	or cancerous cells on a microscope slide.  One reason this is
+	an {AI} problem is that an object can appear very different
+	when viewed from different angles or under different lighting.
+	Another problem is deciding what features belong to what
+	object and which are background or shadows etc.  The human
+	visual system performs these tasks mostly unconsciously but a
+	computer requires skillful programming and lots of processing
+	power to approach human performance.
+
+	(1997-07-20)
+
+imaging
+
+	<graphics> The production of graphic {images}, either from a
+	video camera or from digitally generated data (see
+	{visualisation}), or the recording of such images on
+	microfilm, videotape or laser disk.
+
+	See also {scanner}.
+
+	(1997-07-20)
+
+Imago Europe plc
+
+	A UK {Internet} provider.  There sevice is called {Imago
+	On-line}.  E-mail: <info@imago.com>.
+
+Imago On-line
+
+	An {Internet} {electronic mail} and {news} service in the
+	United Kingdom provided by {Imago Europe} plc.
+
+	A one year subscription to the service costs just seventy five
+	pounds plus VAT and offers {dial-up} access with a {graphical
+	user interface} for users of {Macintosh} and {Microsoft
+	Windows} {PCs} and the {Apple Newton} {MessagePad} {PDA}
+	family.
+
+imake
+
+	A tool which generates {Makefiles} from a template, a set of
+	{cpp} {macros}, and a per-directory input file called an
+	Imakefile.  This allows machine dependencies (such has
+	compiler options, alternate command names, and special make
+	rules) to be kept separate from the descriptions of the
+	various items to be built.
+
+	imake is distributed with, and used extensively by, the {X
+	Window System}.
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+IMAO
+
+	{IMHO}
+
+IMAP
+
+	{Internet Message Access Protocol}
+
+imc
+
+	<language> A {REXX} {interpreter} for {SunOS}.
+
+	Current version 1.3 [?].
+
+	{(ftp://rexx.uwaterloo.ca/pub/freerexx/imc/)}.
+
+	(2000-11-07)
+
+IMD
+
+	{intermodulation distortion}
+
+IMHO
+
+	<chat> (From SF fandom via {Usenet}) In My Humble Opinion.
+	Also seen in variant forms such as IMO, IMNSHO (In My
+	Not-So-Humble Opinion) and IMAO (In My Arrogant Opinion).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-09-24)
+
+IML
+
+	{Initial Microprogram Load}
+
+immediate version
+
+	{child version}
+
+Imminent Death Of The Net Predicted!
+
+	<messaging> Since {Usenet} first got off the ground in
+	1980-81, it has grown exponentially, approximately doubling in
+	size every year.  On the other hand, most people feel the
+	{signal-to-noise ratio} of {Usenet} has dropped steadily.
+	These trends led, as far back as mid-1983, to predictions of
+	the imminent collapse (or death) of the net.  Ten years and
+	numerous doublings later, enough of these gloomy
+	prognostications have been confounded that the phrase
+	"Imminent Death Of The Net Predicted!" has become a running
+	joke, hauled out any time someone grumbles about the {S/N
+	ratio} or the huge and steadily increasing volume, or the
+	possible loss of a key node or link, or the potential for
+	lawsuits when ignoramuses post copyrighted material etc.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-09-24)
+
+IMNSHO
+
+	{IMHO}
+
+IMO
+
+	{IMHO}
+
+IMP
+
+	1. <language> {IMProved Mercury autocode}.
+
+	2. <language> An extensible dialect of {ALGOL 60}, for {CDC
+	1604}.
+
+	["Experience with an Extensible Language", Edgar T. Irons,
+	CACM 13(1):31-39, Jan 1970].
+
+	3. <language> {Interpretive Menu Processor}.
+
+	4. <language> {IMPlementation language}.
+
+	5. <networking> {Interface Message Processor}.
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+impact printer
+
+	<printer> The earlier, noisier kind of {printer} where part of
+	the mechanism comes into contact with the paper.  The term
+	would only be only used in contrast to "{non-impact printer}".
+	Examples include {line printer}, {daisy wheel printer}, {golf
+	ball printer}, {dot matrix printer}, {Braille printer}.
+
+	(1998-10-13)
+
+impedance
+
+	<electronics, physics> Opposition to flow of alternating
+	current.  Impedance consists of {resistance} plus {reactance}
+	(capacitive or inductive).  Measured in {Ohms}.
+
+	(2003-12-02)
+
+imperative
+
+	{imperative language}
+
+imperative language
+
+	<language> Any {programming language} that specifies explicit
+	manipulation of the state of the computer system, not to be
+	confused with a {procedural language}, which specifies an
+	explicit sequence of steps to perform.
+
+	An example of an imperative (but non-procedural) language is a
+	{data manipulation language} for a {relational database
+	management system}.  This specifies changes to the database
+	but does not necessarily require anyone to specify a sequence
+	of steps.
+
+	Both contrast with {declarative languages}, which specify
+	neither explicit state manipulation nor a sequence of steps.
+
+	(2007-10-02)
+
+imperative programming
+
+	{imperative language}
+
+Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
+
+	<education> (IC, ICST&M) One of the colleges of London
+	University.  The Department of Computing is the home of
+	{FOLDOC}.
+
+	{IC Home (http://ic.ac.uk/)}.
+
+	(2005-05-09)
+
+Imperial Software Technology
+
+	<company> A {software engineering} company which emerged from
+	{Imperial College} in about 1982.  It enjoys a world-wide
+	reputation for technical excellence as a software product and
+	technology provider in the Open Systems market.  Its flagship
+	product is {X-Designer}, the award-winning {graphical user
+	interface builder}.  It also has considerable expertise in the
+	{Z} language and {Formal Methods}.
+
+	{(http://ist.co.uk/)}.
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+IMPlementation language
+
+	<language> (IMP) An extension of {B} with {floating-point}
+	operations, developed by W. Davidsen at {General Electric} in
+	1970 for the {GE 600}.  It was also {cross-compiled} to {VAX}
+	and {Intel 8080}.
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+implication
+
+	{implies}
+
+implicit parallelism
+
+	<parallel> A feature of a programming language for a {parallel
+	processing} system which decides automatically which parts to
+	run in parallel.
+
+	The best way of providing implicit parallelism is still (1995)
+	an active research topic.  The problem is to generate the
+	right number of parallel tasks of the right size (or
+	"{granularity}").  Too many tasks and the system gets bogged
+	down in house-keeping, or memory for waiting tasks runs out,
+	too few tasks and processors are left idle.
+
+	The best performance is usually achieved with {explicit
+	parallelism} where the programmer can annotate his program to
+	indicate which parts should be executed as independent
+	parallel tasks.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+implicit type conversion
+
+	<programming> (Or "coercion") The abilty of some {compilers}
+	to automatically insert {type} conversion {functions} where an
+	expression of one type is used in a context where another type
+	is expected.
+
+	A common example is coercion of {integers} to {reals} so that
+	an expression like sin(1) is compiled as sin(integerToReal(1))
+	where sin is of type Real -> Real.
+
+	A coercion is usually performed automatically by the compiler
+	whereas a {cast} is an {explicit type conversion} inserted by
+	the programmer.
+
+	See also {subtype}.
+
+	(1997-07-28)
+
+implies
+
+	<logic> (=> or a thin right arrow) A binary {Boolean} function
+	and {logical connective}.  A => B is a true implication unless
+	A is true and B is false.  The {truth table} is
+
+		A B | A => B
+		----+-------
+		F F |   T
+		F T |   T
+		T F |   F
+		T T |   T
+
+	It is surprising at first that A => B is always true if A is
+	false, but if X => Y then we would expect that (X & Z) => Y
+	for any Z.
+
+	If A is actually an expression X & Y then the implication is
+	called a {syllogism}.
+
+	(2009-10-28)
+
+imply
+
+	{implies}
+
+import
+
+	<data> To read data that is not in the native format of the
+	application.  For example, a {web browser} will have its own
+	way of storing {bookmarks} but it will usually provide a
+	function to import bookmarks from {Internet Explorer}.  The
+	alternative is to provide an independent external conversion
+	utility but this is usually less convenient for the user.
+
+	(2004-11-15)
+
+imprecise probability
+
+	<probability> A {probability} that is represented as an
+	interval (as opposed to a single number) included in [0,1].
+
+	(2001-02-21)
+
+IMProved Mercury autocode
+
+	<language> (IMP) A version of {Autocode} used to program the
+	{Edinburgh Multi Access System} (EMAS), one of the first
+	{operating systems} written in a {high-level language},
+	apparently predating {Unix}.
+
+	Luis Damas' {Prolog} {interpreter} in IMP for EMAS led to
+	{C-Prolog}.
+
+	[Papers in J. {British Computer Society}].
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+IMR
+
+	{Internet Monthly Report}
+
+IMS
+
+	{Information Management System}
+
+IMS 6100
+
+	{Intersil 6100}
+
+Imsai
+
+	<company> One of the companies that made very early
+	{microprocessor} systems.
+
+	[Where?  When?  Who?  What?]
+
+	(1995-05-12)
+
+IMS/Data Base
+
+	<database> (IMS/DB) A hierarchical high performance {database}
+	for {IBM} {mainframes}, part of {IMS}.  IMS/DB is implemented
+	on top of {VSAM} and uses its underlying data structures.
+
+	(1999-01-11)
+
+IMS/Data Communications
+
+	<database> (IMS/DC) The {teleprocessing monitor}/{transaction
+	processing} sytem in {IMS} from {IBM}.
+
+	(1999-01-11)
+
+IMSE
+
+	{Integrated Modelling Support Environment}
+
+IMTC
+
+	{International Multimedia Teleconferencing Consortium}
+
+in
+
+	1. <networking> The {country code} for India.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+	2. The typical type or "mode" of {function} {parameter} that
+	passes information in one direction - from the caller to the
+	function.  Other modes are {out} and {inout}.
+
+	(2010-01-19)
+
+Ina Jo
+
+	<specification, language> [FDM?]
+
+	["The Ina Jo Specification Language Reference Manual", J.
+	Scheid et al, TR TM-(L)-6021/001/00, SDC Mar 1985].
+
+	(2000-02-24)
+
+InARP
+
+	{Inverse Address Resolution Protocol}
+
+in-band signaling
+
+	{in-band signalling}
+
+in-band signalling
+
+	<communications> (Or CAS, channel associated signaling)
+	Transmission of control signals in the same channel as data.
+	This is commonly used in the {Public Switched Telephone
+	Network} where the same pair of wires carry both voice and
+	control signals (e.g. dialling, ringing).  Another example is
+	the use on a computer {serial line} of Control-S and Control-Q
+	characters for {flow control} as opposed to {hardware flow
+	control} which would be out-of-band signalling.
+
+	In digital communications, in-band signalling often uses
+	"bit-robbing" where, for example, one {bit} in each {frame} is
+	used for signalling instead of data.  This is the reason why a
+	{D1} channel in the T-carrier system can only carry 56 Kbps of
+	usable data instead of the 64 Kbps carried by the {D0} channel
+	in the E-carrier system.
+
+	(2007-01-26)
+
+inc
+
+	/ink/ increment, i.e. increase by one.  Especially used by
+	{assembly} programmers, as many assembly languages have an
+	"inc" {mnemonic}.
+
+	Antonym: {dec}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+incantation
+
+	Any particularly arbitrary or obscure command that one must
+	mutter at a system to attain a desired result.  Not used of
+	passwords or other explicit security features.  Especially
+	used of tricks that are so poorly documented that they must be
+	learned from a {wizard}.  "This compiler normally locates
+	initialised data in the data segment, but if you {mutter} the
+	right incantation they will be forced into text space."
+
+include
+
+	[{Usenet}] 1. To duplicate a portion (or whole) of another's
+	message (typically with attribution to the source) in a reply
+	or followup, for clarifying the context of one's response.
+	See the discussion of inclusion styles under "Hacker Writing
+	Style".
+
+	2. [{C}] "#include <disclaimer.h>" has appeared in {sig
+	blocks} to refer to a notional "standard {disclaimer} file".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+include war
+
+	Excessive multi-leveled including within a discussion
+	{thread}, a practice that tends to annoy readers.  In a forum
+	with high-traffic newsgroups, such as {Usenet}, this can lead
+	to {flames} and the urge to start a {kill file}.
+
+inclusive
+
+	<theory> In {domain theory}, a {predicate} P : D -> Bool is
+	inclusive iff
+
+		For any {chain} C, a subset of D, and
+		for all c in C,
+		P(c) => P(lub C)
+
+	In other words, if the predicate holds for all elements of an
+	increasing sequence then it holds for their {least upper
+	bound}.
+
+	("lub is written in {LaTeX} as {\sqcup}).
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+incomparable
+
+	<mathematics> Two elements a, b of a set are incomparable
+	under some relation <= if neither a <= b, nor b <= a.
+
+	(1995-09-21)
+
+incremental analysis
+
+	<testing> Partial analysis of an incomplete product to allow
+	early feedback on its development.
+
+	(1996-05-22)
+
+incremental backup
+
+	<operating system> A kind of {backup} that copies all files
+	which have changed since the date of the previous backup.  The
+	first backup of a file system should include all files - a
+	"{full backup}".  Call this level 0.  The next backup could
+	also be a full level 0 backup but it is usually much quicker
+	to do a level 1 backup which will include only those files
+	which have changed since the level 0 backup.  Together the
+	level 0 and level 1 backups will include the latest version of
+	every file.  Level 1 backups can be made until, say, the
+	backup tape is nearly full, after which we can switch to level
+	2.  Each level includes those files which have changed since
+	the last backup at a lower level.  The more levels you use,
+	the longer it will take to restore the latest version of a
+	file (or all files) if you don't know when it was last
+	modified.
+
+	Compare {differential backup}.
+
+	(2004-03-01)
+
+incremental constraint solver
+
+	A system in which a {constraint solver} is given {constraints}
+	one at a time by an {inference engine} (as is found in
+	{Prolog}).  The solver adds the new constraint to an initially
+	empty set of solved constraints.  If the new constraint is
+	consistent with the solved constraints it will be added to the
+	set.  If it was inconsistent, the inference engine
+	{backtracks}.  This is the basis of {Constraint Logic
+	Programming}.
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+Incremental Prototyping Technology for Embedded Realtime Systems
+
+	<project> An {Esprit} project.
+
+	[Partners?  Results?]
+
+	(1998-11-27)
+
+[incr Tcl]
+
+	<language> An extension of {Tcl} that adds {classes} and
+	{inheritence}.
+
+	The name is a pun on {C++} - an {object-oriented} extension of
+	{C} - [incr variable] is the Tcl {syntax} for adding one to a
+	variable.
+
+	[Origin?  Availability?]
+
+	(1998-11-27)
+
+indent
+
+	{indentation}
+
+indentation
+
+	<document, text, programming> Space and/or {tab} characters
+	added at the beginning of one or more consecutive lines to
+	indicate the structure of a piece of text, e.g.  indenting a
+	passage to make it stand out.
+
+	Indentation is important in {source code} for readability.
+	See {indent style}.  Some programming languages go further and
+	use indentation as the main method to represent block
+	structure to the {compiler} or {interpreter}, see {off-side
+	rule}.
+
+	(2008-10-23)
+
+indent style
+
+	<programming> Rules for formatting {code} to make it easier to
+	visually match up the beginning and end of a {block} of
+	statements, particularly one controlled by a {control
+	statement} such as "if", "else", "for", "while", "do".  This
+	becomes important with large, nested blocks of code.
+
+	The {C} programming language's four indent styles vary in the
+	placement of "{" and "}" with respect to the statement(s) they
+	enclose and the controlling statement.
+
+	"Allman style" is named after {Eric Allman}, a {Berkeley} {hacker}
+	who wrote many {BSD} {utilities} in it.  It is sometimes called
+	"BSD style".  It resembles normal indent style in {Pascal} and
+	{ALGOL}.  Basic indent per level is eight or four spaces.  This is
+	the only indent style to clearly associate the controlling
+	statement and the beginning and the end of the block by aligning
+	them vertically, which probably explains its widespread adoption.
+
+	 if (cond)
+	 {
+		<body>
+	 }
+
+	"K&R style" is named after {Kernighan} & {Ritchie} because the
+	examples in {K&R} are formatted this way.  It is also called
+	"kernel style" because the {Unix} {kernel} was written in it, or
+	"{One True Brace Style}" (1TBS) by its partisans, or {Egyptian
+	brackets}.  The basic indent shown here is eight spaces (or one
+	tab) per level; four spaces are much less common.  This style was
+	popular when programmers worked on small displays (or paper!)
+	becuase it saves vertical space but the opening brace is easy to
+	miss at the end of a long condition in an "if" or "while"
+	statement.
+
+	 if (cond) {
+		<body>
+	 }
+
+	"Whitesmiths style" - popularised by the examples that came
+	with {Whitesmiths C}, an early commercial C compiler.  Basic
+	indent per level shown here is eight spaces, but four spaces
+	are occasionally seen.
+
+	 if (cond)
+		{
+		<body>
+		}
+
+	"GNU style" - Used throughout {GNU} {Emacs} and the {Free
+	Software Foundation} code, and just about nowhere else.
+	Indents are always four spaces per level, with "{" and "}"
+	halfway between the outer and inner indent levels.
+
+	 if (cond)
+	  {
+	    <body>
+	  }
+
+	Many related languages such as {Perl} offer the same choices while
+	others, following {B}, eschew braces and rely entirely on relative
+	indentation to express block structure.  In {Python}, braces can
+	be used to override indentation.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2013-05-14)
+
+Independent Computing Architecture
+
+	<protocol> (ICA) {Citrix}'s {proprietary} {protocol} that
+	allows {client} {desktop computers} to run {applications} on
+	{application servers}.  Originally used between {Windows}
+	systems, ICA is now also suported on {Unix} and {Macintosh}
+	desktops and servers as well as some {thin client} hardware.
+
+	(2012-07-08)
+
+Independent Logical File
+
+	<database> (ILF) One kind of {dynamic database management
+	system}.
+
+	Examples of ILF databases are {INQUIRE}, {ADABAS}, {NOMAD},
+	{FOCUS} and {DATACOM}.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	(1998-10-07)
+
+Independent Verification and Validation
+
+	<testing> (IV&V) The verification and validation of a software
+	product by an organisation that is both technically and
+	managerially separate from the organisation responsible for
+	developing the product.
+
+	(1996-12-27)
+
+index
+
+	(Plural "indices" or "indexes")
+
+	1. <programming> A number used to select an element of a list,
+	vector, {array} or other sequence.  Such indices are nearly
+	always non-negative integers but see {associative array}.
+
+	2. <database> See {inverted index}.  [Other kinds?]
+
+	3. <web> A {search engine}.
+
+	4. <web> A {subject index}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-04-09)
+
+Index Data
+
+	<company> A Danish company who have released a lot of {ANSI
+	Z39.50} related source under {GPL}.
+
+	{(http://130.228.5.168)}.
+
+	(1996-07-22)
+
+Indexed Sequential Access Method
+
+	<database> (ISAM) An {IBM} file management system allowing
+	records to be accessed either sequentially (in the order they
+	were entered) or via an index.  Each index orders the records
+	on a different key.
+
+	ISAM was followed by VSAM ({Virtual Storage Access Method})
+	and pre-dated {relational databases}.
+
+	(2003-07-13)
+
+index.htm
+
+	{index.html}
+
+index.html
+
+	<web> The default {HTML} page served by most {web
+	servers} in response to a request for a {directory}.  The name
+	suggests that the page will contain some kind of index of the
+	contents of the requested directory.
+
+	For example, if the content for {website} example.com is stored
+	in the {file system} in directory /var/www/example.com, then a
+	request for http://example.com/products would return the contents
+	of file /var/www/example.com/products/index.html.
+
+	A {website}'s {home page} follows the same logic.  For the above
+	example, a request for http://example.com/ would return the
+	contents of /var/www/example.com/index.html.
+
+	It is often possible, and occasionally necessary, to specify
+	index.html explicitly in the URL, as in
+	http://example.com/index.html, though modern practice is to omit
+	it.
+
+	If you're looking for {FOLDOC's home page (/)} at
+	http://foldoc.org/index.html, then you followed an out-of-date
+	link.  Please update your bookmark to http://foldoc.org/ or inform
+	the owner of the site you came from.
+
+	{Microsoft}, of course, has to be different and uses default.htm
+	instead of index.html.  The variant index.htm is a throw-back to
+	the days when some file systems only allowed three-character file
+	name extensions.
+
+	(2014-06-22)
+
+index register
+
+	<processor> A {register} found in some {CPUs}, whose contents
+	can be added to the address {operand} to give the {effective
+	address}.  Incrementing the index register then allows the
+	program to access the next location in memory and so on,
+	making it very useful for working with {arrays} or blocks of
+	memory.
+
+	Index registers first appeared around April 1949 in the
+	{Manchester Mark I}.  The Mark I's index register's contents
+	were simply added to the entire instruction, thus potentially
+	changing the {opcode} (see {The story of Mel})!
+
+	(2006-09-20)
+
+indices
+
+	<spelling> A plural of "{index}".
+
+indirect address
+
+	<processor> An {addressing mode} found in many processors'
+	{instruction sets} where the instruction contains the address
+	of a memory location which contains the address of the operand
+	(the "{effective address}") or specifies a {register} which
+	contains the effective address.  In the first case
+	(indirection via memory), accessing the operand requires two
+	memory accesses - one to fetch the effective address and
+	another to read or write the actual operand.  Register
+	indirect addressing requires only one memory access.
+
+	An indirect address may be indicated in {assembly language} by
+	an operand in parentheses, e.g. in {Motorola 68000} assembly
+
+		MOV D0,(A0)
+
+	writes the contents of register D0 to the location pointed to
+	by the address in register A0.
+
+	Indirect addressing is often combined with pre- or post-
+	increment or decrement addressing, allowing the address of the
+	operand to be increased or decreased by one (or some specified
+	number) either before or after using it.
+
+	(1994-11-07)
+
+indirect addressing
+
+	{indirect address}
+
+indirection
+
+	<programming> Manipulating data via its address.  Indirection
+	is a powerful and general programming technique.  It can be
+	used for example to process data stored in a sequence of
+	consecutive memory locations by maintaining a {pointer} to the
+	current item and incrementing it to point to the next item.
+
+	Indirection is supported at the {machine language} level by
+	{indirect addressing}.  Many processor and {operating system}
+	architectures use {vectors} which are also an instance of
+	indirection, being locations which hold the address of a
+	routine to handle a particular event.  The event handler can
+	be changed simply by pointing the vector at a new piece of
+	code.
+
+	{C} includes operators "&" which returns the address of a
+	{variable} and its inverse "*" which returns the variable at a
+	given address.
+
+	(1997-02-06)
+
+indirect jump
+
+	<programming> A {jump} via an {indirect address}, i.e. the
+	jump {instruction} contains the address of a memory location
+	that contains the address of the next instruction to execute.
+
+	The location containing the address to jump to is sometimes
+	called a {vector}.
+
+	Indirect jumps make normal code hard to understand because the
+	jump target is a run-time property of the program that depends
+	on the execution history.  They are useful for, e.g. allowing
+	user code to replace operating system code or setting up
+	{event handlers}.
+
+	(2010-01-01)
+
+induction
+
+	<logic> A method of proving statements about {well-ordered
+	sets}.  If S is a well-ordered set with ordering "<", and we
+	want to show that a property P holds for every element of S,
+	it is sufficient to show that, for all s in S,
+
+		IF for all t in S, t < s => P(t) THEN P(s)
+
+	I.e. if P holds for anything less than s then it holds for s.
+	In this case we say P is proved by induction.
+
+	The most common instance of proof by induction is induction
+	over the {natural numbers} where we prove that some property
+	holds for n=0 and that if it holds for n, it holds for n+1.
+
+	(In fact it is sufficient for "<" to be a {well-founded}
+	{partial order} on S, not necessarily a well-ordering of S.)
+
+	(1999-12-09)
+
+inductive inference
+
+	{grammatical inference}
+
+inductive relation
+
+	A relation R between {domains} D and E is inductive if for all
+	{chains} {d1 .. dn} in D and {e1 .. en} in E,
+
+		For all i, di R ei  =>  lub(d) R lub(e)
+
+Industrial Programming, Inc.
+
+	<company> The company which developed {MTOS}.
+
+	{(http://ipi.com)}.
+
+	E-mail: <info@ipi.com>.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (516) 938 6600.  Address: 100 Jericho
+	Quadrangle, Jericho, NY 11753, USA.
+
+	(1997-07-23)
+
+Industrial Robot Language
+
+	<language, robotics> (IRL) A {high-level language} for
+	programming industrial {robots}.
+
+	["IRL, Industrial Robot Language", DIN 66312, Beuth-Verlag
+	1992].
+
+	(1996-11-28)
+
+Industry Standard Architecture
+
+	<architecture, standard> (ISA) A {bus} {standard} for {IBM
+	compatibles} that extends the {XT bus architecture} to 16
+	bits.  It also allows for {bus mastering} although only the
+	first 16 {MB} of {main memory} is available for direct access.
+	In reference to the XT bus architecture it is sometimes
+	referred to as "AT bus architecture".
+
+	Compare {EISA}, {MCA}.
+
+	(1996-06-25)
+
+inetd
+
+	<networking, tool> Berkeley daemon program that listens for
+	connection requests or messages for certain ports and starts
+	server programs to perform the services associated with those
+	ports.  Sometimes known as netd.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: inetd(8).
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+inews
+
+	<messaging, application> A {Unix} program for posting {Usenet}
+	news articles, written by Rich $alz <rsalz@uunet.uu.net> for
+	{InterNetNews}.  inews reads an article (perhaps with headers)
+	from a file or {standard}, adds some {headers} and possibly a
+	{signature}, and, if the article passes some consistency
+	checks (too much quoting, non-existent {newsgroup}) then inews
+	sends the article to the local news {server} for distribution.
+
+	If an unapproved posting is made to a {moderated} newsgroup,
+	inews will try to send the article to the moderator (specified
+	in a configuration file) by {electronic mail}.
+
+	Version: 1.25, dated 1993/03/18.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: inews(1).
+
+	(1996-02-27)
+
+infant mortality
+
+	<hardware> It is common lore among hackers (and in the
+	electronics industry at large) that the chances of sudden
+	hardware failure drop off exponentially with a machine's time
+	since first use (that is, until the relatively distant time at
+	which enough mechanical wear in I/O devices and
+	thermal-cycling stress in components has accumulated for the
+	machine to start going senile).  Up to half of all chip and
+	wire failures happen within a new system's first few weeks;
+	such failures are often referred to as "infant mortality"
+	problems (or, occasionally, as "sudden infant death
+	syndrome").
+
+	See {bathtub curve}, {burn-in period}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+infeasible path
+
+	{dead code}
+
+inference
+
+	<logic> The logical process by which new facts are derived
+	from known facts by the application of {inference rules}.
+
+	See also {symbolic inference}, {type inference}.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+inference engine
+
+	A program that infers new {facts} from known facts using
+	{inference rules}.  Commonly found as part of a {Prolog}
+	{interpreter}, {expert system} or {knowledge based system}.
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+inference rule
+
+	<logic> A procedure which combines known facts to produce
+	("infer") new facts.  For example, given that
+
+		1. Socrates is a man and that
+		2. all men are motal,
+
+	we can infer that Socrates is mortal.  This uses the rule
+	known as "modus ponens" which can be written in {Boolean
+	algebra} as
+
+		(A & A => B) => B
+
+	(if {proposition} A is true, and A implies B, then B is true).
+
+	Or given that,
+
+		1. Either Denis is programming or Denis is sad and
+		2. Denis is not sad,
+
+	we can infer that Denis is programming.  This rule can be
+	written
+
+		((A OR B) & not B) => A
+
+	(If either A is true or B is true (or both), and B is false,
+	then A must be true).
+
+	Compare {syllogism}.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+infimum
+
+	{greatest lower bound}
+
+infinite
+
+	<mathematics> 1. Bigger than any {natural number}.  There are
+	various formal set definitions in {set theory}: a set X is
+	infinite if
+
+	(i) There is a {bijection} between X and a {proper subset} of X.
+
+	(ii) There is an {injection} from the set N of natural numbers to
+	X.
+
+	(iii) There is an injection from each natural number n to X.
+
+	These definitions are not necessarily equivalent unless we
+	accept the {Axiom of Choice}.
+
+	2. The length of a line extended indefinitely.
+
+	See also {infinite loop}, {infinite set}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+Infinite Impulse Response
+
+	<electronics, DSP> A type of {digital signal} {filter}, in
+	which every {sample} of output is the weighted sum of past and
+	current samples of input, using all past samples, but the
+	weights of past samples are an inverse function of the sample
+	age, approaching zero for old samples.
+
+	(2001-06-06)
+
+infinite loop
+
+	<programming> (Or "endless loop") Where a piece of program is
+	executed repeatedly with no hope of stopping.  This is nearly
+	always because of a {bug}, e.g. if the condition for exiting
+	the loop is wrong, though it may be intentional if the program
+	is controlling an {embedded system} which is supposed to run
+	continuously until it is turned off.  The programmer may also
+	intend the program to run until interrupted by the user.  An
+	endless loop may also be used as a last-resort error handler
+	when no other action is appropriate.  This is used in some
+	{operating system} kernels following a {panic}.
+
+	A program executing an infinite loop is said to {spin} or
+	{buzz} forever and goes {catatonic}.  The program is "wound
+	around the axle".
+
+	A standard joke has been made about each generation's exemplar
+	of the ultra-fast machine: "The Cray-3 is so fast it can
+	execute an infinite loop in under 2 seconds!"
+
+	See also {black hole}, {recursion}, {infinite loop}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-11)
+
+Infinite Monkey Theorem
+
+	<humour> "If you put an {infinite} number of monkeys at
+	typewriters, eventually one will bash out the script for
+	Hamlet."  (One may also hypothesise a small number of monkeys
+	and a very long period of time.)  This theorem asserts nothing
+	about the intelligence of the one {random} monkey that
+	eventually comes up with the script (and note that the mob
+	will also type out all the possible *incorrect* versions of
+	Hamlet).  It may be referred to semi-seriously when justifying
+	a {brute force} method; the implication is that, with enough
+	resources thrown at it, any technical challenge becomes a
+	{one-banana problem}.
+
+	This theorem was first popularised by the astronomer Sir
+	Arthur Eddington.  It became part of the idiom through the
+	classic short story "Inflexible Logic" by Russell Maloney, and
+	many younger hackers know it through a reference in Douglas
+	Adams's "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy".
+
+	See also: {RFC 2795}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-04-07)
+
+infinite set
+
+	<mathematics> A set with an infinite number of elements.
+	There are several possible definitions, e.g.
+
+	(i) ("Dedekind infinite") A set X is infinite if there exists
+	a {bijection} (one-to-one mapping) between X and some proper
+	subset of X.
+
+	(ii) A set X is infinite if there exists an {injection} from N
+	(the set of {natural numbers}) to X.
+
+	In the presence of the {Axiom of Choice} all such definitions
+	are equivalent.
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+infinity
+
+	1. <mathematics> The size of something {infinite}.
+
+	Using the word in the context of sets is sloppy, since
+	different {infinite sets} aren't necessarily the same size
+	{cardinality} as each other.
+
+	See also {aleph 0}
+
+	2. <programming> The largest value that can be represented in
+	a particular type of variable ({register}, memory location,
+	data type, whatever).
+
+	See also {minus infinity}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+infix notation
+
+	<language> One of the possible orderings of {functions} and
+	{operands}: in infix notation the functions are placed between
+	their operands, such as "1+2".  Although infix notation is
+	limited to binary functions most languages mix infix notation
+	with {prefix} or {postfix} notation, as a form of {syntactic
+	sugar}.
+
+	(1997-01-17)
+
+infix syntax
+
+	{infix notation}
+
+inflate
+
+	{deflate}
+
+INFN
+
+	Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare: an Italian State
+	research organisation.
+
+Infobahn
+
+	(After the German "Autobahn") {Information Superhighway}.
+
+Info BASIC
+
+	Variant of {Pick BASIC} used with {PRIME}'s {PRIMOS}.
+
+infobot
+
+	<chat> A {bot} that serves as a common database of information
+	(often noteworthy {URLs}) for users on a {chat} system.
+	Infobots often have a simple {chatbot interface}, responding
+	to key-phrases, as well as to direct queries.
+
+	Here, in a real conversation, the bot Purl's first response is
+	triggered by the phrase "just tell me", and its second
+	response is triggered by being directly asked "perlfunc?":
+
+	 <eesh> can someone tell me what: $num9 =
+	        substr($number,9,1); means
+
+	 <Tkil> eesh -- man perlfunc, look at "substr".
+
+	 <eesh> just tell me
+
+	 <purl> Didn't your momma ever tell you, "Go
+	        look it up in the dictionary"?!
+
+	 <Tkil> eesh -- no.  that's all we'll tell
+	        you.  read the documentation.
+
+	 <Tkil> eesh -- if you haven't man pages or
+	        perldoc, you can read them on the 'net.
+
+	 <Tkil> purl, perlfunc?
+
+	 <purl> well, perlfunc is Perl builtin
+	        functions, at man perlfunc or
+	        http://perl.com/CPAN-local/doc/manual/html/pod/perlfunc.html
+
+	{(http://cs.cmu.edu/~lenzo/infobot.html/)}.
+
+	(1998-10-30)
+
+Informatics Corporation
+
+	<company> Renamed to {Sterling Software Corp}.
+
+	[When?]
+
+	(1998-10-30)
+
+information
+
+	<data> The result of applying {data processing} to {data},
+	giving it context and meaning.  Information can then be
+	further processed to yeild {knowledge}.
+
+	People or computers can find patterns in data to perceive
+	information, and information can be used to enhance
+	{knowledge}.  Since knowledge is prerequisite to wisdom, we
+	always want more data and information.  But, as modern
+	societies verge on {information overload}, we especially need
+	better ways to find patterns.
+
+	1234567.89 is data.
+
+	"Your bank balance has jumped 8087% to $1234567.89" is
+	information.
+
+	"Nobody owes me that much money" is knowledge.
+
+	"I'd better talk to the bank before I spend it, because of
+	what has happened to other people" is wisdom.
+
+	(2007-09-10)
+
+Information Algebra
+
+	Theoretical formalism for DP, never resulted in a language.
+	Language Structure Group of CODASYL, ca. 1962.  Sammet 1969,
+	709.
+
+Information and Communication Technology
+
+	<education> (ICT) The study of the technology used to handle
+	information and aid communication.  The phrase was coined by
+	[?] Stevenson in his 1997 report to the UK government and
+	promoted by the new National Curriculum documents for the UK
+	in 2000.  In addition to the subjects included in {Information
+	Technology} (IT), ICT emcompasses areas such as {telephony},
+	{broadcast media} and all types of {audio} and {video}
+	processing and transmission.
+
+	{(http://rubble.ultralab.anglia.ac.uk/stevenson/ICTUKIndex.html)}.
+
+	(2008-09-19)
+
+Information Appliance
+
+	<hardware> (IA) A consumer device that performs only a few
+	targeted tasks and is controlled by a simple {touch-screen}
+	interface or push buttons on the device's enclosure.
+
+	[How does this differ from a {PDA}?]
+
+	(1998-02-24)
+
+Information Builders
+
+	Distributors of {LEVEL5 OBJECT}.  Telephone +1 800 969 INFO.
+
+Information Engineering Facility
+
+	{Advantage Gen}
+
+information highway
+
+	{information superhighway}
+
+Information Infrastructure Task Force
+
+	<networking, body> (IITF) A US government body created in 1993 by
+	President Clinton to control and oversee the {NII} project.  The
+	IITF consists of representatives of the federal agencies involved
+	in information technology.  They work with the private sector to
+	develop policy.  Various IITF committees work on
+	telecommunications, {IPR}, {privacy}, government information and
+	applications.
+
+	In 2013, the IITF does not appear to have any presence on the
+	{WWW}, which strongly suggests that it no longer exists (or that
+	it is pretty out of touch with modern information infrastructure).
+
+	{(http://itlaw.wikia.com/wiki/Information_Infrastructure_Task_Force)}.
+
+	[Did it ever achieve anything?  What happened to it?]
+
+	(2013-11-16)
+
+Information Innovation
+
+	A group of companies with offices in Amsterdam and New York
+	which acts as an information filter for the {web}.
+	They analyse what happens in the Web community and organise
+	the Web's information so that it is accessible and efficient
+	to use.
+
+	Information Innovation provides:
+
+	"The Management Guide" - a guide for managers in the
+	information age.  The Guide consists of 22 parts, each
+	concentrating on a particular technology or issue facing
+	managers.  Topics range from {Artificial Intelligence} and
+	Telecommunications to Finance and Marketing.  Each part
+	contains references to additional valuable information,
+	including {CD ROMs}, conferences, magazines, articles and
+	books.
+
+	"The Hypergraphic Matrix" - a "hypergraphic" matrix of 250
+	graphics discussing the interrelationships between technology,
+	change, business functions and specific industries.
+
+	"Dictionary" - the largest Internet dictionary on management
+	and technology.
+
+	"The Delphi Oracle" - a comprehensive guide to the latest
+	management ideas and issues.  Over 500 articles and books have
+	been read, analysed, rated and catalogued.
+
+	"Management Software" - a guide to software which is useful to
+	managers.  Both Web software, Internet software and commecial
+	products are included in this guide.
+
+	"The Web Word" - an information service about the Web.  It
+	includes a regular newsletter and databases about Web
+	resources, news, interviews with Web personalities and, of
+	course, the most comprehensive guide to sites.
+
+	"Web Bibliography" - a guide to the latest Web information
+	printed.  Over 150 articles, magazines, market research
+	reports and books are catalogued.
+
+	"The Power Launch Pad" - our own list of useful sites on the
+	Web.  Also includes links to our own lists of special subjects
+	such as Finance, Telecommunications, Manufacturing, Technology
+	and so forth.
+
+	{(http://euro.net/innovation/WelcomeHP.html)}.  E-mail:
+	<innovation@euronet.nl>.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+information island
+
+	<jargon> A body of information (i.e. electronic files) that
+	needs to be shared but has no network connection.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+Information Management
+
+	The planning, budgeting, control and exploitation of the
+	information resources in an organisation.  The term
+	encompasses both the information itself and the related
+	aspects such as personnel, finance, marketing, organisation
+	and technologies and systems.  Information Managers are
+	responsible for the coordination and integration of a wide
+	range of information handling activities within the
+	organisation.  These include the formulation of corporate
+	information policy, design, evaluation and integration of
+	effective information systems and services, the exploitation
+	of IT for competitive advantage and the integration of
+	internal and external information and data.
+
+Information Management System
+
+	<database> (IMS, IMS/VS, IMS/ESA) A database system from {IBM}
+	consisting of {IMS/Data Base} and {IMS/Data Communications}.
+
+	(1999-01-11)
+
+information overload
+
+	<jargon> When a person feels unable to read all the
+	information that is presented or available to them,
+	particularly where they need to make decisions based on that
+	information but can't because there is just too much to take
+	in in the time available.
+
+	(2005-01-09)
+
+Information Processing Language
+
+	(IPL) Said to be the first list-processing language, also the
+	first language to support {recursion}.  Written by Allen
+	Newell, J.C. Shaw and H. Simon at Carnegie ca. 1956.  It was
+	very low level.
+
+	Versions: IPL-I (never implemented), IPL-II (1957 for
+	{JOHNNIAC}), IPL-III (existed briefly), IPL-IV, IPL-V (1958,
+	for {IBM 650}, {IBM 704}, {IBM 7090}, many others.  Widely
+	used), IPL-VI.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 388-400].
+
+	["Information Processing Language-V Manual", A. Newell ed, P-H
+	1965].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Information Resource Management
+
+	(IRM) A philosophical and practical approach to managing
+	government information.  Information is regarded as a valuable
+	resource which should be managed like other resources, and
+	should contribute directly to accomplishing organisational
+	goals and objectives.  IRM provides an integrated view for
+	managing the entire life-cycle of information, from
+	generation, to dissemination, to archiving and/or destruction,
+	for maximising the overall usefulness of information, and
+	improving service delivery and program management.
+
+	IRM views information and {Information Technology} as an
+	integrating factor in the organisation, that is, the various
+	organisational positions that manage information are
+	coordinated and work together toward common ends.  Further,
+	IRM looks for ways in which the management of information and
+	the management of Information Technology are interrelated, and
+	fosters that interrelationship and organisational integration.
+
+	IRM includes the management of (1) the broad range of
+	information resources, e.g., printed materials, electronic
+	information, and microforms, (2) the various technologies and
+	equipment that manipulate these resources, and (3) the people
+	who generate, organise, and disseminate those resources.
+	Overall the intent of IRM is to increase the usefulness of
+	government information both to the government and to the
+	public.
+
+	[Gary D. Blass et al. "Finding Government Information: The
+	Federal Information Locator System (FILS)", Government
+	Information Quarterly, JAI Press, Inc., Greenwich,
+	Connecticut. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.  11-32. 1991].
+
+	(1995-11-12)
+
+information superhighway
+
+	<communications> (Or "Infobahn", "Info Strada") The name
+	coined by US Vice-president Al Gore in the early 1990s for the
+	emerging high-speed global communications network capable of
+	carrying voice, data, video, and other services around the
+	world.  These services use satellite, copper cable, {optical
+	fibre}, {cellular telecommunications}, and are accessible via
+	{set-top boxes} or suitably equipped computers.
+
+	See also {National Information Infrastructure}.
+
+	(2001-03-31)
+
+Information Systems Factory
+
+	(ISF) An equivalent to an {SEE}.
+
+	[{Simultaneous Engineering Environment} or {Software
+	Engineering Environment}?]
+
+	(2000-12-30)
+
+information technology
+
+	<business, jargon> (IT) Applied computer systems - both
+	{hardware} and {software}, and often including {networking}
+	and {telecommunications}, usually in the context of a business
+	or other enterprise.  Often the name of the part of an
+	enterprise that deals with all things electronic.
+
+	The term "{computer science}" is usually reserved for the more
+	theoretical, academic aspects of computing, while the vaguer
+	terms "information systems" (IS) or "information services" may
+	include more of the human activities and non-computerised
+	business processes like {knowledge management}.  Others say
+	that IT includes computer science.
+
+	(2000-10-02)
+
+information technology governance
+
+	<business> The structure, oversight and management processes
+	which ensure the delivery of the expected benefits of IT in a
+	controlled way to help enhance the long term sustainable
+	success of the enterprise.
+
+	(2009-04-27)
+
+Information Technology Infrastructure Library
+
+	(ITIL) A method of organising the system and network
+	management departments of large organisations.  ITIL defines
+	the (work) processes involved and the interfaces between them.
+
+	(1995-06-27)
+
+Informix
+
+	A {relational DBMS} vendor.
+
+InfoSeek
+
+	<company> A company providing InfoSeek Net Search, a free
+	{web} search service which, in August 1995, indexed
+	the full text of over 400,000 web pages.  Net Search was rated
+	as the fourth most popular site on the web by Interactive Age
+	magazine.
+
+	The also sell a commercial service, InfoSeek Search, that
+	offers access to all the {Usenet} {news groups}, daily
+	newswires, business and computer periodicals, and more.
+
+	{(http://www2.infoseek.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+InfoStreet, Inc.
+
+	<company> An Internet consulting and development company
+	dedicated to assisting companies in establishing an Internet
+	presence.  InfoStreet develope Internet strategies, design and
+	create web pages, and host and maintain {websites}.
+
+	InfoStreet, has been recognized by PC/Computing as the "Best
+	of the Top Home Page Services" (August 1996) and has been
+	featured in Netguide magazine and the Wiley and Son's
+	Electronic Marketing book.
+
+	{(http://InfoStreet.com/)}.
+
+	{Home page hosting service (http://instantweb.com)}.
+
+	(1997-01-30)
+
+infotainment
+
+	<application> {Interactive} services or software that provides
+	some combination of information and entertainment.
+
+	(2010-03-02)
+
+InfoWord Office
+
+	<tool> A suite of applications for {Unix} including a {word
+	processor}, {spreadsheet} and {database}.
+
+	{Light Infocon S.A. (http://light.com.br/)}.
+
+	(1998-07-21)
+
+infrared
+
+	<electronics> (IR) Electromagnetic waves in the frequency
+	range just below visible light corresponding to radiated heat.
+	IR waves can be generated by a kind of {LED} and are often
+	used for remote controls for televisions etc. and in some
+	{docking stations}.
+
+	(1997-01-30)
+
+Infrared Data Association
+
+	<standard, body> (IrDA) A non-profit trade association
+	providing standards to ensure the quality and interoperability
+	of {infrared} (IR) hardware.
+
+	The association currently has a membership of over 160
+	companies from around the world, representing computer and
+	telecommunications hardware, software, components and
+	adapters.
+
+	IrDA typically uses direct infrared i.e. {point-to-point},
+	{line-of-sight}, one-to-one communications.  The standards
+	include: {IrDA Data} ({SIR}, {FIR}, {VFIR}), {IrDA Control},
+	and {AIR}.
+
+	Ports built to the above standards can be found in products
+	such as {PDAs}, {Palm} devices, {printers}, desktop adapters,
+	{notebooks}, and {digital cameras}.
+
+	{(http://irda.org)}.
+
+	{IrDA Serial Infrared Interface
+	(http://cesdis1.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/misc/irda.html)}.
+
+	{Linux-IrDA support (http://cs.uit.no/linux-irda/)}.
+
+	(1999-10-14)
+
+infrastructure
+
+	<systems> Basic support services for computing, particularly
+	national networks.
+
+	See also {information superhighway}.
+
+	(1995-06-27)
+
+Inglish
+
+	<games> An English-like language used for {Adventure} games
+	like "The Hobbit".  Inglish could distinguish between "take
+	the rope and axe" and "take the money and run".
+
+	(1995-06-27)
+
+INGRES
+
+	A {relational DBMS} vendor.
+
+inheritance
+
+	<programming, object-oriented> In {object-oriented
+	programming}, the ability to derive new {classes} from
+	existing classes.  A {derived class} (or "subclass") inherits
+	the {instance variables} and {methods} of the "{base class}"
+	(or "superclass"), and may add new instance variables and
+	methods.  New methods may be defined with the same names as
+	those in the base class, in which case they override the
+	original one.
+
+	For example, bytes might belong to the class of integers for
+	which an add method might be defined.  The byte class would
+	inherit the add method from the integer class.
+
+	See also {Liskov substitution principle}, {multiple
+	inheritance}.
+
+	(2000-10-10)
+
+initgame
+
+	<games> /in-it'gaym/ [IRC] An {IRC} version of the venerable
+	trivia game "20 questions", in which one user changes his
+	{nick} to the initials of a famous person or other named
+	entity, and the others on the channel ask yes or no questions,
+	with the one to guess the person getting to be "it" next.  As
+	a courtesy, the one picking the initials starts by providing a
+	4-letter hint of the form sex, nationality, life-status,
+	reality-status.  For example, MAAR means "Male, American,
+	Alive, Real" (as opposed to "fictional").  Initgame can be
+	surprisingly addictive.  See also {hing}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+initialise
+
+	<programming> To give a {variable} its first value.  This may
+	be done automatically by some languages or it may require
+	explicit code by the programmer.  Some languages allow
+	initialisation to be combined with variable definition,
+	e.g. in {C}:
+
+		int i = 0;
+
+	Failing to initialise a variable before using it is a common
+	programming error, but one which compilers and automatic
+	checkers like {lint} can easily detect.
+
+	(1997-06-08)
+
+Initial Microprogram Load
+
+	<operating system> (IML) Loading {microcode} into microcode
+	memory.
+
+	(1997-08-31)
+
+Initial Operational Test and Evaluation
+
+	<testing> (IOT&E) The first phase of {operational test} and
+	evaluation conducted on {pre-protectional} items,
+	{prototypes}, or pilot production items and normally completed
+	prior to the first major production decision.  Conducted to
+	provide a valid estimate of expected system operational
+	effectiveness and suitability.
+
+	(1996-12-27)
+
+Initial Program Load
+
+	<operating system> (IPL) The procedure used to (re-)start a
+	computer system by copying the {operating system} {kernel}
+	into {main memory} and running it.  Part of the {boot
+	sequence}.
+
+	(1997-08-31)
+
+Initial Program Loader
+
+	<operating system> (IPL) A {bootstrap loader} which loads the
+	part of an {operating system} needed to load the remainder of
+	the operating system.
+
+	(1997-08-31)
+
+initiator
+
+	{SCSI initiator}
+
+injection
+
+	1. <mathematics> A {function}, f : A -> B, is injective or
+	one-one, or is an injection, if and only if
+
+		for all a, b in A, f(a) = f(b) => a = b.
+
+	I.e. no two different inputs give the same output (contrast
+	many-to-one).  This is sometimes called an embedding.  Only
+	injective functions have left inverses f' where f'(f(x)) = x,
+	since if f were not an injection, there would be elements of B
+	for which the value of f' was not unique.  If an injective
+	function is also a {surjection} then is it a {bijection}.
+
+	2. <reduction> An injection function is one which takes
+	objects of type T and returns objects of type C(T) where C is
+	some {type constructor}.  An example is
+
+		f x = (x, 0).
+
+	The opposite of an injection function is a {projection}
+	function which extracts a component of a constructed object,
+	e.g.
+
+		fst (x,y) = x.
+
+	We say that f injects its argument into the data type and fst
+	projects it out.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+inkjet printer
+
+	<hardware, printer> A class of printer in which small ink
+	droplets are sprayed electrostatically from a nozzle onto the
+	paper.
+
+	Inkjet printers are very quiet in comparison to {impact
+	printers}.
+
+	A popular example is the {Olivetti} {BJ10}.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+ink printer
+
+	<printer> A {retronym} used by Blind users to refer to all
+	printers which are not {Braille printers}, regardless of
+	whether they actually use ink.
+
+	(1998-10-13)
+
+inline
+
+	<programming> (Or "unfold") To replace a {function} call with
+	an instance of the function's body.  {Actual argument}
+	expressions are substituted for {formal parameters} as in
+	{beta reduction}.  Inlining is usually done as a
+	{compile-time} transformation.
+
+	If done recklessly (e.g. attempting to inline a {recursive}
+	function) the {compiler} will fail to terminate.  If done
+	over-enthusiastically the code size may increase
+	exponentially, e.g. if function f calls g twice, and g calls h
+	twice and h is inlined in g which is inlined in f (in either
+	order) then there will be four copies of h's body in f.
+
+	See also {linear argument}, {unfold/fold}.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+inline element
+
+	<web> Any {HTML element} that is rendered in the
+	same position as normal plain text, i.e. to the right of the
+	preceding text (for left-to-right scripts).
+
+	This contrasts with a {block-level elements} that is always
+	placed below the preceding text line.
+
+	Inline elements typically specify formatting, e.g. <B>
+	({bold}), <SMALL> or the kind of content, e.g. <CODE>, <KBD>,
+	though they also include things like {inline images} (<IMG>)
+	and {text areas} (<TEXTAREA>).
+
+	{(http://htmlhelp.com/reference/html40/inline.html)}
+
+	(2011-01-04)
+
+inline image
+
+	<web> An image that appears within the body of a
+	{web page}.  Most graphical {web browsers} display images
+	inline (with an option to turn off inline images, to speed up
+	the display of web pages).
+
+	Other {image formats} may have to be displayed in a separate
+	{window} and/or by another {application program}.
+
+	An inline image in a web page is specified with the <IMG>
+	{HTML} {tag}, which can take many {attributes}, the most
+	important of which is the SRC attribute that gives the {URL}
+	from which to fetch the image.  The ALT attribute gives text
+	to display in place of the image for users with images
+	disabled or who are using text-only browsers or text-to-speech
+	convertors (e.g. blind users).
+
+	(2011-01-04)
+
+INMOS transputer
+
+	{transputer}
+
+inner class
+
+	<Java> In {Java}, a non-{static}, {nested class}.
+
+	(2006-11-18)
+
+inner join
+
+	<database> (Commonly "join", but see also "{outer join}") A
+	{relational database} operation which selects rows from two
+	{tables} such that the value in one {column} of the first
+	table also appears in a certain column of the second table.
+
+	An example in {SQL}:
+
+		select * from A, B
+		where A.x = B.y
+
+	The column names (x and y in this example) are often, but not
+	necessarily, the same.
+
+	(1998-11-23)
+
+inner product
+
+	<mathematics> In {linear algebra}, any linear map from a
+	{vector space} to its {dual} defines a product on the vector
+	space: for u, v in V and linear g: V -> V' we have gu in V' so
+	(gu): V -> scalars, whence (gu)(v) is a scalar, known as the
+	inner product of u and v under g.  If the value of this scalar
+	is unchanged under interchange of u and v (i.e. (gu)(v) =
+	(gv)(u)), we say the inner product, g, is symmetric.
+	Attention is seldom paid to any other kind of inner product.
+
+	An inner product, g: V -> V', is said to be positive definite
+	iff, for all non-zero v in V, (gv)v > 0; likewise negative
+	definite iff all such (gv)v < 0; positive semi-definite or
+	non-negative definite iff all such (gv)v >= 0; negative
+	semi-definite or non-positive definite iff all such (gv)v <=
+	0.  Outside relativity, attention is seldom paid to any but
+	positive definite inner products.
+
+	Where only one inner product enters into discussion, it is
+	generally elided in favour of some piece of syntactic sugar,
+	like a big dot between the two vectors, and practitioners
+	don't take much effort to distinguish between vectors and
+	their duals.
+
+	(1997-03-16)
+
+InnovAda
+
+	An {object-oriented} extension to {Ada}, said to be
+	{Lisp}-like.  Implemented as an {Ada} {preprocessor}.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+	[Where?  Who?  When?]
+
+inode
+
+	A data structure holding information about files in a {Unix}
+	{file system}.  There is an inode for each file and a file
+	is uniquely identified by the file system on which it
+	resides and its inode number on that system.  Each inode
+	contains the following information: the device where the inode
+	resides, locking information, mode and type of file, the
+	number of links to the file, the owner's user and group ids,
+	the number of bytes in the file, access and modification
+	times, the time the inode itself was last modified and the
+	addresses of the file's blocks on disk.  A {Unix} directory is
+	an association between file leafnames and inode numbers.  A
+	file's inode number can be found using the "-i" switch to ls.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: fs(5).
+
+	See also /usr/include/ufs/inode.h.
+
+in-order traversal
+
+	{traverse}
+
+inout
+
+	<programming> A type or "mode" of {function} {parameter} that
+	passes information in both directions - from the caller to the
+	function and back to the caller, combining the {in} and {out}
+	modes.  An "inout" parameter might be used where the function
+	needs to read and update some data belonging to the caller as
+	a side effect of its main purpose.
+
+	(2010-01-19)
+
+IN point
+
+	<unit, text> (l'Imprimerie nationale point) A variant of the
+	{point} equal to 0.4 mm.
+
+	(2002-03-11)
+
+Inprise Corporation
+
+	{Borland Software Corporation}.
+
+Input
+
+	{ALPHA}
+
+input
+
+	<architecture> {Data} transferred from the outside world into
+	a computer system via some kind of {input device}.
+
+	Opposite: {output}.
+
+	(1997-04-28)
+
+input device
+
+	<hardware> A {peripheral} used to transfer data from the
+	outside world into a computer system.  Some input devices are
+	operated directly by the user, e.g. {keyboard}, {mouse},
+	{touch screen}, {joystick}, {digitising tablet}, {microphone};
+	others are sensors or transducers which convert external
+	signals into data, e.g. using an {ananlog to digital
+	converter} (this would also be true of a microphone).  Other
+	kinds of inputs are really one half of a bidirectional link
+	with another computer or storage device, e.g. {serial line},
+	{SCSI} interface.
+
+	(1996-11-03)
+
+input/output
+
+	<programming, operating system> (I/O) Communication between a
+	computer and its users, its storage devices, other computers
+	(via a {network}) or the outside world.  The devices the
+	computer uses to do this are called "{peripherals}".  What
+	actually counts as I/O depends on what level of detail you are
+	considering, e.g. communication between processors would not
+	be considered I/O when considering a {multiprocessor} as a
+	single system.
+
+	Important aspects of I/O are {throughput}, {latency}, and
+	whether the communications is {synchronous} or {asynchronous}
+	(using some kind of {buffer}).
+
+	(2003-12-04)
+
+input/output redirection
+
+	<operating system> In {Unix}, to send ouput from a {process}
+	to different {file} or {device} or to another process via a
+	{pipe}, or to have a process read its input from a different
+	file, device or pipe.  Some other {operating systems} have
+	similar facilities.
+
+	To redirect input to come from a file instead of the keyboard,
+	use "<":
+
+		myprog < myfile
+
+	Similarly to redirect output to a file instead of the screen:
+
+		ls > filelist
+
+	A pipe redirects the output of one process directly into the
+	input of another
+
+		who | wc -l
+
+	A common misuse by beginners is
+
+		cat myfile | myprog
+
+	Which is more or less equivalent to "myprog < myfile" except
+	that it introduces an extra unnecessary cat process and buffer
+	space for the pipe.  Even the "<" is unnecessary with many
+	standard Unix commands since they accept input file names as
+	command line arguments anyway.
+
+	Unix's concept of {standard input/output} and I/O redirection
+	make it easy to combine simple processes in powerful ways and
+	to use the same commands for different purposes.
+
+	(1998-04-24)
+
+inquiry/response system
+
+	<business> Any computer system in which data is entered
+	{offline} and processed in {batch} form, but information can
+	be retrieved on-line.  An example is the checking of credit
+	cards.
+
+	["Computer Information Systems for Business V", Thomas Dock
+	and James C Wetherbe, West Publishing Company 1988].
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+INRIA
+
+	{Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique}
+
+insanely great
+
+	({Macintosh} community, from {Steve Jobs}; also {BSD Unix}
+	people via {Bill Joy}) Something so incredibly {elegant} that
+	it is imaginable only to someone possessing the most puissant
+	of {hacker}-natures.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+insertion sort
+
+	<algorithm> A sorting {algorithm} that inserts each item in
+	the proper place into an initially empty list by comparing it
+	with each item in the list until it finds the new element's
+	successor or the end of the list.
+
+	Compare {bubble sort}.
+
+	(1997-02-12)
+
+INSIGHT
+
+	A {simulation} and modelling language especially for health
+	care problems.
+
+	["Simulation Modeling with INSIGHT", S.D. Roberts Proc 1983
+	Winter Sim Conf, S.D. Roberts et al eds, pp.7-16].
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+Insignia Solutions, Inc.
+
+	<company> /in-sig'nee-* s*-loosh'nz/ A company that made its
+	name as a provider of software that allows users to run
+	{Microsoft Windows} and {MS-DOS} {application programs} on
+	{Digital}, {HP}, {IBM}, {Motorola}, {NeXT}, {Silicon Graphics}
+	and {Sun}/{SPARC} {workstations}, {X terminals}, {Java}
+	desktops, and {Apple Computer}'s {Power Mac} and {Motorola
+	68000}-based computers.
+
+	Insignia Solutions was founded in 1986.  Their first product,
+	{SoftPC} 1.0 for Sun workstations, was introduced in 1988.
+	Also in 1988, Insignia shipped its first version of SoftPC for
+	Apple Computer's Macintosh.  As the demand to run Windows and
+	MS-DOS applications on non-Intel computers grew, Insignia
+	signed {OEM} agreements with several companies including {Data
+	General}, Digital, {Fujitsu}, HP, {Intergraph Corp.},
+	Motorola, Silicon Graphics, and Sun Microsystems.
+
+	Insignia Solutions sold its {SoftWindows} and {RealPC} product
+	lines to {FWB Software} [when?].  Its major product in 2000 is
+	the {Jeode} platform, a {Java virtual machine} for {Internet
+	appliances} and {embedded} devices.
+
+	{Home Page (http://insignia.com/)}.
+
+	(2000-02-14)
+
+inspection
+
+	<testing> A formal evaluation technique in which software
+	{requirements}, design, or code are examined in detail by a
+	person or group other than the author to detect faults,
+	violations of development standards, and other problems.
+
+	(1996-05-22)
+
+installable file system
+
+	<operating system> (IFS or "File System Driver", "FSD") An
+	{API} that allows you to extend {OS/2} to access files stored
+	on disk in formats other than {FAT} and {HPFS}, and access
+	files that are stored on a {network file server}.
+
+	For example an IFS could provide programs running under OS/2
+	(including DOS and Windows programs) with access to files
+	stored under {Unix} using the {Berkeley fast file system}.
+
+	The other variety of IFS (a "remote file system" or
+	"redirector") allows file sharing over a {LAN}, e.g. using
+	Unix's {Network File System} {protocol}.  In this case, the
+	IFS passes a program's file access requests to a remote file
+	server, possibly also translating between different file
+	attributes used by OS/2 and the remote system.
+
+	Documentation on the IFS API has been available only by
+	special request from IBM.
+
+	An IFS is structured as an ordinary 16-bit {DLL} with entry
+	points for opening, closing, reading, and writing files, the
+	swapper, file locking, and {Universal Naming Convention}.  The
+	main part of an IFS that runs in {ring} 0 is called by the
+	OS/2 {kernel} in the context of the caller's process and
+	{thread}.  The other part that runs in ring 3 is a utility
+	library with entry points for FORMAT, RECOVER, SYS, and
+	CHKDSK.
+
+	{EDM/2 article (http://edm2.com/0103/)}.
+
+	(1999-04-07)
+
+installed user base
+
+	{user base}
+
+installer
+
+	<operating system> A {utility program} to ease the
+	installation of another, probably larger, {application}.  It
+	is also possible for {hardware} to have an installer accompany
+	it, to install any low level {device drivers} required.
+
+	The installer commonly asks the user to enter desired
+	configuration options for the main program or hardware, and
+	sets up various initialisation files accordingly, as well as
+	copying the main program to a {hard disc}.
+
+	Some badly designed operating systems require applications to
+	provide an {uninstaller} because of the number of different
+	files modified or created during the installation process.
+
+	(1998-02-09)
+
+instance
+
+	<programming> An individual {object} of a certain {class}.
+	While a class is just the type definition, an actual usage of
+	a class is called "instance".  Each instance of a class can
+	have different values for its {instance variables}, i.e. its
+	{state}.
+
+	(1998-03-06)
+
+instance variable
+
+	<programming> In {object-oriented programming}, one of the
+	variables of a {class template} which may have a different
+	value for each {object} of that {class}.  Instance variables
+	hold the {state} of an object.
+
+	(1998-01-16)
+
+instantiate
+
+	{instantiation}
+
+instantiation
+
+	<programming> Producing a more defined version of some object
+	by replacing variables with values (or other variables).
+
+	1. In {object-oriented programming}, producing a particular
+	{object} from its {class template}.  This involves allocation
+	of a structure with the types specified by the template, and
+	initialisation of {instance variables} with either default
+	values or those provided by the class's {constructor}
+	function.
+
+	2. In {unification}, (as used in {logic programming}, {type
+	checking} and {type inference}), binding a {logic variable}
+	({type variable}) to some value (type).
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+Institute for Global Communications
+
+	(IGC) Provider of computer networking tools for international
+	communications and information exchange.  The IGC Networks --
+	PeaceNet, EcoNet, ConflictNet and LaborNet -- comprise the
+	world's only computer communications system dedicated solely
+	to environmental preservation, peace, and human rights.  New
+	technologies are helping these worldwide communities cooperate
+	more effectively and efficiently.
+
+	Address: 18 De Boom Street, San Francisco, CA 94107 USA.  A
+	division of the Tides Foundation, a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt
+	organisation.  A founding member of the world-wide Association
+	of Progressive Communications (APC).
+
+	{(ftp://igc.apc.org)}.
+
+	E-mail: <support@igc.apc.org>.
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
+
+	(IEEE) The world's largest technical professional society,
+	based in the USA.  Founded in 1884 by a handful of
+	practitioners of the new electrical engineering discipline,
+	today's Institute has more than 320,000 members who
+	participate in its activities in 147 countries.  The IEEE
+	sponsors technical conferences, symposia and local meetings
+	worldwide, publishes nearly 25% of the world's technical
+	papers in electrical, electronics and computer engineering and
+	computer science, provides educational programs for its
+	members and promotes standardisation.  Areas covered include
+	aerospace, computers and communications, biomedical
+	technology, electric power and consumer electronics.
+
+	{(http://ieee.org/)}.
+	{Gopher (gopher://gopher.ieee.org/)}.
+	{(ftp://ftp.ieee.org/)}.
+
+	E-mail file-server: <fileserver-help@info.ieee.org>.
+
+	{ IEEE Standards Process Automation (SPA) System
+	(http://stdsbbs.ieee.org/)},
+	{telnet	(telnet:stdsbbs.ieee.org)} [140.98.1.11].
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique
+
+	<body> (INRIA) A French research institute for computer
+	science, {control theory}, and applied mathematics.  INRIA has
+	research units in Rocquencourt (near Paris), Sophia-Antipolis
+	(near Nice), Grenoble, Nancy (also known as LORIA) and Rennes
+	(known as IRISA), the last two in partnership with {CNRS} and
+	local universities.
+
+	INRIA works on various projects, including the development of
+	{free software} such as {SciLab}, {Objective Caml}, {Bigloo},
+	and projects such as {GNU MP}.
+
+	(2003-07-13)
+
+instruction
+
+	{machine instruction}
+
+Instruction Address Register
+
+	<architecture> (IAR) The {IBM} name for {program counter}.
+
+	The IAR can be accessed by way of a {supervisor} call in
+	{supervisor state}, but cannot be directly addressed in
+	{problem state}.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+instructional technology
+
+	<education> Design, development, use, management and
+	evaluation of process and resources for learning.
+
+	Instructional technology aims to promote the application of
+	validated, practical procedures in the design and delivery of
+	instruction.  It is often defined either in terms of media and
+	other technology used (e.g. {audiovisual media} and equipment
+	and computers), or in terms of a systematic process which
+	encompasses instructional design, development, delivery and
+	evaluation.
+
+	["Instructional Technology: The Definition and Domains of the
+	Field", 1994, Barbara Seels and Rita Richey, Washington, D.C.,
+	Association for Educational Communications and Technology].
+
+	(2010-01-29)
+
+instruction mnemonic
+
+	<programming> A word or acronym used in {assembly language} to
+	represent a {binary} machine instruction {operation code}.
+	Different processors have different {instruction sets} and
+	therefore use a different set of {mnemonics} to represent
+	them.
+
+	E.g. ADD, B (branch), BLT (branch if less than), {SVC}, MOVE,
+	LDR (load register).
+
+	(1997-02-18)
+
+instruction prefetch
+
+	<architecture> A technique which attempts to minimise the time
+	a {processor} spends waiting for {instructions} to be fetched
+	from memory.  Instructions following the one currently being
+	executed are loaded into a prefetch queue when the processor's
+	{external bus} is otherwise idle.  If the processor executes a
+	{branch} instruction or receives an {interrupt} then the queue
+	must be flushed and reloaded from the new address.
+
+	Instruction prefetch is often combined with {pipelining} in
+	an attempt to keep the pipeline busy.
+
+	By 1995 most processors used prefetching, e.g. {Motorola
+	680x0}, {Intel 80x86}.
+
+	[First processors using prefetch?]
+
+	(1998-03-29)
+
+instruction scheduling
+
+	The {compiler} phase that orders instructions on a
+	{pipelined}, {superscalar}, or {VLIW} architecture so as to
+	maximise the number of function units operating in parallel
+	and to minimise the time they spend waiting for each other.
+
+	Examples are filling a {delay slot}; interspersing
+	{floating-point} instructions with integer instructions to
+	keep both units operating; making adjacent instructions
+	independent, e.g. one which writes a register and another which
+	reads from it; separating memory writes to avoid filling the
+	{write buffer}.
+
+	Norman P. Jouppi and David W. Wall, {"Available
+	Instruction-Level Parallelism for Superscalar and
+	Superpipelined Processors"
+	(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/archive/pub/DEC/WRL/research-reports/WRL-TR-89.7.ps.Z)},
+	Proceedings of the Third International Conference on
+	Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating
+	Systems, pp. 272--282, 1989.
+
+	[The SPARC Architecture Manual, v8, ISBN 0-13-825001-4]
+
+instruction set
+
+	<architecture> The collection of {machine language}
+	{instructions} that a particular {processor} understands.
+
+	The term is almost synonymous with "{instruction set
+	architecture}" since the instructions are fairly meaningless
+	in isolation from the {registers} etc. that they manipulate.
+
+	(1999-07-05)
+
+instruction set architecture
+
+	<architecture> (ISA) The parts of a {processor}'s design that
+	need to be understood in order to write {assembly language},
+	such as the {machine language} instructions and {registers}.
+	Parts of the architecture that are left to the implementation,
+	such as number of {superscalar} {functional units}, {cache}
+	size and {cycle} speed, are not part of the ISA.
+
+	The definition of {SPARC}, for example, carefully
+	distinguishes between an implementation and a specification.
+
+	(1999-01-16)
+
+Instruction Set Processor
+
+	<language> (ISP) A family of languages for describing the
+	{instruction sets} of computers.
+
+	["Computer Structures: Readings and Examples", D.P. Siewiorek
+	et al, McGraw-Hill 1982].
+
+	(1995-10-12)
+
+instrument
+
+	<programming> To install devices or instructions into hardware
+	or software to monitor the operation of a system or component.
+
+	(1996-05-22)
+
+int
+
+	1. <programming> A common name for the {integer} data type.
+	In {C} for example, it means a (signed) integer of the
+	computer's native {word length}.
+
+	2. <networking> The {top-level domain} for international
+	organisations.
+
+	(1999-01-26)
+
+INTCODE
+
+	<language> A low-level {interpreted language} used in
+	{bootstrapping} the {BCPL} compiler.  The INTCODE machine has six
+	control {registers} and eight functions.  {OCODE} was used as the
+	intermediate language.
+
+	["INTCODE - An Interpretive Machine Code for BCPL",
+	M. Richards, Computer Lab, U Cambridge 1972].
+
+	["BCPL - The Language and its Compiler", Martin Richards &
+	Colin Whitby-Stevens, Cambridge U Press 1979].
+
+	(2014-08-21)
+
+integer
+
+	<mathematics> (Or "whole number") One of the numbers in the set
+
+		..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
+
+	There are an {infinite} number of integers, though each one is
+	{finite}.
+
+	An {inductive definition} of an integer is a number that is either
+	zero or an integer plus or minus one.  An integer has no
+	{fractional} part.  If written as a {real} number, e.g. 42.0, the
+	part after the decimal point will be zero.
+
+	A {natural number} is a non-negative integer.
+
+	Computers usually store integers in {binary}.  Natural numbers can
+	be stored as {unsigned integers} and integers that may be negative
+	require a {sign bit} and typically use {twos complement}
+	representation.  Other representations have been used, such as
+	{binary-coded decimal}.
+
+	(2002-04-07)
+
+Integer SPECbaserate
+
+	{SPECrate_base_int92}
+
+Integer SPECbaseratio
+
+	{SPECbase_int92}
+
+Integer SPECrate
+
+	{SPECrate_int92}
+
+Integer SPECratio
+
+	{SPECint92}
+
+integrated circuit
+
+	<electronics> (IC, or "chip") A microelectronic
+	{semiconductor} device consisting of many interconnected
+	transistors and other components.  ICs are constructed
+	("fabricated") on a small rectangle (a "die") cut from a
+	Silicon (or for special applications, Sapphire) wafer.  This
+	is known as the "substrate".  Different areas of the substrate
+	are "doped" with other elements to make them either "p-type"
+	or "n-type" and polysilicon or aluminium tracks are etched in
+	one to three layers deposited over the surface.  The die is
+	then connected into a package using gold wires which are
+	welded to "pads", usually found around the edge of the die.
+
+	Integrated circuits can be classified into analogue, digital
+	and hybrid (both analogue and digital on the same chip).
+	Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to
+	millions of {logic gates} - {inverters}, {AND}, {OR}, {NAND}
+	and {NOR} gates, {flip-flops}, {multiplexors} etc. on a few
+	square millimeters.  The small size of these circuits allows
+	high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing
+	cost compared with board-level integration.
+
+	The first integrated circuits contained only a few
+	{transistors}.  Small Scale Integration ({SSI}) brought
+	circuits containing transistors numbered in the tens.  Later,
+	Medium Scale Integration ({MSI}) contained hundreds of
+	transistors.  Further development lead to Large Scale
+	Integration ({LSI}) (thousands), and VLSI (hundreds of
+	thousands and beyond).  In 1986 the first one {megabyte} {RAM}
+	was introduced which contained more than one million
+	transistors.
+
+	LSI circuits began to be produced in large quantities around
+	1970 for computer main memories and pocket calculators.  For
+	the first time it became possible to fabricate a {CPU} or even
+	an entire {microprocesor} on a single integrated circuit.  The
+	most extreme technique is {wafer-scale integration} which uses
+	whole uncut wafers as components.
+
+	[Where and when was the term "chip" introduced?]
+
+	(1997-07-03)
+
+Integrated Database Management System
+
+	<database> (IDMS) A network {DBMS} written by the staff of
+	B.F.Goorich (Akron, Ohio, USA) circa 1972 and sold to
+	{Cullinet} (Originally Cullinane, now part of {Computer
+	Associates}).
+
+	IDMS was licensed to {ICL} in 1976 for porting to, and
+	subsequent development on, their computers.  It was
+	implemented on the {ICL 1900} Series ({DME} {George 2},
+	{George 3}, {CME}, {TME}), {System 4}, and {ICL 2900} Series
+	(later Series 39 Corporate Servers).  The latest version runs
+	on Series 39 {OpenVME} as IDMSX (IDMS extended).
+
+	[Was it a {relational database}?]
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+integrated development environment
+
+	{interactive development environment}
+
+Integrated Drive Electronics
+
+	{Advanced Technology Attachment}
+
+Integrated Information Technology
+
+	<company> (IIT) A Santa Clara based company producing a
+	programmable, single chip {H.261} and {MPEG} system.  The chip
+	contains a {RISC} processor, originally based on the {MIPS}
+	architecture but now called {RISCit}, and a "Pixel Processor".
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+Integrated Modelling Support Environment
+
+	<project> (IMSE) An {Esprit} programme.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1999-04-26)
+
+Integrated Project Support Environment
+
+	<software> (IPSE) A set of management and technical tools to
+	support software development, usually integrated in a coherent
+	framework, equivalent to a {Software Engineering Environment}.
+
+	(1999-04-26)
+
+Integrated Services Digital Network
+
+	<communications> (ISDN) A set of communications {standards}
+	allowing a single wire or {optical fibre} to carry voice,
+	digital network services and video.  ISDN is intended to
+	eventually replace the {plain old telephone system}.
+
+	ISDN was first published as one of the 1984 {ITU-T} {Red Book}
+	recommendations.  The 1988 {Blue Book} recommendations added
+	many new features.  ISDN uses mostly existing {Public Switched
+	Telephone Network} (PSTN) switches and wiring, upgraded so
+	that the basic "call" is a 64 kilobits per second, all-digital
+	end-to-end channel.  {Packet} and {frame} modes are also
+	provided in some places.
+
+	There are different kinds of ISDN connection of varying
+	bandwidth (see {DS level}):
+
+		DS0  =    1 channel  PCM at      64 kbps
+	 T1  or DS1  =   24 channels PCM at   1.54  Mbps
+	 T1C or DS1C =   48 channels PCM at   3.15  Mbps
+	 T2  or DS2  =   96 channels PCM at   6.31  Mbps
+	 T3  or DS3  =  672 channels PCM at  44.736 Mbps
+	 T4  or DS4  = 4032 channels PCM at 274.1   Mbps
+
+	Each channel here is equivalent to one voice channel.  DS0 is
+	the lowest level of the circuit.  T1C, T2 and T4 are rarely
+	used, except maybe for T2 over microwave links.  For some
+	reason 64 kbps is never called "T0".
+
+	A {Basic Rate Interface} (BRI) is two 64K "bearer" channels
+	and a single "delta" channel ("2B+D").  A {Primary Rate
+	Interface} (PRI) in North America and Japan consists of 24
+	channels, usually 23 B + 1 D channel with the same physical
+	interface as T1.  Elsewhere the PRI usually has 30 B + 1 D
+	channel and an {E1} interface.
+
+	A {Terminal Adaptor} (TA) can be used to connect ISDN channels
+	to existing interfaces such as {EIA-232} and {V.35}.
+
+	Different services may be requested by specifying different
+	values in the "Bearer Capability" field in the call setup
+	message.  One ISDN service is "telephony" (i.e. voice), which
+	can be provided using less than the full 64 kbps bandwidth (64
+	kbps would provide for 8192 eight-bit samples per second) but
+	will require the same special processing or {bit diddling} as
+	ordinary PSTN calls.  Data calls have a Bearer Capability of
+	"64 kbps unrestricted".
+
+	ISDN is offered by local telephone companies, but most readily
+	in Australia, France, Japan and Singapore, with the UK
+	somewhat behind and availability in the USA rather spotty.
+
+	(In March 1994) ISDN deployment in Germany is quite
+	impressive, although (or perhaps, because) they use a
+	specifically German signalling specification, called {1.TR.6}.
+	The French {Numeris} also uses a non-standard protocol (called
+	{VN4}; the 4th version), but the popularity of ISDN in France
+	is probably lower than in Germany, given the ludicrous
+	pricing.  There is also a specifically-Belgian V1 experimental
+	system.  The whole of Europe is now phasing in {Euro-ISDN}.
+
+	See also {Frame Relay}, {Network Termination}, {SAPI}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/news-info/comp.dcom.isdn/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.dcom.isdn}.
+
+	(1998-03-29)
+
+Integrated Systems Architecture
+
+	(ISA for {ODP}) An {Esprit} 2 project continuing the {ANSA}
+	project.
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+Integrated Systems Laboratory
+
+	<company> A joint project of {Control Data Corporation} and
+	{NCR Corporation}, established in 1973 and dissolved in 1976.
+
+	Integrated Systems Laboratory developed {Software Writer's
+	Language}.
+
+	Address: Escondidio, California, USA.
+
+	(2003-12-31)
+
+integration
+
+	<programming> Combining software or hardware components or
+	both into an overall system.
+
+	(1996-05-22)
+
+integration testing
+
+	<testing> A type of {testing} in which {software} and/or
+	{hardware} components are combined and tested to confirm that
+	they interact according to their requirements.  Integration
+	testing can continue progressively until the entire system has
+	been integrated.
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+integrity
+
+	1. <data> {data integrity}.
+
+	2. <database> {referential integrity}.
+
+integrity constraint
+
+	<database> A {constraint} (rule) that must remain true for a
+	{database} to preserve {data integrity}.  Integrity
+	constraints are specified at database creation time and
+	enforced by the {database management system}.
+
+	Examples from a genealogical database would be that every
+	individual must be their parent's child or that they can have
+	no more than two natural parents.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+Intel
+
+	{Intel Corporation}
+
+Intel 4004
+
+	<processor> The world's first {microprocessor}, released in
+	1971.  The 4004 contained 2300 transistors (compared with 5.5
+	million in the 1996 {Pentium Pro}) and was intended for use in
+	a calculator.  It processed data in 4 bits, but its
+	instructions were 8 bits long.  Program and Data memory were
+	separate, it had 1 {kilobyte} of data memory and a 12-bit {PC}
+	for 4K of program memory (in the form of a 4 level {stack},
+	used for CALL and RET instructions).  There were also sixteen
+	4-bit (or eight 8-bit) general purpose {registers}.  The 4004
+	had 46 instructions.
+
+	(1997-03-30)
+
+Intel 4040
+
+	<processor> An enhanced version of the {Intel 4004}, adding 14
+	instructions, larger (8 level) {stack}, 8 kbyte program memory
+	and {interrupt} abilities (including shadows of the first 8
+	{registers}).  The 4040 was similar to the {Intel 8008}.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+Intel 486
+
+	<processor> (Or "i486", "iAPX 80486", and "Intel DX4" but
+	usually just "486").  A range of {Intel} {CISC}
+	{microprocessors} which is part of the {Intel 80x86} family of
+	processors.
+
+	The 486s are very similar to their immediate predecessor, the
+	{Intel 80386}DX.  The main differences are that the 486 has an
+	optimised {instruction set}, has an on-chip unified
+	instruction and data {cache}, an optional on-chip
+	{floating-point unit} (FPU), and an enhanced {bus interface
+	unit}.  These improvements yield a rough doubling in
+	performance over an {Intel 80386} at the same {clock rate}.
+
+	There are several suffixes and variants including:
+
+	{Intel 486SX} - a 486DX with a faulty {FPU} that has been
+	disabled in the factory.
+
+	{Intel 486DX} - 486SX with a working {FPU}.
+
+	486DX-2 - runs at twice the external {clock rate}.
+
+	486SX-2 - runs at twice the external {clock rate}.
+
+	486SL - 486DX with power conservation circuitry.
+
+	486SL-NM - 486SX with power conservation circuitry; SL
+	enhanced suffix, denotes a 486 with special power conservation
+	circuitry similar to that in the 486SL processors.
+
+	487 - 486DX with a slightly different pinout for use in 486SX
+	systems.
+
+	OverDrive - 486DX-2 with a slightly different pinout for use
+	in 486SX systems.
+
+	{RapidCAD} - 486DX in a special package with a companion {FPU}
+	dummy package for use in {Intel 80386} systems.
+
+	{Intel DX4}, {Cyrix} {Cy486SLC}.
+
+	External {clock rates} include 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz,
+	40MHz, although 16Mhz is rare now, and the 20MHz processors
+	are often clock doubled.
+
+	The 486 processor has been licensed or reverse engineered by
+	other companies such as {IBM}, {AMD}, {Cyrix}, and {Chips &
+	Technologies}.  Some are almost exact duplicates in
+	specications and performance, some aren't.
+
+	The successor to the 486 is the {Pentium}.
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+Intel 486DX
+
+	<processor> One of {Intel}'s {Intel 486} family of
+	{microprocessors} (one of the last before the {Pentium}).  The
+	486DX has a working built-in {floating point unit} (FPU).  The
+	{Intel 486SX} is effectively a DX with the FPU disabled.  The
+	DX has a pin to select the external {data bus} width (16 or
+	32).
+
+	The {Intel 487SX} is a 486DX with a 486SX pinout.
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+Intel 486SX
+
+	<processor> An {Intel 486DX} {microprocessor} with its
+	{floating-point unit} disconnected.  All 486SX chips were
+	fabricated with FPUs.  If testing showed that the CPU was OK
+	but the FPU was defective, the FPU's power and bus connections
+	were destroyed with a laser and the chip was sold cheaper as
+	an SX, if the FPU worked it was sold as a DX.
+
+	[Was this true of all 486SX chips?]
+
+	Some systems, e.g. Aopen 486SX, allowed a DX to be plugged
+	into an expansion socket.  A board jumper would disable the SX
+	which was hard to remove because it was surface mounted.
+
+	Some SX chips only had a 16-bit wide external {data bus}.  The
+	DX has a pin to select the data bus width (16 or 32).  On the
+	smaller SX, that line is {hard-wired} to 16 inside the
+	package.  This is similar to the 286 SX, which was a 16-bit
+	processor with an 8-bit external data bus.
+
+	The {Jargon File} claimed that the SX was deliberately
+	disabled {crippleware}.  The German computer magazine, "c't",
+	made this same theory the basis of an {April Fools Joke}.
+	They claimed that if one drilled a hole of a specified
+	diameter through the right point on a SX chip, this would
+	brake the circuit that disables the FPU.  Some people actually
+	tried (and then bought themselves new processors).
+
+	(1997-02-14)
+
+Intel 487SX
+
+	<processor> A version of the {Intel 486DX} {microprocessor}
+	with an extra pin, for use in the {coprocessor} socket of an
+	{Intel 486SX} system.  The 487SX provides the {FPU} which is
+	missing in the 486SX.
+
+	Although the 486SX is completely disabled when you install a
+	487SX, the 487SX design requires that you leave the 486SX in
+	your PC [why?], rather than use it elsewhere.  Intel admits
+	that in some systems you can unplug the 486SX and fit a 487SX
+	in its place but they don't guarantee that it will always
+	work.
+
+	See {Intel 486}.
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+Intel 8008
+
+	<processor> A {microprocessor} intended for use as a terminal
+	controller, and similar to the {Intel 4040}.  The 8008 had a
+	14-bit {PC} and addressing and an eight level internal
+	{stack}.  It was followed by the {Intel 8080}.
+
+	[Date?]
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+Intel 80186
+
+	<processor> A {microprocessor} developed by {Intel} circa
+	1982.  The 80186 was an improvement on the {Intel 8086} and
+	{Intel 8088}.  As with the 8086, it had a 16-bit {external
+	bus} and was also available as the {Intel 80188}, with an
+	8-bit external {data bus}.  The initial {clock rate} of the
+	80186 and 80188 was 6 MHz.  They were not used in many
+	computers, but one notable exception was the {Mindset}, a very
+	advanced computer for the time.  They were used as {embedded
+	processors}.
+
+	One major function of the 80186/80188 series was to reduce the
+	number of chips required.
+
+	"To satisfy this market, we defined a processor with a
+	significant performance increase over the 8086 that also
+	included such common peripheral functions as
+	software-controlled wait state and chip select logic, three
+	timers, priority interrupt controller, and two channels of DMA
+	(direct memory access).  This processor, the 80186, could
+	replace up to 22 separate VLSI (very large scale integration)
+	and TTL (transistor-transistor logic) packages and sell for
+	less than the cost of the parts it replaced."
+
+	-- Paul Wells of Intel Corporation writing in Byte (reference
+	below)
+
+	New instructions were also introduced as follows:
+
+	 ENTER	Make stcak frame for procedure parameters
+	 LEAVE	High-level procedure exit
+	 PUSHA	Push all general registers
+	 POPA	Pop all general registers
+	 BOUND	Check array index against bounds
+	 IMUL	Signed (integer) multiply
+	 INS	Input from port to string
+	 OUTS	Output string to port
+
+	["The Evolution of the iAPX 286", Bob Greene, Intel
+	Corporation, PC Tech Journal, December 1984, page 134].
+
+	["The 80286 Microprocessor", Paul Wells, Intel Corporation,
+	Byte, November 1984, p. 231].
+
+	(1999-05-10)
+
+Intel 80188
+
+	<processor> A version of the {Intel 80186} with an 8 bit
+	external data bus (instead of 16 bit).  This makes it cheaper
+	to connect to peripherals.
+
+	(1995-01-13)
+
+Intel 80286
+
+	<processor> (Or "286", "i286") A {microprocessor} developed by
+	{Intel}.  THe 80286 processor has a 16-bit {data bus} and
+	incorporates a {memory management unit} that allowed a limited
+	amount of {multitasking}.  The 80286 only has a segmented MMU
+	while the later processors add a {page}d MMU "behind" the
+	segmented one.
+
+	The 80286 was the processor in the {IBM PC AT} {personal
+	computer}.
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+Intel 80386
+
+	<processor> (Commonly abbreviated to "386", trademark
+	"Intel386") The successor to the {Intel 80286}
+	{microprocessor}.  It was the first Intel processor with
+	32-bit data and address {buss}es.  It can address four
+	{gigabytes} (2^32 bytes) of memory; however, 16 megabytes is a
+	typical maximum in {IBM PCs}.  The 386 allows multiple
+	{application programs} to run at the same time (when running
+	under 386-specific {operating systems}) using "{protected
+	mode}".
+
+	The first {IBM compatible} to use the 386 was the {Compaq}
+	386, before {IBM} used it in high-end models of their {PS/2}
+	series.  It is also used in {HP}'s {RS} series and many
+	others.
+
+	It does not require special {EMS} memory boards to expand
+	{MS-DOS} memory limits.  With the 386, the EMS standard can be
+	simulated in normal {extended memory}, and many DOS add-ons
+	provide this "Expanded Memory Manager" feature.
+
+	See also {Intel 80386SX}, {BSD386}.
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+Intel 80386DX
+
+	<processor> A version of the {Intel 80386} with a 32-bit {data
+	bus} and 32-bit {address bus}, a BGA.  The 386DX was clocked
+	at 16 to 33 MHz by {Intel} and up to 40 MHz by {AMD}.  It
+	comes in a {BGA} package.
+
+	(2003-07-05)
+
+Intel 80386SX
+
+	<processor> A lower-speed version of the {Intel 80386}.  It
+	uses a 16-bit data bus instead of a 32-bit data bus.  It has a
+	24-bit {address bus}.  It is faster than the 286, and more
+	importantly, like the full-size 386, provides more flexibility
+	in running existing DOS applications.  Intel's version runs at
+	16 MHz, while {AMD}'s can run at up to 33 MHz.  It comes in a
+	{PFP} package.
+
+	(2003-07-05)
+
+Intel 8048
+
+	<processor> The {microcontroller} used in {IBM PC} keyboards.
+	The 8048 was inspired by, and similar to, the {Fairchild F8}
+	microprocessor but, being a microcontroller, was designed for
+	low cost and small size.  The 8048 has a modified {Harvard
+	architecture}, with program {ROM} on chip and 64 to 256 bytes
+	of {RAM} also on chip.  I/O is mapped in its own {address
+	space}.
+
+	Though the 8048 was eventually replaced by the very popular
+	but bizarre {Intel 8051} and {Intel 8052}, even in 2000 it is
+	still very popular due to its low cost, wide availability, and
+	development tools.
+
+	[Was it really __the_first__ microcontroller?  Are the ROM and
+	RAM both on-chip?]
+
+	(2000-06-01)
+
+Intel 80486
+
+	{Intel 486}
+
+Intel 8051
+
+	<processor> A {microcontroller} developed by {Intel} in 1980
+	for use in {embedded} products and still (1999) one of the
+	most popular microcontrollers.
+
+	The 8051/8031 {cores} are used in over 100 devices from 10
+	independent manufacturers such as Dallas and Philips.
+
+	[What is the difference between the 8031/8051/8052?]
+
+	See also {CAS 8051 Assembler}, {as31} assembler, {51forth}.
+
+	{8051 FAQ
+	(http://ece.orst.edu/~pricec/8051/faq/index.html)}.
+
+	{The 8031/51 series microcontroller
+	(http://rehn.org/YAM51/)}.
+
+	{Intel MCS51 series microcontrollers
+	(http://intel.com/design/mcs51/)}.
+
+	(1999-11-21)
+
+Intel 8080
+
+	<processor> The successor to the {Intel 8008}.  The 8080 had a
+	16-bit {address bus} and an 8-bit {data bus}.  It had seven
+	8-bit {registers} (six which could also be combined as three
+	16-bit registers), a 16-bit {stack pointer} to memory which
+	replaced the 8008's internal stack and a 16-bit {program
+	counter}.  It also had 256 I/O ports (so I/O devices could be
+	connected without needing to allocate any addressing space as
+	is required for {memory mapped} devices) and a signal pin that
+	allowed the {stack} to occupy a separate bank of memory.
+
+	Shortly after the 8080, the {Motorola 6800} was introduced.
+
+	[Date?]
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+Intel 8085
+
+	<processor> A {microprocessor} intended to be an improved
+	{Intel 8080}, as was the {Zilog Z80}.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+Intel 8086
+
+	<processor> A sixteen bit {microprocessor} chip used in early
+	{IBM PCs}.  The {Intel 8088} was a version with an eight-bit
+	external data bus.
+
+	The Intel 8086 was based on the design of the {Intel 8080} and
+	{Intel 8085} (it was {source compatible} with the 8080) with a
+	similar {register set}, but was expanded to 16 bits.  The Bus
+	Interface Unit fed the instruction stream to the Execution
+	Unit through a 6 byte {prefetch} queue, so fetch and execution
+	were concurrent - a primitive form of {pipelining} (8086
+	instructions varied from 1 to 4 bytes).
+
+	It featured four 16-bit general {registers}, which could also
+	be accessed as eight 8-bit registers, and four 16-bit {index
+	registers} (including the {stack pointer}).  The data
+	registers were often used implicitly by instructions,
+	complicating {register allocation} for temporary values.  It
+	featured 64K 8-bit I/O (or 32K 16 bit) ports and fixed
+	{vectored interrupts}.  There were also four {segment
+	registers} that could be set from index registers.
+
+	The segment registers allowed the CPU to access 1 meg of
+	memory in an odd way.  Rather than just supplying missing
+	bytes, as most segmented processors, the 8086 actually shifted
+	the segment registers left 4 bits and added it to the address.
+	As a result, segments overlapped, and it was possible to have
+	two pointers with the same value point to two different memory
+	locations, or two pointers with different values pointing to
+	the same location.  Most people consider this a {brain
+	damaged} design.
+
+	Although this was largely acceptable for {assembly language},
+	where control of the segments was complete (it could even be
+	useful then), in higher level languages it caused constant
+	confusion (e.g. near/far pointers).  Even worse, this made
+	expanding the address space to more than 1 meg difficult.  A
+	later version, the {Intel 80386}, expanded the design to 32
+	bits, and "fixed" the segmentation, but required extra modes
+	(suppressing the new features) for compatibility, and retains
+	the awkward architecture.  In fact, with the right assembler,
+	code written for the 8008 can still be run on the most recent
+	{Intel 486}.
+
+	The {Intel 80386} added new {op codes} in a kludgy fashion
+	similar to the {Zilog Z80} and {Zilog Z280}.  The {Intel
+	486} added full {pipelines}, and {clock doubling} (like the
+	{Zilog Z280}).
+
+	So why did {IBM} chose the 8086 series when most of the
+	alternatives were so much better?  Apparently IBM's own
+	engineers wanted to use the {Motorola 68000}, and it was used
+	later in the forgotten {IBM Instruments} 9000 Laboratory
+	Computer, but IBM already had rights to manufacture the 8086,
+	in exchange for giving Intel the rights to its {bubble memory}
+	designs.  Apparently IBM was using 8086s in the IBM
+	{Displaywriter} {word processor}.
+
+	Other factors were the 8-bit {Intel 8088} version, which could
+	use existing {Intel 8085}-type components, and allowed the
+	computer to be based on a modified 8085 design.  68000
+	components were not widely available, though it could use
+	{Motorola 6800} components to an extent.
+
+	{Intel} {bubble memory} was on the market for a while, but
+	faded away as better and cheaper memory technologies arrived.
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+Intel 8088
+
+	<processor> An {Intel 8086} with 16-bit {registers} and an
+	8-bit data bus.
+
+	The 8088 was the processor used in the original {IBM PC}.
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+Intel 80x86
+
+	<processor> (x86) One of the family of {Intel}
+	{microprocessors} including the {Intel 80186}, {Intel 80286},
+	{Intel 80386}, {Intel 486}, in a more general sense also
+	{Intel 8086}, {Pentium}, {Pentium Pro}, and {Pentium II}.
+
+	The abbreviation "x86" also includes compatible processors,
+	e.g. from {Cyrix} or {AMD}.
+
+	(2004-02-27)
+
+Intel 8751
+
+	<processor> A {microcontroller} from {Intel} including a
+	{CPU}, two timers.  128 bytes of {RAM}, 4 kBytes of {EEPROM},
+	four eight-bit biderectional I/O ports and an {EIA-232} port.
+
+	The 8751 belongs to the Intel i51 Microcontroller family.  It
+	was designed by Intel but is now manufactured by Intel,
+	{Philips}, {Siemens}, {AMD} and others.  Motorola's
+	microcontroller families (68HC05, 68HC08 and 68HC11) are meant
+	to compete with the i51 family.
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+Intel Comparative Microprocessor Performance index
+
+	<benchmark, unit> (iCOMP) A unit used by {Intel} to indicate
+	the relative performance of their {80x86} {microprocessors}.
+
+	{(http://134.134.214.1/procs/perf/icomp/)}.
+
+	(1997-06-07)
+
+Intel Corporation
+
+	<company> A US microelectronics manufacturer.  They produced
+	the {Intel 4004}, {Intel 8080}, {Intel 8086}, {Intel 80186},
+	{Intel 80286}, {Intel 80386}, {Intel 486} and {Pentium}
+	{microprocessor} families as well as many other {integrated
+	circuits} and {personal computer} networking and
+	communications products.
+
+	Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce founded Intel in 1968 to design,
+	manufacture, and market semiconductor computer memory to
+	replace {magnetic core} memory, the dominant computer memory
+	at that time.  Dr. Andrew S. Grove joined Intel soon after its
+	incorporation.  Three years later, in 1971, Intel introduced
+	the world's first {microprocessor}, the {Intel 4004}.
+
+	Intel has design, development, production, and administration
+	facilities throughout the western US, Europe and Asia.  In
+	1995 nearly 75% of the world's {personal computers} use Intel
+	architecture.  Annual revenues are rapidly approaching $10
+	billion.  In March, 1994, "Business Week" named Intel one of
+	the top ten American companies in terms of profit, one of the
+	top 15 market value winners, and 16th out of the magazine's
+	top 1,000 companies overall.
+
+	Intel invested a record $2.9 billion in capital and R&D in
+	1993, and expects to increase combined spending on these
+	activities to $3.5 billion in 1994.  Quarterly sales were
+	$2770M and profits, $640M in Aug 1994.
+
+	{(http://intel.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Santa Clara, CA, USA.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+IntelDX4
+
+	<processor> Essentially an {Intel 486DX} {microprocessor} with
+	a 16 kilobyte on-chip {cache}.
+
+	The DX4 is the fastest member of the {Intel 486} family.  75
+	and 100MHz versions are available.  At an iCOMP index rating
+	of 435, the 100 MHz DX4 performs up to 50% faster than the 66
+	MHz {Intel DX2}.  The DX4's {clock multiplier} allows the
+	processor to run three times faster than the {system clock}.
+	This performance is achieved in part by a 16K on-chip {cache}
+	(double that of the other 486s).  The DX4 has an integrated
+	{floating point unit}.
+
+	Like the other 486s, the DX4 achieves performance through a
+	{RISC} integer core that executes frequently used instructions
+	in a single {clock cycle} (the {Pentium}'s can execute
+	multiple instructions in a single clock cycle).
+
+	Low power consumption has been achieved with {SL} Technology
+	and a 0.6 micron manufacturing process, giving 1.6 million
+	{transistors} on a single chip operating at only 3.3 Volts.
+
+	"IntelDX4" is the entire name, the "486" has been dropped and
+	I am assured that there is no space in the same.
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+Intel i960
+
+	<processor> A {superscalar} 32-bit {RISC} {microprocessor}
+	from {Intel} intended for {embedded} applications.
+
+	The i960 CA variant can reach 66 native MIPS peak performance
+	with a sustained execution of two instructions per clock
+	cycle.  The i960 CF has an on-chip, four kilobyte two-way
+	{set-associative} {instruction cache} and a one kilobyte {data
+	cache}.  Both the CA and CF processors have on-chip {RAM}; a
+	four-channel {DMA} unit; and integrated peripherals.
+
+	(1996-05-23)
+
+INTELLECT
+
+	<language> A {query language} written by Larry Harris in 1977,
+	close to natural English.
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+intellectual property
+
+	<legal> (IP) The ownership of ideas and control over the
+	tangible or virtual representation of those ideas.  Use of
+	another person's intellectual property may or may not involve
+	royalty payments or permission, but should always include
+	proper credit to the source.
+
+	(1997-03-27)
+
+intelligent backtracking
+
+	<algorithm> An improved {backtracking} {algorithm} for
+	{Prolog} {interpreters}, which records the point at which each
+	{logic variable} becomes bound and, when a given set of
+	bindings leads to failure, ignores any {choice point} which
+	does not bind any of those variables.  No choice from such a
+	choice point can succeed since it does not change the bindings
+	which caused the failure.
+
+	(1996-04-06)
+
+intelligent database
+
+	<database> A {database management system} which performs data
+	validation and processing traditionally done by {application
+	programs}.  Most DBMSs provide some data validation,
+	e.g. rejecting invalid dates or alphabetic data entered into
+	money fields, but often most processing is done by application
+	programs.  There is however no limit to the amount of
+	processing that can be done by an intelligent database as long
+	as the process is a standard function for that data.
+
+	Examples of techniques used to implement intelligent databases
+	are {constraints}, {triggers} and {stored procedures}.
+
+	Moving processing to the database aids {data integrity}
+	because it is guaranteed to be consistent across all uses of
+	the data.  {Mainframe} databases have increasingly become more
+	intelligent and personal computer database systems are rapidly
+	following.
+
+	(1998-10-07)
+
+Intelligent Input/Output
+
+	<architecture> /i:-too-oh/ (I2O) A specification which aims to
+	provide an {I/O} {device driver} architecture that is
+	independent of both the specific device being controlled and
+	the host {operating system}.  The Hardware Device Module (HDM)
+	manages the device and the OS Services Module (OSM) interfaces
+	to the host operating system.  The HDM is portable across
+	multiple operating systems, processors and busses.  The HDM
+	and OSM communicate via a two layer {message passing}
+	{protocol}.  A Message Layer sets up a communications session
+	and runs on top of a Transport Layer which defines how the two
+	parties share information.
+
+	I2O is also designed to facilitate intelligent I/O subsystems,
+	with support for {message passing} between multiple
+	independent processors.  By relieving the host of {interrupt}
+	intensive I/O tasks required by the various layers of a driver
+	architecture, the I2O intelligent I/O architecture greatly
+	improves I/O performance.  I2O systems will be able to more
+	efficiently deliver the I/O throughput required by a wide
+	range of high bandwidth applications, such as networked
+	{video}, {groupware} and {client-server} processing.  I2O does
+	not restrict where the layered modules execute, providing
+	support for single processor, {multiprocessor}, and
+	{clustered} systems.
+
+	I2O is not intended to replace the driver architectures
+	currently in existence.  Rather, the objective is to provide
+	an open, standards-based approach, which is complementary to
+	existing drivers, and provides a framework for the rapid
+	development of a new generation of portable, intelligent I/O.
+
+	{(http://i2osig.org/)}.
+
+	(1997-11-04)
+
+Intelligent I/O
+
+	{Intelligent Input/Output}
+
+intelligent key
+
+	<database> A {relational database} {key} which depends wholly
+	on one or more other columns in the same table.  An
+	intelligent key might be identified for implementation
+	convenience, where there is no good {candidate key}.
+
+	For example, if the three-letter initials of a group of people
+	are known to be unique but only their full names are recorded,
+	a three letter acronym for their names (e.g. John Doe Smith ->
+	JDS) would be an intelligent key.
+
+	Intelligent keys are a {Bad Thing} because it is hard to
+	guarantee uniqueness, and if the value on which an intelligent
+	key depends changes then the key must either stay the same,
+	creating an inconsistency within the containing table, or
+	change, requiring changes to all other tables in which it
+	appears as a {foreign key}.  The correct solution is to use a
+	{surrogate key}.
+
+	(1999-12-07)
+
+intelligent terminal
+
+	<hardware> (or "smart terminal", "programmable terminal") A
+	terminal that often contains not only a keyboard and screen,
+	but also comes with a disk drive and printer, so it can
+	perform limited processing tasks when not communicating
+	directly with the central computer.  Some can be programmed by
+	the user to perform many basic tasks, including both
+	arithmetic and logic operations.  In some cases, when the user
+	enters data, the {data} will be checked for errors and some
+	type of report will be produced.  In addition, the valid data
+	that is entered may be stored on the disk, it will be
+	transmitted over communication lines to the central computer.
+
+	An intelligent terminal may have enough computing capability
+	to draw graphics or to offload some kind of front-end
+	processing from the computer it talks to.
+
+	The development of {workstations} and {personal computers} has
+	made this term and the product it describes semi-obsolescent,
+	but one may still hear variants of the phrase "act like a
+	smart terminal" used to describe the behaviour of workstations
+	or PCs with respect to programs that execute almost entirely
+	out of a remote {server}'s storage, using said devices as
+	displays.
+
+	The term once meant any terminal with an {addressable cursor};
+	the opposite of a {glass tty}.  Today, a terminal with merely
+	an addressable cursor, but with none of the more-powerful
+	features mentioned above, is called a {dumb terminal}.
+
+	There is a classic quote from Rob Pike (inventor of the {blit}
+	terminal): "A smart terminal is not a smart*ass* terminal, but
+	rather a terminal you can educate".  This illustrates a common
+	design problem: The attempt to make peripherals (or anything
+	else) intelligent sometimes results in finicky, rigid "special
+	features" that become just so much dead weight if you try to
+	use the device in any way the designer didn't anticipate.
+	Flexibility and programmability, on the other hand, are
+	*really* smart.
+
+	Compare {hook}.
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+IntelliMouse
+
+	{Microsoft IntelliMouse Explorer}
+
+Intel Literature Sales
+
+	Address: PO Box 58130, Santa Clara, CA 95052, USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 800 548 4725.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+Intelsat
+
+	<company, communications> A private satellite communications
+	company that provides telephony, corporate network, {video}
+	and {Internet} solutions around the globe via capacity on 25
+	geosynchronous satellites.
+
+	(2003-05-13)
+
+Intel x86
+
+	{Intel 80x86}
+
+intensional
+
+	<philosophy> A description of properties, e.g. intensional
+	equality, that relate to how an object is implemented as
+	opposed to extensional properties which concern only how its
+	output depends on its input.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+Intent to Package
+
+	<Debian> (ITP) A notice, posted to the {Debian} developer
+	{mailing list}, announcing a developer's intent to make a new
+	Debian package, including a brief description of the package
+	and its license.
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+INTERACTIVE
+
+	A network simulation language.
+
+	["Design and Implementation of a Pascal Based Interactive
+	Network Simulation Language", R. Lakshmanan, PhD Thesis,
+	Oakland U, Rochester MI 1983].
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+interactive
+
+	<programming> A term describing a program whose input and
+	output are interleaved, like a conversation, allowing the
+	user's input to depend on earlier output from the same run.
+
+	The interaction with the user is usually conducted through
+	either a text-based interface or a {graphical user interface}.
+	Other kinds of interface, e.g. using {speech recognition}
+	and/or {speech synthesis}, are also possible.
+
+	This is in contrast to {batch} processing where all the input
+	is prepared before the program runs and so cannot depend on
+	the program's output.
+
+	(1996-06-21)
+
+Interactive CourseWare
+
+	(ICW) A training program controlled by a computer that relies
+	on trainee input to determine the order and pace of
+	instruction delivery.  The trainee advances through the
+	sequence of instructional events by making decisions and
+	selections.  The instruction branches according to the
+	trainee's responses.
+
+	ICW is a US military term which includes {computer-aided
+	instruction} and {computer-based training}.
+
+	(1995-11-08)
+
+Interactive Data analysis Language
+
+	<language> (IDL) A language from {Xerox}, built on
+	{Interlisp-D}.
+
+	(2004-05-07)
+
+Interactive Data Entry/Access
+
+	<language> (IDEA) A language from {Data General} in which you
+	designed the screen first, and then wrote the program around
+	the predefined fields.  IDEA was a precursor to the {DG COBOL}
+	{Screen Section}.
+
+	(1996-02-16)
+
+Interactive Data Language
+
+	(IDL) A commercial {array}-oriented language with numerical
+	analysis and display features, first released in 1977.  It
+	supports interactive {reduction}, analysis, and
+	{visualisation} of scientific data.  It is sold by {Research
+	Systems, Inc.}
+
+	Version: 3.6.1 runs under {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {MS Windows},
+	{VAX}/{VMS} and {Macintosh}.
+
+	Not to be confused with any of the other {IDLs}.
+
+	{(ftp://gateway.rs.inc.com/pub/idl)}.
+
+	E-mail: <info@rsinc.com>.
+
+	(1994-10-07)
+
+interactive development environment
+
+	<programming, tool> (IDE, integrated development environment)
+	A system for supporting the process of writing software.  Such
+	a system may include a {syntax-directed editor}, graphical
+	tools for program entry, and integrated support for compiling
+	and running the program and relating compilation errors back
+	to the {source}.
+
+	Such systems are typically both interactive and integrated,
+	hence the ambiguous acronym.  They are interactive in that the
+	developer can view and alter the execution of the program at
+	the level of statements and variables.  They are integrated in
+	that, partly to support the above interaction, the source code
+	editor and the execution environment are tightly coupled,
+	e.g. allowing the developer to see which line of source code
+	is about to be executed and the current values of any
+	variables it refers to.
+
+	Examples include {Visual C++} and {Visual Basic}.
+
+	(2002-09-21)
+
+Interactive Development Environments
+
+	<company> (IDE) A US {software engineering} company.
+
+	(1996-03-04)
+
+Interactive Software Engineering
+
+	<company> (ISE) The company set up by {Bertrand Meyer}, now
+	its president, to develop and distribute {Eiffel}, the
+	language which he created.  ISE also organises the {TOOLS}
+	conference (Technology of Object-Oriented Languages and
+	Systems).
+
+	{(http://eiffel.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: info@eiffel.com.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (805) 685 1006.
+
+	Address: Santa Barbara, Goleta CA, USA.
+
+	(1995-12-28)
+
+Interactive System Productivity Facility
+
+	<operating system> (ISPF) Something to do with {IBM}'s
+	{OS/390}.
+
+	{(http://s390.ibm.com/bookmgr-cgi/bookmgr.cmd/BOOKS/ISPDGD02/COVER?SHELF=ISP5BK01)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1999-07-14)
+
+Interactive Voice Response
+
+	<communications> (IVR) <communications> A {telecommunications}
+	system, prevelant with {PBX} and {voice mail} systems, that
+	uses a prerecorded database of voice messages to present
+	options to a user, typically over telephone lines.  User input
+	is retrieved via {DTMF} tone key presses.
+
+	When used in conjunction with {voice mail}, for example, these
+	systems typically allow users to store, retrieve, and route
+	messages, as well as interact with an underlying {database}
+	server which may allow for automated transactions and {data
+	processing}.
+
+	(15 Sept 1997)
+
+	(1997-09-21)
+
+Interagency Interim National Research and Education Network
+
+	(IINREN) An evolving operating network system.  Near term
+	(1992-1996) research and development activities will provide
+	for the smooth evolution of this networking infrastructure
+	into the future gigabit {NREN}.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+InterBase
+
+	A commercial {active DBMS}.
+
+INTERCAL
+
+	<language, humour> /in't*r-kal/ (Said by the authors to stand
+	for "Compiler Language With No Pronounceable Acronym").
+
+	Possibly the most elaborate and long-lived joke in the history
+	of programming languages.  It was designed on 1972-05-26 by
+	Don Woods and Jim Lyons at Princeton University.
+
+	INTERCAL is purposely different from all other computer
+	languages in all ways but one; it is purely a written
+	language, being totally unspeakable.  The INTERCAL Reference
+	Manual, describing features of horrifying uniqueness, became
+	an underground classic.  An excerpt will make the style of the
+	language clear:
+
+	It is a well-known and oft-demonstrated fact that a person
+	whose work is incomprehensible is held in high esteem.  For
+	example, if one were to state that the simplest way to store a
+	value of 65536 in a 32-bit INTERCAL variable is:
+
+	    DO :1 <- #0$#256
+
+	any sensible programmer would say that that was absurd.  Since
+	this is indeed the simplest method, the programmer would be
+	made to look foolish in front of his boss, who would of course
+	have happened to turn up, as bosses are wont to do.  The
+	effect would be no less devastating for the programmer having
+	been correct.
+
+	INTERCAL has many other peculiar features designed to make it
+	even more unspeakable.  The Woods-Lyons implementation was
+	actually used by many (well, at least several) people at
+	{Princeton}.
+
+	Eric S. Raymond <esr@snark.thyrsus.com> wrote C-INTERCAL in
+	1990 as a break from editing "The New Hacker's Dictionary",
+	adding to it the first implementation of {COME FROM} under its
+	own name.  The compiler has since been maintained and extended
+	by an international community of technomasochists and is
+	consequently enjoying an unprecedented level of unpopularity.
+
+	The version 0.9 distribution includes the compiler, extensive
+	documentation and a program library.  C-INTERCAL is actually
+	an INTERCAL-to-C source translator which then calls the local
+	{C} compiler to generate a binary.  The code is thus quite
+	portable.
+
+	{Intercal Resource Page
+	(http://locke.ccil.org/~esr/intercal/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:alt.lang.intercal}.
+
+	["The INTERCAL Programming Language Reference Manual", Donald
+	R. Woods & James M. Lyon].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-04-09)
+
+Interchange File Format
+
+	<file format> (IFF, full name "EA IFF 1985") A generic file
+	format published by {Electronic Arts} as an open standard.
+	IFF is {chunk}-based and hierarchical so files can include
+	other files.  It is easily extensible and an all round Good
+	Idea.
+
+	An IFF file starts with one of the following "group IDs":
+	'FORM', 'LIST' or 'CAT '.  This is followed by an unsigned
+	32-bit number of bytes in the remainder of the file.  Then
+	comes an ID that indicates which type of IFF file this is.
+	The main image type is {ILBM}, {audio} is either {AIFF} or
+	{8SVX}, animations are {ANIM} etc.  An IFF file will probably
+	have a {filename extension} related to this file type stored
+	in the file.  The rest of the file is divided into {chunks}
+	each of which also has a four-byte header and byte count.
+
+	{Microsoft} {WAV} and {AVI} are all based around an almost
+	identical scheme to IFF called {RIFF}.  The main difference is
+	that, in RIFF files, numbers are little-endian as on {Intel}
+	processors, whereas in IFF files they are big-endian, as on
+	the {Motorola 68000} processors in the {Amiga} where IFF files
+	were first used.
+
+	(1997-07-23)
+
+INTERCOM
+
+	<language> The {assembly language} for the {G-15}.
+
+	Versions: INTERCOM 101, INTERCOM 1000.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(1997-07-23)
+
+Interdata
+
+	<company> A computer manufacturer.  Interdata became
+	{Perkin-Elmer}, then {Concurrent}.
+
+	(2004-05-12)
+
+Interest Group in Pure and Applied Logics
+
+	(IGPL) A body of 700 researchers in various aspects of {logic}
+	(symbolic, mathematical, computational, philosophical, etc.)
+	from all over the world.  The group's main rôle is as a
+	research and information clearing house.  The group also:
+	supports exchange of information about research problems,
+	references and common interest among group members; helps to
+	obtain photocopies of papers; supplies review copies of books
+	through the Journals on which some members are editors;
+	organises exchange visits and workshops; advises on papers for
+	publication; edits and distributes a Newsletter and an
+	electronic Bulletin; keeps an {FTP archive} of papers,
+	abstracts; obtains reductions on group purchases of logic
+	books from publishers.
+
+	{(http://theory.doc.ic.ac.uk/tfm/igpl.html)}.
+
+	E-mail: <igpl-request@doc.ic.ac.uk>.
+
+	(1995-02-10)
+
+interesting
+
+	In hacker parlance, this word has strong connotations of
+	"annoying", or "difficult", or both.  Hackers relish a
+	challenge, and enjoy wringing all the irony possible out of
+	the ancient Chinese curse "May you live in interesting times".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+inter-exchange carrier
+
+	<communications> (IXC) A company allowed to handle
+	long-distance calls following the break-up of the Bell system
+	in the US by anti-trust regulators.
+
+	{Local Exchange Carriers} (LEC) are not allowed to handle
+	long-distance traffic and Inter Exchange carriers are not
+	allowed to handle local calls.
+
+	(2002-08-28)
+
+interface
+
+	<jargon> A boundary across which two systems communicate.  An
+	interface might be a hardware connector used to link to other
+	devices, or it might be a convention used to allow
+	communication between two software systems.  Often there is
+	some intermediate component between the two systems which
+	connects their interfaces together.  For example, two {EIA-232}
+	interfaces connected via a serial cable.
+
+	See also {graphical user interface}, {Application Program
+	Interface}.
+
+	(1996-05-22)
+
+interface analysis
+
+	<testing> A software test which checks the interfaces between
+	program elements for consistency and adherence to predefined
+	rules or {axioms}.
+
+	(1996-07-09)
+
+Interface Architect
+
+	An interface builder for Motif distributed by Hewlett-Packard
+	(see UIMX).
+
+Interface Definition Language
+
+	(IDL) 1. An {OSF} standard for defining {RPC} stubs.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	2. Part of an effort by {Project DOE} at {SunSoft, Inc.}  to
+	integrate distributed {object} technology into the {Solaris}
+	{operating system}.  IDL provides the standard interface
+	between objects, and is the base mechanism for object
+	interaction.
+
+	The {Object Management Group}'s {CORBA} 1.1 (Common Object
+	Request Broker Architecture) specifies the interface between
+	objects.  IDL (Interface Definition Language) is the base
+	mechanism for object interaction.
+
+	The SunSoft OMG IDL CFE (Compiler Front End) version 1.2
+	provides a complete framework for building CORBA 1.1-compliant
+	preprocessors for OMG IDL.  To use it you write a back-end.  A
+	complete compiler of IDL would translate IDL into {client}
+	side and {server} side routines for remote communication in
+	the same manner as {Sun}'s current {RPCL} compiler.  The IDL
+	compiler front end allows integration of new back ends which
+	can translate IDL to various programming languages.
+
+	Several companies including Sunsoft are building back ends to
+	the CFE which translate IDL into target languages,
+	e.g. {Pascal} or {C++}, in the context of planned
+	CORBA-compliant products.  IDL requires C++ 2.1.
+
+	Not to be confused with any of the other {IDLs}.
+
+	E-mail: <idl-cfe@sun.com>.
+
+	{(ftp://omg.org/pub/omg_idl_cfe.tar.Z)},
+	{(ftp://omg.org/pub/OMG_IDL_CFE_1.2/)}.
+
+	Telephone: Mache Creeger, SunSoft, Inc. +1 (415) 336 5884.
+
+	(1993-05-04)
+
+Interface Description Language
+
+	(IDL) A language designed by Nestor, Lamb and Wulf of {CMU} in
+	1981 for describing the data structures passed between parts
+	of an application, to provide a language-independent
+	intermediate representation.
+
+	It forms part of Richard Snodgrass <rts@cs.arizona.edu>'s
+	{Scorpion} environment development system.
+
+	Not to be confused with any of the other {IDLs}.
+
+	Mailing list: info-idl@sei.cmu.edu.
+
+	["The Interface Description Language: Definition and Use," by
+	Richard Snodgrass, Computer Science Press, 1989, ISBN
+	0-7167-8198-0].
+
+	[SIGPLAN Notices 22(11) (Nov 1987) special issue].
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Interface Message Processor
+
+	<networking> (IMP) The original {message switching node} on
+	the {ARPANET}.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+Interior Gateway Protocol
+
+	(IGP) An {Internet} {protocol} which distributes {routing}
+	information to the {routers} within an {autonomous system}.
+	The term "{gateway}" is historical, "router" is currently the
+	preferred term.
+
+	See also {Exterior Gateway Protocol}, {Open Shortest Path
+	First}, {Routing Information Protocol}.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+interlace
+
+	{progressive coding}
+
+interlaced image
+
+	{progressive coding}
+
+interlacing
+
+	1. <hardware> A {video} display system which builds an {image}
+	on the {VDU} in two phases, known as "fields", consisting of
+	even and odd horizontal lines.
+
+	The complete image (a "frame") is created by scanning an
+	electron beam horizontally across the screen, starting at the
+	top and moving down after each horizontal scan until the
+	bottom of the screen is reached, at which point the scan
+	starts again at the top.  On an interlaced display, even
+	numbered {scan lines} are displayed in the first field and
+	then odd numbered lines in the second field.
+
+	For a given screen {resolution}, {refresh rate} (frames per
+	second) and {phosphor} {persistence}, interlacing reduces
+	flicker because the top and bottom of the screen are redrawn
+	twice as often as if the scan simply proceded from top to
+	bottom in a single vertical sweep.
+
+	2. <graphics> {progressive coding}.
+
+	(1998-02-25)
+
+Interlan
+
+	A brand of {Ethernet} card.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+Interleaf
+
+	A document preparation system for {Sun}, {VAX}, {Apollo} and
+	other {workstations}.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+interleave
+
+	{interleaving}
+
+interleaving
+
+	{sector interleave}
+
+INTERLINK
+
+	A commercial product comprising hardware and software for file
+	transfer between IBM and VAX computers.
+
+Interlisp
+
+	<language> A dialect of {Lisp} developed in 1967 by {Bolt,
+	Beranek and Newman} (Cambridge, MA) as a descendant of
+	{BBN-Lisp}.  It emphasises user interfaces.  It is
+	currently[?] supported by {Xerox PARC}.
+
+	Interlisp was one of two main branches of LISP (the other
+	being {MACLISP}).  In 1981 {Common LISP} was begun in an
+	effort to combine the best features of both.  Interlisp
+	includes a Lisp programming environment.  It is {dynamically
+	scoped}.  LAMBDA functions evaluate their arguments, NLAMBDA
+	functions do not.  Any function could be called with optional
+	arguments.
+
+	See also {AM}, {CLISP}, {Interlisp-10}, {Interlisp-D}.
+
+	["Interlisp Programming Manual", W. Teitelman, TR, Xerox Rec
+	Ctr 1975].
+
+	(2004-05-07)
+
+Interlisp-10
+
+	An {Interlisp} with {shallow binding}.
+
+Interlisp-D
+
+	{Xerox}'s {Interlisp} with {deep binding}.
+
+Intermedia
+
+	A hypertext system developed by a research group at IRIS
+	(Brown University).
+
+Intermedia Interchange Format
+
+	A Standard {Hypertext} Interchange format from IRIS.
+
+intermediate code
+
+	{intermediate language}
+
+Intermediate Distribution Frame
+
+	<networking> (IDF) A {network closet} containing a secondary
+	{hub}, fed from the main hub.
+
+	(1995-05-05)
+
+Intermediate Programming Language
+
+	<language> A very early attempt by Arthur W. Burks to express
+	machine language at a higher level of abstraction.  Like
+	{Plankalkul}, it used a right-handed style of {assignment}, in
+	which the location appears on the right.
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+Intermediate System
+
+	<networking> (IS) An {Open Systems Interconnection} system
+	which performs {network layer} forwarding.  It is analogous to
+	an {IP} {router}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Intermediate System-Intermediate System
+
+	<networking> (IS-IS) The {OSI} {Interior Gateway Protocol}.
+
+	(2003-07-12)
+
+intermercial
+
+	{interstitial}
+
+Intermetrics, Inc.
+
+	{AverStar}
+
+intermodulation distortion
+
+	<electronics, communications> (IMD) {Nonlinear} {distortion}
+	in a system or {transducer}, characterised by the appearance
+	in the output of frequencies equal to the sums and differences
+	of integral multiples of the two or more component frequencies
+	present in the {input} waveform.
+
+	(2000-08-21)
+
+internal field separators
+
+	<operating system> ($IFS) A predefined {environment variable}
+	in the {Unix} {Bourne shell} whose default value is the
+	three-character string containing {space}, {tab} and {line
+	feed}.  Any string of one or more of these characters
+	separates the command and each of its arguments in a command
+	line.
+
+	$IFS also tells the shell's built-in read command where to
+	split an input line when reading into multiple variables.
+	E.g. setting IFS=: would be appropriate for reading a file
+	with ':'-separated fields, such as /etc/passwd.
+
+	(1999-04-07)
+
+Internal Translator
+
+	<language, mathematics> (IT) An early {compiler} for
+	mathematics developed by A.J. {Perlis} et al at Carnegie Tech
+	ca 1957.  IT was originally written for the {Burroughs 205},
+	then the {IBM 650}.
+
+	IT was the forerunner of RUNCIBLE, GATE, CORRELATE and GAT.
+	IT source code was converted to PIT, thence to SPIT.
+
+	IT-2 produced machine language directly, IT-3 developed at
+	Carnegie added double-precision {floating-point}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 139-141].
+
+	[CACM 1(5):22 1958].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+International Algebraic Language
+
+	{ALGOL 58}
+
+International Atomic Time
+
+	<time, standard> (TAI) An international standard measurement
+	of time based on the comparison of many {atomic clocks}.  TAI
+	is maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
+	(BIPM), the world's governing body for civil atomic time
+	measurement.  TAI is the basis for {Coordinated Universal
+	Time}.
+
+	{BIPM
+	(http://www.bipm.org/enus/5_Scientific/c_time/time_1.html)}.
+
+	(2001-08-02)
+
+International Business Machines
+
+	<company> (IBM) The best known American computer manufacturer,
+	founded by Thomas J. Watson (born 1874-02-17), known as "Big
+	Blue" after the colour of its logo.  IBM makes everything from
+	{mainframes} to {personal computers} (PCs) and has been
+	immensely successful in selling them, chiefly to business.  It
+	has often been said that "Nobody has ever been sacked for
+	buying IBM".
+
+	The {IBM PC} in its various versions has been so successful
+	that unqualified reference to a "PC" almost certainly means a
+	PC from IBM, or one of the many brands of {clone} produced by
+	other manufacturers to cash in on IBM's original success.
+
+	Alternative expansions of "IBM" such as Inferior But
+	Marketable; It's Better Manually; Insidious Black Magic; It's
+	Been Malfunctioning; Incontinent Bowel Movement, illustrate
+	the considerable antipathy most hackers have long felt toward
+	the "industry leader" (see {fear and loathing}).
+
+	Quarterly sales $15351M, profits $689M (Aug 1994).
+
+	{(http://ibm.com/)}.
+
+	(1999-04-07)
+
+International Computers Limited plc
+
+	<company> (ICL) A UK hardware and software manufacturer
+	specialising in systems integration in selected markets,
+	supported by its service and technology businesses.  ICL
+	operates in over 80 countries worldwide, with 24000 employees
+	and revenues of  £2.6 billion in 1993.
+
+	ICL produced {George 2}, {George 3}, {VME}, {OpenVME}, {Series
+	39}, {DME}, {CME}, the {ICL 1900} and {ICL 2900} series.
+
+	{(http://icl.co.uk/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:alt.sys.icl}.
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+International Core War Society
+
+	<games, standard, body> (ICWS) The official standards body for
+	{Core War}.
+
+	(1996-02-16)
+
+International Data Encryption Algorithm
+
+	<algorithm, cryptography> (IDEA) A conventional {encryption}
+	{algorithm}, written by Xuejia Lai and James Massey, in 1992.
+
+	It is a {block cipher}, considered to be the best and most
+	secure available, and operates on 64-bit blocks with a 128 bit
+	{key}.
+
+	It is used by {Pretty Good Privacy}.
+
+	(1996-03-07)
+
+International Electrotechnical Commission
+
+	<standard, body> (IEC) A {standard}isation body at the same
+	level as {ISO}.
+
+	[Relationship?  Why separate?]
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+International Federation for Information Processing
+
+	<body> A multinational federation of professional and technical
+	organisations (or national groupings of such organisations)
+	concerned with information processing.  From any one country,
+	only one such organisation - which must be representative of
+	the national activities in the field of information processing
+	- can be admitted as a Full Member.  In addition, a regional
+	group of developing countries can be admitted as a Full
+	Member.  On 1 October 1993, 46 organisations were Full Members
+	of the Federation, representing 66 countries.
+
+	IFIP was founded under the auspices of UNESCO and advises them
+	and the {ITU-T}.
+
+	{(http://dit.upm.es/~cdk/ifip.html)}.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+International Function Point Users Group
+
+	<body, programming> (IFPUG) A forum for the exchange of ideas
+	about {Function Point Analysis}.  IFPUG's membership now
+	includes over 500 companies on four continents.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (614) 8957130.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+internationalisation
+
+	<programming> (i18n, globalisation, enabling, software
+	enabling) The process and philosophy of making software
+	portable to other {locales}.
+
+	For successful {localisation}, products must be technically
+	and culturally neutral.  Effective internationalisation
+	reduces the time and resources required for localisation,
+	improving time-to-market abroad and allowing {simultaneous
+	shipment}.  In orther words, internationalisation abstracts
+	out local details, localisation specifies those details for a
+	particular locale.
+
+	Technically this may include allowing {double-byte character
+	sets} such as {unicode} or Japanese, local numbering, date and
+	currency formats, and other local format conventions.
+
+	It also includes the separation of {user interface} text
+	e.g. in {dialog boxes} and {menus}.  All the text used by an
+	application may be kept in a separate file or directory, so
+	that it can be translated all at once.  User interfaces may
+	require more screen space for text in other languages.
+
+	The simplest form of internationalisation may be to make use
+	of {operating system} calls that format time, date and
+	currency values according to the operating system's
+	configuration.
+
+	The abbreviation i18n means "I - eighteen letters - N".
+
+	(1999-06-28)
+
+internationalization
+
+	{internationalisation}
+
+International Multimedia Teleconferencing Consortium
+
+	<body> (IMTC) A non-profit corporation formed in September
+	1994 comprising more than 150 companies from around the world.
+	The IMTC encourages the development and implementation of
+	interoperable {multimedia} {teleconferencing} systems based on
+	international {open standards}.
+
+	{(http://imtc.org/)}.
+
+	(1999-03-17)
+
+International Olympiad in Informatics
+
+	<event> (IOI) An annual competition in computing science for
+	senior pupils at secondary schools all over the world.
+
+	{(http://win.tue.nl/win/ioi/)}.
+
+	(1996-12-07)
+
+International Organisation for Standardisation
+
+	{International Organization for Standardization}
+
+International Organization for Standardization
+
+	<standard, body> (ISO) A voluntary, nontreaty organisation
+	founded in 1946, responsible for creating international
+	{standards} in many areas, including computers and
+	communications.  Its members are the national standards
+	organisations of 89 countries, including the {American
+	National Standards Institute}.
+
+	ISO produced the {OSI} seven layer model for network
+	architecture.
+
+	The term "ISO" is not actually an acronym for anything.  It is
+	a pun on the Greek prefix "iso-", meaning "same".  Some ISO
+	documents say ISO is not an acronym even though it is an
+	anagram of the initials of the organisation's name.
+
+	{(http://iso.ch/)}.
+
+	(1999-06-22)
+
+International Phonetic Alphabet
+
+	<text, human language> (IPA) A system of symbols for
+	representing pronunciation.  There is no commonly agreed way
+	to represent IPA in {ASCII} characters though it can be
+	represented in {Unicode}.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(1998-12-30)
+
+International Programmable Airline Reservation System
+
+	<application> (IPARS) The international version of {PARS},
+	designated by {IBM} for use in all IBM World trade countries
+	(i.e. outside domestic USA).
+
+	(1999-01-18)
+
+International Smalltalk Association
+
+	<body> (ISA) A user group which published newsletters on
+	{Smalltalk}-related issues, technical and general information.
+	Its goal was to champion Smalltalk and its uses.  It was
+	disbanded around 1991.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+International Standard
+
+	<standard> The series of {standards} from {ISO} and its
+	subcommitees.
+
+	[List?  Text?]
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+International Telecommunications Union
+
+	<body, standard> (ITU) ITU-T, the telecommunication
+	standardisation sector of ITU, is responsible for making
+	technical recommendations about telephone and data (including
+	fax) communications systems for {PTTs} and suppliers.  Before
+	1993-03-01 ITU-T was known as CCITT.  Every four years they
+	hold plenary sessions where they adopt new standards; there
+	was one in 1992.
+
+	ITU works closely with all {standards} organisations to form
+	an international uniform standards system for communication.
+	Study Group XVII is responsible for recommending standards for
+	data communications over telephone networks.  They publish the
+	V.XX standards and X.n {protocols}.  {V.21} is the same as
+	{EIA}'s {EIA-232}.  {V.24} is the same as EIA's {EIA-232C}.
+	{V.28} is the same as EIA's {EIA-232D}.
+
+	Address: International Telecommunication Union, Information
+	Services Department, Place des Nations, 1211 Geneva 20,
+	Switzerland.
+
+	Telephone: +41 (22) 730 5554.  Fax: +41 (22) 730 5337.
+
+	E-mail: <helpdesk@itu.ch>, <teledoc@itu.arcom.ch> (Mail body:
+	HELP).
+
+	{(http://itu.ch/)}.
+
+	ITU-T standards can be obtained by {FTP} from {Korea
+	(ftp://kum.kaist.ac.kr/doc/STANDARDS/ccitt)}; UK - {Imperial
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/pub/computing/ccitt/ccitt-standards/)},
+	{HENSA
+	(ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/pub/uunet/doc/literary/obi/Standards/CCITT)};
+	France - {INRIA (ftp://croton.inria.fr/ITU/ccitt)}, {IMAG
+	(ftp://imag.imag.fr/doc/ccitt)}; {Israel
+	(ftp://cs.huji.ac.il/pub/doc/standards/ccitt)}; FTP USA:
+	{UUNET (ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/lietrary/obi/Standards/CCITT)},
+	{gatekeeper
+	(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/net/info/bruno.cs.colorado.edu/pub/standards/ccitt)},
+	{world.std.com (ftp://world.std.com/obi/Standards/CCITT)};
+	{Australia (ftp://metro.ucc.su.oz.au/pub/ccitt)}; {Germany
+	(ftp://quepasa.cs.tu-berlin.de/pub/doc/CCITT)}; {Japan
+	(ftp://sh.wide.ad.jp/CCITT)};
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+International Traffic in Arms Regulation
+
+	<legal> (ITAR) Now called the {Defense Trade Regulations}.
+
+Internaut
+
+	<jargon, web> (From "Internet" + "astronaut") A
+	person who explores the {Internet} (or "{cyberspace}"),
+	normally searching for information.
+
+	(2002-06-30)
+
+Internet
+
+	<networking> (Note: capital "I").  The Internet is the largest
+	{internet} (with a small "i") in the world.  It is a three
+	level {hierarchy} composed of {backbone networks}, {mid-level
+	networks}, and {stub networks}.  These include commercial
+	(.com or .co), university (.ac or .edu) and other research
+	networks (.org, .net) and military (.mil) networks and span
+	many different physical networks around the world with various
+	{protocols}, chiefly the {Internet Protocol}.
+
+	Until the advent of the {web} in 1990, the Internet
+	was almost entirely unknown outside universities and corporate
+	research departments and was accessed mostly via {command
+	line} interfaces such as {telnet} and {FTP}.  Since then it
+	has grown to become an almost-ubiquitous aspect of modern
+	information systems, becoming highly commercial and a widely
+	accepted medium for all sort of customer relations such as
+	advertising, brand building, and online sales and services.
+	Its original spirit of cooperation and freedom have, to a
+	great extent, survived this explosive transformation with the
+	result that the vast majority of information available on the
+	Internet is free of charge.
+
+	While the web (primarily in the form of {HTML} and {HTTP}) is
+	the best known aspect of the Internet, there are many other
+	{protocols} in use, supporting applications such as
+	{electronic mail}, {Usenet}, {chat}, {remote login}, and {file
+	transfer}.
+
+	There were 20,242 unique commercial domains registered with
+	{InterNIC} in September 1994, 10% more than in August 1994.
+	In 1996 there were over 100 {Internet access providers} in the
+	US and a few in the UK (e.g. the {BBC Networking Club},
+	{Demon}, {PIPEX}).
+
+	There are several bodies associated with the running of the
+	Internet, including the {Internet Architecture Board}, the
+	{Internet Assigned Numbers Authority}, the {Internet
+	Engineering and Planning Group}, {Internet Engineering
+	Steering Group}, and the {Internet Society}.
+
+	See also {NYsernet}, {EUNet}.
+
+	{The Internet Index (http://openmarket.com/intindex)} -
+	statistics about the Internet.
+
+	(2000-02-21)
+
+internet
+
+	<networking> (Note: not capitalised) Any set of networks
+	interconnected with {routers}.  The {Internet} is the biggest
+	example of an internet.
+
+	(1996-09-17)
+
+Internet Access Provider
+
+	<networking, company> (IAP) A company or other origanisation
+	which provides access to the {Internet} to businesses and/or
+	consumers.  An IAP purchases an Internet link from another
+	company that has a direct link to the Internet and resells
+	portions of that {bandwidth} to the general public.
+
+	For example, an IAP may purchase a {T1} link (1.544Mb/s) and
+	resell that bandwidth in chunks consisting of {ISDN} (64Kb/s,
+	128Kb/s) and analog {modems} (14.4Kb/s, 28.8Kb/s).  The IAP's
+	customer base is likely to include both businesses and
+	individuals.  Individual customers usually connect to the IAP
+	via a modem and telephone line to a (preferably local) {point
+	of presence}.
+
+	An IAP may also be an {Internet Service Provider}.
+
+	(1996-06-25)
+
+Internet Adapter
+
+	<networking, product> The Internet Adapter (TIA).  A program
+	from {Cyberspace Development} which runs on a {Unix} shell
+	account and acts as a {SLIP} {emulator}.  A TIA emulated SLIP
+	account is not quite the same as a real SLIP account but TIA's
+	SLIP emulation is completely standard in terms of working with
+	{MacTCP}-based software on the {Macintosh} (or {WinSock} on a
+	{Microsoft Windows} machine).
+
+	You do not get your own {Internet Address} as you do with a
+	real SLIP account, instead, TIA uses the IP number of the
+	machine it runs on and "redirects" traffic back to you.  You
+	cannot set up your machine as an {FTP} {server}, for instance,
+	since there's no IP number for an {FTP} {client} elsewhere to
+	connect to.
+
+	TIA's performance is reportedly good, faster than normal SLIP
+	in fact, and about as fast as {Compressed SLIP}.  Future
+	releases will support {CSLIP} and even {PPP}.
+
+	{Cyberspace Development} has ported TIA to several versions of
+	{Unix} and more are on the way.
+
+	{TERM} is a free program which performs a similar function
+	between two machines both running {Unix}.
+
+	{(http://marketplace.com/)}.
+
+	{Setting up TIA
+	(http://webcom.com/~llarrow/tiarefg.html)}.
+
+	{Telnet (telnet://marketplace.com)}.
+
+	{Gopher (gopher://marketplace.com/)}.
+
+	{FTP (ftp://marketplace.com/tia/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <tia-info@marketplace.com>.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+Internet address
+
+	{IP address}
+
+internet address
+
+	<networking> (Note lower case "i").  An {IP} address that
+	uniquely identifies a node on an {internet}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+Internet Architecture Board
+
+	(IAB) The technical body that oversees the development of the
+	{Internet} suite of {protocols}.  It has two task forces: the
+	{Internet Engineering Task Force} and the {Internet Research
+	Task Force}.
+
+	"IAB" previously stood for Internet Activities Board.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
+
+	<body, networking> (IANA) The central registry for various
+	"{assigned numbers}": {Internet Protocol} parameters, such as
+	{port}, {protocol}, and {enterprise} numbers; and options,
+	codes, and types.  The currently assigned values are listed in
+	the "Assigned Numbers" document {STD 2}.  To request a number
+	assignment, e-mail <iana@isi.edu>.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Internet backbone
+
+	<communications, networking> High-speed networks that carry
+	{Internet} traffic.
+
+	These {communications} {networks} are provided by companies
+	such as {AT&T}, {GTE}, {IBM}, {MCI}, {Netcom}, {Sprint},
+	{UUNET} and consist of high-speed links in the {T1}, {T3},
+	{OC1} and {OC3} ranges.  The {backbones} carry {Internet}
+	traffic around the world and meet at {Network Access Points}
+	(NAPs).
+
+	{Internet Service Providers} (ISPs) connect either directly to
+	a backbone, or they connect to a larger ISP with a connection
+	to a backbone.
+
+	The {topology} of the "backbone" and its interconnections may
+	once have resembled a spine with ribs connected along its
+	length but is now almost certainly more like a fishing net
+	wrapped around the world with many circular paths.
+
+	[Map?]
+
+	(1998-07-02)
+
+Internet Chess Server
+
+	<networking, games> An interactive meeting-place on the
+	{Internet} where people can play {chess} against each other.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:alt.chess.ics}.
+
+	[Server address?]
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+Internet Control Message Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (ICMP) An extension to the {Internet Protocol} (IP)
+	that allows for the generation of error messages, test
+	packets, and informational messages related to IP.  It is
+	defined in STD 5, {RFC 792}.
+
+	(1999-09-18)
+
+Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
+
+	<body, networking> (ICANN) The non-profit corporation that was
+	formed to assume responsibility for {IP address} allocation,
+	protocol parameter assignment, {domain name system}
+	management, and {root server} system management functions now
+	performed under U.S. Government contract by {IANA} and other
+	entities.
+
+	{ICANN Home (http://icann.org/)}.
+
+	(2002-01-09)
+
+Internet-Draft
+
+	(I-D) A draft working document of the {Internet Engineering
+	Task Force}, its Areas, and its Working Groups.  As the name
+	implies, Internet-Drafts are purely discussion documents with
+	no formal status.  They are valid for a maximum of six months
+	and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents
+	at any time.  Very often, an I-D is a precursor to a {Request
+	For Comments}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Internet Engineering and Planning Group
+
+	(IEPG) {(http://iepg.org/)}.
+
+Internet Engineering Steering Group
+
+	(IESG) A body composed of the {Internet Engineering Task
+	Force} Area Directors and the IETF Chair.  It provides the
+	first technical review of {Internet} standards and is
+	responsible for day-to-day "management" of the IETF.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Internet Engineering Task Force
+
+	<networking, standard, body> (IETF) The IETF is a large, open
+	international community of network designers, operators,
+	vendors and researchers whose purpose is to coordinate the
+	operation, management and evolution of the {Internet} and to
+	resolve short- and mid-range {protocol} and architectural
+	issues.  It is a major source of proposals for {protocol}
+	{standards} which are submitted to the {Internet Architecture
+	Board} (IAB) for final approval.  The IETF meets three times a
+	year and extensive minutes are included in the IETF
+	Proceedings.
+
+	The IETF Secretariat, run by The {Corporation for National
+	Research Initiatives} with funding from the US government,
+	maintains an index of {Internet-Drafts} whereas {RFCs} are
+	maintained by The {Internet Architecture Board}.
+
+	{(http://ietf.org)}.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Internet Experiment Note
+
+	(IEN) A series of reports pertinent to the {Internet}.  IENs
+	were published in parallel to RFCs and are no longer active.
+
+	See also {Internet-Draft}, {Request For Comments}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Internet Explorer
+
+	<web> (IE, MSIE) {Microsoft}'s free {World-Wide
+	Web} {browser} for {Microsoft Windows}, {Windows 95}, {Windows
+	NT}, and {Macintosh}.  Internet Explorer is the main rival to
+	{Netscape Navigator} (which runs on many more {platforms}).
+	Both support the same core features and offer incompatible
+	extensions.
+
+	Microsoft combined later versions of IE with their {file
+	system} browser, "Explorer" and bundled it with {Windows 95}
+	in an attempt to use their dominance of the {desktop}
+	{operating system} market to force users to abandon Netscape's
+	browser, which they perceived as a potential threat.  This,
+	and other dubious business moves, became the subject of a US
+	Department of Justice antitrust trial in late 1998/early 1999.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/ie/)}.
+
+	(1999-01-31)
+
+Internet Express
+
+	An {Internet provider} in Colorado Springs, USA.  Formerly
+	called the Community News Service.  They provide {SLIP}
+	accounts at no extra charge.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Internet Foundation Classes
+
+	<language, library, programming, standard> (IFC) A {library}
+	of {classes} used in the creation of {Java} {applets} with
+	{GUIs}.
+
+	Created by {Netscape}, the Internet Foundation Classes provide
+	GUI elements, as well as classes for {Applications Services},
+	{Security}, {Messaging}, and {Distributed Objects}.
+
+	The IFC code, which is exclusively Java, is layered on top of
+	the Java {Abstract Windowing Toolkit} (AWT), thus preserving
+	{platform independence}.
+
+	The AWT and IFC collectively form the {Java Foundation
+	Classes}, which provide a standardised framework for
+	developing powerful Java applications.
+
+	{IFC download (http://wp.netscape.com/eng/ifc/download.html)}.
+
+	(2003-08-17)
+
+Internet Go Server
+
+	<games, networking> (IGS) A place for {Go} players to meet and
+	play via the {Internet}.
+
+	{IGS Home (http://pandanet.co.jp/English/)}.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+Internet Group Management Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (IGMP) An extension to the {Internet Protocol},
+	used by IP {hosts} to report their {host group} memberships to
+	immediately-neighbouring {multicast} {routers}.
+
+	See also {MBONE}.
+
+	Version 1 of IGMP is defined in Appendix 1 of {RFC 1112}.
+
+	Version 2 is proposed in {RFC 2236}.
+
+	(1999-11-08)
+
+Internet Information Server
+
+	<web> (IIS) {Microsoft's} {web server} and {FTP
+	server} for {Windows NT}.
+
+	IIS is intended to meet the needs of a range of users: from
+	workgroups and departments on a corporate {intranet} to {ISPs}
+	hosting {websites} that receive millions of {hits} per day.
+
+	Features include innovative web publishing, customisable
+	tools, {wizards}, customisable management tools, flexible
+	administration options, and analysis tools.
+
+	IIS makes it easy to share documents and information across a
+	company intranet or the {Internet}, and is completely
+	integrated with {Windows NT Directory Services}.
+
+	IIS 1.0 was released for {Windows NT 3.51} and had a limited
+	feature set.
+
+	IIS 2.0 was released with {Windows NT 4.0} with a similar
+	feature set to IIS 1.0.
+
+	IIS 3.0 quickly followed with many additions including
+	{Active Server Pages} (ASP), {ISAPI} and {ADO} 1.0.
+
+	IIS 4.0 is built into {Windows NT Server 4.0}.  It includes
+	ASP 2.0, ISAPI and ADO 1.5.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/iis)}.
+
+	Rival servers include {Apache} and {Netscape Enterprise
+	Server}.
+
+	(1999-08-04)
+
+Internet Inter-ORB Protocol
+
+	<protocol, standard> (IIOP) A protocol which will be mandatory
+	for all {CORBA} 2.0 compliant {platforms}.  The initial phase
+	of the project is to build an infrastructure consisting of: an
+	IIOP to {HTTP} {gateway} which allows CORBA {clients} to
+	access {WWW} resources; an HTTP to IIOP gateway to let WWW
+	clients access CORBA resources; a {web server} which makes
+	resources available by both IIOP and HTTP; web browsers which
+	can use IIOP as their {native} protocol.
+
+	{(http://ansa.co.uk/ANSA/ISF/wwwCorba_1.html)}.
+
+	(1996-04-01)
+
+Internet Message Access Protocol
+
+	<protocol, messaging> (IMAP) A {protocol} allowing a {client}
+	to access and manipulate {electronic mail} messages on a
+	{server}.  It permits manipulation of remote message folders
+	({mailboxes}), in a way that is functionally equivalent to
+	local mailboxes.
+
+	IMAP includes operations for creating, deleting, and renaming
+	mailboxes; checking for new messages; permanently removing
+	messages; searching; and selective fetching of message
+	attributes, texts, and portions thereof.  It does not specify
+	a means of posting mail; this function is handled by a mail
+	transfer protocol such as {SMTP}.
+
+	Latest version: 4.
+
+	See {RFC 2060}, {RFC 2061}, and others.
+
+	Compare: {POP}.
+
+	(1999-03-14)
+
+Internet Monthly Report
+
+	(IMR) Publication designed to communicate to the {Internet
+	Research Group} the accomplishments, milestones reached, or
+	problems discovered by the participating organisations.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Internet Network Information Center
+
+	<networking> (InterNIC) An umbrella entity created by the
+	{National Science Foundation} in Spring 1992, in cooperation
+	with the Internet community, consisting of Network Information
+	Service Managers who provided and/or coordinated {NSFNet}
+	services.  {General Atomics} provided information services,
+	{AT&T} provided directory and database services, and {Network
+	Solutions, Inc.} (NSI) provided registration services.
+
+	In 1999 Internic was replaced by {ICANN}.
+
+	{(http://internic.net/)}.
+
+	{(http://nic.net/)}.
+
+	(2003-04-16)
+
+internet number
+
+	{internet address}
+
+Internet Open Trading Protocol
+
+	<protocol, business> (IOTP, Formerly "Open Trading Protocol",
+	OTP) A specification that provides an interoperable framework
+	for Internet commerce.  It is optimised for the case where the
+	buyer and the merchant do not have a prior acquaintance and is
+	payment system independent.  It will be able to encapsulate
+	and support payment systems such as {SET}, {Mondex},
+	CyberCash's {CyberCoin}, DigiCash's {e-cash}, GeldKarte, etc.
+	IOTP is able to handle cases where such merchant roles as the
+	shopping site, the payment handler, the deliverer of goods or
+	services, and the provider of customer support are performed
+	by different Internet sites.
+
+	The IOTP specification is maintained by the {IETF} {Internet
+	Open Trading Protocol (trade) Working Group
+	(http://ietf.org/html.charters/trade-charter.html)}.
+
+	{(http://otp.org/)}.
+
+	(2001-09-22)
+
+Internet Protocol
+
+	<networking> (IP) The {network layer} for the {TCP/IP}
+	{protocol} suite widely used on {Ethernet} networks, defined
+	in {STD} 5, {RFC} 791.  IP is a {connectionless},
+	{best-effort} {packet switching} protocol.  It provides
+	{packet} {routing}, {fragmentation} and re-assembly through
+	the {data link layer}.
+
+	IPv4 is the version in widespread use and {IPv6} was just
+	beginning to come into use in 2000 but is still not widespread
+	by 2008.
+
+	[Other versions?  Dates?]
+
+	(2000-12-19)
+
+Internet Protocol Control Protocol
+
+	<networking> (IPCP) The {Control Protocol} for {Internet
+	Protocol}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2002-06-29)
+
+Internet Protocol version 4
+
+	<networking, protocol> The version of {Internet Protocol} in
+	widespread use in 2000.
+
+	(2000-12-19)
+
+Internet Protocol version 6
+
+	<networking, protocol> (IPv6, IPng, IP next generation) The
+	most viable candidate to replace the current {Internet
+	Protocol}.  The primary purpose of IPv6 is to solve the
+	problem of the shortage of {IP addresses}.
+
+	The following features have been purposed: 16-byte addresses
+	instead of the current four bytes; embedded {encryption} - a
+	32-bit {Security Association ID} (SAID) plus a variable length
+	initialisation vector in {packet} headers; user
+	{authentication} (a 32-bit SAID plus variable length
+	{authentication} data in headers); autoconfiguration
+	(currently partly handled by {Dynamic Host Configuration
+	Protocol}); support for {delay-sensitive traffic} - a 24 bit
+	flow ID field in headers to denote voice or video, etc.
+
+	One possible solution is based on the {TUBA} protocol (RFC
+	1347, 1526, 1561) which is itself based on the {OSI}
+	{Connectionless Network Protocol} (CNLP).  Another is {TP/IX}
+	(RFC 1475) which changes {TCP} and {UDP} headers to give a
+	64-bit {IP address}, a 32-bit {port} number, and a 64 bit
+	sequence number.
+
+	{RFC 1550} is a white paper on IPng.
+
+	{IPv6.org (http://ipv6.org/)}.
+
+	["Doubts About IPng could create TCP/IP chaos", Johna Till
+	Johnson, Data Communications, Nov 1994].
+
+	(2004-06-17)
+
+Internet provider
+
+	{Internet Service Provider}
+
+Internet Public Library
+
+	(IPL) A project at the {University of Michigan} School of
+	Information and Library Studies to provide an on-line, 24 hour
+	public library, chaired by an assemblage of librarians and
+	information industry professionals.  The library aims to
+	provide library services to a target audience estimated to
+	number 1/4 of the entire American population by the end of the
+	century.
+
+	The Internet Public Library is scheduled to go on-line in
+	March 1995.  Among the first services will be on-line
+	reference; youth services; user education; and professional
+	services for librarians.
+
+	{(http://ipl.sils.umich.edu/)}.
+
+	{(telnet://ipl.sils.umich.edu/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: majordomo@sils.umich.edu.
+
+	(1995-07-20)
+
+Internet Registry
+
+	(IR) The {Internet Assigned Numbers Authority} has the
+	discretionary authority to delegate portions of its
+	responsibility and, with respect to {network address} and
+	{Autonomous System} identifiers, has lodged this
+	responsibility with the {IR}.  The IR function is performed by
+	the {Defense Data Network} {Network Information Center}.
+
+Internet Relay Chat
+
+	<chat, messaging> (IRC) /I-R-C/, occasionally /*rk/ A
+	{client-server} {chat} system of large (often worldwide)
+	networks.  IRC is structured as networks of {Internet}
+	{servers}, each accepting connections from {client} programs,
+	one per user.
+
+	The IRC community and the {Usenet} and {MUD} communities
+	overlap to some extent, including both {hackers} and regular
+	folks who have discovered the wonders of computer networks.
+	Some {Usenet} jargon has been adopted on IRC, as have some
+	conventions such as {emoticons}.  There is also a vigorous
+	native jargon (see the entry for "{chat}").
+
+	The largest and first IRC network is {EFNet}, with a smaller
+	breakaway network called the {Undernet} having existed since
+	1992, and dozens of other networks having appeared (and
+	sometimes disappeared) since.
+
+	See also {nick}, {bot}, {op}.
+
+	{Yahoo's IRC index
+	(http://yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Internet/Chat/IRC/)}.
+
+	(1998-01-25)
+
+Internet Research Steering Group
+
+	<body, standard> (IRSG) The "governing body" of the {Internet
+	Research Task Force}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Internet Research Task Force
+
+	(IRTF) The IRTF is chartered by the {Internet Architecture
+	Board} to consider long-term {Internet} issues from a
+	theoretical point of view.  It has Research Groups, similar to
+	{Internet Engineering Task Force} Working Groups, which are
+	each tasked to discuss different research topics.  Multi-cast
+	audio/video conferencing and {privacy enhanced mail} are
+	samples of IRTF output.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol
+
+	<networking, protocol> (ISAKMP) The definitions and procedures
+	for {authenticating} communication between 2 {peers}.  This
+	includes the creation and management of {Security
+	Associations}, {key} generation techniques, and {threat
+	mitigation}.  ISAKMP is proposed in {RFC 2408}.
+
+	(2000-02-08)
+
+Internet Server Application Programming Interface
+
+	<web> (ISAPI) {Microsoft}'s programming interface
+	between applications and their {Internet Server}.  Active
+	Servers created with ISAPI extensions can be complete
+	in-process applications themselves, or can "connect" to other
+	services.  ISAPI is used for the same sort of functions as
+	{CGI} but uses {Microsoft Windows} {dynamic link libraries}
+	(DLL) for greater efficiency.  The server loads the DLL the
+	first time a request is received and the DLL then stays in
+	memory, ready to service other requests until the server
+	decides it is no longer needed.  This minimises the overhead
+	associated with executing such applications many times.
+
+	An HTTP server can unload ISAPI application DLLs to free
+	memory or preload them to speed up the first access.
+	Applications can also be enhanced by {ISAPI filters}
+
+	(1997-01-06)
+
+Internet Service Provider
+
+	<company, networking> (ISP) A company which provides other
+	companies or individuals with access to, or presence on, the
+	{Internet}.  Most ISPs are also {Internet Access Providers};
+	extra services include help with design, creation and
+	administration of {website}s, training and
+	administration of {intranets} and {domain name} registration.
+
+	(2005-06-19)
+
+Internet Society
+
+	<body> (ISOC) A non-profit, professional membership
+	organisation which facilitates and supports the technical
+	evolution of the {Internet}, stimulates interest in and
+	educates the scientific and academic communities, industry and
+	the public about the technology, uses and applications of the
+	Internet, and promotes the development of new applications for
+	the system.  The Society provides a forum for discussion and
+	collaboration in the operation and use of the global Internet
+	infrastructure.
+
+	The Internet Society publishes a quarterly newsletter, the
+	Internet Society News, and holds an annual conference, INET.
+	The development of Internet technical standards takes place
+	under the auspices of the Internet Society with substantial
+	support from the {Corporation for National Research
+	Initiatives} under a cooperative agreement with the US Federal
+	Government.
+
+	{(http://info.isoc.org/)}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+Internet Telephony
+
+	{IP Telephony}
+
+Internet Telephony Service Providers
+
+	<communications> (ITSP) Companies providing {IP Telephony}.
+
+	(1999-04-26)
+
+internetworking
+
+	The interconnection of two or more {networks}, usually {local
+	area networks} so that data can pass between {hosts} on the
+	different networks as though they were one network.  This
+	requires some kind of {router} or {gateway}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Internetwork Packet eXchange
+
+	<networking> (IPX) A {network layer} {protocol} initially
+	developed at {XEROX Corporation} and made popular by {Novell,
+	Inc.} as the basic protocol in its {Novell NetWare} {file
+	server} {operating system}.
+
+	A {router} with IPX routing can interconnect {Local Area
+	Networks} so that Netware {clients} and {servers} can
+	communicate.
+
+	The {SPX} {transport layer} protocol runs on top of IPX.
+
+	(1997-03-04)
+
+Internet Worm
+
+	<networking, security> The November 1988 {worm} perpetrated by
+	{Robert T. Morris}.  The worm was a program which took
+	advantage of bugs in the {Sun} {Unix} {sendmail} program,
+	{Vax} programs, and other security loopholes to distribute
+	itself to over 6000 computers on the {Internet}.  The worm
+	itself had a bug which made it create many copies of itself on
+	machines it infected, which quickly used up all available
+	processor time on those systems.
+
+	Some call it "The Great Worm" in a play on Tolkien (compare
+	{elvish}, {elder days}).  In the fantasy history of his Middle
+	Earth books, there were dragons powerful enough to lay waste
+	to entire regions; two of these (Scatha and Glaurung) were
+	known as "the Great Worms".  This usage expresses the
+	connotation that the RTM hack was a sort of devastating
+	watershed event in hackish history; certainly it did more to
+	make non-hackers nervous about the Internet than anything
+	before or since.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+Internex On-Line
+
+	A rather cheap {Internet} service provider in Toronto, Canada.
+
+	{(http://io.org/)}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+InterNIC
+
+	{Internet Network Information Center}
+
+interoperability
+
+	The ability of software and hardware on multiple machines from
+	multiple vendors to communicate.
+
+interoperable database
+
+	A {database} {front-end} which communicates with multiple
+	heterogenous databases and makes them appear as a single
+	homogenous entity with {semantic calls}.
+
+	See {ODBC}.
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+inter-packet gap
+
+	<networking> A time delay between successive data {packets}
+	mandated by the network standard for {protocol} reasons.
+
+	In {Ethernet}, the medium has to be "silent" (i.e., no data
+	transfer) for a few microseconds before a {node} can consider
+	the network idle and start to transmit.  This is necessary for
+	fairness reasons.  The delay time, which approximately equals
+	the signal propagation time on the cable, allows the "silence"
+	to reach the far end so that all nodes consider the net idle.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+interpolation
+
+	{extrapolation}
+
+Interpress
+
+	Interpreted {FORTH}-like graphics language, possibly the first
+	{page description language}, predating {PostScript}.  Both are
+	descendants of {JaM}.  Used on {Xerox} printers.
+
+	["Interpress, The Source Book", Steven Harrington et al, P-H
+	1988.]
+
+interpreted
+
+	{interpreter}
+
+interpreter
+
+	<programming> A program which executes other programs.  This
+	is in contrast to a {compiler} which does not execute its
+	input program (the "{source code}") but translates it into
+	executable "{machine code}" (also called "{object code}")
+	which is output to a file for later execution.  It may be
+	possible to execute the same source code either directly by an
+	interpreter or by compiling it and then executing the {machine
+	code} produced.
+
+	It takes longer to run a program under an interpreter than to
+	run the compiled code but it can take less time to interpret
+	it than the total required to compile and run it.  This is
+	especially important when prototyping and testing code when an
+	edit-interpret-debug cycle can often be much shorter than an
+	edit-compile-run-debug cycle.
+
+	Interpreting code is slower than running the compiled code
+	because the interpreter must analyse each statement in the
+	program each time it is executed and then perform the desired
+	action whereas the compiled code just performs the action.
+	This run-time analysis is known as "interpretive overhead".
+	Access to variables is also slower in an interpreter because
+	the mapping of identifiers to storage locations must be done
+	repeatedly at run time rather than at compile time.
+
+	There are various compromises between the development speed
+	when using an interpreter and the execution speed when using a
+	compiler.  Some systems (e.g. some {Lisps}) allow interpreted
+	and compiled code to call each other and to share variables.
+	This means that once a routine has been tested and debugged
+	under the interpreter it can be compiled and thus benefit from
+	faster execution while other routines are being developed.
+	Many interpreters do not execute the source code as it stands
+	but convert it into some more compact internal form.  For
+	example, some {BASIC} interpreters replace {keywords} with
+	single byte tokens which can be used to {index} into a {jump
+	table}.  An interpreter might well use the same {lexical
+	analyser} and {parser} as the compiler and then interpret the
+	resulting {abstract syntax tree}.
+
+	There is thus a spectrum of possibilities between interpreting
+	and compiling, depending on the amount of analysis performed
+	before the program is executed.  For example {Emacs Lisp} is
+	compiled to "{byte-code}" which is a highly compressed and
+	optimised representation of the Lisp source but is not machine
+	code (and therefore not tied to any particular hardware).
+	This "compiled" code is then executed (interpreted) by a {byte
+	code interpreter} (itself written in {C}).  The compiled code
+	in this case is {machine code} for a {virtual machine} which
+	is implemented not in hardware but in the byte-code
+	interpreter.
+
+	See also {partial evaluation}.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+Interpretive Menu Processor
+
+	<language> (IMP) The language used to implement much of the
+	{user interface} of the {Alis} {office automation} package
+	from {Applix, Inc}.
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+Inter-process Communication
+
+	<programming, operating system> (IPC) Exchange of data between
+	one {process} and another, either within the same computer or
+	over a {network}.  It implies a {protocol} that guarantees a
+	response to a request.  Examples are {Unix} {sockets}, {RISC
+	OS}'s messages, {OS/2}'s {Named Pipes}, {Microsoft Windows}'
+	{DDE}, {Novell}'s {SPX} and {Macintosh}'s IAC.
+
+	Although IPC is performed automatically by programs, an
+	analogous function can be performed interactively when users
+	cut and paste data from one process to another using a
+	{clipboard}.
+
+	(1995-12-14)
+
+interrupt
+
+	<programming> 1. An {asynchronous} event that suspends normal
+	processing and temporarily diverts the {flow of control}
+	through an "{interrupt handler}" routine.
+
+	Interrupts may be caused by both {hardware} (I/O, timer,
+	machine check) and {software} (supervisor, {system call} or
+	{trap} instruction).
+
+	In general the computer responds to an interrupt by storing
+	the information about the current state of the running
+	program; storing information to identify the source of the
+	interrupt; and invoking a first-level {interrupt handler}.
+	This is usually a {kernel} level privileged process that can
+	discover the precise cause of the interrupt (e.g. if several
+	devices share one interrupt) and what must be done to keep
+	operating system tables (such as the process table) updated.
+	This first-level handler may then call another handler,
+	e.g. one associated with the particular device which generated
+	the interrupt.
+
+	2. Under {MS-DOS}, nearly synonymous with "{system call}"
+	because the {OS} and {BIOS} routines are both called using the
+	INT instruction (see {interrupt list}) and because programmers
+	so often have to bypass the operating system (going directly
+	to a BIOS interrupt) to get reasonable performance.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+interrupt handler
+
+	<software> A routine which is executed when an {interrupt}
+	occurs.  Interrupt handlers typically deal with low-level
+	events in the hardware of a computer system such as a
+	character arriving at a {serial port} or a tick of a
+	{real-time clock}.  Special care is required when writing an
+	interrupt handler to ensure that either the interrupt which
+	triggered the handler's execution is masked out (inhibitted)
+	until the handler exits, or the handler is {re-entrant} so
+	that multiple concurrent invocations will not interfere with
+	each other.
+
+	If interrupts are masked then the handler must execute as
+	quickly as possible so that important events are not missed.
+	This is often arranged by splitting the processing associated
+	with the event into "upper" and "lower" halves.  The lower
+	part is the interrupt handler which masks out further
+	interrupts as required, checks that the appropriate event has
+	occurred (this may be necessary if several events share the
+	same interrupt), services the interrupt, e.g. by reading a
+	character from a {UART} and writing it to a {queue}, and
+	re-enabling interrupts.
+
+	The upper half executes as part of a user process.  It waits
+	until the interrupt handler has run.  Normally the {operating
+	system} is responsible for reactivating a process which is
+	waiting for some low-level event.  It detects this by a shared
+	{flag} or by inspecting a shared queue or by some other
+	synchronisation mechanism.  It is important that the upper and
+	lower halves do not interfere if an interrupt occurs during
+	the execution of upper half code.  This is usually ensured by
+	disabling interrupts during {critical sections} of code such
+	as removing a character from a queue.
+
+	(2002-07-24)
+
+interrupt list
+
+	[{MS-DOS}] The list of all known {software interrupt} calls
+	(both documented and undocumented) for {IBM PCs} and
+	compatibles, maintained and made available for free
+	redistribution by Ralf Brown <ralf@cs.cmu.edu>.  As of late
+	1992, it had grown to approximately two megabytes in length.
+
+interrupt priority level
+
+	The {Motorola 68000} family of processors can be at an
+	interrupt priority level from 0 (no interrupt in progress) up
+	to 7.  While the processor is handling an interrupt at one
+	level, it will ignore other interrupts at that level or lower.
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+interrupt request
+
+	(IRQ) The name of an input found on many processors which
+	causes the processor to suspend normal instruction execution
+	temporarily and to start executing an {interrupt handler}
+	routine.  Such an input may be either "{level sensitive}" -
+	the {interrupt} condition will persist as long as the input is
+	active or "{edge triggered}" - an interrupt is signalled by a
+	low-to-high or high-to-low transition on the input.  Some
+	processors have several interrupt request inputs allowing
+	different priority interrupts.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+interrupts
+
+	{interrupt}
+
+Intersil 6100
+
+	<programming> (IMS 6100) A single chip design of the {DEC}
+	{PDP-8} {minicomputer}.  The old PDP-8 design was very
+	strange, and if it hadn't been popular, an awkward {CPU} like
+	the 6100 would never been designed.
+
+	The 6100 was a 12-bit processor, which had three {registers}:
+	the {PC}, AC (accumulator), and MQ.  All 2-operand
+	instructions read AC and MQ and wrote back to AC.  It had a
+	12-bit {address bus}, limiting {RAM} to only 4K.  Memory
+	references were 7-bit, offset either from address 0, or from
+	the PC page base address (PC AND 7600 oct).
+
+	It had no {stack}.  Subroutines stored the {PC} in the first
+	word of the subroutine code itself, so {recursion} required
+	fancy programming.
+
+	4K RAM was pretty much hopeless for general purpose use.  The
+	6102 support chip (included in the 6120) added 3 address
+	lines, expanding memory to 32K the same way that the PDP-8/E
+	expanded the PDP-8.  Two registers, IFR and DFR, held the page
+	for instructions and data respectively (IFR was always used
+	until a data address was detected).  At the top of the 4K
+	page, the PC wrapped back to 0, so the last instruction on a
+	page had to load a new value into the IFR if execution was to
+	continue.
+
+	(2003-04-04)
+
+Intersil 6120
+
+	<processor> (IMS 6120) An improved version of the {Intersil
+	6100}.  The 6120 was used in the {DECmate}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+interstitial
+
+	<web> A {web} page that appears before
+	the expected content page.  Interstitials can be used for
+	advertising (intermercial, transition ad) or to confirm that
+	the user is old enough to view the requested page, etc..
+
+	(2003-07-11)
+
+Intertec
+
+	<company> The computer manufacturer that built the {Superbrain}.
+
+	All Intertec systems were sold, installed and serviced by dealers.
+	Intertec manufactured the entire product including designing and
+	producing the circuit boards and molding the cabinets.
+
+	Intertec's first products were terminals - a {dumb terminal}
+	called "Intertube" and a {smart terminal} that emulated various
+	common terminals ({VT100} etc.) called "The Emulator".  The
+	terminals looked similar to the Superbrain, but smaller.
+
+	{(http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=204)}.
+
+	(2013-12-30)
+
+interupt
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{interrupt}".
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+InterViews
+
+	An object-oriented toolkit developed at Stanford University
+	for building graphical user interfaces.  It is implemented in
+	C++ and provides a library of objects and a set of protocols
+	for composing them.
+
+interworking
+
+	<standard> Systems or components, possibly from different
+	origins, working together to perform some task.  Interworking
+	depends crucially on {standards} to define the {interfaces}
+	between the components.  The term implies that there is some
+	difference between the components which, in the absence of
+	common standards, would make it unlikely that they could be
+	used together.  For example, {software} from different
+	companies, running on different {hardware} and {operating
+	systems} can interwork via standard network {protocols}.
+
+	(1998-11-22)
+
+intranet
+
+	<networking> Any {network} which provides similar services
+	within an organisation to those provided by the {Internet}
+	outside it but which is not necessarily connected to the
+	Internet.  The commonest example is the use by a company of
+	one or more {web} servers on an internal {TCP/IP}
+	network for distribution of information within the company.
+
+	Since about 1995, intranets have become a major growth area in
+	corporate computing due to the availability of cheap or free
+	commercial {browser} and {web server} software which allows
+	them to provide a simple, uniform {hypertext} interface to
+	many kinds of information and {application programs}.
+
+	Some companies give limited access to their intranets to other
+	companies or the general public.  This is known as an
+	"{extranet}".
+
+	(1997-07-14)
+
+Intrinsics
+
+	<operating system, graphics> A library package on top of
+	{Xlib}, extending the basic functions of the {X Window
+	System}.  It provides mechanisms for building {widget sets}
+	and application environments.
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+introspection
+
+	<programming, philosophy> A feature of some {programming
+	languages} that allows a running {program} to obtain
+	information about its own implementation.
+
+	For example, the {Lisp} function, "symbol-function" takes a
+	Lisp symbol and returns the function definition associated
+	with that symbol.  Lisp is particularly suited to
+	introspection because its {source code} uses the same
+	underlying representation as its data.  Another example is
+	{Perl}'s "can" {method} which returns true if a given
+	{object}'s {class} provides a given method.
+
+	(2010-01-19)
+
+introspection annotation
+
+	<programming> A kind of {pragma} that makes information about
+	the implementation of a program available to the program at
+	{run-time}, allowing it to do {introspection}.
+
+	For example, {gtk-doc} defines a {GObject Introspection}
+	{syntax} for {annotations} that give {machine readable}
+	information about function {parameters} and {return values},
+	though these don't appear to be intended for actual
+	introspection.
+
+	(2010-01-19)
+
+Intrusion Countermeasure Electronics
+
+	<security, jargon> (ICE) A contrived acronym for security
+	software, coined by {Usenet}ter Tom Maddox and popularised by
+	{William Gibson}'s {cyberpunk} SF novels.  In Gibson's novels
+	ICE software responds to intrusion by attempting to literally
+	kill the intruder.
+
+	The term is not in serious use as of 2000 apart from the
+	commercial software product, {BlackICE} and a growing number
+	of others.
+
+	See also: {icebreaker}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-03-18)
+
+Intrusive Testing
+
+	<testing> Testing that collects timing and processing
+	information during program execution that may change the
+	behaviour of the software from its behavior in a real
+	environment.  Intrusive testing usually involves additional
+	code embedded in the software being tested or additional
+	processes running concurrently with software being tested on
+	the same processor.
+
+	(1996-12-01)
+
+Intuition
+
+	<operating system> The {Amiga} {windowing system} (a
+	shared-code library).
+
+	(1997-08-01)
+
+intuitionism
+
+	{intuitionistic logic}
+
+intuitionistic logic
+
+	<logic, mathematics> Brouwer's foundational theory of
+	mathematics which says that you should not count a proof of
+	(There exists x such that P(x)) valid unless the proof
+	actually gives a method of constructing such an x.  Similarly,
+	a proof of (A or B) is valid only if it actually exhibits
+	either a proof of A or a proof of B.
+
+	In intuitionism, you cannot in general assert the statement (A
+	or not-A) (the principle of the {excluded middle}); (A or
+	not-A) is not proven unless you have a proof of A or a proof
+	of not-A.  If A happens to be {undecidable} in your system
+	(some things certainly will be), then there will be no proof
+	of (A or not-A).
+
+	This is pretty annoying; some kinds of perfectly
+	healthy-looking examples of {proof by contradiction} just stop
+	working.  Of course, excluded middle is a theorem of
+	{classical logic} (i.e. non-intuitionistic logic).
+
+	{History
+	(http://britanica.com/bcom/eb/article/3/0,5716,118173+14+109826,00.html)}.
+
+	(2001-03-18)
+
+intuitionistic probability
+
+	<logic> Florentin Smarandache's representation of the
+	probability of an event occuring, given by T, I, F which are real
+	subsets representing the truth, indeterminacy, and falsity
+	percentages respectively, and
+
+	 n_sup = sup(T) + sup(I) + sup(F) < 100
+
+	Related to {intuitionistic logic}.
+
+	[Florentin Smarandache, "A Unifying Field in Logics. /
+	{Neutrosophy}: Neutrosophic Probability, Set, and Logic",
+	American Research Press, Rehoboth 1999].
+
+	(2001-03-18)
+
+intuitionist logic
+
+	<spelling> Incorrect term for "{intuitionistic logic}".
+
+	(1999-11-24)
+
+invariant
+
+	<programming> A rule, such as the {ordering} of an ordered
+	list or {heap}, that applies throughout the life of a data
+	structure or procedure.  Each change to the data structure
+	must maintain the correctness of the invariant.
+
+	(1996-03-12)
+
+inverse
+
+	<mathematics> Given a {function}, f : D -> C, a function g : C
+	-> D is called a left inverse for f if for all d in D, g (f d)
+	= d and a right inverse if, for all c in C, f (g c) = c and an
+	inverse if both conditions hold.  Only an {injection} has a
+	left inverse, only a {surjection} has a right inverse and only
+	a {bijection} has inverses.  The inverse of f is often written
+	as f with a -1 superscript.
+
+	(1996-03-12)
+
+Inverse Address Resolution Protocol
+
+	<networking, protocol> (InARP) Additions to {ARP} typically
+	used for {Frame Relay}.  [Any other examples of its use?]
+
+	{Frame Relay} stations {route} {frames} of a higher level
+	protocol between {LANs}, across a {Permanent Virtual Circuit}.
+	These stations are identified by their {Data Link Control
+	Identifier} (DLCI), equivalent to an {Ethernet address} in a
+	{LAN} itself.
+
+	InARP allows a station to determine a protocol address (e.g.
+	{IP address}) from a DLCI. This is useful if a new {virtual
+	circuit} becomes available.  Signalling messages announce its
+	DLCI, but without the corresponding protocol address it is
+	unusable: no {frames} can be {routed} to it.
+
+	{Reverse ARP} (RARP) performs a similar task on an {Ethernet}
+	{LAN}, however RARP answers the question "What is my IP
+	Address?" whereas InARP answers the question "What is your
+	protocol address?".
+
+	See {RFC 2390}.
+
+	(2000-01-15)
+
+inverse comment convention
+
+	<programming> A kind of {literate programming} where the
+	program code is marked to distinguish it from the text, rather
+	than the other way around as in normal programs.
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+inverted index
+
+	<database, information science> A sequence of ({key}, pointer)
+	pairs where each pointer points to a {record} in a {database}
+	which contains the key value in some particular field.  The
+	index is sorted on the key values to allow rapid searching for
+	a particular key value, using e.g. {binary search}.  The index
+	is "inverted" in the sense that the key value is used to find
+	the record rather than the other way round.  For databases in
+	which the records may be searched based on more than one
+	field, multiple indices may be created that are sorted on
+	those keys.
+
+	An index may contain gaps to allow for new entries to be added
+	in the correct sort order without always requiring the
+	following entries to be shifted out of the way.
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+invoking a method
+
+	{method invocation}
+
+InWorld VR
+
+	<company, virtual reality> Manufacturers of the {CyberWand}.
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+IO
+
+	<humour, abuse> Idiotic operator.
+
+	(2003-05-15)
+
+io
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for British Indian Ocean
+	territory.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+I/O
+
+	{Input/Output}
+
+IOI
+
+	{International Olympiad in Informatics}
+
+Iomega Corporation
+
+	<company, storage> A storage device manufacturer whose major
+	products are the {Zip} and {Jaz} removable {disk drives} and
+	{Ditto} {tape drives}.  They became popular with an early
+	product called the {Bernoulli Box}.
+
+	These products fall in line with their focus set in 1994 "to
+	help people manage their stuff".  The company's stated aim is
+	to create portable, fast, large and cheap storage solutions.
+	Iomega's major competitor in the growing market for removable
+	disks is {SyQuest}, who seem to always be a few weeks behind
+	them.
+
+	In general, Iomega target the {Small Office/Home Office}.
+	They are also investigating the growing {digital photography}
+	market which also needs large removable storage devices.
+
+	Iomega's president and CEO is Kim Edwards.  They have nearly
+	2000 employees in offices world-wide.  Revenue for the quarter
+	ending Dec 1996 was $371 million and net income was $20
+	million.
+
+	Headquarters: Roy, Utah, USA.
+
+	{(http://iomega.com/index.html)}.
+
+	(1997-04-15)
+
+I-OOA
+
+	A tool, developed and sold by the Kennedy-Carter company, that
+	supports the {Schlaer Mellor} design method, and that
+	generates code in {C} and {C++}.  This tool can be modified to
+	generate code of different styles, and also, to generate code
+	in different programming languages.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+I/O redirection
+
+	{input/output redirection}
+
+IOS
+
+	{Internetworking Operating System}
+
+Iota
+
+	<language, specification> A specification language.
+
+	["The Iota Programming System", R. Nakajima er al, Springer
+	1983].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+IOT&E
+
+	{Initial Operational Test and Evaluation}
+
+IOW
+
+	<chat> in other words.
+
+	(1997-05-26)
+
+IP
+
+	{Internet Protocol}
+
+IPA
+
+	{International Phonetic Alphabet}
+
+iPad
+
+	<computer> A {tablet computer} announced by {Apple Computer,
+	Inc.} on 2010-01-27 to be released in March 2010.  The iPad
+	runs {iPhone OS} 3.2, providing {multi-touch} interaction and
+	{multimedia} processing.  Like {Apple}'s {iPhone} and {iPod},
+	it uses a {virtual keyboard} for text input and runs most
+	{iPhone apps}.  It adds the {iBooks} application for reading
+	text in {ePub} format.
+
+	It has a 1GHz {Apple A4} {SoC} processor, up to 64GB of flash
+	memory, a 250mm LED-backlit colour LCD display ({resolution}
+	1024x768 pixels) and a 25 {Wh} lithium-polymer battery.
+	{Internet} access will be {Wi-Fi} in early models with {HSDPA}
+	{3G} available soon after using a {micro-SIM}.  It weighs
+	730g.  Features it lacks include a camera, the ability to
+	{multitask} and an open developement environment.
+
+	The iPad is the culmination of a series of attempts by Apple
+	to produce a tablet device, starting with the {Newton
+	MessagePad 100} in 1993 and including collaboration with
+	{Acorn Computers} in developing the {ARM6} processor.
+
+	{Apple iPad (http://www.apple.com/ipad)}.
+
+	(2010-01-31)
+
+IP address
+
+	<networking> (Internet address) The 32-bit number uniquely
+	identifying a {node} on a network using {Internet Protocol},
+	as defined in {STD} 5, {RFC} 791.  An IP address is normally
+	displayed in {dotted decimal notation}, e.g. 128.121.4.5.
+
+	The address can be split into a {network number} (or network
+	address) and a {host number} unique to each host on the
+	network and sometimes also a {subnet address}.
+
+	The way the address is split depends on its "class", A, B or C
+	(but see also {CIDR}).  The class is determined by the high
+	address bits:
+
+	Class A - high bit 0, 7-bit network number, 24-bit host
+	number.  n1.a.a.a 0 <= n1 <= 127
+
+	Class B - high 2 bits 10, 14-bit network number, 16-bit host
+	number.  n1.n2.a.a 128 <= n1 <= 191
+
+	Class C - high 3 bits 110, 21-bit network number, 8-bit host
+	number.  n1.n2.n3.a 192 <= n1 <= 223
+
+	{DNS} translates a node's {fully qualified domain name} to an
+	Internet address which {ARP} (or {constant mapping})
+	translates to an {Ethernet address}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-01-27)
+
+IPARS
+
+	{International Programmable Airline Reservation System}
+
+I-Pay
+
+	<protocol> A Dutch only payment system for the {Internet}.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(1998-04-28)
+
+IPC
+
+	{Inter-Process Communication}
+
+ipconfig
+
+	<networking> A {Microsoft Windows} program to display
+	information about the the computer's {Internet Protocol}
+	settings, including {IP address}, {DHCP} lease information,
+	network card {Ethernet address}, and {DNS} information.
+
+	[Was it ever "winipcfg"?]
+
+	(2006-02-12)
+
+IPCP
+
+	{Internet Protocol Control Protocol}
+
+IPE
+
+	{Integrated Programming Environment}
+
+Iperf
+
+	<networking, tool> A tool to measure maximum {TCP}
+	{bandwidth}, allowing the tuning of various parameters and
+	{UDP} characteristics.  Iperf reports bandwidth, {delay
+	jitter}, and {datagram} loss.  An {IPv6} version is also
+	available.
+
+	Latest version: 1.7.0, as of 2004-01-18.
+
+	{Iperf Home (http://dast.nlanr.net/Projects/Iperf/)}.
+
+	(2004-01-18)
+
+IPL
+
+	1. {Information Processing Language}.
+
+	2. {Internet Public Library}.
+
+	3. {Initial Program Load}.
+
+	4. {Initial Program Loader}.
+
+	(1997-08-31)
+
+IP next generation
+
+	{Internet Protocol Version 6}
+
+IPng
+
+	{Internet Protocol Version 6}
+
+IP number
+
+	{Internet address}
+
+IPS
+
+	A {thread}ed language.
+
+	["IPS, An Unorthodox High Level Language", K. Meinzer, BYTE
+	pp. 146-159 (Jan 1979)].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+IPSE
+
+	{Integrated Project Support Environment}
+
+IPsec
+
+	<networking, protocol, security> ("{IP} Secure"?) A {protocol}
+	that provides {security} for transmission of sensitive
+	information over unprotected {networks} such as the
+	{Internet}.  IPsec acts at the {network layer}, protecting and
+	authenticating {IP} {packets} between participating devices
+	("peers"), such as {Cisco} {routers}.
+
+	{IETF IPsec (http://ietf.org/ids.by.wg/ipsec.html)}.
+
+	(2002-05-06)
+
+IPT
+
+	{IP Telephony}
+
+IP Telephony
+
+	<communications> (IPT, Internet Telephony) Use of {IP} data
+	connections to exchange {voice} and {fax} data that have
+	traditionally been carried over the {public switched telephone
+	network}.
+
+	During the late 1990s, an increasing number of telephone calls
+	have been routed over the {Internet}.  Calls made in this way
+	avoid PSTN charges.  Unlike traditional telephony, IP
+	telephony is relatively unregulated.
+
+	Companies providing these services are known as {Internet
+	Telephony Service Providers} (ITSPs).  They include telephone
+	companies, cable TV companies and {Internet Service Providers}
+	(ISPs).
+
+	There are still many problems with voice quality, {latency},
+	{compression} {algorithms}, and {quality of service}.
+
+	{Voice over IP} is an organised effort to standardise IP
+	telephony.
+
+	See also {Computer Telephone Integration}.
+
+	{Internet Telephony Overview
+	(http://fokus.gmd.de/research/cc/glone/projects/ipt/)}.
+
+	(1999-03-17)
+
+IPv4
+
+	{Internet Protocol version 4}
+
+IPv6
+
+	{Internet Protocol version 6}
+
+IPX
+
+	{Internetwork Packet eXchange}
+
+IPXCP
+
+	<networking> {Internetwork Packet eXchange} {Control
+	Protocol}.
+
+	(1995-09-27)
+
+IQ
+
+	Pictorial query language, implemented in Ratfor.
+
+	["Structured Implementation of an Image Query Language",
+	Y.E. Lien et al, in Database Techniques for Pictorial
+	Applications, A. Blaser ed, pp.416-430].
+
+iq
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Iraq.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+IQL
+
+	An object-oriented deductive language/database system.
+
+IR
+
+	1. <networking> {Internet Registry}.
+
+	2. <electronics> {infrared}.
+
+	(1997-01-30)
+
+ir
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Iran.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+IrBUS
+
+	{IrDA Control}
+
+IRC
+
+	{Internet Relay Chat}
+
+ircop
+
+	<messaging> /*r'-kop/ ("{IRC}" + "{op}", but with the,
+	presumably intentional, alternate analysis "IRC" + "cop")
+	Someone who is endowed with privileges on {IRC}, not limited
+	to a particular {channel}.  These privileges include {channel
+	op} privileges in any channel, but also notably include the
+	ability to disconnect a user from the IRC network.
+
+	Ircops are generally people who are in charge of the IRC
+	{server} at their particular {site}.  Compare {op}.
+
+	(1997-12-12)
+
+IRC penis war
+
+	{penis war}
+
+IrDA
+
+	{Infrared Data Association}
+
+IrDA-C
+
+	{IrDA Control}
+
+IrDA Control
+
+	<standard> (IrDA-C, formerly IrBUS) {Infrared} standard from
+	{IrDA}.  IrDA Control is a low speed communication standard
+	that allows cordless peripherals such as keyboards, mice,
+	{game pads}, and {joysticks} to interact with intelligent host
+	devices.  Host devices include {PCs}, home appliances, game
+	machines, and television and web {set-top boxes}.
+
+	IrDA Control supports data rates of 75 Kbps at up to 8 metres,
+	and is designed to integrate with devices that use {USB}
+	{HID}.  Parts and products featuring IrDA Control are expected
+	in 1998.
+
+	See also {IrDA Data}, {AIR}.
+
+	(1999-10-14)
+
+IrDA Data
+
+	<standard> (IrDA-D) {Infrared} standards from {IrDA}.  IrDA
+	Data is designed for data transfer over a distance of up to 1
+	metre, acting as a point-to-point cable replacement.  Several
+	IrDA Data standards exist, supporting data rates from 9600 bps
+	- 50 Mbps, namely {SIR}, {FIR}, and {VFIR}.
+
+	See also {IrDA Control}, {AIR}.
+
+	(1999-10-14)
+
+IRDATA
+
+	<robotics> Industrial Robot DATA.  A standardised robot
+	control code.  "IRDATA, Industrial Robot Data", DIN 66313,
+	Beuth-Verlag 1991.
+
+IRDP
+
+	{ICMP Router Discovery Protocol}
+
+IRDS
+
+	Information Resource Dictionary System.  A set of ISO
+	standards for CASE repositories.  It governs the definition of
+	data dictionaries to be implemented on top of relational
+	databases (see repository, data dictionary).
+
+IRET
+
+	{Return from interrupt}
+
+IRIS
+
+	<body> Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship
+	of Brown University (Providence RI).
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Iris
+
+	An {object-oriented} {DBMS}.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+IRISA
+
+	{INRIA}
+
+IRIS Explorer
+
+	<mathematics, tool> {Numerical Algorithms Group} (NAG)'s tool
+	for developing {visualisation} applications via a {visual
+	programming environment}.  IRIS Explorer has a range of
+	visualisation techniques, from simple graphs to
+	multidimensional animation, that can help show trends and
+	relationships in data.
+
+	IRIS Explorer uses standard {Open Inventor}, {ImageVision} and
+	{OpenGL} libraries as well as NAG's own numerical libraries.
+	It is available for Windows, Unix and Linux.  It has a
+	point-and-click interface and a library of "modules" (software
+	routines).
+
+	{IRIS Explorer home (http://www.nag.co.uk/Welcome_IEC.asp)}.
+
+	(2008-09-04)
+
+IRIX
+
+	<operating system> /ir'iks/ The main {operating system} used
+	by {Silicon Graphics} {workstations} and {servers}.  IRIX is
+	{multiprocessor} and {multi-threaded}.  It incorporates
+	substantial functionality from {UNIX} {System V}, Release 4.1
+	and 4.2.
+
+	(1997-06-17)
+
+IRL
+
+	1. <jargon, chat> In real life.  Generally synonymous with
+	{f2f}.
+
+	2. <language, robotics> {Industrial Robot Language}.
+
+	(1997-01-31)
+
+IRM
+
+	{Information Resource Management}
+
+iron
+
+	Hardware, especially older and larger hardware of {mainframe}
+	class with big metal cabinets housing relatively low-density
+	electronics (but the term is also used of modern
+	{supercomputers}).  Often in the phrase {big iron}.  Oppose
+	{silicon}.
+
+	See also {dinosaur}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Iron Age
+
+	<history> In the history of computing, 1961-1971 - the
+	formative era of commercial {mainframe} technology, when
+	{ferrite core memory} {dinosaurs} ruled the earth.  The Iron
+	Age began, ironically enough, with the delivery of the first
+	{minicomputer} (the {PDP-1}) and ended with the introduction
+	of the first commercial {microprocessor} (the {Intel 4004}) in
+	1971.
+
+	See also {Stone Age}; compare {elder days}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-09-27)
+
+iron box
+
+	[Unix/Internet] A special environment set up to trap a
+	{cracker} logging in over remote connections long enough to be
+	traced.  May include a modified {shell} restricting the
+	cracker's movements in unobvious ways, and "bait" files
+	designed to keep him interested and logged on.  See also {back
+	door}, {firewall machine}, {Venus flytrap}, and Clifford
+	Stoll's account in "{The Cuckoo's Egg}" of how he made and
+	used one.  Compare {padded cell}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Ironman
+
+	HOLWG, DoD, Jan 1977, revised Jul 1977.  Fourth of the series
+	of DoD requirements that led to Ada.  "Department of Defense
+	Requirements for High Order Computer Programming Languages",
+	SIGPLAN Notices 12(12):39-54 (Dec 1977).  "Revised Ironman
+	Requirements for High Order Computer Programming Languages",
+	US Dept of Defense, Jul 1977.  (See Strawman, Woodenman,
+	Tinman, Steelman).
+
+ironmonger
+
+	[IBM]  A hardware specialist (derogatory).  Compare
+	{sandbender}, {polygon pusher}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+IRQ
+
+	{interrupt request}
+
+irrational number
+
+	<mathematics> A {real number} which is not a {rational
+	number}, i.e. it is not the ratio of two {integers}.
+
+	The decimal expansion of an irrational is infinite but does
+	not end in an infinite repeating sequence of digits.
+
+	Examples of irrational numbers are {pi}, {e} and the square
+	root of two.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+irrefutable
+
+	The opposite of {refutable}.
+
+IRSG
+
+	{Internet Research Steering Group}
+
+IRTF
+
+	{Internet Research Task Force}
+
+IRUS
+
+	{Irvine Research Unit in Software}
+
+Irvine Dataflow
+
+	<language> (Always called "Id") A non-{strict}, {single
+	assignment} language and {incremental compiler} developed by
+	Arvind and Gostelow and used on {MIT}'s {Tagged-Token Dataflow
+	Architecture} and planned to be used on {Motorola}'s
+	{Monsoon}.
+
+	See also {Id Nouveau}.
+
+	["An Asynchronous Programming Language for a Large
+	Multiprocessor Machine", Arvind et al, TR114a, Dept ISC, UC
+	Irvine, Dec 1978].
+
+	["The U-Interpreter", Arvind et al, Computer 15(2):42-50,
+	1982].
+
+	(1998-02-14)
+
+Irvine Research Unit in Software
+
+	<body> (IRUS) The {University of California, Irvine}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+IS
+
+	1. <standard> {International Standard}.
+
+	2. {Intermediate System}.
+
+is
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Iceland.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+IS-11172
+
+	<standard> The {International Standard} for {MPEG-1}
+	{compression}.
+
+	(1999-01-06)
+
+IS-13818
+
+	<standard> The {International Standard} for {MPEG-2}
+	{compression}.
+
+	(1999-01-06)
+
+ISA
+
+	1. <architecture> {Integrated Systems Architecture}.
+
+	2. <body> {International Smalltalk Association}.
+
+	3. <architecture> {instruction set architecture}.
+
+	4. <architecture> {Industry Standard Architecture}.
+
+	(1997-02-13)
+
+Isabelle
+
+	<theory, tool> A generic {theorem prover} with support for
+	several {object-logics}, developed by Lawrence C. Paulson
+	<Larry.Paulson@cl.cam.ac.uk> in collaboration with {Tobias
+	Nipkow (http://in.tum.de/~nipkow/)} at the {Technical
+	University of Munich}.
+
+	A system of {type classes} allows {polymorphic} object-logics
+	with {overloading} and automatic {type inference}.
+
+	Isabelle supports {first-order logic} - {constructive} and
+	classical versions; {higher-order logic}, similar to Gordon's
+	{HOL}; {Zermelo Fränkel set theory}; an {extensional} version
+	of {Martin Löf}'s {type theory}, the classical first-order
+	{sequent calculus}, {LK}; the {modal logics} {T}, {S4}, and
+	{S43}; and {Logic for Computable Functions}.
+
+	An object logic's {syntax} and {inference rules} are specified
+	{declaratively} allowing single-step proof construction.
+	{Proof procedures} can be expressed using "tactics" and
+	"tacticals".  Isabelle provides control structures for
+	expressing search procedures and generic tools such as
+	simplifiers and classical theorem provers which can be applied
+	to object-logics.  Isabelle is built on top of {Standard ML}
+	and uses its user interface.
+
+	{(http://cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/HVG/Isabelle/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: isabelle-users@cl.cam.ac.uk.
+
+	["tactics"?  "tacticals"?]
+
+	(1999-07-26)
+
+Isabelle-92
+
+	{Isabelle}
+
+Isabelle-93
+
+	{Isabelle}
+
+ISA bus
+
+	{Industry Standard Architecture}
+
+ISAKMP
+
+	{Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol}
+
+ISAM
+
+	{Indexed Sequential Access Method}
+
+ISAPI
+
+	{Internet Server Application Programming Interface}
+
+ISAPI filter
+
+	<web> A replaceable {DLL} which the {server} calls
+	whenever there is an {HTTP} request.  When the filter is first
+	loaded, it communicates to the server what sort of
+	notifications will be accepted.  After that, whenever a
+	selected event occurs, the filter is called to process the
+	event.
+
+	Example applications of ISAPI filters include custom
+	{authentication} schemes, {compression}, {encryption},
+	logging, traffic analysis or other request analyses.
+
+	(1997-01-06)
+
+ISBL
+
+	<language> A mathematical {query language}.
+
+	[Stands for?  Details?]
+
+	(1997-01-06)
+
+ISDE
+
+	Integrated Software Development Environment: equivalent to an
+	IPSE.
+
+ISDN
+
+	{Integrated Services Digital Network}
+
+ISE
+
+	{Interactive Software Engineering}
+
+ISEE
+
+	Integrated {Software Engineering Environment} - equivalent to
+	{SEE}.
+
+I see no X here.
+
+	<games> Hackers (and the interactive computer games they
+	write) traditionally favour this slightly marked usage over
+	other possible equivalents such as "There's no X here!" or "X
+	is missing."  or "Where's the X?".  This goes back to the
+	original PDP-10 {ADVENT}, which would respond in this wise if
+	you asked it to do something involving an object not present
+	at your location in the game.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+ISETL
+
+	Interactive {SETL} by Gary Levin <gary@clutx.clarkson.edu>.
+
+	Latest version: 3.0.
+
+	{Binaries (ftp://sun.soe.clarkson.edu/)} and source for
+	{MS-DOS}, {Macintosh}, {Unix}, {VAX}/{VMS}.
+
+	[Clarkson U.  "An Introduction to ISETL Version 1.9",
+	G.M. Levin, Dept MCS, Clarkson U].
+
+	["Learning discrete mathematics with ISETL", Nancy Baxter.
+	Ed. Gary Levin Dubinsky.  Springer-Verlag, c.1989.]
+
+	(Apr 1994)
+
+ISF
+
+	{Information Systems Factory}
+
+ISINDEX
+
+	<web> An {HTML} tag which tells the {browser} to
+	display a text entry box on the current page.  Any text
+	entered in the box by the user is appended as a URL-encoded
+	query string to the current {URL} and sent to the {server}
+	using a GET method.
+
+	This is a simple way of making a {website} searchable or
+	allowing other kinds of simple user input.  It relies on the
+	server mapping the query URL to an appropriate process,
+	probably depending on the page in which the ISINDEX appeared.
+	More complex input can be catered for using the {FORM} tag, or
+	{Java}.
+
+	(1996-12-22)
+
+ISIS
+
+	1. A toolkit for implementing fault-tolerant distributed
+	systems, developed at Cornell and now available commercially
+
+	2. A dialect of {JOSS}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 217].
+
+IS-IS
+
+	{Intermediate System-Intermediate System}
+
+ISL
+
+	Interface Specification Language.  Xerox PARC.  Interface
+	description language used by the ILU (Inter-Language
+	Unification) system.  Includes descriptions of multiple
+	inheritance, exceptions and garbage collection.
+
+	E-mail: Bill Janssen <janssen@parc.xerox.com>.
+
+ISLisp
+
+	International Standard Lisp.
+
+	An {object-oriented} Lisp intended as an international
+	replacement for {Common Lisp}, {EuLisp}, {Le-Lisp} and
+	{Scheme}.  The standard's goals are object orientation,
+	extensibility, efficiency, and suitability for non-academic
+	use.
+
+	The standard is defined in {ISO} WG 16, draft Dec 1992.
+
+	{(ftp://ma2s2.mathematik.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/lisp/islisp/)}.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+ISMAP
+
+	(web) An attribute of the {HTML} tag <IMG> (inline
+	image) which specifies that if the image is selected, the
+	{browser} will generate a request indicating the coordinates
+	of the point which was clicked.  This request is then
+	interpreted by the server by mapping certain regions of the
+	image to certain actions.
+
+	{Documentation
+	(http://utirc.utoronto.ca/HTMLdocs/NewHTML/image.html)}.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+ISO
+
+	{International Organization for Standardization}
+
+ISO 10646
+
+	{Universal Character Set}
+
+ISO 3166
+
+	{country code}
+
+ISO 639-1
+
+	{language code}
+
+ISO 639-2
+
+	{language code}
+
+ISO 8072
+
+	{transport layer}
+
+ISO 8073
+
+	{transport layer}
+
+ISO 8208
+
+	{X.25}
+
+ISO 8326
+
+	{session layer}
+
+ISO 8327
+
+	{session layer}
+
+ISO 8485
+
+	{A Programming Language}
+
+ISO 8613
+
+	{Open Document Architecture}
+
+ISO 8649
+
+	{Association Control Service Element}
+
+ISO 8650
+
+	{Association Control Service Element}
+
+ISO 8805
+
+	{GKS-3D}
+
+ISO 8807
+
+	{LOTOS}
+
+ISO 8822
+
+	{presentation layer}
+
+ISO 8823
+
+	{presentation layer}
+
+ISO 8825
+
+	{Basic Encoding Rules}
+
+ISO 8859
+
+	<standard, character> {ISO}/{IEC}'s set of 8-bit coded graphic
+	{character sets} for European languages.
+
+	Part 1 (full name: "ISO 8859-1:1987 Information processing --
+	8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets -- Part 1:
+	Latin alphabet No. 1") is a common extension of, and
+	replacement for, {ASCII}.
+
+	{ISO shop
+	(http://iso.ch/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=28245)}.
+
+	(2001-12-28)
+
+ISO 8859-1
+
+	{ISO 8859}
+
+ISO 8879
+
+	<standard, character> The {ISO} standard defining {SGML}.
+
+	(1995-05-03)
+
+ISO 9000
+
+	A set of international {standards} for both quality management
+	and quality assurance that has been adopted by over 90
+	countries worldwide.  The ISO 9000 standards apply to all
+	types of organisations, large and small, and in many
+	industries.
+
+	The standards require: standard language for documenting
+	quality processes; system to manage evidence that these
+	practices are instituted throughout an organisation; and
+	third-party auditing to review, certify, and maintain
+	certification of organisations.  The ISO 9000 series
+	classifies products into generic product categories: hardware,
+	software, processed materials, and services.
+
+	Documentation is at the core of ISO 9000 conformance. In fact,
+	the standards have been paraphrased as:
+
+	"Say what you do.  Do what you say.  Write it down."
+
+	In Britain it is associated with BS5750 which may become
+	obsolete.
+
+	["The ISO 9000 Guide," c. 1993 Interleaf, Inc].
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+ISO 9072
+
+	{Remote Operations Service Element}
+
+ISO 9660
+
+	<standard, storage> The {ISO} {standard} {file system} for
+	{CD-ROMs}, later extended by the {Joliet} standard to allow
+	{Unicode} characters.
+
+	(2006-09-25)
+
+ISO 9735
+
+	<standard, protocol> (Or "EDIFACT") {ISO}'s 1988 {standard}
+	for Electronic data interchange for administration, commerce
+	and transport.  It defines {application layer} {syntax}.  It
+	was amended and reprinted in 1990.
+
+	{(http://iso.ch/cate/d17592.html)}.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+ISOC
+
+	{Internet Society}
+
+ISO C
+
+	{ANSI C}
+
+isochronous
+
+	<communications> /i:-sok'rn-*s/ A form of {multiplexing} that
+	guarantees to provide a certain minimum {data rate}, as
+	required for time-dependent data such as {video} or {audio}.
+
+	Isochronous transmission transmits asynchronous data over a
+	synchronous data link so that individual characters are only
+	separated by a whole number of bit-length intervals.  This is
+	in contrast to {asynchronous} transmission, in which the
+	characters may be separated by arbitrary intervals, and with
+	{synchronous} transmission [which does what?].
+
+	An isochronous message protocol assigns each data source a
+	fixed amount of time to transmit (its "slot") within each
+	cycle through the sources.  That guarantees that each source
+	will have regular opportunities to transmit the latest
+	information.  If a source has no more data to transmit, then
+	the rest of its time slot is wasted.  If it has more to send
+	than will fit in its slot, it has to either store the excess
+	data and transmit it in its next slot, or discard it.
+
+	Note that whether messages are isochronous or asynchronous is
+	independent of whether the transmision of individual bits is
+	{synchronous} or {asynchronous}.
+
+	Isochronous communication suits applications where a steady
+	data stream is more important than completeness and accuracy,
+	e.g. {video conferencing}.
+
+	{Asynchronous Transfer Mode} and {High Performance Serial Bus}
+	can provide isochronous service.
+
+	Compare: {plesiochronous}.
+
+	[ANIXTER, LAN Magazine 7.93]
+
+	(2006-06-13)
+
+isochronous transfer
+
+	{isochronous}
+
+ISODE
+
+	{ISO Development Environment}
+
+ISO Development Environment
+
+	(ISODE) /eye-so-dee-eee/ Software that implements a set of
+	{OSI} upper-layer services.  It supports OSI applications on
+	top of OSI and {TCP/IP} networks.
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+ISO/IEC 10646-1
+
+	{Universal Character Set}
+
+ISO/IEC 26300
+
+	{OpenDocument}
+
+isolated
+
+	{compact}
+
+ISO Latin 1
+
+	{ISO 8859}
+
+isometric joystick
+
+	<hardware> Any kind of {joystick} where the input depends on
+	the force exerted rather than the position of the control,
+	e.g. {TrackPoint}.
+
+	(2003-06-26)
+
+isometry
+
+	<mathematics> A {mapping} of a {metric space} onto another or
+	onto itself so that the distance between any two points in the
+	original space is the same as the distance between their
+	images in the second space.  For example, any combination of
+	rotation and translation is an isometry of the plane.
+
+	(1997-12-13)
+
+isomorphic
+
+	<mathematics> Two mathematical objects are isomorphic if they
+	have the same structure, i.e. if there is an {isomorphism}
+	between them.  For every component of one there is a
+	corresponding component of the other.
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+isomorphism
+
+	<mathematics> A {bijective} {map} between two objects which
+	preserves, in both directions, any structure under
+	consideration.  Thus a `group isomorphism' preserves group
+	structure; an order isomorphism (between {posets}) preserves
+	the order relation, and so on.  Usually it is clear from
+	context what sort of isomorphism is intended.
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+isomorphism class
+
+	<mathematics> A collection of all the objects {isomorphic} to
+	a given object.  Talking about the isomorphism class (of a
+	{poset}, say) ensures that we will only consider its
+	properties as a poset, and will not consider other incidental
+	properties it happens to have.
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+ISO Pascal
+
+	A {Lex} {scanner} and {Yacc} {parser} are in the
+	comp.sources.unix volume 13 archive.
+
+	[More detail?]
+
+ISO seven layer model
+
+	{Open Systems Interconnect}
+
+ISP
+
+	1. {Internet Service Provider}.
+
+	2. {Instruction Set Processor}.
+
+ISPBX
+
+	{Integrated Services Digital Network} {PBX}.
+
+ISPF
+
+	{Interactive System Productivity Facility}
+
+ISPL
+
+	Instruction Set Processor Language.  The original {ISP}
+	language, written in {BLISS} ca 1971.
+
+	["Computer Structures: Readings and Examples", D.P. Siewiorek
+	et al, McGraw-Hill 1982].
+
+ISPS
+
+	Instruction Set Processor Specifications.  Operational
+	hardware specification language.  Successor to ISPL.
+
+	["Instruction Set Processor Specifications", M.R. Barbacci et
+	al, IEEE Trans Computers, C-30(1):24-80 (Jan 1981)].
+
+	[Bell, Newell, Siewiorek, Barbacci 1982?]
+
+IST
+
+	<company> {Imperial Software Technology}.
+
+	(1995-10-12)
+
+ISTAR
+
+	<programming, tool> An experimental {IPSE} from {Imperial
+	Software Technology}.
+
+	(1995-10-12)
+
+ISTM
+
+	<chat> It seems to me.
+
+	(2000-07-06)
+
+ISV
+
+	Independent Software Vendor (not a hardware manufacturer).
+
+ISWIM
+
+	<language> (If You See What I Mean) An influential but
+	unimplemented computer programming language described in the
+	article by {Peter J. Landin} cited below.  Landin attempted to
+	capture all known programming language concepts, including
+	{assignment} and control operators such as {goto} and
+	{coroutines}, within a single {lambda calculus} based
+	framework.
+
+	ISWIM is an {imperative language} with a functional core,
+	consisting of {sugared} {lambda calculus} plus {mutable
+	variables} and {assignment}.  A powerful control mechanism,
+	Landin's {J operator}, enables capture of the current
+	{continuation} (the {call/cc} operator of {Scheme} is a
+	simplified version).  Being based on lambda calculus ISWIM had
+	{higher order functions} and {lexically scoped} variables.
+
+	The {operational semantics} of ISWIM are defined using
+	Landin's {SECD machine} and use {call-by-value} ({eager
+	evaluation}).  To make ISWIM look more like mathematical
+	notation, Landin replaced {ALGOL}'s semicolons and begin end
+	blocks with the {off-side rule} and scoping based on
+	indentation.
+
+	An ISWIM program is a single {expression} qualified by "where"
+	clauses (auxiliary definitions including equations among
+	variables), conditional expressions and function definitions.
+	With {CPL}, ISWIM was one of the first programming languages
+	to use "where" clauses.
+
+	New {data types} could be defined as a (possibly recursive)
+	{sum of products} like the {algebraic data types} found in
+	modern functional languages.  ISWIM variables were probably
+	{dynamically typed} but Landin may have planned some form of
+	{type inference}.
+
+	Concepts from ISWIM appear in Art Evan's {PAL} and John
+	Reynold's {Gedanken}, Milner's {ML} and purely functional
+	languages with lazy evaluation like {SASL}, {Miranda} and
+	{Haskell}.
+
+	[{"The Next 700 Programming Languages"
+	(http://www.cs.utah.edu/~wilson/compilers/old/papers/p157-landin.pdf)},
+	P.J. Landin, CACM 9(3):157-166, Mar 1966].
+
+	(2007-03-20)
+
+IT
+
+	1. <business, jargon> {Information Technology}.
+
+	2. <language, mathematics, history> {Internal Translator}.
+
+	(2000-10-02)
+
+it
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Italy.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+ITAR
+
+	{International Traffic in Arms Regulation}
+
+Iterated Function System
+
+	<graphics> (IFS) A class of {fractals} that yield
+	natural-looking forms like ferns or snowflakes.  Iterated
+	Function Systems use a very easy transformation that is done
+	recursively.
+
+	(1998-04-04)
+
+iteration
+
+	<programming> Repetition of a sequence of instructions.  A
+	fundamental part of many {algorithms}.  Iteration is
+	characterised by a set of initial conditions, an iterative
+	step and a termination condition.
+
+	A well known example of iteration in mathematics is
+	Newton-Raphson iteration.  Iteration in programs is expressed
+	using {loops}, e.g. in {C}:
+
+		new_x = n/2;
+		do
+		{
+		  x = new_x;
+		  new_x = 0.5 * (x + n/x);
+		} while (abs(new_x-x) > epsilon);
+
+	Iteration can be expressed in functional languages using
+	recursion:
+
+		solve x n = if abs(new_x-x) > epsilon
+			    then solve new_x n
+			    else new_x
+			    where new_x = 0.5 * (x + n/x)
+
+	        solve n/2 n
+
+	(1998-04-04)
+
+iterative deepening
+
+	<algorithm> A {graph} search {algorithm} that will find the
+	shortest path with some given property, even when the graph
+	contains {cycles}.  When searching for a path through a graph,
+	starting at a given initial {node}, where the path (or its end
+	node) has some desired property, a {depth-first search} may
+	never find a solution if it enters a cycle in the graph.
+	Rather than avoiding cycles (i.e. never extend a path with a
+	node it already contains), iterative deepening explores all
+	paths up to length (or "depth") N, starting from N=0 and
+	increasing N until a solution is found.
+
+	(2004-01-26)
+
+iterator
+
+	<programming> An {object} or {routine} for accessing items
+	from a {list}, {array} or {stream} one at a time.
+
+	By extension, the term can be used for an object or routine
+	for accesing items from any data structure that can be viewed
+	as a list.  For example, a {traverser} is an {iterator} for
+	{tree}-shaped data structures.
+
+	(2001-10-04)
+
+Iternet
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{Internet}".
+
+	(1997-04-07)
+
+IT governance
+
+	{information technology governance}
+
+ITHACA
+
+	<project> An {Esprit} project to put a {4th generation}
+	{object-oriented} system to practical use in an industrial
+	environment.  The ITHACA environment offered an application
+	support system incorporating advanced technologies in the
+	fields of object-oriented programming, programming languages,
+	{databases}, user interfaces and software development tools.
+
+	(2009-04-27)
+
+ITIL
+
+	{Information Technology Infrastructure Library}
+
+ITP
+
+	{Intent to Package}
+
+ITS
+
+	1. Incompatible {time-sharing} System
+
+	An influential but highly idiosyncratic {operating system}
+	written for the {PDP-6} and {PDP-10} at {MIT} and long used at
+	the {MIT AI Lab}.  Much AI-hacker jargon derives from ITS
+	folklore, and to have been "an ITS hacker" qualifies one
+	instantly as an old-timer of the most venerable sort.  ITS
+	pioneered many important innovations, including transparent
+	file sharing between machines and terminal-independent I/O.
+	After about 1982, most actual work was shifted to newer
+	machines, with the remaining ITS boxes run essentially as a
+	hobby and service to the hacker community.  The shutdown of
+	the lab's last ITS machine in May 1990 marked the end of an
+	era and sent old-time hackers into mourning nationwide (see
+	{high moby}).  The Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden is
+	maintaining one "live" ITS site at its computer museum (right
+	next to the only {TOPS-10} system still on the {Internet}), so
+	ITS is still alleged to hold the record for OS in longest
+	continuous use (however, {WAITS} is a credible rival for this
+	palm).
+
+	2. A mythical image of {operating system} perfection worshiped
+	by a bizarre, fervent retro-cult of old-time hackers and
+	ex-users (see {troglodyte}).  ITS worshipers manage somehow to
+	continue believing that an OS maintained by {assembly
+	language} hand-hacking that supported only monocase
+	6-character filenames in one directory per account remains
+	superior to today's state of commercial art (their venom
+	against {Unix} is particularly intense).
+
+	See also {holy wars}, {Weenix}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+it's a feature
+
+	<jargon> From the adage "It's not a bug, it's a feature."
+	Used sarcastically to describe an unpleasant experience that
+	you wish to gloss over.
+
+	(1997-04-29)
+
+ITSP
+
+	{Internet Telephony Service Providers}
+
+ITU
+
+	{International Telecommunications Union}
+
+ITU-T
+
+	{International Telecommunications Union}
+
+ITU-T X.680
+
+	{Coordinated Universal Time}
+
+ITU X.209
+
+	{Basic Encoding Rules}
+
+Ivan
+
+	A {Diana}-like language making up part of {VHDL}.
+
+	["VHDL - The Designer Environment", A. Gilman, IEEE Design &
+	Test 3, (Apr 1986)].
+
+Ivan Sutherland
+
+	Ivan E. Sutherland is widely known for his pioneering
+	contributions.  His 1963 MIT PhD thesis, {Sketchpad}, opened
+	the field of computer graphics.  His 1966 work, with Sproull,
+	on a head-mounted display anticipated today's {virtual
+	reality} by 25 years.  He co-founded {Evans and Sutherland},
+	which manufactures the most advanced computer image generators
+	now in use.  As head of Computer Science Department of
+	{Caltech} he helped make {integrated circuit} design an
+	acceptable field of academic study.  Dr. Sutherland is on the
+	boards of several small companies and is a member of the
+	National Academy of Engineering and the National Academy of
+	Sciences, the {ACM} and {IEEE}.  He received the {ACM}'s
+	{Turing Award} in 1988.  He is now Vice President and Fellow
+	of {Sun Microsystems} Laboratories in Mountain View, CA, USA.
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+Iverson's Language
+
+	{APL}, which went unnamed for many years.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.770].
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+IVR
+
+	{Interactive Voice Response}
+
+ivs
+
+	{INRIA} Videoconferencing System.
+
+	A {video-conferencing} tool for the {Internet} based on the
+	{H.261} {video compression} {standard}.
+
+	{(http://zenon.inria.fr:8003/rodeo/personnel/Thierry.Turletti/ivs.html)}.
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+IVTRAN
+
+	Parallel {Fortran} for the {Illiac IV}.  1966.
+
+IV&V
+
+	{Independent Verification and Validation}
+
+IVY
+
+	A language with a more pleasant syntax than {Perl}, {tcl} or
+	{Lisp}.  It has nice features like low punctuation count,
+	blocks indicated by indentation, and similarity to normal
+	procedural languages.  This language started out as an idea
+	for an extension language for the editor {JOE}.
+
+	An experimental {interpreter} by Joseph H Allen
+	<jhallen@world.std.com> was posted to {alt.sources} on 28 Sep
+	1993.
+
+IWay
+
+	{Information Superhighway}
+
+IWBNI
+
+	It Would Be Nice If.
+
+	Compare {WIBNI}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+IXC
+
+	{IntereXchange Carrier}
+
+IXI Limited
+
+	<company> A Cambridge, England company who were the leading
+	supplier of {Unix} System windowing software when they were
+	acquired by {SCO} in February 1993.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+IXO
+
+	{Telocator Alphanumeric Protocol}
+
+IYFEG
+
+	({Usenet}) Insert Your Favourite Ethnic Group.
+
+	Used as a meta-name when telling ethnic jokes on the net to
+	avoid offending anyone.
+
+	See also {JEDR}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+J
+
+	A derivative and redesign of {APL} with added features and
+	control structures.  J is {purely functional} with {lexical
+	scope} and more conventional control structures, plus several
+	new concepts such as {function rank} and {function arrays}.  J
+	was designed and developed by Kennneth E. Iverson and Roger
+	Hui <hui@yrloc.ipsa.reuter.com>.  J uses only the {ASCII}
+	character set but has a spelling scheme that retains the
+	advantages of {APL}'s special alphabet.  J is a conventional
+	procedural programming language but can be used as a {purely
+	functional} language.
+
+	Version 4.1 for {MS-DOS}, Sun, Mac, Archimedes.  Source
+	available in C from {Iverson Software}, +1 (416) 925 6096.
+
+	Version 6 package from ISI includes an interpreter and
+	tutorial.  Ported to {DEC}, {NeXT}, {SGI}, {Sun-3}, {Sun-4},
+	{Vax}, {RS/6000}, {MIPS}, {Macintosh}, {Acorn Archimedes},
+	{IBM PC}, {Atari}, {3b1}, {Amiga}.
+
+	{(ftp://watserv1.waterloo.edu/languages/apl/j)}.
+
+	J-mode {GNU Emacs} macros available by
+	{(ftp://think.com/pub/j/gmacs/j-interaction-mode.el)}.
+
+	["APL\?", Roger K.W. Hui et al, APL90 Conf Proc, Quote Quad
+	20(4):192-200].
+
+	(1992-10-31)
+
+J2EE
+
+	{Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition}
+
+J2ME
+
+	{Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition}
+
+J2SE
+
+	{Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition}
+
+J3
+
+	A dialect of {JOVIAL}.
+
+	["Military Standard JOVIAL (J3)", MIL-STD-1588 (USAF), June
+	1976].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+J73
+
+	A dialect of {JOVIAL}.
+
+	["Military Standard JOVIAL (J73)", MIL-STD-1589 (USAF), Feb
+	1977].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+jabber
+
+	<networking> When a network {node} transmits a {packet} longer
+	than the maximum permissible length, usually due to a fault
+	condition.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+JACAL
+
+	{JAffer's Canonical ALgebra}
+
+jaccl
+
+	<tool> An {LR1 grammar} {parser generator} written by Dave
+	Jones at Megatest.
+
+	(1989-09-08)
+
+jack in
+
+	To log on to a machine or connect to a network or {BBS},
+	especially for purposes of entering a {virtual reality}
+	simulation such as a {MUD} or {IRC} (leaving is "jacking
+	out").  This term derives from {cyberpunk} SF, in which it was
+	used for the act of plugging an electrode set into neural
+	sockets in order to interface the brain directly to a virtual
+	reality.  It is primarily used by MUD and IRC fans and younger
+	hackers on BBS systems.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Jack Kilby
+
+	<person> (1924 - 2005-06-20) The electronics engineer who
+	invented the {integrated circuit} in 1958 at {Texas
+	Instruments}.
+
+	{TI Biography
+	(http://ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackstclair.shtml)}.
+
+	[Was the {JK flip-flop} named after him?]
+
+	(2005-06-22)
+
+Jackson method
+
+	<programming> A proprietary structured method for software
+	analysis, design and programming.
+
+	(2005-06-22)
+
+Jacquard, Joseph-Marie
+
+	{Joseph-Marie Jacquard}
+
+Jacquard loom
+
+	<history> /zhah-kar'/ A mechanical loom, invented by
+	{Joseph-Marie Jacquard} in 1801, which used the holes punched
+	in pasteboard {punch cards} (which see) to control the weaving
+	of patterns in fabric.  It was the first machine to use punch
+	cards, although it did no computation based on them.
+
+	{(http://history.rochester.edu/steam/hollerith/loom.htm)}.
+
+	(1998-10-19)
+
+JAD
+
+	{Joint Application Design}
+
+	Or "Joint Application Development".
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+	(1995-11-15)
+
+JADE
+
+	{James' DSSSL Engine}
+
+Jade
+
+	1. U Washington, late 80's.  A strongly-typed language,
+	object-oriented but without classes.  For type research.  The
+	compiler output is Smalltalk.  [Submitter claimed that Jade
+	has exactly one user!]
+
+	2. Implicit {coarse-grained concurrency}.  The constructs
+	'with', 'withonly' and 'without' create tasks with specified
+	side effects to shared data objects.  Implemented as a C
+	preprocessor.  "Coarse-Grain Parallel Programming in Jade",
+	M.S. Lam et al, SIGPLAN Notices 26(7):94-105 (Jul 1991).
+
+jadeTeX
+
+	<text, tool> A program which uses {TeX} as a back-end for
+	producing {DVI} (or {PDF}) printable output from {James' DSSSL
+	Engine}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.tug.org/tex-archive/macros/jadetex/)}.
+
+	(1997-11-20)
+
+JAffer's Canonical ALgebra
+
+	<mathematics, tool> (JACAL) A {symbolic mathematics} program,
+	most of which was written in {Scheme} by Aubrey Jaffer.
+
+	{(http://swissnet.ai.mit.edu/~jaffer/JACAL.html)}.
+
+	(1999-06-27)
+
+jaggies
+
+	<graphics> /jag'eez/ (Or "staircase") The "staircase" effect
+	observable when an edge (especially a linear edge of very
+	shallow or steep slope) is rendered on a {bitmap display} (as
+	opposed to a {vector display}).  The effect is even more
+	pronounced when a bitmap image or text in a bitmap font is
+	enlarged.  {Outline fonts} and {anti-aliasing} are two
+	techniques used to solve this problem with text.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-12-01)
+
+JaM
+
+	John and Martin.  An interpreted {FORTH}-like graphics
+	language by John Warnock and Martin Newell, {Xerox PARC},
+	1978.  JaM was the forerunner of both {Interpress} and
+	{PostScript}.  It is mentioned in PostScript Language
+	reference Manual, Adobe Systems, A-W 1985.
+
+jam
+
+	A condition on a network where two nodes transmitting
+	simultaneously detect the collision and continue to transmit
+	for a certain time (4 to 6 bytes on Ethernet) to ensure that
+	the collision has been detected by all nodes involved.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+James Clark
+
+	{Dr. James H. Clark}
+
+James' DSSSL Engine
+
+	<text, tool> (JADE) A {DSSSL} tool by {James J. Clark}.  Jade
+	is an implementation of the DSSSL style language for {Unix}
+	and {Microsoft Windows}.  It can turn the {SGML} source of the
+	DSSSL standard into an {RTF} file of about 200 pages using a
+	fairly complex DSSSL specification.
+
+	{(http://jclark.com/)}.
+
+	(1996-10-13)
+
+James Gosling
+
+	<person> The software engineer who wrote {GOSMACS}, and served
+	as {Sun Microsystems, Inc.} project leader for both {NeWS},
+	and {Java}.  He is currently (1997) a Vice President and
+	"Distinguished Engineer" at Sun.
+
+	{(http://java.sun.com:80/people/jag/)}.
+
+	{Biography
+	(http://sun.com/sunergy/Bios/gosling_bio.html)}.
+
+	(1997-03-12)
+
+James H. Clark
+
+	{Dr. James H. Clark}
+
+JAM Programming Language
+
+	<language> (JPL) A string-based {imperative language} from
+	{JYACC Corporation}, part of the JAM tool for developing
+	screen (non-window) applications.
+
+	(2007-10-02)
+
+JANET
+
+	{Joint Academic NETwork}
+
+JANET IP Service
+
+	<networking> (JIPS) {Joint Academic NETwork} {Internet
+	Protocol}.
+
+	E-mail: <jips-nosc@nic.ja.net>.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Janus
+
+	1. Distributed language with an ask/tell constraint system.
+
+	{qdjanus} is a Janus-to-{Prolog} compiler for {Sicstus Prolog}
+	and {jc} is compiles to {C}.
+
+	["Janus: A Step Towards Distributed Constraint Programming",
+	V. Saraswat <saraswat@parc.xerox.com> et al in Logic
+	Programming: Proc 1990 North Am Conf, S. Debray et al eds, MIT
+	Press 1990].
+
+	["Programming in Janus", Saraswat, Kahn, and Levy].
+
+	2. W.M. Waite, U Colorado.  Intermediate language, claimed as
+	an implementation of {UNCOL}.  Used on {CDC 6600}.
+
+	["Experience with the Universal Intermediate Language Janus",
+	B.K. Haddon et al, Soft Prac & Exp 8(5):601- 616 (Sep 1978)].
+
+japh
+
+	<programming> A {Perl} program which prints "Just another Perl
+	hacker" using extremely obfuscated methods, typically ones
+	based on obscure behaviours of sometimes rarely-used functions,
+	in the spirit of the {Obfuscated C Contest}.
+
+	The obfuscation can result from the code being total
+	gibberish, e.g.:
+
+	 $_="krJhruaesrltre c a cnp,ohet";$_.=$1,print$2while s/(..)(.)//;
+
+	or from having "Just another Perl hacker" embedded in opaque
+	code:
+
+	 $_='987;s/^(\d+)/$1-1/e;$1?eval:print"Just another Perl hacker,"';eval
+
+	or from looking like it does something simple and completely
+	unrelated to printing "Just another Perl hacker":
+
+	 $_ = "wftedskaebjgdpjgidbsmnjgc";
+	 tr/a-z/oh, turtleneck Phrase Jar!/; print;
+
+	{Examples (http://perl.com/CPAN/misc/japh)}.
+
+	(1997-09-14)
+
+jar
+
+	{Java archive}
+
+jargon
+
+	<human language, jargon> Language specific to some field of human
+	endeavour, in this case, computing, that might not be understood
+	by those outside that area.
+
+	{This dictionary} contains many {examples of jargon
+	(/contents/jargon.html)}.
+
+	The {Jargon File} is the definitive collection of computing
+	jargon.
+
+	(2014-09-01)
+
+Jargon File
+
+	<jargon, publication, humour> The on-line hacker Jargon File
+	maintained by {Eric S. Raymond}.  A large collection of
+	definitions of computing terms, including much wit, wisdom,
+	and history.
+
+	{Many definitions (/contents/jargon.html)} in {this dictionary}
+	are from v3.0.0 of 1993-07-27.
+
+	{Jargon File Home (http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/)}.
+
+	See also {Yellow Book, Jargon}.
+
+	(2014-08-14)
+
+Java
+
+	<programming, language> An {object-oriented}, {distributed},
+	{interpreted}, {architecture-neutral}, {portable},
+	{multithreaded}, dynamic, buzzword-compliant, general-purpose
+	programming language developed by {Sun Microsystems} in the early
+	1990s (initially for set-top television controllers) and released
+	to the public in 1995.
+
+	Java was named after the Indonesian island, a source of
+	{programming fluid}.
+
+	Java first became popular as the earliest portable dynamic
+	client-side content for the {web} in the form of
+	{platform}-independent {Java applets}.  In the late 1990s and
+	into the 2000s it also became very popular on the server side,
+	where an entire set of {APIs} defines the {J2EE}.
+
+	Java is both a set of public specifications (controlled by
+	{Oracle}, who bought {Sun Microsystems}, through the {JCP}) and a
+	series of implementations of those specifications.
+
+	Java is syntactially similar to {C++} without user-definable
+	{operator overloading}, (though it does have {method}
+	overloading), without {multiple inheritance} and extensive
+	automatic {coercions}.  It has automatic {garbage collection}.
+	Java extends {C++}'s {object-oriented} facilities with those
+	of {Objective C} for {dynamic method resolution}.
+
+	Whereas programs in C++ and similar languages are compiled and
+	linked to platform-specific binary executables, Java programs
+	are typically compiled to portable {architecture-neutral}
+	{bytecode} ".class" files, which are run using a {Java Virtual
+	Machine}.  The JVM is also called an {interpreter}, though it
+	is more correct to say that it uses {Just-In-Time Compilation}
+	to convert the {bytecode} into {native} {machine code},
+	yielding greater efficiency than most interpreted languages,
+	rivalling C++ for many long-running, non-GUI applications.
+	The run-time system is typically written in {POSIX}-compliant
+	{ANSI C} or {C++}.  Some implementations allow Java class
+	files to be translated into {native} {machine code} during or
+	after compilation.
+
+	The Java compiler and {linker} both enforce {strong type
+	checking} - procedures must be explicitly typed.  Java
+	aids in the creation of {virus}-free, tamper-free systems
+	with {authentication} based on {public-key encryption}.
+
+	Java has an extensive library of routines for all kinds of
+	programming tasks, rivalling that of other languages.  For
+	example, the {java.net} package supports {TCP/IP} {protocols}
+	like {HTTP} and {FTP}.  Java applications can access objects
+	across the {Internet} via {URLs} almost as easily as on the
+	local {file system}.  There are also capabilities for several
+	types of distributed applications.
+
+	The Java {GUI} libraries provide portable interfaces.  For
+	example, there is an abstract {Window} class with implementations
+	for {Unix}, {Microsoft Windows} and the {Macintosh}.  The
+	{java.awt} and {javax.swing} classes can be used either in
+	web-based {Applets} or in {client-side applications} or {desktop
+	applications}.
+
+	There are also packages for developing {XML} applications,
+	{web services}, {servlets} and other web applications,
+	{security}, date and time calculations and I/O formatting,
+	database ({JDBC}), and many others.
+
+	Java is not related to {JavaScript} despite the name.
+
+	{(http://oracle.com/java)}.
+
+	(2011-08-21)
+
+Java 2
+
+	{Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition}
+
+Java 2 Platform
+
+	{Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition}
+
+Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition
+
+	<language, programming> (J2EE) {Sun}'s {Java} platform for
+	{multi-tier} {server}-oriented {enterprise} {applications}.
+
+	The basis of J2EE is {Enterprise JavaBeans} (EJB).
+
+	See also the Standard edition {J2SE} and the Micro edition
+	{J2ME}.
+
+	{(http://java.sun.com/j2ee/)}.
+
+	(2000-04-20)
+
+Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition
+
+	<language, programming> (J2ME) {Sun}'s {Java} platform for
+	consumer devices.
+
+	J2ME defines Configurations and Profiles for different classes
+	of small memory device, from {smart cards} to {pagers} to
+	{set-top boxes}.  It can run on various {Java virtual
+	machines} including {KVM}.
+
+	Related products include {PersonalJava} and {EmbeddedJava}.
+
+	See also the Standard edition {J2SE} and the Enterprise
+	edition {J2EE}.
+
+	(Home (http://javasoft.com/j2me/)}.
+
+	(2000-04-20)
+
+Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition
+
+	<language, programming> (J2SE) {Sun}'s {Java} programming
+	platform aimed at network-oriented enterprise applications.
+	J2SE comprises the {Java 2 Software Development Kit} (SDK) and
+	the {Java 2 Run-Time Environment}.
+
+	See also the Micro edition {J2ME} and the Enterprise edition
+	{J2EE}.
+
+	{Java 2 Platform (http://javasoft.com/j2se/)}.
+
+	(2000-04-20)
+
+Java 2 SDK
+
+	{Java 2 Software Development Kit}
+
+Java 2 Software Development Kit
+
+	<language, programming> (Java 2 SDK) {Sun}'s tools to develop
+	{Java} applications, part of the {Java 2 Platform}.
+
+	Latest version: Java 2 SDK version 1.2.2, as of April 2000.
+
+	Versions prior to 1.2 were known as the {Java Development Kit}
+	(JDK).
+
+	{(http://javasoft.com/j2se/)}.
+
+	(2000-04-20)
+
+Java archive
+
+	<file format, filename extension> (jar) A compressed {archive}
+	file containing {Java} {class} files, filename extension:
+	".jar".  The {Java Development Kit} contains a tool called
+	"jar" for creating .jar files, similar to the standard {Unix}
+	{tar} command.  As well as archiving and compressing the Java
+	class files, it also inserts a "manifest" file which can
+	contain information about the class files, such as a {digital
+	signature}.  Combining class files into a single archive file
+	makes it possible to download them in a single {HTTP}
+	transaction.  This, and the {compression}, speeds up execution
+	of Java programs delivered via the {Internet}.
+
+	(2001}-02-03)
+
+JavaBeans
+
+	<programming> A {component architecture} for the {Java}
+	programming language, developed initially by {Sun}, but now
+	available from several other vendors.  JavaBeans components
+	are called "{beans}".
+
+	JavaBeans allows developers to create reusable software
+	components that can then be assembled together using visual
+	application builder tools including {Sybase}'s {PowerJ},
+	{Borland}'s {JBuilder}, {IBM}'s {Visual Age for Java},
+	{SunSoft}'s {Java Workshop} and {Symantec}'s {Visual Cafe}.
+
+	JavaBeans support Introspection (a builder tool can analyze
+	how a Bean works), Customisation (developers can customise the
+	appearance and behaviour of a Bean), Events (Beans can
+	communicate), Properties (developers can customise and program
+	with Beans(?)) and Persistence (customised Beans can be stored
+	and reused).
+
+	{(http://javasoft.com/beans/)}.
+
+	(1997-11-20)
+
+Java Community Process
+
+	<project> (JCP) An organization controlled by {Sun Microsystems}
+	to further the growth of the {Java} language and runtime.
+	The JCP produces {standards} called Java Standard Requests,
+	which are "requests" in the same sense as {RFCs}.
+
+	(2005-01-21)
+
+Java Database Connectivity
+
+	<database, programming> (JDBC) Part of the {Java Development
+	Kit} which defines an {application programming interface} for
+	{Java} for standard {SQL} access to {databases} from Java
+	{programs}.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.1/docs/guide/jdbc/index.html)}.
+
+	{FAQ (http://yoyoweb.com/Javanese/JDBC/FAQ.html)}.
+
+	See also {Open Database Connectivity}.
+
+	(1997-09-04)
+
+Java Development Kit
+
+	<language, compiler> (JDK) A free {Sun Microsystems} product
+	which provides the {environment} required for programming in
+	{Java}.  The JDK is available for a variety of {platforms},
+	but most notably {Sun Solaris} and {Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	{(http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.1/index.html)}.
+
+	[Version?]
+
+	(1997-09-04)
+
+Java Message Service
+
+	<programming, messaging> (JMS) An {API} for accessing
+	enterprise messaging systems from {Java} programs.  Java
+	Message Service, part of the {J2EE} suite, provides standard
+	APIs that Java developers can use to access the common
+	features of enterprise message systems.  JMS supports the
+	{publish/subscribe} and {point-to-point} models and allows the
+	creation of message types consisting of arbitrary Java
+	objects.  JMS provides support for administration, security,
+	error handling, and recovery, optimisation, distributed
+	transactions, message ordering, message acknowledgment, and
+	more.
+
+	{(http://java.sun.com/products/jms)}.
+
+	{Overview
+	(http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Networking/messaging/)}.
+
+	(2001-06-22)
+
+Java Native Interface
+
+	<programming> (JNI) A {native} programming interface for
+	{Java} that allows Java code running inside a {Java Virtual
+	Machine} to interoperate with {applications} and {libraries}
+	written in other programming languages such as {C}, {C++} and
+	{assembly language}.
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+Java Open Language Toolkit
+
+	<project> (JOLT) A project aimed at providing a freely
+	available and redistributale implementation of {Sun
+	Microsystems}'s {Java} language and tools.
+
+	{(http://redhat.com/linux-info/jolt/)}.
+
+	(1996-12-17)
+
+Java Remote Method Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (JRMP) A proprietary {wire-level protocol} designed
+	by {Sun Microsystems} to transport {Java} {RMI}.
+
+	JRMP serves the same function as {IIOP}, but also supports
+	object passing.  {Sun} plans to offer {IIOP} as an alternative
+	to JRMP.
+
+	Sun do not appear to use this term any longer, simply
+	referring to the "RMI transport protocol".
+
+	{(http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3.0/docs/guide/rmi/spec/rmi-protocol3.html)}.
+
+	{Comparison (http://execpc.com/~gopalan/misc/compare.html)}.
+
+	(2001-07-21)
+
+Java Run-Time Environment
+
+	<language> (JRE) The part of the {Java Development Kit}
+	required to run Java programs.  The JRE consists of the {Java
+	Virtual Machine}, the {Java} platform core {classes} and
+	supporting files.  It does not include the compiler, debugger
+	or other tools present in the JDK.  The JRE is the smallest
+	set of executables and files that constitute the standard Java
+	platform.
+
+	(1998-11-30)
+
+JavaScript
+
+	<language> (Formerly "LiveScript") {Netscape}'s simple,
+	cross-{platform}, {web} {scripting language}, only
+	very vaguely related to {Java} (which is a {Sun} trademark).
+	JavaScript is intimately tied to the {web}, and
+	currently runs in only three environments - as a {server}-side
+	{scripting} language, as an embedded language in
+	{server-parsed HTML}, and as an embedded language run in web
+	{browsers} where it is the most important part of {DHTML}.
+
+	JavaScript has a simplified {C}-like {syntax} and is tightly
+	integrated with the browser {Document Object Model}.  It is
+	useful for implementing enhanced {forms}, simple web
+	{database} {front-ends}, and navigation enhancements.  It is
+	unusual in that the {scope} of {variables} extends throughout
+	the function in which they are declared rather than the
+	smallest enclosing block as in C.
+
+	JavaScript originated from {Netscape} and, for a time, only
+	their products supported it.  {Microsoft} now supports a
+	work-alike which they call JScript.  The resulting
+	inconsistencies make it difficult to write JavaScript that
+	behaves the same in all browsers.  This could be attributed to
+	the slow progress of JavaScript through the standards bodies.
+
+	JavaScript runs "100x" slower than {C}, as it is purely
+	interpreted ({Java} runs "10x" slower than C code).
+	{Netscape} and allies say JavaScript is an "open standard" in
+	an effort to keep {Microsoft} from monopolising web software
+	as they have desktop software.  {Netscape} and {Sun} have
+	co-operated to enable {Java} and JavaScript to exchange
+	messages and data.
+
+	See also {VBScript}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.javascript}.
+
+	Mailing List: <majordomo@obscure.org> ("subscribe javascript"
+	in body).
+
+	(2003-04-28)
+
+JavaScript Object Notation
+
+	<programming> (JSON) {Syntax} for serialising {JavaScript}
+	objects, often used as a data carrier format.  JSON is based
+	on a subset of the JavaScript programming language.  It uses a
+	file extension of .json and is considered a
+	language-independent data format.
+
+	(2008-05-28)
+
+Java servelet
+
+	{Java servlet}
+
+JavaServer Faces
+
+	<programming, Java> (JSF) A system for building {web
+	applications} by assembling reusable {user interface}
+	components in a web page, connecting these components to a
+	data source and passing client events to server handlers.
+
+	{(http://java.sun.com/j2ee/javaserverfaces/overview.html)}.
+
+	(2006-07-21)
+
+JavaServer Pages
+
+	<programming, web> (JSP) A freely available
+	specification for extending the {Java Servlet} {API} to
+	generate dynamic {web pages} on a {web server}.  The JSP
+	specification was written by industry leaders as part of the
+	Java development program.
+
+	JSP assists developers in creating {HTML} or {XML} pages that
+	combine static (fixed) page templates with dynamic content.
+	Separating the {user interface} from content generation allows
+	page designers to change the page layout without having to
+	rewrite program code.  JSP was designed to be simpler than
+	pure servlets or {CGI} {scripting}.
+
+	JSP uses XML-like tags and scripts written in Java to generate
+	the page content.  HTML or XML formatting {tags} are passed
+	back to the client.  Application logic can live on the server,
+	e.g. in {JavaBeans}.
+
+	JSP is a {cross-platform} alternative to {Microsoft's} {Active
+	Server Pages}, which only runs in {IIS} on {Windows NT}.
+
+	Applications written to the JSP specification can be run on
+	compliant web servers, and web servers such as {Apache},
+	{Netscape Enterprise Server}, and Microsoft {IIS} that have
+	had Java support added.  JSP should soon be available on
+	{Unix}, {AS/400}, and {mainframe} platforms.
+
+	{JavaServer Pages (http://java.sun.com/products/jsp/)}.
+
+	{Infoworld Article
+	(http://infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayStory.pl?99063.ecjsp.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-11-28)
+
+Java servlet
+
+	<web> (By analogy with "{applet}") A {Java} program
+	that runs as part of a {network} service, typically an {HTTP
+	server} and responds to requests from {clients}.
+
+	The most common use for a servlet is to extend a {web server}
+	by generating {web content} dynamically.  For example, a
+	{client} may need {information} from a {database}; a servlet
+	can be written that receives the request, gets and processes
+	the data as needed by the {client} and then returns the result
+	to the {client}.
+
+	{Applets} are also written in {Java} but run inside the {JVM}
+	of a {HTML} {browser} on the {client}.  Servlets and applets
+	allow the server and client to be extended in a modular way by
+	dynamically loading code which communicates with the main
+	program via a standard programming interface.
+
+	Servlets are more flexible than {CGI scripts} and, being
+	written in {Java}, more portable.
+
+	The spelling "servelet" is occasionally seen but {JavaSoft}
+	spell it "servlet".  There is no such thing as a "serverlet".
+
+	{(http://java.sun.com/products/servlet/)}.
+
+	(2002-10-06)
+
+Java Servlet Development Kit
+
+	<web> (JSDK) A suite of software for easing the
+	development of {Java servlets}.
+
+	{JavaSoft Servlet Development Kit
+	(http://javasoft.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/ext/servlet/)}.
+
+	(1998-05-26)
+
+Java Virtual Machine
+
+	<language, architecture> (JVM) A specification for software
+	which interprets {Java} programs that have been compiled into
+	{byte-codes}, and usually stored in a ".class" file.  The JVM
+	{instruction set} is {stack}-oriented, with variable
+	instruction length.  Unlike some other instruction sets, the
+	JVM's supports {object-oriented} programming directly by
+	including instructions for object {method} invocation (similar
+	to {subroutine} call in other instruction sets).
+
+	The JVM itself is written in {C} and so can be {ported} to run
+	on most {platforms}.  It needs {thread} support and {I/O} (for
+	{dynamic class loading}).  The Java byte-code is independent
+	of the platform.
+
+	There are also some hardware implementations of the JVM.
+
+	{Specification
+	(http://javasoft.com/docs/books/vmspec/html/VMSpecTOC.doc.html)}.
+
+	{Sun's Java chip
+	(http://news.com/News/Item/0,4,9328,00.html)}.
+
+	[Documentation?  Versions?]
+
+	(2000-01-03)
+
+Java VM
+
+	{Java Virtual Machine}
+
+JAZ
+
+	<language> An early system on the {LGP-30}.
+
+	[CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(1997-05-16)
+
+Jaz
+
+	{Jaz Drive}
+
+Jaz Drive
+
+	<hardware, storage> {Iomega Corporation}'s drive which takes
+	removable one or two {gigabyte} disk cartridges which contain
+	conventional {hard disks}.
+
+	Internal and external drives are available claiming an average
+	transfer rate of 330 {megabytes} per minute - though that is
+	dependant on the {SCSI} adapter, the parallel port adapter is
+	unlikely to reach anything like this speed.  The Jaz drive was
+	the successor to the company's more establistablished {Zip
+	Drive}.
+
+	(1998-08-28)
+
+JAZELLE
+
+	<database> A data management system for High Energy Physics
+	from Stanford Linear Accelerator.
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+JBIG
+
+	{Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group}
+
+JBOD
+
+	{Just a Bunch Of Disks}
+
+JBOPS
+
+	<business, jargon> A nickname for the major {ERP} and
+	enterprise software application companies: {JD Edwards},
+	{Baan}, {Oracle}, {PeopleSoft}, and {SAP}.
+
+	(1999-07-27)
+
+jc
+
+	<language> Version 1.50 alpha
+
+	compiler(->C)
+
+	David Gudeman <gudeman@cs.arizona.edu>
+
+	{(ftp://cs.arizona.edu/janus/jc/)}.
+
+	A janus-to-C compiler (considerably faster than qdjanus).  jc
+	is a {sequential} implementation of a {concurrent} language.
+
+	bugs: <jc-bugs@cs.arizona.edu>
+
+	ports: sun-4, sun-3, Sequent Symmetry
+
+	jc is an experimental system, undergoing rapid development.
+
+	Mailing list: janusinterest-request@parc.xerox.com
+
+	(1992-06-09)
+
+JCL
+
+	{Job Control Language}
+
+JCOOL
+
+	<language> A version of the {COOL} {C++} {class library} that
+	uses real C++ {templates}.
+
+	(2007-10-14)
+
+JCP
+
+	{Java Community Process}
+
+JCS-13
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 701}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(1997-06-16)
+
+JDBC
+
+	{Java Database Connectivity}
+
+JDK
+
+	{Java Development Kit}
+
+JEAN
+
+	<language> A dialect of {JOSS}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1997-09-14)
+
+Jean E. Sammet
+
+	<person> Author of several surveys of early programming
+	languages, refererred to in many entries in this dictionary.
+
+	E-mail: sammet@vtvm1.cc.vt.edu
+
+	Relevant publications include:
+
+	[Sammet, Jean E., "Programming Languages: History and
+	Fundamentals", P-H 1969.  QA76.5 .S213].  The definitive work
+	on early computer language development.
+
+	[Sammet, Jean E., "Programming Languages: History and Future",
+	CACM 15(7):601-610, Jul 1972].
+
+	[Sammet, Jean E., "Roster of Programming Languages"
+	Computers & Automation 16(6):80-82, June 1967;
+	Computers & Automation 17(6):120-123, June 1968;
+	Computers & Automation 18(7):153-158, June 1969;
+	Computers & Automation 19(6B):6-11, 30 Nov 1970;
+	Computers & Automation 20(6B):6-13, 30 Jun, 1971;
+	Computers & Automation 21(6B), 30 Aug 1972;
+	Computing Reviews 15(4): 147-160, April 1974;
+	CACM 19(12):655-669, Dec 1976;
+	SIGPLAN Notices 13(11):56, Nov 1978].
+
+	(1998-10-03)
+
+Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot
+
+	<person> (1845-1903) The inventor of the {Baudot code}.  Baudot
+	joined the French Post & Telegraph Administration in 1869 as a
+	telegraph operator.  In his own time he developed a code for
+	sending several messages at once.  In 1874 Baudot patented his
+	first printing telegraph where signals were translated onto paper
+	tape.  The {Baudot code} was adopted first in France and then by
+	other nations for <telegraph> and <teletype> transmissions.
+
+	The unit of transmission speed, {baud}, is named after him.
+
+	(2013-01-12)
+
+JEDR
+
+	<person, abuse, humour> Synonymous with {IYFEG}.  At one time,
+	people in the {Usenet} {newsgroup} {news:rec.humor.funny}
+	tended to use "JEDR" instead of {IYFEG} or "<ethnic>"; this
+	stemmed from a public attempt to suppress the group once made
+	by a loser with initials JEDR after he was offended by an
+	ethnic joke posted there.  (The practice was {retcon}ned by
+	expanding these initials as "Joke Ethnic/Denomination/Race".)
+	After much sound and fury JEDR faded away; this term appears
+	to be doing likewise.  JEDR's only permanent effect on the
+	net.culture was to discredit "sensitivity" arguments for
+	censorship so thoroughly that more recent attempts to raise
+	them have met with immediate and near-universal rejection.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+Jef Raskin
+
+	<person> The person who started the {Macintosh} project at
+	{Apple Computer, Inc.} but left the company before the product
+	was launched.
+
+	(1999-08-24)
+
+Jenga Code
+
+	<humour, programming> A style of programming which results in the
+	whole thing collapsing when you touch a single block of code.
+	Named after the game where players try to remove wooden blocks
+	from a tower without it falling down.
+
+	Also known as Crispy Noodle Code.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	[Why crispy noodle?]
+
+	(2013-12-25)
+
+Jerry Sussman
+
+	{Gerald Sussman}
+
+JES
+
+	{job entry system}
+
+JES2
+
+	<operating system> One of {IBM}'s {job entry systems} for
+	{MVS}.
+
+	(1995-08-16)
+
+JES3
+
+	<operating system> One of {IBM}'s {job entry systems} for
+	{MVS}.
+
+	(1995-08-16)
+
+JFCL
+
+	/jif'kl/, /jaf'kl/, /j*-fi'kl/ (obsolete) To cancel or annul
+	something.  "Why don't you jfcl that out?"  The fastest
+	do-nothing instruction on older models of the {PDP-10}
+	happened to be JFCL, which stands for "Jump if Flag set and
+	then CLear the flag"; this does something useful, but is a
+	very fast no-operation if no flag is specified.  Geoff
+	Goodfellow, one of the jargon-1 co-authors, had JFCL on the
+	licence plate of his BMW for years.  Usage: rare except among
+	old-time PDP-10 hackers.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+JFDI
+
+	<chat> Just fucking do it.
+
+	(2008-04-18)
+
+JFET
+
+	{Junction Field Effect Transistor}
+
+JFGI
+
+	<chat, WWW> Just Fucking Google It.  See {STFW}.
+
+	(2014-05-23)
+
+JFIF
+
+	{JPEG File Interchange Format}
+
+jiffy
+
+	1. The duration of one {tick} of the computer's {system
+	clock}.  Often one AC cycle time (1/60 second in the US and
+	Canada, 1/50 most other places), but more recently 1/100 sec
+	has become common.
+
+	2. Confusingly, the term is sometimes also used for a
+	1-millisecond {wall time} interval.  Even more confusingly,
+	physicists semi-jokingly use "jiffy" to mean the time required
+	for light to travel one foot in a vacuum, which turns out to
+	be close to one *nanosecond*.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-03-02)
+
+Jim Clark
+
+	{Dr. James H. Clark}
+
+Jini
+
+	<networking> /jee'nee/ {Sun}'s {Java}-based system for
+	networking home appliances, {desktop computers} and other
+	kinds of consumer electronics.
+
+	{(http://java.sun.com/products/jini/)}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1998-11-14)
+
+JIPS
+
+	{JANET IP Service}
+
+JIT
+
+	{dynamic translation}
+
+jitter
+
+	Random variation in the timing of a signal, especially a
+	clock.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+JK flip-flop
+
+	<hardware> An {edge triggered} {SR flip-flop} with extra logic
+	such that only one of the R and S inputs is enabled at any
+	time.  This prevents a {race condition} which can occur when
+	both inputs of an RS flip-flop are active at the same time.
+	In a JK flip-flop the R and S inputs are renamed J and K.  The
+	set input (J) is only enabled when the flip-flop is reset and
+	K when it is set.
+
+	If both J and K inputs are held active then the outputs will
+	change ("togle") on each falling edge of the clock.  JK
+	flip-flops can be used to build a {binary counter} with a
+	reset input.
+
+	{(http://play-hookey.com/digital/logic7.html)}.
+
+	[Was it named after {Jack Kilby}?]
+
+	(2004-07-17)
+
+jm
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Jamaica.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+J.M.E. Baudot
+
+	{Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot}
+
+JMHO
+
+	<chat> Just My Humble Opinion.
+
+	(1999-02-18)
+
+JMS
+
+	{Java Message Service}
+
+JNI
+
+	{Java Native Interface}
+
+jo
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Jordan.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+job
+
+	<operating system> All activities involved in completing any
+	project on a computer from start to finish.  A job may involve
+	several {processes} and several {programs}.
+
+	This term originates from a time when a user would manually
+	submit a job as a deck of {punched cards} which would
+	typically include {source code} interspersed with {job control
+	language} instructions to guide phases of the job such as
+	{compilation}, {linking}, {execution} and printing.
+
+	(2005-03-16)
+
+Job Control Language
+
+	<language, operating system> (JCL) {IBM}'s supremely {rude}
+	{script} language, used to control the execution of programs
+	in IBM {OS/360}'s {batch} systems.  JCL has a very {fascist}
+	{syntax}, and some versions will, for example, {barf} if two
+	spaces appear where it expects one.
+
+	Most programmers confronted with JCL simply copy a working
+	file (or {card deck}), changing the file names.  Someone who
+	actually understands and generates unique JCL is regarded with
+	the mixed respect one gives to someone who memorises the phone
+	book.  It is reported that hackers at IBM itself sometimes
+	sing "Who's the breeder of the crud that mangles you and me?
+	I-B-M, J-C-L, M-o-u-s-e" to the tune of the "Mickey Mouse
+	Club" theme to express their opinion of the beast.
+
+	As with {COBOL}, JCL is often used as an archetype of ugliness
+	even by those who haven't experienced it.  However, no
+	self-respecting {mainframe} {MVS} programmer would admit
+	ignorance of JCL.
+
+	See also {fear and loathing}.
+
+	(1999-03-03)
+
+Job Entry System
+
+	<operating system> (JES) An {IBM} {mainframe} term.  There are
+	really two JESs.  JES2 is smaller and simpler, and can handle
+	99.99% of most jobs that run on IBM's {MVS} {operating
+	system}.  JES3 is much bigger and requires really {big iron}
+	to run.
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+Jobs
+
+	{Stephen Jobs}
+
+job security
+
+	<jargon> When some piece of code is written in a particularly
+	obscure fashion, and no good reason (such as time or space
+	optimisation) can be discovered, it is often said that the
+	programmer was attempting to increase his job security (i.e.
+	by making himself indispensable for maintenance).  This sour
+	joke seldom has to be said in full; if two hackers are looking
+	over some code together and one points at a section and says
+	"job security", the other one may just nod.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-09-17)
+
+jock
+
+	1. A programmer who is characterised by large and somewhat
+	{brute-force} programs.
+
+	2. When modified by another noun, describes a specialist in
+	some particular computing area.  The compounds "compiler jock"
+	and "systems jock" seem to be the best-established examples.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+joe
+
+	<jargon, security> A computer account whose user name and
+	password are the same.  Joes are {considered harmful}, as are
+	any passwords which are easy to guess.
+
+	(1995-06-21)
+
+joe code
+
+	/joh' kohd"/ 1. Code that is overly {tense} and
+	unmaintainable.  "{Perl} may be a handy program, but if you
+	look at the source, it's complete joe code."
+
+	2. Badly written, possibly buggy code.
+
+	Correspondents wishing to remain anonymous have fingered a
+	particular Joe at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and
+	observed that usage has drifted slightly; the original
+	sobriquet "Joe code" was intended in sense 1.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+John Atanasoff
+
+	{John Vincent Atanasoff}
+
+John Gilmore
+
+	<person> A noted {Unix} {hacker} who cofounded {Usenet}'s
+	anarchic alt.* {newsgroup} {hierarchy} with {Brian Reid}.  He
+	also worked on {GDB}.
+
+	E-mail: John Gilmore <gnu@toad.com>.
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+John Mauchly
+
+	<person> /jon W mok'*-lee/ (rhymes with "broccoli") Dr. John
+	W. Mauchly, one of the developers of {ENIAC}.
+
+	(2002-10-06)
+
+John McCarthy
+
+	<person, artificial intelligence> A pioneer of {artificial
+	intelligence} (he coined ther term).  He invented {Lisp} at
+	{MIT} in the late 1950s and later worked at {SAIL}.
+
+	{(ftp://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc)}.
+
+	E-mail: <jmc@cs.stanford.edu>.
+
+	(2003-08-06)
+
+Johnniac
+
+	<computer> A {mainframe} computer based on a design by {John
+	von Neuman} built at the {Institute for Advanced Study}, USA.
+	The Johnniac went live in 1953 and was decommissioned in 1966.
+	Its memory consisted of 80 special "{Selectron}" {vacuum
+	tubes}, each of which held 256 bits of data.
+
+	(2003-06-07)
+
+JOHNNIAC Open Shop System
+
+	<language> (JOSS) An early, simple, {interactive} calculator
+	language developed by Charles L. Baker at Rand in 1964.  There
+	were two versions: JOSS I and JOSS II.
+
+	[Connection with {Johnniac}?]
+
+	["JOSS Users' Reference Manual", R.L. Clark, Report F-1535/9,
+	RAND Corp (Jan 1975)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 217-226].
+
+	(2004-07-11)
+
+John Ousterhout
+
+	<person> /oh'st*r-howt/ John K. Ousterhout, the designer of
+	{Tcl} and {Tk}, and founder of {Scriptics}.
+
+	See also: {Ousterhout's dichotomy}.
+
+	E-mail: john.ousterhout@scriptics.com.
+
+	(1999-02-21)
+
+John Tukey
+
+	<person> The eminent statistician credited with coining the
+	term "{bit}" in 1949.
+
+	{(http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Tukey.html)}.
+
+	(2003-02-28)
+
+John Vincent Atanasoff
+
+	<person> John Vincent Atanasoff, 1903-10-04 - 1995-06-15.  An
+	American mathemetical physicist, and the inventor of the
+	electronic {digital computer}.  Between 1937 and 1942 he built
+	the {Atanasoff-Berry Computer} with {Clifford Berry}, at the
+	{Iowa State University}.
+
+	Atanasoff was born on 1903-10-04 in Hamilton, New York.  In
+	1925, he got a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical
+	Engineering from the University of Florida.  In 1926 he
+	received a Master's degree in Maths from Iowa State
+	University.  He received a PhD as a theoretical physicist from
+	the University of Wisconsin in 1930.
+
+	While an associate professor of mathematics and physics at
+	Iowa State University, Atanasoff began to envision a {digital}
+	computational device, believing {analogue} devices to be too
+	restrictive.  Whilst working on his electronic {digital
+	computer}, Atanasoff was introduced to a graduate student
+	named {Clifford Berry}, who helped him build the {computer}.
+
+	The first prototype of the {Atanasoff-Berry Computer} was
+	demonstrated in December 1939.  Although no patent was awarded
+	for the new {computer}, in 1973 US District Judge Earl R.
+	Larson declared Atanasoff the inventor of the digital computer
+	(declaring the {ENIAC} patent invalid).
+
+	Atanasoff was awarded the National Medal of {Technology} by US
+	President Bush on 1990-11-13.  He died following a stroke on
+	1995-06-15.
+
+	{John Vincent Atanasoff and the Birth of the Digital Computer
+	(http://cs.iastate.edu/jva/jva-archive.shtml)}.
+
+	["Atanasoff Forgotten Father of the Computer", C. R.
+	Mollenhoff, Iowa State University Press 1988].
+
+	(2001-10-03)
+
+John von Neumann
+
+	<person> /jon von noy'mahn/ Born 1903-12-28, died 1957-02-08.
+
+	A Hungarian-born mathematician who did pioneering work in
+	quantum physics, game theory, and {computer science}.  He
+	contributed to the USA's Manhattan Project that built the
+	first atomic bomb.
+
+	von Neumann was invited to Princeton University in 1930, and
+	was a mathematics professor at the {Institute for Advanced
+	Studies} from its formation in 1933 until his death.
+
+	From 1936 to 1938 {Alan Turing} was a visitor at the Institute
+	and completed a Ph.D. dissertation under von Neumann's
+	supervision.  This visit occurred shortly after Turing's
+	publication of his 1934 paper "On Computable Numbers with an
+	Application to the Entscheidungs-problem" which involved the
+	concepts of logical design and the universal machine.  von
+	Neumann must have known of Turing's ideas but it is not clear
+	whether he applied them to the design of the IAS Machine ten
+	years later.
+
+	While serving on the BRL Scientific Advisory Committee, von
+	Neumann joined the developers of {ENIAC} and made some
+	critical contributions.  In 1947, while working on the design
+	for the successor machine, {EDVAC}, von Neumann realized that
+	ENIAC's lack of a centralized control unit could be overcome
+	to obtain a rudimentary stored program computer.  He also
+	proposed the {fetch-execute cycle}.  His ideas led to what is
+	now often called the {von Neumann architecture}.
+
+	{(http://sis.pitt.edu/~mbsclass/is2000/hall_of_fame/vonneuma.htm)}.
+
+	{(http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/VonNeumann.html)}.
+
+	{(http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/54nord/)}.
+
+	(2004-01-14)
+
+join
+
+	1. <database> {inner join} (common) or {outer join} (less
+	common).
+
+	2. <theory> {least upper bound}.
+
+	(1998-11-23)
+
+Joint Academic NETwork
+
+	(JANET) The {wide area network} which links UK academic and
+	research institutes.  JANET is controlled by the {Joint
+	Network Team} (JNT) and Network Executive (NE).  It is an
+	{internet} (a large number of interconnected sub-networks)
+	that provides connectivity within the community as well as
+	access to external services and other communities.  The {hub}
+	is the JANET subnetwork, a private {X.25} {packet-switched}
+	network that interconnects over 100 sites.  At the majority of
+	sites, {local area networks} (LANs) are connected to JANET
+	allowing off-site access for the computers and terminals
+	connected to these networks.  The {Coloured Book} {protocol}
+	architecture is used to support interactive terminal access to
+	computers (for both character terminals and screen terminals),
+	inter-host file transfers, {electronic mail} and remote
+	{batch} job submission.
+
+	{(http://nic.ja.net/)}.
+
+	See also {JIPS}, {SuperJanet}.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group
+
+	<algorithm> (JBIG) An experts group of {ISO}, {IEC} and
+	{ITU-T} (JTC1/SC2/WG9 and SGVIII) working to define a
+	{compression} {standard} for {lossless} {image} coding.  Their
+	proposed {algorithm} features compatible {progressive coding}
+	and {sequential coding} and is lossless - the image is
+	unaltered after compression and decompression.
+
+	JBIG can handle images with from one to 255 bits per {pixel}.
+	Better compression algorithms exist for more than about eight
+	bits per pixel.  With multiple bits per pixel, {Gray code} can
+	be used to reduce the number of bit changes between adjacent
+	decimal values (e.g. 127 and 128), and thus improve the
+	compression which JBIG does on each {bitplane}.
+
+	JBIG uses discrete steps of detail by successively doubling
+	the {resolution}.  The sender computes a number of resolution
+	layers and transmits these starting at the lowest resolution.
+	Resolution reduction uses pixels in the high resolution layer
+	and some already computed low resolution pixels as an index
+	into a lookup table. The contents of this table can be
+	specified by the user.
+
+	Compatibility between progressive and sequential coding is
+	achieved by dividing an image into stripes.  Each stripe is a
+	horizontal bar with a user definable height.  Each stripe is
+	separately coded and transmitted, and the user can define in
+	which order stripes, resolutions and bitplanes are intermixed
+	in the coded data.  A progressively coded image can be decoded
+	sequentially by decoding each stripe, beginning by the one at
+	the top of the image, to its full resolution, and then
+	proceeding to the next stripe.  Progressive decoding can be
+	done by decoding only a specific resolution layer from all
+	stripes.
+
+	After dividing an image into {bitplanes}, {resolution layers}
+	and stripes, eventually a number of small bi-level {bitmaps}
+	are left to compress.  Compression is done using a {Q-coder}.
+
+	The Q-coder codes bi-level pixels as symbols using the
+	probability of occurrence of these symbols in a certain
+	context.  JBIG defines two kinds of context, one for the
+	lowest resolution layer (the base layer), and one for all
+	other layers (differential layers).  Differential layer
+	contexts contain pixels in the layer to be coded, and in the
+	corresponding lower resolution layer.
+
+	For each combination of pixel values in a context, the
+	probability distribution of black and white pixels can be
+	different.  In an all white context, the probability of coding
+	a white pixel will be much greater than that of coding a black
+	pixel.  The Q-coder, like {Huffman coding}, achieves
+	{compression} by assigning more bits to less probable symbols.
+	The Q-coder can, unlike a Huffman coder, assign one output
+	code bit to more than one input symbol, and thus is able to
+	compress bi-level pixels without explicit {clustering}, as
+	would be necessary using a Huffman coder.
+
+	[What is "clustering"?]
+
+	Maximum compression will be achieved when all probabilities
+	(one set for each combination of pixel values in the context)
+	follow the probabilities of the pixels.  The Q-coder therefore
+	continuously adapts these probabilities to the symbols it
+	sees.
+
+	JBIG can be regarded as two combined algorithms:
+
+	(1) Sending or storing multiple representations of images at
+	different resolutions with no extra storage cost.
+	Differential layer contexts contain pixels in two resolution
+	layers, and so enable the Q-coder to effectively code the
+	difference in information between the two layers, instead of
+	the information contained in every layer.  This means that,
+	within a margin of approximately 5%, the number of resolution
+	layers doesn't effect the compression ratio.
+
+	(2) A very efficient compression algorithm, mainly for use
+	with bi-level images.  Compared to {CCITT Group 4}, JBIG is
+	approximately 10% to 50% better on text and line art, and even
+	better on {halftones}.  JBIG, just like Group 4, gives worse
+	compression in the presence of noise in images.
+
+	An example application would be browsing through an image
+	database.
+
+	["An overview of the basic principles of the Q-coder adaptive
+	binary arithmetic coder", W.B. Pennebaker, J.L. Mitchell,
+	G.G. Langdon, R.B. Arps, IBM Journal of research and
+	development, Vol.32, No.6, November 1988, pp. 771-726].
+
+	{(http://crs4.it/~luigi/MPEG/jbig.html)}.
+
+	(1998-03-29)
+
+Joint Photographic Experts Group
+
+	<image, body, file format, standard> (JPEG) The original name
+	of the committee that designed the standard {image}
+	{compression} {algorithm}.  JPEG is designed for compressing
+	either {full-colour} or {grey-scale} {digital} images of
+	"natural", real-world scenes.  It does not work so well on
+	non-realistic images, such as cartoons or line drawings.  JPEG
+	does not handle compression of black-and-white (1
+	bit-per-pixel) images or {moving pictures}.  Standards for
+	compressing those types of images are being worked on by other
+	committees, named {JBIG} and {MPEG}.
+
+	{(http://jpeg.org/)}.
+
+	{Filename extension}: .jpg, .jpeg.
+
+	See also {PJPEG}.
+
+	(2000-09-11)
+
+Joint Technical Committee
+
+	<standard, body> (JTC) A {standards} body straddling {ISO} and
+	{IEC}.
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+Joint Test Action Group
+
+	<architecture, body, electronics, integrated circuit, standard,
+	testing> (JTAG, or "IEEE Standard 1149.1") A {standard} specifying
+	how to control and monitor the pins of compliant devices on a
+	{printed circuit board}.
+
+	Each device has four JTAG control lines.  There is a
+	common reset (TRST) and clock (TCLK).  The data line
+	{daisy chains} one device's test data out (TDO) pin
+	to the test data in (TDI) pin on the next device.
+
+	The {protocol} contains commands to read and set the values of
+	the pins (and, optionally {internal registers}) of devices.
+	This is called "{boundary scanning}".  The protocol makes
+	board testing easier as signals that are not visible at the
+	board connector may be read and set.
+
+	The protocol also allows the testing of equipment, connected
+	to the JTAG port, to identify components on the board (by
+	reading the device identification register) and to control and
+	monitor the device's outputs.
+
+	JTAG is not used during normal operation of a board.
+
+	{JTAG Technologies B.V. (http://jtag.com/)}.
+
+	{Boundary Scan/JTAG Technical Information - Xilinx, Inc.
+	(http://xilinx.com/support/techsup/journals/jtag/)}.
+
+	{Java API for Boundary Scan FAQs - Xilinx Inc.
+	(http://xilinx.com/products/software/sx/sxfaqs.htm)}.
+
+	{JTAG Boundary-Scan Test Products - Corelis, Inc.
+	(http://corelis.com/products/scanovrv.html)}.
+
+	{"Logic analyzers stamping out bugs at the cutting edge", EDN
+	Access, 1997-04-10
+	(http://ednmag.com/ednmag/reg/1997/041097/08df_02.htm)}.
+
+	{IEEE 1149.1 Device Architecture - Boundary-Scan Tutorial from
+	ASSET InterTech, Inc.
+	(http://asset-intertech.com/tutorial/arch.htm)}.
+
+	{"Application-Specific Integrated Circuits", Michael John
+	Sebatian Smith, published Addison-Wesley - Design Automation
+	Cafe
+	(http://dacafe.com/DACafe/EDATools/EDAbooks/ASIC/Book/CH14/CH14.2.htm)}.
+
+	{Software Debug options on ASIC cores - Embedded Systems
+	Programming Archive (http://embedded.com/97/feat9701.htm)}.
+
+	{Designing for On-Board Programming Using the IEEE 1149.1
+	(JTAG) Access Port - Intel
+	(http://developer.intel.com/design/flcomp/applnots/292186.htm)}.
+
+	{Built-In Self-Test Using Boundary Scan by Texas Instruments -
+	EDTN Network
+	(http://edtn.com/scribe/reference/appnotes/md003e9a.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-11-15)
+
+Joliet
+
+	<standard, storage> An extension of the {ISO 9660:1988} {ISO}
+	{standard} {file system} for {CD-ROMs} that allows {Unicode}
+	characters in file names and other enhancements.  Version 1 of
+	Joliet was released on 1995-05-22.
+
+	Joiliet supports file and directory names up to 128 bytes (64
+	unicode characters) long, directory names with file name
+	extensions, a directory hierarchy deeper than 8 levels and the
+	{volume recognition sequence} supports {multisession}.
+
+	Joliet uses ISO 9660's "supplementary volume descriptor" (SVD)
+	to specify Unicode files.  Use of the previously unused escape
+	sequence ISO 2022 means that Joliet is {backward compatible}
+	with ISO 9660..
+
+	{(http://www-plateau.cs.berkeley.edu/people/chaffee/jolspec.html)}.
+
+	(2006-09-25)
+
+jolix
+
+	{386BSD}
+
+JOLT
+
+	{Java Open Language Toolkit}
+
+Jonathan's Own Version Of Emacs
+
+	<editor> (jove) A version of the {GNU} {Emacs} editor.
+	Similar to {MicroGnuEmacs}.
+
+	(2008-05-29)
+
+Jon Postel
+
+	<person> (Jonathan Bruce Postel, 1943 - 1998-10-16) /p*-stel'/
+	One of the {Internet}'s founding fathers.  Jon's name is
+	prominent on many of the fundamental {standards} on which the
+	Internet is built, such as {UDP}.  He ran {IANA} for as long
+	as anybody could remember, in fact for most of the time he
+	*was* IANA.
+
+	He wrote {STD 1}, {STD 2} and several dozen other {RFCs}.  His
+	friend {Vinton Cerf} noted his passing in {RFC 2468}.
+
+	(1998-10-21)
+
+JOOP
+
+	{Journal of Object-Oriented Programming}
+
+Joseph-Marie Jacquard
+
+	<person> /zhoh-zef' mah-ree' zhah-kar'/ (1752-07-07 to
+	1834-08-07) The inventor of the {Jacquard loom}.
+
+	(1998-10-19)
+
+Josephson Junction
+
+	<electronics> A type of {electronic} {circuit} capable of
+	switching at very high speeds when operated at temperatures
+	approaching {absolute zero}.  The low power dissipation of a
+	Josepshson Junction makes it useful in {high density computer
+	circuits}.
+
+	(2004-06-28)
+
+JOSS
+
+	{JOHNNIAC Open Shop System}.
+
+Jossle
+
+	<language> A type checked language with {separate compilation}
+	using a program library.
+
+	Mentioned in ["Rationale for the Design of Ada", J.  Ichbiah,
+	Cambridge U Press, 1986, p.192].
+
+	(2005-02-19)
+
+journal
+
+	<operating system> An on-going record of transactions, such as
+	{database} updates, {file system} writes, procedure calls or
+	message transmissions.  A journal differs from a simple {log}
+	in that the contents of the journal can be used to reconstruct
+	the state of the system after a failure by re-applying the
+	transactions in the journal to a snapshot of the system
+	previous state.
+
+	(2008-05-29)
+
+journalling
+
+	{journal}
+
+jove
+
+	{Jonathan's Own Version Of Emacs}.
+
+JOVIAL
+
+	<language> (Jule's Own Version of IAL) A version of {IAL}
+	produced by Jules I. Schwartz in 1959-1960.  JOVIAL was based
+	on {ALGOL 58}, with extensions for large scale {real-time}
+	programming.  It saw extensive use by the US Air Force.  The
+	data elements were items, entries ({records}) and tables.
+
+	Versions include JOVIAL I ({IBM 709}, 1960), JOVIAL II ({IBM
+	7090}, 1961) and JOVIAL 3 (1965).  Dialects: {J3}, {JOVIAL
+	J73}, {JS}, {JTS}.
+
+	Ada/Jovial Newsletter, Dale Lange +1 (513) 255-4472.
+
+	[CACM 6(12):721, Dec 1960].
+
+	(1996-07-19)
+
+Joy
+
+	<language> A {functional programming} language by Manfred von
+	Thun.  Joy is unusual because it is not based on {lambda
+	calculus}, but on the {composition} of {functions}.  Functions
+	take a stack as argument, consume any number of parameters
+	from it, and return it with any number of results on it.  The
+	concatenation of programs denotes the composition of
+	functions.  One of the datatypes of Joy is that of quoted
+	programs, of which lists are a special case.
+
+	{Joy Home
+	(http://latrobe.edu.au/philosophy/phimvt/joy.html)}.
+
+	(2003-06-13)
+
+Joyce
+
+	A distributed language based on {Pascal} and {CSP}, by Per
+	Brinch Hansen.
+
+	["Joyce - A Programming Language for Distributed Systems", Per
+	Brinch Hansen, Soft Prac & Exp 17(1):29-50 (Jan 1987)].
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+joystick
+
+	<hardware, games> A device consisting of a hand held stick that
+	pivots about one end and transmits its angle in two dimensions
+	to a computer.  Joysticks are often used to control games, and
+	usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be
+	read by the computer.  Most I/O interface cards for {IBM PCs}
+	have a joystick (game control) port.
+
+	(1995-03-08)
+
+Joy, William
+
+	{William Joy}
+
+jp
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Japan.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+JPEG
+
+	{Joint Photographic Experts Group}
+
+JPEG-2000
+
+	<image, file format> A potential successor to {JPEG} with
+	better compression and {multiresolution} {images}.  JPEG-2000
+	gives reasonable quality down to 0.1 bits/pixel (JPEG quality
+	drops dramatically below about 0.4 bits/pixel).
+
+	(2001-12-02)
+
+JPEG File Interchange Format
+
+	<graphics, file format> (JFIF) The technical name for the file
+	format better known as {JPEG}.  This term is used only when
+	the difference between the JPEG file format and the JPEG image
+	{compression} {algorithm} is crucial.
+
+	(1998-02-10)
+
+jpg
+
+	{JPEG}
+
+JPL
+
+	<language> {JAM Programming Language}.
+
+JPLDIS
+
+	{Jet Propulsion Laboratory} Display Information System.  Query
+	system for {UNIVAC 1108} [or PDP's?] written in {Fortran},
+	based on {Tymshare}'s "Retrieve".  Indirectly led to {Vulcan}
+	which led to {dBASE II}.  Jack Hatfield, George Masters,
+	W. Van Snyder, Jeb Long et al, JPL.
+
+J. Presper Eckert
+
+	<person> One of the developers of {ENIAC}.
+
+	{Biography
+	(http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/ShortBiogs/E.html)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1995-11-14)
+
+J. Random
+
+	<jargon> /J rand'm/ (Generalised from {J. Random Hacker})
+	Arbitrary; ordinary; any one; any old.  "J. Random" is often
+	prefixed to a noun to make a name out of it.  It means roughly
+	"some particular" or "any specific one".  "Would you let
+	J. Random Loser marry your daughter?"  The most common uses
+	are "J. Random Hacker", "J. Random Loser", and "J. Random
+	Nerd" ("Should J. Random Loser be allowed to {gun} down other
+	people?"), but it can be used simply as an elaborate version
+	of {random} in any sense.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+J. Random Hacker
+
+	<jargon> /J rand'm hak'r/ {MIT} jargon for a mythical figure;
+	the archetypal {hacker} {nerd}.
+
+	This may originally have been inspired by "J. Fred Muggs", a
+	show-biz chimpanzee whose name was a household word back in
+	the early days of {TMRC}, and was probably influenced by
+	{J. Presper Eckert} (one of the co-inventors of the electronic
+	computer).
+
+	See {random}, {Suzie COBOL}.
+
+	(1996-10-16)
+
+JRE
+
+	{Java Run-Time Environment}
+
+JRL
+
+	{J. Random} Loser.  The names JRL and JRN were sometimes used
+	as example names when discussing a kind of user ID used under
+	{TOPS-10} and {WAITS}.  They were understood to be the
+	initials of (fictitious) programmers named "J. Random Loser"
+	and "J. Random Nerd".  For example, if one said "To log in,
+	type log one comma jay are en" (that is, "log 1,JRN"), the
+	listener would have understood that he should use his own
+	computer ID in place of "JRN".
+
+JRMP
+
+	{Java Remote Method Protocol}
+
+JRN
+
+	{J. Random} Nerd.  See {JRL}.
+
+JRST
+
+	/jerst/ [based on the {PDP-10} jump instruction, obsolete] To
+	suddenly change subjects, with no intention of returning to
+	the previous topic.  Usage: rather rare except among PDP-10
+	diehards, and considered silly.  See also {AOS}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+JS
+
+	Dialect of {JOVIAL}.  [Sammet 1969, p.639].
+
+JSA
+
+	Japanese Standards Association.
+
+JSDK
+
+	{Java Servlet Development Kit}
+
+JSF
+
+	{JavaServer Faces}
+
+JSON
+
+	{JavaScript Object Notation}
+
+JSP
+
+	{JavaServer Pages}
+
+JTAG
+
+	{Joint Test Action Group}
+
+JTB
+
+	{jump trace buffer}
+
+JTC
+
+	<standard, body> {Joint Technical Committee}.
+
+JTC1/SC24
+
+	The {ISO}/{IEC} group which has worked on {standards} like
+	{GKS}, {PHIGS}, {CGM}, and is now also involved in the area of
+	standardisation in {Multimedia Presentation}.
+
+	{(http://cwi.nl/JTC1SC24/)}.
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+JTS
+
+	A simple dialect of {JOVIAL}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 528].
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+juggling eggs
+
+	Keeping a lot of {state} in your head while modifying a
+	program.  "Don't bother me now, I'm juggling eggs", means that
+	an interrupt is likely to result in the program's being
+	scrambled.  In the classic first-contact SF novel "The Mote in
+	God's Eye", by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, an alien
+	describes a very difficult task by saying "We juggle priceless
+	eggs in variable gravity."  See also {hack mode}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Jughead
+
+	Jughead is a tool for Gopher administrators to get menu
+	information from various gopher servers, and is an acronym
+	for: Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And
+	Display.  Jughead was written in ANSI C.  Gopher:
+	gopher.cc.utah.edu, About U of U Gopher/Gopher Tools/jughead.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cc.utah.edu/pub/gopher/GopherTools)}.  Mailing
+	list: jughead-news@lists.utah.edu.
+
+jukebox
+
+	<hardware, storage> A hardware mechanism for allowing access
+	to one of a group of discs, especially CD-ROMs or other
+	optical media.
+
+	[Or magnetic tapes?]
+
+	(1996-12-10)
+
+jump
+
+	<programming> (Or "branch") The term for a {goto} instruction,
+	usually in a context of {machine languages}.  "Branch" may be
+	synonymous with "jump", or may refer to jumps that depend on a
+	condition.
+
+	(1998-11-14)
+
+jumper
+
+	<hardware> A removable wire or small plug whose presence or
+	absence is used to determine some aspect of hardware
+	configuration.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+jump off into never-never land
+
+	[J. M. Barrie's "Peter Pan"] Same as {branch to Fishkill}, but
+	more common in technical cultures associated with non-{IBM}
+	computers that use the term "jump" rather than "branch".
+
+	Compare {hyperspace}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+jump trace buffer
+
+	(JTB) A feature of some {pipelined} processors (e.g. {Amulet},
+	{Pentium}?) which stores the source and destination addresses
+	of the last few branch instuctions executed.  When a branch
+	instruction is fetched, its source is looked for in the JTB.
+	If found, the next instuction fetch will be from the previous
+	destination of that branch.  If it turns out that the branch
+	shouldn't have been taken this time, then the {pipeline} is
+	flushed.  This means that in a {tight loop} it is not
+	necessary to flush the {pipeline} every time you jump back to
+	the start.
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+Junction FET
+
+	{Junction Field Effect Transistor}
+
+Junction Field Effect Transistor
+
+	<electronics> (JFET, Junction FET) A {Field Effect Transistor}
+	in which the conducting channel lies between pn junctions in
+	the silicon material.  A pn junction acts as a {diode}, so it
+	becomes conductive if the gate voltage gets reversed.
+
+	(1997-02-24)
+
+Juno
+
+	A numerical {constraint}-oriented language for graphics
+	applications.  It solves its constraints using
+	{Newton-Raphson} {relaxation}.  It was inspired partly by
+	{Metafont}.
+
+	["Juno, a Constraint-Based Graphics System", G. Nelson in
+	SIGGRAPH '85 Conf Readings, B.A. Barsky ed, Jul 1985,
+	pp. 235-243].
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+jupiter
+
+	To kill an {IRC} {robot} or user and then take its place by
+	adopting its {nick} so that it cannot reconnect.  Named after
+	a particular IRC user who did this to {NickServ}, the robot in
+	charge of preventing people from inadvertently using a nick
+	claimed by another user.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+Just a Bunch Of Disks
+
+	<jargon, storage> (JBOD, or "Just a Bunch of Drives") A
+	storage subsystems using multiple independent {disk drives},
+	as opposed to one form of {RAID} or another.
+
+	For example, {Unisys} open storage provides JBOD in both
+	{SCSI} and {fibre channel} interfaces.
+
+	{Unisys JBOD
+	(http://marketplace.unisys.com/storage/jbod.html)}.
+
+	(1998-12-21)
+
+just-in-time
+
+	{dynamic translation}
+
+JVM
+
+	{Java Virtual Machine}
+
+Jym
+
+	A predecessor to {Graal} by Patrick Bellot, France.
+
+K
+
+	<unit> {kilo-}, a {kilobyte}.  Used both as a spoken word and
+	a written suffix, like {meg} and {gig} for {megabyte} and
+	{gigabyte}.
+
+	See {prefix}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-09-29)
+
+K5
+
+	An early system on the {Larc} computer.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+K56flex
+
+	<protocol> A modem standard developed by {Rockwell} for 56
+	{kbps} communications.  K56flex Became more popular than the
+	rival {X2} but will be superseded by the official {V.90}
+	standard.
+
+	[Already superseded?]
+
+	(1998-09-08)
+
+K6
+
+	<processor> A {Pentium II} class {microprocessor},
+	manufactured by {AMD}.
+
+	[100% Compatible?  Speed?]
+
+	(1998-02-27)
+
+K7
+
+	{Athlon}
+
+KA9Q
+
+	<networking> A popular implementation of {TCP/IP} and
+	associated {protocols} for amateur {packet radio} systems and
+	{personal computers} connected via {serial lines}.  It was
+	named after the call-sign of Phil Karn - the radio ham who
+	first wrote it for {MS-DOS} on the {IBM PC}.
+
+	KA9Q is currently maintained by Anthony Frost
+	<vulch@kernow.demon.co.uk> (call-sign G8UDV) and Adam
+	Goodfellow <tcpip2@comptech.demon.co.uk>.  It has been ported
+	to the {Archimedes} by Jonathan Naylor (G4KLX).
+
+	[FTP?]
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+KADS
+
+	{Knowledge Analysis and Design System}
+
+kahuna
+
+	<person> /k*-hoo'n*/ (From the Hawaiian title for a shaman) An
+	{IBM} synonym for {wizard} or {guru}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+Kaleidoscope
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} language which mixes
+	{imperative programming} and {constraint}-oriented features.
+	Kaleidoscope was written by Freeman-Benson of the {University
+	of Washington}, {Universite de Nantes}, 1989; {University of
+	Victoria}, 1992.  It is similar to {Siri} and vaguely related
+	to {Prose}.
+
+	Versions: Kaleidoscope '90 and Kaleidoscope '91.
+
+	["Kaleidoscope: Mixing Objects, Constraints and Imperative
+	Programming", B.N. Freeman-Benson, SIGPLAN Notices
+	25(10):77-88 (OOPSLA/ECOOP '90) (Oct 1990)].
+
+	["Constraint Imperative Programming", B.N. Freeman-Benson,
+	Ph.D. Thesis, TR 91-07-02, U Wash (1991)].
+
+	["Constraint Imperative Programming", Freeman-Benson et al,
+	IEEE Conf on Comp Lang, Apr 1992].
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+Kali
+
+	A {data parallel} language.
+
+	["Supporting Shared Data Structures on Distributed Memory
+	Architectures", C. Koelbel et al in Second ACM SIGPLAN Symp on
+	Princ and Prac of Parallel Programming, pp.177-186, Mar 1990].
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+kamikaze packet
+
+	{Christmas tree packet}
+
+Kamin's interpreters
+
+	<language, tool> A set of {interpreters} for {Pascal}, {Lisp},
+	{APL}, {Scheme}, {SASL}, {CLU}, {Smalltalk}, and {Prolog}.
+	Tim Budd <budd@cs.orst.edu> implemented them as {subclasses}
+	in {C++} sometime before 1991-09-12.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.orst.edu/pub/budd/kamin/)}.
+
+	["Programming Languages, An Interpreter-Based Approach",
+	Samuel Kamin].
+
+	(2002-03-14)
+
+kana
+
+	<Japanese> The two Japanese syllabaries, {hiragana} and
+	{katakana}.
+
+	(2001-03-18)
+
+kangaroo code
+
+	{spaghetti code}
+
+kanji
+
+	<human language, character> /kahn'jee/ (From the Japanese
+	"kan" - the Chinese Han dynasty, and "ji" - {glyph} or letter
+	of the alphabet.  Not capitalised.  Plural "kanji") The
+	Japanese word for a {Han character} used in Japanese.  Kanji
+	constitute a part of the {writing system} used to represent
+	the Japanese language in written, printed and displayed form.
+	The term is also used for the collection of all kanji
+	{letters}.
+
+	{US-ASCII} doesn't include kanji characters, but some
+	{character encodings}, including {Unicode}, do.
+
+	The Japanese writing system also uses hiragana, katakana, and
+	sometimes romaji ({Roman alphabet} letters).  These characters
+	are distinct from, though commonly used in combination with,
+	kanji.  {Furigana} are also added sometimes.
+
+	(2000-12-30)
+
+KAOS
+
+	{Kent Applicative Operating System}
+
+KAP
+
+	Kernel Andorra Prolog.  The predecessor of {AKL}.
+
+	["Kernel Andorra Prolog and its Computation Model", S. Haridi
+	<seif@sics.se> et al, in Logic Programming: Proc 7th Intl
+	Conf, MIT Press 1990].
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Karel
+
+	Language featured in Karel the Robot: A Gentle Introduction to
+	Computer Programming, Richard E. Pattis, Wiley 1981.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/mirrors/Unix-c/languages/pascal/karel.tar-z)}.
+
+katakana
+
+	<Japanese> The square-formed Japanese {kana} syllabary.
+	Katakana is mostly used to write foreign names, foreign words,
+	and loan words as well as many onomatopeia, plant and animal
+	names.
+
+	(2001-03-18)
+
+Katmai New Instructions
+
+	{Streaming SIMD Extensions}
+
+KB
+
+	{kilobyte}
+
+KBMS
+
+	An {expert system}.
+
+kbps
+
+	{kilobits per second}
+
+KBS
+
+	{Knowledge-Based System}
+
+KC-85/1
+
+	<computer> A commercial {home computer} from East Germany.
+	The KC-85/1 runs at 2.45 {MHz} and uses a {Z80} {clone}
+	{CPU}. The computer allows for only semigraphics.
+
+	(2004-03-31)
+
+KC85/2
+
+	<computer> A commercial {home computer} introduced in East
+	Germany in 1984. The KC85/2 has 32 {KB} of {RAM} and uses a
+	{Z80} {clone} {CPU}.
+
+	(2004-03-31)
+
+KC85/3
+
+	<computer> A commercial {home computer} introduced in East
+	Germany in 1986.  The KC85/3 has 32 {KB} of {RAM} and uses a
+	{Z80} {clone} {CPU}.
+
+	(2004-03-31)
+
+KC85/4
+
+	<computer> The last commercial home computer from East Germany
+	in the KC series.  The KC85/4 was introduced in 1988.  It runs
+	at 1.77 {MHz}, has 64 {KB} of {RAM} and uses a {Z80} {clone}
+	{CPU}.  It displays graphics at a {resolution} of 320x256.
+
+	(2004-03-31)
+
+KCL
+
+	{Kyoto Common Lisp}
+
+ke
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Kenya.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+KEE
+
+	Knowledge Engineering Environment.  Frame-based expert system.
+	Supports dynamic inheritance, {multiple inheritance},
+	polymorphism.  Classes, meta-classes and objects are all
+	treated alike.  A class is an instance of a meta-class.  Can
+	control rules for merging of each field when multiple
+	inheritance takes place.  Methods are written in LISP.
+	Actions may be triggered when fields are accessed or modified.
+	Extensive GUI integrates with objects.  Can easily make object
+	updates to be reflected on display or display selections to
+	update fields.  This can in turn trigger other methods or
+	inference rules which may then update other parts of the
+	display.  Intellicorp, for TI Explorer.  "The Role of
+	Frame-Based Representation in Reasoning", R. Fikes et al, CACM
+	28(9):904- 920 (Sept 1985).
+
+keep-alive
+
+	<communications> A short message sent periodically on a
+	communication channel that would otherwise {time out} and
+	close due to inactivity.
+
+	(2012-07-18)
+
+Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics
+
+	Address: Russian Academy of Sciences Miusskaya Pl. 4, 125047
+	Moscow, Russia.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+ken
+
+	/ken/ 1. {Ken Thompson}
+
+	2. A flaming user.  This was originated by the Software
+	Support group at {Symbolics} because the two greatest flamers
+	in the user community were both named Ken.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Ken Thompson
+
+	<person> The principal inventor of the {Unix} {operating
+	system} and author of the {B} language, the predecessor of
+	{C}.
+
+	In the early days Ken used to hand-cut {Unix} distribution
+	tapes, often with a note that read "Love, ken".  Old-timers
+	still use his first name (sometimes uncapitalised, because
+	it's a login name and mail address) in third-person reference;
+	it is widely understood (on {Usenet} in particular) that
+	without a last name "Ken" refers only to Ken Thompson.
+	Similarly, Dennis without last name means {Dennis Ritchie}
+	(and he is often known as dmr).
+
+	Ken was first hired to work on the {Multics} project, which
+	was a huge production with many people working on it.  Multics
+	was supposed to support hundreds of on-line logins but could
+	barely handle three.
+
+	In 1969, when Bell Labs withdrew from the project, Ken got fed
+	up with Multics and went off to write his own operating
+	system.  People said "well, if zillions of people wrote
+	Multics, then an OS written by one guy must be Unix!".  There
+	was some joking about eunichs as well.
+
+	Ken's wife Bonnie and son Corey (then 18 months old) went to
+	visit family in San Diego.  Ken spent one week each on the
+	{kernel}, {file system}, etc., and finished UNIX in one month
+	along with developing {SPACEWAR} (or was it "Space Travel"?).
+
+	See also {back door}, {brute force}, {demigod}, {wumpus}.
+
+	(1999-01-26)
+
+Kent Recursive Calculator
+
+	<language> (KRC) A {lazy} {functional language} developed by
+	{David Turner} in 1981, based on {SASL}, with {pattern
+	matching} and {ZF expressions}.
+
+	["Functional Programming and its Applications", David
+	A. Turner, Cambridge U Press 1982].
+
+	See also {continental drift}.
+
+	(2011-11-30)
+
+Kerberos
+
+	<security> The {authentication} system of {MIT}'s Project
+	{Athena}.  It is based on {symmetric key cryptography}.
+	Adopted by {OSF} as the basis of security for {DME}.
+
+	(1997-02-04)
+
+Kermit
+
+	<communications> A popular {packet-oriented} {protocol} from
+	{Columbia University} for transferring {text files} and
+	{binary files} on both {full-duplex} and {half-duplex} 8 bit
+	and 7-bit serial connections in a system- and
+	medium-independent fashion, and implemented on hundreds of
+	different computer and {operating system} {platforms}.  On
+	full-duplex connections a {sliding window} protocol with
+	selective retransmission provides excellent performance and
+	error recovery characteristics.  On 7-bit connections, locking
+	shifts provide efficient transfer of 8-bit data.
+
+	When properly implemented, as in the Columbia University
+	Kermit Software collection, performance is equal to or better
+	than other protocols such as {ZMODEM}, {YMODEM}, and {XMODEM},
+	especially on poor connections.
+
+	Kermit is an open protocol - anybody can base their own
+	program on it, but some Kermit software and {source code} is
+	{copyright} by Columbia University.
+
+	{(http://columbia.edu/kermit/)}.
+
+	(1996-01-29)
+
+kernal
+
+	{kernel}
+
+kernel
+
+	(Note: NOT "kernal").
+
+	1. <operating system> The essential part of {Unix} or other
+	{operating systems}, responsible for resource allocation,
+	low-level hardware interfaces, security etc.  See also
+	{microkernel}.
+
+	2. <language> An essential subset of a programming language,
+	in terms of which other constructs are (or could be) defined.
+	Also known as a {core} language.
+
+	(1996-06-07)
+
+Kernel Parlog
+
+	<language> A {modeless} {intermediate language} for {Parlog}
+	compilation.
+
+	["Notes on the Implementation of Parlog", K.L. Clark et al, J
+	Logic Prog 2(1):17-42 1985].
+
+	(1996-06-07)
+
+Kernel User Interface Package
+
+	<tool> (KUIP) The human interface to {Physics Analysis
+	Workbench} (PAW).
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+kerning
+
+	<text> In {typography}, the process of adjusting the spacing
+	between certain pairs of {characters} to improve the appearance of
+	the text.  Roughly speaking, this can be thought of as equalising
+	the area of space between adjacent characters.  Each {character}
+	of a {proportional font} has a width that includes some space on
+	either side so that adjacent letters don't touch.  Some pairs of
+	characters such as A and V, look better if the spaces overlap
+	slightly, bringing the characters closer together (but still not
+	touching).  In most cases, kerning reduces the spacing ("negative
+	kerning") but some pairs like "r" and "y" look better with extra
+	space ("positive kerning").
+
+	See also {tracking}, {leading}.
+
+	(2014-01-14)
+
+Kevo
+
+	<language> A {prototype}-based {object-oriented} language
+	written for {Macintosh} by Antero Taivalsaari at UTA, Finland.
+	Kevo is built around a {threaded code} {interpreter} and
+	features a unique prototype-based {object} model (which is
+	based neither on {classes} nor {Self}-style {delegation}),
+	{pre-emptive multitasking}, {cooperative multitasking},
+	dynamic {memory management}, an icon-based {object browser}
+	and editor modelled loosely after Mac {Finder}.  Kevo's
+	{syntax} is close to {Forth} and its {semantics} resembles
+	{Self} and {Omega}.
+
+	Latest version: 0.9b6.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.uta.fi/pub/kevo/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <kevo-interest@ursamajor.uvic.ca>.
+
+	[TR DCS-197-19, U Victoria, June 1992].
+
+	(1993-05-18)
+
+key
+
+	1. <database> A value used to identify a {record} in a
+	database, derived by applying some fixed function to the
+	record.  The key is often simply one of the {fields} (a
+	{column} if the database is considered as a table with records
+	being rows, see "{key field}").  Alternatively the key may be
+	obtained by applying some function, e.g. a {hash function}, to
+	one or more of the fields.  The set of keys for all records
+	forms an {index}.  Multiple indexes may be built for one
+	database depending on how it is to be searched.
+
+	2. <cryptography> A value which must be fed into the
+	{algorithm} used to decode an encrypted message in order to
+	reproduce the original {plain text}.  Some encryption schemes
+	use the same (secret) key to encrypt and decrypt a message,
+	but {public key encryption} uses a "private" (secret) key and
+	a "public" key which is known by all parties.
+
+	3. <hardware> An electromechanical {keyboard} button.
+
+	(2003-07-04)
+
+keyboard
+
+	<hardware> A {hardware} device consisting of a number of
+	mechanical buttons (keys) which the user presses to input
+	characters to a computer.
+
+	Keyboards were originally part of {terminals} which were
+	separate {peripheral} devices that performed both input and
+	output and communicated with the computer via a {serial line}.
+	Today a keyboard is more likely to be connected more directly
+	to the processor, allowing the processor to scan it and detect
+	which key or keys are currently pressed.  Pressing a key sends
+	a low-level {key code} to the keyboard input driver routine
+	which translates this to one or more {characters} or special
+	actions.
+
+	Keyboards vary in the keys they have, most have keys to
+	generate the {ASCII} {character set} as well as various
+	{function keys} and special purpose keys, e.g. reset or volume
+	control.
+
+	(2003-07-04)
+
+Keyboard Commando
+
+	<messaging> A {bulletin board} user who posts authoritatively
+	on military or combat topics, but who has never served in
+	uniform or heard a shot fired in anger.  A poseur.
+
+	(1997-04-25)
+
+keyboard plaque
+
+	<jargon> The disgusting buildup of dirt and crud found on
+	computer keyboards.  "Are there any other terminals I can use?
+	This one has a bad case of keyboard plaque."
+
+	(1997-04-30)
+
+Keyboard Send Receive
+
+	<hardware> (KSR) Part of a designation for a hard-copy
+	{terminal}, manufactured by {Teletype Corporation}.  The KSR
+	range were lower cost versions of the {ASR} models.
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+Keyboard Video Mouse
+
+	<hardware> (KVM) Used to describe a "KVM switch" that allows
+	one keyboard, one video display and one mouse to be switched
+	between two or more computers.
+
+	(2007-03-22)
+
+Keyed-Hashing Message Authentication
+
+	<messaging, cryptography> (HMAC) A mechanism for message
+	{authentication} using cryptographic {hash functions}.  HMAC
+	can be used with any iterative cryptographic hash function,
+	e.g., {MD5}, {SHA-1}, in combination with a secret shared key.
+	The cryptographic strength of HMAC depends on the properties
+	of the underlying hash function.
+
+	[RFC 2104].
+
+	(1997-05-10)
+
+Keyed Sequenced Data Set
+
+	<database> (KSDS) One of the access methods used by {VSAM}.
+	KSDS has indexes and data split into CI (Control Interval) in
+	CA (Control Area) and multi index levelled.  Forward and
+	backward compression is applied to key values.
+
+	(1999-01-11)
+
+key escrow
+
+	<security> A controversial arrangement where the {keys} needed
+	to decrypt encrypted data must be held in {escrow} by a third
+	party so that government agencies can obtain them to decrypt
+	messages which they suspect to be relevant to national
+	security.
+
+	(1999-12-14)
+
+key field
+
+	<database> A field of a {database} (typically a {relational
+	database}) {table} which together form a unique identifier for
+	a record (a table entry).  The aggregate of these fields is
+	usually referred to simply as "the {key}".
+
+	(1997-08-03)
+
+key frame
+
+	<graphics> A frame in an animated sequence of frames which was
+	drawn or otherwise constructed directly by the user rather
+	than generated automatically, e.g. by {tweening}.
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+KeyNote Software
+
+	A company which offers {software}-based business contact
+	directories for people who develop, manufacture, market, or
+	distribute {software} or {multimedia} products.
+
+	E-mail: <server@netmail.com> (Subject: SEND INDEX).
+
+keypad
+
+	<hardware> An input device with a small array of {push
+	buttons} labeled with numbers or other symbols, designed to
+	allow rapid entry of characters from a small set, e.g. decimal
+	digits 0-9 or, historically, hexadecimal digits.
+
+	The most common form of keypad is the {numeric keypad} found
+	on a standard {PC} {keyboard}.
+
+	(2008-10-10)
+
+keypal
+
+	The {electronic mail} equivalent of a pen pal - someone with
+	whom to exchange electronic mail for the simple joy of
+	communicating.
+
+	{Request for keypals
+	(gopher://wealaka.okgeosurvey1.gov/11/K12/keypals)}.
+
+	[Is there some kind of central clearing-house for requests on
+	the net?]
+
+KeySpell
+
+	<text, tool, education> A spell checker and teaching aid from
+	UK company KeySpell Limited for {Microsoft Windows}.  KeySpell
+	offers a selection of phonetically similar words, phrases,
+	confusable terms, and examples in context.  Even correctly
+	spelt homophones can be checked.
+
+	KeySpell can be run with {Microsoft Word} 97 or stand-alone.
+	It includes 225,000 words and phrases and can use subsets of
+	these.
+
+	{(http://keyspell.com)}.
+
+	(1999-05-21)
+
+keyword
+
+	1. One of a fixed set of symbols built into the syntax of a
+	language.  Typical keywords would be if, then, else, print,
+	goto, while, switch.  There are usually restrictions about
+	reusing keywords as names for user-defined objects such as
+	variables or procedures.  Languages vary as to what is
+	provided as a keyword and what is a library routine, for
+	example some languages provide keywords for input/output
+	operations whereas in others these are library routines.
+
+	2. A small set of words designed to convey the subject of a
+	technical article.  Some publications specify a fixed set of
+	keywords from which those for a particular article should be
+	chosen.
+
+keyword in context
+
+	<algorithm, information science> (KWIC) A document search
+	method that creates indexes of document text or titles.  Each
+	keyword is stored in the resulting index along with some
+	surrounding text, usually the word or phrase that precedes or
+	follows the keyword in the text or title.
+
+	(2004-02-17)
+
+KFX
+
+	<language> The {kernel} language of {FX-87}.
+
+	["Polymorphic Effect Systems", J.M. Lucassen et al, Proc 15th
+	Ann ACM Conf POPL, ACM 1988, pp.47-57].
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+kg
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Kyrgyzstan.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+kgbvax
+
+	{kremvax}
+
+kh
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Cambodia (formerly
+	Kampuchea).
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Khornerstone
+
+	A multipurpose {benchmark} from {Workstation Labs} used in
+	various periodicals.  The source is not free.  Results are
+	published in "UNIX Review".
+
+	(1993-04-15)
+
+Khwarizmi
+
+	{Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi}
+
+ki
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Kiribati.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+kibibyte
+
+	<unit> The official ISO[?] name for 1024 {bytes}, to
+	distinguish it from 1000 bytes which they call a kilobyte.
+	"Mebibyte", "Gibibyte", etc, are prefixes for other powers of
+	1024.  Although this new naming standard has been widely
+	reported in 2003, it seems unlikely to catch on.
+
+	(2003-09-27)
+
+KIBO
+
+	/ki:'boh/ 1. [acronym] Knowledge In, Bullshit Out.  A summary
+	of what happens whenever valid data is passed through an
+	organisation (or person) that deliberately or accidentally
+	disregards or ignores its significance.  Consider, for
+	example, what an advertising campaign can do with a product's
+	actual specifications.  Compare {GIGO}; see also {SNAFU
+	principle}.
+
+	2. James Parry <kibo@world.std.com>, a {Usenet}ter infamous
+	for various surrealist net.pranks and an uncanny,
+	machine-assisted knack for joining any thread in which his nom
+	de guerre is mentioned.
+
+	{(http://kibo.com/)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-05-20)
+
+kiboze
+
+	[{Usenet}] To {grep} the {Usenet} news for a string,
+	especially with the intention of posting a follow-up.  This
+	activity was popularised by {Kibo}.
+
+kick
+
+	[IRC] To cause somebody to be removed from a {IRC} channel, an
+	option only available to {CHOPs}.  This is an extreme measure,
+	often used to combat extreme {flamage} or {flood}ing, but
+	sometimes used at the chop's whim.  Compare {gun}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+kicking dead whales down the beach
+
+	<jargon, humour> A simile for a slow, difficult, and
+	disgusting process.  First popularised by a famous quote about
+	the difficulty of getting work done under one of {IBM}'s
+	{mainframe} {OS}es.  "Well, you *could* write a C compiler in
+	COBOL, but it would be like kicking dead whales down the
+	beach."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2012-09-21)
+
+Kid
+
+	{Kernel} language for {Id}.  A refinement of {P-TAC}, used as
+	an intermediate language for Id.  {Lambda-calculus} with
+	first-class {let}-blocks and {I-structures}.
+
+	["A Syntactic Approach to Program Transformations", Z. Ariola
+	et al, SIGPLAN Notices 26(9):116-129 (Sept 1991)].
+
+	(1996-07-22)
+
+KIDASA Software
+
+	<company> A company which develops project management software
+	for {Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	{(http://kidasa.com)}.
+
+	(1996-07-22)
+
+killer micro
+
+	[Popularised by Eugene Brooks] A {microprocessor}-based
+	machine that infringes on mini, mainframe, or supercomputer
+	performance turf.  Often heard in "No one will survive the
+	attack of the killer micros!", the battle cry of the
+	downsizers.  Used especially of {RISC} architectures.
+
+	The popularity of the phrase "attack of the killer micros" is
+	doubtless reinforced by the movie title "Attack Of The Killer
+	Tomatoes" (one of the {canonical} examples of
+	so-bad-it's-wonderful among hackers).  This has even more
+	flavour now that killer micros have gone on the offensive not
+	just individually (in workstations) but in hordes (within
+	{massively parallel computers}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+killer poke
+
+	A recipe for inducing hardware damage on a machine via
+	insertion of invalid values (see {poke}) into a
+	{memory-mapped} control {register}; used especially of various
+	fairly well-known tricks on {bitty box}es without hardware
+	memory management (such as the {IBM PC} and {Commodore} {PET})
+	that can overload analog electronics in the monitor.
+
+	See also {HCF}.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+kill file
+
+	[{Usenet}] Per-user file(s) used by some {Usenet} reading
+	programs (originally {Larry Wall}'s {rn}) to discard summarily
+	(without presenting for reading) articles matching some
+	particularly uninteresting (or unwanted) patterns of subject,
+	author, or other header lines.  Thus to add a person (or
+	subject) to one's kill file is to arrange for that person to
+	be ignored by one's newsreader in future.  By extension, it
+	may be used for a decision to ignore the person or subject in
+	other media.  See also {plonk}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+kilo-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+kilobaud
+
+	<unit> 1000 {baud}.
+
+	(1996-02-12)
+
+kilobit
+
+	<unit> 2^10 = 1024 {bits} of storage (1 Kb).
+
+	Compare {kilobits per second}.
+
+	(2002-03-23)
+
+kilobits per second
+
+	<unit> (kbps, kb/s) A unit of {data rate} where 1 kb/s = 1000
+	bits per second.  This contrasts with units of storage where 1
+	Kb = 1024 bits (note upper case K).
+
+	(2002-03-23)
+
+kilobyte
+
+	<unit, data> (KB) A unit of {data} equal to 1000 {bytes} (but see
+	{binary prefix} for other definitions).
+
+	One kilobyte is the amount of data in 1000 {ASCII} (or {UTF-8})
+	characters or about 250 English words (whose average length is
+	about four characters).
+
+	1000 kilobytes are one {megabyte}.
+
+	(2014-07-21)
+
+kiloflops
+
+	<unit> 1000 {FLOPS}.
+
+	See {prefix}.
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+kiosk
+
+	A stall set up in a public place where one can obtain
+	information, e.g. tourist information.  The information may be
+	provided by a human or by a computer.  In the latter case, the
+	data may be stored locally (e.g. on {CD-ROM}) or accessed via
+	a network using some kind of distributed information retreival
+	system such as {Gopher} or {web}.
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+KIPS
+
+	/kips/ [by analogy with {MIPS}] Thousands (*not* 1024s) of
+	instructions per second.  Usage: rare.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+KIS
+
+	{Knowbot Information Service}
+
+KISS
+
+	Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+KISS Principle
+
+	/kis' prin'si-pl/ Keep It Simple, Stupid.
+
+	A maxim often invoked when discussing design to fend off
+	{creeping featurism} and control complexity of development.
+	Possibly related to the {marketroid} maxim on sales
+	presentations, "Keep It Short and Simple".
+
+	See also {Occam's Razor}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+kit
+
+	<jargon> ({Usenet}, possibly from {DEC}) Slang for a full
+	software distribution, as opposed to a {patch} or upgrade.  A
+	source software distribution that has been packaged in such a
+	way that it can (theoretically) be unpacked and installed
+	according to a series of steps using only standard {Unix}
+	tools, and entirely documented by some reasonable chain of
+	references from the top-level {README file}.  The more general
+	term {distribution} may imply that special tools or more
+	stringent conditions on the host environment are required.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+KL0
+
+	Kernel Language 0.
+
+	A sequential {logic language} based on {Prolog}, used in the
+	Japanese {ICOT} project.
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+KL1
+
+	Kernel Language 1.
+
+	An experimental {AND-parallel} version of {KL0} for the {ICOT}
+	project in Japan.  KL1 is an implementation of {FGHC}.
+
+	Not to be confused with {KL-ONE}.
+
+	["Design of the Kernel Language for the Parallel Inference
+	Machine", U. Kazunori et al, Computer J (Dec 1990)].
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+Klamath
+
+	<processor> The pre-release "code name" for {Intel}'s {Pentium
+	II} {microprocessor}.
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+KLB
+
+	{Known Lazy Bastard}
+
+Kleene closure
+
+	{Kleene star}
+
+Kleene star
+
+	<text> (Or "Kleene closure", named after {Stephen Kleene}) The
+	{postfix} "*" operator used in {regular expressions},
+	{Extended Backus-Naur Form}, and similar formalisms to specify
+	a match for zero or more occurrences of the preceding
+	expression.  For example, the regular expression "be*t" would
+	match the string "bt", "bet", "beet", "beeeeet", and so on.
+
+	(2000-07-26)
+
+Kleene, Stephen Cole
+
+	{Stephen Kleene}
+
+Klerer-May System
+
+	Early system from {Columbia University} with special
+	mathematics symbols.  Its reference manual was two pages long!
+
+	["Further Advances in Two-Dimensional Input-Output by
+	Typewriter Terminals", M. Klerer et al, Proc FJCC 31 (1967)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 284-294].
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+KLOC
+
+	<unit, programming> Thousand (kilo-) {Lines of code}.
+
+	(1995-03-12)
+
+klone
+
+	/klohn/ {clone}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+KL-ONE
+
+	A {frame language}.
+
+	Not to be confused with {KL1}.
+
+	["An Overview of the KL-ONE Knowledge Representation System",
+	R.J. Brachman and J. Schmolze, Cognitive Sci 9(2), 1985].
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+kludge
+
+	<jargon> /kluhj/ (From the old Scots "kludgie" meaning an
+	outside toilet) A Scottish engineering term for anything added
+	in an ad hoc (and possibly unhygenic!) manner.  At some point
+	during the Second World War, Scottish engineers met Americans
+	and the meaning, spelling and pronunciation of kludge became
+	confused with that of "{kluge}".
+
+	The spelling "kludge" was apparently popularised by the
+	"Datamation" cited below which defined it as "An ill-assorted
+	collection of poorly matching parts, forming a distressing
+	whole."
+
+	The result of this tangled history is a mess; in 1993, many
+	(perhaps even most) hackers pronounce the word /klooj/ but
+	spell it "kludge" (compare the pronunciation drift of {mung}).
+	Some observers consider this appropriate in view of its
+	meaning.
+
+	["How to Design a Kludge", Jackson Granholme, Datamation,
+	February 1962, pp. 30-31].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-12-09)
+
+kluge
+
+	<jargon> /klooj/, /kluhj/ (From German "klug" /kloog/ - clever
+	and Scottish "{kludge}") 1. A Rube Goldberg (or Heath
+	Robinson) device, whether in {hardware} or {software}.
+
+	The spelling "kluge" (as opposed to "kludge") was used in
+	connection with computers as far back as the mid-1950s and, at
+	that time, was used exclusively of *hardware* kluges.
+
+	2. <programming> A clever programming trick intended to solve
+	a particular nasty case in an expedient, if not clear, manner.
+	Often used to repair bugs.  Often involves {ad-hockery} and
+	verges on being a {crock}.  In fact, the TMRC Dictionary
+	defined "kludge" as "a crock that works".
+
+	3. Something that works for the wrong reason.
+
+	4. ({WPI}) A {feature} that is implemented in a {rude} manner.
+
+	In 1947, the "New York Folklore Quarterly" reported a classic
+	shaggy-dog story "Murgatroyd the Kluge Maker" then current in
+	the Armed Forces, in which a "kluge" was a complex and
+	puzzling artifact with a trivial function.  Other sources
+	report that "kluge" was common Navy slang in the WWII era for
+	any piece of electronics that worked well on shore but
+	consistently failed at sea.
+
+	However, there is reason to believe this slang use may be a
+	decade older.  Several respondents have connected it to the
+	brand name of a device called a "Kluge paper feeder" dating
+	back at least to 1935, an adjunct to mechanical printing
+	presses.  The Kluge feeder was designed before small, cheap
+	electric motors and control electronics; it relied on a
+	fiendishly complex assortment of cams, belts, and linkages to
+	both power and synchronise all its operations from one motive
+	driveshaft.  It was accordingly tempermental, subject to
+	frequent breakdowns, and devilishly difficult to repair - but
+	oh, so clever!  One traditional folk etymology of "klugen"
+	makes it the name of a design engineer; in fact, "Kluge" is a
+	surname in German, and the designer of the Kluge feeder may
+	well have been the man behind this myth.
+
+	{TMRC} and the MIT hacker culture of the early 1960s seems to
+	have developed in a milieu that remembered and still used some
+	WWII military slang (see also {foobar}).  It seems likely that
+	"kluge" came to MIT via alumni of the many military
+	electronics projects run in Cambridge during the war (many in
+	MIT's venerable Building 20, which housed {TMRC} until the
+	building was demolished in 1999).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-10-02)
+
+kluge around
+
+	<jargon> To avoid a bug or difficult condition by inserting a
+	{kluge}.
+
+	Compare {workaround}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+km
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Comoros.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+KMODEL
+
+	An ancestor of Model-K.  "Preliminary Results on the BEHAVIOUR
+	Specifications Language KMODEL-0", BEHAVIOUR Memo 5-91, 1991,
+	GMD, Sankt Augustin, Germany
+
+KMS
+
+	{Knowledge Management System}
+
+kn
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Saint Kitts and Nevis.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+knapsack problem
+
+	<application, mathematics> Given a {set} of items, each with a
+	cost and a value, determine the number of each item to include
+	in a collection so that the total cost is less than some given
+	cost and the total value is as large as possible.
+
+	The 0/1 knapsack problem restricts the number of each items to
+	zero or one.
+
+	Such {constraint satisfaction} problems are often solved using
+	{dynamic programming}.
+
+	The general knapsack problem is {NP-hard}, and this has led to
+	attempts to use it as the basis for {public-key encryption}
+	systems.  Several such attempts failed because the knapsack
+	problems they produced were in fact solvable by
+	{polynomial-time algorithms}.
+
+	[Are there any trusted knapsack-based public-key
+	cryptosystems?].
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+KNI
+
+	{Streaming SIMD Extensions}
+
+Knights of the Lambda-Calculus
+
+	A semi-mythical organisation of wizardly LISP and Scheme
+	hackers.  The name refers to a mathematical formalism invented
+	by Alonzo Church, with which LISP is intimately connected.
+	There is no enrollment list and the criteria for induction are
+	unclear, but one well-known LISPer has been known to give out
+	buttons and, in general, the *members* know who they are.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+knowbot
+
+	<web> A kind of {bot} that collects information by
+	automatically gathering certain specified information from
+	{websites}.
+
+	(1999-06-19)
+
+Knowbot Information Service
+
+	<networking, information science> (KIS) Also known as
+	netaddress.  The Knowbot Information Service (KIS) provides a
+	uniform user interface to a variety of {remote directory
+	services} such as {whois}, {finger}, {X.500}, {MCIMail}.  By
+	submitting a single query to KIS, a user can search a set of
+	remote {white pages} services and see the results of the
+	search in a uniform format.
+
+	There are several interfaces to the KIS service including
+	{electronic mail} and {telnet}.  Another KIS interface
+	imitates the Berkeley {whois} command.
+
+	KIS consists of two distinct types of modules which interact
+	with each other (typically across a network) to provide the
+	service.  One module is a user agent module that runs on the
+	KIS mail host machine.  The second module is a remote server
+	module (possibly on a different machine) that interrogates
+	various database services across the network and provides the
+	results to the user agent module in a uniform fashion.
+	Interactions between the two modules can be via messages
+	between Knowbots or by actual movement of Knowbots.
+
+	There are electronic mail interfaces for KIS at the hosts
+	cnri.reston.va.us and sol.bucknell.edu.  Send a message
+	containing just the word "man" to <kis@cnri.reston.va.us> or
+	<netaddress@sol.bucknell.edu>.  Telnet: info.cnri.reston.va.us
+	port 185.
+
+knowledge
+
+	<artificial intelligence, information science> The objects,
+	concepts and relationships that are assumed to exist in some
+	area of interest.  A collection of {knowledge}, represented
+	using some {knowledge representation} language is known as a
+	{knowledge base} and a program for extending and/or querying a
+	knowledge base is a {knowledge-based system}.
+
+	Knowledge differs from {data} or {information} in that new
+	knowledge may be created from existing knowledge using logical
+	{inference}.  If information is data plus meaning then
+	knowledge is information plus processing.
+
+	A common form of knowledge, e.g. in a {Prolog} program, is a
+	collection of {facts} and {rules} about some subject.
+
+	For example, a {knowledge base} about a family might contain
+	the facts that John is David's son and Tom is John's son and
+	the rule that the son of someone's son is their grandson.
+	From this knowledge it could infer the new fact that Tom is
+	David's grandson.
+
+	See also {Knowledge Level}.
+
+	(1994-10-19)
+
+Knowledge Analysis and Design System
+
+	<process> (KADS) A structured way of developing
+	{knowledge-based systems} ({expert systems}).  KADS was
+	developed as an alternative to an evolutionary approach and is
+	now accepted as the European standard for knowledge based
+	systems.
+
+	{(http://cse.unsw.edu.au/~timm/pub/slides/kltut/index.html)}.
+
+	["Knowledge Based Systems Analysis and Design: A KADS
+	Developers Handbook", Tansley and Hayball]
+
+	(1998-03-12)
+
+knowledge base
+
+	<artificial intelligence> A collection of {knowledge}
+	expressed using some formal {knowledge representation}
+	language.  A knowledge base forms part of a {knowledge-based
+	system} (KBS).
+
+	(1994-10-19)
+
+knowledge-based system
+
+	<artificial intelligence> (KBS) A program for extending and/or
+	querying a {knowledge base}.
+
+	The related term {expert system} is normally used to refer to
+	a highly domain-specific type of KBS used for a specialised
+	purpose such as medical diagnosis.
+
+	The {Cyc} project is an example of a large KBS.
+
+	(1999-09-07)
+
+knowledge level
+
+	<artificial intelligence> A level of description of the
+	{knowledge} of an {agent} that is independent of the agent's
+	internal {symbol-level} representation.  Knowledge can be
+	attributed to agents by observing their actions.  An agent
+	"knows" something if it acts as if it had the information and
+	is acting rationally to achieve its goals.  The "actions" of
+	agents, including knowledge base servers and {knowledge-based
+	systems}, can be seen through a "tell and ask" functional
+	interface, where a client interacts with an agent by making
+	{logical assertions} (tell), and posing queries (ask).
+
+	(1994-10-19)
+
+Knowledge Management System
+
+	(KMS) A distributed {hypermedia} system for managing knowledge
+	in organisations.  KMS is a commercial system from {Knowledge
+	Systems, Inc.} running on {workstations}, based on previous
+	research with {ZOG} at {Carnegie Mellon University}.
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language
+
+	<language, protocol, artificial intelligence> (KQML) A
+	language and {protocol}, based on {SGML}, for exchanging
+	{information} and {knowledge}, proposed in 1993(?).
+
+	Work on KQML is led(?) by Tim Finin <finin@umbc.edu> of the
+	University of Maryland Baltimore County, Lab for Advanced
+	Information Technology.  It is part of the {ARPA} {Knowledge
+	Sharing Effort}.
+
+	The KQML message format and protocol can be used to interact
+	with an intelligent system, either by an {application
+	program}, or by another intelligent system.  KQML's
+	"performatives" are operations that agents perform on each
+	other's knowledge and {goal} stores.  Higher-level
+	interactions such as {contract nets} and negotiation are built
+	using these.  KQML's "communication facilitators" coordinate
+	the interactions of other agents to support knowledge sharing.
+
+	Experimental prototype systems support concurrent engineering,
+	intelligent design, intelligent planning, and scheduling.
+
+	{(http://cs.umbc.edu/kqml/)}.
+
+	(1999-09-28)
+
+knowledge representation
+
+	The subfield of {artificial intelligence} concerned with
+	designing and using systems for storing knowledge - {facts}
+	and {rules} about some subject.
+
+	A body of formally represented knowledge is based on a
+	{conceptualisation} - an {abstract} view of the world that we
+	wish to represent.  In order to manipulate this knowledge we
+	must specify how the abstract conceptualisation is represented
+	as a {concrete} data structure.  An {ontology} is an explicit
+	specification of a conceptualisation.
+
+	(1994-10-19)
+
+Knowledge Sharing Effort
+
+	<project> An {ARPA} project developing techniques and methods
+	for building large-scale {knowledge bases} which are sharable
+	and reusable.
+
+	{KQML} is part of it.
+
+	(1999-09-28)
+
+Knowledge Systems Laboratory
+
+	(KSL) An {artificial intelligence} research laboratory within
+	the Department of Computer Science at {Stanford University}.
+	Current work focuses on {knowledge representation} for
+	sharable engineering knowledge bases and systems,
+	computational environments for modelling physical devices,
+	architectures for adaptive intelligent systems, and {expert
+	systems} for science and engineering.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Known Lazy Bastard
+
+	<abuse> (KLB) A term, used among technical support staff, for
+	a user who repeatedly asks for help with problems whose
+	solutions are clearly explained in the documentation, and
+	persists in doing so after having been told to {RTFM}.
+
+	KLBs are singled out for special treatment (i.e. ridicule),
+	especially if they have been heard to say "It's so boring to
+	read the manual!  Why don't you just tell me?".  The deepest
+	pit in Hell is reserved for KLBs whose questions reveal total
+	ignorance of the basic concepts (e.g., "How do I make a font
+	in {Excel}?", "Where do I turn on my {RAM}?"), and who refuse
+	to accept that their questions are neither simple nor
+	well-formed.
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+Knuth
+
+	/knooth/ 1. {Donald Knuth}.
+
+	2. ["The Art of Computer Programming", Donald E. Knuth]
+	Mythically, the reference that answers all questions about
+	data structures or algorithms.  A safe answer when you do not
+	know: "I think you can find that in Knuth."
+
+	Contrast {literature}.  See also {bible}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Kodak
+
+	<company> The photographic company responsible for {Photo CD}.
+
+	{(http://kodak.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-12-13)
+
+Kohonen
+
+	{T. Kohonen}
+
+KOMPILER
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 701}.
+
+	Versions: KOMPILER 2 for IBM 701, KOMPILER 3 for IBM 704.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(2005-06-20)
+
+Konrad Zuse
+
+	<person> The designer of the first programming language,
+	{Plankalkül}, and the first fully functional
+	program-controlled electromechanical {digital computer} in the
+	world, the {Z3}.  He died on 1995-12-18 in Huenfeld, Germany.
+
+	{Biography (http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Zuse.html)}.
+
+	["Konrad Zuse: Mein Leben" (My Life), published 1956].
+
+	["Konrad Zuse: The Computer my Life, Springer, 1993].
+
+	(1999-02-18)
+
+Korf, Richard
+
+	{Richard Korf}
+
+Korn Shell
+
+	(ksh) A {command interpreter} for {Unix}.
+
+	{SKsh} is an {AmigaDos}-specific version and {pdksh} is a free
+	{Unix} version.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+kp
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for North Korea.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+KQML
+
+	{Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language}
+
+KR
+
+	{knowledge representation}
+
+kr
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for South Korea.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+K&R
+
+	<publication> Kernighan and Ritchie.  {Brian Kernighan} and
+	{Dennis Ritchie}'s book, cited below, describing the basis of
+	{K&R C}, especially the classic and influential first edition.
+
+	Synonyms: {White Book}, {Old Testament}.  See also {New
+	Testament}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	[Brian Kernighan, Dennis Ritchie, "The C Programming
+	Language", Prentice-Hall 1978; ISBN 0-113-110163-3].
+
+	(2011-11-30)
+
+KRC
+
+	{Kent Recursive Calculator}
+
+K&R C
+
+	<language> (C Classic) The {C} programming language as defined
+	in the first edition of {K&R}, with some small additions.  The
+	name "C Classic", a play on "Coke Classic", came into use
+	while {ANSI C} was being standardised by the {ANSI X3J11}
+	committee.
+
+	See also {classic}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-09-26)
+
+kremvax
+
+	/krem-vaks/ (Or kgbvax) Originally, a fictitious {Usenet} site
+	at the Kremlin, named like the then large number of {Usenet}
+	{VAXen} with names of the form foovax.  Kremvax was announced
+	on April 1, 1984 in a posting ostensibly originated there by
+	Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko.  The posting was actually
+	forged by Piet Beertema as an April Fool's joke.  Other
+	fictitious sites mentioned in the hoax were moskvax and
+	{kgbvax}.  This was probably the funniest of the many April
+	Fool's forgeries perpetrated on {Usenet} (which has negligible
+	security against them), because the notion that {Usenet} might
+	ever penetrate the Iron Curtain seemed so totally absurd at
+	the time.
+
+	In fact, it was only six years later that the first genuine
+	site in Moscow, demos.su, joined {Usenet}.  Some readers
+	needed convincing that the postings from it weren't just
+	another prank.  Vadim Antonov, senior programmer at Demos and
+	the major poster from there up to mid-1991, was quite aware of
+	all this, referred to it frequently in his own postings, and
+	at one point twitted some credulous readers by blandly
+	asserting that he *was* a hoax!
+
+	Eventually he even arranged to have the domain's gateway site
+	*named* kremvax, thus neatly turning fiction into truth and
+	demonstrating that the hackish sense of humour transcends
+	cultural barriers.  Mr. Antonov also contributed some
+	Russian-language material for the {Jargon File}.
+
+	In an even more ironic historical footnote, kremvax became an
+	electronic centre of the anti-communist resistance during the
+	bungled hard-line coup of August 1991.  During those three
+	days the Soviet UUCP network centreed on kremvax became the
+	only trustworthy news source for many places within the USSR.
+	Though the sysops were concentrating on internal
+	communications, cross-border postings included immediate
+	transliterations of Boris Yeltsin's decrees condemning the
+	coup and eyewitness reports of the demonstrations in Moscow's
+	streets.  In those hours, years of speculation that
+	totalitarianism would prove unable to maintain its grip on
+	politically-loaded information in the age of computer
+	networking were proved devastatingly accurate - and the
+	original kremvax joke became a reality as Yeltsin and the new
+	Russian revolutionaries of "glasnost" and "perestroika" made
+	kremvax one of the timeliest means of their outreach to the
+	West.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+KRL
+
+	{Knowledge Representation} Language.  A {frame}-based
+	language.
+
+	["An Overview of KRL, a Knowledge Representation Language",
+	D.G. Bobrow and T. Winograd, Cognitive Sci 1:1 (1977)].
+
+KRS
+
+	<language> A {frame-based language} built on {Common LISP}.
+
+	(2011-12-05)
+
+K&R stlye
+
+	<programming> The ugly and hard-to-read {indent style} used in
+	{K&R}.
+
+	(2011-11-30)
+
+KRYPTON
+
+	<language> A {frame language}.
+
+	["An Essential Hybrid Reasoning System: Knowledge and Symbol
+	Level Accounts of KRYPTON", R.J. Brachman et al, Proc
+	IJCAI-85, 1985].
+
+	(2011-12-05)
+
+ksh
+
+	{Korn Shell}
+
+KSL
+
+	{Knowledge Systems Laboratory}
+
+KSR
+
+	1. {Keyboard Send Receive}.
+
+	2. <company> {Kendall Square Research}.
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+KTH
+
+	{Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan}
+
+kthx
+
+	<chat> OK, thanks.  Can be used as a (sarcastic) prefix, as in
+	"plz2stfukthx".
+
+	(2008-03-14)
+
+KUIP
+
+	{Kernel User Interface Package}
+
+Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan
+
+	<body, education> (KTH, Royal Institute of Art and Technology)
+	A Swedish university founded in 1827 that is strong in
+	engineering and computing (e.g. {AI}, {Virtual Reality}).  In
+	1998 KTH had nearly 11,000 undergraduate students, 1,300
+	postgraduate students, and 2,900 staff, making it the largest
+	of Sweden's six universitites of technology.
+
+	{(http://kth.se/index-eng.html)}.
+
+	Address: Stockholm, Sweden.
+
+	(2001-03-18)
+
+KUTGW
+
+	<chat> Keep up the good work.
+
+	(1999-03-08)
+
+Kvatro Telecom AS
+
+	<company> The company that maintains {Mary}.
+
+	Address: Trondheim, Norway.
+
+	{(http://kvatro.no/)}.
+
+	(1998-11-10)
+
+Kvikkalkul
+
+	<language> /kveek`kahl-kool'/ A deliberately cryptic
+	programming language said to have been devised by the Swedish
+	Navy in the 1950s as part of their abortive attempt at a
+	nuclear weapons program.  What little is known about it comes
+	from a series of an anonymous posts to {Usenet} in 1994.  The
+	poster described the language, saying that he had programmed
+	in Kvikkalkul when he worked for the Swedish Navy in the
+	1950s.  It is an open question whether the posts were a
+	{troll}, a subtle parody or truth stranger than fiction could
+	ever be.
+
+	Assuming it existed, Kvikkalkul is so much a
+	{bondage-and-discipline language} that it is, in its own ways,
+	even more bizarre than the deliberate parody language
+	{INTERCAL}.  Among its notable "features", all symbols in
+	Kvikkalkul, including variable names and program labels, can
+	consist only of digits.  Operators consist entirely of the
+	punctuation symbols (, ), -, and :.  Kvikkalkul allows no
+	{comments} - they might not correspond with the code.
+	Kvikkalkul's only data type is the signed fixed-point
+	fractional number, i.e. a number between (but not including)
+	-1 and 1.  Dealings with the {Real World} that require numbers
+	outside that range are done with functions that notionally map
+	that range to a larger range (e.g., -16383 to -16383) and
+	back.  Kvikkalkul had a probabilistic jump operator which, if
+	given a negative probability, would act like a {COME FROM}.
+	This was, sadly, deleted in later versions of the language.
+
+	{(http://prefect.com/home24/kvikkalkul/)}.
+
+	(1998-11-14)
+
+KVM
+
+	{Keyboard Video Mouse}
+
+kw
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Kuwait.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+KWIC
+
+	{keyword in context}
+
+ky
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Cayman Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Kyoto Common Lisp
+
+	<language> (KCL) An implementation of {Common Lisp} by
+	T. Yuasa <yuasa@tutics.tut.ac.jp> and M. Hagiya
+	<hagiya@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>, written in {C} to run under
+	{Unix}-like {operating systems}.  KCL is compiled to {ANSI C}.
+	It conforms to {Common Lisp} as described in {Guy Steele}'s
+	book and is available under a licence agreement.
+
+	{(ftp://rascal.ics.utexas.edu/pub/kcl.tar.Z)}.
+
+	E-mail: <kcl@cli.com> (bug reports).
+
+	Mailing list: kcl-request@cli.com, kcl@rascal.ics.utexas.edu.
+
+	["Design and Implementation of Kyoto Common Lisp", T. Yuasa
+	<yuasa@tutics.tut.ac.jp>, J Info Proc 13(3):284-295 (1990)].
+
+	["Kyoto Common Lisp Report", T. Yuasa & M. Hagiya].
+
+	(1987-06-01)
+
+kyrka
+
+	{feature key}
+
+kz
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Kazakhstan.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+L0
+
+	<language> A low-level language developed at the {Technical
+	University of Munich}.  L0 was typed and had the usual {flow
+	control}, but only 3-address expressions.  Higher level
+	languages, L1 and L2 were planned.
+
+	["Brief Survey of L0", H. Scheidig, in Machine Oriented Higher
+	Level Languages, W. van der Poel ed, N-H 1974, pp. 239-247].
+
+	(2003-06-12)
+
+L0pht
+
+	<security> /loft/ An Internet security organisation that
+	merged with {@stake} in January 2000.
+
+	(2003-06-12)
+
+l10n
+
+	{localisation}
+
+L1 cache
+
+	{primary cache}
+
+L2 cache
+
+	{secondary cache}
+
+L2CAP
+
+	{Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol}
+
+L2TP
+
+	{Layer Two Tunneling Protocol}
+
+L6
+
+	Bell Telephone Laboratories Low-Level Linked List Language.
+	Ken Knowlton, 1965.  List processing language, typeless.
+
+	["A Programmer's Description of L6, Bell Telephone
+	Laboratories' Low-Level Linked List Language", K. Knowlton
+	CACM 9(8):616-625 (Aug 1966).  Sammet 1969, pp.400- 405].
+
+la
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Laos.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+label
+
+	1. <programming> An identifier used to mark a position in a
+	program so that it can be the destination of a {goto}
+	statement.
+
+	2. <networking> The identifier assigned to a {datagram} for
+	{label switching}.
+
+	(2007-10-17)
+
+label edge router
+
+	<networking> (LER) A device that sits at the edge of an {MPLS
+	domain}, that uses {routing} information to assign labels to
+	{datagrams} and then forwards them into the MPLS domain.
+
+	(1999-06-14)
+
+Label Forwarding Information Base
+
+	<networking> (LFIB) A {label switching} scheme used in
+	{MultiProtocol Label Switching} (MPLS).
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2007-06-25)
+
+label switched path
+
+	<networking> (LSP) The specific path through a network that a
+	{datagram} follows, based on its {MPLS} labels.
+
+	(1999-06-14)
+
+label switching
+
+	<networking> A routing technique that uses information from
+	existing IP routing protocols to identify {IP} {datagrams}
+	with labels and forwards them to a modified {switch} or
+	{router}, which then uses the labels to switch the datagrams
+	through the network.
+
+	Label switching combines the best attributes of {data link
+	layer} (layer two) {switching} (as in {ATM} and {Frame Relay})
+	with the best attributes of {network layer} (layer three)
+	{routing} (as in {IP}).
+
+	Prior to the formation of the {MPLS} Working Group in 1997, a
+	number of vendors had announced and/or implemented proprietary
+	label switching.
+
+	(2007-10-17)
+
+Label Switching Router
+
+	<networking> (LSR) A device that typically resides somewhere
+	in the middle of a {network} and is capable of forwarding
+	{datagrams} by {label switching}.  In many cases, especially
+	early versions of {MPLS} networks, a LSR will typically be a
+	modified {ATM} {switch} that forwards datagrams based upon a
+	label in the {VPI}/{VCI} field.
+
+	(1999-06-14)
+
+Lab for Computer Science
+
+	{MIT}.  {(http://lcs.mit.edu/)}.
+
+Laboratoire lorrain de recherche en informatique et ses applications
+
+	<body> (LORIA) A French research institute associated with
+	{INRIA}.
+
+	(2007-06-01)
+
+Laboratory INstrument Computer
+
+	<computer> (LINC) A computer which was originally designed in
+	1962 by {Wesley Clark}, {Charles Molnar}, Severo Ornstein and
+	others at the {Lincoln Laboratory Group}, to facilitate
+	scientific research.  With its {digital logic} and {stored
+	programs}, the LINC is accepted by the {IEEE Computer Society}
+	to be the World's first {interactive} {personal computer}.
+
+	The machine was developed to fulfil a need for better
+	laboratory tools by doctors and medical researchers.  It would
+	supplant the 1958 {Average Response Computer}, and was
+	designed for individual use.
+
+	Led by William N. Papian and mainly funded by the {National
+	Institute of Health}, Wesley Clark designed the logic while
+	Charles Molnar did the engineering.  The first LINC was
+	finished in March 1962.
+
+	In January 1963, the project moved to {MIT}, and then to
+	{Washington University} (in St. Louis) in 1964.
+
+	The LINC had a simple {operating system}, four "knobs" (which
+	was used like a {mouse}), a {Soroban keyboard} (for
+	alpha-numeric data entry), two {LINCtape} drives and a small
+	{CRT} display.  It originally had one {kilobit} of {core
+	memory}, but this was expanded to 2 Kb later.  The computer
+	was made out of {Digital Equipment Corporation} (DEC) hardware
+	modules.
+
+	Over 24 LINC systems had been built before late 1964 when
+	DEC began to sell the LINC commercially.
+
+	After the introduction of the {PDP-8}, {Dick Clayton} at
+	DEC produced a rather frightening hybrid of the LINC and
+	PDP-8 called a LINC-8.  This really was not a very
+	satisfactory machine, but it used the new PDP-8 style DEC
+	cards and was cheaper and easier to produce.  It still
+	didn't sell that well.
+
+	In the late 1960s, Clayton brought the design to its pinnacle
+	with the PDP-12, an amazing tour de force of the LINC concept;
+	along with about as seamless a merger as could be done with
+	the PDP-8.  This attempted to incorporate {TTL logic} into the
+	machine.  The end of the LINC line had been reached.
+
+	Due to the success of the LINC-8, {Spear, Inc.} produced a
+	LINC clone (since the design was in the {public domain}).
+	The interesting thing about the Spear {micro-LINC 300} was
+	that it used {MECL} II logic.  MECL logic was known for its
+	blazing speed (at the time!), but the Spear computer ran at
+	very modest rates.
+
+	In 1995 the last of the classic LINCs was turned off for
+	the final time after 28 years of service.  This LINC had
+	been in use in the Eaton-Peabody Laboratory of Auditory
+	Physiology (EPL) of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear
+	Infirmary.
+
+	On 15 August 1995, it was transferred to the MIT {Computer
+	Museum} where it was put on display.
+
+	{LINC/8, PDP-12
+	(http://faqs.org/faqs/dec-faq/pdp8/section-7.html)}.
+
+	{Lights out for last LINC
+	(http://rleweb.mit.edu/publications/currents/6-1linc.HTM)}.
+
+	["Computers and Automation", Nov. 1964, page 43].
+
+	(1999-05-20)
+
+Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench
+
+	<tool> (LabVIEW) A package from National Instruments Corp
+	originally developed to provide a {graphical user interface}
+	to instruments connected by the {IEEE 488} (GPIB) bus.  It has
+	powerful graphical editing facilities for defining and
+	interconnecting "virtual instruments".
+
+	(1996-04-24)
+
+LaborNet
+
+	An {IGC} network serving groups, unions and labour advocates
+	interested in information sharing and collaboration with the
+	intent of enhancing the human rights and economic justice of
+	workers.  Issues covered include workplace and community
+	health and safety issues, trade issues and international union
+	solidarity and collaboration.
+
+Labtech Notebook
+
+	<tool, product> Commercial {data aquisition} software.
+
+	(1995-03-08)
+
+LabVIEW
+
+	{Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench}
+
+Lace
+
+	Language for Assembling Classes in Eiffel.  Specifies how to
+	assemble an Eiffel system : in which directories to find the
+	clusters, which class to use as the root, permits class
+	renaming to avoid name clashes.  "Eiffel: The Language",
+	Bertrand Meyer, P-H 1992.
+
+lace card
+
+	(Obsolete) A {punched card} with all holes punched (also
+	called a "whoopee card" or "ventilator card").  Card readers
+	tended to jam when they got to one of these, as the resulting
+	card had too little structural strength to avoid buckling
+	inside the mechanism.  Card punches could also jam trying to
+	produce these things owing to power-supply problems.  When
+	some practical joker fed a lace card through the reader, you
+	needed to clear the jam with a "card knife" - which you used
+	on the joker first.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+ladder logic
+
+	<programming> {Source code} formatted in two columns with
+	conditions on the left that lead to outputs on the right:
+
+	  if (c1)     s1 else
+	  if (c2)     s2 else
+	  if (c3)     s3 ...
+
+	(2007-03-15)
+
+LADY
+
+	<language> ["Key Concepts in the INCAS Multicomputer Project",
+	J. Nehmer et al IEEE Trans Soft Eng SE-13(8):913-923 (Aug
+	1987)].
+
+	(1996-06-21)
+
+lag
+
+	{netlag}
+
+Lakota
+
+	Scripting language, extends existing OS commands.
+	E-mail: Richard Harter <rh@smds.UUCP>, SMDS, Inc.
+
+LALR
+
+	{Look Ahead Left-to-right parse, Rightmost-derivation}
+
+lalr.ss
+
+	<tool> An {LALR1 grammar} {parser generator} written in, and
+	outputting, {Scheme} by Mark Johnson <mj@cs.brown.edu>.
+
+	Version 0.9 (before 1995-10-30).
+
+	FTP new/lalr.shar from the {Scheme Repository}.
+
+	(1993-05-24)
+
+Lambada-Calculus
+
+	<humour, logic> (A pun on "{lambda-calculus}") Teaching logic
+	thru spanish dance steps.  Invented by P. van der Linden
+	<linden@eng.sun.com>.
+
+	(1996-08-10)
+
+LAMBDA
+
+	A version of {typed lambda-calculus}, used to describe
+	semantic {domains}.
+
+	["Outline of a Mathematical Theory of Computation",
+	D.S. Scott, TM PRG-2, PRG, Oxford U, 1971].
+
+lambda abstraction
+
+	A term in {lambda-calculus} denoting a function.  A lambda
+	abstraction begins with a lower-case lambda (represented as
+	"\" in this document), followed by a variable name (the "bound
+	variable"), a full stop and a {lambda expression} (the body).
+	The body is taken to extend as far to the right as possible
+	so, for example an expression,
+
+		\ x . \ y . x+y
+
+	is read as
+
+		\ x . (\ y . x+y).
+
+	A nested abstraction such as this is often abbreviated to:
+
+		\ x y . x + y
+
+	The lambda expression (\ v . E) denotes a function which takes
+	an argument and returns the term E with all {free} occurrences
+	of v replaced by the {actual argument}.  Application is
+	represented by {juxtaposition} so
+
+		(\ x . x) 42
+
+	represents the identity function applied to the constant 42.
+
+	A {lambda abstraction} in {Lisp} is written as the symbol
+	lambda, a list of zero or more variable names and a list of
+	zero or more terms, e.g.
+
+		(lambda (x y) (plus x y))
+
+	Lambda expressions in {Haskell} are written as a backslash,
+	"\", one or more patterns (e.g. variable names), "->" and an
+	expression, e.g. \ x -> x.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+lambda-calculus
+
+	<mathematics> (Normally written with a Greek letter lambda).
+	A branch of mathematical logic developed by {Alonzo Church} in
+	the late 1930s and early 1940s, dealing with the application
+	of {functions} to their arguments.  The {pure lambda-calculus}
+	contains no constants - neither numbers nor mathematical
+	functions such as plus - and is untyped.  It consists only of
+	{lambda abstractions} (functions), variables and applications
+	of one function to another.  All entities must therefore be
+	represented as functions.  For example, the natural number N
+	can be represented as the function which applies its first
+	argument to its second N times ({Church integer} N).
+
+	Church invented lambda-calculus in order to set up a
+	foundational project restricting mathematics to quantities
+	with "{effective procedures}".  Unfortunately, the resulting
+	system admits {Russell's paradox} in a particularly nasty way;
+	Church couldn't see any way to get rid of it, and gave the
+	project up.
+
+	Most {functional programming} languages are equivalent to
+	lambda-calculus extended with constants and types.  {Lisp}
+	uses a variant of lambda notation for defining functions but
+	only its {purely functional} subset is really equivalent to
+	lambda-calculus.
+
+	See {reduction}.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+lambda expression
+
+	<mathematics> A term in the {lambda-calculus} denoting an
+	unnamed function (a "{lambda abstraction}"), a variable or a
+	constant.  The {pure lambda-calculus} has only functions and
+	no constants.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+lambda lifting
+
+	A program transformation to remove free variables.  An
+	expression containing a free variable is replaced by a
+	function applied to that variable.  E.g.
+
+		f x = g 3  where g y = y + x
+
+	x is a free variable of g so it is added as an extra argument:
+
+		f x = g 3 x  where g y x = y + x
+
+	Functions like this with no free variables are known as
+	supercombinators and are traditionally given upper-case names
+	beginning with "$".  This transformation tends to produce many
+	supercombinators of the form f x = g x which can be eliminated
+	by {eta reduction} and substitution.  Changing the order of
+	the parameters may also allow more optimisations.  References
+	to global (top-level) constants and functions are not
+	transformed to function parameters though they are technically
+	free variables.
+
+	A closely related technique is closure conversion.  See also
+	Full laziness.
+
+LambdaMOO
+
+	<games> The most frequently used {server} {software} for
+	running a {MOO} and also the nerve-center (of sorts) of the
+	MOO community.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.lambda.moo.mud.org/pub/MOO/)}.
+
+	{Telnet (telnet://lambda.moo.mud.org:8888)}.
+
+	(1999-05-25)
+
+Lambda Prolog
+
+	<language> An extension of standard {Prolog} defined by Dale
+	A. Miller and Gopalan Nadathur in 1986, in which terms are
+	{strongly typed} lambda terms.  {Clauses} are {higher order}
+	{hereditary Harrop formulas}.  The main novelties are
+	{universal quantification} on {goals} and {implication}.
+
+	The {Prolog/Mali} compiler compiles Lambda Prolog for the
+	{MALI} abstract memory system.
+
+	{Teyjus (http://teyjus.cs.umn.edu/)} is an implementation of
+	Lambda Prolog.
+
+	{Lambda Prolog home (http://cse.psu.edu/~dale/lProlog/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: lprolog@cs.umn.edu.
+
+	["Higher-order logic programming", Miller D.A. and Nadathur
+	G., 3rd International Conference on Logic Programming, pp
+	448-462, London 1986].
+
+	[Nadathur G. "A Higher-Order Logic as a Basis for Logic
+	Programming", Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 1987].
+
+	(2002-10-15)
+
+lamer
+
+	<jargon> A hopelessly clueless {luser}.
+
+	(1997-01-31)
+
+LAMINA
+
+	A {concurrent} {object-oriented} language.
+
+	["Experiments with a Knowledge-based System on a
+	Multiprocessor", Third Intl Conf Supercomputing Proc, 1988].
+
+	["ELINT in LAMINA, Application of a Concurrent Object
+	language", Delagi et al, KSL-88-3, Knowledge Sys Labs,
+	Stanford U].
+
+lamp-post error
+
+	{fencepost error}
+
+LAN
+
+	{local area network}
+
+LAN administrator
+
+	<job> A person who installs and maintains {LAN} {hardware} and
+	{software}.  A LAN administrator troubleshoots network usage
+	and computer peripherals.  He installs new users, performs
+	system {backups} and data recovery, and resolves LAN
+	communications problems.
+
+	(2004-03-12)
+
+LANCE
+
+	Local Area Network Controller for Ethernet.
+
+	The alternative name for the Am7990 {integrated circuit} used
+	in a {Filtabyte} {Ethernet} controller card.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+language
+
+	1. <language, programming> {programming language}.
+
+	2. <human language> {natural language}.
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+language-based editor
+
+	{language-sensitive editor}
+
+language code
+
+	<human language, standard> A set of standard names and
+	abbreviations maintained by {ISO} for identifying human
+	languages, natural and invented, past and present.  Each
+	language has a list of English and French names and an ISO
+	639-2 three-letter code.  Some also have an ISO 639-1
+	two-letter code.
+
+	The list even includes the Klingon language from the Star Trek
+	science fiction series.
+
+	{Latest list
+	(http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/English_list.php)}.
+
+	There are also {country codes}.
+
+	(2006-12-11)
+
+Language for Communicating Systems
+
+	<language> (LCS) A {concurrent} {SML} by Bernard Berthomieu
+	with {behaviours} and processes, based upon {higher order
+	CCS}.  LCS is implemented as a {bytecode interpreter} and runs
+	on {Sun} {SPARC}, {SGI} {MIPS}, and {Linux}.
+
+	Latest version: 5.1, as of 2000-03-17.
+
+	{(http://laas.fr/~bernard/lcs.html)}.
+
+	E-mail: Bernard Berthomieu <Bernard.Berthomieu@laas.fr>.
+
+	Mailing list: lcs@laas.fr
+
+	(2000-03-28)
+
+Language for the On-Line Investigation and Transformation of Abstractions
+
+	<language> (LOLITA) An extension of the {Culler-Fried System}
+	for {symbolic mathematics}.
+
+	["An On- line Symbol Manipulation System", F.W. Blackwell, Proc
+	ACM 22nd Natl Conf, 1967].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 464].
+
+	(2003-07-29)
+
+Language H
+
+	An early business-oriented language from {NCR}.
+
+language lawyer
+
+	A person, usually an experienced or senior software engineer,
+	who is intimately familiar with many or most of the numerous
+	restrictions and features (both useful and esoteric)
+	applicable to one or more computer programming languages.  A
+	language lawyer is distinguished by the ability to show you
+	the five sentences scattered through a 200-page manual that
+	together imply the answer to your question "if only you had
+	thought to look there".
+
+	Compare {wizard}, {legal}, {legalese}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification
+
+	<language> (LOTOS) A formal {specification language} based on
+	temporal ordering used for {protocol} specfication in {ISO}
+	{OSI} {standards}.  It is published as ISO 8807 in 1990 and
+	describes the order in which events occur.
+
+	["The Formal Description Technique LOTOS", P.H.J. van Eijk et
+	al eds, N-H 1989].
+
+	(1995-03-18)
+
+Language Sensitive Editor
+
+	(LSE) A {language-sensitive editor} from {DEC}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+language-sensitive editor
+
+	An editor that is aware of the syntactic, semantic and in some
+	cases the structural rules of a specific programming language
+	and provides a framework for the user to enter {source code}.
+	Programs or changes to previously stored programs are
+	incrementally parsed into an {abstract syntax tree} and
+	automatically checked for correctness.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+languages of choice
+
+	{C} and {Lisp}.  Nearly every hacker knows one of these, and
+	most good ones are fluent in both.  Smalltalk and Prolog are
+	also popular in small but influential communities.
+
+	There is also a rapidly dwindling category of older hackers
+	with Fortran, or even assembler, as their language of choice.
+	They often prefer to be known as {Real Programmers}, and other
+	hackers consider them a bit odd (see "{The Story of Mel}").
+	Assembler is generally no longer considered interesting or
+	appropriate for anything but {HLL} implementation, {glue}, and
+	a few time-critical and hardware-specific uses in systems
+	programs.  Fortran occupies a shrinking niche in scientific
+	programming.
+
+	Most hackers tend to frown on languages like {Pascal} and
+	{Ada}, which don't give them the near-total freedom considered
+	necessary for hacking (see {bondage-and-discipline language}),
+	and to regard everything even remotely connected with {COBOL}
+	or other traditional {card walloper} languages as a total and
+	unmitigated {loss}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Laning and Zierler
+
+	<language> Possibly the first true working algebraic
+	{compiler}.  Written by J.H. Laning Jr and N. Zierler in
+	1953-1954 to run on {MIT}'s {Whirlwind} computer.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 131-132].
+
+	[Did the language have a name?]
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+Lan Kanal Adapter
+
+	<networking> (LKA) A sort of external {LAN} interface for a
+	{BS200} computer.
+
+	(2005-02-11)
+
+LANL
+
+	Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
+
+Lan Manager
+
+	<operating system> {Microsoft}'s {OS/2}-based {network
+	operating system}.  Developed in conjunction with {3Com}, Lan
+	Manager runs as a task under OS/2.  Because of this, a {file
+	server} may concurrently be used for other tasks, such as
+	{database} services.  It offers good {mulitasking}.
+
+	(1997-03-19)
+
+LANtastic
+
+	<networking, product> A trademarked name for numerous products
+	of {Artisoft, Inc.}.
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+LAP
+
+	LISP Assembly Program.  The {assembly language} embedded into
+	early {Lisp}.  LAP was also used by the {Liar} compiler for
+	{MIT Scheme} and {MACLISP}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 597].
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+LAP4
+
+	Early assembly language for Linc-8 machine.
+
+LAPB
+
+	{Link Access Protocol Balanced}
+
+LAPD
+
+	1. {Link Access Procedure on the D channel}.
+
+	2. Los Angeles Police Department.
+
+LAPM
+
+	{Link Access Protocol for Modems}
+
+LAPSE
+
+	<language> A {single assignment} language for the {Manchester
+	dataflow machine}.
+
+	["A Single Assignment Language for Data Flow Computing",
+	J.R.W. Glauert, M.Sc Diss, Victoria U Manchester, 1978].
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+laptop
+
+	{portable computer}
+
+laptop computer
+
+	{portable computer}
+
+LaQuey
+
+	<networking> [LaQuey, T. (with J. Ryer), "The Internet
+	Companion: A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking",
+	Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1992]
+
+	(2007-09-27)
+
+Larch
+
+	The Larch Project develops aids for formal specifications.
+	Each Larch specification has two components: an interface
+	containing predicates written in the LIL ({Larch Interface
+	Language}) designed for the target language and a 'trait'
+	containing assertions about the {predicates} written in LSL,
+	the {Larch Shared Language} common to all.
+
+	["The Larch Family of Specification Languages", J. Guttag et
+	al, IEEE Trans Soft Eng 2(5):24-365 (Sep 1985)].
+
+Larch/C++
+
+	An interface specification language which can be used to
+	formally specify {C++} program {modules}.
+
+LARCH/CLU
+
+	<language, specification> The {Larch} specification language
+	for {CLU}.  Used in "Abstraction and Specification in Program
+	Development", B. Liskov & J. Guttag, MIT Press 1986.
+
+	(1996-01-02)
+
+Large Installation Systems Administration
+
+	(LISA) The {USENIX} systems administration conference.  It is
+	now more general that its title suggests.  It is sponsored and
+	organised by {SAGE}, the USENIX Systems Administrators Guild.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.sage.usenix.org/pub/sage/)}.
+
+	(1996-01-02)
+
+Larry Wall
+
+	<person> A {demigod}, the author of {Perl}, {patch}, and {rn}.
+
+	In the Perl {README}, he says, "I want you to know that I
+	create nice things like this because it pleases the Author of
+	my story.  If this bothers you, then your notion of Authorship
+	needs some revision.  But you can use Perl anyway."
+
+	E-mail: Larry Wall <lwall@sems.com>.
+
+	(1996-06-04)
+
+LART
+
+	{Luser Attitude Re-adjustment Tool}
+
+larval stage
+
+	Describes a period of monomaniacal concentration on coding
+	apparently passed through by all fledgling hackers.  Common
+	symptoms include the perpetration of more than one 36-hour
+	{hacking run} in a given week; neglect of all other activities
+	including usual basics like food, sleep, and personal hygiene;
+	and a chronic case of advanced bleary-eye.  Can last from 6
+	months to 2 years, the apparent median being around 18 months.
+	A few so afflicted never resume a more "normal" life, but the
+	ordeal seems to be necessary to produce really wizardly (as
+	opposed to merely competent) programmers.  See also
+	{wannabee}.  A less protracted and intense version of larval
+	stage (typically lasting about a month) may recur when one is
+	learning a new {OS} or programming language.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+lase
+
+	/layz/ To print a given document via a laser printer.  "OK,
+	let's lase that sucker and see if all those graphics-macro
+	calls did the right things."
+
+laser
+
+	<hardware> (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
+	Radiation) The type of light source used in a {laser
+	printer}.
+
+	(2003-05-08)
+
+laser printer
+
+	<printer> A non-impact high-resolution printer which uses a
+	rotating disk to reflect laser beams to form an electrostatic
+	image on a selenium imaging drum.  The developer drum
+	transfers toner from the toner bin to the charged areas of the
+	imaging drum, which then transfers it onto the paper into
+	which it is fused by heat.  Toner is dry ink powder, generally
+	a plastic heat-sensitive polymer.
+
+	Print resolution currently (2001) ranges between 300 and 2400
+	dots per inch (DPI).  Laser printers using chemical
+	photoreproduction techniques can produce resolutions of up to
+	2400 DPI.
+
+	Print speed is limited by whichever is slower - the printer
+	hardware (the "engine speed"), or the software {rendering}
+	process that converts the data to be printed into a {bit map}.
+
+	The print speed may exceed 21,000 lines per minute, though
+	printing speed is more often given in pages per minute.  If a
+	laser printer is rated at 12 pages per minute (PPM), this
+	figure would be true only if the printer is printing the same
+	data on each of the twelve pages, so that the bit map is
+	identical.  This speed however, is rarely reached if each page
+	contains different codes, text, and graphics.
+
+	In 2001, Xerox's Phaser 1235 and 2135 (with Okidata engines)
+	could print up to 21 colour ppm at 1200x1200 DPI using a
+	single-pass process.
+
+	Colour laser printers can reach 2400 DPI easily (e.g. an HP
+	LaserJet 8550).  Some printers with large amounts of RAM can
+	print at engine speed with different text pages and some of
+	the larger lasers intended for graphics design work can print
+	graphics at full engine speed.
+
+	Although there are dozens of retail brands of laser printers,
+	only a few {original equipment manufacturers} make {print
+	engines}, e.g. {Canon}, {Ricoh}, {Toshiba}, and {Xerox}.
+
+	(2002-01-06)
+
+Lasherism
+
+	<jargon, algorithm> (Harvard) A program that solves a standard
+	problem (such as the {Eight Queens Puzzle} or implementing the
+	{life} {algorithm}) in a deliberately nonstandard way.
+	Distinguished from a {crock} or {kluge} by the fact that the
+	programmer did it on purpose as a mental exercise.  Such
+	constructions are quite popular in exercises such as the
+	{Obfuscated C contest}, and occasionally in {retrocomputing}.
+	Lew Lasher was a student at Harvard around 1980 who became
+	notorious for such behaviour.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+last call optimisation
+
+	<programming> (Or "tail call optimisation") Discarding the
+	immediate calling context ({call stack} {frame}) when the last
+	action of a function or procedure, A, is to call another
+	function or procedure, B.  B will then return directly to A's
+	caller, or possibly further up the call stack if the
+	optimisation has been applied to several consecutive calls.
+
+	Last call optimisation allows arbitrarily deep nesting of
+	procedure calls without consuming memory to store useless
+	environments.  This is particularly useful in the special case
+	of {tail recursion optimisation}, where a procedure's last
+	action is to call itself (possibly indirectly).
+
+	(2007-03-16)
+
+last-in first-out
+
+	{stack}
+
+LAT
+
+	{Local Area Transport}
+
+latch
+
+	A digital logic circuit used to store one or more bits.  A
+	latch has a data input, a clock input and an output.  When the
+	clock input is active, data on the input is "latched" or
+	stored and transfered to the output either immediately or when
+	the clock input goes inactive.  The output will then retain
+	its value until the clock goes active again.
+
+	See also {flip-flop}.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+latency
+
+	<communications> 1. The time it takes for a {packet} to cross
+	a network connection, from sender to receiver.
+
+	2. The period of time that a frame is held by a network device
+	before it is forwarded.
+
+	Two of the most important parameters of a communications
+	channel are its latency, which should be low, and its
+	{bandwidth}, which should be high.  Latency is particularly
+	important for a {synchronous} {protocol} where each packet
+	must be acknowledged before the next can be transmitted.
+
+	(2000-02-27)
+
+LaTeX
+
+	<language, text, tool> (Lamport TeX) Leslie Lamport
+	<lamport@pa.dec.com>'s document preparation system built on
+	top of {TeX}.  LaTeX was developed at {SRI International}'s
+	Computer Science Laboratory and was built to resemble
+	{Scribe}.
+
+	LaTeX adds commands to simplify typesetting and lets the user
+	concentrate on the structure of the text rather than on
+	formatting commands.
+
+	{BibTeX} is a LaTeX package for bibliographic citations.
+
+	Lamport's LaTeX book has an exemplary index listing every
+	symbol, concept and example in the book.  The index in the,
+	now obsolete, first edition includes (on page 221) the
+	mysterious entry "Gilkerson, Ellen, 221".  The second edition
+	(1994) has an entry for "infinite loop" instead.
+
+	["LaTeX, A Document Preparation System", Leslie Lamport, A-W
+	1986, ISBN 0-201-15790-X (first edition, now obsolete)].
+
+	(1997-11-17)
+
+Latin 1
+
+	{ISO 8859}
+
+lattice
+
+	<theory> A {partially ordered set} in which all finite subsets
+	have a {least upper bound} and {greatest lower bound}.
+
+	This definition has been standard at least since the 1930s and
+	probably since Dedekind worked on lattice theory in the 19th
+	century; though he may not have used that name.
+
+	See also {complete lattice}, {domain theory}.
+
+	(1999-12-09)
+
+LAU
+
+	Langage a Assignation Unique.  A {single assignment} language
+	for the LAU {dataflow} machine, Toulouse.
+
+	["Pipelining, Parallelism and Asynchronism in the LAU System",
+	J.C. Syre et al, Proc 1977 Intl Conf Parallel Proc,
+	pp. 87-92].
+
+laundromat
+
+	<jargon, storage> Synonym {disk farm}; see {washing machine}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-02-01)
+
+LAURE
+
+	<language> A language for {knowledge representation} combining
+	{object-oriented} features and {logic programming}.  It has
+	set operations, object-oriented {exception} handling and a
+	{polymorphic} type system.
+
+	["An Object-Oriented Language for Advanced Applications", in
+	Proc TOOLS 5, Santa Barbara 1991, P-H].
+
+	(1998-02-01)
+
+LAVA
+
+	A language for {VLSI} that deals with "sticks", i.e. wires
+	represented as lines with thickness.
+
+	["A Target Language for Silicon Compilers", R.J. Matthews et
+	al, IEEE COMPCON, 1982, pp. 349-353].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+law
+
+	{software law}
+
+LAWN
+
+	{wireless local area network}
+
+Lawrence Livermore Labs
+
+	{Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}
+
+Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
+
+	<body> (LLNL) A research organaisatin operated by the
+	{University of California} under a contract with the US
+	Department of Energy.  LLNL was founded on 2 September 1952 at
+	the site of an old World War II naval air station.
+
+	The Lab employs researchers from many scientific and
+	engineering disciplines.  Some of its departments are the
+	National Ignition Facility, the Human Genome Center, the ASCI
+	Tera-Scale Computing partnership, the Computer Security
+	Technology Center, and the Site 300 Experimental Test
+	Facility.  Other research areas are Astronomy and
+	Astrophysics, Atmospheric Science, Automation and Robotics,
+	Biology, Chemistry, Computing, Energy Research, Engineering,
+	Environmental Science, Fusion, Geology and Geophysics, Health,
+	Lasers and Optics, Materials Science, National Security,
+	Physics, Sensors and Instrumentation, Space Science.
+
+	LLNL also works with industry in research and licensing
+	projects.  At the end of fiscal year 1995, the lab had signed
+	agreements for 193 cost-shared research projects involving 201
+	companies and worth nearly $600m.
+
+	{(http://llnl.gov/)}.
+
+	Address: Fremont, California, USA.
+
+	(1996-10-30)
+
+LAX
+
+	LAnguage eXample.
+
+	A {toy language} used to illustrate {compiler} design.
+
+	["Compiler Construction", W.M. Waite et al, Springer 1984].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+layer
+
+	{protocol layer}
+
+layer 1
+
+	{physical layer}
+
+layer 2
+
+	{data link layer}
+
+layer 3
+
+	{network layer}
+
+layer 4
+
+	{transport layer}
+
+layer 5
+
+	{session layer}
+
+layer 6
+
+	{presentation layer}
+
+layer 7
+
+	{application layer}
+
+Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (L2TP) An {IETF} standard {protocol} for creating
+	{Virtual Private Networks}.  L2TP is an {open standard} with
+	mutlivendor {interoperability} and acceptance.
+
+	Compare: {PPTP}.
+
+	[Sponsored by {Cisco Systems, Inc.}?]
+
+	(1998-09-24)
+
+laziness
+
+	{lazy evaluation}
+
+lazy evaluation
+
+	<reduction> An {evaluation strategy} combining {normal order
+	evaluation} with updating.  Under normal order evaluation
+	(outermost or call-by-name evaluation) an expression is
+	evaluated only when its value is needed in order for the
+	program to return (the next part of) its result.  Updating
+	means that if an expression's value is needed more than once
+	(i.e. it is shared), the result of the first evaluation is
+	remembered and subsequent requests for it will return the
+	remembered value immediately without further evaluation.  This
+	is often implemented by graph reduction.  An unevaluated
+	expression is represented as a {closure} - a data structure
+	containing all the information required to evaluate the
+	expression.
+
+	Lazy evaluation is one {evaluation strategy} used to implement
+	non-{strict} functions.  Function arguments may be infinite
+	data structures (especially lists) of values, the components
+	of which are evaluated as needed.
+
+	According to Phil Wadler the term was invented by Jim Morris.
+
+	Opposite: {eager evaluation}.
+
+	A partial kind of lazy evaluation implements lazy data
+	structures or especially {lazy lists} where function arguments
+	are passed evaluated but the arguments of data constructors
+	are not evaluated.
+
+	{Full laziness} is a {program transformation} which aims to
+	optimise lazy evaluation by ensuring that all subexpressions
+	in a function body which do not depend on the function's
+	arguments are only evaluated once.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+lazy list
+
+	A list which is built using a non-strict constructor.  Any
+	head or tail of the list may be an unevaluated closure.  Also
+	known as streams since they may be used to carry a sequence of
+	values from the output of one function to an input of another.
+	See also Lazy evaluation.
+
+Lazy SML
+
+	{Lazy Standard ML}
+
+lazy sml2c
+
+	A {lazy} version {sml2c}.  Portable, written in {SML}.
+	Language extensions include {first-class continuations},
+	{asynchronous signal} handling.
+
+	E-mail: <david.tarditi@cs.cmu.edu>.
+	{(ftp://dravido.soar.cs.cmu.edu/usr/nemo/sml2c)}.
+
+Lazy Standard ML
+
+	<language> (LSML) A {lazy} varient of {SML}, allowing cyclic
+	val definitions, by Prateek Mishra <mishra@sbcs.sunysb.edu>.
+
+	Latest version: 0.43-1, as of 1993-11-15.
+
+	Not to be confused with {LML}.
+
+	{(ftp://sbcs.sunysb.edu/pub/lsml)}.
+
+	(1999-08-30)
+
+lb
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Lebanon.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+LBA
+
+	{Logical Block Addressing}
+
+LBE
+
+	{Language-Based Editor}
+
+LBL
+
+	Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
+
+LBX
+
+	{Low Bandwidth X}.
+
+lc
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Saint Lucia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+LCC
+
+	Language for Conversational Computing.  Written at {CMU} in
+	the 1960's.  Similar to {JOSS}, with declarations, pointers
+	and block structure from {ALGOL 60}.  Implemented for {IBM
+	360}/{IBM 370} under {TSS}.
+
+	["LCC Reference Manual", H.R. Van Zoeren, CMU 196]9.
+
+lcc
+
+	<programming, tool> A hand-coded, {retargetable} compiler for
+	{ANSI C} written by Dave Hanson <drh@cs.princeton.edu>.  lcc's
+	{parser} is faster than {yacc} and the code it generates is
+	"as good as {GCC}".
+
+	Version 1.8 includes a {compiler}, test suite and
+	documentation.  lcc has been ported to {Vax}, commercial
+	backends for {MIPS}, {SPARC}, {68000} are cheap for
+	universities.  {Chop} is a {code generator} for use with lcc.
+
+	{(http://cs.princeton.edu/software/lcc/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <lcc-requests@princeton.edu>.
+
+	["A Retargetable C Compiler: Design and Implementation",
+	Addison-Wesley, 1995, ISBN 0-8053-1670-1].
+
+	(1998-03-20)
+
+LCD
+
+	{liquid crystal display}
+
+LCF
+
+	{Logic for Computable Functions}
+
+LCL
+
+	1. The Larch interface language for ANSI standard C.
+
+	[J.V. Guttag et al, TR 74, DEC SRC, Palo Alto CA, 1991].
+
+	2. Liga Control Language.
+
+	Controls the attribute evaluator generator LIGA, part of the
+	{Eli} {compiler-compiler}.
+
+	["LCL: Liga Control Language", U. Kastens
+	<uwe@uni-paderborn.de>, U Paderborn].
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+lclint
+
+	<tool, programming> A lint-like {ANSI C} source checker from
+	{MIT}.  If formal specifications are supplied (in a separate
+	file), lclint can do more powerful checking to detect
+	inconsistencies between specifications and code.  Adding
+	specifications enables further checking, types can be defined
+	as {abstract} and lclint can detect inconsistent use of
+	{global variables}; undocumented modification of
+	client-visible state; inconsistent use of an uninitialised
+	{formal parameter}; or failure to initialise an actual
+	parameter.
+
+	{(http://larch-www.lcs.mit.edu:8001/larch/lclint.html)}.
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+LCP
+
+	{Link Control Protocol}
+
+LCS
+
+	{Language for Communicating Systems}
+
+ld
+
+	1. <programming, tool> (Load) {Unix}'s {linker}.
+
+	2. <mathematics> {logarithmus dualis}.
+
+	(1999-03-19)
+
+LDAP
+
+	{Lightweight Directory Access Protocol}
+
+LDB
+
+	/l*'d*b/ [PDP-10 instruction] To extract from the middle.
+	"LDB me a slice of cake, please."  This usage has been kept
+	alive by Common LISP's function of the same name.  Considered
+	silly.  See also {DPB}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+LDL
+
+	["LDL: A Logic-Based Data-Language", S. Tsur et al, Proc VLDB
+	1986, Kyoto Japan, Aug 1986, pp.33-41].
+
+LDL1
+
+	Successor of LDL.  "Sets and Negation in a Logic Database
+	Language", C. Beeri et al, in Proc 6th Ann ACM Symp Princs
+	Database Sys (1987), pp.21- 37.
+
+LDP
+
+	{Linux Documentation Project}
+
+LDT
+
+	Logic Design Translator.
+
+	Computer system design analysis.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 621].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+LE/1
+
+	Langage External.
+
+	["An Evaluation of the LE/1 Network Command Language Designed
+	for the SOC Network", J. du Masle, in Command Languages,
+	C. Unger ed, N-H 1973].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+leading
+
+	<text> /ledding/ The spacing between lines of {text}.  This is
+	defined when a {font} is designed but can often be altered in
+	order to change the appearance of the text or for special
+	effects.  It is measured in {points} and is normally 120% of
+	the height of the text.
+
+	See also {kerning}, {tracking}.
+
+	(1996-06-07)
+
+LEAF
+
+	<language> 1. {LISP Extended Algebraic Facility}.
+
+	2. "LEAF: A Language which Integrates Logic, Equations and
+	Functions", R.  Barbuti et al in Logic Programming, Functions
+	Relations and Equations, D.  DeGroot et al eds, P-H 1986,
+	pp.201-238.
+
+leaf
+
+	<mathematics, data> (Or "terminal node") In a {tree}, a node
+	which has no {daughter}.
+
+	(1998-11-14)
+
+Leaf Distribution Limited
+
+	A UK connectivity software supplier which also provides
+	SERVELAN, a country-wide {Internet} access service.
+
+	E-mail: <sales@leaf.co.uk>.
+
+	Address: 7 Elmwood, Chineham Business Park, Crockford Lane,
+	BASINGSTOKE RG24 0WG.  Telephone: +44 (1256) 707 777.  Fax:
+	+44 (1256) 707 555.
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+leaf site
+
+	A machine that merely originates and reads {Usenet} news or
+	mail, and does not relay any third-party traffic.  Often
+	uttered in a critical tone; when the ratio of leaf sites to
+	backbone, rib, and other relay sites gets too high, the
+	network tends to develop bottlenecks.  Compare {backbone
+	site}, {rib site}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+League for Programming Freedom
+
+	<body, legal> (LPF) A grass-roots organisation of professors,
+	students, businessmen, programmers and users dedicated to
+	bringing back the freedom to write programs.  Once programmers
+	were allowed to write programs using all the techniques they
+	knew, and providing whatever features they felt were useful.
+	Monopolies, {software patents} and {interface copyrights} have
+	taken away freedom of expression and the ability to do a good
+	job.
+
+	"{Look and feel}" lawsuits attempt to monopolise well-known
+	command languages; some have succeeded.  Copyrights on command
+	languages enforce gratuitous incompatibility, close
+	opportunities for competition and stifle incremental
+	improvements.
+
+	{Software patents} are even more dangerous; they make every
+	design decision in the development of a program carry a risk
+	of a lawsuit, with draconian pre-trial seizure.  It is
+	difficult and expensive to find out whether the techniques you
+	consider using are patented; it is impossible to find out
+	whether they will be patented in the future.
+
+	The League is not opposed to the legal system that Congress
+	intended -- {copyright} on individual programs.  They aim to
+	reverse the changes made by judges in response to special
+	interests, often explicitly rejecting the public interest
+	principles of the Constitution.
+
+	The League works to abolish the monopolies by publishing
+	articles, talking with public officials, boycotting egregious
+	offenders and in the future may intervene in court cases.  On
+	1989-05-24, the League picketed {Lotus} headquarters on
+	account of their lawsuits, and then again on 1990-08-02.
+	These marches stimulated widespread media coverage for the
+	issue.
+
+	The League's funds are used for filing briefs; printing
+	handouts, buttons and signs and whatever will persuade the
+	courts, the legislators and the people.  The League is a
+	non-profit corporation, but not considered a tax-exempt
+	charity.
+
+	{LPF Home (http://progfree.org/)}.
+
+	(2007-02-28)
+
+leak
+
+	<programming> With a qualifier, one of a class of
+	resource-management bugs that occur when resources are not
+	freed properly after operations on them are finished, so they
+	effectively disappear (leak out).  This leads to eventual
+	exhaustion as new allocation requests come in.
+
+	One might refer to, say, a "window handle leak" in a {window
+	system}.
+
+	See {memory leak}, {fd leak}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+leaky heap
+
+	{memory leak}
+
+Lean
+
+	An experimental language from the {University of Nijmegen} and
+	{University of East Anglia}, based on graph rewriting and
+	useful as an intermediate language.  Lean is descended from
+	{Dactl0}.
+
+	{Clean} is a subset of Lean.
+
+	["Towards an Intermediate Language Based on Graph Rewriting",
+	H.P.  Barendregt et al in PARLE: Parallel Architectures and
+	Languages Europe, G. Goos ed, LNCS 259, Springer 1987,
+	pp.159-175].
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+LEAP
+
+	Language for the Expression of Associative Procedures.
+
+	ALGOL-based formalism for sets and associative retrieval, for
+	TX-2.  Became part of SAIL.
+
+	"An ALGOL-based Associative Language", J.A. Feldman et al,
+	CACM 12(8):439-449 (Aug 1969).
+
+leapfrog attack
+
+	Use of userid and password information obtained illicitly from
+	one {host} (e.g. {download}ing a file of account IDs and
+	passwords, tapping {TELNET}, etc.) to compromise another host.
+	Also, the act of TELNETting through one or more hosts in order
+	to confuse a trace (a standard {cracker} procedure).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+leap second
+
+	{Coordinated Universal Time}
+
+learning curve
+
+	<jargon> A graph showing some measure of the cost of
+	performing some action against the number of times it has been
+	performed.  The term probably entered engineering via the
+	aircraft industry in the 1930s, where it was used to describe
+	plots showing the cost of making some particular design of
+	aeroplane against the number of units made.
+
+	The term is also used in psychology to mean a graph showing
+	some measure of something learned against the number of
+	trials.  The psychology graphs normally slope upward whereas
+	the manufacturing ones normally slope downward but they are
+	both usually steep to start with and then level out.
+
+	{Marketroids} often misuse the term to mean the amount of time
+	it takes to learn to use something ("reduce the learning
+	curve") or the ease of learning it ("easy learning curve").
+	The phrase "steep learning curve" is sometimes used
+	incorrectly to mean "hard to learn" whereas of course it
+	implies rapid learning.
+
+	{Engineering
+	(http://computerworld.com/cwi/story/0,1199,NAV47-68-85-1942_STO61762,00.html)}.
+
+	{Psychology
+	(http://sun.science.wayne.edu/~wpoff/cor/mem/opereinf.html)}.
+
+	(2002-01-22)
+
+leased line
+
+	<communications, networking> A private telephone circuit
+	permanently connecting two points, normally provided on a
+	lease by a local {PTT}.
+
+	(1998-03-24)
+
+least fixed point
+
+	<mathematics> A {function} f may have many {fixed points} (x
+	such that f x = x).  For example, any value is a fixed point
+	of the identity function, (\ x . x).
+
+	If f is {recursive}, we can represent it as
+
+		f = fix F
+
+	where F is some {higher-order function} and
+
+		fix F = F (fix F).
+
+	The standard {denotational semantics} of f is then given by
+	the least fixed point of F.  This is the {least upper bound}
+	of the infinite sequence (the {ascending Kleene chain})
+	obtained by repeatedly applying F to the totally undefined
+	value, bottom.  I.e.
+
+		fix F = LUB {bottom, F bottom, F (F bottom), ...}.
+
+	The least fixed point is guaranteed to exist for a
+	{continuous} function over a {cpo}.
+
+	(2005-04-12)
+
+least recently used
+
+	(operating systems) (LRU) A rule used in a {paging} system
+	which selects a page to be {paged out} if it has been used
+	(read or written) less recently than any other page.  The same
+	rule may also be used in a {cache} to select which cache entry
+	to {flush}.
+
+	This rule is based on {temporal locality} - the observation
+	that, in general, the page (or cache entry) which has not been
+	accessed for longest is least likely to be accessed in the
+	near future.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+least significant bit
+
+	<data> (LSB) {Bit} zero, the bit of a {binary} number giving
+	the number of ones, the last or rightmost bit when the number
+	is written in the usual way.
+
+	(1995-07-13)
+
+least upper bound
+
+	<theory> (lub or "join", "supremum") The least upper bound of
+	two elements a and b is an upper bound c such that a <= c and
+	b <= c and if there is any other upper bound c' then c <= c'.
+	The least upper bound of a set S is the smallest b such that
+	for all s in S, s <= b.  The lub of mutually comparable
+	elements is their maximum but in the presence of incomparable
+	elements, if the lub exists, it will be some other element
+	greater than all of them.
+
+	Lub is the dual to {greatest lower bound}.
+
+	(In {LaTeX}, "<=" is written as {\sqsubseteq}, the lub of two
+	elements a and b is written a {\sqcup} b, and the lub of set S
+	is written as \bigsqcup S).
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+leaves
+
+	{leaf}
+
+LEC
+
+	{Local Exchange Carrier}
+
+LECOM
+
+	Version of COMIT on GE 225 ca. 1966.  Sammet 1969, p.419.
+
+LED
+
+	<electronics> {Light-Emitting Diode}.
+
+LEDA
+
+	{Library of Efficient Data types and Algorithms}
+
+Leda
+
+	<language> A multi-paradigm language supporting {imperative
+	programming}, {declarative programming}, {procedural
+	programming}, {functional programming}, {logic programming}
+	and {object-oriented programming} developed by Tim Budd
+	<budd@cs.orst.edu> at Oregon State University in 1990-1993.
+
+	["Blending Imperative and Relational Programming", Tim Budd,
+	IEEE Software 8(1):58-65 (Jan 1991)].  Forthcoming book.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.orst.edu/pub/budd/leda/)}.
+
+	(2007-10-02)
+
+LED page printer
+
+	{LED printer}
+
+LED printer
+
+	<printer> (Or "LED page printer") A printer which is similar
+	in operation to a {laser printer}, but where an array of
+	{LEDs} is used in place of the laser.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+leech
+
+	<networking> Someone who {downloads} files but provides
+	nothing for others to download.  The term is common on
+	{BitTorrent}, which relies on having multiple sources for
+	files to improve download speed.
+
+	(2007-03-27)
+
+leet
+
+	{elite}
+
+left arrow
+
+	<character> The graphic which the 1963 version of {ASCII} had
+	in place of the {underscore} character, {ASCII} 95.
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+left brace
+
+	<character> "{".  {ASCII} character 123.
+
+	Common names: open brace; left brace; left squiggly; left
+	squiggly bracket/brace; left curly bracket/brace; {ITU-T}:
+	opening brace.  Rare: brace ("}" = unbrace); curly ("}" =
+	uncurly); leftit ("}" = rytit); left squirrelly; {INTERCAL}:
+	embrace ("}" = bracelet).
+
+	Paired with {right brace} ("}").
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+left bracket
+
+	<character> "[".  {ASCII} character 91.
+
+	Common: left square bracket; {ITU-T}: opening bracket;
+	bracket.  Rare: square; {INTERCAL}: U turn.
+
+	Paired with {right bracket} ("]").
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+left join
+
+	{outer join}
+
+left outer join
+
+	{outer join}
+
+left parenthesis
+
+	<character> "(".  {ASCII} character 40.
+
+	Common names: left paren; left parenthesis; left; {open};
+	paren (")" = thesis); open paren; open parenthesis; left
+	parenthesis; left banana.  Rare: so (")" = already); lparen;
+	{ITU-T}: opening parenthesis; open round bracket, left round
+	bracket, {INTERCAL}: wax (")" = wane); parenthisey (")" =
+	unparenthisey); left ear.
+
+	Paired with {right parenthesis} (")").
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+LeFun
+
+	Logic, Equations and Functions.  An integration of {logic
+	programming} and {functional programming} by H. Ait-Kaci et al
+	of {MCC}, Austin TX.
+
+	["LeFun: Logic, Equations and Functions", H. Ait-Kaci et al,
+	Proc 1987 Symp on Logic Programming, San Francisco].
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+legacy
+
+	{legacy system}
+
+legacy code
+
+	{legacy system}
+
+legacy software
+
+	{legacy system}
+
+legacy system
+
+	<jargon> A computer system or {application program} which
+	continues to be used because of the cost of replacing or
+	redesigning it and often despite its poor competitiveness and
+	compatibility with modern equivalents.  The implication is
+	that the system is large, monolithic and difficult to modify.
+
+	If legacy software only runs on antiquated {hardware} the cost
+	of maintaining this may eventually outweigh the cost of
+	replacing both the software and hardware unless some form of
+	{emulation} or {backward compatibility} allows the software to
+	run on new hardware.
+
+	(1998-08-09)
+
+legal
+
+	Loosely used to mean "in accordance with all the relevant
+	rules", especially in connection with some set of constraints
+	defined by software.  "The older =+ alternate for += is no
+	longer legal syntax in ANSI C."  "This parser processes each
+	line of legal input the moment it sees the trailing linefeed."
+	Hackers often model their work as a sort of game played with
+	the environment in which the objective is to maneuver through
+	the thicket of "natural laws" to achieve a desired objective.
+	Their use of "legal" is flavoured as much by this game-playing
+	sense as by the more conventional one having to do with courts
+	and lawyers.  Compare {language lawyer}, {legalese}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+legalese
+
+	Dense, pedantic verbiage in a language description, product
+	specification, or interface standard; text that seems designed
+	to obfuscate and requires a {language lawyer} to {parse} it.
+	Though hackers are not afraid of high information density and
+	complexity in language (indeed, they rather enjoy both), they
+	share a deep and abiding loathing for legalese; they associate
+	it with deception, {suits}, and situations in which hackers
+	generally get the short end of the stick.
+
+LEGOL
+
+	"Application of MP/3 to the Design and Implementation of
+	LEGOL, A Legally Oriented Language", S.H. Mandil et al, Intl
+	Symp Programming, Paris 1974.
+
+Le-Lisp
+
+	Jerome Chailloux and Emmanuel St James, INRIA, France.  A LISP
+	dialect close to Common Lisp, lexically scoped, with a
+	CLOS-like object system.  Uses both packages and modules.
+	"le-lisp: A Portable and Efficient Lisp System", J. Chailloux
+	et al, Proc 1984 ACM Symp on Lisp and Functional Programming,
+	ACM.  Version v.16, available from ILOG, France.
+
+lemma
+
+	<logic> A result already proved, which is needed in the proof
+	of some further result.
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+Lempel-Ziv compression
+
+	{Substitutional compression} schemes proposed by Jakob Ziv and
+	Abraham Lempel in 1977 and 1978.  There are two main schemes,
+	{LZ77} and {LZ78}.  {Lempel-Ziv Welch compression} is a
+	variant of {LZ78}.
+
+Lempel-Ziv Welch compression
+
+	(LZW) The {algorithm} used by the {Unix} {compress} command to
+	reduce the size of files, e.g. for archival or transmission.
+	LZW was designed by Terry Welch in 1984 for implementation in
+	hardware for high-performance disk controllers.  It is a
+	variant of {LZ78}, one of the two {Lempel-Ziv compression}
+	schemes.
+
+	The LZW algorithm relies on reoccurrence of byte sequences
+	(strings) in its input.  It maintains a table mapping input
+	strings to their associated output codes.  The table initially
+	contains mappings for all possible strings of length one.
+	Input is taken one byte at a time to find the longest initial
+	string present in the table.  The code for that string is
+	output and then the string is extended with one more input
+	byte, b.  A new entry is added to the table mapping the
+	extended string to the next unused code (obtained by
+	incrementing a counter).  The process repeats, starting from
+	byte b.  The number of bits in an output code, and hence the
+	maximum number of entries in the table is usually fixed and
+	once this limit is reached, no more entries are added.
+
+	LZW compression and decompression are licensed under {Unisys}
+	Corporation's 1984 U.S. Patent 4,558,302 and equivalent
+	foreign patents.  This kind of patent isn't legal in most
+	coutries of the world (including the UK) except the USA.
+	Patents in the UK can't describe {algorithms} or mathematical
+	methods.
+
+	[A Technique for High Performance Data Compression, Terry A.
+	Welch, IEEE Computer, 17(6), June 1984, pp. 8-19]
+
+	[J. Ziv and A. Lempel, "A Universal Algorithm for Sequential
+	Data Compression," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,
+	Vol. IT-23, No. 3, May 1977, pp. 337-343].
+
+Lenat, Doug
+
+	{Doug Lenat}
+
+lenient evaluation
+
+	<reduction> An {evaluation strategy}, described in [Traub,
+	FPCA 89], under which all {redex}es are evaluated in parallel
+	except inside the arms of conditionals and inside {lambda
+	abstractions}.  Lenient evaluation is an example of an {eager}
+	evaluation strategy.
+
+	(2004-01-22)
+
+LEO
+
+	{Low Earth Orbit}
+
+Leo
+
+	1. <language> A general-purpose {systems language},
+	syntactically like {Pascal} and {Y}, semantically like {C}.
+
+	["The Leo Programming Language", G. Townsend, CS TR 84-7, U
+	Arizona 1984].
+
+	(1996-02-06)
+
+	2. <application> A general data management environment which
+	can show user-created relationships among any kind data.  It
+	can also be used as an {outlining editor} as it embeds the
+	{noweb} and {CWEB} markup languages in an outline context.
+
+	Leo is written in pure {Python} using {Tk/tcl} and so runs on
+	{Windows}, {Linux} and {MacOS X}.  It isdistributed under the
+	{Python License}.
+
+	(2006-07-12)
+
+LER
+
+	1. <networking> {Label Edge Router}.
+
+	2. <electronics, humour> {Light-Emitting Resistor}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-06-30)
+
+LERP
+
+	/lerp/ vi., Quasi-acronym for Linear Interpolation, used as a
+	verb or noun for the operation. "Bresenham's algorithm lerps
+	incrementally between the two endpoints of the line."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+less than
+
+	<character> "<" {ASCII} character 60.
+
+	Common names: {ITU-T}: less than; bra (">" = ket); left angle;
+	left angle bracket; left broket.  Rare: from; read from; suck
+	(">" = blow); comes-from; in; crunch (all from Unix);
+	{INTERCAL}: angle.
+
+	See also {greater than}.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+LessTif
+
+	<library> The {Hungry Programmers}' version of {OSF}/{Motif}.
+	It will be source code compatible with Motif, meaning that the
+	same source will compile with both libraries and work exactly
+	the same.  All the programming is being done with no reference
+	to the header files for the motif widgets, so that LessTif can
+	be distributed as {free software}.
+
+	{(http://hungry.com/products/lesstif)}.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+let floating
+
+	<programming> A {program transformation} used in {functional
+	programming} to implement {full laziness}.  E.g. the function
+
+		f x = x + sqrt 4
+
+	can be expressed as
+
+		f x = let t = sqrt 4 in x + t
+
+	but note that t does not depend on the argument x so we can
+	automatically transform this to
+
+		t = sqrt 4
+		f x = x + t
+
+	Making t into a global constant which need only be evaluated
+	at most once, rather than every time f is called.  The general
+	idea is to float each subexpression as far out (toward the
+	top level) as possible to maximise sharing.
+
+	(1997-07-09)
+
+letterbomb
+
+	<messaging> 1. An {e-mail} message containing {live data}
+	intended to do nefarious things to the recipient's computer or
+	terminal.  It is possible, for example, to send letterbombs
+	that will lock up some specific kinds of terminals when they
+	are viewed, so thoroughly that the user must turn the terminal
+	off to unwedge it.  Under {Unix}, a letterbomb can also try to
+	get part of its contents interpreted as a shell command.  The
+	results of this could range from silly to tragic.
+
+	See also {Trojan horse}; compare {nastygram}, {talk bomb}.
+
+	2. Loosely, a {mailbomb}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-16)
+
+level 1 cache
+
+	{primary cache}
+
+level 2 cache
+
+	{secondary cache}
+
+LEVEL5 OBJECT
+
+	From {Information Builders}.
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+level one cache
+
+	{primary cache}
+
+level-sensitive scan design
+
+	(circuit design) (LSSD) A kind of {scan design} which uses
+	separate system and scan clocks to distinguish between normal
+	and test mode.  Latches are used in pairs, each has a normal
+	data input, data output and clock for system operation.  For
+	test operation, the two latches form a master/slave pair with
+	one scan input, one scan output and non-overlapping scan
+	clocks A and B which are held low during system operation but
+	cause the scan data to be latched when pulsed high during
+	scan.
+
+		  ____
+		 |    |
+	 Sin ----|S   |
+	 A ------|>   |
+		 |   Q|---+--------------- Q1
+	 D1 -----|D   |   |
+	 CLK1 ---|>   |	  |
+		 |____|	  |    ____
+			  |   |	   |
+			  +---|S   |
+	 B -------------------|>   |
+			      |	  Q|------ Q2 / SOut
+	 D2 ------------------|D   |
+	 CLK2 ----------------|>   |
+			      |____|
+
+	In a single latch LSSD configuration, the second latch is used
+	only for scan operation.  Allowing it to be use as a second
+	system latch reduces the silicon overhead.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+level two cache
+
+	{secondary cache}
+
+Lex
+
+	1. <tool> A {lexical analyser} generator for {Unix} and its
+	input language.  There is a {GNU} version called {flex} and a
+	version written in, and outputting, {SML/NJ} called {ML-lex}.
+	A version, by David Poole at Montana has been retargeted to
+	{Turbo Pascal}, {(ftp://iecc.com/pub/file/lyprg.zip)}.
+
+	["Lex - A Lexical Analyzer Generator", M.E. Lesk, CS TR 39,
+	Bell Labs, Oct 1975].
+
+	2. <language, specification> The lexical specification
+	language for {COPS}.
+
+	["Metalanguages of the Compiler Production System COPS",
+	J. Borowiec, in GI Fachgesprach "Compiler-Compiler", ed
+	W. Henhapl, Tech Hochs Darmstadt 1978, pp.122-159].
+
+	(2000-11-15)
+
+lexeme
+
+	<grammar> A minimal lexical unit of a language.  {Lexical
+	analysis} converts strings in a language into a list of
+	lexemes.  For a programming language these word-like pieces
+	would include {keywords}, {identifiers}, {literals} and
+	punctutation.  The lexemes are then passed to the {parser} for
+	syntactic analysis.
+
+	(1996-04-06)
+
+lexer
+
+	{lexical analyser}
+
+lexical analyser
+
+	<language> (Or "scanner") The initial input stage of a
+	language processor (e.g. a {compiler}), the part that performs
+	{lexical analysis}.
+
+	(1995-04-05)
+
+lexical analysis
+
+	<programming> (Or "linear analysis", "scanning") The first
+	stage of processing a language.  The stream of characters
+	making up the source program or other input is read one at a
+	time and grouped into {lexemes} (or "tokens") - word-like
+	pieces such as keywords, identifiers, {literals} and
+	punctutation.  The lexemes are then passed to the {parser}.
+
+	["Compilers - Principles, Techniques and Tools", by Alfred
+	V. Aho, Ravi Sethi and Jeffrey D. Ullman, pp. 4-5]
+
+	(1995-04-05)
+
+lexical scope
+
+	<programming> (Or "static scope") When the {scope} of an
+	{identifier} is fixed at {compile time} to some region in the
+	{source code} containing the identifier's declaration.  This
+	means that an identifier is only accessible within that region
+	(including procedures declared within it).
+
+	This contrasts with {dynamic scope} where the scope depends on
+	the nesting of {procedure} and {function} calls at {run time}.
+
+	Statically scoped languages differ as to whether the scope is
+	limited to the smallest {block} (including {begin}/end blocks)
+	containing the identifier's declaration (e.g. {C}, {Perl}) or
+	to whole function and procedure bodies (e.g. {ECMAScript}), or
+	some larger unit of code (e.g. ?).  The former is known as
+	{static nested scope}.
+
+	(2005-07-28)
+
+lexical scoping
+
+	{lexical scope}
+
+lexiphage
+
+	<graphics> /lek'si-fayj"/ A notorious word {chomper},
+	implemented and named by John Doty in late 1972 on and {HP}
+	calculator and later on {ITS}.  The lexiphage program would
+	draw on a selected victim's {bitmapped} terminal the words
+	"THE BAG" in ornate letters, followed a pair of jaws biting
+	pieces of it off.
+
+	{http://lexiphage.com/)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-06-12)
+
+LF
+
+	{Line Feed}
+
+LFIB
+
+	{Label Forwarding Information Base}
+
+LG
+
+	Simple language for analytic geometry, with graphic output.
+	"LG: A Language for Analytic Geometry", J. Reymond, CACM 12(8)
+	(Aug 1969).
+
+LGDF
+
+	Large-Grain DataFlow.
+
+	["A Large-grain Data Flow Scheduler for Parallel Processing on
+	Cyberplus", R.G. Babb et al, Proc 1986 Intl Conf on Parallel
+	Proc, Aug 1986].
+
+	(2000-07-07)
+
+LGEN
+
+	A {logic language} for {VLSI} implementation by {S.C. Johnson}
+	of {Bell Labs}.
+
+	[S.C. Johnson, "Code Generation for Silicon", Proc 10th POPL,
+	1983].
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+LGN
+
+	{Linear Graph Notation}
+
+lha
+
+	1. <filename extension> The {filename extension} for a file
+	produced by the {shareware} {compression} and {archive}
+	software {LHARC}.
+
+	2. <tool> A {compression} program for {MS-DOS}.  Output files
+	have the extension ".lzh".
+
+	[Does it use {LZH} compression?]
+
+	(2002-07-28)
+
+LHARC
+
+	<compression, algorithm> A {compression} program developed by
+	Rahul Dhesi.  LHARC was later replaced with {LHA}, which
+	produces files with extension ".lzh".
+
+	(2002-07-28)
+
+lhs
+
+	<filename extension> The {filename extension} for {literate}
+	{Haskell} source files.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+li
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Liechtenstein.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Liana
+
+	<language> A {C}-like, interpretive, {object-oriented
+	programming} language, {class} library, and integrated
+	development environment designed specifically for development
+	of {application programs} for {Microsoft Windows} and {Windows
+	NT}.  Designed by Jack Krupansky <Jack@BaseTechnology.com> of
+	{Base Technology}, Liana was first released as a commercial
+	product in August 1991.  The language is designed to be as
+	easy to use as {BASIC}, as concise as {C}, and as flexible as
+	{Smalltalk}.
+
+	The {OOP} {syntax} of {C++} was chosen over the less familiar
+	syntax of {Smalltalk} and {Objective-C} to appeal to {C}
+	programmers and in recognition of C++ being the leading OOP
+	language.  The syntax is a simplified subset of {C/C++}.  The
+	{semantics} are also a simplified subset of C/C++, but
+	extended to achieve the flexibility of Smalltalk.
+
+	Liana is a typeless language (like {Lisp}, {Snobol} and
+	{Smalltalk}), which means that the datatypes of variables,
+	function parameters, and function return values are not needed
+	since values carry the type information.  Hence, variables are
+	simply containers for values and function parameters are
+	simply pipes through which any type of value can flow.
+	{Single inheritance}, but not {multiple inheritance}, is
+	supported.  {Memory management} is automatic using {reference
+	counting}.
+
+	The library includes over 150 {classes}, for {dynamic arrays},
+	{associative lookup} tables, windows, menus, dialogs,
+	controls, bitmaps, cursors, icons, mouse movement, keyboard
+	input, fonts, text and graphics display, {DDE}, and {MDI}.
+
+	Liana provides flexible OOP support for Windows programming.
+	For example, a {list box} automatically fills itself from an
+	associated {object}.  That object is not some sort of special
+	object, but is merely any object that "behaves like" an array
+	(i.e., has a "size" member function that returns the number of
+	elements, a "get" function that returns the ith element, and
+	the text for each element is returned by calling the "text"
+	member function for the element).
+
+	A related product, C-odeScript, is an embeddable application
+	scripting language.  It is an implementation of Liana which
+	can be called from C/C++ applications to dynamically evaluate
+	expressions and statement sequences.  This can be used to
+	offer the end-user a macro/scripting capability or to allow
+	the C/C++ application to be customized without changing the
+	C/C++ source code.
+
+	Here's a complete Liana program which illustrates the
+	flexibility of the language semantics and the power of the
+	class library:
+
+	 main
+	 {
+	   // Prompt user for a string.
+	   // No declaration needed for "x" (becomes a global variable.)
+	   x = ask ("Enter a String");
+
+	   // Use "+" operator to concatenate strings. Memory
+	   // management for string temporaries is automatic.  The
+	   // "message" function displays a Windows message box.
+	   message ("You entered: " + x);
+
+	   // Now x will take on a different type.  The "ask_number"
+	   // function will return a "real" if the user's input
+	   // contains a decimal point or an "int" if no decimal
+	   // point.
+	   x = ask_number ("Enter a Number");
+
+	   // The "+" operator with a string operand will
+	   // automatically convert the other operand to a string.
+
+	   message ("You entered: " + x);
+
+	   // Prompt user for a Liana expression.  Store it in a
+	   // local variable (the type, string, is merely for
+	   // documentation.)
+	   string expr = ask ("Enter an Expression");
+
+	   // Evaluate the expression. The return value of "eval"
+	   // could be any type.  The "source_format" member function
+	   // converts any value to its source format (e.g., add
+	   // quotes for a string.)  The "class_name" member function
+	   // return the name of the class of an object/value.
+	   // Empty parens can be left off for member function calls.
+	   x = eval (expr);
+	   message ("The value of " + expr + " is " + x.source_format +
+	       " its type is " + x.class_name);
+	 }
+
+	The author explained that the "Li" of Liana stands for
+	"Language interpreter" and liana are vines that grow up trees
+	in tropical forests, which seemed quite appropriate for a tool
+	to deal with the complexity of MS Windows!  It is also a
+	woman's name.
+
+	["Liana for Windows", Aitken, P., PC TECHNIQUES, Dec/Jan
+	1993].
+
+	["Liana: A Language For Writing Windows Programs", Burk, R.,
+	Tech Specialist (R&D Publications), Sep 1991].
+
+	["Liana v. 1.0." Hildebrand, J.D., Computer Language, Dec
+	1992].
+
+	["Liana: A Windows Programming Language Based on C and C++",
+	Krupansky, J., The C Users Journal, Jul 1992].
+
+	["Writing a Multimedia App in Liana", Krupansky, J.,
+	Dr. Dobb's Journal, Winter Multimedia Sourcebook 1994].
+
+	["The Liana Programming Language", R. Valdes, Dr Dobbs J Oct
+	1993, pp.50-52].
+
+	(1999-06-29)
+
+Liar
+
+	{MIT Scheme}
+
+liar paradox
+
+	<philosophy> A sentence which asserts its own falsity,
+	e.g. "This sentence is false" or "I am lying".  These
+	paradoxical assertions are meaningless in the sense that there
+	is nothing in the world which could serve to either support or
+	refute them.  Philosophers, of course, have a great deal more
+	to say on the subject.
+
+	["The Liar: an Essay on Truth and Circularity", Jon Barwise
+	and John Etchemendy, Oxford University Press (1987). ISBN
+	0-19-505944-1 (PBK), Library of Congress BC199.P2B37].
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+lib
+
+	<operating system> Library.  In {Unix}, the directories /lib
+	and /usr/lib traditionally contain files with {filename
+	extension} ".lib" that are special {archives} containing
+	modules of standard {object code}.  In modern Unixes the same
+	directories contain ".so" (shared object) files, which are
+	similar except that the object code they contain is designed
+	to be loaded once and shared by all application code that
+	needs it, thus saving memory.
+
+	(2008-11-25)
+
+libg++
+
+	<library> The {run-time library} for the {GNU} {C++} compiler,
+	{g++}.  Version: 2.5.1 is a superset of {ANSI} and {POSIX.1}.
+
+	libg++ is no longer maintained, use libstd++ instead if
+	possible.
+
+	Available by {FTP} from a {GNU archive site}.
+
+	Bug reports: <bug-lib-g++@gnu.org>.
+
+	(2000-04-24)
+
+library
+
+	<programming, library> A collection of {subroutines} and
+	{functions} stored in one or more files, usually in compiled
+	form, for linking with other programs.  Libraries are one of
+	the earliest forms of organised {code reuse}.  They are often
+	supplied by the {operating system} or {software development
+	environment} developer to be used in many different programs.
+	The routines in a library may be general purpose or designed
+	for some specific function such as three dimensional animated
+	graphics.
+
+	Libraries are linked with the user's program to form a
+	complete {executable}.  The linking may be {static linking}
+	or, in some systems, {dynamic linking}.
+
+	(1998-11-21)
+
+Library of Efficient Data types and Algorithms
+
+	<library> (LEDA) A {class library} for {C++} of efficient data
+	types (e.g. {graph} {classes}) and {algorithms} by Stefan
+	N"aher <stefan@mpi-sb.mpg.de> of the {University of
+	Saarbruecken}.  Version 3.0 includes both {template} and
+	non-template versions.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/LEDA)}.
+
+	(1996-04-15)
+
+librery
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{library}".
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+LIDO
+
+	An input language for the attribute evaluator generator {LIGA}
+	(a successor of {GAG} and a subsystem of the {Eli}
+	compiler-compiler).  LIDO is derived from GAG's input language
+	{ALADIN}.
+
+	["LIDO: A Specification Language for Attribute Grammars",
+	U. Kastens <uwe@uni-paderborn.de>, Fab Math-Inf, U Paderborn
+	(Oct 1989)].
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+LiE
+
+	A {symbolic mathematics} package aimed at {Lie groups}.
+
+	["LiE, a Package for Lie Group Computations", M.A.A. van
+	Leeuwen et al, in Computer Algebra Nederland, 1992 (ISBN
+	90-741160-02-7)].
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+LIF
+
+	1. <hardware> {Low Insertion Force}.
+
+	2. <file format> {Logical Interchange Format}.
+
+	(2003-10-15)
+
+LIFE
+
+	<language> Logic of Inheritance, Functions and Equations.
+
+	An {object-oriented}, {functional}, {constraint}-based
+	language by Hassan Ait-Kacy <hak@prl.dec.com> et al of {MCC},
+	Austin TX, 1987.  LIFE integrates ideas from {LOGIN} and
+	{LeFun}.
+
+	Mailing list: life-users@prl.dec.com.
+
+	See also {Wild_LIFE}.
+
+	["Is There a Meaning to LIFE?", H. Ait-Kacy et al, Intl Conf
+	on Logic Prog, 1991].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+Life
+
+	<games> The first popular {cellular automata} based
+	{artificial life} "game".  Life was invented by British
+	mathematician {John Horton Conway} in 1970 and was first
+	introduced publicly in "Scientific American" later that year.
+
+	Conway first devised what he called "The Game of Life" and
+	"ran" it using plates placed on floor tiles in his house.
+	Because of he ran out of floor space and kept stepping on the
+	plates, he later moved to doing it on paper or on a
+	checkerboard, and then moved to running Life as a computer
+	program on a {PDP-7}.  That first implementation of Life as a
+	computer program was written by M. J. T. Guy and
+	{S. R. Bourne} (the author of {Unix}'s {Bourne shell}).
+
+	Life uses a rectangular grid of binary (live or dead) cells
+	each of which is updated at each step according to the
+	previous state of its eight neighbours as follows: a live cell
+	with less than two, or more than three, live neighbours dies.
+	A dead cell with exactly three neighbours becomes alive.
+	Other cells do not change.
+
+	While the rules are fairly simple, the patterns that can arise
+	are of a complexity resembling that of organic systems -- hence
+	the name "Life".
+
+	Many hackers pass through a stage of fascination with Life,
+	and hackers at various places contributed heavily to the
+	mathematical analysis of this game (most notably {Bill Gosper}
+	at {MIT}, who even implemented Life in {TECO}!; see
+	{Gosperism}).  When a hacker mentions "life", he is more
+	likely to mean this game than the magazine, the breakfast
+	cereal, the 1950s-era board game or the human state of
+	existence.
+
+	{Yahoo!
+	(http://yahoo.com/Science/Artificial_Life/Conway_s_Game_of_Life/)}.
+
+	{Demonstration
+	(http://research.digital.com/nsl/projects/life/)}.
+
+	["Scientific American" 223, October 1970, p120-123, 224;
+	February 1971 p121-117, Martin Gardner].
+
+	["The Garden in The Machine: the Emerging Science of
+	Artificial Life", Claus Emmeche, 1994].
+
+	["Winning Ways, For Your Mathematical Plays", Elwyn
+	R. Berlekamp, John Horton Conway and Richard K. Guy, 1982].
+
+	["The Recursive Universe: Cosmic Complexity and the Limits of
+	Scientific Knowledge", William Poundstone, 1985].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-09-07)
+
+life
+
+	<jargon> The opposite of {Usenet}.  As in "{Get a life!}"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+life-cycle
+
+	{software life-cycle}
+
+Life is hard
+
+	[XEROX PARC] This phrase has two possible interpretations: (1)
+	"While your suggestion may have some merit, I will behave as
+	though I hadn't heard it."  (2) "While your suggestion has
+	obvious merit, equally obvious circumstances prevent it from
+	being seriously considered."  The charm of the phrase lies
+	precisely in this subtle but important ambiguity.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+LIFIA
+
+	Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale et d'Intelligence
+	Artificielle.
+
+LIFO
+
+	{stack}
+
+lifted domain
+
+	<theory> In {domain theory}, a {domain} with a new {bottom}
+	element added.  Given a domain D, the lifted domain, lift D
+	contains an element lift d corresponding to each element d in
+	D with the same ordering as in D and a new element bottom
+	which is less than every other element in lift D.
+
+	In {functional languages}, a lifted domain can be used to
+	model a {constructed type}, e.g. the type
+
+		data LiftedInt = K Int
+
+	contains the values K minint .. K maxint and K bottom,
+	corresponding to the values in Int, and a new value bottom.
+	This denotes the fact that when computing a value v = (K n)
+	the computation of either n or v may fail to terminate
+	yielding the values (K bottom) or bottom respectively.
+
+	(In LaTeX, a lifted domain or element is indicated by a
+	subscript {\perp}).
+
+	See also {tuple}.
+
+LIGHT
+
+	LIfecycle Global HyperText.
+
+	A project in the CERN ECP/TP group whereby documents resulting
+	from the {software life cycle} are available as {hypertext}.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+light client
+
+	{thin client}
+
+light-emitting diode
+
+	<electronics> (LED) a type of {diode} that emits light when
+	current passes through it.  Depending on the material used the
+	colour can be visible or infrared.  LEDs have many uses,
+	visible LEDs are used as indicator lights on all sorts of
+	electronic devices and in moving-message panels, while
+	infrared LEDs are the heart of remote control devices.
+
+	See also {smoke-emitting diode}.
+
+	(1996-01-05)
+
+light-emitting resistor
+
+	<electronics, humour> (LER, from "{light-emitting diode}") A
+	{resistor} in the final stages of burning up.
+
+	(Though intended as purely humorous, the term could sensibly
+	describe the filament of a common incandescent electric light
+	bulb).
+
+	See also {SED}.
+
+	(1996-02-06)
+
+light pen
+
+	<hardware> An early {pointing device} which the user pointed
+	at a {raster}-scanned display screen.  A {photocell} in the
+	pen detected the flying spot of the raster scan.  The position
+	of the spot at that instant, obtained from the scanning
+	electronics, was made available to software as (x, y)
+	co-ordinates.
+
+	(2003-12-02)
+
+light pipe
+
+	{optical fibre}
+
+light-weight
+
+	<jargon> Opposite of {heavy-weight}; usually found in
+	combining forms such as "{light-weight process}".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-02-22)
+
+Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (LDAP) A {protocol} for accessing on-line
+	{directory services}.
+
+	LDAP was defined by the {IETF} in order to encourage adoption
+	of {X.500} directories.  The {Directory Access Protocol} (DAP)
+	was seen as too complex for simple {internet clients} to use.
+	LDAP defines a relatively simple protocol for updating and
+	searching directories running over {TCP/IP}.
+
+	LDAP is gaining support from vendors such as {Netscape},
+	{Novell}, {Sun}, {HP}, {IBM}/Lotus, {SGI}, {AT&T}, and
+	{Banyan}
+
+	An LDAP directory entry is a collection of attributes with a
+	name, called a distinguished name (DN).  The DN refers to the
+	entry unambiguously.  Each of the entry's attributes has a
+	{type} and one or more values.  The types are typically
+	mnemonic strings, like "cn" for common name, or "mail" for
+	{e-mail address}.  The values depend on the type.  For
+	example, a mail attribute might contain the value
+	"donald.duck@disney.com".  A jpegPhoto attribute would contain
+	a photograph in binary {JPEG}/{JFIF} format.
+
+	LDAP directory entries are arranged in a {hierarchical}
+	structure that reflects political, geographic, and/or
+	organisational boundaries.  Entries representing countries
+	appear at the top of the tree.  Below them are entries
+	representing states or national organisations.  Below them
+	might be entries representing people, organisational units,
+	printers, documents, or just about anything else.
+
+	{RFC 1777}, {RFC 1778}, {RFC 1959}, {RFC 1960}, {RFC 1823}.
+
+	{LDAP v3
+	(http://kingsmountain.com/LDAPRoadmap/CurrentState.html)}.
+
+	[Difference v1, v2, v3?]
+
+	(2003-09-27)
+
+light-weight process
+
+	<operating system, parallel> (LWP) A single-threaded
+	sub-process which, unlike a {thread}, has its own {process
+	identifier} and may also differ in its inheritance and
+	controlling features.
+
+	Several {operating systems}, e.g. {SunOS} 5.x, provide {system
+	calls} for creating and controlling LWPs.
+
+	(1996-02-22)
+
+like kicking dead whales down the beach
+
+	{kicking dead whales down the beach}
+
+like nailing jelly to a tree
+
+	<jargon, humour> Used to describe a task thought to be
+	impossible, especially one in which the difficulty arises from
+	poor specification or inherent slipperiness in the problem
+	domain.  "Trying to display the "prettiest" arrangement of
+	nodes and arcs that diagrams a given graph is like nailing
+	jelly to a tree, because nobody's sure what "prettiest" means
+	algorithmically."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-12-23)
+
+like this
+
+	You weren't supposed to follow that link, it was just an
+	example of what a link looks like.
+
+Lila
+
+	Patrick Salle'<salle@geocub.greco-prog.fr>.  A small
+	assembly-like language used for implementation of Actor
+	languages.  [Plasma perhaps?].
+
+Lilith
+
+	<computer> The {workstation} for which {Modula-2} was
+	developed as the system language.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-10-25)
+
+LILLIAC IV
+
+	<computer> A {supercomputer} designed in the late 1960s at the
+	{University of Illinois} which had 64 separate {CPUs} all
+	supervised by a common control unit and all capable of
+	operating simultaneously.
+
+	(1996-11-25)
+
+lilo
+
+	1. <operating system> {Linux Loader}.
+
+	2. {first-in first-out}.
+
+	(2001-03-26)
+
+Lily
+
+	(LIsp LibrarY) A {C++} {class} library by Roger Sheldon
+	<sheldon@kong.gsfc.nasa.gov> which gives C++ programmers the
+	capability to write {Lisp}-style code.  Lily's {garbage
+	collection} mechanism is not sufficient for commercial use
+	however and the documentation is incomplete.  It is
+	distributed under the {GNU} Library {General Public License}.
+
+	Version: 0.1.
+
+	{(ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/uploads/lily-0.1.tar.gz)}.
+
+	(1993-11-08)
+
+LIMDEP
+
+	A {linear programming} language used by economists.
+
+LIM EMS
+
+	{Expanded Memory Specification}
+
+LIMP
+
+	["Messages in Typed Languages", J. Hunt et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	14(1):27-45 (Jan 1979)].
+
+Linc
+
+	1. <language> A {Burroughs}/{Unisys} {4GL} designed in New
+	Zealand.
+
+	2. {Laboratory Instrument Computer}.
+
+	(1999-03-29)
+
+Lincoln Reckoner
+
+	An interactive mathematics program including matrix
+	operations, written about 1965.  It ran on the {TX-2}.
+
+	["The Lincoln Reckonere: An Operation-Oriented On-line
+	Facility with Distributed Control", A.N. Stowe et al, Proc
+	FJCC 29 (1966)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 245-247].
+
+LINCtape
+
+	<storage> A formatted, block-oriented, high-reliability,
+	{random access} tape system used on the {Laboratory Instrument
+	Computer}.  The tape was 3/4" wide.
+
+	The funny {DECtape} is actually a variant of the original
+	LINCtape.  According to {Wesley Clark}, DEC tried to "improve"
+	the LINCtape system, which mechanically, was wonderfully
+	simple and elegant.  The DEC version had pressure fingers and
+	tape guides to force alignment as well as huge {DC} servo
+	motors and complex control circuitry.  These literally
+	shredded the tape to bits if not carefully adjusted, and
+	required frequent cleaning to remove all the shedded tape
+	oxide.  That was amazing, because the tape had a micro-thin
+	plastic layer OVER the oxide to protect it.  What happened was
+	that all the forced alignment stuff caused shredding at the
+	edge.
+
+	An independent company, Computer Operations[?], built LINCtape
+	drives for use in nuclear submarines.  This was based on the
+	tape system's high reliability.  Correspondent Brian Converse
+	has a picture of himself holding a LINCtape punched full of
+	1/4" holes.  It still worked!
+
+	(1999-03-29)
+
+Linda
+
+	<language> A "coordination language" from {Yale}, providing a
+	model for {concurrency} with communication via a shared
+	{tuple} space.  Linda is usually implemented as a subroutine
+	library for a specific base language, as in {C-Linda},
+	{Fortran-Linda}, {LindaLISP} and {Prolog-Linda}.  It is
+	available from {Scientific Computing Associates, Inc.}  [What
+	is?]
+
+	{(http://cs.yale.edu/HTML/YALE/CS/Linda/linda.html)}.
+
+	There is a {Multi-BinProlog} Linda implementation available by
+	{(ftp://clement.info.umoncton.ca/)}.
+
+	["Generative Communication in Linda", D. Gelernter
+	<gelernter@cs.yale.edu>, ACM TOPLAS 7(1):80-112 (1985)].
+
+	["Linda in Context", N. Carreiro et al, Yale U., CACM
+	32(4):444-458, Apr 1989].
+
+	See also {Ease}, {Lucinda}, {Melinda}.
+
+	(2000-07-07)
+
+LindaLISP
+
+	{Linda} for {Lisp}.
+
+line
+
+	1. <hardware> An electrical conductor.  For distances larger
+	than a breadbox, a single line may consist of two electrical
+	conductors in twisted, parallel, or concentric arrangement
+	used to transport one logical signal.
+
+	By extension, a (usually physical) medium such as an {optical
+	fibre} which carries a signal.
+
+	(1995-09-29)
+
+line 666
+
+	<jargon> (Christian eschatological myth) The notional line of
+	source at which a program fails for obscure reasons, implying
+	either that *somebody* is out to get it (when you are the
+	programmer), or that it richly deserves to be got (when you
+	are not).
+
+	E.g. "It works when I trace through it, but seems to crash on
+	line 666 when I run it."  "What happens is that whenever a
+	large batch comes through, mmdf dies on the Line of the Beast.
+	Probably some twit {hard-coded} a buffer size."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-03-01)
+
+linear address space
+
+	A memory addressing scheme used in processors where the whole
+	memory can be accessed using a single address that fits in a
+	single register or instruction.  This contrasts with a
+	{segmented memory} architecture, such as that used on the
+	{Intel 8086}, where an address is given by an offset from a
+	base address held in one of the "segment registers".  Linear
+	addressing greatly simplifies programming at the {assembly
+	language} level but requires more instruction word bits to be
+	allocated for an address.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+linear argument
+
+	<theory> A function argument which is used exactly once by the
+	function.
+
+	If the argument is used at most once then it is safe to
+	{inline} the function and replace the single occurrence of the
+	formal parameter with the actual argument expression.  If the
+	argument was used more than once this transformation would
+	duplicate the argument expression, causing it to be evaluated
+	more than once.
+
+	If the argument is sure to be used at least once then it is
+	safe to evaluate it in advance (see {strictness analysis})
+	whereas if the argument was not used then this would waste
+	work and might prevent the program from terminating.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+linear assignment
+
+	{assignment problem}
+
+linear function
+
+	A {recursive} function is linear if it is of the form
+
+		f x = if p x then q x else h f x
+
+	where h is a "linear functional" which means that
+
+	(1) for all functions, a, b c and some function ht
+
+		h (if a then b else c) = if ht a then h b else h c
+
+	Function ht is known as the "predicate transformer" of h.
+
+	(2) If for some x,
+
+		h (\ y . bottom) x  /=  bottom
+
+	then
+
+		for all g,  ht g x  =  True.
+
+	I.e. if h g x terminates despite g x not terminating then ht g
+	x doesn't depend on g.
+
+	See also {linear argument}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Linear Graph Notation
+
+	(LGN) A linearised representation of {TCOL} trees.
+
+	[B.W. Leverett et al, "An Overview of the Production Quality
+	Compiler-Compiler Projects", TR CMU-CS-79-105, Carnegie Mellon
+	1979].
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+linear logic
+
+	<theory> A {logic} invented by Girard in 1987 that can be used
+	in proofs related to resource usage.
+
+	{(http://brics.dk/LS/96/6/BRICS-LS-96-6/BRICS-LS-96-6.html)}.
+
+	[Wadler, P., "Is there a use for linear logic", ACM/IFIP PEPM
+	Conference, 1991].
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(2003-05-02)
+
+linear map
+
+	<mathematics> (Or "linear transformation") A {function} from a
+	{vector space} to a vector space which respects the {additive}
+	and {multiplicative} structures of the two: that is, for any
+	two {vectors}, u, v, in the source vector space and any
+	scalar, k, in the {field} over which it is a vector space, a
+	linear map f satisfies f(u+kv) = f(u) + kf(v).
+
+	(1996-09-30)
+
+linear programming
+
+	<application> A procedure for finding the maximum or minimum
+	of a {linear function} where the arguments are subject to
+	linear {constraints}.  The {simplex method} is one well known
+	{algorithm}.
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+linear space
+
+	<mathematics> A {vector space} where all {linear combinations}
+	of elements are also elements of the space.  This is easy for
+	spaces of numbers but not for a space of functions.  Roughly,
+	this is to say that multiplication by numbers, and addition of
+	elements is defined in the space.
+
+	(2000-03-10)
+
+linear topology
+
+	<theory> A linear topology on a {left A-module} M is a {topology}
+	on M that is invariant under translations and admits a
+	{fundamental system of neighborhood} of 0 that consists of
+	{submodules} of M.  If there is such a topology, M is said to be
+	linearly topologized.  If A is given a {discrete topology}, then M
+	becomes a topological A-module with respect to a linear topology.
+
+	[Wikipedia]
+
+	(2014-06-30)
+
+linear transformation
+
+	{linear map}
+
+linear type
+
+	1. <theory, programming> An attribute of values which are used
+	exactly once: they are neither duplicated nor destroyed.  Such
+	values require no {garbage collection}, and can safely be
+	updated in place, even if they form part of a data structure.
+
+	Linear types are related to the {linear logic} of J.-Y Girard.
+	They extend Schmidt's notion of {single threading}, provide an
+	alternative to Hudak and Bloss' {update analysis}, and offer a
+	practical complement to Lafont and Holmström's elegant {linear
+	languages}.
+
+	['Use-Once' Variables and Linear Objects - Storage Management,
+	Reflection and Multi-Threading, Henry Baker.
+	{(http://home.pipeline.com/~hbaker1/Use1Var.html)}].
+
+	["Linear types can change the world!", Philip Wadler,
+	"Programming Concepts and Methods", April 1990, eds. M. Broy,
+	C. Jones, pub. North-Holland, IFIP TC2 Working Conference on
+	Programming Concepts and Methods, Sea of Galilee, Israel].
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+line conditioning
+
+	<communications> The adjustment of electrical characteristics
+	of, e.g., {twisted pair} telephone lines by insertion of
+	components such as resistors, capacitors, transformers or
+	(commonly) inductors.  Lines intended for analogue voice
+	signals usually have inductors inserted every few miles; such
+	a line is said to be "loaded".
+
+	The special purpose lines which have neither inductors nor the
+	DC voltage which powers ordinary telephones are said to be
+	"dry," and are much better for data transmission.
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+line eater
+
+	<messaging> 1. A {bug} in some now-obsolete versions of the
+	{Usenet} software that used to eat up to {BUFSIZ} bytes of the
+	article text.  The bug was triggered by having the text of the
+	article start with a space or tab.  This bug was quickly
+	personified as a mythical creature called the "line eater",
+	and postings often included a dummy line of "line eater food".
+	Ironically, line eater "food" not beginning with a space or
+	tab wasn't actually eaten, since the bug was avoided; but if
+	there *was* a space or tab before it, then the line eater
+	would eat the food *and* the beginning of the text it was
+	supposed to be protecting.  The practice of "sacrificing to
+	the line eater" continued for some time after the bug had been
+	{nailed to the wall}, and is still humorously referred to.
+	The bug itself is still (in mid-1991) occasionally reported to
+	be lurking in some mail-to-netnews {gateways}.
+
+	2. {NSA line eater}.
+
+	(1996-04-09)
+
+line editor
+
+	<tool, text> An early kind of {text editor} suited to use on a
+	{teletype}.  The user enters editing commands which apply to
+	the current line or some given range of lines.  These include
+	moving forward and backward through the buffer, inserting and
+	deleting lines, substituting a string for a pattern match, and
+	printing lines.  Visual feedback is restricted to explicitly
+	requesting the display of one or more lines, in contrast to a
+	{screen editor}.
+
+	{ed} is {Unix}'s line editor.
+
+	(1999-03-01)
+
+line feed
+
+	<character> (LF, control-J, {ASCII} 10) The {ASCII} character
+	meaning move the {cursor} down to the same column on the next
+	line.  Originally this would have been done by "feeding" paper
+	through the printer.
+
+	{Unix} uses line feed as its text line terminator ({newline}
+	character).
+
+	(1997-07-14)
+
+line noise
+
+	<communications> 1. Spurious characters due to electrical
+	{noise} in a communications link, especially an {EIA-232}
+	serial connection.  Line noise may be induced by poor
+	connections, interference or {crosstalk} from other circuits,
+	electrical storms, {cosmic rays}, or (notionally) birds
+	crapping on the phone wires.
+
+	2. Any chunk of data in a file or elsewhere that looks like
+	the results of electrical line noise.
+
+	3. Text that is theoretically a readable text or program
+	source but employs {syntax} so bizarre that it looks like line
+	noise.  Yes, there are languages this ugly.  The canonical
+	example is {TECO}, whose input syntax is often said to be
+	indistinguishable from line noise.  Other non-{WYSIWYG}
+	editors, such as {Multics} "{qed}" and {Unix} "{ed}", in the
+	hands of a real hacker, also qualify easily, as do
+	deliberately {obfuscate}d languages such as {INTERCAL}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+line printer
+
+	<printer> A {printer} that prints one entire line at a time.
+	Print quality is low compared with a {laser printer}.  Line
+	printers typically use {sprocket feed} and wide fanfold paper.
+
+	Line printer speed is usually measured in lines per minute
+	(lpm).  1200 lpm is a good rate for a line printer like a 3205
+	m5.  66 lines per page is typical, giving 18 pages per minute
+	(ppm).  This assumes all upper case, if a mixed case print
+	train is used, throughput is halved.  By comparison, a fast
+	{laser printer} can output 100+ ppm
+
+	(1999-01-13)
+
+line probing
+
+	A feature of some {V.34} {modems} that will allow them to
+	identify the capacity and quality of the phone line and adjust
+	themselves to allow, for each individual connection, for
+	maximum throughput using the highest possible data
+	transmission rate.
+
+	(1994-06-09)
+
+lines of code
+
+	<programming, unit> (LOC) A common measure of the size or
+	progress of a programming project.  For example, one can
+	describe a completed project as consisting of 100,000 LOC; or
+	one can characterise a week's progress as 5000 LOC.
+
+	Using LOC as a metric of progress encourages programmers to
+	{reinvent the wheel} or split their code into lots of short
+	lines.
+
+	(2001-05-28)
+
+lines per minute
+
+	<unit> (lpm) A unit used to measure {line printer} throughput.
+
+	(1999-01-13)
+
+line starve
+
+	(MIT, opposite of {line feed}) 1. To feed paper through a
+	printer the wrong way by one line (most printers can't do
+	this).  On a display terminal, to move the cursor up to the
+	previous line of the screen.  "To print "X squared", you just
+	output "X", line starve, "2", line feed."  (The line starve
+	causes the "2" to appear on the line above the "X", and the
+	line feed gets back to the original line.)
+
+	2. A character (or character sequence) that causes a terminal
+	to perform this action.  ASCII 26, also called SUB or
+	control-Z, was one common line-starve character in the days
+	before {microcomputers} and the {X3.64} terminal standard.
+	Unlike "line feed", "line starve" is *not* standard {ASCII}
+	terminology.  Even among hackers it is considered silly.
+
+	3. (Proposed) A sequence such as \c (used in {System V}
+	{echo}, as well as {nroff} and {troff}) that suppresses a
+	{newline} or other character(s) that would normally be
+	emitted.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Lingo
+
+	An animation scripting language.
+
+	[MacroMind Director V3.0 Interactivity Manual, MacroMind
+	1991].
+
+LINGOL
+
+	LINguistics Oriented Language.  Natural language processing.
+
+	["A Linguistics Oriented Programming Language", V.R. Pratt,
+	Third Intl Joint Conf on AI, 1973].
+
+link
+
+	1. <file system> {hard link} or {symbolic link}.
+
+	2. <hypertext> {hypertext link}.
+
+	(1997-10-22)
+
+Link Access Procedure on the D channel
+
+	(LAPD) (Q.921).  An {Integrated Services Digital Network}
+	{data link layer} protocol.
+
+Link Access Protocol Balanced
+
+	<protocol> (LAPB) {X.25} layer 2 ({data link layer})
+	{protocol}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1996-01-22)
+
+Link Access Protocol for Modems
+
+	(LAPM) The {Automatic Repeat Request} system used in the
+	{V.42} {protocol}.
+
+linkage editor
+
+	{linker}
+
+Link Control Protocol
+
+	<protocol> A {protocol} used to automatically agree upon
+	{encapsulation} format options, handle varying packet size
+	limits, authenticate the identity of its {peer} on the link,
+	determine when a link is functioning properly and when it is
+	defunct, detect a looped-back link and other common
+	misconfiguration errors, and terminate the link.
+
+	[RFC 1570].
+
+	(1997-05-10)
+
+link-dead
+
+	Said of a {MUD} character who has frozen in place because of a
+	dropped network connection.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+link editor
+
+	{linker}
+
+linked list
+
+	<programming> A data structure in which each element contains
+	a pointer to the next element, thus forming a linear list.
+
+	A doubly linked list contains pointers to both the next and
+	previous elements.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+linker
+
+	<programming, tool> (link editor, linkage editor, link loader)
+	A program that combines one or more files containing {object
+	code} from separately compiled program {modules} into a single
+	file containing loadable or executable code
+
+	This process involves resolving references between the
+	{modules} and fixing the {relocation} information used by the
+	operating system {kernel} when loading the file into memory to
+	run it.
+
+	Under {Unix}, the linker is called "ld" and {object files}
+	have filename extension .o (object), .so (shared object), or
+	.lib ({library}), and the resulting {executable} is called
+	"a.out" by default.
+
+	(2001-10-13)
+
+link farm
+
+	<file system, Unix> A directory tree that contains mostly
+	{symbolic links} to files in a master directory tree of files.
+	Link farms save space when one is maintaining several nearly
+	identical copies of the same source tree - for example, when
+	the only difference is architecture-dependent object files.
+	They also mean that changes to the master tree are instantly
+	visible in the link farm.  Good {text editors} provide the
+	option to replace a link with a new version of the target file
+	when saving thus allowing the farm to have its own versions of
+	just those files that differ from the master tree.
+
+	E.g. "Let's freeze the source and then rebuild the FROBOZZ-3
+	and FROBOZZ-4 link farms."
+
+	Link farms may also be used to get around restrictions on the
+	number of "-I" (include-file directory) arguments on older C
+	preprocessors.  However, they can also get completely out of
+	hand, becoming the file system equivalent of {spaghetti code}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-02-08)
+
+link loader
+
+	{linker}
+
+link rot
+
+	<web> The process by which links on a {web page}
+	became unusable as the pages they point to change location or
+	are removed.
+
+	(1997-03-29)
+
+links
+
+	{link}
+
+Link State Routing Protocol
+
+	<networking, communications> A {routing} {protocol} such as
+	{OSPF} which permits routers to exchange information with one
+	another about the reachability of other networks and the cost
+	or metric to reach the other networks.
+
+	The cost/metric is based on number of {hops}, link speeds,
+	traffic congestion, and other factors as determined by the
+	network designer.  Link state routers use {Dijkstra's
+	algorithm} to calculate shortest (lowest cost) paths, and
+	normally update other routers with whom they are connected
+	only when their own routing tables change.
+
+	Link state routing is an improvement over {distance-vector
+	routing} protocols such as {RIP} which normally use only a
+	single metric (such as hop count) and which exchange all of
+	their table information with all other routers on a regular
+	schedule.  Link state routing normally requires more
+	processing but less transmission overhead.
+
+	(2000-03-14)
+
+LINPACK
+
+	1. A package of {linear algebra} routines.
+
+	2. The kernel {benchmark} developed from the "LINPACK" package
+	of linear algebra routines.  It was written by Jack Dongarra
+	<dongarra@cs.utk.edu> in {Fortran} and is commonly used in
+	that language but there is also a {C} version.
+
+	Source Code by FTP: {single precision Fortran
+	(ftp://netlib.att.com/netlib/benchmark/linpacks.Z)},
+	{double precision Fortran
+	(ftp://netlib.att.com/netlib/benchmark/linpackd.Z)},
+	{C (ftp://netlib.att.com:/netlib/benchmark/linpackc.Z)}.
+
+	{Results
+	(http://performance.netlib.org/performance/html/linpack.data.col0.html)}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+lint
+
+	A {Unix} {C} language processor which carries out more
+	thorough checks on the code than is usual with C {compilers}.
+
+	Lint is named after the bits of fluff it supposedly picks from
+	programs.  Judging by references on {Usenet} this term has
+	become a shorthand for {desk check} at some non-Unix shops,
+	even in languages other than {C}.  Also used as {delint}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+Linux
+
+	<operating system> ("Linus Unix") /li'nuks/ (but see below)
+	An implementation of the {Unix} {kernel} originally written
+	from scratch with no proprietary code.
+
+	The kernel runs on {Intel} and {Alpha} hardware in the general
+	release, with {SPARC}, {PowerPC}, {MIPS}, {ARM}, {Amiga},
+	{Atari}, and {SGI} in active development.  The SPARC, PowerPC,
+	ARM, {PowerMAC} - {OSF}, and 68k ports all support {shells},
+	{X} and {networking}.  The Intel and SPARC versions have
+	reliable {symmetric multiprocessing}.
+
+	Work on the kernel is coordinated by Linus Torvalds, who holds
+	the copyright on a large part of it.  The rest of the
+	copyright is held by a large number of other contributors (or
+	their employers).  Regardless of the copyright ownerships, the
+	kernel as a whole is available under the {GNU} {General Public
+	License}.  The GNU project supports Linux as its kernel until
+	the research {Hurd} kernel is completed.
+
+	This kernel would be no use without {application programs}.
+	The GNU project has provided large numbers of quality tools,
+	and together with other {public domain} software it is a rich
+	Unix environment.  A compilation of the Linux kernel and these
+	tools is known as a Linux distribution.  Compatibility modules
+	and/or {emulators} exist for dozens of other computing
+	environments.
+
+	The kernel version numbers are significant: the odd numbered
+	series (e.g. 1.3.xx) is the development (or beta) kernel which
+	evolves very quickly.  Stable (or release) kernels have even
+	major version numbers (e.g. 1.2.xx).
+
+	There is a lot of commercial support for and use of Linux,
+	both by hardware companies such as {Digital}, {IBM}, and
+	{Apple} and numerous smaller network and integration
+	specialists.  There are many commercially supported
+	distributions which are generally entirely under the GPL.  At
+	least one distribution vendor guarantees {Posix} compliance.
+	Linux is particularly popular for {Internet Service
+	Providers}, and there are ports to both parallel
+	supercomputers and {embedded} {microcontrollers}.  {Debian} is
+	one popular {open source} distribution.
+
+	The pronunciation of "Linux" has been a matter of much debate.
+	Many, including Torvalds, insist on the short I pronunciation
+	/li'nuks/ because "Linus" has an /ee/ sound in Swedish
+	(Linus's family is part of Finland's 6% ethnic-Swedish
+	minority) and Linus considers English short /i/ to be closer
+	to /ee/ than English long /i:/ dipthong.  This is consistent
+	with the short I in words like "linen".  This doesn't stop
+	others demanding a long I /li:'nuks/ following the english
+	pronunciation of "Linus" and "minus".  Others say /li'niks/
+	following {Minix}, which Torvalds was working on before Linux.
+
+	{More on pronunciation (/pub/misc/linux-pronunciation)}.
+
+	{LinuxHQ (http://linuxhq.com/)}.  {slashdot
+	(http://slashdot.org/)}.  {freshmeat (http://freshmeat.net/)}.
+	{Woven Goods (http://fokus.gmd.de/linux/)}.  {Linux
+	Gazette (http://ssc.com/lg)}.
+
+	{funet Linux Archive (ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux)}, {US
+	mirror (ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/)}, {UK Mirror
+	(ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/Linux/)}.
+
+	(2000-06-09)
+
+Linux Documentation Project
+
+	<project> (LDP) A team of volunteers developing documentation
+	for the {Linux} {operating system}.  The LDP aims to handle
+	all of the issues of Linux documentation, ranging from on-line
+	documentation to printed manuals, covering topics such as
+	installing, using, and running Linux.  The LDP has no central
+	organisation; anyone can join in.
+
+	{(http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/)}.
+
+	(1999-06-10)
+
+Linux Loader
+
+	<operating system> (LILO) A {boot loader} for {Linux}.  LILO
+	does not depend on a specific {file system}, it can boot Linux
+	{kernel images} from {floppy disks} and {hard disks} and can
+	even boot other {operating systems}.  One of up to sixteen
+	differernt images can be selected at {boot time}.  Various
+	{parameters}, such as the {root device}, can be set
+	independantly for each kernel.  LILO can even be used as the
+	{master boot record}.
+
+	(2006-09-12)
+
+Linux Network Administrators' Guide
+
+	(NAG) A book on setting up and running {Unix} networks.  NAG
+	is freely available in electronic form.  It was produced by
+	Olaf Kirch, <okir@monad.swb.de> and others as part of the
+	{Linux Documentation Project} with help from {O'Reilly and
+	Associates}.
+
+	It includes the following sections: Introduction to
+	Networking, Issues of {TCP/IP} Networking, Configuring the
+	Networking Hardware, Setting up the Serial Hardware,
+	Configuring TCP/IP Networking, {Name Service} and {Resolver}
+	Configuraton, {Serial Line IP}, The {Point-to-Point Protocol},
+	Various Network Applications, The {Network Information
+	System}, The {Network File System}, Managing {Taylor UUCP},
+	{Electronic Mail}, Getting {smail} Up and Running,
+	{Sendmail+IDA}, {Netnews}, {C} News, A Description of NNTP,
+	Newsreader Configuration, Glossary, Annotated Bibliography.
+
+	{FTP from UNC (ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/LDP)}.
+	{FTP from MIT (ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/docs/LDP)}.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+Linux User Group
+
+	<body, operating system> (LUG) Any organisation of {Linux} users
+	in a local area, university, etc., that offers mutual technical
+	support, companionship with people of similar interests and
+	promotes the use of Linux among computer users generally.
+
+	LUGs often hold Install Fests for the general public, in which
+	experienced Linux users explain and supervise the installation
+	of Linux on new users' systems.
+
+	(2003-09-14)
+
+lion food
+
+	<humour> (IBM) Middle management or HQ staff, or, by
+	extension, administrative drones in general.  The term derives
+	from an old joke:
+
+	Two lions escape from the zoo and split up to increase their
+	chances.  When they finally meet after two months, one is
+	skinny and the other overweight.  The thin one says, "How did
+	you manage?  I ate a human just once and they turned out a
+	small army to chase me with guns and nets, it was terrible.
+	Since then I've been reduced to eating mice, insects, even
+	grass."  The fat one replies: "Well, *I* hid near an IBM
+	office and ate a manager every day.  Nobody even noticed!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+Lions Book
+
+	<publication> "Source Code and Commentary on Unix level 6", by
+	John Lions.
+
+	The two parts of this book contained the entire source listing
+	of the {Unix} Version 6 {kernel}, and a commentary on the
+	source discussing the {algorithms}.  These were circulated
+	internally at the {University of New South Wales} beginning
+	1976-77, and were, for years after, the *only* detailed kernel
+	documentation available to anyone outside {Bell Labs}.
+	Because {Western Electric} wished to maintain trade secret
+	status on the kernel, the Lions book was never formally
+	published and was only supposed to be distributed to
+	affiliates of source licensees (it is still possible to get a
+	Bell Labs reprint of the book by sending a copy of a V6 {source
+	licence} to the right person at {Bellcore}, but *real* insiders
+	have the UNSW edition).  In spite of this, it soon spread by
+	{samizdat} to a good many of the early Unix hackers.
+
+	{(http://peer-to-peer.com/catalog/history/lions.html)}.
+
+	In 1996 it was reprinted as a "classic":
+
+	[John Lions, "Lions' Comentary on UNIX 6th Edition with Source
+	Code", Computer Classics Revisited Series, Peer-to-Peer
+	Communications, 1996, ISBN 1-57398-013-7].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-06-25)
+
+LIPL
+
+	Linear IPL.
+
+	A linearised (i.e. horizontal format) version of IPL-V.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 394].
+
+	[R. Dupchak, "LIPL - Linear Information Processing Language",
+	Rand Memo RM-4320-PR, Feb 1965].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+liquid crystal display
+
+	<hardware> (LCD) An electro-optical device used to display
+	digits, characters or images, commonly used in digital
+	watches, calculators, and portable computers.
+
+	The heart of the liquid crystal display is a piece of {liquid
+	crystal} material placed between a pair of transparent
+	{electrodes}.  The liquid crystal changes the phase of the
+	light passing through it and this phase change can be
+	controlled by the {voltage} applied between the electrodes.
+	If such a unit is placed between a pair of {plane polariser}
+	plates then light can pass through it only if the correct
+	voltage is applied.  Liquid crystal displays are formed by
+	integrating a number of such cells, or more usually, by using
+	a single liquid crystal plate and a pattern of electrodes.
+
+	The simplest kind of liquid crystal displays, those used in
+	digital watches and calculators, contain a common electrode
+	plane covering one side and a pattern of electrodes on the
+	other.  These electrodes can be individually controlled to
+	produce the appropriate display.  Computer displays, however,
+	require far too many pixels (typically between 50,000 and
+	several millions) to make this scheme, in particular its
+	wiring, feasible.  The electrodes are therefore replaced by a
+	number of row electrodes on one side and column electrodes on
+	the other.  By applying voltage to one row and several columns
+	the {pixels} at the intersections are set.
+
+	The pixels being set one row after the other, in {passive
+	matrix} displays the number of rows is limited by the ratio of
+	the setting and fading times.  In the setup described above
+	(known as "{twisted nematic}") the number of rows is limited
+	to about 20.  Using an alternative "{supertwisted nematic}"
+	setup {VGA} quality displays (480 rows) can be easily built.
+	As of 1995 most {notebook computers} used this technique.
+
+	Fading can be slowed by putting an active element, such as a
+	{transistor}, on the top of each pixel.  This "remembers" the
+	setting of that pixel.  These {active matrix} displays are of
+	much better quality (as good as {CRTs}) but are much more
+	expensive than the passive matrix displays.
+
+	LCDs are slimmer, lighter and consume less power than the
+	previous dominant display type, the {cathode ray tube}, hence
+	their importance for {portable computers}.
+
+	(1995-12-09)
+
+LIS
+
+	Langage Implementation Systeme.
+
+	A predecessor of {Ada} developed by Ichbiah in 1973.  It was
+	influenced by {Pascal}'s data structures and {Sue}'s control
+	structures.  A type declaration can have a low-level
+	implementation specification.
+
+	["The System Implementation Language LIS", J.D. Ichbiah et al,
+	CII Honeywell-Bull, TR 4549 E/EN, Louveciennes France (Dec
+	1974)].
+
+	["The Two-Level Approach to Data Independent Programming in
+	LIS", J.D. Ichbiah et al, in Machine Oriented Higher Level
+	Languages, W. van der Poel ed, N-H 1974, pp.161-169].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+LISA
+
+	1. <computer> Local Integrated Software Architecture.
+
+	A {personal computer} introduced by {Apple Computer, Inc.} in
+	1983.  The LISA was a predecessor of the {Macintosh} and was
+	the first personal computer on the market with a {graphical
+	user interface}.
+
+	It was origionally named after {Steve Jobs}'s daughter.  The
+	acronym was applied later.
+
+	[Spec?]
+
+	2. <tool> A system for statistical data analysis, similar to
+	{S}.
+
+	{FTP MIT (ftp://dolphin.mit.edu/)}.
+
+	3. <event> {Large Installation Systems Administration}.
+
+	(2001-10-16)
+
+Liskov, Barbara
+
+	{Barbara Liskov}
+
+Liskov substitution principle
+
+	<programming, theory> (LSP) The principle that
+	{object-oriented} {functions} that use {pointers} or
+	references to a {base class} must be able to use {objects} of
+	a {derived class} without knowing it.
+
+	{Barbara Liskov} first wrote it as follows: If for each object
+	o1 of type S there is an object o2 of type T such that for all
+	programs P defined in terms of T, the behaviour of P is
+	unchanged when o1 is substituted for o2 then S is a {subtype}
+	of T.
+
+	A function that violates the LSP uses a reference to a base
+	class and must know about all the derivatives of that base
+	class.  Such a function violates the {open/closed principle}
+	because it must be modified whenever a new derivative of the
+	base class is created.
+
+	[Liskov, B. Data Abstraction and Hierarchy, SIGPLAN
+	Notices. 23(5), May 1988].
+
+	(2001-09-14)
+
+Lisp
+
+	<language> LISt Processing language.
+
+	(Or mythically "Lots of Irritating Superfluous Parentheses").
+	{Artificial Intelligence}'s mother tongue, a symbolic,
+	{functional}, {recursive} language based on the ideas of
+	{lambda-calculus}, variable-length lists and trees as
+	fundamental data types and the interpretation of code as data
+	and vice-versa.
+
+	Data objects in Lisp are lists and {atoms}.  Lists may contain
+	lists and atoms.  Atoms are either numbers or symbols.
+	Programs in Lisp are themselves lists of symbols which can be
+	treated as data.  Most implementations of Lisp allow functions
+	with {side-effects} but there is a core of Lisp which is
+	{purely functional}.
+
+	All Lisp functions and programs are expressions that return
+	values; this, together with the high memory use of Lisp, gave
+	rise to {Alan Perlis}'s famous quip (itself a take on an Oscar
+	Wilde quote) that "Lisp programmers know the value of
+	everything and the cost of nothing".
+
+	The original version was {LISP 1}, invented by {John McCarthy}
+	<jmc@sail.stanford.edu> at {MIT} in the late 1950s.  Lisp is
+	actually older than any other {high level language} still in
+	use except {Fortran}.  Accordingly, it has undergone
+	considerable change over the years.  Modern variants are quite
+	different in detail.  The dominant {HLL} among hackers until
+	the early 1980s, Lisp now shares the throne with {C}.  See
+	{languages of choice}.
+
+	One significant application for Lisp has been as a proof by
+	example that most newer languages, such as {COBOL} and {Ada},
+	are full of unnecessary {crocks}.  When the {Right Thing} has
+	already been done once, there is no justification for
+	{bogosity} in newer languages.
+
+	See also {Association of Lisp Users}, {Common Lisp}, {Franz
+	Lisp}, {MacLisp}, {Portable Standard Lisp}, {Interlisp},
+	{Scheme}, {ELisp}, {Kamin's interpreters}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+*LISP
+
+	(StarLISP) A {data-parallel} extension of {Common LISP} for
+	the {Connection Machine}, uses "{pvars}".
+
+	{A *LISP simulator
+	(ftp://think.com/public/starsim-f19-sharfile)}.
+
+	E-mail: <customer-support@think.com>,
+	<documentation-order@think.com>.
+
+	[Cliff Lasser, Jeff Mincy, J.P. Massar, Thinking Machines
+	Corporation  "The Essential *LISP Manual", TM Corp 1986].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+LISP 1
+
+	The original {Lisp}.  Invented by John McCarthy et al at {MIT}
+	in the late 50's.  Followed by {LISP 1.5}.
+
+LISP 1.5
+
+	The second version of {Lisp}, successor to {LISP 1}.
+	Developed at {MIT} in 1959.  Followed by LISP 1.75, LISP 1.9,
+	{Lisp 2} and many other versions.
+
+LISP 2
+
+	{LISP 1.5} with an {ALGOL 60}-like surface syntax.  Also
+	optional type declarations, new data types including
+	integer-indexed {arrays} and character strings, partial-word
+	extraction/insertion operators and {macros}.  A
+	{pattern-matching} facility similar to {COMIT} was proposed.
+	Implemented for the {Q-32} computer.
+
+	["The LISP 2 Programming Language and System", P.W.  Abrahams
+	et al, Proc FJCC 29:661-676, AFIPS (Fall 1966).]
+
+LISP70
+
+	A {Lisp} dialect descended from {MLISP} and {MLISP2}.  Also
+	known as PLISP and VEL.  Useful for parsing.  Only the
+	pattern-matching system was published and fully implemented.
+	According to Alan Kay, LISP70 had an influence on
+	{Smalltalk-72}.  "The LISP70 Pattern Matching System, Larry
+	Tesler et al, IJCAI 73.
+
+LISP A
+
+	"LISP A: A LISP-like System for Incremental Computing", E.J.
+	Sandewall, Proc SJCC 32 (1968).
+
+LISP Extended Algebraic Facility
+
+	<language> (LEAF)
+
+	["An Algebraic Extension to LISP", P.H. Knowlton, Proc FJCC 35
+	1969].
+
+	(1996-06-07)
+
+Lispkit
+
+	<language> A {functional programming} language designed by
+	Peter Henderson with Lisp syntax. Designed for portability.
+	The Lispkit implementation is an extension to Landin's SECD
+	machine that supports lazy evaluation.  See also Stack
+	environment control dump machine.
+
+Lispkit Lisp
+
+	Purely functional version of LISP.  "Functional Programming,
+	Application and Implementation", P. Henderson, P-H 1980.
+
+Lisp-Linda
+
+	P. Dourish, U Edinburgh 1988.
+
+Lisp Machine
+
+	1. <architecture> Any {machine} (whether notional or actual)
+	whose instruction set is {Lisp}.
+
+	2. <hardware, operating system> A line of {workstations} made
+	by {Symbolics, Inc.} from the mid-1970s (having grown out of
+	the {MIT AI Lab}) to late 1980s.  All system code for
+	Symbolics Lisp Machines was written in {Lisp Machine Lisp}.
+	Symbolics Lisp Machines were also notable for having had
+	{space-cadet keyboards}.
+
+	[More details and historical background?]
+
+	{Lisp Machine Museum
+	(http://kogs-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~moeller/symbolics-info/symbolics.html)}.
+
+	(2003-07-03)
+
+LISP Machine LISP
+
+	<language> An extension of {Maclisp}, now called {Zetalisp}.
+
+	(1998-12-13)
+
+Lisp Object-Oriented Programming System
+
+	(LOOPS) An {object-oriented} extension of {Lisp} from the
+	{Intelligent Systems Laboratory} at {Xerox} {Palo Alto
+	Research Center}.  It is used in the development of
+	{knowledge-based systems}.
+
+	See also {CommonLoops}.
+
+	["The LOOPS Manual", D.G. Bobrow & M. Stefik, Xerox Corp
+	1983].
+
+LISP, Objects, and Symbolic Programming
+
+	A book with compiler included by Robert R. Kessler and Amy
+	R. Petajan, published by Scott, Foresman and Company,
+	Glenview, IL, USA.  (1988).
+
+Lisptalk
+
+	"Concurrent Programming Language Lisptalk", C. Li, SIGPLAN
+	Notices 23(4):71-80 (Apr 1988).
+
+LispView
+
+	CLOS based windowing system on OpenWindows.
+
+list
+
+	<data> A data structure holding many values, possibly of
+	different types, which is usually accessed sequentially,
+	working from the head to the end of the tail - an "ordered
+	list".  This contrasts with a (one-dimensional) {array}, any
+	element of which can be accessed equally quickly.
+
+	Lists are often stored using a cell and pointer arrangement
+	where each value is stored in a cell along with an associated
+	pointer to the next cell.  A special pointer, e.g. zero, marks
+	the end of the list.  This is known as a (singly) "linked
+	list".  A doubly linked list has pointers from each cell to
+	both next and previous cells.
+
+	An unordered list is a {set}.
+
+	(1998-11-12)
+
+list comprehension
+
+	<functional programming> An expression in a {functional
+	language} denoting the results of some operation on (selected)
+	elements of one or more lists.  An example in {Haskell}:
+
+	[ (x,y) | x <- [1 .. 6], y <- [1 .. x], x+y < 10]
+
+	This returns all pairs of numbers (x,y) where x and y are
+	elements of the list 1, 2, ..., 10, y <= x and their sum is
+	less than 10.
+
+	A list comprehension is simply "{syntactic sugar}" for a
+	combination of applications of the functions, concat, map and
+	filter.  For instance the above example could be written:
+
+		filter p (concat (map (\ x -> map (\ y -> (x,y))
+				 [1..x]) [1..6]))
+		where
+		p (x,y) = x+y < 10
+
+	According to a note by Rishiyur Nikhil <nikhil@crl.dec.com>,
+	(August 1992), the term itself seems to have been coined by
+	Phil Wadler circa 1983-5, although the programming construct
+	itself goes back much further (most likely Jack Schwartz and
+	the SETL language).
+
+	The term "list comprehension" appears in the references below.
+
+	The earliest reference to the notation is in Rod Burstall and
+	John Darlington's description of their language, NPL.
+
+	David Turner subsequently adopted this notation in his
+	languages SASL, KRC and Miranda, where he has called them "{ZF
+	expressions}", set abstractions and list abstractions (in his
+	1985 FPCA paper [Miranda: A Non-Strict Functional Language
+	with Polymorphic Types]).
+
+	["The OL Manual" Philip Wadler, Quentin Miller and Martin
+	Raskovsky, probably 1983-1985].
+
+	["How to Replace Failure by a List of Successes" FPCA
+	September 1985, Nancy, France, pp. 113-146].
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+List Enhanced
+
+	<operating system, tool> An {MS-DOS} file browsing utility
+	written by Vern Buerg in 1983.  A former {mainframe} systems
+	programmer, Buerg wrote DOS utilities when he began using an
+	{IBM PC} and missed the file-scanning ability he had on
+	mainframes.  The software became an instant success, and his
+	list utility was in use on an estimated 5 million PCs.
+
+	{shareware version (http://buerg.com/ftp.html)}.
+
+	(1997-05-16)
+
+listless
+
+	<programming> In {functional programming}, a property of a
+	{function} which allows it to be combined with other functions
+	in a way that eliminates intermediate data structures,
+	especially lists.
+
+	{Phil Wadler}'s thesis gives the conditions for a function to
+	be in listless form: each input list is traversed only once,
+	one element at a time, from left to right.  Each output list
+	is generated once, one element at a time, from left to right.
+	No other lists are generated or traversed.
+
+	Not all functions can be expressed in listless form
+	(e.g. reverse).
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+Listproc
+
+	A {mailing list} processor owned and developed by {BITNET}
+	which runs under {Unix}.
+
+	See also {Listserv}, {Majordomo}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+lists
+
+	{list}
+
+Listserv
+
+	<messaging> An automatic {mailing list} server, initially
+	written to run under {IBM}'s {VM} {operating system} by Eric
+	Thomas.
+
+	Listserv is a {user name} on some computers on {BITNET}/{EARN}
+	which processes {electronic mail} requests for addition to or
+	deletion from mailing lists.  Examples are listserv@ucsd.edu,
+	listserver@nysernet.org.
+
+	Some listservs provide other facilities such as retrieving
+	files from {archives} and {database} search.  Full details of
+	available services can usually be obtained by sending a
+	message with the word HELP in the subject and body to the
+	listserv address.
+
+	Eric Thomas, has recently formed an international corporation,
+	L-Soft, and has ported Listserv to a number of other
+	{platforms} including {Unix}.  Listserv has simultaneously
+	been enhanced to use both the {Internet} and {BITNET}.
+
+	Two other major {mailing list} processors, both of which run
+	under {Unix}, are {Majordomo}, a {freeware} system, and
+	{Listproc}, currently owned and developed by {BITNET}.
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+Liszt
+
+	A {Franz Lisp} compiler in {C} which emits {C}, by Jeff
+	W. Dalton <jeff@festival.ed.ac.uk>.
+
+	Mailing list: franz-friends-request@berkeley.edu.
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+lite
+
+	<spelling> (Misspelling of "light", when used to mean
+	"lightweight") A suffix denoting a scaled-down or crippled
+	product, often designed to be distributed without charge,
+	e.g. on a magazine {coverdisk}.  An example is {pklite}.
+
+	(1995-10-06)
+
+literal
+
+	<programming> A constant made available to a process, by
+	inclusion in the executable text.  Most modern systems do not
+	allow texts to modify themselves during execution, so literals
+	are indeed constant; their value is written at compile-time
+	and is read-only at run time.
+
+	In contrast, values placed in variables or files and accessed
+	by the process via a symbolic name, can be changed during
+	execution.  This may be an asset.  For example, messages can
+	be given in a choice of languages by placing the translation
+	in a file.
+
+	Literals are used when such modification is not desired.  The
+	name of the file mentioned above (not its content), or a
+	physical constant such as 3.14159, might be coded as a
+	literal.  Literals can be accessed quickly, a potential
+	advantage of their use.
+
+	(1996-01-23)
+
+literate programming
+
+	<programming, text> Combining the use of a {text formatting}
+	language such as {TeX} and a conventional programming language
+	so as to maintain {documentation} and {source code} together.
+
+	Literate programming may use the {inverse comment convention}.
+
+	{Perl}'s literate programming system is called {pod}.
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+literature
+
+	The literature.  Computer-science journals and other
+	publications, vaguely gestured at to answer a question that
+	the speaker believes is trivial.  Thus, one might answer an
+	annoying question by saying "It's in the literature."  Oppose
+	{Knuth}, which has no connotation of triviality.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+LITHE
+
+	Object-oriented with extensible syntax.
+
+	"LITHE: A Language Combining a Flexible Syntax and Classes",
+	D. Sandberg, Conf Rec 9th Ann ACM Sym POPL, ACM 1982,
+	pp.142-145.
+
+lithium lick
+
+	{NeXT} employees who have had too much attention from their
+	esteemed founder, {Steve Jobs}, are said to have "lithium
+	lick" when they begin to show signs of Jobsian fervour and
+	repeat the most recent catch phrases in normal conversation,
+	e.g. "It just works, right out of the box!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+LitProg
+
+	{literate programming}
+
+LITTLE
+
+	A typeless language used to produce machine-independent
+	software.  LITTLE has been used to implement SETL.
+
+	"Guide to the LITTLE Language", D. Shields, LITTLE Newsletter
+	33, Courant Inst (Aug 1977).
+
+little-endian
+
+	<data, architecture> A computer architecture in which, within
+	a given 16- or 32-bit {word}, bytes at lower addresses have
+	lower significance (the word is stored "little-end-first").
+	The {PDP-11} and {VAX} families of computers and {Intel}
+	{microprocessors} and a lot of communications and networking
+	hardware are little-endian.
+
+	The term is sometimes used to describe the ordering of units
+	other than bytes; most often, bits within a byte.
+
+	Compare {big-endian}, {middle-endian}.  See {NUXI problem}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-08-16)
+
+Little Smalltalk
+
+	A line-oriented near-subset of {Smalltalk-80} written in {C}
+	by Tim Budd <budd@cs.orst.edu>.  Version 3 runs on {Unix},
+	{IBM PC}, {Atari} and {VMS}.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.orst.edu/pub/budd/)}.
+
+	["A Little Smalltalk", Timothy Budd, A-W 1987].
+
+live data
+
+	1. Data that is written to be interpreted and takes over
+	program flow when triggered by some un-obvious operation, such
+	as viewing it.  One use of such hacks is to break security.
+	For example, some smart terminals have commands that allow one
+	to download strings to program keys; this can be used to write
+	live data that, when listed to the terminal, infects it with a
+	security-breaking {virus} that is triggered the next time a
+	hapless user strikes that key.  For another, there are some
+	well-known bugs in {vi} that allow certain texts to send
+	arbitrary commands back to the machine when they are simply
+	viewed.
+
+	2. In {C}, data that includes pointers to functions
+	(executable code).
+
+	3. An object, such as a {trampoline}, that is constructed on
+	the fly by a program and intended to be executed as code.
+
+	4. Actual real-world data, as opposed to "test data".  For
+	example, "I think I have the record deletion module finished."
+	"Have you tried it out on live data?"  This usage usually
+	carries the connotation that live data is more fragile and
+	must not be corrupted, or bad things will happen.  So a more
+	appropriate response to the above claim might be: "Well, make
+	sure it works perfectly before we throw live data at it."  The
+	implication here is that record deletion is something pretty
+	significant, and a haywire record-deletion module running amok
+	on live data would probably cause great harm.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Live Free Or Die!
+
+	1. The state motto of New Hampshire, which appears on that
+	state's automobile licence plates.
+
+	2. A slogan associated with Unix in the romantic days when
+	Unix aficionados saw themselves as a tiny, beleaguered
+	underground tilting against the windmills of industry.  The
+	"free" referred specifically to freedom from the {fascist}
+	design philosophies and {crufty} misfeatures common on
+	commercial operating systems.  Armando Stettner, one of the
+	early Unix developers, used to give out fake licence plates
+	bearing this motto under a large Unix, all in New Hampshire
+	colours of green and white.  These are now valued collector's
+	items.
+
+livelock
+
+	<parallel> /li:v'lok/ When two or more processes continuously
+	change their state in response to changes in the other
+	process(es) without doing any useful work.
+
+	This is similar to {deadlock} in that no progress is made but
+	differs in that neither process is blocked or waiting for
+	anything.
+
+	A human example of livelock would be two people who meet
+	face-to-face in a corridor and each moves aside to let the
+	other pass, but they end up swaying from side to side without
+	making any progress because they always move the same way at
+	the same time.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-07-05)
+
+LiveScript
+
+	{JavaScript}
+
+liveware
+
+	/li:v'weir/ 1. A less common synonym for {wetware}
+
+	2. (Cambridge) Vermin.  "Waiter, there's some liveware in my
+	salad."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-10-30)
+
+lk
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Sri Lanka.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+LKA
+
+	{Lan Kanal Adapter}
+
+LL
+
+	<grammar> A class of language {grammars}, which can
+	be {parse}d without {backtrack}ing.  The first L stands for
+	Left-to-right scan, the second for Leftmost derivation.
+
+	Often found in the form LL(k) where k is the number of
+	{tokens} of {look-ahead} required when parsing a sentence of
+	the language.  In particular, LL(1) is a fairly restrictive
+	class of grammar, but allows simple {top-down} parsing
+	(e.g. {recursive-descent}) to be used without wasteful
+	{backtracking}.  A number of programming languages are LL(1)
+	(or close).
+
+	(1995-10-30)
+
+LLC
+
+	{Logical Link Control}
+
+LLGen
+
+	<tool> A {BNF}-based {LL1} {parser generator} by Fischer and
+	LeBlanc.  It conforms to a subset of {FMQ}.
+
+	{(ftp://csczar.ncsu.edu/)}.
+
+	["Crafting A Compiler", Fischer and LeBlanc].
+
+	(1990-03-31)
+
+LLM3
+
+	/el el em trwa/ The {assembly language} for a {virtual
+	machine} used as the implementation language for {Le-Lisp}.
+	Developed by J. Chailloux of {INRIA}.
+
+LLNL
+
+	{Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory}
+
+LLP
+
+	{Lower Layer Protocol}
+
+LM3
+
+	The {Larch} interface language for {Modula-3}.
+
+	["LM3: A Larch/Modula-3 Interface Language", Kevin D. Jones,
+	TR 72, DEC SRC, Palo Alto CA].
+
+LMAO
+
+	<chat> laughed my ass off.  Seen on {Compuserve}.
+
+	(1996-02-04)
+
+LMDS
+
+	{Local Multipoint Distribution System}
+
+lmgtfy.com
+
+	<humour, WWW> A somewhat sarcastic {web} service that
+	animates the action of searching on {Google}.
+
+	Instead of displaying the search results, the site creates a
+	self-referential URL like
+
+	{(http://lmgtfy.com/?q=GIYF)}
+
+	that takes you to a page showing an animation of the actions of
+	clicking in the Google search box, entering some text and clicking
+	the submit button.  It then takes you to the results on Google.
+
+	The link is intended be sent to in answer to a question that could
+	easily have been answered by Google.  It is a more polite, if
+	long-winded, way of saying {JFGI} or {STFW}.
+
+	In the belief that it is better to teach a man to fish than to
+	give him a fish, the service helps the recipient to help himself
+	while succinctly conveying the message that he is too stupid to
+	use Google.
+
+	(2014-05-23)
+
+LML
+
+	1. Lazy ML.
+
+	A {lazy}, {purely functional} variant of {ML} designed by
+	Thomas Johnson and Lennart Augustsson at the Chalmers
+	University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden in 1984.  LML is
+	implemented on the {G-machine}, and was used to implement the
+	first {Haskell B compiler}.  There is a compiler (lmlc) and
+	interpreter.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.chalmers.se/pub/haskell/chalmers)}.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+	2. Logical ML.
+
+	Adds to {Lazy ML} a data type of "theories" whose objects
+	represent {logic programs}.
+
+	["Logic Programming within a Functional Framework", A. Brogi
+	et al, in Programming Language Implementation and Logic
+	Programming, P. Deransart et al eds, LNCS 456, Springer 1990].
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+LM-Prolog
+
+	Lisp Machine Prolog.
+
+	A {Prolog} {interpreter} in {Zetalisp} for the {Lisp Machine}
+	developed by Ken Kahn and Mats Carlsson in 1983.
+
+	{(ftp://sics.se/archive/lm-prolog.tar.Z)}.
+
+	["LM-Prolog User Manual", M. Carlsson et al, Uppsala Dec
+	1983].
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+LMTP
+
+	{Local Mail Transfer Protocol}
+
+LNF
+
+	["A Fully Lazy Higher Order Purely Functional Programming
+	Language With Reduction Semantics", K.L. Greene, CASE Center
+	TR 8503, Syracuse U 1985].
+
+LO
+
+	Linear Objects.  A {concurrent} {logic programming} language
+	based on {linear logic}, an extension of {Horn logic} with a
+	new kind of {OR-concurrency}.
+
+	["LO and Behold! Concurrent Structured Processes", J. Andreoli
+	et al, SIGPLAN Notices 25(10):44-56 (OOPSLA/ECOOP '90) (Oct
+	1990)].
+
+L&O
+
+	Logic and Objects.  A front end for {IC Prolog}.
+
+	{(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/programming/languages/pd-ICP-0,90.tar.Z)}.
+	E-mail: Zacharias Bobolakis <zb@doc.ic.ac.uk>.
+
+	["Logic and Objects", Frank McCabe, Prentice-Hall].
+
+load
+
+	1. To copy {data} (often {program} {code} to be {run}) into
+	{memory}, possibly {parsing} it somehow in the process.
+	E.g. "{WordPerfect} can't load this {RTF} file - are you sure
+	it didn't get corrupted in the {download}?"  Opposite of
+	{save}.
+
+	2. The degree to which a computer, {network}, or other
+	resource is used, sometimes expressed as a percentage of the
+	maximum available.  E.g. "What kind of CPU load does that
+	program give?", "The network's constantly running at 100%
+	load".  Sometimes used, by extension, to mean "to increase the
+	level of use of a resource".  E.g. "Loading a spreadsheet
+	really loads the CPU".  See also: {load balancing}.
+
+	3. To {install} a piece of {software} onto a system.
+	E.g. "The computer guy is gonna come load Excel on my laptop
+	for me".  This usage is widely considered to be incorrect.
+
+	(2002-07-02)
+
+load balancing
+
+	<operating system, parallel> Techniques which aim to spread
+	tasks among the processors in a {parallel processor} to avoid
+	some processors being idle while others have tasks queueing
+	for execution.  Load balancing may be performed either by
+	heavily loaded processors (with many tasks in their queues)
+	sending tasks to other processors; by idle processors
+	requesting work from others; by some centralised task
+	distribution mechanism; or some combination of these.  Some
+	systems allow tasks to be moved after they have started
+	executing ("{task migration}") others do not.  It is important
+	that the {overhead} of executing the load balancing
+	{algorithm} does not contribute significantly to the overall
+	processing or communications load.
+
+	Distributed scheduling {algorithms} may be static, dynamic or
+	preemptive.  Static algorithms allocate processes to
+	processors at run time while taking no account of current
+	network load.  Dynamic algorithms are more flexible, though
+	more computationally expensive, and give some consideration to
+	the network load before allocating the new process to a
+	processor.  Preemptive algorithms are more expensive and
+	flexible still, and may migrate running processes from one
+	host to another if deemed beneficial.  Research to date
+	indicates that dynamic algorithms yield significant
+	performance benefits, but that further (though lesser) gains
+	may be had through the addition of process migration
+	facilities.
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+load-bearing printf
+
+	<programming, humour> The kind of {bug} present in a {program}
+	which works correctly when producing debug output but fails when
+	the {debugging} is turned off.
+
+	The expression combines {load-bearing wall
+	(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Builders)} and {printf} as used
+	in {debugging by printf}.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2013-05-10)
+
+lobotomy
+
+	1. What a hacker subjected to formal management training is
+	said to have undergone.  At {IBM} and elsewhere this term is
+	used by both hackers and low-level management; the latter
+	doubtless intend it as a joke.
+
+	2. The act of removing the processor from a {microcomputer} in
+	order to replace or upgrade it.  Some very cheap {clone}
+	systems are sold in "lobotomised" form - everything but the
+	brain.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+LOC
+
+	{lines of code}
+
+local area network
+
+	<networking> (LAN) A data communications network which is
+	geographically limited (typically to a 1 km radius) allowing
+	easy interconnection of terminals, {microprocessors} and
+	computers within adjacent buildings.  {Ethernet} and {FDDI}
+	are examples of standard LANs.
+
+	Because the network is known to cover only a small area,
+	optimisations can be made in the network signal protocols that
+	permit data rates up to 100Mb/s.
+
+	See also {token ring}, {wide area network}, {metropolitan area
+	network}..
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.dcom.lans.misc}.
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+Local Area Terminal
+
+	<protocol> (LAT) A {DECnet}-related, non-routable network
+	{protocol}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1999-01-14)
+
+local bus
+
+	<hardware> A {bus} connecting a {processor} to {memory},
+	usually on the same {circuit board} as opposed to a
+	{backplane} and therefore faster.
+
+	Various proprietary local busses for {personal computers} are
+	still in use.  The most common are {Vesa local bus} (VLB or
+	VL), and {Peripheral Component Interconnect} (PCI).  Some
+	computers, e.g. {notebook computers}, use a local bus with no
+	expansion slots.  Previous non-local bus standards include
+	{ISA}, {EISA} and {MCA}.
+
+	(1997-08-25)
+
+locale
+
+	<programming> A geopolitical place or area, especially in the
+	context of configuring an {operating system} or {application
+	program} with its {character sets}, date and time formats,
+	currency formats etc.
+
+	Locales are significant for {internationalisation} and
+	{localisation}.
+
+	(1999-06-09)
+
+local echo
+
+	<communications> (Obsolete: "{half-duplex}") A mode of
+	operation of a communications program or device in which it
+	displays the characters the user enters at the same time as it
+	sends them to the remote system.
+
+	In communications between computers or computing processes,
+	particularly those involving human keyboarding and/or reading,
+	duplex came to mean the re-transmission of a keyboard
+	character to the output display.
+
+	Early input device such as the Teletype {ASR-33}
+	{teleprinter}, being descended from the electric typewriter,
+	printed all input characters as they were typed (i.e. they did
+	local echo).  Local echo was typically optional on the {video
+	terminals} that replaced them, and usually disabled in favour
+	of {remote echo}.  A disadvantage of local echo is that it
+	will continue, even when the communication circuit has failed,
+	which can be misleading.
+
+	(2000-03-30)
+
+local exchange carrier
+
+	<communications> (LEC) A company allowed to handle local calls
+	following the break-up of the Bell system in the US by
+	anti-trust regulators.  These vary from Regional Bell
+	Operating Companies (RBOC) through to small independents such
+	as Farmers Cooperative.
+
+	Local exchange carriers are not allowed to handle
+	long-distance traffic.  This is handled by inter-exchange
+	carriers (IXC) who are not allowed to handle local calls.
+
+	(2002-08-28)
+
+localisation
+
+	<programming> (l10n) Adapting a product to meet the language,
+	cultural and other requirements of a specific target market
+	"{locale}".
+
+	Localisation includes the translation of the {user interface},
+	{on-line help} and {documentation}, and ensuring the images
+	and concepts are culturally appropriate and sensitive.  There
+	may be subtle cross-cultural considerations, e.g. do the icons
+	make sense in other parts of the world?
+
+	{Internationalisation} is the process that occurs during
+	application development that makes localisation easier by
+	separating the details that differ between locales from the
+	rest of the program that stays the same.  If
+	internationalisation is thorough, localisation will require no
+	programming.
+
+	The abbreviation l10n means "L - 10 letters - N".
+
+	(1999-06-09)
+
+localised
+
+	{localisation}
+
+locality
+
+	1. In sequential architectures programs tend to access data
+	that has been accessed recently (temporal locality) or that is
+	at an address near recently referenced data (spatial
+	locality).  This is the basis for the speed-up obtained with a
+	{cache} memory.
+
+	2. In a multi-processor architecture with distributed memory
+	it takes longer to access the memory attached to a different
+	processor.  This overhead increases with the number of
+	communicating processors. Thus to efficiently employ many
+	processors on a problem we must increase the proportion of
+	references which are to local memory.
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+local loop
+
+	<communications> The circuits between a telephone subscriber's
+	residence or business and the switching equipment at the local
+	{central office}.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+local loopback addresses
+
+	The special {Internet address}, 127.0.0.1, defined by the
+	{Internet Protocol}.  A {host} can use local the loopback
+	address to send messages to itself.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+Local Mail Transfer Protocol
+
+	<messaging, protocol> (LMTP) A {protocol} designed as an
+	alternative to {ESMTP} for cases where the mail receiver does
+	not manage a queue.  LMTP is an {application level} {protocol}
+	that runs on top of {TCP/IP}.  It was initially defined in
+	{RFC 2033}, and uses (with a few changes) the syntax and
+	semantics of {ESMTP}.  It should be used only by specific
+	prior arrangement and configuration, and it must not be used
+	on TCP {port} 25 (the {SMTP} port).
+
+	(2002-03-09)
+
+Local Multipoint Distribution System
+
+	<wireless> (LMDS) A {broadband wireless} technology.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+locals
+
+	The users on one's local network (as opposed, say, to people
+	one reaches via public {Internet} or {UUCP} connections).  The
+	marked thing about this usage is how little it has to do with
+	real-space distance. "I have to do some tweaking on this mail
+	utility before releasing it to the locals."
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Local Shared Resources
+
+	<operating system> (LSR) A way of controlling {VSAM} buffers
+	in {OS/390}.
+
+	(2002-02-17)
+
+LocalTalk
+
+	<networking> An {Apple Computer} {network} {standard} using
+	{Apple Computer}'s own networking hardware.
+
+	Compare {EtherTalk}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+local variable
+
+	<programming> A {variable} with {lexical scope}, i.e. one
+	which only exists in some particular part of the {source
+	code}, typically within a {block} or a {function} or
+	{procedure} body.  This contrasts with a {global variable},
+	which is defined throughout the whole program.
+
+	Code is easier to understand and modify when the scope of
+	variables is as small as possible because it is easier to see
+	how the variable is set and used.  Code containing global
+	variables is harder to modify because its behaviour may depend
+	on and affect other sections of code that refer to that
+	variable.
+
+	(2009-12-14)
+
+location
+
+	{memory location}
+
+Loch Ness Monster Bug
+
+	<humour> (Or "Bugfoot") A {bug} which cannot be reproduced or has
+	only been sighted by one person.  Named after the mythical
+	creature claimed to inhabit Loch Ness in Scotland.
+
+	(2012-12-29)
+
+locked and loaded
+
+	[Military slang for an M-16 rifle with magazine inserted and
+	prepared for firing] Said of a removable disk volume properly
+	prepared for use - that is, locked into the drive and with
+	the heads loaded.  Ironically, because their heads are
+	"loaded" whenever the power is up, this description is never
+	used of {Winchester} drives (which are named after a rifle).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+locked up
+
+	Synonym for {hung}, {wedged}.
+
+lock-in
+
+	<standard> When an existing standard becomes almost impossible
+	to supersede because of the cost or logistical difficulties
+	involved in convincing all its users to switch something
+	different and, typically, {incompatible}.
+
+	The common implication is that the existing standard is
+	notably inferior to other comparable standards developed
+	before or since.
+
+	Things which have been accused of benefiting from lock-in in
+	the absence of being truly worthwhile include: the {QWERTY}
+	keyboard; any well-known {operating system} or programming
+	language you don't like (e.g., see "{Unix conspiracy}"); every
+	product ever made by {Microsoft Corporation}; and most
+	currently deployed formats for transmitting or storing data of
+	any kind (especially the {Internet Protocol}, 7-bit (or even
+	8-bit) {character sets}, analog video or audio broadcast
+	formats and nearly any file format).
+
+	Because of {network effects} outside of just computer
+	networks, {Real World} examples of lock-in include the current
+	spelling conventions for writing English (or French, Japanese,
+	Hebrew, Arabic, etc.); the design of American money; the
+	imperial (feet, inches, ounces, etc.) system of measurement;
+	and the various and anachronistic aspects of the internal
+	organisation of any government (e.g., the American Electoral
+	College).
+
+	(1998-01-15)
+
+Locus
+
+	A distributed system project supporting transparent access to
+	data through a network-wide file system.
+
+Loebner Prize
+
+	<artificial intelligence> An annual competition in {artificial
+	intelligence} started by Dr. {Hugh Loebner} of New York City
+	in 1991.  A $100,000 prize is offered to the author of the
+	first computer program to pass an unrestricted {Turing test}.
+	Annual competitions are held each year with a $2000 prize for
+	the best program on a restricted {Turing test}.
+
+	Sponsors of previous competitions include: {Apple Computer},
+	{Computerland}, Crown Industries, GDE Systems, {IBM} Personal
+	Computer Company's {Center for Natural Computing}, Greenwich
+	Capital Markets, {Motorola}, the {National Science
+	Foundation}, The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and The Weingart
+	Foundation.
+
+	The 1995 and 1996 events were unrestricted Turing Tests,
+	requiring computer entries to converse indefinitely with no
+	topic restrictions.  So far, even the best programs give
+	themselves away almost immediately, either by simple
+	grammatical mistakes or by repetition.
+
+	Complete transcripts and {IBM compatible} diskettes that play
+	the 1991, 1992, and 1993 conversations in real-time are
+	available for purchase from the Cambridge Center for
+	Behavioral Studies (telephone: +1 (617) 491 9020, Fax: 1072).
+	Sponsorship opportunities are available.
+
+	{Loebner Prize Home (http://loebner.net/)}.
+
+	(2003-11-30)
+
+log
+
+	1. <mathematics, programming> {logarithm}.
+
+	2. <operating system, programming> A record of the activity of
+	some system, often stored in a particular file.
+
+	Different {operating systems} have different conventions and
+	support for storing logs.  {Unix} has the {syslog} system and
+	the /var/log directory hierarchy, {Microsoft Windows} has
+	{event logs}.  {Web servers}, for example, typically record
+	information about every page accessed in one or more "web
+	logs".
+
+	(2009-05-29)
+
+{log}
+
+	["{log}: A Logic Programming Language with Finite Sets", A
+	Dovier et al, Proc 8th Intl Conf Logic Prog, June 1991,
+	pp.111-124].
+
+logarithmus dualis
+
+	<mathematics> (ld) Latin for {logarithm} base two.  More
+	commonly written as "log" with a subscript "2".
+
+	Roughly the number of {bits} required to represent an
+	{integer}.
+
+	(1999-03-19)
+
+LogC
+
+	A {C} extension incorporating {rule-oriented programming}, for
+	{AI} {application programs}.  {Production rules} are
+	encapsulated into functional components called rulesets.  LogC
+	uses a {search network algorithm} similar to {RETE}.
+
+	Version 1.6.
+
+	["LogC: A Language and Environment for Embedded Rule Based
+	Systems", F. Yulin et al, SIGPLAN Notices 27(11):27-32 (Nov
+	1992)].
+
+logic
+
+	1. <philosophy, logic> A branch of philosophy and mathematics
+	that deals with the formal principles, methods and criteria of
+	validity of {inference}, reasoning and {knowledge}.
+
+	Logic is concerned with what is true and how we can know
+	whether something is true.  This involves the formalisation of
+	logical arguments and {proofs} in terms of symbols
+	representing {propositions} and {logical connectives}.  The
+	meanings of these logical connectives are expressed by a set
+	of rules which are assumed to be self-evident.
+
+	{Boolean algebra} deals with the basic operations of truth
+	values: AND, OR, NOT and combinations thereof.  {Predicate
+	logic} extends this with existential and universal
+	{quantifiers} and symbols standing for {predicates} which may
+	depend on variables.  The rules of {natural deduction}
+	describe how we may proceed from valid premises to valid
+	conclusions, where the premises and conclusions are
+	expressions in {predicate logic}.
+
+	Symbolic logic uses a {meta-language} concerned with truth,
+	which may or may not have a corresponding expression in the
+	world of objects called existance.  In symbolic logic,
+	arguments and {proofs} are made in terms of symbols
+	representing {propositions} and {logical connectives}.  The
+	meanings of these begin with a set of rules or {primitives}
+	which are assumed to be self-evident.  Fortunately, even from
+	vague primitives, functions can be defined with precise
+	meaning.
+
+	{Boolean logic} deals with the basic operations of {truth
+	values}: AND, OR, NOT and combinations thereof.  {Predicate
+	logic} extends this with {existential quantifiers} and
+	{universal quantifiers} which introduce {bound variables}
+	ranging over {finite} sets; the {predicate} itself takes on
+	only the values true and false.  Deduction describes how we
+	may proceed from valid {premises} to valid conclusions, where
+	these are expressions in {predicate logic}.
+
+	Carnap used the phrase "rational reconstruction" to describe
+	the logical analysis of thought.  Thus logic is less concerned
+	with how thought does proceed, which is considered the realm
+	of psychology, and more with how it should proceed to discover
+	truth.  It is the touchstone of the results of thinking, but
+	neither its regulator nor a motive for its practice.
+
+	See also fuzzy logic, logic programming, arithmetic and logic unit,
+	first-order logic,
+
+	See also {Boolean logic}, {fuzzy logic}, {logic programming},
+	{first-order logic}, {logic bomb}, {combinatory logic},
+	{higher-order logic}, {intuitionistic logic}, {equational
+	logic}, {modal logic}, {linear logic}, {paradox}.
+
+	2. <electronics> {Boolean} logic circuits.
+
+	See also {arithmetic and logic unit}, {asynchronous logic},
+	{TTL}.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+logical
+
+	(From the technical term "logical device", wherein a physical
+	device is referred to by an arbitrary "logical" name) Having
+	the role of.  If a person (say, Les Earnest at SAIL) who had
+	long held a certain post left and were replaced, the
+	replacement would for a while be known as the "logical" Les
+	Earnest.  (This does not imply any judgment on the
+	replacement).
+
+	Compare {virtual}.
+
+	At Stanford, "logical" compass directions denote a coordinate
+	system in which "logical north" is toward San Francisco,
+	"logical west" is toward the ocean, etc., even though logical
+	north varies between physical (true) north near San Francisco
+	and physical west near San Jose.  (The best rule of thumb here
+	is that, by definition, El Camino Real always runs logical
+	north-and-south.)  In giving directions, one might say: "To
+	get to Rincon Tarasco restaurant, get onto {El Camino Bignum}
+	going logical north."  Using the word "logical" helps to
+	prevent the recipient from worrying about that the fact that
+	the sun is setting almost directly in front of him.  The
+	concept is reinforced by North American highways which are
+	almost, but not quite, consistently labelled with logical
+	rather than physical directions.
+
+	A similar situation exists at MIT: Route 128 (famous for the
+	electronics industry that has grown up along it) is a
+	3-quarters circle surrounding Boston at a radius of 10 miles,
+	terminating near the coastline at each end.  It would be most
+	precise to describe the two directions along this highway as
+	"clockwise" and "counterclockwise", but the road signs all say
+	"north" and "south", respectively.  A hacker might describe
+	these directions as "logical north" and "logical south", to
+	indicate that they are conventional directions not
+	corresponding to the usual denotation for those words.  (If
+	you went logical south along the entire length of route 128,
+	you would start out going northwest, curve around to the
+	south, and finish headed due east, passing along one infamous
+	stretch of pavement that is simultaneously route 128 south and
+	Interstate 93 north, and is signed as such!)
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+logical address
+
+	{virtual address}
+
+Logical Block Addressing
+
+	<storage> (LBA) A {hard disk} {sector} addressing scheme used
+	on all {SCSI} hard disks, and on {ATA-2} conforming {IDE} hard
+	disks.  The addressing conversion is performed by the hard
+	disk firmware.
+
+	Prior to LBA, combined limitations of {IBM PC} {BIOS} and
+	{ATA} restricted the useful capacity of IDE hard disks on IBM
+	PCs and compatibles to 1024 cylinders * 63 sectors per track *
+	16 heads * 512 bytes per sector = 528 million bytes = 504
+	megabytes.  Modern BIOSes select LBA mode automatically, and
+	work around the 1024-cylinder BIOS limit by representing a
+	hard disk to the OS as having e.g. half as many cylinders and
+	twice as many heads.  However, there is still an unbreakable
+	BIOS disk size limit of 1024 cylinders * 63 sectors per track
+	* 256 heads * 512 bytes per sector = 8 gigabytes, but modern
+	OSes (including {Windows 9x}, {Windows NT} and {Linux}) are
+	not affected by it, since they issue direct LBA-based calls,
+	bypassing the BIOS hard disk services completely.
+
+	(2000-04-30)
+
+logical complement
+
+	<logic> In {Boolean algebra}, the logical complement or
+	negation of a Boolean value is the opposite value, given by
+	the following {truth table}:
+
+		A | -A
+		--+---
+		T | F
+		F | T
+
+	-A is also written as A with a bar over it or with a small
+	vertical line hanging from the right-hand end of the "-"
+	({LaTeX} \neg) or as A'.  In the {C} programming language, it
+	is !A and in digital circuit design, /A.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+Logical Interchange Format
+
+	<file format, file system> (LIF) A {Hewlett-Packard} simple
+	{file system} format used to {boot} {HP-PA} machines and to
+	interchange files between older HP machines.  A LIF file
+	system is a header, containing a single directory, with
+	10-character {case sensitive} filenames and 2-byte {file
+	types}, followed by the files.
+
+	{LIF Utilities for linux
+	(http://hpcc.org/hpil/lif_utils.html)}.
+
+	(2003-10-09)
+
+Logical Link Control
+
+	<networking> (LLC) The upper portion of the {data link layer},
+	as defined in {IEEE 802.2}.  The LLC sublayer presents a
+	uniform interface to the user of the data link service, usually
+	the {network layer}.  Beneath the LLC sublayer is the {Media
+	Access Control} (MAC) sublayer.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (L2CAP) A {Bluetooth} {protocol} in the {Core
+	Protocol Stack} providing data services to higher layer
+	Bluetooth protocols.
+
+	{L2CAP Layer Tutorial
+	(http://palowireless.com/infotooth/tutorial/l2cap.asp)}.
+
+	(2002-06-28)
+
+logical relation
+
+	A {relation} R satisfying
+
+	f R g  <=>  For all a, b,  a R b => f a R g b
+
+	This definition, by Plotkin, can be used to extend the
+	definition of a relation on the types of a and b to a relation
+	on functions.
+
+logical shift
+
+	<programming> (Either shift left logical or shift right
+	logical) Machine-level operations available on nearly all
+	processors which move each bit in a word one or more bit
+	positions in the given direction.  A left shift moves the bits
+	to more significant positions (like multiplying by two), a
+	right shift moves them to less significant positions (like
+	dividing by two).  The comparison with multiplication and
+	division breaks down in certain circumstances - a logical
+	shift may discard bits that are shifted off either end of the
+	word and does not preserve the sign of the word (positive or
+	negative).
+
+	Logical shift is approriate when treating the word as a {bit
+	string} or a sequence of {bit fields}, whereas {arithmetic
+	shift} is appropriate when treating it as a binary number.
+	The word to be shifted is usually stored in a {register}, or
+	possibly in memory.
+
+	(1996-07-02)
+
+logical shift left
+
+	{logical shift}
+
+logical shift right
+
+	{logical shift}
+
+Logical Unit
+
+	<networking> (LU) A primary component of {SNA}, an {LU} is a
+	type of {NAU} that enables end users to communicate with each
+	other and gain access to SNA network resources.
+
+	(1997-04-30)
+
+Logical Unit 6.2
+
+	<networking> (LU6.2) A type of {logical unit} that governs
+	peer-to-peer {SNA} communications.  LU6.2 supports general
+	communication between programs in a distributed processing
+	environment.
+
+	LU6.2 is characterised by a {peer} relationship between
+	{session partners}, efficient use of a session for multiple
+	{transactions}, comprehensive end-to-end error processing and
+	a generic {application program interface} consisting of
+	{structured verbs} that are mapped into a product
+	inplementation.
+
+	LU6.2 is used by {IBM}'s {TPF} {operating system}.
+
+	[IBM Dictionary of Computing, McGraw-Hill 1993].
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+Logical Unit Number
+
+	<storage> (LUN) A 3-bit identifier used on a {SCSI} bus to
+	distinguish between up to eight devices ({logical units}) with
+	the same {SCSI ID}.
+
+	(1999-02-11)
+
+logic bomb
+
+	<programming, security> Code surreptitiously inserted into an
+	application or {operating system} that causes it to perform
+	some destructive or security-compromising activity whenever
+	specified conditions are met.
+
+	Compare {back door}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-07-02)
+
+Logic Design Language
+
+	<language> A language for computer design.
+
+	["A System Description Language Using Parametric Text
+	Generation", R.H. Williams, TR 02.487, IBM San Jose, Aug
+	1970].
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+logic emulator
+
+	A system of {FPGAs}, programmable interconnect and software
+	which automatically configures itself into an operating
+	prototype of a large-scale logic design, such as a
+	{microprocessor}.  An emulated design can be connected into
+	the target system and really operated and tested before the
+	design is made into an {integrated circuit}.
+
+	{Quickturn} is the leading logic emulation system.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Logic for Computable Functions
+
+	<language> (LCF) Part of the {Edinburgh proof assistant}.
+
+	[What is it?  Address?]
+
+	(1995-01-06)
+
+logic gate
+
+	An {integrated circuit} or other device whose inputs and
+	outputs represent {Boolean} or binary values as voltages
+	({TTL} uses 0V for False or 0, +5V for True or 1).  Different
+	gates implement different Boolean functions: {AND}, {OR},
+	{NAND}, {NOR} (these may take two or more inputs) {NOT} (one
+	input), {XOR} (two inputs).  NOT, NAND and NOR are often
+	constructed from single {transistors} and the other gates made
+	from combinations of these basic ones.  These functions are
+	all {combinatorial logic} functions, i.e. their outputs depend
+	only on their inputs and there is no internal state.  Gates
+	with state, such as {latches} and {flip-flops}, are
+	constructed by feeding some of their outputs back to their
+	inputs.
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+logic programming
+
+	<artificial intelligence, programming, language> A
+	{declarative}, {relational} style of programming based on
+	{first-order logic}.  The original logic programming language
+	was {Prolog}.  The concept is based on {Horn clauses}.
+
+	The programmer writes a "database" of "{facts}", e.g.
+
+		wet(water).
+
+	("water is wet") and "{rules}", e.g.
+
+		mortal(X) :- human(X).
+
+	("X is mortal is implied by X is human").  Facts and rules are
+	collectively known as "{clauses}".
+
+	The user supplies a "{goal}" which the system attempts to
+	prove using "{resolution}" or "{backward chaining}".  This
+	involves matching the current goal against each fact or the
+	left hand side of each rule using "{unification}".  If the
+	goal matches a fact, the goal succeeds; if it matches a rule
+	then the process recurses, taking each sub-goal on the right
+	hand side of the rule as the current goal.  If all sub-goals
+	succeed then the rule succeeds.
+
+	Each time a possible clause is chosen, a "{choice point}" is
+	created on a {stack}.  If subsequent {resolution} fails then
+	control eventually returns to the choice point and subsequent
+	clauses are tried.  This is known as "{backtracking}".
+
+	Clauses may contain {logic variables} which take on any value
+	necessary to make the fact or the left hand side of the rule
+	match a goal.  Unification binds these variables to the
+	corresponding subterms of the goal.  Such bindings are
+	associated with the {choice point} at which the clause was
+	chosen and are undone when backtracking reaches that choice
+	point.
+
+	The user is informed of the success or failure of his first
+	goal and if it succeeds and contains variables he is told what
+	values of those variables caused it to succeed.  He can then
+	ask for alternative solutions.
+
+	(1997-07-14)
+
+Logic Replacement Technology
+
+	(LRT) Reading, BERKS. Tel: (0734) 751087.  Marketing Director
+	Bob Barrett.  Manufacturers of the Ethernet hardware including
+	the Filtabyte Ethernet controller card and EtherGate open
+	access gateway.
+
+logic variable
+
+	<programming> A variable in a {logic programming} language
+	which is initially undefined ("unbound") but may get bound to
+	a value or another logic variable during {unification} of the
+	containing clause with the current {goal}.  The value to which
+	it is bound may contain other variables which may themselves
+	be bound or unbound.
+
+	For example, when unifying the clause
+
+		sad(X) :- computer(X, ibmpc).
+
+	with the goal
+
+		sad(billgates).
+
+	the variable X will become bound to the atom "billgates"
+	yielding the new subgoal "computer(billgates, ibmpc)".
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+LOGIN
+
+	1. An {object-oriented} {deductive language} and {database}
+	system integrating {logic programming} and {inheritance}.
+
+	["LOGIN: A Logic Programming Language with Built-In
+	Inheritance", H. Ait-Kaci et al, J Logic Programming
+	3(3):185-215 (1986)].
+
+log in
+
+	<security> (Or "login", "log on", "logon") To start a
+	{session} with a system, usually by giving a {user name} and
+	{password} as a means of user {authentication}.  The term is
+	also used to mean the ability to access a service (also called
+	an account), e.g. "Have you been given a login yet?"
+
+	"Log in/on" is occasionally misused to refer to starting a
+	session where no authorisation is involved, or to access where
+	there is no session involved.  E.g. "Log on to our {Web
+	site}!"
+
+	"login" is also the {Unix} program which reads and verifies a
+	user's user name and password and starts an {interactive}
+	session.
+
+	The noun forms are usually written as a single word whereas
+	the verb forms are often written as two words.
+
+	To end a session is to "{log out}" or "off".
+
+	(2006-07-10)
+
+LOGISCOPE
+
+	Software quality analysis tools from {Verilog} SA, used to
+	evaluate the quality of software, both statically (based on
+	{software metrics}) and dynamically.
+
+Loglan
+
+	<human language> An artificial human language designed by
+	James Cooke Brown in the late 1950s.
+
+	Most artificial human languages devised in the 19th and 20th
+	centuries (e.g. Esperanto) were designed to be easy to learn.
+	Loglan, however, is unique in that its chief design goal was
+	to avoid synactic ambiguity -- the kind that arises when
+	trying to {parse} sentences like "The blind man picked up the
+	hammer and saw".
+
+	Loglan is thus the only human language unambiguously parseable
+	by a formal grammar (assuming you count Loglan as a human
+	language; its grammar is not at all like that of any natural
+	human language).
+
+	Most later development on Loglan continued under the name
+	"Lojban".
+
+	The Loglan Institute, Inc. is a non-profit research
+	corporation.
+
+	Loglan is unrelated to the programming languages {Loglan'82}
+	or {Loglan-88}.
+
+	{Halcyon Loglan (http://halcyon.com/loglan/welcome.html)}.
+
+	E-mail: loglan@compuserve.com
+
+	Telephone: +1 (619) 270 1691.
+
+	Address: The Loglan Institute, Inc., 3009 Peters Way, San
+	Diego, CA, 92117-4313 U.S.A.
+
+	["Scientific American", June 1960].
+
+	(1999-01-14)
+
+Loglan'82
+
+	<language> A teaching language including all the programming
+	tools used in {object-oriented programming}, {modular
+	programming}, and {structured programming} as well as
+	programming by rules and {functional programming}.
+
+	Supported {object-oriented programming} features include
+	{classes}, {objects}, {coroutines}, processes (in Loglan'82
+	{processes} are {objects} which are able to act in parallel),
+	{inheritance}, {exception handling}, and {dynamic arrays}.
+
+	Loglan'82 is apparently unrelated to {Loglan}.
+
+	{(http://univ-pau.fr/~salwicki/loghome.html)}.
+
+	A {cross-compiler} to {C} is {here
+	(ftp://infpc1.univ-pau.fr/pub/Loglan82)}.
+
+	[Related to {Loglan-88}?]
+
+	(1999-07-02)
+
+Loglan-88
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} language from the Institute of
+	Informatics at {Warsaw University}.
+
+	Loglan-88 is apparently unrelated to {Loglan}.
+
+	[Loglan-88, "Report on the Programming Language, LNCS 414,
+	Springer-Verlag, 1990, ISBN 3-540-52325-1].
+
+	[Related to {Loglan'82}?]
+
+	(1997-08-01)
+
+LOGLISP
+
+	A version of {Prolog} implemented by Robinson in {Lisp} which
+	allows Prolog programs to call Lisp and vice versa.
+
+	["LOGLISP: An Alternative to Prolog", J. Alan Robinson et al
+	in Machine Intelligence 10, D. Michie ed, Ellis Horwood 1982].
+
+LOGO
+
+	<language, education> A {Lisp}-like language for teaching
+	programming, noted for its "turtle graphics" used to draw
+	geometric shapes.  LOGO was developed in 1966-1968 by a group
+	at Bolt, Beranek & Newman (now "{BBN Technologies}") headed
+	by Wally Fuerzeig <fuerzeig@bbn.com> (who still works there in
+	2003) and including Seymour Papert <seymour@media.mit.edu>.
+
+	There are Logo {interpreters} for {Macintosh}, {Unix}, {IBM
+	PC}, {X Window System}, and many PCs.  Implmentations include
+	{Berkeley Logo}, {MswLogo}.
+
+	(2000-03-28)
+
+log off
+
+	{log out}
+
+LOGOL
+
+	Strings are stored on cyclic lists or 'tapes', which are
+	operated upon by finite automata.  J. Mysior et al, "LOGOL, A
+	String manipulation Language", in Symbol Manipulations
+	Languages and Techniques, D.G. Bobrow ed, N-H 1968,
+	pp.166-177.
+
+logon
+
+	1. <jargon> {login}.
+
+	2. <networking> In {ACF}/{VTAM}, an unformatted
+	session-initiation request for a session between two {logical
+	units}.
+
+	(1996-03-07)
+
+log out
+
+	<security> (Or "log off") To end an authenticated session,
+	undoing what happens when you {log in}.  This is primarily to
+	prevent other users gaining access to your logged in session,
+	e.g. at an unattended computer, but typically also terminates
+	any processes and network connections started as part of your
+	session.
+
+	(2004-11-16)
+
+Lojban
+
+	<human language> /lozh'bahn/ A language for humans developed
+	by former members of the {Loglan} project.
+
+	{Helsinki Lojban (http://xiron.pc.helsinki.fi/lojban/)}.
+
+	(2007-02-18)
+
+LOL
+
+	<chat> "laughing out loud", or "lots of love" or "luck".
+
+	(2003-07-29)
+
+LOLITA
+
+	{Language for the On-Line Investigation and Transformation of Abstractions}
+
+Lolli
+
+	<language> (Named after the "lollipop" operator "-o") An
+	{interpreter} for {logic programming} based on {linear logic},
+	written by Josh Hodas <hodas@saul.cis.upenn.edu>.
+
+	Lolli can be viewed as a refinement of the {Hereditary Harrop
+	formulas} of {Lambda-Prolog}.  All the operators (though not
+	the {higher order unification}) of Lambda-Prolog are
+	supported, but with the addition of linear variations.  Thus a
+	Lolli program distinguishes between clauses which can be used
+	as many, or as few, times as desired, and those that must be
+	used exactly once.  Lolli is implemented in {SML/NJ}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cis.upenn.edu/pub/Lolli/Lolli-0.7.tar.Z)}.
+
+	[Josh Hodas et al, "Logic Programming in a Fragment of
+	Intuitionistic Linear Logic", Information and Computation, to
+	appear].
+
+	(1992-11-18)
+
+LOM
+
+	<language> A programming language developed in Toulouse in the
+	early 1980s for {data processing}.
+
+	(1996-03-01)
+
+longitudinal parity
+
+	<storage, communications> An extra {byte} (or word) appended
+	to a block of data in order to reveal corruption of the data.
+	Bit n of this byte indicates whether there was an even or odd
+	number of "1" bits in bit position n of the bytes in the
+	block.  The parity byte is computed by {XOR}ing the data bytes
+	in the block.  Longitudinal parity allows single bit errors to
+	be detected.
+
+	(1996-03-01)
+
+Longitudinal Redundancy Check
+
+	<storage, communications> (LRC, Block Redundancy Check) An
+	{error checking} method that generates a {longitudinal parity}
+	{byte} from a specified {string} or block of {bytes} on a
+	longitudinal track.
+
+	The longitudinal parity byte is created by placing individual
+	bytes of a string in a two-dimensional {array} and performing
+	a {Vertical Redundancy Check} vertically and horizontally on
+	the array, creating an extra byte.  This is an improvement
+	over the VRC because it will catch two errors in the
+	individual characters of the string, beyond the odd errors.
+
+	(2004-01-26)
+
+LOOK
+
+	A specification language.
+
+	["A Look at Algebraic Specifications", S.N. Zilles et al, IBM
+	RR, 1982].
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+Look Ahead Left-to-right parse, Rightmost-derivation
+
+	<algorithm> (LALR, Look ahead LR) A type of {LR parser} that can
+	deal with more {context-free grammars} than {SLR parsers} but less
+	than {LR[1]} parsers.  LALR parsers are popular because they give
+	a good trade-off between the number of grammars they can deal with
+	and the size of the {parsing table} required.
+
+	{Compiler compilers} like {yacc} and {Bison} generate LALR
+	parsers.
+
+	{Wikipedia (http://wikipedia.org/wiki/LALR_parser)}.
+
+	(2003-05-13)
+
+Look ahead LR
+
+	{Look Ahead Left-to-right parse, Rightmost-derivation}
+
+look and feel
+
+	<operating system> The appearance and function of a program's
+	{user interface}.  The term is most often applied to
+	{graphical user interfaces} (GUI) but might also be used by
+	extension for a textual command language used to control a
+	program.
+
+	Look and feel includes such things as the {icons} used to
+	represent certain functions such as opening and closing files,
+	directories and {application programs} and changing the size
+	and position of windows; conventions for the meaning of
+	different buttons on a {mouse} and keys on the keyboard; and
+	the appearance and operation of menus.
+
+	A {user interface} with a consistent look and feel is
+	considered by many to be an important factor in the ease of
+	use of a computer system.  The success of the {Macintosh user
+	interface} was partly due to its consistency.
+
+	Because of the perceived importance of look and feel, there
+	have been several legal actions claiming breech of {copyright}
+	on the look and feel of user interfaces, most notably by
+	{Apple Computer} against {Microsoft} and {Hewlett-Packard} (which Apple
+	lost) and, later, by {Xerox} against {Apple Computer}.  Such legal
+	action attempts to force suppliers to make their interfaces
+	inconsistent with those of other vendors' products.  This can
+	only be bad for users and the industry as a whole.
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+Looking Glass
+
+	A {desktop} manager for {Unix} from {Visix}.
+
+LOOKS
+
+	["LOOKS: Knowledge-Representation System for Designing Expert
+	Systems in a Logical Programming Framework", F. Mizoguchi,
+	Proc Intl Conf 5th Gen Comp Sys, ICOT 1984].
+
+loop
+
+	<programming> A sequence of {instructions} that the
+	{processor} repeats, either until some condition is met, or
+	indefinitely.
+
+	In an {structured language} (e.g. {C}, {Pascal}, {BASIC}, or
+	{Fortran}), a loop is usually achieved with {for loop}, {while
+	loop} or {repeat loop} constructs.
+
+	In other languages these constructs may be synthesised with a
+	{jump} ({assembly language}) or a {GOTO} (early Fortran or
+	BASIC).
+
+	(1999-05-06)
+
+loop combination
+
+	A {program transformation} where the bodies of two loops are
+	merged into one thus reducing the overhead of manipulating and
+	testing the control variable and branching.  Further
+	optimisation of the merged code may then become possible.
+
+	In {horizontal loop combination} the bodies of the loops are
+	largely independent so only the loop overhead is saved.
+	{Vertical loop combination} applies where the results of the
+	first loop are used by the second.  Combining the two allows
+	the intermediate results to be used immediately (in
+	{registers}) rather than requiring them to be stored in an
+	{array}.
+
+	The functional equivalent of horizontal and vertical loop
+	combination are {tupling} and {fusion}.
+
+loop fusion
+
+	{loop combination}
+
+LOOPN
+
+	<language, simulation> A {compiler}, {simulator}, and associated
+	{source} control for an {object-oriented} {Petri net} language
+	developed by Charles Lakos <Charles.Lakos@adelaide.edu.au> at the
+	{University of Tasmania}.  In LOOPN, a Petri net is an extension
+	of a {coloured timed Petri net}.  The extension means firstly that
+	token types are {class}es.  In other words, they consist of both
+	data fields and functions, they can be declared by inheriting from
+	other token types, and they can be used {polymorphic}ally.  The
+	object-oriented extensions also mean that module or subnet types
+	are classes.
+
+	LOOPN has been developed over a period of about five years at
+	the University of Tasmania, where it has been used in teaching
+	computer simulation and the modelling of {network}
+	{protocols}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.adelaide.edu.au/pub/OPN/loopn/)}.
+
+	(2000-09-02)
+
+LOOPS
+
+	{Lisp Object-oriented Programming System}
+
+loop through
+
+	To process each element of a list of things.  "Hold on, I've
+	got to loop through my paper mail."  Derives from the
+	computer-language notion of an iterative loop; compare "cdr
+	down" (under {cdr}), which is less common among C and Unix
+	programmers.  ITS hackers used to say "IRP over" after an
+	obscure pseudo-op in the MIDAS PDP-10 assembler.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+loose bytes
+
+	Commonwealth hackish term for the padding bytes or {shims}
+	many compilers insert between members of a {record} or
+	{structure} to cope with alignment requirements imposed by the
+	machine architecture.
+
+LOP
+
+	A language based on {first-order logic}.
+
+	["SETHEO - A High-Perormance Theorem Prover for First-Order
+	Logic", Reinhold Letz et al, J Automated Reasoning
+	8(2):183-212 (1992)].
+
+lord high fixer
+
+	[Primarily British, from Gilbert & Sullivan's "Lord High
+	Executioner"] The person in an organisation who knows the most
+	about some aspect of a system.  See {wizard}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Lore
+
+	1. Object-oriented language for knowledge representation.
+	"Etude et Realisation d'un Language Objet: LORE", Y. Caseau,
+	These, Paris-Sud, Nov 1987.
+
+	2. CGE, Marcoussis, France.  Set-based language [same as 1?]
+	E-mail: Christophe Dony <chd.ibp.fr>
+
+Lorem ipsum
+
+	<text> A common piece of text used as mock-{content} when
+	testing a given page layout or {font}.
+
+	The following text is often used:
+
+	"Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetaur adipisicing elit,
+	sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna
+	aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation
+	ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.  Duis
+	aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse
+	cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint
+	occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia
+	deserunt mollit anim id est laborum."
+
+	This continues at length and variously.  The text is not
+	really Greek, but badly garbled Latin.  It started life as
+	extracted phrases from sections 1.10.32 and 1.10.33 of
+	Cicero's "De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum" ("The Extremes of
+	Good and Evil"), which read:
+
+	Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem
+	accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque
+	ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto
+	beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo.  Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem
+	quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia
+	consequuntur magni dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi
+	nesciunt.  Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia
+	dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non
+	numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam
+	aliquam quaerat voluptatem.  Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis
+	nostrum exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam,
+	nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi consequatur?  Quis autem vel eum
+	iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil
+	molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo
+	voluptas nulla pariatur?
+
+	At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui
+	blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos
+	dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate
+	non provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt
+	mollitia animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga.  Et harum
+	quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio.  Nam libero
+	tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil
+	impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus,
+	omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus.
+	Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum
+	necessitatibus saepe eveniet ut et voluptates repudiandae sint
+	et molestiae non recusandae.  Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a
+	sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores
+	alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores
+	repellat.
+
+	Translation:
+
+	But I must explain to you how all this mistaken idea of
+	denouncing pleasure and praising pain was born and I will give
+	you a complete account of the system, and expound the actual
+	teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the
+	master-builder of human happiness.  No one rejects, dislikes,
+	or avoids pleasure itself, because it is pleasure, but because
+	those who do not know how to pursue pleasure rationally
+	encounter consequences that are extremely painful.  Nor again
+	is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain
+	of itself, because it is pain, but because occasionally
+	circumstances occur in which toil and pain can procure him
+	some great pleasure.  To take a trivial example, which of us
+	ever undertakes laborious physical exercise, except to obtain
+	some advantage from it?  But who has any right to find fault
+	with a man who chooses to enjoy a pleasure that has no
+	annoying consequences, or one who avoids a pain that produces
+	no resultant pleasure?
+
+	On the other hand, we denounce with righteous indignation and
+	dislike men who are so beguiled and demoralized by the charms
+	of pleasure of the moment, so blinded by desire, that they
+	cannot foresee the pain and trouble that are bound to ensue;
+	and equal blame belongs to those who fail in their duty
+	through weakness of will, which is the same as saying through
+	shrinking from toil and pain.  These cases are perfectly
+	simple and easy to distinguish.  In a free hour, when our
+	power of choice is untrammelled and when nothing prevents our
+	being able to do what we like best, every pleasure is to be
+	welcomed and every pain avoided.  But in certain circumstances
+	and owing to the claims of duty or the obligations of business
+	it will frequently occur that pleasures have to be repudiated
+	and annoyances accepted.  The wise man therefore always holds
+	in these matters to this principle of selection: he rejects
+	pleasures to secure other greater pleasures, or else he
+	endures pains to avoid worse pains.
+
+	-- Translation by H. Rackham, from his 1914 edition of De
+	Finibus.
+
+	However, since textual fidelity was unimportant to the goal of
+	having {random} text to fill a page, it has degraded over the
+	centuries, into "Lorem ipsum...".
+
+	The point of using this text, or some other text of incidental
+	intelligibility, is that it has a more-or-less normal (for
+	English and Latin, at least) distribution of ascenders,
+	descenders, and word-lengths, as opposed to just using "abc
+	123 abc 123", "Content here content here", or the like.
+
+	The text is often used when previewing the layout of a
+	document, as the use of more understandable text would
+	distract the user from the layout being examined.  A related
+	technique is {greeking}.
+
+	{Lorem Ipsum - All the facts (http://lipsum.com/)}.
+
+	(2006-09-18)
+
+Lorenz attractor
+
+	<mathematics> (After {Edward Lorenz}, its discoverer) A region
+	in the {phase space} of the solution to certain systems of
+	(non-linear) {differential equations}.  Under certain
+	conditions, the motion of a particle described by such as
+	system will neither converge to a steady state nor diverge to
+	infinity, but will stay in a bounded but chaotically defined
+	region.  By {chaotic}, we mean that the particle's location,
+	while definitely in the attractor, might as well be randomly
+	placed there.  That is, the particle appears to move randomly,
+	and yet obeys a deeper order, since is never leaves the
+	attractor.
+
+	Lorenz modelled the location of a particle moving subject to
+	atmospheric forces and obtained a certain system of {ordinary
+	differential equations}.  When he solved the system
+	numerically, he found that his particle moved wildly and
+	apparently randomly.  After a while, though, he found that
+	while the momentary behaviour of the particle was chaotic, the
+	general pattern of an attractor appeared.  In his case, the
+	pattern was the butterfly shaped attractor now known as the
+	{Lorenz attractor}.
+
+	(1996-01-13)
+
+LORIA
+
+	{Laboratoire lorrain de recherche en informatique et ses applications}
+
+lose
+
+	<jargon> ({MIT}) 1. To fail.  A program loses when it
+	encounters an exceptional condition or fails to work in the
+	expected manner.
+
+	2. To be exceptionally unesthetic or crocky.
+
+	3. Of people, to be obnoxious or unusually stupid (as opposed
+	to ignorant).
+
+	4. Refers to something that is {losing}, especially in the
+	phrases "That's a lose!" and "What a lose!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+loser
+
+	<jargon> An unexpectedly bad situation, program, programmer,
+	or person.  Someone who habitually loses.  (Even winners can
+	lose occasionally).  Someone who knows not and knows not that
+	he knows not.  Emphatic forms are "real loser", "total loser",
+	and "complete loser" (but not **"moby loser", which would be a
+	contradiction in terms).
+
+	See {luser}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+losing
+
+	<jargon> Said of anything that is or causes a {lose} or
+	{lossage}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+loss
+
+	<jargon> Something (not a person) that loses; a situation in
+	which something is losing.  Emphatic forms include "moby
+	loss", and "total loss", "complete loss".  Common
+	interjections are "What a loss!"  and "What a moby loss!"
+	Note that "moby loss" is OK even though **"moby loser" is not
+	used; applied to an abstract noun, moby is simply a magnifier,
+	whereas when applied to a person it implies substance and has
+	positive connotations.
+
+	Compare {lossage}.
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+lossage
+
+	<jargon> /los'*j/ The result of a {bug} or malfunction.  This
+	is a mass or collective noun.  "What a loss!" and "What
+	lossage!"  are nearly synonymous.  The former is slightly more
+	particular to the speaker's present circumstances; the latter
+	implies a continuing {lose} of which the speaker is currently
+	a victim.  Thus (for example) a temporary hardware failure is
+	a loss, but bugs in an important tool (like a compiler) are
+	serious lossage.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+lossless
+
+	<algorithm, compression> A term describing a data
+	{compression} {algorithm} which retains all the information in
+	the data, allowing it to be recovered perfectly by
+	decompression.
+
+	{Unix} {compress} and {GNU} {gzip} perform lossless
+	compression.
+
+	Opposite: {lossy}.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+lossless audio compression
+
+	<audio, compression> Any kind of {audio compression} in which
+	the original signal and the decoded signal are bitwise
+	identical.  Lossless audio compression algorithms are usually
+	based on a data compression algorithm like {PKzip} or {gzip}
+	but specialized for {PCM} audio data.  The signal is divided
+	into predictable {tonal} components and unpredictable noisy
+	components.  Tonal components are stored as coefficients of a
+	predictor, the remaining signal is coded by {Rice coding},
+	{Huffman coding} or {arithmetic coding}.
+
+	(2001-12-24)
+
+Lossless Predictive Audio Compression
+
+	<audio, compression> (LPAC) A {lossless} {audio} {compression}
+	{algorithm} with compression ratios from 1.5 to 4, depending
+	on the input.  Software is available for {Microsoft Windows},
+	{Linux} and {Solaris}.  LPAC files (*.pac) can be played with
+	a {Winamp} {plug-in}.
+
+	{(http://www-ft.ee.tu-berlin.de/~liebchen/lpac.html)}.
+
+	(2001-12-17)
+
+lossy
+
+	<algorithm> A term describing a data {compression} {algorithm}
+	which actually reduces the amount of information in the data,
+	rather than just the number of bits used to represent that
+	information.  The lost information is usually removed because
+	it is subjectively less important to the quality of the data
+	(usually an {image} or {sound}) or because it can be recovered
+	reasonably by {interpolation} from the remaining data.
+
+	{MPEG} and {JPEG} are examples of lossy compression
+	techniques.
+
+	Opposite: {lossless}.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+lossy audio compression
+
+	<audio, compression> Any audio compression algorithm which
+	does not retain every bit of data but only reproduces a signal
+	that sounds more or less like the original.  Examples are
+	{MP1}, {MP2}, {MP3}, {AAC}.
+
+	(2001-12-24)
+
+lost in the noise
+
+	Synonym {lost in the underflow}.  This term is from signal
+	processing, where signals of very small amplitude cannot be
+	separated from low-intensity noise in the system.  Though
+	popular among hackers, it is not confined to hackerdom;
+	physicists, engineers, astronomers, and statisticians all use
+	it.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+lost in the underflow
+
+	<jargon> Too small to be worth considering; more specifically,
+	small beyond the limits of accuracy or measurement.  This is a
+	reference to "{floating point underflow}".
+
+	The {Hacker's Jargon File} claimed that it is also a pun on
+	"undertow" (a kind of fast, cold current that sometimes runs
+	just offshore and can be dangerous to swimmers).
+
+	"Well, sure, photon pressure from the stadium lights alters
+	the path of a thrown baseball, but that effect gets lost in
+	the underflow".
+
+	Compare {epsilon}, {epsilon squared}; see also {overflow bit}.
+
+	(1997-09-05)
+
+LOTIS
+
+	LOgic, TIming, Sequencing.  A language which describes a
+	computer via its data flow.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 620].
+
+LOTOS
+
+	{Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification}
+
+lots of MIPS but no I/O
+
+	Used to describe a person who is technically brilliant but
+	can't seem to communicate with human beings effectively.
+	Technically it describes a machine that has lots of processing
+	power but is bottlenecked on input-output (in 1991, the IBM
+	Rios, a.k.a. RS/6000, is a notorious recent example).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Lotus 1-2-3
+
+	<tool, product> A {spreadsheet} for {MS-DOS} from {Lotus
+	Development Corporation}.  It can be programmed using
+	"{macros}" and comes with a separate program to produce graphs
+	and charts but this cannot be run at the same time as the
+	spreadsheet.  It has keyboard-driven {pop-up menus} as well as
+	one-key commands, making it fast to operate.  Lotus 1-2-3
+	supported {EGA} and later {VGA} graphics.  Early versions used
+	the {filename extension} "WK1".
+
+	Version: 4.
+
+	Lotus 1-2-3 has been the subject of several {user interface
+	copyright} court cases in the US.
+
+	{(http://nyweb.com/lotus/123.html)}.
+
+	1-2-3's successor, {Symphony}, had simultaneous update of
+	spreadsheet, graph and {word processor} windows.
+
+	(1995-11-28)
+
+Lotus Development Corporation
+
+	<company> A software company who produced {Lotus 1-2-3}, the
+	{Symphony} {spreadsheet} and {Lotus Notes} for the {IBM PC}.
+
+	Disliked by the {League for Programming Freedom} on account of
+	their lawsuits.
+
+	Quarterly sales $224M, profits $10M (Aug 1994).
+
+	Telephone: +1 (617) 225 1284.
+
+	[Where are they?  Founded when?  Other products?  E-mail?
+	Internet?]
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+Lotus Notes
+
+	A group of {application programs} from {Lotus Development
+	Corporation} which allows organisations to share documents and
+	exchange {electronic mail} messages.  Notes supports
+	{replication}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+Lotus Notes Formula Language
+
+	<language> A {macro} language for {Lotus Notes} that uses
+	commands starting with @, e.g. @If, @Left, @Right, @Username.
+	Many Notes applications are built with just this language.
+
+	(2003-10-06)
+
+LotusScript
+
+	<language> A {Visual BASIC}-like {scripting language} for
+	{Lotus Notes} and {Lotus SmartSuite}.  LotusScript is
+	{object-oriented} and can be used for complex Notes
+	programming, although {Java} is also available.
+
+	{LotusScript Documentation
+	(http://lotus.com/products/lotusscript.nsf)}.
+
+	(2003-10-06)
+
+loudspeaker
+
+	<audio, hardware> An electromechanical device for converting
+	an electrical signal into sound.
+
+	(2008-10-09)
+
+Lout
+
+	Lout is a batch text formatting system and an embedded
+	language by Jeffrey H. Kingston <jeff@cs.su.oz.au>.  The
+	language is procedural, with {Scribe}-like {syntax}.
+
+	Lout features equation formatting, tables, diagrams, rotation
+	and scaling, sorted indexes, bibliographic databases, running
+	headers and odd-even pages and automatic cross-referencing.
+	Lout is easily extended with definitions which are very much
+	easier to write than {troff} of {TeX} {macros} because Lout is
+	a {high-level language}, the outcome of an eight-year research
+	project that went back to the beginning.
+
+	Version 2.05 includes a translator from Lout to {PostScript}
+	and documentation. and runs under {Unix} and on the {Amiga}.
+
+	{Author's site (ftp://ftp.cs.su.oz.au/jeff/lout.2.03.tar.Z)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.uu.net/tmp/lout.tar.Z)}.  {Amiga
+	(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/pub/aminet/text/dtp/loutBin203.lha)}.
+
+	(1993-07-30)
+
+love
+
+	<humour> What some users feel for computers.
+
+	"There is no truth in the rumour that I love computers, it's
+	just what I tell them to get them to bed."
+
+		-- Terry Pratchett
+
+	[What did you expect in a computing dictionary?]
+
+	(2007-05-11)
+
+low-bandwidth
+
+	[communication theory] Used to indicate a talk that, although
+	not {content-free}, was not terribly informative.  "That was a
+	low-bandwidth talk, but what can you expect for an audience of
+	{suits}!"  Compare {zero-content}, {bandwidth}, {math-out}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Low Bandwidth X
+
+	<networking> (LBX) An implementation of the {X Window System}
+	designed to improve performance over {ISDN}, {WAN}, and
+	{serial lines}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2003-07-09)
+
+low earth orbit
+
+	<communications> (LEO) The kind of orbit used by
+	communications satellites that will offer high {bandwidth} for
+	{video on demand}, television, and {Internet} communications.
+	A satellite in LEO, in contrast to one in a {geostationary
+	orbit}, is not in a fixed position relative to the Earth's
+	surface so several satellites are required to provide
+	continuous service.
+
+	[Ovum report, "Applications for the superhighway", John
+	Moroney].
+
+	(1996-02-06)
+
+Lower Layer Protocol
+
+	<networking, protocol> (LLP, or lower-layer protocol)
+	Any {protocol} residing in {OSI} layers one to four.
+
+	These protocols package, {route}, verify and transmit
+	{datagrams}.  A prime example would be {TCP/IP}.  Lower layer
+	protocols support the {upper layer protocols}.
+
+	(1999-02-17)
+
+lower set
+
+	<mathematics> A {finite} non-empty {downward closed} subset of
+	a {partial order}.
+
+	(1999-03-17)
+
+Low Insertion Force
+
+	<hardware> (LIF) {PGA}/{SPGA} sockets with no handle.  The
+	{integrated circuit} is simply pushed into the socket, and
+	levered out to remove.  Most {motherboard} {processor} sockets
+	are now {ZIF} rather than LIF.
+
+	(1999-08-05)
+
+LOWL
+
+	<language> The {abstract machine} for {bootstrapping} {ML/1},
+	developed by P.J. Brown of the {University of Kent at
+	Canterbury}.
+
+	["Macro Processors and Techniques for Portable Software",
+	P.J. Brown, published by Wiley, ISBN 0.471.11005.1].
+
+	[Mentioned in "Machine Oriented Higher Level Languages",
+	W. van der Poel, N-H 1974, p. 271].
+
+	[What does LOWL stand for?]
+
+	(1997-11-04)
+
+low-level language
+
+	<language> Any {programming language} which either is
+	{assembly language}, or which is meant to be closely related
+	to, and easily translated into, {machine language}.  Low-level
+	languages lack the amenities of {high-level languages} but it
+	may be possible to write more efficient code in them.
+
+	(2000-08-10)
+
+low pass filter
+
+	<electronics, graphics> A filter that attenuates high
+	frequency components of a signal.
+
+	In {image processing}, a low pass filter might be used to
+	remove {noise} from an {image}.
+
+	(2000-04-19)
+
+Low Voltage Differential
+
+	<hardware> (LVD) A method of driving {SCSI} cables that will
+	be formalised in the {SCSI-3} specifications.  LVD uses less
+	power than the current differential drive ({HVD}), is less
+	expensive and will allow the higher speeds of {Ultra-2 SCSI}.
+	LVD requires 3.3 Volts DC instead of 5 Volts DC for HVD.
+
+	(1999-02-16)
+
+LPAC
+
+	1. <audio, compression> {Lossless Predictive Audio Compression}.
+
+	2. {London Parallel Applications Centre}.
+
+	(2001-12-17)
+
+LPC
+
+	<language> A variant of {C} designed ca 1988 to program
+	{LP MUDs}.
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+LPF
+
+	{League for Programming Freedom}
+
+LPG
+
+	1. Linguaggio Procedure Grafiche (Italian for "Graphical
+	Procedures Language").  dott. Gabriele Selmi.  Roughly a cross
+	between Fortran and APL, with graphical-oriented extensions
+	and several peculiarities.  Underlies the products of CAD.LAB
+	Spa.  "Graphical Procedure Language User's Guide and Reference
+	Manual", CAD.LAB, Bologna, Italy, 1989, order code GO89/9.
+
+	2. Langage de Programmation Generique.  An applicative
+	language, both specification and functional.  Special emphasis
+	on parametrised declarations.  "Design and Implementation of a
+	Generic, Logic and Functional Programming Language", D. Bert
+	et al, ESOP 86, LNCS 213, Springer 1986.
+
+LPI
+
+	<language> A {PL/I} {interpreter} for {IBM PCs} and
+	{workstations}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/mirrors/msdos/pli/runpli1a.arc)}.
+
+	E-mail: <rcg@lpi.liant.com>.
+
+	(1999-09-03)
+
+LPL
+
+	List Programming Language.  LISP-like language with ALGOL-like
+	syntax, for IBM 360.  "LPL - LISP Programming Language",
+	F.W. Blair et al, RC 3062, IBM TJWRC, Sep 1970.
+
+lpm
+
+	{lines per minute}
+
+LP MUD
+
+	<games> A kind of player-programmable multi-user adventure
+	game.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	See {MUD}.
+
+lpr
+
+	Line printer.  The {Unix} print command.  This does not
+	actually print files but rather copies (or links) them to a
+	{spool} area from where a {daemon} copies them to the printer.
+
+LPS
+
+	Sets with restricted {universal quantifiers}.
+
+	["Logic Programming with Sets", G. Kuper, J Computer Sys Sci
+	41:44-64 (1990)].
+
+lp spooler
+
+	<printer> A {line printer} {spooler}.
+
+	(2000-04-03)
+
+LPT
+
+	/L-P-T/ or /lip'it/ or /lip-it'/ Line printer.  Rare under
+	{Unix}, more common among hackers who grew up with {ITS},
+	{MS-DOS}, {CP/M} and other {operating systems} that were
+	strongly influenced by early {DEC} conventions.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+lr
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Liberia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+LRC
+
+	{Longitudinal Redundancy Check}
+
+LRLTRAN
+
+	Lawrence Radiation Laboratory TRANslator.
+
+	A {Fortran} extension with vector arithmetic and {dynamic
+	storage}, used for scientific work and systems programming,
+	including the {LTSS} {operating system}.
+
+	["The LRLTRAN Compiler", S.F. Mendicino, CACM 11(11):747-775
+	(Nov 1969)].
+
+LRU
+
+	{Least Recently Used}
+
+ls
+
+	1. <file system, tool> The {Unix} command for listing a
+	{directory}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: ls(1).
+
+	2. <networking> The {country code} for Lesotho.
+
+	(2000-03-18)
+
+LSA
+
+	{Link State Advertisement}
+
+LSB
+
+	1. {Least Significant Bit}.
+
+	2. (Rarely) Least Significant Byte.
+
+LSE
+
+	{Language Sensitive Editor}
+
+LSL
+
+	1. Larch Shared Language.  An assertion language.  (See
+	Larch).
+
+	2. Link and Selector Language.  Graphic query language.  "LSL:
+	A Link and Selector Language", D.C. Tsichritzis, Proc Intl
+	Conf Management of Data, ACM 1976, pp.123-134.
+
+LSML
+
+	{Lazy Standard ML}
+
+L-Soft
+
+	An international corporation formed by Eric Thomas, the author
+	of {Listserv}, to develop it and port it to platforms other
+	than the {IBM} {VM} {operating system}, including {Unix}.
+	Listserv has been enhanced to use both the {Internet} and
+	{BITNET}.
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+LSP
+
+	{Label Switched Path}
+
+LSR
+
+	1. <networking> {Label Switching Router}.
+
+	2. <operating system> {Local Shared Resources}.
+
+	(2002-02-17)
+
+LSSD
+
+	{level-sensitive scan design}
+
+LSYD
+
+	Language for SYstems Development.
+
+	A {PL/I}-like language with data structure and character
+	extensions.
+
+	["Systems Programming Languages", R.D. Bergeron et al, in
+	Advances in Computers 1971, A-P].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+lt
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Lithuania.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+LT-2
+
+	An early system on the {IBM 701}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+LTL
+
+	{Linear Temporal Logic}
+
+LTPS
+
+	{Low Temperature Polysilicon}
+
+LTR
+
+	Langage Temps-Réel.
+
+	(French for "real-time language") A French predecessor to
+	{Ada}, LTR is {Modula}-like with a set of special-purpose
+	{real-time} constructs based on an event model.  It was
+	mentioned in the reference below.
+
+	["An Overview of Ada", J.G.P. Barnes, Soft Prac & Exp
+	10:851-887 (1980)].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+LTR3
+
+	Version three of {LTR}, by A. Parayre of Delegation Generale
+	pour l'Armement, France.  LTR3 was widely used by the French
+	military and avionics companies.
+
+	["The LTR3 Reference Manual", A. Parayre, Delegation Generale
+	pour l'Armement, France].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+lu
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Luxembourg.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+LU6.2
+
+	{Logical Unit 6.2}
+
+lub
+
+	{least upper bound}
+
+Lubarsky's Law of Cybernetic Entomology
+
+	<humour> There is always one more {bug}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-07-12)
+
+Lucent Technologies
+
+	<company, telecommunications, Unix> The former systems and
+	equipment portion of {AT&T} (including {Bell Laboratories}),
+	split off in 1996.
+
+	{Lucent Home (http://lucent.com/)}.
+
+	(2002-06-23)
+
+LUCID
+
+	1. Early query language, ca. 1965, System Development Corp,
+	Santa Monica, CA.  [Sammet 1969, p.701].
+
+	2. A family of dataflow languages descended from {ISWIM},
+	{lazy} but {first-order}.
+
+	Ashcroft & Wadge <wwadge@csr.uvic.ca>, 1981.
+
+	They use a dynamic {demand driven} model.  Statements are
+	regarded as equations defining a network of processors and
+	communication lines, through which the data flows.  Every data
+	object is thought of as an infinite {stream} of simple values,
+	every function as a {filter}.  Lucid has no {data
+	constructors} such as {arrays} or {records}.  {Iteration} is
+	simulated with 'is current' and 'fby' (concatenation of
+	sequences).  Higher-order functions are implemented using pure
+	dataflow and no closures or heaps.
+
+	["Lucid: The Dataflow Language" by Bill Wadge
+	<wwadge@csr.UVic.CA> and Ed Ashcroft, c. 1985].  ["Lucid, the
+	Dataflow Programming Language", W. Wadge, Academic Press
+	1985].
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Lucid Emacs
+
+	{Xemacs}
+
+Lucinda
+
+	<language> A language which combines {Russell}-like
+	{polymorphism} with {Linda}-like {concurrency}.  Lucinda is
+	implemented as a {threaded interpreter} written in {C}, for a
+	{Sun} network and a {Meiko Computing Surface}.
+
+	["Lucinda - An Overview", P. Butcher, U York et al, SIGPLAN
+	Notices 26(8):90-100, Aug 1991].
+
+	E-mail: Alan Wood <wood@cs.york.ac.uk>.
+
+	(1996-08-20)
+
+Lucy
+
+	<language> A {distributed} {constraint programming} language,
+	which is an {actor} subset of {Janus}.
+
+	["Actors as a Special Case of Concurrent Constraint
+	Programming", K.  Kahn <kahn@parc.xerox.com> et al, SIGPLAN
+	Notices 25(10):57-66 (OOPSLA/ ECOOP '90), Oct 1990].
+
+	(2001-03-04)
+
+LUG
+
+	{Linux User Group}
+
+luminance
+
+	{brightness}
+
+lump uncurrying
+
+	Chin's generalisation of {uncurrying}.  A curried function
+	taking several {tuples} as arguments can be transformed to
+	take a single tuple containing all the components of the
+	original tuples.
+
+LUN
+
+	{Logical Unit Number}
+
+lunatic fringe
+
+	[IBM] Customers who can be relied upon to accept release 1
+	versions of software.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Lund Simula
+
+	<language> A version of {SIMULA} from {Lund Software House}.
+
+	Version 4.07.
+
+	(FTP: rascal.ics.utexas.edu/misc/mac/programming/ no longer
+	exists).
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+Lund Software House AB
+
+	<company> The company who produced {Lund Simula}.
+
+	Address: Box 7056, S-22007 Lund, Sweden.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+lurk
+
+	{lurking}
+
+lurker
+
+	{lurking}
+
+lurking
+
+	<messaging, jargon> The activity of one of the "silent
+	majority" in a electronic forum such as {Usenet}; posting
+	occasionally or not at all but reading the group's postings
+	regularly.  This term is not pejorative and indeed is casually
+	used reflexively: "Oh, I'm just lurking".  Often used in "the
+	lurkers", the hypothetical audience for the group's
+	{flamage}-emitting regulars.
+
+	Lurking and reading the {FAQ} are recommended {netiquette} for
+	beginners who need to learn the history and practises of the
+	group before posting.
+
+	(1997-06-14)
+
+luser
+
+	<jargon, abuse> /loo'zr/ A {user}; especially one who is also
+	a {loser}.  ({luser} and {loser} are pronounced identically.)
+	This word was coined around 1975 at {MIT}.
+
+	Under {ITS}, when you first walked up to a terminal at MIT and
+	typed Control-Z to get the computer's attention, it printed
+	out some status information, including how many people were
+	already using the computer; it might print "14 users", for
+	example.  Someone thought it would be a great joke to patch
+	the system to print "14 losers" instead.  There ensued a great
+	controversy, as some of the users didn't particularly want to
+	be called losers to their faces every time they used the
+	computer.  For a while several hackers struggled covertly,
+	each changing the message behind the back of the others; any
+	time you logged into the computer it was even money whether it
+	would say "users" or "losers".  Finally, someone tried the
+	compromise "lusers", and it stuck.
+
+	Later one of the ITS machines supported "luser" as a
+	request-for-help command.  ITS died the death in mid-1990,
+	except as a museum piece; the usage lives on, however, and the
+	term "luser" is often seen in program comments.
+
+	See: also {LART}.  Compare: {tourist}, {weenie}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-07-01)
+
+Luser Attitude Re-adjustment Tool
+
+	<jargon> (LART) Something large, heavy and painful, used to
+	respond appropriately to particularly annoying {lusers}.
+
+	The alt.sysadmin.recovery {FAQ} recommends the following
+	LARTs.  A 2x4 works fine, but a real professional needs
+	something a little more effective.  Unfortunately, this is a
+	very personal thing, and no consensus has yet been reached on
+	the group.  Everything from a simple, 7.65mm Walther (for the
+	Bond fans only, it's not a very good gun) to a 155mm with
+	depleted Uranium rounds has been suggested, some even going
+	for exotic things like Thermite, nukes or flamethrowers.  For
+	further info, look at the rec.guns home page.
+
+	{alt.sysadmin.recovery FAQ
+	(http://ctrl-c.liu.se/~ingvar/asr/overview.html)}.
+
+	(1998-12-09)
+
+LUSTRE
+
+	(A French acronym for Synchronous real-time Lucid).  Real-time
+	dataflow language for synchronous systems, especially
+	automatic control and signal processing.  A {Lucid} subset,
+	plus timing operators and user-defined clocks.
+
+	Designed for automatic control applications.  It is based on
+	the idea that automatic control engineers use to analyse, and
+	specify their systems in terms of functions over sequences
+	(sampled signals).  It thus seems both safe and cost effective
+	to try to compile directly those descriptions into executable
+	code.  A lot of work has been done, so as to get efficient
+	compilation, and also in formal verification.  The language
+	has been used in nuclear plant control, and will be used in
+	aircraft control.
+
+	["Outline of a Real-Time Data-Flow Language", J.-L. Bergerand
+	et al, Proc IEE-CS Real Time Systems Symp, San Diego, IEEE Dec
+	1985, pp. 33-42].
+
+	["LUSTRE: A Declarative Language for Programming Synchronous
+	Systems", P. Caspi et al, Conf Rec 14th Ann ACM Symp on Princ
+	Prog Langs, 1987].
+
+	(1994-10-12)
+
+lv
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Latvia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+lvalue
+
+	<programming> A reference to a location, an expression which
+	can appear as the destination of an {assignment} operator
+	indicating where a value should be stored.  For example, a
+	variable or an array element are lvalues but the constant 42
+	and the expression i+1 are not.  A constant string may or may
+	not be an lvalue (it usually is in {C}).
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+LVD
+
+	{Low Voltage Differential}
+
+LWP
+
+	<programming> {light-weight process}.
+
+	(1996-02-22)
+
+ly
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Libya.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+LYaPAS
+
+	(Russian acronym for "Logical Language for the Representation
+	of Synthesis Algorithms")
+
+	A language for the {URAL-1} computer.  It was coded in
+	{octal}!
+
+	["LYaPAS: A Programming Language for Logic and Coding
+	Algorithms", M.A. Gavrilov et al eds, Academic Press 1969].
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Lycos
+
+	<web> A {web} index, served by {Carnegie
+	Mellon University}.  It allows you to search on document title
+	and content for a list of keywords.  Lycos is probably the
+	biggest such index on the web.  By April 1995, the Lycos
+	database contained 2.95 million unique documents.
+
+	The Lycos database is built by a {Web crawler} that can bring
+	in 5000 documents per day.  The index searches document title,
+	headings, links, and keywords it locates in these documents.
+
+	The Lycos servers are efficient but overloaded.  Failure to
+	connect or "please try later" messages are common.
+
+	{(http://lycos.cs.cmu.edu/)}.
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+lylafklc
+
+	<chat> Love you like a fat kid loves cake.
+
+	(2006-12-12)
+
+lynix
+
+	<spelling> Misspelling of "{Linux}" (the {Unix} {clone}), or
+	possibly "{lynx}" (the {web browser}).
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+LYNX
+
+	A language for large distributed {networks}, using {remote
+	procedure calls}, developed by the {University of Wisconsin}
+	in 1984.
+
+	["The Lynx Distributed Programming Language: Motivation,
+	Design and Experience", M.L. Scott, Computer Langs 16:209-233
+	(1991)].
+
+	(1994-10-12)
+
+Lynx
+
+	1. A {WWW} {browser} from the {University of Kansas} for use
+	on {cursor-addressable}, {character cell} {terminals} or
+	{terminals emulators} under {Unix} or {VMS}.  Lynx is a
+	product of the Distributed Computing Group within Academic
+	Computing Services of The {University of Kansas}.  Lynx was
+	originally developed by Lou Montulli, Michael Grobe and
+	Charles Rezac.  Garrett Blythe created {DosLynx} and later
+	joined the Lynx effort as well.  Foteos Macrides ported much
+	of Lynx to VMS and is now maintaining it.
+
+	Version: 2.4-FM (1995-10-25).
+
+	{(http://cc.ukans.edu/about_lynx/about_lynx.html)}.
+
+	Mailing list: lynx-dev@ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu (send "subscribe
+	lynx-dev <your-name>" in the message body to
+	listserv@ukanaix.cc.ukans.edu).
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+	2. {Lynx Real-Time Systems}.
+
+	(1996-03-25)
+
+LynxOS
+
+	A {POSIX} compliant {real-time} {operating system} from {Lynx
+	Real-Time Systems}.  It has a {Unix}-like interface to
+	{application programs}.
+
+	(1994-10-12)
+
+Lynx Real-Time Systems
+
+	A company in Los Gatos, California who distribute {LynxOS}.
+
+	{(http://lynx.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <sales@lynx.com>, <support@lynx.com>.
+
+	Address: 16780 Lark Avenue, Los Gatos, CA 95030, USA.
+
+	Telephone:: +1 (408) 354 7770, +1 (800) 255 LYNX. Fax: +1
+	(408) 354 7085.
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+LYRIC
+
+	Language for Your Remote Instruction by Computer.  A {CAI}
+	language implemented as a {Fortran} {preprocessor}.
+
+	["Computer Assisted Instruction: Specification of Attributes
+	for CAI Programs and Programmers", G.M. Silvern et al, Proc
+	ACM 21st Natl Conf (1966)].
+
+	(1994-10-12)
+
+LZ77 compression
+
+	The first {algorithm} to use the {Lempel-Ziv} {substitutional
+	compression} schemes, proposed in 1977.  LZ77 compression
+	keeps track of the last n bytes of data seen, and when a
+	phrase is encountered that has already been seen, it outputs a
+	pair of values corresponding to the position of the phrase in
+	the previously-seen buffer of data, and the length of the
+	phrase.  In effect the compressor moves a fixed-size "window"
+	over the data (generally referred to as a "sliding window"),
+	with the position part of the (position, length) pair
+	referring to the position of the phrase within the window.
+
+	The most commonly used {algorithms} are derived from the
+	{LZSS} scheme described by James Storer and Thomas Szymanski
+	in 1982.  In this the compressor maintains a window of size N
+	bytes and a "lookahead buffer", the contents of which it tries
+	to find a match for in the window:
+
+	 while (lookAheadBuffer not empty)
+	 {
+	     get a pointer (position, match) to the longest match in
+	     the window for the lookahead buffer;
+
+	     if (length > MINIMUM_MATCH_LENGTH)
+	     {
+	       output a (position, length) pair;
+	       shift the window length characters along;
+	     }
+	     else
+	     {
+	       output the first character in the lookahead buffer;
+	       shift the window 1 character along;
+	     }
+	  }
+
+	Decompression is simple and fast: whenever a (POSITION,
+	LENGTH) pair is encountered, go to that POSITION in the window
+	and copy LENGTH bytes to the output.
+
+	Sliding-window-based schemes can be simplified by numbering
+	the input text characters mod N, in effect creating a circular
+	buffer.  The sliding window approach automatically creates the
+	{LRU} effect which must be done explicitly in {LZ78} schemes.
+	Variants of this method apply additional compression to the
+	output of the LZSS compressor, which include a simple
+	variable-length code ({LZB}), dynamic {Huffman coding}
+	({LZH}), and {Shannon-Fano} coding ({ZIP} 1.x), all of which
+	result in a certain degree of improvement over the basic
+	scheme, especially when the data are rather random and the
+	LZSS compressor has little effect.  An algorithm was developed
+	which combines the ideas behind LZ77 and LZ78 to produce a
+	hybrid called {LZFG}.  LZFG uses the standard sliding window,
+	but stores the data in a modified {trie} data structure and
+	produces as output the position of the text in the trie.
+	Since LZFG only inserts complete *phrases* into the
+	dictionary, it should run faster than other LZ77-based
+	compressors.
+
+	All popular archivers ({arj}, {lha}, {zip}, {zoo}) are
+	variations on LZ77.
+
+	[comp.compression {FAQ}].
+
+	(1995-04-07)
+
+LZ78 compression
+
+	A {substitutional compression} scheme which works by entering
+	phrases into a dictionary and then, when a reoccurrence of
+	that particular phrase is found, outputting the dictionary
+	index instead of the phrase.  Several {algorithms} are based
+	on this principle, differing mainly in the manner in which
+	they manage the dictionary.
+
+	The most well-known Lempel-Ziv scheme is Terry Welch's
+	{Lempel-Ziv Welch} variant of LZ78.
+
+	[comp.compression {FAQ}].
+
+LZ compression
+
+	{Lempel-Ziv compression}
+
+lzexe
+
+	An executable file {compression} utility for {MS-DOS}.  It
+	adds a minimal header to the executable to decompress it when
+	it is executed.  See also {pklite}.
+
+lzh
+
+	<filename extension> The {filename extension} for a file
+	produced by the {LHA} program.
+
+	(1995-04-03)
+
+LZH compression
+
+	<algorithm> (After Lempel-Ziv and Haruyasu, the inventors) A
+	{compression} {algorithm} derived from the {LZSS} scheme with
+	a sliding window and additional compression applied to the
+	output of the LZSS compressor by {dynamic Huffman coding}.
+
+	(1995-04-07)
+
+LZW compression
+
+	{Lempel-Ziv Welch compression}
+
+M
+
+	1. Alternative name for {MUMPS}.
+
+	2. A {C}-like language from {Silicon Compiler Systems} for
+	multilevel {hardware description}.  It is currently available
+	in the {GDT} package from {Mentor Graphics}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-26)
+
+	3. <unit> The abbreviated for of {mega-}.
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+m2
+
+	A {Modula-2} {compiler} for {VAX} and {MIPS}.  A {Pascal}
+	compiler for VAX is also included.  The Pascal compiler
+	accepts a language that is almost identical to {Berkeley
+	Pascal}.  It was originally designed and built by Michael L.
+	Powell in 1984.  Joel McCormack made it faster, fixed lots of
+	bugs, and swiped/wrote a User's Manual.  Len Lattanzi ported
+	it to the MIPS.
+
+	It has the following extensions: {foreign function} and data
+	interface, {dynamic array} variables, {subarray parameters},
+	multi-dimensional {open array parameters}, {inline
+	procedures}, longfloat type, type-checked interface to {C}
+	library I/O routines.
+
+	It runs on {VAX} ({Ultrix}, {BSD}) and {MIPS} ({Ultrix}).
+
+	{(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/Modula-2/m2.tar.Z)}.
+
+	E-mail: <modula-2@decwrl.pa.dec.com>.
+
+	(1992-07-06)
+
+M2toM3
+
+	A simple {Modula-2} to {Modula-3} translator by Peter Klein
+	<pk@i3.informatik.rwth-aachen.de> which covers most of the
+	syntactic differences between those languages.  No context
+	sensitive analysis is done, so WITH statements, local
+	{modules}, {enumeration type} literals and {variant RECORDs}
+	have to be dealt with by hand.  Part of the {Sun} Modula 2
+	library is emulated by the Modula 3 library.
+
+	Version 1.01.
+
+	{(ftp://martha.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/pub/Modula3)}.
+
+	(1992-12-01)
+
+M3
+
+	A {macro} processor, forerunner of {M4}, for the {AP-3}
+	{minicomputer}.
+
+m4
+
+	A {macro} processor for {Unix} and {GCOS} which is more
+	flexible than {cpp}.  m4 copies its input to the output,
+	expanding macros which can be either built-in or user-defined.
+	m4 has built-in functions for including files, running {Unix}
+	commands, doing integer arithmetic, manipulating text in
+	various ways and recursing.  m4 can be used either as a
+	{front-end} to a compiler or as a stand-alone tool.
+
+	{sendmail}'s configuration file (/etc/sendmail.cf) is writen
+	in m4 macros.
+
+	There is a {GNU m4 v1.1
+	(ftp://gnu.org/pub/gnu/m4-1.0.tar.Z)} by Francois
+	Pinard <pinard@iro.umontreal.ca> and a {public domain} version
+	by Ozan Yigit <oz@sis.yorku.ca> and Richard A. O'Keefe
+	<ok@goanna.cs.rmit.OZ.AU> (FTP from any {386BSD}, {NetBSD} or
+	{FreeBSD} archive).  A {Macintosh} version is {here
+	(ftp://nic.switch.ch/pub/software/mac/src/mpw-c/)}.
+
+	See also {m3}, {m5}.
+
+	["The M4 Macro Processor",
+	Kernighan & Ritchie, Jul 1977].
+
+M5
+
+	Macro processor, a generalisation of {M4} by A. Dain, U
+	Cincinnati, 1992.  For Unix and DOS.
+
+	{(ftp://thor.exe.u.edu/pub/dain/m5)}.
+
+ma
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Morocco.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+MAC
+
+	1. {Media Access Control}.
+
+	2. Early system on {Ferranti} {Mercury}.  Listed in CACM
+	2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+Mac
+
+	<computer> The line of computers manufactured by {Apple Inc}.
+	"Mac" is not primarily a nickname or an abbreviation, but a
+	brand name and trademark in its own right.  Apple currently
+	(2009) refer to the brand as any of "Mac", "iMac" or
+	"Macintosh" (all registered trademarks).
+
+	The Mac was Apple's successor to the {Lisa}.  The project was
+	proposed by {Jef Raskin} some time before {Steve Jobs}'s
+	famous visit to {Xerox PARC}.  Jobs tried to scuttle the
+	Macintosh project and only joined it later because he wasn't
+	trusted to manage the {Lisa} project.
+
+	The {Macintosh user interface} was notable for popularising
+	the {graphical user interface}, with its easy to learn and
+	easy to use {desktop} metaphor.
+
+	The first Macintosh, introduced in January 1984, had a
+	{Motorola 68000} {CPU}, 128K of {RAM}, a small {monochrome}
+	screen, and one built-in {floppy disk} drive with an external
+	slot for one more, two {serial ports} and a four-voice sound
+	generator.  This was all housed in one small plastic case,
+	including the screen.  When more memory was available later in
+	the year, a 512K Macintosh was nicknamed the "Fat Mac."
+
+	The Mac Plus (January 1986) added expandability by providing
+	an external {SCSI} port for connecting {hard disks}, {magnetic
+	tape}, and other high-speed devices.
+
+	The Mac SE (March 1987) had up to four megabytes of {RAM}, an
+	optional built-in 20 megabyte hard disk and one internal
+	expansion slot for connecting a third-party device.
+
+	The Mac II (March 1987) used the faster {Motorola 68020} {CPU}
+	with a 32-bit {bus}.
+
+	In 1994 the {Power Mac} was launched, and in 1999 the {iMac}
+	was introduced.  The {SuperDrive} appeared in the iMac in 2002.
+
+	The {Macintosh Operating System} is now officially called "Mac
+	OS".  Mac OS X is the successor to Mac OS 9, although its
+	technological parent is the {NEXTSTEP} OS from {Next, Inc.},
+	founded by Steve Jobs after he left Apple the first time.  OS
+	X is based largely on the {BSD} UNIX system.  The core of the
+	OS X operating system is released as free {source code} under
+	the project name {Darwin}.
+
+	The standard Macintosh screen {resolution} is 72 {dpi} (making
+	one {point} = one {pixel}), exactly half the 144 dpi
+	resolution of the ancient {Apple Imagewriter} {dot matrix}
+	printer.
+
+	If "Macintosh" were an acronym, some say it would stand for
+	"Many Applications Crash, If Not, The Operating System Hangs".
+	While this was true for pre Mac OS 9 systems, it is less true
+	for Mac OS 9, and totally incorrect for Mac OS X, which has
+	protected memory, so even if one application crashes, the
+	system and other applications are unaffected.
+
+	See also {Macintosh file system}, {Macintosh user interface}.
+
+	{Apple Home (http://apple.com/mac)}.
+
+	(2009-05-05)
+
+Mac-1
+
+	<language> The {assembly language} used in the book cited
+	below.
+
+	See {Mic-1}.
+
+	["Structured Computer Organization", A.S. Tanenbaum, 3rd
+	Edition, P-H 1989, Sect. 4.3].
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+MAC-360
+
+	A system for solving numerical problems using equation-like
+	input.  Developed around 1967.
+
+	["User's Guide to MAC-360", Charles Stark Draper Lab,
+	Cambridge MA (Aug 1973)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 264].
+
+MACA
+
+	{Multiple Access with Colision Avoidance}
+
+MAC address
+
+	The hardware address of a device connected to a shared
+	{network} medium.  See also {Media Access Control}.
+
+MACAnalyst
+
+	An analysis {CASE} tool for the {Macintosh} from {Excel
+	Software, Inc.}
+
+Macaulay
+
+	A {symbolic mathematics} package for {commutative algebra},
+	{algebraic geometry} and {cohomology}, written in {C} by Mike
+	Stillman <mike@mssun7.msi.cornell.edu> and Dave Bayer
+	<bayer@cUnixa.columbia.edu> in 1977.  Version 3 runs on {Sun},
+	{Macintosh} and {Amiga}.
+
+	{(ftp://zariski.harvard.edu/)}.
+
+	(1994-10-12)
+
+MacBinary
+
+	<file format> An eight-bit wide representation of the data and
+	{resource forks} of an {Macintosh} file and of relevant
+	{Finder} information.  MacBinary files are recognised as
+	"special" by several MacIntosh {terminal emulators}.  These
+	emulators, using {Kermit} or {XMODEM} or any other file
+	transfer protocol, can separate the incoming file into {forks}
+	and appropriately modify the {Desktop} to display {icons},
+	types, creation dates, and the like.
+
+	(1995-03-08)
+
+MACDesigner
+
+	A design CASE tool for the Mac from {Excel Software, Inc.}
+
+macdink
+
+	/mak'dink/ To make many incremental and unnecessary cosmetic
+	changes to a program or file.  Often the subject of the
+	macdinking would be better off without them.  The {Macintosh}
+	is said to encourage such behaviour.
+
+	See also {fritterware}, {window shopping}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+MACE
+
+	A concurrent {object-oriented} language.
+
+Mach
+
+	An operating system kernel under development at
+	Carnegie-Mellon University to support distributed and parallel
+	computation.  Mach is designed to support computing
+	environments consisting of networks of uniprocessors and
+	multiprocessors.  Mach is the kernel of the {OSF}/1.
+
+Machiavelli
+
+	An extension of {Standard ML} developed by Peter Buneman &
+	Atsushi Ohori of the {University of Pennsylvania} in 1989,
+	based on {orthogonal persistence}.
+
+	["Database Programming in Machiavelli: A Polymorphic Language
+	with Static Type Inference", A. Ohori, Proc SIGMOD Conf, ACM,
+	June 1989].
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+machinable
+
+	{Machine-readable}.  Having the {softcopy} nature.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+machine
+
+	Common term for "computer", usually when considered at the
+	hardware level.  The {Turing Machine}, an early example of
+	this usage, was however neither hardware nor software, but
+	only an idea.
+
+	[Earlier use?]
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+machine code
+
+	<language> The representation of a {computer program} that is
+	read and interpreted by the computer hardware (rather than by
+	some other machine code program).  A program in machine code
+	consists of a sequence of "instructions" (possibly
+	interspersed with data).  An instruction is a {binary string},
+	(often written as one or more {octal}, {decimal} or
+	{hexadecimal} numbers).  Instructions may be all the same size
+	(e.g. one 32-bit word for many modern {RISC}
+	{microprocessors}) or of different sizes, in which case the
+	size of the instruction is determined from the first {word}
+	(e.g. {Motorola} {68000}) or {byte} (e.g. {Inmos}
+	{transputer}).  The collection of all possible instructions
+	for a particular computer is known as its "{instruction set}".
+
+	Each instruction typically causes the {Central Processing
+	Unit} to perform some fairly simple operation like loading a
+	value from memory into a {register} or adding the numbers in
+	two registers.  An instruction consists of an {op code} and
+	zero or more {operands}.  Different processors have different
+	{instruction sets} - the collection of possible operations
+	they can perform.
+
+	Execution of machine code may either be {hard-wired} into the
+	{central processing unit} or it may be controlled by
+	{microcode}.  The basic execution cycle consists of fetching
+	the next instruction from {main memory}, decoding it
+	(determining which action the {operation code} specifies and
+	the location of any {arguments}) and executing it by opening
+	various {gates} (e.g. to allow data to flow from main memory
+	into a CPU {register}) and enabling {functional units}
+	(e.g. signalling to the {ALU} to perform an addition).
+
+	Humans almost never write programs directly in machine code.
+	Instead, they use {programming languages}.  The simplest kind
+	of programming language is {assembly language} which usually
+	has a one-to-one correspondence with the resulting machine
+	code instructions but allows the use of {mnemonics} (ASCII
+	strings) for the "{op codes}" (the part of the instruction
+	which encodes the basic type of operation to perform) and
+	names for locations in the program (branch labels) and for
+	{variables} and {constants}.  Other languages are either
+	translated by a {compiler} into machine code or executed by an
+	{interpreter}
+
+	(2009-06-16)
+
+machine cycle
+
+	<processor> The four steps which the {CPU} carries out for
+	each {machine language} instruction: fetch, decode, execute,
+	and store.  These steps are performed by the {control unit},
+	and may be fixed in the logic of the CPU or may be programmed
+	as {microcode} which is itself usually fixed (in {ROM}) but
+	may be (partially) modifiable (stored in {RAM}).
+
+	The fetch cycle places the current {program counter} contents
+	(the address of the next instruction to execute) on the
+	{address bus} and reads in the word at that location into the
+	{instruction register} (IR).  In {RISC} CPUs instructions are
+	usually a single word but in other architectures an
+	instruction may be several words long, necessitating several
+	fetches.
+
+	The decode cycle uses the contents of the IR to determine
+	which {gates} should be opened between the CPU's various
+	{functional units} and busses and what operation the {ALU}(s)
+	should perform (e.g. add, {bitwise and}).  Each gate allows
+	data to flow from one unit to another (e.g. from {register} 0
+	to ALU input 1) or enables data from one output onto a certain
+	{bus}.  In the simplest case ("{horizontal encoding}") each
+	bit of the instruction register controls a single gate or
+	several bits may control the ALU operation.  This is rarely
+	used because it requires long instruction words (such an
+	architecture is sometimes called a {very long instruction
+	word} architecture).  Commonly, groups of bits from the IR are
+	fed through {decoders} to control higher level aspects of the
+	CPU's operation, e.g. source and destination registers,
+	{addressing mode} and {ALU} operation.  This is known as
+	{vertical encoding}.  One way {RISC} processors gain their
+	advantage in speed is by having simple instruction decoding
+	which can be performed quickly.
+
+	The execute cycle occurs when the decoding logic has settled
+	and entails the passing of values between the various function
+	units and busses and the operation of the ALU.  A simple
+	instruction will require only a single execute cycle whereas a
+	complex instruction (e.g. subroutine call or one using memory
+	{indirect addressing}) may require three or four.
+	Instructions in a RISC typically (but not invariably) take
+	only a single cycle.
+
+	The store cycle is when the result of the instruction is
+	written to its destination, either a {register} or a memory
+	location.  This is really part of the execute cycle because
+	some instructions may write to multiple destinations as part
+	of their execution.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+MAchine INdependent SAIL
+
+	(MAINSAIL) From {XIDAK}, Palo Alto CA, +1 (415) 855 9271.
+
+	(2006-12-06)
+
+machine instruction
+
+	<programming> The smallest element of a {machine code} program.
+
+	(2009-06-23)
+
+machine language
+
+	{machine code}
+
+machine learning
+
+	The ability of a machine to improve its performance based on
+	previous results.
+
+	{Neural networks} are one kind of machine learning.
+
+	[More examples?  Net resources?  Web page?]
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Mach Interface Generator
+
+	<tool, programming> (MIG) An implementation of a subset of
+	{Matchmaker} that generates {C} and {C++} {remote procedure
+	call} interfaces for {interprocess communication} between
+	{Mach} tasks.
+
+	["MIG - The Mach Interface Generator", R.P. Draves et al, CS
+	CMU, (1989-08-4)].
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+machoflops
+
+	/mach'oh-flops/ A pun on "{megaflops}" referring to the
+	inflated performance figures often quoted by computer
+	manufacturers.  Real {application programs} are lucky to get
+	half the quoted speed.
+
+	See {Your mileage may vary}, {benchmark}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Mac II
+
+	{Macintosh II}
+
+Mac IIcx
+
+	{Macintosh IIcx}
+
+Macintosh
+
+	<computer> One of the trademark/brand names that {Apple Inc}
+	use for their {Mac} family of {personal computers}.
+
+	(2009-05-05)
+
+Macintosh Common Lisp
+
+	<language> (MCL) {Common Lisp} for the {Apple Macintosh}.
+
+	Guillaume Cartier, of the Mathematics Department at UQAM,
+	Canada, has written some libraries.
+
+	Latest version: 1.2.
+
+	{(ftp://cambridge.apple.com/pub/mcl2/contrib/)}.
+
+	(1992-11-30)
+
+Macintosh file system
+
+	<file system> A file on the {Macintosh} consists of two parts,
+	called forks.  The "data fork" contains the data which would
+	normally be stored in the file on other operating systems.
+	The "resource fork" contains a collection of arbitrary
+	attribute/value pairs, including program segments, {icon}
+	{bitmaps}, and parametric values.  Yet more information
+	regarding Macintosh files is stored by the {Finder} in a
+	hidden file, called the "Desktop Database".
+
+	Because of the complications in storing different parts of a
+	Macintosh file in non-Macintosh file systems that only handle
+	consecutive data in one part, it is common to only send the
+	Data fork or to convert the Macintosh file into some other
+	format before transferring it.
+
+	(1996-03-03)
+
+Macintosh II
+
+	<computer> (Mac II) A version of {Apple}'s {Macintosh}
+	{personal computer}, released in March 1987, using the
+	{Motorola 68020} {CPU}, which runs at a higher {clock rate}
+	than the {Motorola 68000} used in the original Mac.  The Mac
+	II has a full 32-bit data bus instead of a 16-bit bus.  Mac II
+	models have built-in 40 to 160 megabyte {hard disks} and can
+	take up to eight megabytes of {RAM} (and more as denser memory
+	chips arive).
+
+	The Mac II was the first Macintosh to provide a colour
+	graphics option, with up to 256 colours on screen at a 640x480
+	resolution.  Mac II models are designed for expandability with
+	three ({Macintosh IIcx}) or six (II & IIx) built-in {NuBus}
+	{expansion slots} for additional {peripheral} and
+	{coprocessor} boards.
+
+	(1996-05-25)
+
+Macintosh IIcx
+
+	<computer> (Mac IIcx) A version of {Apple}'s {Macintosh II}
+	{personal computer}, introduced in 1989, with a {Motorola
+	68030} processor running at 16 MHz and up to 128 MB of {RAM}
+	(120 ns, 30-pin {DRAM} chips).  The IIcx requires System 6.0.3
+	or later and requires "Mode 32" or "32-bit Enabler" to use
+	more than 8MB of RAM.  It was discontinued 1991, and in 1996
+	is still considered one of the best-designed Macs ever.
+
+	(1996-05-25)
+
+Macintosh Operating System
+
+	<operating system> (Mac OS) {Apple Computer, Inc.}'s
+	proprietary {operating system} for their {Macintosh} family of
+	{personal computers}.
+
+	The part of the operating system that simulates the desktop is
+	called "{Finder}."  The {multitasking} version of Finder was
+	called "{MultiFinder}" until {multitasking} was integrated
+	into the core of the OS with the introduction of System 7.0 in
+	1990.
+
+	The Macintosh series provides a built-in graphics language,
+	called "{QuickDraw}", which provides a {standard} for software
+	developers.
+
+	Mac OS 8, scheduled for delivery in July 1997, included new
+	human-interface features, increased system stability and
+	performance, a {PowerPC} processor-native Finder, tighter
+	integration of {Internet} access through panel-based
+	"assistants," Personal Web Sharing and the ability to run
+	{Java applets} and programs through Mac OS Run Time for
+	{Java}.  Version 9.2 was the last version of the bespoke Mac
+	OS.  The next version, {Mac OS X} is quite different, being
+	based on {Unix}.
+
+	See also {Macintosh file system}, {Macintosh user interface}.
+
+	(2007-03-15)
+
+Macintosh user interface
+
+	<operating system> The {graphical user interface} used by
+	{Apple Computer}'s {Macintosh} family of {personal computers},
+	based on graphical representations of familiar office objects
+	(sheets of paper, files, wastepaper bin, etc.) positioned on a
+	two-dimensional "{desktop}" workspace.
+
+	Programs and data files are represented on screen by small
+	pictures ({icons}).  An object is selected by moving a {mouse}
+	over the real desktop which correspondingly moves the
+	{pointer} on screen.  When the pointer is over an icon on
+	screen, the icon is selected by pressing the button on the
+	mouse.
+
+	A {hierarchical file system} is provided that lets a user
+	"{drag}" a document (a file) icon into and out of a {folder}
+	(directory) icon.  Folders can also contain other folders and
+	so on.  To delete a document, its icon is dragged into a
+	{trash can} icon.  For people that are not computer
+	enthusiasts, managing files on the Macintosh is easier than
+	using the {MS-DOS} or {Unix} {command-line interpreter}.
+
+	The Macintosh always displays a row of menu titles at the top
+	of the screen.  When a mouse button is pressed over a title, a
+	{pull-down menu} appears below it.  With the mouse button held
+	down, the option within the menu is selected by pointing to it
+	and then releasing the button.
+
+	Unlike the {IBM PC}, which, prior to {Microsoft Windows} had
+	no standard {graphical user interface}, Macintosh developers
+	almost always conform to the Macintosh interface.  As a
+	result, users are comfortable with the interface of a new
+	program from the start even if it takes a while to learn all
+	the rest of it.  They know there will be a row of menu options
+	at the top of the screen, and basic tasks are always performed
+	in the same way.  Apple also keeps technical jargon down to a
+	minimum.
+
+	Although the Macintosh user interface provides consistency; it
+	does not make up for an {application program} that is not
+	designed well.  Not only must the application's menus be clear
+	and understandable, but the locations on screen that a user
+	points to must be considered.  Since the mouse is the major
+	selecting method on a Macintosh, mouse movement should be kept
+	to a minimum.  In addition, for experienced typists, the mouse
+	is a cumbersome substitute for well-designed keyboard
+	commands, especially for intensive text editing.
+
+	{Urban legned} has it that the Mac user interface was copied
+	from {Xerox}'s {Palo Alto Research Center}.  Although it is
+	true that Xerox's {smalltalk} had a GUI and Xerox introduced
+	some GUI concepts commercially on the {Xerox Star} computer in
+	1981, and that {Steve Jobs} and members of the Mac and {Lisa}
+	project teams visited PARC, Jef Raskin, who created the Mac
+	project, points out that many GUI concepts which are now
+	considered fundamental, such as dragging objects and pull-down
+	menus with the mouse, were actually invented at Apple.
+
+	{Pull-down menus} have become common on {IBM}, {Commodore} and
+	{Amiga} computers.  {Microsoft Windows} and {OS/2}
+	{Presentation Manager}, {Digital Research}'s {GEM},
+	{Hewlett-Packard}'s {New Wave}, the {X Window System}, {RISC
+	OS} and many other programs and operating environments also
+	incorporate some or all of the desktop/mouse/icon features.
+
+	{Apple Computer} have tried to prevent other companies from
+	using some {GUI} concepts by taking legal action against them.
+	It is because of such restrictive practises that organisations
+	such as the {Free Software Foundation} previously refused to
+	support ports of their software to Apple machines, though this
+	ban has now been lifted.  [Why?  When?]
+
+	(1996-07-19)
+
+Macintoy
+
+	/mak'in-toy/ The Apple {Macintosh}, considered as a {toy}.
+	Less pejorative than {Macintrash}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Macintrash
+
+	/mak'in-trash"/ The Apple {Macintosh}, as described by a
+	hacker who doesn"t appreciate being kept away from the *real
+	computer* by the interface.  The term {maggotbox} has been
+	reported in regular use in the Research Triangle area of North
+	Carolina.  Compare {Macintoy}.
+
+	See also {beige toaster}, {WIMP environment}, {point-and-drool
+	interface}, {drool-proof paper}, {user-friendly}.
+
+	(1995-05-02)
+
+MACL
+
+	{Macintosh} {Allegro CL}.
+
+	E-mail: <info-macl@cambridge.apple.com>.
+
+MacLisp
+
+	<language> A dialect of {Lisp} developed at {MIT} AI Lab in
+	1966, known for its efficiency and programming facilities.
+	MacLisp was later used by {Project MAC}, {Mathlab} and
+	{Macsyma}.  It ran on the {PDP-10}.  It introduced the {LEXPR}
+	(a function with variable {arity}), {macros}, {arrays}, and
+	{CATCH/THROW}.
+
+	MacLisp was one of two main branches of LISP (the other being
+	{Interlisp}).  In 1981 {Common LISP} was begun in an effort to
+	combine the best features of both.
+
+	["MACLISP Reference Manual", D.A. Moon
+	<moon@cambridge.apple.com>, TR Project MAC, MIT 1974].
+
+	(2004-05-07)
+
+MacMinix
+
+	<operating system> The {Macintosh} version of {MINIX}.
+
+	[Details?  URL?]
+
+	(1997-06-17)
+
+Mac OS
+
+	{Macintosh Operating System}
+
+Mac OS X
+
+	<operating system> /mak oss ten/ Version 10 of the {Macintosh
+	Operating System}, based on {FreeBSD} unlike prevoius
+	versions.  Apple released the {kernel} of Mac OS X Server as
+	"{darwin}", under an {open source} license.  Mac OS X incldues
+	a code {framework} called the "Core Foundation" and an
+	"Application Kit" framework for {GUI} and {widgets} strongly
+	derived from {NEXTSTEP}.
+
+	(2007-03-15)
+
+Mac Playmate
+
+	<games> An early (~1985) example of a pornographic computer
+	game.  Mac Playmate runs on the {Macintosh} and involves
+	trying to stimulate a simulated woman to orgasm by applying
+	various implements to her erogenous zones.
+
+	(2002-03-08)
+
+MacPPP
+
+	<networking> An implementation of {PPP} for the {Macintosh}
+	developed by Larry J. Blunk and others at Merit Network, Inc.
+	MacPPP was revised in 1993 with the release of MacPPP 2.0.1.
+	The latest incarnation of MacPPP is {FreePPP}.
+
+	(2000-11-25)
+
+MACRO
+
+	1. Assembly language for {VAX/VMS}.
+
+	2. {PL/I}-like language with extensions for string processing.
+	"MACRO: A Programming Language", S.R. Greenwood, SIGPLAN
+	Notices 14(9):80-91 (Sep 1979).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+macro
+
+	A name (possibly followed by a {formal argument} list) that is
+	equated to a text or symbolic expression to which it is to be
+	expanded (possibly with the substitution of {actual
+	arguments}) by a macro expander.
+
+	The term "macro" originated in early {assemblers}, which
+	encouraged the use of macros as a structuring and
+	information-hiding device.  During the early 1970s, macro
+	assemblers became ubiquitous, and sometimes quite as powerful
+	and expensive as {HLLs}, only to fall from favour as improving
+	{compiler} technology marginalised {assembly language}
+	programming (see {languages of choice}).  Nowadays the term is
+	most often used in connection with the {C preprocessor},
+	{Lisp}, or one of several special-purpose languages built
+	around a macro-expansion facility (such as {TeX} or {Unix}'s
+	{troff} suite).
+
+	Indeed, the meaning has drifted enough that the collective
+	"macros" is now sometimes used for code in any special-purpose
+	application control language (whether or not the language is
+	actually translated by text expansion), and for macro-like
+	entities such as the "keyboard macros" supported in some text
+	editors (and {PC} {TSRs} or {Macintosh} INIT/CDEV keyboard
+	enhancers).
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+macro-
+
+	Prefix large.  Opposite of {micro-}.  In the mainstream and
+	among other technical cultures (for example, medical people)
+	this competes with the prefix {mega-}, but hackers tend to
+	restrict the latter to quantification.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+macrology
+
+	/mak-rol'*-jee/ 1. Set of usually complex or {crufty} {macros},
+	e.g. as part of a large system written in {Lisp}, {TECO}, or
+	(less commonly) {assembler}.
+
+	2. The art and science involved in comprehending a macrology.
+	Sometimes studying the macrology of a system is not unlike
+	archaeology, ecology, or {theology}, hence the sound-alike
+	construction.  See also {boxology}.
+
+	(2003-09-02)
+
+Macromedia
+
+	<company> A company supplying {multimedia} and interactive
+	television services and digital arts software tools in the US
+	and worldwide.  They produce products for {Microsoft Windows}
+	and the {Macintosh} including: Macromedia FreeHand, a tool for
+	design and illustration; Macromedia Director, an animation and
+	authoring tool for multimedia production; Authorware
+	Professional, a multiplatform authoring tool for interactive
+	learning; MacroModel, a 3D modelling tool for multimedia,
+	graphics and product design; SoundEdit 16, a digital sound
+	recording and editing system; Fontographer, a typeface editing
+	programme; and Action!, a multimedia presentation application.
+
+	Chief Executive Officer: Bud Colligan.
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+macro preprocessor
+
+	{preprocessor}
+
+Macro SAP
+
+	Macro processing modification of SAP.  D.E. Eastwood and D.M.
+	McIlroy, unpublished memorandum, Bell Labs 1959.  Led to TRAC.
+
+macrotape
+
+	<storage> /mak'roh-tayp/ An industry-standard reel of
+	{magnetic tape}, as opposed to a {microtape}.
+
+	See also {round tape}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+MACSYMA
+
+	{Project MAC}'s SYmbolic MAnipulator.  The first comprehensive
+	{symbolic mathematics} system, written in {Lisp} by Joel Moses
+	<moses@larch.lcs.mit.edu> of {MIT} in 1969, later {Symbolics},
+	Inc.
+
+	Versions include {Symbolics Macsyma}, {DOE Maxima} (ANL, in
+	Common LISP) and {Vaxima}.
+
+	{(ftp://rascal.ics.utexas.edu/pub/maxima-4-155.tar.Z)}.
+	E-mail: <macsyma-service@symbolics.com>.
+
+	["MACSYMA - The Fifth Year", J. Moses, SIGSAM Bulletin 8(3)
+	(Aug 1974)].
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+MacTCP
+
+	<networking> Part of earlier versions of {MacOS} that provided
+	access to {TCP/IP} services.  {Apple} removed MacTCP from
+	MacOS in revision 7.5.3 in favor of the new {OpenTransport}
+	(OT) TCP/IP stack.  However, MacTCP lives on as a community
+	development effort.
+
+	See also {MacPPP}.
+
+	[How did it work?  Where was it from?]
+
+	(2000-06-25)
+
+MacX
+
+	A package allowing the {Macintosh} to be used as an {X}
+	server.
+
+MAD
+
+	<language> 1. {Michigan Algorithm Decoder}.
+
+	2. A {data flow} language.
+
+	["Implementation of Data Structures on a Data Flow Computer",
+	D.L. Bowen, Ph.D. Thesis, Victoria U Manchester, Apr 1981].
+
+	(1999-12-10)
+
+Mad/1
+
+	<language> A later, much enhanced version of {Michigan
+	Algorithm Decoder} (MAD), for the {IBM 360}.  Mad/1 was
+	University of Michigan's answer to {PL/I}.
+
+	(1999-12-10)
+
+Madaline
+
+	A structure of many ADALINE units.
+
+MADCAP
+
+	Math and set problems, for the Maniac II and CDC 6600.
+	"MADCAP - A Scientific Compiler for a Displayed Formula
+	Texbook Language", M.B.  Wells, CACM 4(1):31-36 (Jan 1961).
+	Sammet 1969, pp.271-281.  Versions: Madcap 5 (1964), Madcap 6.
+	"The Unified Data Structure Capability in Madcap 6",
+	M.B. Wells et al, Intl J Comp Info Sci 1(3) (sep 1972).
+
+MADTRAN
+
+	Early preprocessor that translated Fortran to MAD, for gain in
+	speed.
+
+maggotbox
+
+	<abuse> /mag'*t-boks/ An even more derogatory term than
+	{Macintrash}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+MAGIC
+
+	An early system on the {Midac} computer.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+magic
+
+	1. As yet unexplained, or too complicated to explain; compare
+	{automagically} and (Arthur C.) Clarke's Third Law:
+
+		Any sufficiently advanced technology is
+		indistinguishable from magic.
+
+	"TTY echoing is controlled by a large number of magic bits."
+	"This routine magically computes the parity of an 8-bit byte
+	in three instructions."
+
+	2. Characteristic of something that works although no one
+	really understands why (this is especially called {black
+	magic}).
+
+	3. (Stanford) A feature not generally publicised that allows
+	something otherwise impossible or a feature formerly in that
+	category but now unveiled.
+
+	Compare {wizardly}, {deep magic}, {heavy wizardry}.
+
+	For more about hackish "magic" see {Magic Switch Story}.
+
+	4. {magic number}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-03-19)
+
+magic bullet
+
+	<jargon> (Or "silver bullet" from vampire legends) A term
+	widely used in software engineering for a supposed quick,
+	simple cure for some problem.  E.g. "There's no silver bullet
+	for this problem".
+
+	(1999-01-13)
+
+magic cookie
+
+	1. Something passed between routines or programs that enables
+	the receiver to perform some operation; a {capability} ticket
+	or {opaque identifier}.  Especially used of small data objects
+	that contain data encoded in a strange or intrinsically
+	machine-dependent way.  E.g. on non-{Unix} {operating systems}
+	with a non-byte-stream model of files, the result of "{ftell}"
+	may be a magic cookie rather than a byte offset; it can be
+	passed to "{fseek}", but not operated on in any meaningful
+	way.  The phrase "it hands you a magic cookie" means it
+	returns a result whose contents are not defined but which can
+	be passed back to the same or some other program later.
+
+	2. An in-band code for changing graphic rendition (e.g. inverse
+	video or underlining) or performing other control functions.
+	Some older terminals would leave a blank on the screen
+	corresponding to mode-change magic cookies; this was also
+	called a {glitch} (or occasionally a "turd"; compare {mouse
+	droppings}).
+
+	See also {cookie}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+magic number
+
+	<jargon, programming> 1. In {source code}, some non-obvious
+	constant whose value is significant to the operation of a
+	program and that is inserted inconspicuously in-line
+	({hard-coded}), rather than expanded in by a symbol set by a
+	commented "#define".  Magic numbers in this sense are bad
+	style.
+
+	2. A number that encodes critical information used in an
+	{algorithm} in some opaque way.  The classic examples of these
+	are the numbers used in {hash} or {CRC} functions or the
+	coefficients in a {linear congruential generator} for
+	{pseudorandom} numbers.  This sense actually predates, and
+	was ancestral to, the more common sense 1.
+
+	3. Special data located at the beginning of a {binary} data
+	file to indicate its type to a utility.  Under {Unix}, the
+	system and various {applications programs} (especially the
+	{linker}) distinguish between types of executable file by
+	looking for a magic number.  Once upon a time, these magic
+	numbers were {PDP-11} branch instructions that skipped over
+	header data to the start of executable code; 0407, for
+	example, was {octal} for "branch 16 bytes relative".  Nowadays
+	only a {wizard} knows the spells to create magic numbers.  {MS
+	DOS} executables begin with the magic string "MZ".
+
+	*The* magic number, on the other hand, is 7+/-2.  The paper
+	cited below established the number of distinct items (such as
+	numeric digits) that humans can hold in short-term memory.
+	Among other things, this strongly influenced the interface
+	design of the phone system.
+
+	["The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on
+	our capacity for processing information", George Miller, in
+	the "Psychological Review" 63:81-97, 1956].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-07-02)
+
+Magic Paper
+
+	An early interactive {symbolic mathematics} system.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 510].
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+magic smoke
+
+	<electronics, humour> A substance trapped inside {integrated
+	circuit} packages that enables them to function (also called
+	"blue smoke"; this is similar to the archaic "phlogiston"
+	hypothesis about combustion).  Its existence is demonstrated
+	by what happens when a chip burns up - the magic smoke gets
+	let out, so it doesn't work any more.
+
+	See {Electing a Pope}, {smoke test}.
+
+	{Usenet}ter Jay Maynard tells the following story:
+
+	"Once, while hacking on a dedicated {Zilog Z80} system, I was
+	testing code by blowing {EPROMs} and plugging them in the
+	system then seeing what happened.  One time, I plugged one in
+	backward.  I only discovered that *after* I realised that
+	{Intel} didn't put power-on lights under the quartz windows on
+	the tops of their EPROMs - the die was glowing white-hot.
+	Amazingly, the EPROM worked fine after I erased it, filled it
+	full of zeros, then erased it again.  For all I know, it's
+	still in service.  Of course, this is because the magic smoke
+	didn't get let out."
+
+	Compare the original phrasing of {Murphy's Law}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+Magic Switch Story
+
+	Some years ago, I was snooping around in the cabinets that
+	housed the {MIT AI Lab}'s {PDP-10}, and noticed a little
+	switch glued to the frame of one cabinet.  It was obviously a
+	homebrew job, added by one of the lab's hardware hackers
+	(no-one knows who).
+
+	You don't touch an unknown switch on a computer without
+	knowing what it does, because you might crash the computer.
+	The switch was labelled in a most unhelpful way.  It had two
+	positions, and scrawled in pencil on the metal switch body
+	were the words "magic" and "more magic".  The switch was in
+	the "more magic" position.
+
+	I called another hacker over to look at it.  He had never seen
+	the switch before either.  Closer examination revealed that
+	the switch had only one wire running to it!  The other end of
+	the wire did disappear into the maze of wires inside the
+	computer, but it's a basic fact of electricity that a switch
+	can't do anything unless there are two wires connected to it.
+	This switch had a wire connected on one side and no wire on
+	its other side.
+
+	It was clear that this switch was someone's idea of a silly
+	joke.  Convinced by our reasoning that the switch was
+	inoperative, we flipped it.  The computer instantly crashed.
+
+	Imagine our utter astonishment.  We wrote it off as
+	coincidence, but nevertheless restored the switch to the "more
+	magic" position before reviving the computer.
+
+	A year later, I told this story to yet another hacker, {David
+	Moon} as I recall.  He clearly doubted my sanity, or suspected
+	me of a supernatural belief in the power of this switch, or
+	perhaps thought I was fooling him with a bogus saga.  To prove
+	it to him, I showed him the very switch, still glued to the
+	cabinet frame with only one wire connected to it, still in the
+	"more magic" position.  We scrutinized the switch and its lone
+	connection, and found that the other end of the wire, though
+	connected to the computer wiring, was connected to a ground
+	pin.  That clearly made the switch doubly useless: not only
+	was it electrically nonoperative, but it was connected to a
+	place that couldn't affect anything anyway.  So we flipped the
+	switch.
+
+	The computer promptly crashed.
+
+	This time we ran for Richard Greenblatt, a long-time {MIT}
+	hacker, who was close at hand.  He had never noticed the
+	switch before, either.  He inspected it, concluded it was
+	useless, got some diagonal cutters and {dike}d it out.  We
+	then revived the computer and it has run fine ever since.
+
+	We still don't know how the switch crashed the machine.  There
+	is a theory that some circuit near the ground pin was
+	marginal, and flipping the switch changed the electrical
+	capacitance enough to upset the circuit as
+	millionth-of-a-second pulses went through it.  But we'll never
+	know for sure; all we can really say is that the switch was
+	{magic}.
+
+	I still have that switch in my basement.  Maybe I'm silly, but
+	I usually keep it set on "more magic".
+
+	{GLS}
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+Magma
+
+	<symbolic mathematics, tool> A program used for heavy duty
+	algebraic computation in many branches of mathematics.  Magma,
+	developed by John Cannon and associates at the University of
+	Sydney, succeeded {Cayley}.  It runs at several hundred sites.
+
+	E-mail: <magma@maths.usyd.edu.au>.
+
+	{(http://maths.usyd.edu.au:8000/u/magma/)}.
+
+	[W. Bosma, J. Cannon and C. Playoust, The Magma algebra system
+	I: The user language, J. Symb. Comp., 24, 3/4, 1997, 235-265].
+
+	(2000-12-21)
+
+Magma2
+
+	<language> A language that allows programmability of the
+	control environment, e.g. {recursion}, {backtracking},
+	{coroutines}, {nondeterminism}, etc.  Magma2 was the successor
+	to {MagmaLISP}.
+
+	["Magma2: A Language Oriented Toward Experiments in Control",
+	Franco Turini, ACM TOPLAS 6(4):468-486 (Oct 1984)].
+
+	(1995-07-30)
+
+MagmaLISP
+
+	<language> The predecessor of {Magma2}.
+
+	["MagmaLISP: A Machine Language for Artificial Intelligence",
+	C. Mantagero et al, Proc 4th Intl Joint Conf Artif Intell,
+	1975, pp. 556-561].
+
+	(1995-07-30)
+
+magnetic disk
+
+	<storage> A flat rotating disc covered on one or both sides
+	with magnetisable material.  The two main types are the {hard
+	disk} and the {floppy disk}.
+
+	Data is stored on either or both surfaces of discs in
+	concentric rings called "{tracks}".  Each track is divided
+	into a whole number of "{sectors}".  Where multiple (rigid)
+	discs are mounted on the same axle the set of tracks at the
+	same radius on all their surfaces is known as a "{cylinder}".
+
+	Data is read and written by a {disk drive} which rotates the
+	discs and positions the {read/write heads} over the desired
+	track(s).  The latter radial movement is known as "{seeking}".
+	There is usually one head for each surface that stores data.
+	To reduce {rotational latency} it is possible, though
+	expensive, to have multiple heads at different angles.
+
+	The head writes binary data by magnetising small areas or
+	"zones" of the disk in one of two opposing orientations.  It
+	reads data by detecting current pulses induced in a coil as
+	zones with different magnetic alignment pass underneath it.
+
+	In theory, bits could be read back as a time sequence of pulse
+	(one) or no pulse (zero).  However, a run of zeros would give
+	a prolonged absence of signal, making it hard to accurately
+	divide the signal into individual bits due to the variability
+	of motor speed.  {Run Length Limited} is one common solution
+	to this {clock recovery} problem.
+
+	High speed disks have an {access time} of 28 {milliseconds} or
+	less, and low-speed disks, 65 milliseconds or more.  The
+	higher speed disks also transfer their data faster than the
+	slower speed units.
+
+	The disks are usually aluminium with a magnetic coating.  The
+	heads "float" just above the disk's surface on a current of
+	air, sometimes at lower than atmospheric pressure in an
+	air-tight enclosure.  The head has an aerodynamic shape so the
+	current pushes it away from the disk.  A small spring pushes
+	the head towards the disk at the same time keeping the head at
+	a constant distance from the disk (about two microns).
+
+	Disk drives are commonly characterised by the kind of
+	interface used to connect to the computer, e.g. {ATA}, {IDE},
+	{SCSI}.
+
+	See also {winchester}.  Compare {magnetic drum}, {compact
+	disc}, {optical disk}, {magneto-optical disk}.
+
+	{Suchanka's PC-DISK library (http://pc-disk.de/)}.
+
+	(2007-06-14)
+
+Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
+
+	<business, printer> (MICR) A {character recognition} system
+	using special ink and characters which can be magnetised and
+	read automatically.
+
+	MICR is used almost exclusively in the banking industry where
+	it is used to print details on cheques to enable automatic
+	processing.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+magnetic stripe
+
+	<storage> A black stripe, printed on the back of a credit card
+	or similar, that stores a {machine-readable} copy of the
+	information on the card.  The stripe contains iron particles
+	about 500 nanometers long that can be magnetised like
+	{magnetic tape}.  The data can be read by swiping the card
+	through a {card reader}.
+
+	(2007-06-04)
+
+magnetic tape
+
+	<storage> (Or "magtape", "tape" - {paper tape} is now
+	obsolete) A data storage medium consisting of a magnetisable
+	oxide coating on a thin plastic strip, commonly used for
+	{backup} and {archiving}.
+
+	Early industry-standard magnetic tape was half an inch wide
+	and wound on removable reels 10.5 inches in diameter.
+	Different lengths were available with 2400 feet and 4800 feet
+	being common.  {DECtape} was a variation on this "{round
+	tape}".
+
+	In modern magnetic tape systems the reels are much smaller and
+	are fixed inside a {cartridge} to protect the tape and for
+	ease of handling ("{square tape}" - though it's really
+	rectangular).  Cartridge formats include {QIC}, {DAT}, and
+	{Exabyte}.
+
+	Tape is read and written on a tape drive (or "deck") which
+	winds the tape from one reel to the other causing it to move
+	past a read/write head.  Early tape had seven parallel tracks
+	of data along the length of the tape allowing six bit
+	characters plus {parity} written across the tape.  A typical
+	recording density was 556 characters per inch.  The tape had
+	reflective marks near its end which signaled beginning of tape
+	(BOT) and end of tape (EOT) to the hardware.
+
+	Data is written to tape in {blocks} with {inter-block gaps}
+	between them.  Each block is typically written in a single
+	operation with the tape running continuously during the write.
+	The larger the block the larger the data {buffer} required in
+	order to supply or receive the data written to or read from
+	the tape.  The smaller the block the more tape is wasted as
+	inter-block gaps.  Several logical {records} may be combined
+	into one physical block to reduce wastage ("{blocked
+	records}").  Finding a certain block on the tape generally
+	involved reading sequentially from the beginning, in contrast
+	to {magnetic disks}.  Tape is not suitable for {random
+	access}.  The exception to this is that some systems allow
+	{tape marks} to be written which can be detected while winding
+	the tape forward or rewinding it at high speed.  These are
+	typically used to separate logical files on a tape.
+
+	Most tape drives now include some kind of {data compression}.
+	There are several {algorithms} which provide similar results:
+	{LZ} (most), {IDRC} ({Exabyte}), {ALDC} ({IBM}, {QIC}) and
+	{DLZ1} ({DLT}).
+
+	See also {cut a tape}, {flap}, {Group Code Recording},
+	{spool}, {macrotape}, {microtape}, {Non Return to Zero
+	Inverted}, {Phase Encoded}.
+
+	(1997-04-05)
+
+magnetic tape drive
+
+	<storage> (Or "tape drive") A {peripheral} device that reads
+	and writes {magnetic tape}.
+
+	(1996-05-25)
+
+magneto-optical disk
+
+	<hardware, storage> (MO) A plastic or glass disk coated with a
+	compound (often TbFeCo) with special optical, magnetic and
+	thermal properties.  The disk is read by bouncing a
+	low-intensity {laser} off the disk.  Originally the laser was
+	infrared, but frequencies up to blue may be possible giving
+	higher {storage density}.  The polarisation of the reflected
+	light depends on the polarity of the stored magnetic field.
+
+	To write, a higher intensity laser heats the coating up to its
+	Curie point, allowing its magnetisation to be altered in a way
+	that is retained when it has cooled.
+
+	Although optical, they appear as hard drives to the {operating
+	system} and do not require a special {filesystem} (they can be
+	formatted as {FAT}, {HPFS}, {NTFS}, etc.).
+
+	The initial 5.25" MO drives, introduced at the end of the
+	1980s, were the size of a full-height 5.25" {hard drive} (like
+	in {IBM PC XT}) and the disks looked like a {CD-ROM} enclosed
+	in an old-style cartridge
+
+	In 2006, a 3.5" drive has the size of 1.44 {megabyte}
+	{diskette drive} with disks about the size of a regular 1.44MB
+	{floppy disc} but twice the thickness.
+
+	{Storage FAQ
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/arch-storage/part1/faq.html)}.
+
+	(2006-07-25)
+
+magneto-optical drive
+
+	{magneto-optical disk}
+
+magnetostrictive delay line
+
+	<storage, history> An early storage device that used tensioned
+	wires of nickel alloy carrying longitudinal waves produced and
+	detected electromagnetically.
+
+	They had better storage behaviour than {mercury delay lines}.
+
+	[H. Epstein and O.B. Stram, "A High Performance
+	Magnetostriction-Sonic Delay Line," Transactions, Institute of
+	Radio Engineers, Professional Group on Ultrasonic Engineering,
+	1957, pp. 1-24].
+
+	(2002-11-08)
+
+MAGNUM
+
+	A {database} language for {DEC-10}'s, used internally by
+	{Tymshare, Inc.}.  MAGNUM was designed in the late 1970's by
+	Dale Jordan, Rich Strauss and Dave McQuoid originally, and was
+	written in {BLISS-10}.  It was the world's first commercial
+	{relational database}.  It was in the process of being written
+	in 1976.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+Magritte
+
+	A {constraint} language for interactive graphical layout by
+	J. Gosling.  It solves constraints using algebraic
+	transformations.
+
+	["Algebraic Constraints", J. Gosling, PhD Thesis, TR
+	CS-83-132, CMU, May 1983].
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+mail
+
+	<messaging> 1. {electronic mail}.
+
+	2. The {Berkeley Unix} program for composing and reading
+	{electronic mail}.  It normally uses {sendmail} to handle
+	delivery.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: mail(1)
+
+	(1997-12-03)
+
+Mail Application Programming Interface
+
+	{Messaging Application Programming Interface}
+
+mail bomb
+
+	<messaging> To send, or urge others to send, massive amounts
+	of {electronic mail} to a single system or person, with intent
+	to crash or {spam} the recipient's system.  A successful mail
+	bomb may cause the victim's {disk quota} to be exhausted, the
+	disk holding his mailbox to fill up, or his computer to spend
+	a large proportion of its time processing mail.
+
+	Mail-bombing is sometimes done in retaliation against someone
+	persistently abusing {Usenet} and violating {netiquette}.
+	While it may inconvenience the intended victim (if they gave
+	their real address), it will probably also inconvenience other
+	users and administrators of the computers and networks
+	involved.  Mailbombing is thus a serious offense itself.
+
+	See {netiquette} for the correct way to respond to perceived
+	violations.
+
+	Compare {letterbomb}, {nastygram}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+mailbox
+
+	1. <messaging> A file belonging to a particular user on a
+	particular computer in which received {electronic mail}
+	messages are stored ready for the user to read them.  A
+	mailbox may be just an {electronic mail address} to which
+	messages are sent and may not actually correspond to a file if
+	the messages are processed automatically, e.g. a {mail server}
+	or {mailing list}.
+
+	2. <programming> A destination for interprocess messages in a
+	{message passing} system.  A mailbox is a {message} queue,
+	usually stored in the memory of the processor on which the
+	receiving process is running.  {Primitives} are provided for
+	sending a message to a named mailbox and for reading messages
+	from a mailbox.
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+mail bridge
+
+	<messaging> A {mail gateway} that {forwards} {electronic mail}
+	messages between two or more networks if they meet certain
+	administrative criteria.
+
+	(1996-02-26)
+
+mail exchanger
+
+	<messaging> A {server} running {SMTP} {Message Transfer Agent}
+	{software} that accepts incoming {electronic mail} and either
+	delivers it locally or forwards it to another server.  The
+	mail exchanger to use for a given domain can be discovered by
+	querying {DNS} for {Mail Exchange Records}.
+
+	(2007-01-29)
+
+Mail Exchange Record
+
+	<messaging> (MX Record) A {DNS} resource record type that says
+	which {SMTP} server handles {electronic mail} for a particular
+	{domain}.  E.g. the MX record
+
+	 foo.co.uk. 1054 IN MX 10 mail.foo.co.uk.
+
+	means that mail for an address like "denis@foo.co.uk" should
+	be sent to "mail.foo.co.uk".
+
+	There can be several servers for a domain.  The "10" is a
+	priority - the server with the lowest number will be tried
+	first.
+
+	(2007-01-29)
+
+mail exploder
+
+	<messaging> Part of an {electronic mail} delivery system which
+	allows a message to be delivered to a list of addresses.  Mail
+	exploders are used to implement {mailing lists}.  Users send
+	messages to a single address and the mail exploder takes care
+	of delivery to the individual {mailboxes} in the list.
+
+	(1996-02-26)
+
+mail filter
+
+	<messaging> A program which sorts and processes incoming
+	{mail} based on patterns found in the mail {headers}.
+
+	{procmail} is an example for {Unix}.
+
+	(1996-12-09)
+
+mail gateway
+
+	<messaging> A machine that connects two or more {electronic
+	mail} systems (including dissimilar mail systems) and
+	transfers messages between them.  Sometimes the mapping and
+	translation can be quite complex, and it generally requires a
+	{store and forward} scheme whereby the message is received
+	from one system completely before it is transmitted to the
+	next system, after suitable translations.
+
+	(1996-02-26)
+
+mail hub
+
+	{mail server}
+
+mailing list
+
+	<messaging> (Often shortened in context to "list") An
+	{electronic mail address} that is an alias (or {macro}, though
+	that word is never used in this connection) which is expanded
+	by a {mail exploder} to yield many other e-mail addresses.
+	Some mailing lists are simple "reflectors", redirecting mail
+	sent to them to the list of recipients.  Others are filtered
+	by humans or programs of varying degrees of sophistication;
+	lists filtered by humans are said to be "moderated".
+
+	The term is sometimes used, by extension, for the people who
+	receive e-mail sent to such an address.
+
+	Mailing lists are one of the primary forms of hacker
+	interaction, along with {Usenet}.  They predate {Usenet},
+	having originated with the first {UUCP} and {ARPANET}
+	connections.  They are often used for private
+	information-sharing on topics that would be too specialised
+	for or inappropriate to public {Usenet} groups.  Though some
+	of these maintain almost purely technical content (such as the
+	{Internet Engineering Task Force} mailing list), others (like
+	the "sf-lovers" list maintained for many years by Saul Jaffe)
+	are recreational, and many are purely social.  Perhaps the
+	most infamous of the social lists was the eccentric bandykin
+	distribution; its latter-day progeny, {lectroids} and
+	{tanstaafl}, still include a number of the oddest and most
+	interesting people in hackerdom.
+
+	Mailing lists are easy to create and (unlike {Usenet}) don't
+	tie up a significant amount of machine resources (until they
+	get very large, at which point they can become interesting
+	torture tests for mail software).  Thus, they are often
+	created temporarily by working groups, the members of which
+	can then collaborate on a project without ever needing to meet
+	face-to-face.
+
+	There are several programs to automate mailing list
+	maintenance, e.g. {Listserv}, {Listproc}, {Majordomo}.
+
+	Requests to subscribe to, or leave, a mailing list should
+	ALWAYS be sent to the list's "-request" address (e.g.
+	ietf-request@cnri.reston.va.us for the IETF mailing list).
+	This prevents them being sent to all recipients of the list
+	and ensures that they reach the maintainer of the list, who
+	may not actually read the list.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-04-27)
+
+mail merge
+
+	<messaging> A function of some {word processing} software
+	(e.g. {Microsoft Word}) that produces multiple instances of a
+	document by substituting different text strings from a
+	{database} in place of certain field markers.  This is often
+	done with envelopes, resumes, spam, and various other mass
+	mailings.
+
+	{(http://mtroyal.ab.ca/programs/academserv/ADC/workshops/staff/mail_merge/mail_merge_tutorial.html)}.
+
+	(2002-07-26)
+
+mail path
+
+	{source route}
+
+.mailrc
+
+	<messaging> (mail run commands) The configuration file for the
+	standard {Unix} {mail} program.  This file is found in a
+	user's {home directory} and can contain special commands to
+	set options and define mail aliases.
+
+	See also {rc}.
+
+	(1996-04-09)
+
+mail server
+
+	1. <tool, messaging> A program that distributes files or
+	information in response to requests sent via {electronic
+	mail}.  Examples on the {Internet} include {Almanac} and
+	{netlib}.  Mail servers are also used on {Bitnet}.
+
+	In the days before {Internet} access was widespread and {UUCP}
+	mail links were common, mail servers could be used to provide
+	remote services which might now be provided via {FTP} or
+	{WWW}.
+
+	2. <messaging> (Or "mail hub") A computer used to store and/or
+	forward {electronic mail}.
+
+	(1995-05-05)
+
+Mail Transfer Agent
+
+	{Message Transfer Agent}
+
+Mail Transport Agent
+
+	{Message Transfer Agent}
+
+mail user agent
+
+	<messaging> (MUA) The program that allows the user to compose
+	and read {electronic mail} messages.  The MUA provides the
+	interface between the user and the {Message Transfer Agent}.
+	Outgoing mail is eventually handed over to an MTA for delivery
+	while the incoming messages are picked up from where the MTA
+	left it (although MUA's running on single-user machines may
+	pick up mail using {POP}).
+
+	Popular MUAs for {Unix} include {elm}, {mush}, {pine}, and
+	{RMAIL}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/mail/setup/unix/part2/faq-doc-3.html)}.
+
+	(1996-03-21)
+
+Mail Users' Shell
+
+	<messaging> (mush) A {MUA} for {Unix} and {MS-DOS}.  It has both
+	{line-mode} and {full-screen} interfaces as well as a
+	{SunView} interface.
+
+	mush provides a very powerful shell interface with a
+	{csh}-like {scripting language}, plenty of {environment
+	variables}, command-line {aliases}, filename {completion},
+	{conditionals}, and command {piping}.
+
+	{z-mail} is a more recent commercial version of mush.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.mail.mush}.
+
+	(1996-02-26)
+
+main
+
+	<programming> The name of the {subroutine} called by the
+	{run-time system} (RTS) when it executes a {C} program.  The
+	RTS passes the program's {command-line arguments} to main as a
+	count and an {array} of {pointers} to strings.  If the main
+	subroutine returns then the program exits.
+
+	{Java} has inheritted the name "main" from C but in Java it's
+	more complicated of course.  The main routine must have a
+	signature of exactly
+
+	 public static void main(String [])
+
+	And it must be inside a public class with the same name as the
+	{source} file where it is defined.
+
+	(2008-11-12)
+
+MAINBOL
+
+	<language> MAcro ImplementatioN of {SNOBOL4}.
+
+	(1997-09-14)
+
+Main Distribution Frame
+
+	<networking> (MDF) The {network closet} containing the main
+	{hub}.
+
+	(1995-05-05)
+
+mainframe
+
+	<computer> A term originally referring to the cabinet
+	containing the central processor unit or "main frame" of a
+	room-filling {Stone Age} batch machine.  After the emergence
+	of smaller "{minicomputer}" designs in the early 1970s, the
+	traditional {big iron} machines were described as "mainframe
+	computers" and eventually just as mainframes.  The term
+	carries the connotation of a machine designed for batch rather
+	than interactive use, though possibly with an interactive
+	{time-sharing} operating system retrofitted onto it; it is
+	especially used of machines built by {IBM}, {Unisys} and the
+	other great {dinosaurs} surviving from computing's {Stone
+	Age}.
+
+	It has been common wisdom among hackers since the late 1980s
+	that the mainframe architectural tradition is essentially dead
+	(outside of the tiny market for {number crunching}
+	{supercomputers} (see {Cray})), having been swamped by the
+	recent huge advances in {integrated circuit} technology and
+	low-cost personal computing.  As of 1993, corporate America is
+	just beginning to figure this out - the wave of failures,
+	takeovers, and mergers among traditional mainframe makers have
+	certainly provided sufficient omens (see {dinosaurs mating}).
+
+	Supporters claim that mainframes still house 90% of the data
+	major businesses rely on for mission-critical applications,
+	attributing this to their superior performance, reliability,
+	scalability, and security compared to microprocessors.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-07-22)
+
+mainframe programmer/analyst
+
+	<job> A peson who writes and maintains business applications.
+	He develops and supports large-scale batch or high-volume
+	transaction environments that require {IBM/MVS} {mainframe}
+	processing power or equivalent.  He programs in
+	business-oriented languages such as {COBOL}, {CICS}, or
+	{fourth-generation languages}.
+
+	(2004-03-12)
+
+main loop
+
+	<programming> The top-level {control flow} construct in an
+	input- or {event-driven} program, the one which receives and
+	acts or dispatches on the program's input {events}.
+
+	See also {driver}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-03-12)
+
+main memory
+
+	<storage, architecture> The {storage device} used by a
+	{computer} to hold the currently executing {program} and its
+	{working data}.  A modern computer's main memory is built from
+	{random-access memory} {integrated circuits}.  In the old days
+	{ferrite core memory} was one popular form of main memory,
+	leading to the use of the term "{core}" for main memory.
+
+	Computers have several other sorts of memory, distinguished by
+	their access time, storage capicity, cost, and the typical
+	lifetime or rate of change of the data they hold.  {Registers}
+	in the {CPU} are fast, few, expensive and typically change
+	every few {machine instructions}.  Other kinds are {cache},
+	{PROM}, {magnetic disk} (which may be used for {virtual
+	memory}) and {magnetic tape}.
+
+	(1996-11-04)
+
+MAINSAIL
+
+	{MAchine INdependent SAIL}.
+
+main store
+
+	{main memory}
+
+maintainer
+
+	<software> The person responsible for coordinating changes to
+	a package of {software} and arranging the distribution of
+	updates.  The term usually applies only to {free software}
+	where the maintainer (often the author) is doing it as a free
+	public service.
+
+	(2001-01-27)
+
+maintainer script
+
+	<Debian> One of the scripts (preinst, prerm, postinst, postrm)
+	that may be included in a {Debian} {binary package}.  These
+	scripts may create and/or remove {symlinks}, files or
+	directories that, for some reason, could not be done directly
+	by {dpkg}.  Maintainer scripts frequently create or update the
+	symlinks in the /etc/rc?.d directories and start, stop, or
+	restart {daemons}.
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+maintenance
+
+	<programming> The modification of a software product, after
+	delivery, to correct faults, to improve performance or other
+	attributes, or to adapt the product to a changed environment.
+
+	Maintenance is an important part of the {software life-cycle}.
+	It is expensive in manpower and resources, and one of the aims
+	of {software engineering} is to reduce its cost.
+
+	(1996-12-27)
+
+Maisie
+
+	A {C}-based parallel programming language by Wen-Toh Liao
+	<wentoh@may.CS.UCLA.EDU>.  Maisie extends C with
+	{asynchronous} typed {message passing} and {lightweight
+	process}es.  Programs can define, create and destroy
+	processes, send and receive messages and manipulate the system
+	clock.
+
+	Maisie has been ported to {PVM}/3.1, {Cosmic} Environment and
+	{SUN} {sockets}.
+
+	{Version 2.1.1.3 (ftp://cs.ucla.edu/pub/maisie.2.1.1.3.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1993-06-14)
+
+major delivery
+
+	<programming> A (chiefly British) synonym for {major release}.
+	E.g, the ninth major release of a piece of software might be
+	called MD9.  The {release} notation would be "v9.0".
+
+	(1996-08-04)
+
+Majordomo
+
+	<messaging, tool> A popular {freeware} {mailing list}
+	processor written in {Perl} which runs under {Unix}.
+	Majordomo is a "groupware" project which evolved from code by
+	Brent Chapman <brent@greatcircle.com>, with maintenance by
+	John Rouillard <rouilj@cs.umb.edu>.  The current Majordomo
+	maintainer is Chan Wilson <cwilson@sgi.com>.
+
+	A majordomo is a person who speaks, makes arrangements, or
+	takes charge for another; from Latin "major domus" - "master
+	of the house".
+
+	{(http://greatcircle.com/majordomo/)}.
+
+	(2001-04-27)
+
+major release
+
+	<programming> A {release} of a piece of software which is not
+	merely a {revision} or a {bug fix release} but which contains
+	substantial changes (e.g., an overhaul of the {interface},
+	change in compatibility).
+
+	Traditionally, major releases are numbered as X.0; for
+	example, WordPerfect 6.0 is a major release, significantly
+	different from any previous version; whereas WordPerfect 6.1
+	has only minor changes, and is, thus, only a {revision}.
+
+	See also {major delivery}.
+
+	(1996-08-04)
+
+Make
+
+	<programming, tool> The {Unix} tool to automate the
+	recompilation, linking etc. of programs, taking account of the
+	interdependencies of {modules} and their modification times.
+	Make reads instructions from a "makefile" which specifies a
+	set of targets to be built, the files they depend on and the
+	commands to execute in order to produce them.
+
+	Most {C} systems come with a make. There is also one produce
+	by {GNU}.
+
+	["Make - A Program for Maintaining Computer Programs",
+	A.I. Feldman, TR No 57, Bell Labs Apr 1977].
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+Makedoc
+
+	A program from Carleton University, Ottawa that generates
+	documentation for Objective C programs.  It will also generate
+	a class hierarchy diagram.  The output format is similar to
+	that used by StepStone.
+
+makefile
+
+	A script which tells the Unix program "{make}" how to build a
+	particular computer program or set of programs.  A makefile
+	contains variable assignments and rules of the form
+
+		target: inputs
+			commands
+
+	which say if any of the files in "inputs" has been modified
+	more recently than file "target" (or if the target does not
+	exist) then execute "commands", which will normally bulid
+	"target" from "inputs".
+
+	If make is run with no arguments, it looks for a makefile
+	called "Makefile" or "makefile".
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+Maker Interchange Format
+
+	(MIF) A language used to describe a {FrameMaker} document in a
+	text file.  MIF is used to exchange information between
+	FrameMaker and other applications.
+
+	["Using FrameMaker 4," Windows and Macintosh Version,
+	c. 1986-1993 Frame Technology Corporation].
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+MAL
+
+	{Micro Assembly Language}
+
+Malamud
+
+	<publication> The book:
+
+	[Malamud, C., "Analyzing Sun Networks", Van Nostrand Reinhold,
+	New York, NY, 1992.]
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+MALI
+
+	A hardware memory device for {logic programming} computers
+	with {real time} {garbage collection}.
+
+mall
+
+	<web> A collection of {web} documents
+	featuring commercial products and services, usually served by
+	one particualr {Internet} {access provider}.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+malloc
+
+	{C}'s standard library routine for storage allocation.  It
+	takes the number of bytes required and returns a pointer to a
+	block of that size.  Storage is allocated from a heap which
+	lies after the end of the program and data areas.  Memory
+	allocated with malloc must be freed explicitly using the
+	"free" routine before it can be re-used.
+
+	{gc} is a storage allocator with {garbage collection} that is
+	intended to be used as a plug-in replacement for malloc.
+
+malware
+
+	<security> Any {software} designed to do something that the
+	user would not wish it to do, hasn't asked it to do, and often
+	has no knowledge of until it's too late.  Types of malware
+	include {backdoor}, {virus}, {worm}, {Trojan horse}.
+
+	Malware typically affects the system on which it is run,
+	e.g. by deleting or corrupting files on the local disks.
+	Since Internet connections became common, malware has
+	increasingly targeted remote systems.  An early example was
+	malware consisting of a malicious e-mail attachment that
+	targeted security flaws in {Microsoft Outlook} (the most
+	common {e-mail client}) to send itself to all the user's
+	contacts.  A more recent kind of malware "recruits" the
+	infected computer to become part of a {botnet} consisting of
+	thousands of infected computers that can then be remotely
+	controlled and used to launch {DDoS} attacks.
+
+	(2007-11-15)
+
+MAN
+
+	{Metropolitan Area Network}
+
+man
+
+	{Unix manual page}
+
+managed code
+
+	<operating system> Code that is executed by the {.NET} {common
+	language runtime} (CLR).  {VB.NET} code is always managed code
+	but {C++ .NET} can optionally use unmanaged code.  Managed
+	code provides {metadata} allowing the CLR to manage security
+	(role-based as well as new approaches to code access
+	security).  The CLR also handles errors, manages the program
+	{stack} and finds {methods} in assembly modules.  Managed data
+	is memory that's subject to {garbage collection}.  There are
+	additional restrictions to permit interoperability of
+	different languages, for example, {Visual Basic} {arrays} must
+	be zero-based.
+
+	(2007-07-13)
+
+management
+
+	1. Corporate power elites distinguished primarily by their
+	distance from actual productive work and their chronic failure
+	to manage (see also {suit}).  Spoken derisively, as in
+	"*Management* decided that ...".
+
+	2. Mythically, a vast bureaucracy responsible for all the
+	world's minor irritations.  Hackers' satirical public notices
+	are often signed "The Mgt"; this derives from the
+	"Illuminatus!" novels.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+Management Information Base
+
+	<networking> (MIB) A {database} of managed objects acessed by
+	{network management} {protocols}.  An {SNMP} MIB is a set of
+	parameters which an {SNMP} {management station} can query or
+	set in the {SNMP agent} of a network device (e.g. {router}).
+
+	{SNMP} has two {standard} MIBs.  The first, MIB I, was
+	established in {RFC 1156}, was defined to manage
+	{TCP/IP}-based {internets}.  MIB II, defined in {RFC 1213}, is
+	an update.
+
+	Standard minimal MIBs have been defined, and many hardware
+	(and certain software, e.g. {DBMS}) providers have developed
+	private MIBs in {ASN.1} format allowing them to be compiled
+	for use in a {Network Management System}.  In theory, any
+	{SNMP manager} can talk to any {SNMP agent} with a properly
+	defined MIB.
+
+	See also {client-server model}.
+
+	(2004-07-22)
+
+Management Information System
+
+	<application> (MIS) A computer system, usually based on a
+	{mainframe} or {minicomputer}, designed to provide management
+	personnel with up-to-date information on an organisation's
+	performance, e.g. inventory and sales.  These systems output
+	information in a form that is useable by managers at all
+	levels of the organisation: strategic, tactical, and
+	operational.  A good example of an MIS report is an annual
+	report for a stockholder (a scheduled report).
+
+	[Que's Computer User's Dictionary Second Edition, 1992].
+
+	(2001-04-01)
+
+Manager of Business Applications
+
+	<job> A person who plans and oversees multiple projects and
+	project managers.  He works with the {CIO} and senior
+	management to determine systems development strategy and
+	standards.  He administers the department budget and reviews
+	project managers.
+
+	(2004-03-18)
+
+Manchester Autocode
+
+	<language, history> The predecessor of {Mercury Autocode}.
+
+	["The Programming Strategy Used with the Manchester University
+	Mark I Computer", R.A.  Brooker, Proc IEE 103B Suppl:151-157,
+	1956].
+
+	(2000-10-02)
+
+Manchester encoding
+
+	<communications, protocol> A method of transmitting bits which
+	enables the receiver to easily synchronise with the sender.
+
+	A simple way of signalling bits might be to transmit a high
+	voltage for some period for a 1-bit and a low voltage for a 0
+	bit:
+
+	 Bits Sent:             1     1     0     0
+
+	 Signal:      High    ___________
+		      Low                |___________
+
+	 Time: ->            .     .     .     .     .
+
+	However, when several identical bits are sent in succession,
+	this provides no information to the receiver about when each
+	bit starts and stops.
+
+	Manchester encoding splits each bit period into two, and
+	ensures that there is always a transition between the signal
+	levels in the middle of each bit.  This allows the receiver to
+	synchronise with the sender.
+
+	In normal Manchester encoding, a 1-bit is transmitted with a
+	high voltage in the first period, and a low voltage in the
+	second, and vice verse for the 0 bit:
+
+	 Bits Sent:             1     1     0     0
+
+	 Signal:      High    __    __       __    __
+		      Low       |__|  |_____|  |__|
+
+	 Time: ->            .  '  .  '  .  '  .  '  .
+
+	In Differential Manchester encoding, a 1-bit is indicated by
+	making the first half of the signal equal to the last half of
+	the previous bit's signal and a 0-bit is indicated by making
+	the first half of the signal opposite to the last half of the
+	previous bit's signal.  That is, a zero bit is indicated by a
+	transition at the beginning of the bit.
+
+	Like normal Manchester encoding, there is always a transition
+	in the middle of the transmission of the bit.
+
+	       Differential Manchester Encoding
+
+	 Bits Sent:            1     1    0     0
+
+	 Signal:      High  ____       __    __    __
+		      Low       |_____|  |__|  |__|
+
+	 Time: ->            .  '  .  '  .  '  .  '  .
+
+	With each bit period half as long, twice as much {bandwidth}
+	is required when using either of the Manchester encoding
+	schemes.
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+Mandala
+
+	<language> A system based on {Concurrent Prolog}, developed at
+	{ICOT}, Japan.
+
+	["Mandala: A Logic Based Knowledge Programming System",
+	K. Furukawa et al, Intl Conf 5th Gen Comp Sys 1984].
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+Mandelbrot, Benoit
+
+	{Benoit Mandelbrot}
+
+Mandelbrot set
+
+	<mathematics, graphics> (After its discoverer, {Benoit
+	Mandelbrot}) The set of all {complex numbers} c such that
+
+		| z[N] | < 2
+
+	for arbitrarily large values of N, where
+
+		z[0] = 0
+		z[n+1] = z[n]^2 + c
+
+	The Mandelbrot set is usually displayed as an {Argand
+	diagram}, giving each point a colour which depends on the
+	largest N for which | z[N] | < 2, up to some maximum N which
+	is used for the points in the set (for which N is infinite).
+	These points are traditionally coloured black.
+
+	The Mandelbrot set is the best known example of a {fractal} -
+	it includes smaller versions of itself which can be explored
+	to arbitrary levels of detail.
+
+	{The Fractal Microscope
+	(http://ncsa.uiuc.edu/Edu/Fractal/Fractal_Home.html/)}.
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+mandelbug
+
+	<jargon, programming> /man'del-buhg/ (From the {Mandelbrot
+	set}) A {bug} whose underlying causes are so complex and
+	obscure as to make its behaviour appear chaotic or even
+	{nondeterministic}.  This term implies that the speaker thinks
+	it is a {Bohr bug}, rather than a {heisenbug}.
+
+	See also {schroedinbug}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+Mandy Rice-Davis Applies
+
+	<chat> (MRDA) An acronym used to imply that someone is lying
+	to protect their own interests.
+
+	During the trial of Stephen Ward (who was charged with living
+	off the immoral earnings of Christine Keeler and Rice-Davies),
+	the prosecuting counsel pointed out that Lord Astor denied any
+	involvement with her and Rice-Davies replied, "Well, he would,
+	wouldn't he?"
+
+	(2010-01-01)
+
+manged
+
+	/mahnjd/ [probably from the French "manger" or Italian
+	"mangiare", to eat; perhaps influenced by English "mange",
+	"mangy"] Refers to anything that is mangled or damaged,
+	usually beyond repair.  "The disk was manged after the
+	electrical storm."  Compare {mung}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+mangle
+
+	Used similarly to {mung} or {scribble}, but more violent
+	in its connotations; something that is mangled has been
+	irreversibly and totally trashed.
+
+mangler
+
+	[DEC] A manager.  Compare {mango}; see also {management}.
+	Note that {system mangler} is somewhat different in
+	connotation.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+mango
+
+	<jargon> /mang'go/ (Originally in-house jargon at {Symbolics})
+	A manager.
+
+	Compare {mangler}.  See also {devo} and {doco}.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+MANIAC
+
+	{Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator and Computer}
+
+man page
+
+	{Unix manual page}
+
+MANTIS
+
+	<language> A structured, full-function procedural {4GL} and
+	application development system from {Cincom}.  MANTIS enables
+	the developer to design prototypes, create transaction screens
+	and reports, define logical data views, write structured
+	procedures, and dynamically test, correct, document, secure,
+	and release applications for production in a single,
+	integrated, interactive session.
+
+	MANTIS applications can be enhanced with gOOi, the graphical
+	object-oriented interface, which creates graphical Windows
+	representations of existing MANTIS screens.
+
+	{(http://cincom.com/products/mantis/)}.
+
+	(2003-08-08)
+
+mantissa
+
+	1. <programming> The part of a {floating point} number which,
+	when multiplied by its {radix} raised to the power of its
+	{exponent}, gives its value.  The mantissa may include the
+	number's sign or this may be considered to be a separate part.
+
+	2. <mathematics> The fractional part of a {logarithm}.
+
+	(1996-06-15)
+
+manual testing
+
+	<testing> That part of software testing that requires human
+	input, analysis, or evaluation.
+
+	(1996-12-27)
+
+Manufacturer Resource Planning
+
+	<application> (MRP II) A system based on {MRP} which allows
+	manufacturers to optimise materials, procurement,
+	manufacturing processes, etc., and provide financial and
+	planning reports.
+
+	In the late 1970s and early 1980s, manufacturers integrated
+	MRP and other manufacturing and business functions.  This
+	renaissance is commonly known as Manufacturing Resource
+	Planning (MRP II).  According to the American Production and
+	Inventory Control Society, Inc. (APICS), MRP II is a method
+	for the effective planning of all resources of a manufacturing
+	company.  Ideally, it addresses operational planning in units,
+	financial planning in dollars, and has a simulation capability
+	to answer "what if" questions.  It includes business planning,
+	sales and operations planning, production scheduling, material
+	requirements planning (MRP), capacity requirements planning,
+	and the execution support systems for capacity and material.
+	Output from these systems is integrated with financial reports
+	such as the business plan, purchase commitment report,
+	shipping budget, and inventory projections in dollars.
+	Manufacturing resource planning is a direct outgrowth and
+	extension of closed-loop MRP.
+
+	See also {Enterprise Resource Planning}, {SAP} R/2, R/3, and
+	{Baan}.
+
+	(1999-02-16)
+
+Manufacturers Automation Protocol
+
+	{Manufacturing Automation Protocol}
+
+Manufacturing Automation Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (MAP) A set of {protocols} developed by General
+	Motors based on {Token Bus} ({IEEE 802.4}) and giving
+	predictable {real-time} response.
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+manularity
+
+	/man"yoo-la"ri-tee/ ("manual" + "granularity") A notional
+	measure of the manual labor required for some task,
+	particularly one of the sort that {automation} is supposed to
+	eliminate.  "Composing English on paper has much higher
+	manularity than using a text editor, especially in the
+	revising stage."  Hackers tend to consider manularity a
+	symptom of primitive methods; in fact, a true hacker
+	confronted with an apparent requirement to do a computing task
+	{by hand} will inevitably seize the opportunity to build
+	another tool (see {toolsmith}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-26)
+
+MAO
+
+	An early {symbolic mathematics} system.
+
+	[A. Rom, Celest Mech 1:309-319 (1969)].
+
+	(1995-02-10)
+
+MAP
+
+	1. <protocol> {Manufacturing Automation Protocol}.
+
+	2. {Mathematical Analysis without Programming}.
+
+	(1996-12-01)
+
+map
+
+	1. <mathematics> {function}.
+
+	2. <programming> In {functional programming}, the most common
+	{higher-order function} over lists.  Map applies its first
+	argument to each element of its second argument (a list) and
+	returns the list of results.
+
+		map :: (a -> b) -> [a] -> [b]
+		map f []     = []
+		map f (x:xs) = f x : map f xs
+
+	This can be generalised to types other than lists.
+
+	(1997-11-05)
+
+MAPI
+
+	{Messaging Application Programming Interface}
+
+Maple
+
+	A {symbolic mathematics} package by B. Char, K. Geddes,
+	G. Gonnet, M. Monagan and S. Watt of the {University of
+	Waterloo}, Canada and {ETH} Zurich, Switzerland in 1980.
+	Version: Maple V.
+
+	E-mail: <wmsi@daisy.waterloo.edu>.  Mailing list:
+	glabahn@daisy.waterloo.edu.
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+mapping
+
+	{function}
+
+marbles
+
+	<jargon> (From the mainstream "lost his marbles") The minimum
+	needed to build your way further up some hierarchy of tools or
+	abstractions.  After a bad system {crash}, you need to
+	determine if the machine has enough marbles to come up on its
+	own, or enough marbles to allow a rebuild from {backups}, or
+	if you need to rebuild from scratch.  "This {compiler} doesn't
+	even have enough marbles to compile {hello, world}."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-05-21)
+
+Marc Andreessen
+
+	<person> The man who founded {Netscape Communications
+	Corporation} in April 1994 with {Dr. James H. Clark}.
+	Andreessen has been a director since September 1994.
+
+	As an undergraduate at the {University of Illinois} in
+	Champaign, Andreessen created the {Mosaic} {web browser}
+	prototype with a team of students and staff at the
+	university's {National Center for Supercomputing Applications}
+	(NCSA).  With a friendly, {point-and-click} method for
+	{navigating} the {Internet} and free distribution to network
+	users, NCSA Mosaic gained an estimated two million users
+	worldwide in just over one year.  Andreessen earned his
+	Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science at the
+	University of Illinois in 1993.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://netscape.com/columns/techvision/index.html)}.
+
+	(1999-04-12)
+
+marginal
+
+	<jargon> 1. Extremely small.  "A marginal increase in {core}
+	can decrease {GC} time drastically."  In everyday terms, this
+	means that it is a lot easier to clean off your desk if you
+	have a spare place to put some of the junk while you sort
+	through it.
+
+	2. Of extremely small merit.  "This proposed new feature seems
+	rather marginal to me."
+
+	3. Of extremely small probability of {win}ning.  "The power
+	supply was rather marginal anyway; no wonder it fried."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+Marginal Hacks
+
+	<humour> Margaret Jacks Hall, a building into which the
+	{Stanford AI Lab} was moved near the beginning of the 1980s
+	(from the {D.C. Power Lab}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-05-21)
+
+Maril
+
+	Machine description language used by the {Marion} code
+	generator.
+
+	["The Marion System for Retargetable Instruction Scheduling",
+	D.G. Bradlee et al, SIGPLAN Notices 26(6):229-240 (June
+	1991)].
+
+Mark 1
+
+	<computer> (Or "Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator") A
+	{first generation computer} developed in 1944 by {Howard
+	Aiken} of {Harvard University}.  The Mark 1 is seen as the
+	first full-sized digital computer.  It weighed 5 tons, had 500
+	miles of wiring, was used only for numeric calculations, and
+	took three seconds to carry out one multiplication.
+
+	[Mechanism?  Capacity?  Programmability?]
+
+	(1996-11-24)
+
+marketroid
+
+	/mar'k*-troyd/ (Or "marketing slime", "marketeer", "marketing
+	droid", "marketdroid") A member of a company's marketing
+	department, especially one who promises users that the next
+	version of a product will have features that are not actually
+	scheduled for inclusion, are extremely difficult to implement,
+	and/or are in violation of the laws of physics; and/or one who
+	describes existing features (and misfeatures) in ebullient,
+	buzzword-laden adspeak.  Derogatory.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+Markov
+
+	See {Andrei Markov}, {Markov chain}, {Markov model}, {Markov
+	process}.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+Markov chain
+
+	<probability> (Named after {Andrei Markov}) A model of
+	sequences of events where the probability of an event
+	occurring depends upon the fact that a preceding event
+	occurred.
+
+	A {Markov process} is governed by a Markov chain.
+
+	In {simulation}, the principle of the Markov chain is applied
+	to the selection of samples from a probability density
+	function to be applied to the model.  {Simscript} II.5 uses
+	this approach for some modelling functions.
+
+	[Better explanation?]
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+Markov model
+
+	<probability, simulation> A model or {simulation} based on
+	{Markov chains}.
+
+	(2000-10-29)
+
+Markov process
+
+	<probability, simulation> A process in which the sequence of
+	events can be described by a {Markov chain}.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+Markowitz
+
+	The author of the original {Simscript} language.
+
+mark-sweep garbage collection
+
+	Each cell has a bit reserved for marking which is clear
+	initially.  During garbage collection all active cells are
+	traced from the root and marked.  Then all cells are examined.
+	Unmarked cells are freed.
+
+markup
+
+	<text> In computerised document preparation, a method of adding
+	information to the text to indicate the logical components of a
+	document, instructions for layout of the text on the page or other
+	information which can be interpreted by some automatic system.
+
+	For example, {HTML} (Hypertext Markup Language) adds tags to the
+	text to indicate the appearance and behaviour it should have when
+	displayed by a {web browser}.  E.g.:
+
+	 <b>This is bold text.</b>
+
+	 <a href="http://foldoc.org/">This is a link to FOLDOC</a>.
+
+	Other examples of markup languages are {troff}, {SGML} (on which
+	HTML was based) and {XML}.
+
+	(2012-12-14)
+
+Marlais
+
+	<language> A simple-minded {interpreter} by Brent Benson at
+	Harris for a programming language strongly resembling {Dylan}.
+	Marlais version 0.2a is a "hackers release" for education,
+	experimentation, porting, extension, and bug fixing.
+
+	It has been ported to {Sun-3}, {Sun-4}, {VAX}/{BSD}, {OS/2},
+	{Linux}, {Sequent Symmetry}, {Encore}, {HP-UX}, {Ultrix},
+	{SGI}, {Sony News}, and {A/UX}.
+
+	{(ftp://travis.csd.harris.com/pub/marlais-0.2a.tar.gz)}.
+
+	(1993-09-23)
+
+Mars
+
+	A legendary tragic failure, the archetypal Hacker Dream Gone
+	Wrong.  Mars was the code name for a family of PDP-10
+	compatible computers built by Systems Concepts (now, The SC
+	Group): the multi-processor SC-30M, the small uniprocessor
+	SC-25M, and the never-built superprocessor SC-40M.  These
+	machines were marvels of engineering design; although not much
+	slower than the unique {Foonly} F-1, they were physically
+	smaller and consumed less power than the much slower DEC KS10
+	or Foonly F-2, F-3, or F-4 machines.  They were also
+	completely compatible with the DEC KL10, and ran all KL10
+	binaries (including the operating system) with no
+	modifications at about 2--3 times faster than a KL10.
+
+	When DEC cancelled the Jupiter project in 1983, Systems
+	Concepts should have made a bundle selling their machine into
+	shops with a lot of software investment in PDP-10s, and in
+	fact their spring 1984 announcement generated a great deal of
+	excitement in the PDP-10 world.  {TOPS-10} was running on the
+	Mars by the summer of 1984, and {TOPS-20} by early fall.
+
+	Unfortunately, the hackers running Systems Concepts were much
+	better at designing machines than at mass producing or selling
+	them; the company allowed itself to be sidetracked by a bout
+	of perfectionism into continually improving the design, and
+	lost credibility as delivery dates continued to slip.  They
+	also overpriced the product ridiculously; they believed they
+	were competing with the KL10 and VAX 8600 and failed to reckon
+	with the likes of Sun Microsystems and other hungry startups
+	building workstations with power comparable to the KL10 at a
+	fraction of the price.
+
+	By the time SC shipped the first SC-30M to Stanford in late
+	1985, most customers had already made the traumatic decision
+	to abandon the PDP-10, usually for VMS or Unix boxes.  Most of
+	the Mars computers built ended up being purchased by
+	{CompuServe}.
+
+	This tale and the related saga of {Foonly} hold a lesson for
+	hackers: if you want to play in the {Real World}, you need to
+	learn Real World moves.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Marseille Prolog
+
+	<language> One of the two main dialects of {Prolog}, the other
+	being {Edinburgh Prolog}.  The difference is largely {syntax}.
+	The original Marseille Interpreter (1973) was written in
+	{Fortran}.
+
+	[Developed by?]
+
+	(1998-03-16)
+
+marshaling
+
+	<spelling> Alternative US spelling of "{marshalling}".
+
+	(1998-03-16)
+
+marshalling
+
+	<communications> (US -ll- or -l-) The process of packing one
+	or more items of data into a message {buffer}, prior to
+	transmitting that message buffer over a communication channel.
+	The packing process not only collects together values which
+	may be stored in non-consecutive memory locations but also
+	converts data of different types into a standard
+	representation agreed with the recipient of the message.
+
+	(2000-06-09)
+
+MARSYAS
+
+	MARshall SYstem for Aerospace Simulation.
+
+	A software system for digital simulation of large physical
+	systems.
+
+	["MARSYAS - A Software System for the Digital Simulation of
+	Physical Systems", H. Trauboth et al, Proc SJCC, 36 (1970)].
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+Martian
+
+	{Packets} that turn up unexpectedly on the wrong {network}
+	because of bogus {routing} entries.  Also a packet which has
+	an altogether bogus (non-registered or ill-formed) {internet
+	address}, such as the test loopback interface [127.0.0.1].
+	Such a packet will come back labelled with a source address
+	that is clearly not of this earth.  "The domain server is
+	getting lots of packets from Mars.  Does that gateway have a
+	martian filter?"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Martin Marietta Laboratories Moorestown
+
+	{(http://atlgw.atl.ge.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Building 145, Moorestown Corporate Center,
+	Moorestown, NJ 08057, USA.
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+MARVIN
+
+	U Dortmund, 1984.  Applicative language based on Modula-2,
+	enhanced by signatures (grammars) terms (trees) and attribute
+	couplings (functions on trees).  Used for specification of
+	language translators.
+
+	["MARVIN - A Tool for Applicative and Modular Compiler
+	Specification", H.  Ganziger et al, Forsch 220, U Dortmund,
+	Jul 1986].
+
+Mary
+
+	<language> An extensible, machine-oriented superset of
+	{ALGOL68} developed by Mark Rain.
+
+	Mary is maintained (and used) by {Kvatro Telecom AS}.
+	Although dated, it still offers a nice strongly typed {3GL}
+	with {macros} but without most of {C}'s flaws.
+
+	It runs on {SPARC} and {x86} computers.
+
+	Hidden on the back cover of the manual: MARY HAD A LITTLE LAMB
+	- COERCION IMPOSSIBLE.
+
+	["Mary Programmer's Reference Manual", M. Rain et al, R Unit,
+	Trondheim Norway, 1974].
+
+	["Operator Expressions in Mary", M. Rain, SIGPLAN Notices
+	8(1), Jan 1973].
+
+	(1998-11-10)
+
+MAS
+
+	Modula-2 Algebra System.  Runs on {IBM PC}, {Atari}, {Amiga}.
+
+	{(ftp://alice.fmi.uni-passau.de)}.
+
+	["Modula-2 Algebra System", H. Kredel, Proc DISCO 90 Capri,
+	LNCS 429, Springer 1990, pp270-271].
+
+MASCOT
+
+	Modular Approach to Software Construction Operation and Test:
+	a method for software design aimed at real-time embedded
+	systems from the Royal Signals and Research Establishment, UK.
+
+Mask Read-Only Memory
+
+	<storage> (MROM) A kind of {ROM} in which the memory contents
+	are determined by one of the masks used to manufacture the
+	{integrated circuit}.  MROM can give high storage density
+	(bits per millimeter squared) making it a cheap solution for
+	high volume applications.
+
+	[Other ROM types?]
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+MASM
+
+	{Microsoft} {Assembler} for {MS-DOS}.
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+MasPar Unity
+
+	A translator from {UNITY} to {MPL} by Martin Huber, University
+	of Karlsruhe, Germany.  Version 1.0.
+
+	{(ftp://SanFrancisco.ira.uka.de/pub/maspar/maspar_unity.tar.Z)}.
+	E-mail: Lutz Prechelt <prechelt@ira.uka.de>.
+
+masquerading
+
+	1. <networking> "{NAT}" ({Linux} {kernel} name).
+
+	2. <messaging> Hiding the names of internal e-mail {client}
+	and {gateway} machines from the outside world by rewriting the
+	"From" address and other {headers} as the message leaves the
+	organisation.
+
+	This is good practise because external users do not need to
+	know about internal changes in message routing.  The external
+	mail gateway needs to know how to route incoming replies back
+	to the original sender.
+
+	(1998-03-03)
+
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+
+	(MIT) An independent, coeducational university located in
+	Cambridge, MA, USA.  Its best-known computer-related labs are
+	the {Artificial Intelligence Lab}, the {Lab for Computer
+	Science} and the Media Lab.  It is also known for its {hacks}
+	or practical jokes, such as {The Great Dome Police Car Hack
+	(http://the-tech.mit.edu/Bulletins/hack.html)}.  Resident
+	computer {hackers} include {Richard Stallman}, {Gerald
+	Sussman} and {Tom Knight}.
+
+	See also {6.001}.
+
+	{(http://web.mit.edu/)}.
+
+massage
+
+	Vague term used to describe "smooth" transformations of a data
+	set into a different form, especially transformations that do
+	not lose information.  Connotes less pain than {munch} or
+	{crunch}.  "He wrote a program that massages {X bitmap} files
+	into {GIF} format."  Compare {slurp}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Massey Hope
+
+	<language, functional programming> A refinement of {Hope+C} by
+	Nigel Perry <N.Perry@massey.ac.nz> of {Massey University}, NZ,
+	with improved {syntax}.
+
+	{Concurrent Massey Hope} is derived directly from Massey
+	Hope.
+
+	(1999-08-04)
+
+Massively Multiplayer Online Game
+
+	(MMOG, MMO) Any game that allows dozens, hundreds or even
+	thousands of players to interact with a game via the
+	{Internet}.  Typically the game runs on a central {server
+	farm} and players access it via a {personal computer}, {game
+	console} or mobile phone.  The most popular genre is the
+	Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game (MMORPG), of
+	which {World of Warcraft} is probably the most popular
+	example.
+
+	Note that an MMOG is not necessarily a _massive_ game (though
+	often they are based in large, complex worlds), their
+	distinguishing characteristic is the number of players.
+
+	(2012-05-30)
+
+Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game
+
+	{Massively Multiplayer Online Game}
+
+master
+
+	{botmaster}
+
+master boot record
+
+	<operating system, storage> A special area on a computer's
+	main {hard disk} that gives the location of the disk's {boot
+	block} or bootable {partition} where the {operating system} is
+	installed.
+
+	(2009-05-19)
+
+Matchmaker
+
+	A language for specifying and automating the generation of
+	multi-lingual interprocess communication interfaces.  {MIG} is
+	an implementation of a subset of Matchmaker.
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+Material Requirements Planning
+
+	<application> (MRP) A system for effectively managing material
+	requirements in a manufacturing process.
+
+	Information systems have long been an important part of the
+	manufacturing environment.  In the 1960s, manufacturers
+	developed Material Requirements Planning (MRP).  According to
+	the American Production and Inventory Control Society,
+	Inc. (APICS), MRP is a set of techniques that uses bill of
+	material data, inventory data, and the master production
+	schedule to calculate requirements for materials.  It makes
+	recommendations to reorder materials.  Furthermore, because it
+	is time-phased, it makes recommendations to reschedule open
+	orders when due dates and need dates are not in phase.
+	Time-phased MRP begins with the items listed on the Master
+	Production Schedule and determines the quantity of all
+	components and materials required to fabricate those items and
+	the date that the components and material are required.
+	Time-phased MRP is accomplished by exploding the bill of
+	material, adjusting for inventory quantities on hand or on
+	order and offsetting the net requirements by the appropriate
+	lead times.
+
+	See also {Manufacturer Resource Planning}.
+
+	(1999-02-16)
+
+Mathcad
+
+	A {symbolic mathematics} environment.
+
+Mathematica
+
+	<tool, mathematics> A popular {symbolic mathematics} and
+	graphics system, developed in 1988 by Stephen Wolfram and sold
+	by {Wolfram Research}.  The language emphasises rules and
+	{pattern-matching}.  The name was suggested by {Steve Jobs}.
+
+	{(http://wri.com/mathematica/)}.
+
+	{Stanford FTP (ftp://otter.stanford.edu/)}, {NCSA FTP
+	(ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: mathgroup-request@yoda.ncsa.uiuc.edu.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.soft-sys.math.mathematica}.
+
+	["Mathematica: A System for Doing Mathematics by Computer",
+	Stephen Wolfram, A-W 1988].
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+Mathematical Analysis without Programming
+
+	(MAP) An On-line system for mathematics under {CTSS}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 240].
+
+	(1995-02-10)
+
+Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator and Computer
+
+	<computer, history> (MANIAC, Or "Mathematical Analyzer, Numerator,
+	Integrator, and Computer") An early computer, built for the {Los
+	Alamos Scientific Laboratory}.  MANIAC began operation in March
+	1952.  Typical of early computers, it ran its own propriatery
+	language.  It was succeeded by MANIAC II in 1957.  A MANIAC III
+	was built at the University of Chicago in 1964.
+
+	Contrary to legend, MANIAC did not run {MAD} ({Michigan Algorithm
+	Decoder}), which was not invented until 1959.
+
+	(2013-05-05)
+
+Mathematics in Recognizable Form Automatically Compiled
+
+	<language> (MIRFAC) An early interactive system resembling
+	{BASIC} using typewriter output with special mathematical
+	symbols.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp. 281-284].
+
+	(1997-08-01)
+
+MATHLAB
+
+	Symbolic math system, MITRE, 1964.  Later version: MATHLAB 68
+	(PDP-6, 1967).
+
+	["The Legacy of MATHLAB 68", C. Engelman, Proc 2nd Symp on
+	Symbolic and Algebraic Manip, ACM (Mar 1971)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 498].
+
+MATH-MATIC or MATHMATIC
+
+	Alternate name for AT-3.  Early, pre-Fortran
+	language for UNIVAC I or II.  Sammet 1969.
+
+math-out
+
+	(Possibly from "white-out", the blizzard variety) A paper or
+	presentation so encrusted with mathematical or other formal
+	notation as to be incomprehensible.  This may be a device for
+	concealing the fact that it is actually {content-free}.
+
+	See also {numbers}, {social science number}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+MathWorks
+
+	{The MathWorks, Inc.}
+
+MATLAB
+
+	<mathematics, language, application> A {high-level language}
+	and {interactive} program from {The MathWorks} for {numeric
+	computation} and {visualisation}.  MATLAB supports {numerical
+	analysis}, {matrix} computation, {signal processing}, {linear
+	algebra}, {statistics}, {Fourier analysis}, filtering,
+	optimisation and {numerical integration}.  It can output two
+	and three dimensional graphics and can be integrated with {C},
+	{C++}, {Fortran}, {Java}, {COM} and {Microsoft Excel}.
+
+	{(http://mathworks.com/products/matlab/)}.
+
+	Latest version: 7.0.4, as of 2005-08-13.
+
+	(2005-08-13)
+
+Matrix
+
+	[FidoNet]  1. What the Opus BBS software and sysops call
+	{FidoNet}.
+
+	2. Fanciful term for a {cyberspace} expected to emerge from
+	current networking experiments (see {network, the}).
+
+	3. The totality of present-day computer networks.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Matrix Compiler
+
+	Early matrix computations on UNIVAC.  Sammet 1969, p.642.
+
+MATRIX MATH
+
+	<language> An early system on the {UNIVAC I} or II.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):1959-05-16].
+
+	(1997-02-27)
+
+Matrix Math eXtensions
+
+	<processor> (MMX) (NOT an acronym for "MultiMedia eXtension",
+	according to Intel, but an Intel brand name) A set of 57 extra
+	instructions built into some versions of {Intel}'s {Pentium}
+	{microprocessors} for supporting {SIMD} operations on
+	{multimedia} and communications data types.
+
+	MMX-enhanced processors are due to be released early in 1997.
+	They will be fully compatible with previous Intel processors
+	and software but software will only benefit if it is written
+	to use the new instructions.  They can handle many common
+	multimedia operations, such as {digital signal processing},
+	normally handled by a separate {sound card} or {video card}.
+
+	(1996-12-21)
+
+MAU
+
+	{Media Access Unit}
+
+Mauchly, John W.
+
+	{John Mauchly}
+
+mawk
+
+	<language, tool> An faster implementation of {nawk} written by
+	Mike Brennan at Boeing in 1991 and distributed under {GPL} but
+	distinct from {GNU}'s {gawk}.
+
+	Interpreter version 1.1.3 has been ported to {Sun-3},
+	{Sun-4}/{SunOS} 4.0.3; {Vax}/{BSD} 4.3, {ULTRIX} 4.1;
+	{Stardent} 3000/{SYSV}R3; {DECStation}/{ULTRIX} 4.1,
+	{MS-DOS}/{Turbo C++}.
+
+	{(ftp://oxy.edu/public/mawk)}.
+
+	(2000-05-04)
+
+maximal free expression
+
+	(MFE) A {free expression} is sub-expression of a {lambda
+	abstraction} not containing the {bound variable}.  A maximal
+	free expression is a free expression not contained within any
+	other free expression.  See {full laziness}.
+
+maximin
+
+	{minimax}
+
+MAXIMOP
+
+	"Job Control Languages: MAXIMOP and CAFE", J. Brandon, Proc
+	BCS Symp on Job Control Languages--Past Present and Future,
+	NCC, Manchester, ENgland 1974.
+
+maximum Maytag mode
+
+	<storage, humour> (From the US brand of washing machine) What
+	a {washing machine} or, by extension, any {hard disk} is in
+	when it's being used so heavily that it's shaking like an old
+	Maytag with an unbalanced load.  If prolonged for any length
+	of time, can lead to disks becoming {walking drives}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-22)
+
+maximum seek time
+
+	<storage> (Or full stroke seek time) The time it takes to
+	{seek} over all {tracks}, i.e., from the innermost to the
+	outermost or vice versa.  The maximum seek time gives a
+	worst-case measure of the speed of the drive which is useful
+	in some {real-time} applications where it is important that
+	data flows continuously (such as video editing or CD
+	recording).
+
+	(1997-07-15)
+
+maximum segment size
+
+	<networking> (MSS) The maximum amount of {TCP} data that a
+	{node} can send in one {segment}.  This should be the size of
+	the receiver's reassembly buffer to try to avoid
+	{fragmentation}.
+
+	The equivalent at the {physical layer} is "{Maximum
+	Transmission Unit}".
+
+	(1998-03-06)
+
+Maximum Transmission Unit
+
+	<networking> (MTU) The largest number of bytes of "payload"
+	{data} a {frame} can carry, not counting the frame's header
+	and trailer.
+
+	A frame is a single unit of transportation on the {data link
+	layer}.  It consists of header data plus data which was passed
+	down from the {network layer} (e.g. an {IP} {datagram}) plus
+	sometimes trailer data.
+
+	An Ethernet (V2) frame has a MTU of 1500 bytes but the size of
+	the frame can be up to 1526 bytes (22 byte header, 4 byte CRC
+	trailer).
+
+	See also {fragmentation}.
+
+	(2000-10-07)
+
+Maxis Software
+
+	The developers of {SimCity} and {SimCity 2000}.
+
+	{(http://maxis.com/)}.
+
+	Address: 2 Theatre Square, Suite 230, Orinda, CA 94563-3346,
+	USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (800) 33-MAXIS.
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+MB
+
+	<unit> (Or "Mb") {megabytes} or {megabits}.  When referring to
+	the size or data transfer rate of a storage device which is
+	accessed in multiples of eight bits (e.g. {RAM}, {hard disk})
+	this almost certainly means megabytes, but when referring to
+	the data transfer rate of a communications system it probably
+	means {megabits}.  Some years ago, it is claimed, "MB" always
+	meant megabytes and "Mb" meant megabits but recently this
+	useful distinction has been lost.
+
+	(1996-09-22)
+
+MBASIC
+
+	{Microsoft} BASIC.
+
+Mbogo, Dr. Fred
+
+	/*m-boh'goh, dok'tr fred/ [Stanford] The archetypal man you
+	don't want to see about a problem, especially an incompetent
+	professional; a shyster.  "Do you know a good eye doctor?"
+	"Sure, try Mbogo Eye Care and Professional Dry Cleaning."  The
+	name comes from synergy between "bogus" and the original
+	Dr. Mbogo, a witch doctor who was Gomez Addams' physician on
+	the old "Addams Family" TV show.  Compare {Bloggs Family,
+	the}, see also {fred}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-04-14)
+
+MBONE
+
+	Virtual Internet Backbone for Multicast IP.
+
+	{IP-Multicast} is the {class-D} addressing scheme in {IP}
+	implemented by Steve Deering at {Xerox PARC}.  It was adopted
+	at the {IETF} March 1992 meeting and acquired the name MBONE
+	after the July 1992 IETF meeting.
+
+	IP Multicast-based routing allows distributed applications to
+	achieve {real-time} communication over {IP} {wide area
+	networks} through a lightweight, highly {thread}ed model of
+	communication.
+
+	Each network-provider participant in the MBONE provides one or
+	more IP multicast routers to connect with tunnels to other
+	participants and to customers.  The multicast routers are
+	typically separate from a network's production routers since
+	most production routers don't yet support IP multicast.  Most
+	sites use workstations running the mrouted program, but the
+	experimental MOSPF software for Proteon routers is an
+	alternative.
+
+	Ideally, the machines running mrouted should be dedicated to
+	this task, for reasons of real-time performance and ease of
+	installing kernel patches.  Since most intermediate nodes have
+	at least three tunnels, each carrying a separate ({unicast})
+	copy of each packet, it is also useful to have multiple
+	network interfaces so it can be installed parallel to the
+	unicast router for those sites with configurations like this:
+
+			+----------+
+			| Backbone |
+			|   Node   |
+			+----------+
+			     |
+	 ------------------------------------------ External DMZ Ethernet
+		  |               |
+	     +----------+    +----------+
+	     |  Router  |    |  mrouted |
+	     +----------+    +----------+
+		  |               |
+	 ------------------------------------------ Internal DMZ Ethernet
+
+	This configuration allows the mrouted machine to connect with
+	tunnels to other regional networks over the external {DMZ} and
+	the physical backbone network, and connect with tunnels to the
+	lower-level mrouted machines over the internal {DMZ}, thereby
+	splitting the load of the replicated packets.  The mrouted
+	machine would not do any unicast forwarding.
+
+	Note that end-user sites may participate with as little as one
+	workstation that runs the packet audio and video software and
+	has a tunnel to a network-provider node.
+
+	{RFC 1112} gives the details.
+
+	{FAQ (http://eit.com/techinfo/mbone/mbone.html)}.
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+MBps
+
+	{megabytes per second}
+
+mbps
+
+	{megabits per second}
+
+MBS
+
+	{mobile broadband services}
+
+MC
+
+	<language> An extension of {C} with {modules}.  Symbols in
+	other modules can be referenced using a dot notation.
+
+	["Design and Implementation of a C-Based Language for
+	Distributed Real-Time Systems", A. Rizk et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	22(6):83-96 (June 1987)].
+
+	(1995-10-06)
+
+mc
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Monaco.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+MC68000
+
+	{Motorola 68000}
+
+MC68010
+
+	{Motorola 68010}
+
+MC68020
+
+	{Motorola 68020}
+
+MC68030
+
+	{Motorola 68030}
+
+MC68040
+
+	{Motorola 68040}
+
+MC6809
+
+	{Motorola 6809}
+
+MCA
+
+	{Micro Channel Architecture}
+
+MCAD
+
+	{Microsoft Certified Application Developer}
+
+MCC
+
+	1. {Mosaic Communications Corporation}.
+
+	2. The {Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation}.
+
+McCulloch-Pitts neuron
+
+	<artificial intelligence> The basic building block of
+	{artificial neural networks}.  It receives one or more inputs
+	and produces one or more identical outputs, each of which is a
+	simple non-linear function of the sum of the inputs to the
+	neuron.  The non-linear function is typically a threshhold or
+	step function which is usually smoothed (i.e. a {sigmoid}) to
+	facilitate {learning}.
+
+	(1997-10-11)
+
+MCDBA
+
+	{Microsoft Certified Database Administrator}
+
+MCDST
+
+	{Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician}
+
+McG360
+
+	Interactive, similar to PAL[5], for IBM 360.
+
+	"McG360 Programmer's Guide", RC 2693, IBM TJWRC, Nov 1969.
+
+MCGA
+
+	{Multi-Color Graphics Array}
+
+MCI
+
+	<company> A United States long-distance telecommunications
+	company.  Recently bought from {British Telecom} [by ?].
+
+	(1998-05-18)
+
+MCI Mail
+
+	<messaging> The first commercial Internet {electronic mail}
+	service, launched by {MCI} in about 1981.  {Vint Cerf} was the
+	chief engineer.
+
+	Reading mail was free but you had to pay to send.  Users
+	discovered you could communicate for free by sharing an
+	account.  One user would save a message as a draft and the
+	other would read it and replace it with his response.
+
+	(2004-08-25)
+
+MCL
+
+	{Macintosh Common LISP}
+
+M-Code
+
+	<language> 1. {Intermediate language} produced by some
+	{Modula-2} compilers.
+
+	[Which compilers?]
+
+	2. The {intermediate language} for an {SECD}-like machine,
+	used by the {Concert} implementation of {MultiLISP}.
+
+	(1996-01-22)
+
+MCP
+
+	{motion compensated prediction}
+
+MCP-1600
+
+	A processor made by {Western Digital}, consisting of at least
+	four separate {integrated circuits}, including the control
+	circuitry unit, the {ALU}, two or four {ROM} chips with
+	{microcode}, and timing circuitry.
+
+	The ALU chip contained twenty-six 8-bit {registers} and an
+	8-bit {ALU}, while the control unit supervised the moving of
+	data, memory access, and other control functions.  The {ROM}
+	allowed the chip to function as either an 8- or 16-bit chip,
+	with clever use of the 8-bit {ALU}.  Further, {microcode}
+	allowed the addition of {floating-point} routines (40 + 8 bit
+	format), simplifying programming (and possibly producing a
+	floating-point coprocessor).
+
+	Two standard {microcode} {ROMs} were available.  This
+	flexibility was one reason it was also used to implement the
+	{DEC} {LSI-11} processor as well as the {WD} {Pascal
+	Microengine}.
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+MCPD
+
+	{Microsoft Certified Professional Developer}
+
+MCS
+
+	{Meta Class System}
+
+MCSA
+
+	<education> 1. {Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator}.
+
+	2. {Microsoft Certified Solutions Associate}.
+
+	(2013-09-02)
+
+MCSD
+
+	{Microsoft Certified Solution Developer}
+
+MCSE
+
+	1. <education> {Microsoft Certified System Engineer}.
+
+	2. <humour> {Minesweeper, Chess, Solitaire Expert}.
+
+	(2013-03-16)
+
+mcvax
+
+	mcvax.cwi.nl used to be the international {backbone} node of
+	{EUnet}, the European Unix network.  It was located in
+	Amsterdam, Netherlands and belonged to "Centrum voor Wiskunde
+	en Informatica" (Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science)
+	which is an institute belonging to a foundation called
+	"Mathematisch Centrum".  Since the first mcvax was on of the
+	first {VAXen} in Europe and one of it's first {uucp}
+	connections was to a machine called decvax it was quickly
+	christened mcvax.  Some also say this was done to give Jim
+	McKie a nice mail address: mcvax!mckie.  But this is certainly
+	not true at all.  The function of EUnet international backbone
+	moved to another VAX later but the name moved with it, because
+	in those days of mainly uucp based mail and before widespread
+	use of {pathalias} it was simply not feasible to rename the
+	machine to "europa" as was suggested at one stage.
+
+	Mcsun (or relay.eu.net or net.eu.relay in some parts of
+	Europe) replaced the international backbone host of EUnet
+	around 1990.  This machine was donated by {Sun Microsystems}
+	owned by the {European Unix Systems User Group} (EUUG).  It
+	was located about 5m from where mcvax used to be and operated
+	by the same people.
+
+	Mcvax has finally ceased to exist in the {domain} and {uucp}
+	{namespaces}.  It still exists in the {EARN}/{BITNET}
+	namespace.
+
+	[Posting by Daniel Karrenberg <dfk@eu.net> to eunet.general].
+
+	(1990-03-02)
+
+mcvert
+
+	<tool> A {Unix} program for reading and writing {Apple Computer}
+	{Macintosh} {binary files}.  It was written by Doug Moore, now
+	at {Rice University} (Jan 1990).
+
+	See {BinHex}, {HQX}, {MacBinary}.
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+MD
+
+	1. <audio, storage> {Mini Disk}.
+
+	2. <programming> {major delivery}.
+
+	3. {message digest function}.
+
+	(2001-12-02)
+
+md
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Moldova.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+MD5
+
+	{Message Digest 5}
+
+MDA
+
+	{Monochrome Display Adapter}
+
+MDAC
+
+	{Microsoft Data Access Components}
+
+MDCT
+
+	{Modified Discrete Cosine Transform}
+
+MDF
+
+	{Main Distribution Frame}
+
+MDI
+
+	{Multiple Document Interface}
+
+MDL
+
+	(Originally "Muddle").  C. Reeve, {Carl Hewitt} and {Gerald
+	Sussman}, Dynamic Modeling Group, MIT ca. 1971.  Intended as a
+	successor to Lisp, and a possible base for Planner-70.
+	Basically LISP 1.5 with data types and arrays.  Many of its
+	features were advanced at the time (I/O, interrupt handling
+	and coroutining), and were incorporated into later LISP
+	dialects ("optional", "rest" and "aux" markers).  In the mid
+	80's there was an effort to use bytecoding to make the
+	language portable.  CLU was first implemented in MDL.  Infocom
+	wrote Zork in MDL, and used it as the basis for the ZIL
+	interpreter.
+
+	Implementations exist for ITS, {TOPS-20}, BSD 4.3, Apollo
+	Domain, SunOS and A/UX.
+
+	["The MDL Programming Language", S.W. Galley et al, Doc
+	SYS.11.01, Project MAC, MIT (Nov 1975)].
+
+Mean Time Between Failures
+
+	<specification> (MTBF, or "Mean Time Between Faults") The
+	{average} time (usually expressed in hours) that a {component}
+	works without failure.  It is calculated by dividing the total
+	number of failures into the total number of operating hours
+	observed.  The term can also mean the length of time a user
+	may reasonably expect a device or system to work before an
+	incapacitating fault occurs.
+
+	See also {Mean Time To Recovery}.
+
+	(1998-05-01)
+
+Mean Time Between Faults
+
+	{Mean Time Between Failures}
+
+Mean Time To Recovery
+
+	<specification> (MTTR) The average time that a device will
+	take to recover from a non-terminal failure.  Examples of such
+	devices range from self-resetting fuses (where the MTTR would
+	be very short, probably seconds), up to whole systems which
+	have to be replaced.
+
+	The MTTR would usually be part of a maintenance contract,
+	where the user would pay more for a system whose MTTR was 24
+	hours, than for one of, say, 7 days.  This means the supplier
+	is guaranteeing to have the system up and running again within
+	24 hours (or 7 days) of being notified of the failure.
+
+	Some devices have a MTTR of zero, which means that they have
+	redundant components which can take over the instant the
+	primary one fails, see {RAID} for example.
+
+	See also {Mean Time Between Failures}.
+
+	(1998-05-01)
+
+measure
+
+	<testing> To ascertain or appraise by comparing to a
+	{standard}; to apply a {metric}.
+
+	(1996-12-27)
+
+measurement
+
+	<testing> The act or process of measuring; a figure, extent,
+	or amount obtained by measuring.
+
+	(1996-12-27)
+
+meatspace
+
+	<jargon> The physical world (as opposed {virtual reality})
+	where you might spend {facetime} with the {carbon community}.
+
+	(1999-01-15)
+
+meatware
+
+	Less common synonym for {wetware}.
+
+	[Was it Marvin Minsky who described brains as
+	"machines?/computers? made of meat"?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+media
+
+	1. <data> Any kind of {data} including {graphics}, {images},
+	{audio} and {video}, though typically excluding {raw text} or
+	{executable code}.
+
+	The term {multimedia} suggests a collection of different types
+	of media or the ability to handle such collections.
+
+	2. <storage> The physical object on which {data} is stored, as
+	opposed to the device used to read and write it.
+
+	3. <networking> The object at the {physical layer} that
+	carries data, typically an electrical or optical cable,
+	though, in a {wireless network}, the term refers to the space
+	through which radio waves propagate.  Most often used in the
+	context of {Media Access Control} (MAC).
+
+	(2010-01-07)
+
+Media Access Control
+
+	<networking> (MAC) The lower sublayer of the {OSI} {data link
+	layer}.  The interface between a {node}'s {Logical Link
+	Control} and the network's {physical layer}.  The MAC differs
+	for various physical media.
+
+	See also {MAC Address}, {Ethernet}, {IEEE 802.3}, {token ring}.
+
+	[What does it do?  Examples?]
+
+	(1996-01-29)
+
+Media Access Unit
+
+	<networking> (MAU or Multistation Access Unit, MSAU) In a
+	{Token Ring} network, a device to attach multiple network
+	stations in a star topology, internally wired to connect the
+	stations into a logical ring.  The MAU contains relays to
+	short out nonoperating stations.  Multiple MAUs can be
+	connected into a larger ring through their Ring In/Ring Out
+	connectors.
+
+	(1997-05-27)
+
+Media Converter
+
+	<networking> A component used in {Ethernet}, although it is
+	not part of the {IEEE} standard.  The IEEE standard states
+	that all {segments} must be linked with {repeaters}.  Media
+	converters were developed as a simpler, cheaper alternative to
+	repeaters.  However, in the 1990s the cost difference between
+	the two is negligible.
+
+	(1996-12-09)
+
+Media Gateway Control Protocol
+
+	<communications, protocol> (MGCP) A {protocol} used within a
+	{Voice over IP} system.  MGCP is an {IETF} work in progress,
+	it superseded {SGCP}.
+
+	MGCP is an internal protocol used within a {distributed}
+	system that appears to the outside world as a single VoIP
+	{gateway}.
+
+	This system is composed of a {Call Agent}, and a set of
+	gateways, including at least one "media gateway" that performs
+	the conversion of media signals between {circuits} and
+	{packets}, and at least one "signalling gateway" when
+	connected to an {SS7} controlled network.
+
+	{IETF MGCP draft
+	(http://ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-huitema-megaco-mgcp-v0r1-05.txt)}.
+
+	(1999-03-17)
+
+Medium Access Control
+
+	{Media Access Control}
+
+meeces
+
+	<jargon> /mees'*z/ ({TMRC}) Occasional furry visitors who are
+	not {urchins}; that is, mice.  This may no longer be in live
+	use.  According to {ESR} it derives from the refrain of the
+	early-1960s cartoon character Mr. Jinx: "I hate meeces to
+	*pieces*!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-09)
+
+Meet
+
+	{greatest lower bound}
+
+meg
+
+	{megabyte}
+
+mega-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+megabits per second
+
+	<unit> (Mbps, Mb/s) Millions of {bits} per second.  A unit of
+	{data rate}.  1 Mb/s = 1,000,000 bits per second (not
+	1,048,576).
+
+	E.g. {Ethernet} can carry 10 Mbps.
+
+	(2002-03-23)
+
+megabyte
+
+	<unit, data> (MB, colloquially "meg") A Unit of {data} equal to
+	one million {bytes} but see {binary prefix} for other definitions.
+	A megabyte is 1000^2 bytes or 1000 {kilobytes}.
+
+	The text of a six hundred page paperback book stored as {ASCII}
+	{characters} contains about a megabyte of data.
+
+	1000 megabytes are one {gigabyte}.
+
+	See {prefix}.
+
+	(2013-11-04)
+
+megabytes per second
+
+	<unit> (MBps, MB/s) Millions of {bytes} per second.  A unit of
+	{data rate}.  1 MB/s = 1,000,000 bytes per second (not
+	1,048,576).
+
+	(2007-02-20)
+
+megaflop
+
+	<unit> Etymologically incorrect singular of "{megaflops}".
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+megaflops
+
+	<unit> One million {floating-point} operations per second.  A
+	common unit of measurement of performance of computers used
+	for numerical work.
+
+	(2000-08-03)
+
+MegaHertz
+
+	(MHz) Millions of cycles per second.  The unit of frequency
+	used to measure the {clock rate} of modern digital logic,
+	including {microprocessors}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+megapenny
+
+	/meg'*-pen"ee/ $10,000 (1 cent * 10^6).  Used semi-humorously
+	as a unit in comparing computer cost and performance figures.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+MEGO
+
+	/me"goh/ or /mee'goh/ ["My Eyes Glaze Over", often "Mine Eyes
+	Glazeth (sic) Over", attributed to the futurologist Herman
+	Kahn] Also "MEGO factor".  1.  A {handwave} intended to
+	confuse the listener and hopefully induce agreement because
+	the listener does not want to admit to not understanding what
+	is going on.  MEGO is usually directed at senior management by
+	engineers and contains a high proportion of {TLAs}.
+	2. excl. An appropriate response to MEGO tactics.  3. Among
+	non-hackers, often refers not to behaviour that causes the
+	eyes to glaze, but to the eye-glazing reaction itself, which
+	may be triggered by the mere threat of technical detail as
+	effectively as by an actual excess of it.
+
+Mei
+
+	<library> A set of {class libraries} by Atsushi Aoki
+	<aoki@sra.co.jp> and others for {Objectworks Smalltalk}
+	Release 4.1.  Mei includes: Grapher Library for drawing
+	diagrams; Meta Grapher Library (grapher to develop grapher);
+	Drawing tools and painting tools (structured diagram editors
+	and drawing editors); {GUI builder}; {Lisp} {interpreter};
+	{Prolog} interpreter; Pluggable gauges; Extended browser;
+	(package, history, recover, etc.)
+
+	Mei is available under {General Public License} and requires
+	Objectworks Smalltalk Release 4.1.
+
+	Latest version: 0.50, as of 1993-01-20.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://sra.co.jp/people/aoki/htmls/FreeSoftwareForSmalltalk.html)}.
+
+	E-mail: Watanabe Katsuhiro <katsu@sran14.sra.co.jp>
+
+	(1999-12-08)
+
+Mel
+
+	{The story of Mel}
+
+MELD
+
+	A {concurrent}, {object-oriented}, {dataflow}, {modular} and
+	{fault-tolerant} language!  MELD is comparable to {SR}.
+
+	["MELDing Multiple Granularities of Parallelism", G. Kaiser et
+	al, ECOOP '89, pp. 147-166, Cambridge U Press 1989].
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+MELDC
+
+	A {reflective} {object-oriented} {concurrent} programming
+	language developed in 1990 by the MELD Project of the
+	Programming Systems Laboratory at {Columbia University}.
+	MELDC is a redesign of {MELD} based on {C}.
+
+	The core of the architecture is a {micro-kernel} (the MELDC
+	kernel), which encapsulates a minimum set of entities that
+	cannot be modelled as objects.  All components outside of the
+	kernel are implemented as objects in MELDC itself and are
+	modularised in the MELDC libraries.  MELDC is reflective in
+	three dimensions: structural, computational and architectural.
+	The structural reflection indicates that classes and
+	meta-classes are objects, which are written in MELDC.  The
+	computational reflection means that object behaviours can be
+	computed and extended at run time.  The architectural
+	reflection indicates that new features/properties
+	(e.g. persistency and remoteness) can be constructed in MELDC.
+
+	Version 2.0 runs on {Sun-4}/{SunOS} 4.1 and {DECstation} and
+	{MIPS}/{Ultrix} 4.2.
+
+	E-mail: Gail Kaiser <meldc@cs.columbia.edu>.
+
+	MELDC is available under licence from <MeldC@cs.columbia.edu>
+	and may not be used for commercial purposes.
+
+	(1992-12-15)
+
+Melinda
+
+	["Melinda: Linda with Multiple Tuple Spaces", S. Hupfer,
+	<hupfer-susanne@yale.edu> YALEU/DCS/RR-766, Yale U Feb 1990].
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Mel Kaye
+
+	<person> The hero of {The Story of Mel, a Real Programmer}.
+	The preface to the manuals for the {Royal McBee} {LGP-30} ACT
+	1 ({Algebraic Compiler and Translator}) {compiler} (dated
+	1959) contain the following attribution from Clay S. Boswell,
+	Jr. (apparently ACT 1's designer):
+
+	 I wish to acknowledge my appreciation to the many people who
+	 offered suggestions and criticisms of the ACT 1 System.  In
+	 particular, Mel Kaye of Royal McBee who did the bulk of the
+	 programming.
+
+	(2008-08-04)
+
+Mellor
+
+	{Schlaer-Mellor}
+
+meltdown
+
+	{network meltdown}
+
+member function
+
+	A {method} in {C++}.
+
+membership function
+
+	{fuzzy subset}
+
+meme
+
+	<philosophy> /meem/ [By analogy with "gene"] Richard Dawkins's
+	term for an idea considered as a {replicator}, especially with
+	the connotation that memes parasitise people into propagating
+	them much as viruses do.
+
+	Memes can be considered the unit of cultural evolution.  Ideas
+	can evolve in a way analogous to biological evolution.  Some
+	ideas survive better than others; ideas can mutate through,
+	for example, misunderstandings; and two ideas can recombine to
+	produce a new idea involving elements of each parent idea.
+
+	The term is used especially in the phrase "meme complex"
+	denoting a group of mutually supporting memes that form an
+	organised belief system, such as a religion.  However, "meme"
+	is often misused to mean "meme complex".
+
+	Use of the term connotes acceptance of the idea that in humans
+	(and presumably other tool- and language-using sophonts)
+	cultural evolution by selection of adaptive ideas has become
+	more important than biological evolution by selection of
+	hereditary traits.  Hackers find this idea congenial for
+	tolerably obvious reasons.
+
+	See also {memetic algorithm}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-11)
+
+meme plague
+
+	<philosophy> The spread of a successful but pernicious {meme},
+	especially one that parasitises the victims into giving their
+	all to propagate it.  Astrology, BASIC, and the other guy's
+	religion are often considered to be examples.  This usage is
+	given point by the historical fact that "joiner" ideologies
+	like Naziism or various forms of millennarian Christianity
+	have exhibited plague-like cycles of exponential growth
+	followed by collapses to small reservoir populations.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-11)
+
+memetic algorithm
+
+	<algorithm> A {genetic algorithm} or {evolutionary algorithm}
+	which includes a non-genetic local search to improve
+	genotypes.  The term comes from the Richard Dawkin's term
+	"{meme}".
+
+	One big difference between memes and genes is that memes are
+	processed and possibly improved by the people that hold them -
+	something that cannot happen to genes.  It is this advantage
+	that the memetic algorithm has over simple genetic or
+	evolutionary algorithms.
+
+	These algorithms are useful in solving complex problems, such
+	as the "{Travelling Salesman Problem}," which involves finding
+	the shortest path through a large number of nodes, or in
+	creating {artificial life} to test evolutionary theories.
+
+	Memetic algorithms are one kind of {metaheuristic}.
+
+	{UNLP memetic algorithms home page
+	(http://ing.unlp.edu.ar/cetad/mos/memetic_home.html)}.
+
+	(07 July 1997)
+
+memetics
+
+	<philosophy> /me-met'iks/ The study of {memes}.
+
+	As of mid-1993, this is still an extremely informal and
+	speculative endeavor, though the first steps toward at least
+	statistical rigor have been made by H. Keith Henson and
+	others.  Memetics is a popular topic for speculation among
+	hackers, who like to see themselves as the architects of the
+	new information ecologies in which memes live and replicate.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-01-09)
+
+Memex
+
+	<hypertext> {Vannevar Bush}'s original name for {hypertext},
+	which he invented in the 1930s.
+
+	{Fantastic article
+	(http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/elab/hfl0051.html)}.
+
+	(2000-01-09)
+
+memo function
+
+	<programming> (Or "memoised function") A {function} that
+	remembers which {arguments} it has been called with and the
+	result returned and, if called with the same arguments again,
+	returns the result from its memory rather than recalculating
+	it.
+
+	Memo functions were invented by Professor {Donald Michie} of
+	{Edinburgh University}.  The idea was further developed by
+	{Robin Popplestone} in his {Pop2} language long before it was
+	ever worked into LISP.
+
+	This same principle is found at the hardware level in computer
+	architectures which use a {cache} to store recently accessed
+	memory locations.
+
+	A {Common Lisp} package by Marty Hall
+	<hall@aplcenmp.apl.jhu.edu>
+	{(ftp://archive.cs.umbc.edu/pub/Memoization)}.
+
+	["'Memo' functions: and machine learning", Donald Michie,
+	Nature, 218, 19-22, 1968].
+
+	(2002-07-02)
+
+memoisation
+
+	{memo function}
+
+memoised function
+
+	{memo function}
+
+memoization
+
+	{memo function}
+
+memoized function
+
+	{memo function}
+
+memory
+
+	<storage> These days, usually used synonymously with {Random
+	Access Memory} or {Read-Only Memory}, but in the general sense
+	it can be any device that can hold {data} in
+	{machine-readable} format.
+
+	(1996-05-25)
+
+memory address space
+
+	<architecture> 1. Any part of a {processor}'s {address space}
+	that is occupied by {memory}.
+
+	2. The range of addresses seen by a memory device relative to
+	the base address at which it is mapped into the processor's
+	address space.
+
+	(1999-11-01)
+
+memory dump
+
+	<programming, operating system, jargon> (Or "core dump") A
+	{file} on {hard disk} (traditionally called "core") containing
+	a copy of the contents of a {process}'s memory, produced when
+	a process is aborted by certain kinds of internal error or
+	{signal}.
+
+	{Debuggers} like {adb} and {gdb} can load the dump file and
+	display the information it contains about the state of the
+	running program.  This can be related to the program code,
+	both {object code} and, in a {source-level debugger}, the
+	{source code}.  Information includes the contents of
+	{registers}, the {call stack} and all other program data.
+
+	(2007-05-09)
+
+memory farts
+
+	<jargon, humour> The flatulent sounds that some {MS-DOS} box
+	{BIOS}es (most notably {AMI}'s) make when checking memory at
+	{boot} time.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+memory leak
+
+	<programming> A {leak} in a program's {dynamic store}
+	allocation logic that causes it to fail to reclaim memory in
+	the {heap} after it has finished using it, eventually causing
+	the program to fail due to lack of memory.
+
+	These problems were severe on older machines with small,
+	fixed-size address spaces, and special "leak detection" tools
+	were written to diagnose them.
+
+	The introduction of {virtual memory} made memory leaks a less
+	serious problem, although if you run out of {virtual
+	memory}, it means you've got a *real* leak!
+
+	See {aliasing bug}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-10-07)
+
+memory location
+
+	<storage> A {byte}, {word} or other small unit of storage
+	space in a computer's {main memory} that is identified by its
+	starting {address} (and size).
+
+	(1999-04-19)
+
+memory management
+
+	<memory management, storage> A collection of techniques for
+	providing sufficient memory to one or more processes in a
+	computer system, especially when the system does not have
+	enough memory to satisfy all processes' requirements
+	simultaneously.  Techniques include {swapping}, {paging} and
+	{virtual memory}.  Memory management is usually performed
+	mostly by a {hardware} {memory management unit}.
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+Memory Management Unit
+
+	<hardware, memory management> (MMU, "Paged Memory Management
+	Unit", PMMU) A {hardware} device or circuit that supports
+	{virtual memory} and {paging} by translating {virtual
+	addresses} into {physical addresses}.
+
+	The virtual {address space} (the range of addresses used by
+	the processor) is divided into {pages}, whose size is 2^N,
+	usually a few {kilobytes}.  The bottom N {bits} of the address
+	(the offset within a page) are left unchanged.  The upper
+	address bits are the (virtual) {page number}.  The MMU
+	contains a {page table} which is indexed (possibly
+	associatively) by the page number.  Each page table entry
+	(PTE) gives the physical page number corresponding to the
+	virtual one.  This is combined with the page offset to give
+	the complete physical address.
+
+	A PTE may also include information about whether the page has
+	been written to, when it was last used (for a {least recently
+	used} {replacement algorithm}), what kind of processes ({user
+	mode}, {supervisor mode}) may read and write it, and whether
+	it should be {cache}d.
+
+	It is possible that no physical memory ({RAM}) has been
+	allocated to a given virtual page, in which case the MMU will
+	signal a "{page fault}" to the {CPU}.  The {operating system}
+	will then try to find a spare page of RAM and set up a new PTE
+	to map it to the requested virtual address.  If no RAM is free
+	it may be necessary to choose an existing page, using some
+	{replacement algorithm}, and save it to disk (this is known as
+	"{paging}").  There may also be a shortage of PTEs, in which
+	case the OS will have to free one for the new mapping.
+
+	In a {multitasking} system all processes compete for the use
+	of memory and of the MMU.  Some {memory management}
+	architectures allow each process to have its own area or
+	configuration of the page table, with a mechanism to switch
+	between different mappings on a process switch.  This means
+	that all processes can have the same virtual address space
+	rather than require load-time relocation.
+
+	An MMU also solves the problem of {fragmentation} of memory.
+	After blocks of memory have been allocated and freed, the free
+	memory may become fragmented (discontinuous) so that the
+	largest contiguous block of free memory may be much smaller
+	than the total amount.  With {virtual memory}, a contiguous
+	range of virtual addresses can be mapped to several
+	non-contiguous blocks of physical memory.
+
+	In early designs memory management was performed by a separate
+	{integrated circuit} such as the {MC 68851} used with the
+	{Motorola 68020} {CPU} in the {Macintosh II} or the {Z8015}
+	used with the {Zilog Z80} family of processors.  Later CPUs
+	such as the {Motorola 68030} and the {ZILOG Z280} have MMUs on
+	the same IC as the CPU.
+
+	(1999-05-24)
+
+memory mapped I/O
+
+	<architecture> The use of the same instructions and {bus} to
+	communicate with both {main memory} and {input/output}
+	devices.  This is in contrast to processors that have a
+	separate I/O {bus} and special instructions to access it.
+
+	The I/O devices are addressed at certain reserved address
+	ranges on the main memory bus.  These addresses cannot
+	therefore be used for {RAM}.  {Motorola} and {Mostec}
+	architectures, among others, use memory mapped I/O.
+
+	{Video cards} and other cards with on-board memory might be
+	accessed in this way though the term applies not just to
+	devices containing memory but to any device connected to the
+	memory bus.  Accessing the devices usually consists of reading
+	and writing certain built-in {registers} though sometimes the
+	mere presence of a particular address can trigger the device.
+
+	(1997-04-14)
+
+memory protection
+
+	<memory management> A system to prevent one {process}
+	corrupting the memory (or other resources) of any other,
+	including the {operating system}.  Memory protection usually
+	relies on a combination of hardware (a {memory management
+	unit}) and software to allocate memory to processes and handle
+	{exceptions}.
+
+	The effectiveness of memory protection varies from one
+	operating system to another.  In most versions of {Unix} it is
+	almost impossible to corrupt another process' memory, except
+	in some archaic implementations and {Lunix} (not {Linux}!).
+	Under {Microsoft Windows} (version?  hardware?) any {16 bit
+	application}(?) can circumvent the memory protection, often
+	leading to one or more {GPFs}.  Currently (April 1996) neither
+	{Microsoft Windows} 3.1, {Windows 95}, nor {Mac OS} offer
+	memory protection.  {Windows NT} has it, and Mac OS System 8
+	will offer a form of memory protection.
+
+	[MS DOS {EMM386} relevant?]
+
+	(1996-09-10)
+
+memory smash
+
+	<jargon> A {Xerox PARC} term for writing to the location
+	addressed by a {dangling pointer}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Memory Type Range Registers
+
+	<architecture, video> (MTRR) Registers in the {Pentium Pro}
+	and {Pentium II} processors that can be used to specify a
+	strategy for communication with the external memory and
+	{caches} for a number of {physical address} ranges.
+
+	Strategies include {write-through}, {write-back}, or
+	uncached(?).  Such control is useful where the memory is
+	located on a device and is accessed via some kind of device
+	bus, e.g. a {PCI} or {AGP} {graphics card}, where caching
+	would be of no benefit.
+
+	(1999-07-02)
+
+MEMS
+
+	{microelectromechanical system}
+
+Mentat
+
+	<language> (After the human computers in Frank Herbert's SF
+	classic, "Dune") An {object-oriented} distributed language
+	developed at the {University of Virginia} some time before Dec
+	1987.  Mentat is an extension of {C++} and is portable to a
+	variety of {MIMD} architectures.
+
+	By 1994 Mentat was available for {Sun-3}, {Sun-4}, {iPSC}/2
+	with plans for {Mach}, {iPSC860}, {RS/6000} and {Iris}.  The
+	language is now (May 1998) supported in a new project,
+	{Legion}.
+
+	E-mail: <mentat@uvacs.cs.virginia.edu>.
+
+	["Mentat: An Object-Oriented Macro Data Flow System",
+	A. Grimshaw <grimshaw@cs.virginia.edu> et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	22(12):35-47, Dec 1987, OOPSLA '87].
+
+	(1998-05-15)
+
+MENTOR
+
+	CAI language.  "Computer Systems for Teaching Complex
+	Concepts", Report 1742, BBN, Mar 1969.
+
+menu
+
+	<operating system> A list from which the user may select an
+	operation to be performed.  This is often done with a {mouse}
+	or other pointing device under a {graphical user interface}
+	but may also be controlled from the keyboard.
+
+	Menus are very convenient for beginners because they show what
+	commands are available and make experimentating with a new
+	program easy, often reducing the need for user documentation.
+	Experienced users however, often prefer keyboard commands,
+	especially for frequently user operations, because they are
+	faster to use.  In situations such as text entry where the
+	keyboard must be used anyway, having to move your hand to the
+	mouse to invoke a menu operation is slow.
+
+	There are many different ways of presenting menus but the most
+	common are the {menu bar} (with {pull-down menus}) and the
+	{context-sensitive menu}.
+
+	The term "menu" tends to be reserved for a list of actions or
+	global options, whereas a "{list box}" or other graphical
+	{widget} might present any kind of choice.
+
+	See also {menuitis}.
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+menu bar
+
+	<operating system> A permanently displayed {menu} spread
+	horizontally across the top of the screen or window.  When the
+	mouse is pressed over an item on the menu bar, a {pull-down
+	menu} appears.
+
+	(1999-09-22)
+
+menuitis
+
+	/men"yoo-i:"tis/ A notional disease suffered by software with
+	an obsessively simple-minded {menu} interface and no escape.
+	Hackers find this intensely irritating and much prefer the
+	flexibility of command-line or language-style interfaces,
+	especially those customisable via {macros} or a
+	special-purpose language in which one can encode useful hacks.
+
+	See {user-obsequious}, {drool-proof paper}, {WIMP}, {for the
+	rest of us}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+MENYMA/S
+
+	["A Message Oriented Language for System Applications",
+	A. Koch et al, Proc 3rd Intl Conf Distrib Comp Sys, IEEE 1982,
+	pp. 824-832].
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+Mercury Autocode
+
+	{Autocode} for the {Ferranti} {Mercury} machine.
+
+mercury delay line
+
+	<storage, history> An archaic {first-in first-out} fixed time
+	period data storage device using {acoustic transducers} to
+	transmit data as waves in a trough or tube of mercury.
+
+	EDSAC (Cambridge) and UNIVAC I used delay lines.
+
+	(2002-06-12)
+
+MERISE
+
+	Methode d'Etude et de Realisation Informatique pour les
+	Systemes d'Enteprise.
+
+	A software engineering method popular in France; many {IPSEs}
+	are based on it.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+Merlin
+
+	{OS/2}
+
+MEROON
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} system built on {Scheme}.
+
+	[What kind of system?]
+
+	{(ftp://nexus.yorku.ca/pub/scheme/new/)}.
+
+	(1997-05-05)
+
+Mesa
+
+	Xerox PARC, 1977.  System and application programming for
+	proprietary hardware: Alto, Dolphin, Dorado and Dandelion.
+	Pascal-like syntax, ALGOL68-like semantics.  An early version
+	was weakly typed.  Mesa's modules with separately compilable
+	definition and implementation parts directly led to Wirth's
+	design for Modula.  Threads, coroutines (fork/join),
+	exceptions, and monitors.  Type checking may be disabled.
+	Mesa was used internally by Xerox to develop ViewPoint, the
+	Xerox Star, MDE, and the controller of a high-end copier.  It
+	was released to a few universitites in 1985.  Succeeded by
+	Cedar.
+
+	["Mesa Language Manual", J.G.  Mitchell et al, Xerox PARC,
+	CSL-79-3 (Apr 1979)].
+
+	["Early Experience with Mesa", Geschke et al, CACM
+	20(8):540-552 (Aug 1977)].
+
+mesh
+
+	<character> The {INTERCAL} name for {hash}.
+
+MESI protocol
+
+	<processor> Modified, Exclusive, Shared, Invalid.
+
+	A {cache coherency} {protocol} where each {cache line} is
+	marked with one of the four states.
+
+	The MESI protocol is used by the {Pentium} processor.
+
+	(1995-05-05)
+
+message
+
+	In {object-oriented programming} sending a message to an
+	{object} (to invoke a {method}) is equivalent to calling a
+	{procedure} in traditional programming languages, except that
+	the actual code executed may only be selected at run time
+	depending on the {class} of the object.  Thus, in response to
+	the message "drawSelf", the method code invoked would be
+	different if the target object were a circle or a square.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+message board
+
+	{bulletin board system}
+
+Message Digest 5
+
+	<messaging> The {message digest function} defined in {RFC
+	1321}.
+
+	(1996-08-04)
+
+message digest function
+
+	{one-way hash function}
+
+Message Handling System
+
+	<messaging, standard> (MHS) The {standard} defined by {ITU-T}
+	as {X.400} and by {ISO} as {Message-Oriented Text Interchange
+	Standard} (MOTIS).  MHS is the X.400 family of services and
+	{protocols} that provides the functions for global {electronic
+	mail} transfer among local mail systems and {MTAs}.
+
+	It is used by {CompuServe}, among others.
+
+	(1996-09-25)
+
+message passing
+
+	One of the two techniques for communicating between parallel
+	processes (the other being {shared memory}).
+
+	A common use of message passing is for communication in a
+	{parallel computer}.  A process running on one processor may
+	send a message to a process running on the same processor or
+	another.  The actual transmission of the message is usually
+	handled by the {run-time support} of the language in which the
+	processes are written, or by the {operating system}.
+
+	Message passing scales better than {shared memory}, which is
+	generally used in computers with relatively few processors.
+	This is because the total communications {bandwidth} usually
+	increases with the number of processors.
+
+	A message passing system provides primitives for sending and
+	receiving messages.  These primitives may by either
+	{synchronous} or {asynchronous} or both.  A synchronous send
+	will not complete (will not allow the sender to proceed) until
+	the receiving process has received the message.  This allows
+	the sender to know whether the message was received
+	successfully or not (like when you speak to someone on the
+	telephone).  An asynchronous send simply queues the message
+	for transmission without waiting for it to be received (like
+	posting a letter).  A synchronous receive primitive will wait
+	until there is a message to read whereas an asynchronous
+	receive will return immediately, either with a message or to
+	say that no message has arrived.
+
+	Messages may be sent to a named process or to a named
+	{mailbox} which may be readable by one or many processes.
+
+	Transmission involves determining the location of the
+	recipient and then choosing a route to reach that location.
+	The message may be transmitted in one go or may be split into
+	{packets} which are transmitted independently (e.g. using
+	{wormhole routing}) and reassembled at the receiver.  The
+	message passing system must ensure that sufficient memory is
+	available to buffer the message at its destination and at
+	intermediate nodes.
+
+	Messages may be typed or untyped at the programming language
+	level.  They may have a priority, allowing the receiver to
+	read the highest priority messages first.
+
+	Some message passing computers are the {MIT J-Machine
+	(http://ai.mit.edu/projects/cva/cva_j_machine.html)}, the
+	{Illinois Concert Project
+	(http://www-csag.cs.uiuc.edu/projects/concert.html)} and
+	{transputer}-based systems.
+
+	{Object-oriented programming} uses message passing between
+	{objects} as a metaphor for procedure call.
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Message Passing Interface
+
+	<communications, protocol> A {de facto standard} for
+	communication among the {nodes} running a {parallel program}
+	on a {distributed memory system}.  MPI is a {library} of
+	{routines} that can be called from {Fortran} and{ C} programs.
+	MPI's advantage over older message passing libraries is that
+	it is both {portable} (because MPI has been implemented for
+	almost every distributed memory {architecture}) and fast
+	(because each implementation is {optimised} for the {hardware}
+	it runs on).
+
+	[Address?]
+
+	(1997-06-09)
+
+message switching
+
+	{store and forward}
+
+Message Transfer Agent
+
+	<messaging> (MTA, Mail Transfer Agent) Any program responsible
+	for delivering {e-mail} messages.  Upon receiving a message
+	from a {Mail User Agent} or another MTA, often by {SMTP} over
+	the {Internet}, it stores it temporarily locally and analyses
+	the recipients and delivers it to any local addressees and/or
+	forwards it to other remote MTAs ({routing}) for delivery to
+	remote recipients.  In either case it may edit and/or add to
+	the message {headers}.
+
+	The most widely used MTA for {Unix} is {sendmail}, which
+	communicates using {SMTP}.
+
+	[Other OSes?]
+
+	{RFC 2821} (SMTP) expands MTA as "Mail Transfer Agent" though
+	this is less common.  Alternatives with "Transport" are also
+	seen but less correct.
+
+	(2007-06-01)
+
+Message Transport Agent
+
+	{Message Transfer Agent}
+
+Messaging Application Programming Interface
+
+	<messaging> (MAPI) A messaging architecture and a {client}
+	interface component for applications such as {electronic
+	mail}, scheduling, calendaring and document management.  As a
+	messaging architecture, MAPI provides a consistent interface
+	for multiple {application programs} to interact with multiple
+	messaging systems across a variety of {hardware} {platforms}.
+
+	MAPI provides better performance and control than {Simple
+	MAPI}, {Common Messaging Calls} (CMC) or the {Active Messaging
+	Library}.  It has a comprehensive, open, dual-purpose
+	interface, integrated with {Microsoft Windows}.  MAPI can be
+	used by all levels and types of client application and
+	"service providers" - driver-like components that provide a
+	MAPI interface to a specific messaging system.  For example, a
+	{word processor} can send documents and a {workgroup}
+	application can share and store different types of data using
+	MAPI.
+
+	MAPI separates the programming interfaces used by the client
+	applications and the service providers.  Every component works
+	with a common, {Microsoft Windows}-based user interface.  For
+	example, a single messaging client application can be used to
+	receive messages from {fax}, a {bulletin board} system, a
+	host-based messaging system and a {LAN}-based system.
+	Messages from all of these systems can be delivered to a
+	single "universal Inbox".
+
+	MAPI is aimed at the powerful, new market of workgroup
+	applications that communicate with such different messaging
+	systems as fax, {DEC} {All-In-1}, {voice mail} and public
+	communications services such as {AT&T} Easylink Services,
+	{CompuServe} and {MCI} MAIL.  Because workgroup applications
+	demand more of their messaging systems, MAPI offers much more
+	than basic messaging in the programming interface and supports
+	more than {local area network} (LAN)-based messaging systems.
+	Applications can, for example, format text for a single
+	message with a variety of fonts and present to their users a
+	customised view of messages that have been filtered, sorted or
+	preprocessed.
+
+	MAPI is built into {Windows 95} and {Windows NT} and can be
+	used by 16-bit and 32-bit Windows applications.  The
+	programming interface and subsystem contained in the MAPI
+	{DLL} provide objects which conform to the {Component Object
+	Model}.  MAPI includes standard messaging client applications
+	that demonstrate different levels of messaging support.
+
+	MAPI provides cross platform support through such industry
+	standards as {SMTP}, {X.400} and Common Messaging Calls.  MAPI
+	is the messaging component of {Windows Open Services
+	Architecture} (WOSA).
+
+	[Correct expansion?  Relatonship with Microsoft?]
+
+	(1997-12-03)
+
+Messaging Applications Programming Interface
+
+	{Messaging Application Programming Interface}
+
+mess-dos
+
+	/mes-dos/ (Or MS-DOG, Messy-DOS, mess-dross, mess-loss,
+	mush-dos) Derisory term for {MS-DOS}.  Often followed by the
+	ritual banishing "Just say No!"
+
+	Most hackers (even many {MS-DOS} hackers) loathe {MS-DOS} for
+	its single-tasking nature, its limits on application size, its
+	nasty primitive interface, and its ties to {IBM}ness (see
+	{fear and loathing}).
+
+	In Ireland and the UK it is sometimes called "Domestos" after
+	a brand of toilet cleanser.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+META
+
+	<language> The {assembly language} for the {CYBER 200},
+	developed at {CDC} ca 1977.
+
+	[CDC Pub 60256020].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+meta
+
+	<philosophy> /me't*/ or /may't*/ or (Commonwealth) /mee't*/ A
+	prefix meaning one level of description higher.  If X is some
+	concept then meta-X is data about, or processes operating on,
+	X.
+
+	For example, a {metasyntax} is {syntax} for specifying syntax,
+	{metalanguage} is a language used to discuss language,
+	{metadata} is data about data, and {meta-reasoning} is
+	reasoning about reasoning.
+
+	This is difficult to explain briefly, but much hacker humour
+	turns on deliberate confusion between meta-levels.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-04-06)
+
+META 5
+
+	Early syntax-directed {compiler-compiler}, used for
+	translating one {high-level language} to another.
+
+	Versions: META II, META-3.
+
+	["META 5: A Tool to Manipulate Strings of Data",
+	D.K. Oppenheim et al, Proc 21st Natl Conf, ACM 1966].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 638].
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+meta bit
+
+	The top bit of an 8-bit character, which is on in character
+	values 128--255.  Also called {high bit}, {alt bit}, or
+	{hobbit}.  Some terminals and consoles (see {space-cadet
+	keyboard}) have a META shift key.  Others (including,
+	*mirabile dictu*, keyboards on IBM PC-class machines) have an
+	ALT key.  See also {bucky bits}.
+
+	Historical note: although in modern usage shaped by a universe
+	of 8-bit bytes the meta bit is invariably {hex} 80 ({octal}
+	0200), things were different on earlier machines with 36 bit
+	words and 9-bit bytes.  The MIT and Stanford keyboards (see
+	{space-cadet keyboard}) generated hex 100 (octal 400) from
+	their meta keys.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+MetaCard
+
+	A commercial human interface and {hypertext} system for {Unix}
+	and the {X Window System}, similar to {Hypercard}.
+
+	(1994-11-17)
+
+Meta-CASE tool
+
+	A term sometimes used for software packages (like TBK or VSF)
+	which allow users to develop or customise their own CASE
+	tools.
+
+metaclass
+
+	<programming> The {class} of a class in an {object-oriented
+	programming} language.  A metaclass is a class whose {instances}
+	are themselves classes.  Typically there will only be one
+	metaclass, called "Class" or similar, which is the class of all
+	classes including itself.  In some languages there will be no
+	metaclass.
+
+	The idea of a metaclass is closely associated with {introspection}
+	- the ability of a program to access the structure and logic of
+	itself or other programs.
+
+	(2013-09-02)
+
+Meta Class System
+
+	<language> (MCS) A portable {object-oriented} extension of {Common
+	Lisp} from {GMD}.  It integrates the functionality of {CLOS} and
+	{TELOS}.
+
+	{(ftp://gmdzi.gmd.de/pub/lisp/mcs)}.
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+Meta-Crystal
+
+	A language for transformations of Crystal programs.
+	Implemented in T.  "Meta-Crystal- A Metalanguage for
+	Parallel-Program Optimisation", J.A. Yang et al, TR
+	YALEU/DCS/TR-786, Yale Apr 1990.  (See Crystal).
+
+metadata
+
+	<data> /me't*-day`t*/, or combinations of /may'-/ or
+	(Commonwealth) /mee'-/; /-dah`t*/ (Or "meta-data") Data about
+	{data}.  In {data processing}, metadata is definitional data
+	that provides information about or documentation of other data
+	managed within an application or environment.
+
+	For example, metadata would document data about {data
+	elements} or {attributes}, (name, size, data type, etc) and
+	data about {records} or {data structures} (length, fields,
+	columns, etc) and data about data (where it is located, how it
+	is associated, ownership, etc.).  Metadata may include
+	descriptive information about the context, quality and
+	condition, or characteristics of the data.
+
+	A collection of metadata, e.g. in a {database}, is called a
+	{data dictionary}.
+
+	Myers of {The Metadata Company} claims to have coined the term
+	in 1969 though it appears in the book, "Extension of
+	programming language concepts" published in 1968, by {Philip
+	R. Bagley}.  Bagley was a pioneer of computer document
+	retrieval.  "A survey of extensible programming languages" by
+	Solntsseff and Yezerski (Annual Review in Automatic
+	Programming, 1974, pp267-307) cites "the notion of 'metadata'
+	introduced by Bagley".
+
+	(2010-05-15)
+
+Metadata Information Partners
+
+	{The Metadata Company}
+
+META element
+
+	<web> An {element}, with tag name of "META",
+	expressing {meta-data} about a given {HTML} document.  HTML
+	standards do not require that documents have META elements;
+	but if META elements occur, they must be inside the document's
+	HEAD element.
+
+	The META element can be used to identify properties of a
+	document (e.g., author, expiration date, a list of key words,
+	etc.) and assign values to those properties, typically by
+	specifying a NAME {attribute} (to name the property) and a
+	CONTENT attribute (to assign a value for that property).  The
+	HTML 4 specification doesn't standardise particular NAME
+	properties or CONTENT values; but it is conventional to use a
+	"Description" property to convey a short summary of the
+	document, and a "Keywords" property to provide a list of
+	{keywords} relevant to the document, as in:
+
+	 <META NAME="Description" CONTENT="Information from around the
+	 world on kumquat farming techniques and current kumquat
+	 production and consumption data">
+	 <META NAME="Keywords" CONTENT="kumquat, Fortunella">
+
+	META elements with HTTP-EQUIV and CONTENT attributes can
+	simulate the effect of {HTTP} header lines, as in:
+
+	 <META HTTP-EQUIV="Expires" CONTENT="Tue, 22 Mar 2000 16:18:35 GMT">
+	 <META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" CONTENT="10; URL=http://foldoc.org/">
+
+	Other properties may be application-specific.  For example,
+	the {Robots Exclusion
+	(http://info.webcrawler.com/mak/projects/robots/norobots.html)}.
+	standard uses the "robots" property for asserting that the
+	given document should not be indexed by robots, nor should
+	links in it be followed:
+
+	 <META NAME="robots" CONTENT="noindex,follow">
+
+	(2001-02-07)
+
+metafile
+
+	<graphics, file format> 1. An image file format for transport
+	between different machines, often as a {device independent
+	bitmap}.
+
+	2. A {functional specification} for encoding computer
+	{graphics} for later display on some suitable device.
+
+	(1996-09-20)
+
+METAFONT
+
+	A system for the design of raster-based alphabets by {Donald
+	Knuth}.  A companion to {TeX}.
+
+	["The METAFONT Book," Donald Knuth, A-W 1986.  Version 2.0,
+	March 1990].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+metaheuristic
+
+	<algorithm, complexity, computability> A top-level general
+	strategy which guides other {heuristics} to search for
+	feasible solutions in domains where the task is hard.
+
+	Metaheuristics have been most generally applied to problems
+	classified as {NP-Hard} or {NP-Complete} by the theory of
+	{computational complexity}.  However, metaheuristics would
+	also be applied to other {combinatorial} {optimisation}
+	problems for which it is known that a {polynomial-time}
+	solution exists but is not practical.
+
+	Examples of metaheuristics are {Tabu Search}, {simulated
+	annealing}, {genetic algorithms} and {memetic algorithms}.
+
+	(1997-10-30)
+
+Meta-II
+
+	An early {compiler-compiler}.
+
+	["Meta-II: a Syntax Oriented Compiler Writing Language",
+	V. Schorre, Proc 19th ACM Natl Conf 1964].
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+metainformation
+
+	{meta-data}
+
+Meta-IV
+
+	{Vienna Development Method Specification Language}
+
+METAL
+
+	1. Mega-Extensive Telecommunications Applications Language.
+	BBS language for PRODOS 8 on Apple II.
+
+	2. The syntax-definition formalism of the Mentor system.
+	Metal specifications are compiled to specifications for a
+	scanner/parser generator such as Lex/Yacc.  "Metal: A
+	Formalism to Specify Formalisms", G.  Kahn et al, Sci Comp
+	Prog 3:151-188 (1983).
+
+metalanguage
+
+	1. [theorem proving] A language in which proofs are
+	manipulated and tactics are programmed, as opposed to the
+	logic itself (the "{object language}").  The first {ML} was
+	the metalanguage for the Edinburgh {LCF} proof assistant.
+
+	2. [logic] A language in which to discuss the truth of
+	statements in another language.
+
+Metal Oxide Semiconductor
+
+	<electronics> (MOS) The three materials used to form a {gate}
+	in the most common kind of {Field Effect Transistor} - a
+	{MOSFET}.
+
+	[Other MOS devices?]
+
+	(1996-05-27)
+
+Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
+
+	<electronics> (MOSFET) A {Field Effect Transistor} in which
+	the conducting channel is insulated from the gate terminal by
+	a layer of oxide.  Therefore it does not conduct even if a
+	reverse voltage is applied to the gate.
+
+	(1997-02-24)
+
+metaphone
+
+	<algorithm, text> An {algorithm} for encoding a word so that
+	similar sounding words encode the same.  It's similar to
+	{soundex} in purpose, but as it knows the basic rules of
+	English pronunciation it's more accurate.  The higher accuracy
+	doesn't come free, though, metaphone requires more
+	computational power as well as more storage capacity, but
+	neither of these requirements are usually prohibitive.  It is
+	in the public domain so it can be freely implemented.
+
+	Metaphone was developed by Lawrence Philips
+	<lphilips@verity.com>.  It is described in ["Practical
+	Algorithms for Programmers", Binstock & Rex, Addison Wesley,
+	1995].
+
+	(1998-12-22)
+
+metaprogram
+
+	A program which modifies or generates other programs.  A
+	{compiler} is an example of a metaprogram: it takes a program
+	as input and produces another (compiled) one as output.
+
+	(1994-10-24)
+
+metasyntactic variable
+
+	<grammar> Strictly, a {variable} used in {metasyntax}, but
+	often used for any name used in examples and understood to
+	stand for whatever thing is under discussion, or any random
+	member of a class of things under discussion.  The word {foo}
+	is the {canonical} example.  To avoid confusion, hackers never
+	(well, hardly ever) use "foo" or other words like it as
+	permanent names for anything.
+
+	In filenames, a common convention is that any filename
+	beginning with a metasyntactic-variable name is a {scratch}
+	file that may be deleted at any time.
+
+	To some extent, the list of one's preferred metasyntactic
+	variables is a cultural signature.  They occur both in series
+	(used for related groups of variables or objects) and as
+	singletons.  Here are a few common signatures:
+
+	{foo}, {bar}, {baz}, {quux}, quuux, quuuux...: MIT/Stanford
+	usage, now found everywhere.  At MIT (but not at Stanford),
+	{baz} dropped out of use for a while in the 1970s and '80s.  A
+	common recent mutation of this sequence inserts {qux} before
+	{quux}.
+
+	bazola, ztesch: Stanford (from mid-'70s on).
+
+	{foo}, {bar}, thud, grunt: This series was popular at CMU.
+	Other CMU-associated variables include ack, barf, foo, and
+	{gorp}.
+
+	{foo}, {bar}, fum: This series is reported to be common at
+	{Xerox PARC}.
+
+	{fred}, {barney}: See the entry for {fred}.  These tend to be
+	Britishisms.
+
+	{toto}, titi, tata, tutu: Standard series of metasyntactic
+	variables among francophones.
+
+	{corge}, {grault}, {flarp}: Popular at Rutgers University and
+	among {GOSMACS} hackers.
+
+	zxc, spqr, {wombat}: Cambridge University (England).
+
+	shme: Berkeley, GeoWorks, Ingres.  Pronounced /shme/ with a
+	short /e/.
+
+	{foo}, {bar}, zot: {Helsinki University of Technology},
+	Finland.
+
+	blarg, wibble: New Zealand
+
+	Of all these, only "foo" and "bar" are universal (and {baz}
+	nearly so).  The compounds {foobar} and "foobaz" also enjoy
+	very wide currency.
+
+	Some jargon terms are also used as metasyntactic names; {barf}
+	and {mumble}, for example.
+
+	See also {Commonwealth Hackish} for discussion of numerous
+	metasyntactic variables found in Great Britain and the
+	Commonwealth.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-11-13)
+
+metasyntax
+
+	<grammar> {Syntax} used to describe {syntax}.  The best known
+	example is {BNF} and its variants such as {EBNF}.
+
+	A {metasyntactic variable} is a {variable} used in
+	{metasyntax}.
+
+	(1999-04-06)
+
+META tag
+
+	{META element}
+
+Meta-Vlisp
+
+	<language> An innovative {Lisp} dialect by E. St.James of IBP,
+	France.
+
+	(2000-12-19)
+
+Met-English
+
+	A {Fortran}-like language designed at {Metropolitan Life} in
+	the early 1960s.  It had support for variable-length bit
+	fields.  Most MetLife {DP} in the 1960s and 1970s was in
+	Met-English.  It was originally developed for {Honeywell}
+	machines, but many programs still run under {IBM} {MVS} via a
+	Honeywell {emulator}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+METEOR
+
+	A version of COMIT with Lisp-like syntax, written in MIT Lisp
+	1.5 for the IBM 7090.  "METEOR - A List Interpreter for String
+	Transformation", D.G. Bobrow in The Programming Language LISP
+	and its Interpretation, E.D.  and D.G. Bobrow eds, 1964.
+
+meter
+
+	<spelling> US spelling of "{metre}".
+
+	(1998-02-07)
+
+method
+
+	<programming> In {object-oriented programming}, a {function} that
+	can be called on an {object} of a given {class}.  When a method is
+	called (or {invoked (method invocation)}) on an object, the object
+	is passed as an implicit {argument} to the method, usually
+	referred to by the special variable "this".  If the method is not
+	defined in the object's class, it is looked for in that class's
+	{superclass}, and so on up the {class hierarchy} until it is
+	found.  A {subclass} thus {inherits {inheritance}} all the methods
+	of its superclasses.
+
+	Different classes may define methods with the same name
+	(i.e. methods may be {polymorphic}).
+
+	Methods are sometimes called "object methods" or "instance
+	methods".  "{Class methods}" are methods that operate on objects
+	of class "class".  "Static methods" are not methods but normal
+	{functions} packaged with the class.
+
+	(2000-03-22)
+
+method invocation
+
+	<programming> In {object-oriented programming}, the way the
+	program looks up the right {code} to run when a {method} with a
+	given name is called ("invoked") on an {object}.  The method is
+	first looked for in the object's {class}, then that class's
+	{superclass} and so on up the {class hierarchy} until a method
+	with the given name is found (the name is "resolved").
+
+	Generally, method lookup cannot be performed at {compile time}
+	because the object's class is not known until {run time}.  This is
+	the case for an {object method} whereas a {class method} is just
+	an ordinary function (that is bundled with a given class) and can
+	be resolved at compile time (or load time in the case of a
+	{dynamically loaded library}).
+
+	(2014-09-06)
+
+methodology
+
+	1. <programming> An organised, documented set of procedures
+	and guidelines for one or more phases of the {software life
+	cycle}, such as analysis or design.  Many methodologies
+	include a diagramming notation for documenting the results of
+	the procedure; a step-by-step "cookbook" approach for carrying
+	out the procedure; and an objective (ideally quantified) set
+	of criteria for determining whether the results of the
+	procedure are of acceptable quality.
+
+	An example is The {Yourdon methodology}.
+
+	2. A pretentious way of saying "method".
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+Methods
+
+	<language> A line-oriented {Smalltalk} for {PC}'s, produced by
+	Digitalk ca 1985.  Methods was the predecessor of
+	{Smalltalk/V}.
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+me too
+
+	A {functional language} for executable specifications
+	developed by Peter Henderson in 1984.  It is like {LispKit
+	Lisp}, but with sets, maps and sequences to describe the
+	specification.
+
+	["Functional Programming, Formal Specification and Rapid
+	Prototyping", IEEE Trans Soft Eng, SE-12(2):241-250 (Feb
+	1986)].
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+metre
+
+	<unit> (US "meter") The fundamental {SI} unit of length.
+
+	From 1889 to 1960, the metre was defined to be the distance
+	between two scratches in a platinum-iridium bar kept in the
+	vault beside the Standard Kilogram at the International Bureau
+	of Weights and Measures near Paris.
+
+	This replaced an earlier definition as 10^-7 times the
+	distance between the North Pole and the Equator along a
+	meridian through Paris; unfortunately, this had been based on
+	an inexact value of the circumference of the Earth.
+
+	From 1960 to 1984 it was defined to be 1650763.73 wavelengths
+	of the orange-red line of krypton-86 propagating in a vacuum.
+
+	It is now defined as the length of the path traveled by light
+	in a vacuum in the time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.
+
+	(1998-02-07)
+
+metric
+
+	{software metric}
+
+metric space
+
+	<mathematics> A set of points together with a {function}, d,
+	called a metric function or distance function.  The function
+	assigns a positive {real number} to each pair of points,
+	called the distance between them, such that:
+
+	1. For any point x, d(x,x)=0;
+
+	2. For any two distinct points x and y, d(x,y)>0;
+
+	3. For any two points x and y, not necessarily distinct,
+
+		d(x,y) = d(y,x).
+
+	4. For any three points x, y, and z, that are not necessarily
+	distinct,
+
+		d(x,z) <= d(x,y) + d(y,z).
+
+	The distance from x to z does not exceed the sum of the
+	distances from x to y and from y to z.  The sum of the lengths
+	of two sides of a triangle is equal to or exceeds the length
+	of the third side.
+
+	(2003-06-26)
+
+Metropolitan Area Network
+
+	(MAN) A data network intended to serve an area the size of a
+	large city.  Such networks are being implemented by innovative
+	techniques, such as running {optical fibre} through subway
+	tunnels.  A popular example of a MAN is {SMDS}.
+
+	See also {Local Area Network}, {Wide Area Network}.
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+M-expression LISP
+
+	(MLISP) The original "{meta-language}" {syntax} of {Lisp},
+	designed by {John McCarthy} in 1962.  MLISP was intended for
+	external use in place of the parenthesised {S-expression}
+	{syntax}.
+
+	["LISP 1.5 Programmer's Manual", J. McCarthy et al, MIT Press
+	1962].
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+MFC
+
+	{Microsoft Foundation Class}
+
+	(1995-11-16)
+
+MFE
+
+	{maximal free expression}
+
+MFLOPS
+
+	1. <unit> {megaflops}.
+
+	2. <benchmark> A {benchmark} which attemps to estimate a
+	system's {floating-point} "MFLOPS" rating for specific {FADD},
+	{FSUB}, {FMUL} and {FDIV} instruction mixes.
+
+	{C Source (ftp://ftp.nosc.mil/pub/aburto/flops20.c)}.
+	{Results
+	(http://performance.netlib.org/performance/html/flops.html)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.nosc.mil/pub/aburto/flops_1.tbl)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.nosc.mil/pub/aburto/flops_2.tbl)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.nosc.mil/pub/aburto/flops_3.tbl)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.nosc.mil/pub/aburto/flops_4.tbl)}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+MFM
+
+	{Modified Frequency Modulation}
+
+MFTL
+
+	{My Favourite Toy Language}
+
+mg
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Madagascar.
+
+	<text, tool> {MicroGnuEmacs}.
+
+MGCP
+
+	{Media Gateway Control Protocol}
+
+mh
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Marshall Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+MHDL
+
+	1. {MIMIC Hardware Description Language}.
+
+	2. {Microwave Hardware Description Language}.
+
+MHEG
+
+	{Multimedia and Hypermedia information coding Expert Group}
+
+MHS
+
+	{message handling system}
+
+MHz
+
+	{MegaHertz}
+
+MIB
+
+	{Management Information Base}
+
+MIB Variable
+
+	A managed object that is defined in a {Management Information
+	Base} (MIB).  The object is defined by a textual name and a
+	corresponding object identifier, a {syntax}, an access mode, a
+	status, and a description of the semantics of the managed
+	object.  The MIB Variable contains pertinent management
+	information that is accessible as defined by the access mode.
+
+	(1995-03-22)
+
+Mic-1
+
+	Microprogramming language, used in {Andrew Tanenbaum}'s book.
+
+	See {Mac-1}.
+
+	[Structured Computer Organization, A.S. Tanenbaum, 3rd ed, P-H
+	1989, Sect 4.4, 4.5].
+
+Mic-2
+
+	Microprogramming language, used in {Tanenbaum}'s book.
+
+	See {Mac-1}.
+
+	[Structured Computer Organization, A.S. Tanenbaum, 3rd ed, P-H
+	1989, Sect 4.4, 4.5].
+
+MICE
+
+	{Multimedia Integrated Conferencing for European Researchers}
+
+mice
+
+	{mouse}
+
+Michigan Algorithm Decoder
+
+	<language> (MAD) An early programming language, based on
+	{IAL}, developed at the University of Michigan by R. Graham,
+	Bruce Arden, and Bernard Galler in 1959.  MAD was one of the
+	first {extensible languages}: the user could define his own
+	{operators} and {data types}.
+
+	MAD ran on the {IBM 704}, {IBM 709} and {IBM 7090}.  It was
+	ported to the {IBM 7040} at the City College of New York by
+	Robert Teitel and also to {Philco}, {Univac} and {CDC}
+	computers.
+
+	{Mad/1} was a later version.
+
+	["Michigan Algorithm Decoder (The MAD Manual)", U Michigan
+	Computing Center, 1966].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 205].
+
+	(2005-02-09)
+
+mickey
+
+	<unit, humour> The unit of resolution of {mouse} movement.
+
+	It has been suggested that the "disney" will become a
+	benchmark unit for animation graphics performance.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-06-30)
+
+mickey mouse program
+
+	<jargon> The North American equivalent of a "{noddy} program",
+	i.e. trivial.  The term doesn't necessarily have the belittling
+	connotations of mainstream slang "Oh, that's just mickey mouse
+	stuff!"; sometimes trivial programs can be very useful.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+MICR
+
+	{Magnetic Ink Character Recognition}
+
+micro
+
+	{microprocessor}
+
+micro-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+microarray
+
+	A technique for performing many DNA experiments in parallel.
+	Nothing to do with computers.
+
+	(2007-05-14)
+
+Micro Assembly Language
+
+	<language> (MAL) A {microprogramming} language with high-level
+	{syntax}, used in the reference below.
+
+	See also {Mic-1}, {Mac-1}.
+
+	[Structured Computer Organization, A.S. Tanenbaum, 3rd ed, P-H
+	1989, Sect 4.4].
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+microcentury
+
+	One CS professor used to characterise the standard length of
+	his lectures as a microcentury - that is, about 52.6 minutes
+	(see also {attoparsec}, {nanoacre}, and especially
+	{microfortnight}).
+
+Micro Channel Architecture
+
+	<architecture> (MCA) {IBM}'s proprietary 32-bit {bus}, used in
+	high-end {PS/2} {personal computers}.  Micro Channel is
+	designed for {multiprocessing}.  It eliminates potential
+	conflicts that arise when installing new peripheral devices.
+	MCA is *not* compatible with either {EISA} or {XT bus
+	architecture} so older cards cannot be used with it.
+
+	As with the {ROM} {BIOS} in the first {IBM PCs}, figuring out
+	the Micro Channel's secrets has been an arduous task of
+	{reverse engineering} ever since the PS/2 line was announced.
+	Consequently, the MCA has never become as wide spread as the
+	competing {EISA} standard.
+
+	(1996-08-16)
+
+microchip art
+
+	<hardware> (chip art, chip graffiti) Images etched on
+	{integrated circuits} purely for decoration, visible only
+	under a microscope.
+
+	{Smithsonian Institute Chip Art
+	(http://smithsonianchips.si.edu/chipfun/graff.htm)}.
+
+microcode
+
+	<programming> A technique for implementing the {instruction
+	set} of a processor as a sequence of microcode instructions
+	("microinstructions"), each of which typically consists of a
+	(large) number of bit fields and the address of the next
+	microinstruction to execute.  Each bit field controls some
+	specific part of the processor's operation, such as a gate
+	which allows some {functional unit} to drive a value onto the
+	{bus} or the operation to be performed by the {ALU}.  Several
+	microinstructions will usually be required to fetch, decode
+	and execute each {machine code} instruction
+	("{macroinstruction}").  The microcode may also be responsible
+	for {polling} for hardware {interrupts} between each
+	macroinstruction.  Writing microcode is known as
+	"microprogramming".
+
+	Microcode may be classified as "horizontally encoded" or
+	"vertically encoded".  Horizontal microcode is as described
+	above where there is a fairly direct correspondence between
+	the bit fields in a microinstruction and the control signals
+	sent to the various parts of the CPU.  Not all combinations of
+	bits will be valid (e.g. two units driving the bus at once).
+	Vertical microcode is closer to {machine code} because a bit
+	field value may pass through some intermediate combinatory
+	logic which generates the actual control signals.  This allows
+	a few bits of a microinstruction to determine several control
+	signals and ensure that only valid combinations of those
+	signals are generated (e.g. a field may be decoded to determine
+	which unit drives the bus).  The disadvantage with vertical
+	encoding is that the encoding is usually fixed and takes extra
+	time compared with horizontal encoding which allows any
+	combination of signals to be generated and takes no time to
+	decode.
+
+	The alternative to a microcoded processor is a {hard-wired}
+	one where the control signals are generated directly from the
+	bits of the {machine code} instruction.  This is more common
+	in modern {RISC} architectures because it is faster.
+
+	Microcode is usually stored in {ROM} chips though some
+	processors (e.g. the {Orion}) use fast RAM, making them
+	dynamically microprogrammable.
+
+	(1996-11-26)
+
+Microcom Networking Protocol
+
+	(MNP) One of the most common {modem} {protocols} with
+	{compression}.  Also the name of a product.
+
+	[Details?  On-line spec?]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+microcomputer
+
+	A computer based on a {microprocessor}.
+
+	Contrast with {minicomputer}, {mainframe}.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+microcontroller
+
+	<processor> A {microprocessor} on a single {integrated
+	circuit} intended to operate as an {embedded} system.  As well
+	as a {CPU}, a microcontroller typically includes small amounts
+	of {RAM} and {PROM} and timers and I/O ports.
+
+	An example is the {Intel 8751}.
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+MicroDroid
+
+	[{Usenet}] A {Microsoft} employee, especially one who posts to
+	various operating-system advocacy newsgroups. MicroDroids post
+	follow-ups to any messages critical of {Microsoft}'s operating
+	systems, and often end up sounding like visiting Mormon
+	missionaries.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+microelectromechanical system
+
+	<hardware> (MEMS) The integration of mechanical structures
+	(moving parts) with microelectronics.  MEMS devices are
+	"custom" designed for a purpose which requires a mechanical
+	action to be controlled by a computer.
+
+	Applications include sensors, medical devices, process
+	controls.
+
+	{(http://mems.mcnc.org/)}.
+
+	See also {nanotechnology}.
+
+	(1999-03-25)
+
+Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation
+
+	<body> (MCC) One of the first, and now one of the largest, US
+	computer industry research and development consortia.
+
+	Founded in late 1982 by major computer and semiconductor
+	manufacturers, MCC's membership has diversified to include a
+	broad range of high-profile corporations from electronics,
+	computers, aerospace, semiconductors, and related industries,
+	reflecting the full range of companies vital to the life cycle
+	of {Information Technology} products.  Active involvement of
+	small- and medium-sized firms and technology users, along with
+	well-established alliances with government research and
+	development agencies and leading universities, allows MCC's
+	partners to maximise the benefit of scarce research and
+	development resources.
+
+	Some of the technical areas in which MCC has distinguished
+	itself are:
+
+	System Architecture and Design (optimise hardware and software
+	design, provide for scalability and interoperability, allow
+	rapid prototyping for improved time-to-market, and support the
+	re-engineering of existing systems for open systems).
+
+	Advanced Microelectronics Packaging and Interconnection
+	(smaller, faster, more powerful, and cost-competitive).
+
+	Hardware Systems Engineering (tools and methodologies for
+	cost-efficient, up-front design of advanced electronic
+	systems, including modelling and design-for-test techniques to
+	improve cost, yield, quality, and time-to-market).
+
+	Environmentally Conscious Technologies (process control and
+	optimisation tools, information management and analysis
+	capabilities, and non-hazardous material alternatives
+	supporting cost-efficient production, waste minimisation, and
+	reduced environmental impact).
+
+	Distributed {Information Technology} (managing and maintaining
+	physically distributed corporate information resources on
+	different {platforms}, building blocks for the {national
+	information infrastructure}, networking tools and services for
+	integration within and between companies, and electronic
+	commerce).
+
+	Intelligent Systems (systems that "intelligently" support
+	business processes and enhance performance, including
+	{decision support}, {data management}, forecasting and
+	prediction).
+
+	{(http://mcc.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Austin, Texas, USA.
+
+	(1995-04-25)
+
+MicroEmacs
+
+	(uemacs) A simple, portable text editor with versions for most
+	{microcomputers} and many other computers.  It is both
+	relatively easy for the novice to use, but also very powerful
+	in the hands of an expert.  MicroEmacs can be extensibly
+	customised.
+
+	Most versions use only a screen and keyboard - mouse and
+	windowing facilities are not standard.
+
+	MicroEmacs was written by Dave G Conroy, Steve Wilhite, George
+	Jones, and for nearly ten years: Daniel Lawrence.
+
+	Version: 3.11.
+
+	{(ftp://midas.mgmt.purdue.edu/dist/)}.
+
+	[FTP?  Differences from GNU Emacs?]
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+microfloppies
+
+	3.5-inch floppies, as opposed to 5.25-inch {vanilla} or
+	mini-floppies and the now-obsolete 8-inch variety.  This term
+	may be headed for obsolescence as 5.25-inchers pass out of
+	use, only to be revived if anybody floats a sub-3-inch floppy
+	standard.  See {stiffy}, {minifloppies}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+microfortnight
+
+	One millionth of the fundamental unit of time in the
+	Furlong/Firkin/Fortnight system of measurement; 1.2096 sec.
+	(A furlong is 1/8th of a mile; a firkin is 1/4th of a barrel;
+	the mass unit of the system is taken to be a firkin of water).
+
+	The VMS operating system has a lot of tuning parameters that
+	you can set with the SYSGEN utility, and one of these is
+	TIMEPROMPTWAIT, the time the system will wait for an operator
+	to set the correct date and time at boot if it realises that
+	the current value is bogus.  This time is specified in
+	microfortnights!
+
+	Multiple uses of the millifortnight (about 20 minutes) and
+	{nanofortnight} have also been reported.
+
+MicroGnuEmacs
+
+	<text, tool> (mg) A {Public Domain} {Emacs}-style editor
+	modified from {MicroEmacs} to be more compatible with {GNU}
+	Emacs.  mg is essentially free, it is not associated with the
+	GNU project, and does not have the GNU copyright restrictions.
+	It is a small, fast, portable editor for people who can't run
+	real Emacs thing for one reason or another.  It has few if any
+	of the MicroEmacs features that were incompatible with GNU
+	Emacs and adds missing features that seemed essential.
+
+	MicroGnuEmacs is derived from, and aims to replace, v30 of
+	MicroEmacs, the latest version from the original MicroEmacs
+	author Dave Conroy.  The chief contributors were Mike Meyer
+	<mwm@ucbopal.berkeley.edu>, Mic Kaczmarczik
+	<mic@ngp.utexas.edu>, Bob Larson, and Dave Brower
+	<rtech!daveb@sun.com>.
+
+	mg version 1a of 1986-11-16 works with {4.2BSD}, {4.3BSD},
+	{Ultrix-32}, {OS9/68k}, {VMS}, {Amiga}, {System V}, {Eunice}.
+	It is included in base {OpenBSD}. It should also support
+	{MS-DOS}, {PC-DOS} and the {Rainbow}.
+
+	{(http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/sources/editors)}.
+
+	(2007-05-25)
+
+Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems
+
+	<company> (MITS) The company which made the {Altair 8800}
+	{micrcomputer} kit.  They also made instrumentation kits for
+	model rockets and RC vehicles.  Ed Roberts owned MITS for a
+	few years until he sold out, moved to Georgia, and went to med
+	school.
+
+	Address: Albuquerque NM, USA.
+
+	(2002-06-17)
+
+Micro Interpreter for Knowledge Engineering
+
+	<artificial intelligence, tool> (MIKE) An {expert system
+	shell} for teaching purposes, with {forward chaining},
+	{backward chaining}, and user-definable {conflict resolution}
+	strategies.  MIKE is written in {Edinburgh Prolog}.
+
+	Version 2.03.
+
+	[BYTE, Oct 1990].
+
+	{(ftp://hcrl.open.ac.uk/pub/software/src/MIKE-v2.03)}.
+
+	Contact: Marc Eisenstadt, HCRL, {Open University}.
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+microkernel
+
+	<operating system> An approach to {operating system} design
+	emphasising small {modules} that implement the basic features
+	of the system {kernel} and can be flexibly configured.
+
+	(1999-08-02)
+
+microLenat
+
+	/mi:"-kroh-len"-*t/ The unit of {bogosity}, written uL; the
+	consensus is that this is the largest unit practical for
+	everyday use.  The microLenat, originally invented by David
+	Jefferson, was promulgated as an attack against noted computer
+	scientist {Doug Lenat} by a {tenured graduate student} at
+	{CMU}.  Doug had failed the student on an important exam for
+	giving only "AI is bogus" as his answer to the questions.  The
+	slur is generally considered unmerited, but it has become a
+	running gag nevertheless.  Some of Doug's friends argue that
+	*of course* a microLenat is bogus, since it is only one
+	millionth of a Lenat.  Others have suggested that the unit
+	should be redesignated after the grad student, as the
+	microReid.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+microlog
+
+	<architecture> A section of {non-volitile memory} used to
+	record state information.  Often used for retaining {crash}
+	information after a {reboot} in {embedded systems}.
+
+	["before" a reboot?]
+
+	(2004-02-24)
+
+micrometre
+
+	<unit> (Or "micron") One millionth of a {metre}.  The symbol
+	is a Greek letter {mu} followed by "m".
+
+	Features on modern {integrated circuits} are typically
+	measured in microns.  The smallest features in 1999 are around
+	0.1 microns across.
+
+	(1999-09-28)
+
+Micro ML
+
+	(uML) An {interpreter} for a subset of {SML}.  Runs on
+	{MS-DOS}.  Written at the University of Umea, Sweden.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.umu.se/pub/umlexe01.zoo)}.
+
+Micron
+
+	{Micron Electronics, Inc.}
+
+micron
+
+	{micrometre}
+
+Micron Electronics, Inc.
+
+	<company> An electronics company that develops, markets,
+	manufactures, and supports high-performance {notebook
+	computers}, {desktop} {personal computers}, {PC servers} and
+	related {hardware} and {software} products.
+
+	(1997-03-10)
+
+Micronetics Standard MUMPS
+
+	(MSM) A version of {MUMPS} for the {IBM PC RT} and {R6000}.
+
+	[Address?]
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+Micro$oft
+
+	<abuse, company> {Microsoft} written with a dollar sign, as though
+	there was any doubt that they are a money-making enterprise.  This
+	little witticism was probably created before Microsoft's founder,
+	{Bill Gates} established the philanthropic {Bill & Melinda Gates
+	Foundation}.
+
+	{Why I hate Microsoft
+	(http://www.vanwensveen.nl/rants/microsoft/IhateMS.html)}.
+
+	(2013-12-30)
+
+microperation
+
+	<processor> An elementary operation performed on {data} stored
+	in {registers} or in {memory}.  Microperations are classified
+	as transfer, arithmetic, logic, or shift/rotate.
+
+	[Relationship with {microcode}?]
+
+	(2003-12-29)
+
+microphone
+
+	<hardware, audio> Any electromechanical device designed to
+	convert sound into an electrical signal.
+
+	A microphone converts an acoustic waveform consisting of
+	alternating high and low air pressure travelling through the
+	air into a voltage.  To do this it uses some kind of pressure
+	or movement sensor.  The simplest kind of microphone is
+	actually very similar in construction to a {loudspeaker}.
+
+	The analogue electrical signal can be fed into a computer's
+	{sound card} where it is amplified and {sampled} to convert it
+	into a {digital} waveform for storage or transmission.
+
+	(2002-11-04)
+
+microPLANNER
+
+	A subset of {PLANNER}, implemented in {Lisp} by {Gerald
+	Sussman} et al at {MIT}.  Its important features were
+	goal-oriented, pattern-directed procedure invocation, an
+	embedded knowledge base, and automatic {backtracking}.
+
+	microPLANNER was superseded by {Conniver}.
+
+	["microPLANNER Reference Manual", G.J. Sussman et al, AI Memo
+	203, MIT AI Lab, 1970].
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+microprocesor
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled {microprocessor}.
+
+	(1997-02-13)
+
+microprocessor
+
+	<architecture> (Or "micro") A computer whose entire {CPU} is
+	contained on one (or a small number of) {integrated circuits}.
+
+	The important characteristics of a microprocessor are the
+	widths of its internal and external {address bus} and {data
+	bus} (and instruction), its {clock rate} and its {instruction
+	set}.  Processors are also often classified as either {RISC}
+	or {CISC}.
+
+	The first commercial microprocessor was the {Intel 4004} which
+	appeared in 1971.  This was the CPU member of a set of four
+	{LSI} {integrated circuits} called the MCS-4, which was
+	originally designed for use in a calculator but was marketed
+	as "programmable controller for logic replacement".  The 4004
+	is referred to as a 4-bit microprocessor since it processed
+	only 4 bits of data at a time.  This very short word size is
+	due mainly to the limitations imposed by the maximum
+	integrated circuit density then achievable.
+
+	As integrated circuit densities increased with the rapid
+	development of integrated circuit manufacturing technology,
+	the power and performance of the microprocessors also
+	increased.  This is reflected in the increase in the CPU word
+	size to 4, 8, 16, and by mid-1980s, 32 bits.  The smaller
+	microprocessors have relatively simple {instruction sets},
+	e.g., no {floating point} instructions, but they are
+	nevertheless suitable as controllers for a very wide range of
+	applications such as car engines and microwave ovens.
+
+	The {Intel 4004} was followed with, among others the {4040},
+	{8008}, {8080}, {8086}, {80186}, {80286}, {80386}, {486} and
+	{Pentium}.  Other families include the {Motorola} {6800} and
+	{680x0} families, {National Semiconductor 16000} and {National
+	Semiconductor 32000}, {SPARC}, {ARM}, {MIPS}, {Zilog Z8000},
+	{PowerPC} and the {Inmos} {Transputer} family.
+
+	The larger, more recent microprocessors families have
+	gradually acquired most of the features of large computers.
+	As the microprocessor industry has matured, several families
+	of microprocessors have evolved into de facto industrial
+	standards with multiple manufacturers and numerous "support"
+	chips including {RAM}, {ROM}, {I/O controllers} etc.
+
+	A single chip microprocessor may include other components such
+	as memory ({RAM}, {ROM}, {PROM}), {memory management},
+	{caches}, {floating-point unit}, input/output ports and
+	timers.  Such devices are also known as {microcontrollers}.
+
+	The one-chip microcomputer is in many respects, a landmark
+	development in computer technology because it reduces the
+	computer to a small, inexpensive, and easily replaceable
+	design component.
+
+	Microcomputers have given rise to a new class of
+	general-purpose machines called {personal computers}.  These
+	are small low cost computers that are designed to sit on an
+	ordinary office desk or to be portable and fuelled the
+	computer boom of the late 1980s.  The most widespread example
+	is the also {IBM PC}, based on microprocessors from {Intel
+	Corporation}.  {Apple Computers, Inc.} have also produced a
+	range of personal computers, as have several other companies.
+
+	See also {killer micro}, {minicomputer}, {CPU Info Center}.
+
+	(2002-07-16)
+
+Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages
+
+	<processor> (MIPS) A project at {Stanford University} intended
+	to simplify processor design by eliminating hardware
+	{interlocks} between the five {pipeline} stages.  This means
+	that only single execution cycle instructions can access the
+	thirty two 32-bit general {registers}, so that the {compiler}
+	can schedule them to avoid conflicts.  This also means that
+	LOAD/STORE and branch instructions have a one-cycle delay to
+	account for.  However, because of the importance of multiply
+	and divide instructions, a special HI/LO pair of
+	multiply/divide registers exist which do have hardware
+	interlocks, since these take several cycles to execute and
+	complicate {instruction scheduling}.
+
+	The project eventually lead to the commercial {MIPS R2000}
+	processor.
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+microprogramming
+
+	{microcode}
+
+microReid
+
+	/mi:'kroh-reed/  See {bogosity}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+MICRO SAINT
+
+	<simulation> A general purpose {simulation} tool from US
+	company {Micro Analysis and Design}.
+
+	(2007-03-22)
+
+microsecond
+
+	<unit> One millionth (10^-6) of a second.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+Microserf
+
+	<jargon> {Wired magazine}'s term for a {Microsoft} employee.
+
+	(1995-03-02)
+
+Microslop
+
+	<company, abuse> A derisive synonym for {Microsoft
+	Corporation}.  It refers to the sloppy, {bug}-ridden "x.0"
+	versions of {MS-DOS}, {Microsoft Windows} and other Microsoft
+	products.
+
+	(1995-12-28)
+
+Microsloth Windows
+
+	<abuse, operating system> /mi:'kroh-sloth" win"dohz/ (Or
+	"Windoze", /win'dohz/) A derogatory term for {Microsoft
+	Windows} which is so limited by bug-for-bug compatibility with
+	{mess-dos} that it is agonisingly slow on anything less than a
+	fast {486}.  Also called just "Windoze", with the implication
+	that you can fall asleep waiting for it to do anything; the
+	latter term is extremely common on {Usenet}.
+
+	Compare {X}, {sun-stools}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-10-08)
+
+Microsoft
+
+	{Microsoft Corporation}
+
+Microsoft Access
+
+	1. <database> A {relational database} running under {Microsoft
+	Windows}.  Data is stored as a number of "{tables}",
+	e.g. "Stock".  Each table consists of a number of "{records}"
+	(e.g. for different items) and each record contains a number
+	of "{fields}", e.g. "Product code", "Supplier", "Quantity in
+	stock".
+
+	Access allows the user to create "{forms}" and "reports".  A
+	form shows one record in a user-designed format and allows the
+	user to step through records one at a time.  A report shows
+	selected records in a user-designed format, possibly grouped
+	into sections with different kinds of total (including sum,
+	minimum, maximum, average).
+
+	There are also facilities to use links ("{joins}") between
+	tables which share a common field and to filter records
+	according to certain criteria or search for particular field
+	values.
+
+	Version: 2 (date?).
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.databases.ms-access}.
+
+	2. <communications> A communications program from Microsoft,
+	meant to compete with {ProComm} and other programs.  It sucked
+	and was dropped.  Years later they reused the name for their
+	database.
+
+	[Date?]
+
+	(1997-07-20)
+
+Microsoft Basic
+
+	<language> (MS-BASIC) A dialect of {BASIC} from {Microsoft},
+	originally developed by {Bill Gates} in a garage back in the
+	{CP/M} days.  It was originally known as GWBasic, then QBASIC
+	and finally MS-BASIC.
+
+	When the {MS-DOS} {operating system} came out, it incorporated
+	the GWBASIC.EXE or BASICA.EXE interpreters.  GWBASIC ("Gee
+	Whiz") incorporated graphics and a {screen editor} and was
+	compatible with earlier BASICs.
+
+	QBASIC was more sophisticated.  Version 4.5 had a full screen
+	editor, debugger and compiler.  The compiler could also
+	produce executable files but to run these a utility program
+	(BRUN44.EXE) had to be present.  Thus {source code} could be
+	kept private.
+
+	From DOS 5.0 or 6.0 onward, MS-BASIC was standard.
+
+	Latest version: 1.1, also produces {stand-alone} executables
+	and can display graphics.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.basic.misc}.
+
+	[Relationship to BASIC in ROM on first IBM PC?]
+
+	(1995-05-12)
+
+Microsoft Certified Application Developer
+
+	<programming, education> (MCAD) Microsoft's qualification
+	signifying ability to build {applications} with Microsoft {Visual
+	Studio .NET} and {web services} on {Microsoft .NET Framework} 1.0
+	and 1.1.  MCAD can no longer be earned.
+
+	{(http://www.microsoft.com/learning/en/in/certification/mcad.aspx)}
+
+	(2013-04-21)
+
+Microsoft Certified Database Administrator
+
+	<educational> (MCDBA) {Microsoft}'s certification of ability to
+	design, implement and manage {SQL Server 2000} {databases}.  The
+	qualification was retired on 2012-09-30.
+
+	{(http://www.microsoft.com/learning/en/us/mcdba-certification.aspx)}.
+
+	(2013-06-15)
+
+Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician
+
+	<education> (MCDST) {Microsoft}'s qualification signifying ability
+	to troubleshoot {Windows XP} {desktop} environments and to solve
+	hardware and software operation and application problems on
+	Windows XP.  MCDST can no longer be earned.
+
+	(2013-05-23)
+
+Microsoft Certified Professional Developer
+
+	<educational, job> (MCPD) {Microsoft}'s certification intended to
+	show comprehensive skills designing, developing and deploying
+	{applications} for a particular job role.
+
+	(2013-07-21)
+
+Microsoft Certified Solution Developer
+
+	<programming, education> (MCSD) A course for the {VAR} or
+	software {developer}.  Candidates must pass three core exams
+	and an elective exam.  The core exams cover {systems
+	analysis}, and {desktop} and {distributed} development.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/mcsd)}.
+
+	(2001-05-20)
+
+Microsoft Certified System Engineer
+
+	<education> (MCSE) A qualification obtained by passing
+	{Microsoft}'s system engineer certification exams.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/mcse)}.
+
+	(2002-07-02)
+
+Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator
+
+	<education> (MCSA) {Microsoft}'s qualification for people who
+	administer {network} and system environments based on {Windows}
+	{operating systems}.  Specializations include Messaging and
+	Security.
+
+	Replaced by {Microsoft Certified Solutions Associate}.
+
+	(2013-09-02)
+
+Microsoft Certified Systems Developer
+
+	<spelling> Do you mean {Microsoft Certified Solution
+	Developer} or {Microsoft Certified System Engineer}?
+
+	(2001-05-20)
+
+Microsoft Corporation
+
+	<company> The biggest supplier of {operating systems} and
+	other software for {IBM PC} compatibles.  Software products
+	include {MS-DOS}, {Microsoft Windows}, {Windows NT},
+	{Microsoft Access}, {LAN Manager}, {MS Client}, {SQL Server},
+	{Open Data Base Connectivity} (ODBC), {MS Mail}, and {SNA
+	Server} for Windows NT.
+
+	Microsoft was founded as "Micro-soft" in 1975 by {Bill Gates}
+	(now CEO) and his high school pal Paul Allen.  Their first
+	product was a version of {BASIC} for the new {Altair} computer
+	[which one?].  In 1980, {IBM} chose Microsoft to supply the
+	{operating system} for the {IBM PC}.
+
+	On the UK television program "The Net" in May 1994, {Bill
+	Gates} said he was betting his company on the {information
+	highway}".
+
+	Quarterly sales $1293M, profits $362M (Aug 1994).
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/)}.
+	{(ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/)}.
+
+	{Interesting Info and Other Microsoft WWW Servers
+	(http://www-drg.microsoft.com/devinfo.htm)}.
+
+	{Microsoft Windows Developer Information
+	(http://www-drg.microsoft.com/devinfo.htm)}.
+
+	{Microsoft Research Group Information
+	(http://research.microsoft.com)}.
+
+	{Win_News
+	(http://microsoft.com/chicago/ms-www/ms-intro.htm)}.
+	maintained by the Personal Operating Systems Division to
+	distribute information on {Microsoft Windows}, {MS-DOS} and
+	{Windows 95}.
+
+	(1998-11-06)
+
+Microsoft Data Access Components
+
+	<database> (MDAC) Microsoft's umbrella term for their {ActiveX
+	Data Objects} (ADO), {OLE DB}, and {Open Database
+	Connectivity} (ODBC) libraries.  Together, these provide
+	access to a variety of data sources, both {relational} ({SQL})
+	and nonrelational.  MDAC is the technology that supports
+	{Universal Data Access}, Microsoft's strategy for providing
+	access to information across the enterprise.
+
+	{(http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/mdacsdk/htm/mdacstartpage1.asp)}.
+
+	(2004-02-17)
+
+Microsoft Disc Operating System
+
+	<spelling> {Microsoft Disk Operating System}
+
+Microsoft Disk Operating System
+
+	<operating system> /M S doss/ (Or "MS-DOS", "PC-DOS",
+	"{MS-DOG}", "{mess-dos}") {Microsoft Corporation}'s {clone} of
+	the {CP/M} {disk operating system} for the {8088} {crufted}
+	together in 6 weeks by {hacker} {Tim Paterson}, who is said to
+	have regretted it ever since.
+
+	MS-DOS is a single user {operating system} that runs one
+	program at a time and is limited to working with one megabyte
+	of memory, 640 kilobytes of which is usable for the
+	{application program}.  Special add-on {EMS} memory boards
+	allow EMS-compliant software to exceed the 1 MB limit.
+	Add-ons to DOS, such as {Microsoft Windows} and {DESQview},
+	take advantage of EMS and allow the user to have multiple
+	applications loaded at once and switch between them.
+
+	Numerous features, including vaguely {Unix}-like but rather
+	broken support for subdirectories, {I/O redirection} and
+	{pipelines}, were hacked into MS-DOS 2.0 and subsequent
+	versions; as a result, there are two or more incompatible
+	versions of many system calls, and MS-DOS programmers can
+	never agree on basic things like what character to use as an
+	option switch ("-" or "/").  The resulting mess became the
+	highest-unit-volume {operating system} in history.  It was
+	used on many {Intel} 16 and 32 bit {microprocessors} and {IBM
+	PC} compatibles.
+
+	Many of the original DOS functions were calls to {BASIC} (in
+	{ROM} on the original {IBM PC}), e.g. Format and Mode.  People
+	with non-IBM PCs had to buy {MS-Basic} (later called
+	{GWBasic}).  Most version of DOS came with some version of
+	BASIC.
+
+	Also know as PC-DOS or simply DOS, ignoring the fact that
+	there were many other OSes with that name, starting in the
+	mid-1960s with {IBM}'s first disk operating system for the
+	{IBM 360}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-05-21)
+
+Microsoft DOS
+
+	{Microsoft Disk Operating System}
+
+Microsoft Excel
+
+	<tool> A {spreadsheet} program from {Microsoft}, part of their
+	{Microsoft Office} suite of productivity tools for {Microsoft
+	Windows} and {Macintosh}.  Excel is probably the most widely
+	used spreadsheet in the world.
+
+	Latest version: Excel 97, as of 1997-01-14.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/msexcel/)}.
+
+	[Feature summary?  History?]
+
+	(1997-01-14)
+
+Microsoft Exchange
+
+	<messaging> {Microsoft}'s messaging and enterprise
+	collaboration server.  Exchange's primary role is as an
+	{electronic mail} {message store} but it can also store
+	calendars, task lists, contact details, and other data.
+
+	[Better descripton?  URL?]
+
+	(1999-09-17)
+
+Microsoft Extended
+
+	<computer> (MSX) A Range of computers created in an attempt by
+	the industry to create a standard for home computers, similar
+	to {VHS} did with home video.
+
+	The basic MSX machine contained a {Z80} {CPU} working at
+	3.58MHz.
+
+	MSX machines were produced by such giants as {Sony}, {Yamaha},
+	{Panasonic}, {Toshiba}, {Daewoo}, and {Philips}.
+
+	The MSX standard was designed by a company called ASCII in
+	cooperation with {Microsoft} who provided a {firmware} version
+	of its {BASIC} for the machine.  Because this BASIC version
+	was an extended version of {MicroSoft Basic}, it was called
+	"MicroSoft eXtended BASIC"; Hence "MSX".
+
+	Microsoft also produced MSX-DOS - a stripped-down version of
+	{MS-DOS}.
+
+	Extensions to the MSX included MSX2, MSX2+ and TurboR.
+
+	{FAQ (http://faq.msxnet.org/)}.
+
+	(1999-02-26)
+
+Microsoft Foundation Classes
+
+	<programming> (MFC) Software structures in {C++}, the Windows
+	base {classes} which can respond to messages, make windows,
+	and from which application specific classes can be derived.
+
+	(1995-11-17)
+
+Microsoft IIS
+
+	{Internet Information Server}
+
+Microsoft IntelliMouse Explorer
+
+	<hardware> An {optical mouse} from {Microsoft}.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/presspass/features/1999/04-19mouse.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-07-21)
+
+Microsoft Internet Information Server
+
+	{Internet Information Server}
+
+Microsoft Mail
+
+	<messaging, tool> (MS Mail) A {Microsoft Windows} {electronic
+	mail} program.
+
+	[Features?  Version?]
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+Microsoft Mail Application Program Interface
+
+	{Messaging Application Programming Interface}
+
+Microsoft Network
+
+	{The Microsoft Network}
+
+Microsoft Networking
+
+	<networking> {Microsoft's} name for the networking subsystems
+	of {Windows 95} and later.  Not to be confused with {The
+	Microsoft Network}.
+
+	Microsoft networking uses the {SMB} file sharing protocol.  It
+	is implemented as file system drivers i.e. "{installable file
+	systems}" (IFS).
+
+	The {network redirector} "Client for Microsoft Networks", is
+	implemented in the VREDIR.VXD {virtual device driver}.  {Peer}
+	resource sharing is provided by "File and Printer Sharing for
+	Microsoft Networks" (VSERVER.VXD).
+
+	Windows 95's support for {Netware} ({NCP}) networks is
+	provided in a similar way via NWREDIR.VXD and NWSERVER.VXD.
+
+	(1999-08-08)
+
+Microsoft Office
+
+	<product> {Microsoft}'s bundles of {productivity tools}
+	including {Microsoft Word}, {Microsoft Excel}, {Microsoft
+	Powerpoint}, {Microsoft Outlook}, {Microsoft Access},
+	{Microsoft Publisher}, {Microsoft Front Page}, {Microsoft Team
+	Manager}, {Microsoft Project}, {Microsoft Schedule+},
+	{Microsoft Internet Explorer}, {Small Business Financial
+	Manager}, {Automap Streets Plus}.
+
+	Editions of Office include {Microsoft Office Professional
+	Edition}, {Microsoft Office Standard Edition}, {Microsoft
+	Office Small Business Edition}, {Microsoft Office Developer
+	Edition}.  Different editions contain different subsets of the
+	above applications.
+
+	Current version, as of 2004-08-30: Office 2003.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/office)}.
+
+	(2004-08-30)
+
+Microsoft Office Small Business Edition
+
+	<application> (SBE) Editions of {Microsoft Office} 97, 2003,
+	and probably other versions, targetted at small businesses.
+	Small Business Edition includes {Microsoft Word}, {Microsoft
+	Excel}, {Microsoft PowerPoint}, {Microsoft Outlook} with
+	{Business Contact Manager} and {Microsoft Publisher}.  SBE
+	2003 doesn't include {Microsoft Access} or the addtional
+	{XML}, {IRM} and {Visual Studio} support found in {Microsoft
+	Office Professional Edition}, though the new user price is the
+	same.
+
+	{Office Editions
+	(http://microsoft.com/office/editions/howtobuy/compare.mspx)}.
+
+	(2004-08-31)
+
+Microsoft Point to Point Encryption
+
+	<protocol> (MPPE) An {encryption} {protocol} that may be used
+	with {PPTP} to provide an encrypted connection.
+
+	(1998-09-24)
+
+Microsoft Project
+
+	<product> A {Microsoft Windows} program offering various
+	{project management} tools.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/office/project/)}.
+
+	(2003-07-02)
+
+Microsoft SQL Server
+
+	<database> A {relational database management system} (RDBMS)
+	which is part of {Microsoft}'s {BackOffice} family of
+	{servers}.  SQL Server was designed for {client/server} use
+	and is accessed by applications using {SQL}.  It runs on
+	{Windows NT} version 3.5 or higher and is compliant with the
+	{ANSI} {SQL-92} and {FIPS} 127-2 {SQL} {standards}.
+
+	SQL Server supports {symmetric multiprocessing} hardware;
+	{SNMP}, {ODBC}, and major {open standard} communications
+	{protocols}.  It has {Internet} integration, data
+	{replication}, and {data warehousing} features.
+
+	Microsoft SQL Server was originally developed by {Sybase
+	Corporation} but the cooperation was broken sometime [when?]
+	before version 6.0.
+
+	Latest version: 7.0.  [Or is it 2000?]
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/sql)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.databases.ms-sqlserver}.
+
+	(2001-04-27)
+
+Microsoft Windows
+
+	<operating system> {Microsoft}'s proprietary {window system}
+	and {user interface} software released in 1985 to run on top
+	of {MS-DOS}.  Widely criticised for being too slow (hence
+	"{Windoze}", "{Microsloth Windows}") on the machines available
+	then.
+
+	The 1996 market share of operating systems was:
+
+	 DOS/Windows	70%
+	 Windows 95	15%
+	 Windows NT	 2%
+	 Other		13%
+
+	[Current shares?]
+
+	The version history goes something like: 1985 {Windows 1},
+	1987 {Windows 2}, 1987 {Windows/386}, 1990 {Windows 3.0}, 1992
+	{Windows 3.1}, 1992 {Windows for Workgroups 3.1}, 1993
+	{Windows 3.11}, 1993 {Windows for Workgroups 3.11}, 1993
+	{Windows NT 3.1}, 1994 {Windows NT 3.5}, 1995 {Windows 95},
+	199? {Windows NT 4}, 1998 {Windows 98}, ? {Windows NT 5}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups:
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.comp.os.ms-windows.advocacy},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.comp.os.ms-windows.announce},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.apps.comm},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.apps.compatibility.win95},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.apps.financial},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.apps.misc},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.apps.utilities},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.apps.utilities.win3x},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.apps.utilities.win95},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.apps.winsock.mail},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.apps.winsock.misc},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.apps.winsock.news},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.apps.word-proc},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.misc},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.networking.misc},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.networking.ras},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.networking.tcp-ip},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.networking.win95},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.networking.windows},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.admin.misc},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.admin.networking},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.advocacy},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.announce},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.misc},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.pre-release},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.setup.hardware},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.setup.misc},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.software.backoffice},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.software.compatibility},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.software.services},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.pre-release},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.controls},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.graphics},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.memory},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.misc},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.multimedia},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.networks},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.nt.kernel-mode},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.ole},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.tools.mfc},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.tools.misc},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.tools.owl},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.tools.winsock},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.vxd},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.win32},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.programmer.winhelp},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.setup},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.setup.win3x},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.setup.win95},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.video},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.win95.misc},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.win95.setup},
+	{news:comp.binaries.ms-windows}.
+
+	(1998-10-15)
+
+Microsoft Word
+
+	<text, tool, product> A popular {word processor}, part of the
+	{Microsoft Office} suite.  The original Word (versions 1.0 to
+	4.?/5.0?) was originally {text-based} (non-{GUI}) and ran
+	under {MS-DOS}.  Then Microsoft released {Word for Windows}
+	1.0 and 2.0.  Later they produced new versions for each OS,
+	both numbered 6.0.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/catalog/products/word/)}.
+
+	[Features?]
+
+	(1997-02-11)
+
+MicroStation
+
+	<application> A full-featured 2-D and 3-D {CAD} program for
+	{MS-DOS}, {Microsoft Windows}, {Macintosh}, and {Unix}
+	{workstations} from {Bentley Systems, Inc.}  Created in 1984,
+	MicroStation is a high-end package used worldwide in
+	environments where many designers work on large, complex
+	projects.  MicroStation Modeler is a superset of MicroStation
+	that provides {solid modelling}, and MasterPiece is
+	MicroStation's {rendering} and {animation} program.
+
+	(2001-04-19)
+
+microtape
+
+	<hardware, storage> /mi:'kroh-tayp/ Occasionally used to mean
+	a {DECtape}, as opposed to a {macrotape}.
+
+	Apparently the term "microtape" was actually the official term
+	used within DEC for these tapes until someone coined the word
+	"DECtape", which, of course, sounded sexier to the
+	{marketroids}.  Another version of the story holds that
+	someone discovered a conflict with another company's
+	"microtape" trademark.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+Microware Corporation
+
+	Authors of {OS-9}.
+
+	Address: Des Moines, Iowa, USA.
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+Microwave Hardware Description Language
+
+	<language, hardware> (MHDL) A {Hardware Description Language}
+	by David Barton[?] from {Intermetrics} incorporating {Haskell}
+	1.2.
+
+	Not to be confused with other {MHDLs}.
+
+	(2000-11-14)
+
+MIDAS
+
+	A digital simulation language.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.627].
+
+Midas
+
+	A {Motif}-based toolkit for interactive data analysis by
+	T. Johnson, SLAC.  The basis for the {Midas-WWW} {browser}.
+
+Midas-WWW
+
+	<web> A {Motif}-based {browser} for {WWW} based on
+	the {Midas} toolkit.
+
+	(1998-08-09)
+
+middle-endian
+
+	<data, architecture> Neither {big-endian} nor {little-endian}.
+	Used of perverse byte orders such as 3-4-1-2 or 2-1-4-3,
+	occasionally found in the {packed decimal} formats of some
+	{minicomputer} manufacturers.
+
+	See {-endian}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-08-09)
+
+middleware
+
+	Software that mediates between an {application program} and a
+	{network}.  It manages the interaction between disparate
+	applications across the heterogeneous computing {platforms}.
+	The {Object Request Broker} (ORB), software that manages
+	communication between {objects}, is an example of a middleware
+	program.
+
+MIDI
+
+	{Musical Instrument Digital Interface}
+
+mid-level network
+
+	(Or "regional network").  The kind of networks which make up
+	the second level of the {Internet} hierarchy.  They are the
+	{transit networks} which connect the {stub networks} to the
+	{backbone networks}.
+
+MIF
+
+	{Maker Interchange Format}
+
+MIG
+
+	{Mach Interface Generator}
+
+MIGRAINES
+
+	<tool> A {graphical user interface} for evaluating and
+	interacting with the {Aspirin} {neural network} simulation.
+
+	Utilities exist for moving quickly from an {Aspirin}
+	description of a network directly to an executable program for
+	simulating and evaluating that network.  MIGRAINES has been
+	kept separate from Aspirin so that its limitations do not
+	restrict the performance of Aspirin.  However, in practice,
+	they are used together.  This combination allows for simple
+	specification and creation of efficient neural network systems
+	that can be graphically analysed and tested.
+
+	[Aspirin/MIGRAINES Neural Network Software User's Manual,
+	Release v6.0 MP-91W00050, Copyright 1992 by Russel Leighton
+	and the MITRE Corporation].
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+MII
+
+	1. <body> A consortium of {Microsoft}, {IBM}, and {Intel}.
+
+	[When?  What did it do?]
+
+	2. <storage> A broadcast component video tape format licensed
+	by Panasonic.
+
+	(1998-11-15)
+
+MIIS
+
+	<language> /Meese/ An interpreted language with one-letter
+	{keywords}.
+
+	[Details?  Similar to {MUMPS}?]
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+MIKE
+
+	{Micro Interpreter for Knowledge Engineering}
+
+mil
+
+	<networking> The {top-level domain} for entities affiliated
+	with US armed forces.
+
+	(1999-01-26)
+
+Milarepa
+
+	<tool> A {Perl} {BNF} {parser generator} by Jeffrey Kegler
+	<jeffrey@netcom.com>.  Milarepa takes a source {grammar}
+	written in a mixture of {BNF} and {Perl} and generates Perl
+	source, which, when enclosed in a simple wrapper, parses the
+	language described by the grammar.  Milarepa is not restricted
+	to {LRn grammars}, and the parse logic follows directly from
+	the BNF.  It handles {ambiguous grammars}, ambiguous tokens
+	(tokens which were not positively identified by the lexer) and
+	allows the programmer to change the start symbol.  The grammar
+	may not be {left recursive}.  The input must be divided into
+	sentences of a finite maximum length.  There is no fixed
+	distinction between {terminals} and non-terminals, that is, a
+	symbol can both match the input AND be on the left hand side
+	of a production.  Multiple Marpa grammars are allowed in a
+	single Perl program.
+
+	Version: Prototype 1.0.
+
+	Posted to comp.lang.perl.
+
+	The author is seeking an FTP site to hold the software.
+
+	(1993-03-17)
+
+MILITRAN
+
+	A {discrete simulation} system for military applications
+	produced by the Sys Res Group at {ONR} in 1964.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 657].
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+mill
+
+	{Arithmetic and Logic Unit}
+
+millennium bug
+
+	{Year 2000}
+
+millennium meltdown
+
+	{Year 2000}
+
+milli-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+millihelen
+
+	<unit, humour> The amount of beauty required to launch one ship.
+
+	(2002-03-19)
+
+milliLampson
+
+	/mil'*-lamp"sn/ A unit of talking speed, abbreviated mL.  Most
+	people run about 200 milliLampsons.  The eponymous Butler
+	Lampson (a CS theorist and systems implementor highly regarded
+	among hackers) goes at 1000.  A few people speak faster.  This
+	unit is sometimes used to compare the (sometimes widely
+	disparate) rates at which people can generate ideas and
+	actually emit them in speech.  For example, noted computer
+	architect C. Gordon Bell (designer of the {PDP-11}) is said,
+	with some awe, to think at about 1200 mL but only talk at
+	about 300; he is frequently reduced to fragments of sentences
+	as his mouth tries to keep up with his speeding brain.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+millisecond
+
+	<unit> (ms) One thousandth of a second, one thousand
+	{microseconds}.  A long time for a modern computer.
+
+	(1995-08-18)
+
+MILNET
+
+	Military Network.  Part of the {Defense Data Network} (DDN)
+	and of the {Internet}.  Managed by the {Defense Information
+	Systems Agency} (DISA).
+
+	[Location?  Number of hosts?  Purpose?]
+
+MIMD
+
+	{Multiple Instruction/Multiple Data}
+
+MIME
+
+	{Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions}
+
+mimencode
+
+	(Originally distributed as "mmencode").  A replacement for
+	{uuencode} for use in {electronic mail} and {news}.  Part of
+	{MIME}.  uuencode uses characters that don"t translate well
+	across all mail gateways (particularly those which convert
+	between {ASCII} and {EBCDIC}).  Also, different variants of
+	uuencode encode data in different and incompatible ways, with
+	no standard.  Finally, few uuencode variants work well in a
+	pipe.  Mimencode implements the encodings which were defined
+	for {MIME} as uuencode replacements, and should be
+	considerably more robust for e-mail use.  Written by Nathaniel
+	S. Borenstein of Bell Communications Research,
+	Inc. ({Bellcore}) in 1991.
+
+Mimer SQL
+
+	<database> A {relational database management system}, free for
+	non-commercial use, developed by the Swedish company {Upright
+	Database Technology AB}.
+
+	{Mimer Home (http://developer.mimer.com)}.
+
+	(2002-06-03)
+
+MIME type
+
+	<file format, protocol, multimedia> The unique identifier used
+	for different file types when conveyed across a {MIME}-based
+	{protocol} such as {MIME} {e-mail} or {HTTP}.
+
+	Registration of MIME types is explained in {RFC 2048}.
+
+	{Official MIME types
+	(ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/media-types/media-types)}.
+
+	(1998-02-10)
+
+MIMIC
+
+	<language> An early language designed by J.H. Andrews of the
+	NIH in 1967 for solving engineering problems such as
+	differential equations that would otherwise have been done on
+	an {analog computer}.
+
+	["MIMIC, An Alternative Programming Language for Industrial
+	Dynamics, N.D. Peterson, Socio-Econ Plan Sci. 6, Pergamon
+	1972].
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+MIMOLA
+
+	Operational hardware specification language.
+
+	["A Retargetable Compiler for a High-Level Microprogramming
+	Language", 17th Ann Workshop on Microprogramming, P. Marwedel,
+	IEEE 1984, pp. 267-274].
+
+mind mouse
+
+	<hardware> A {pointing device} (unlike a {mouse} in design,
+	but serving the same purpose) which works via sensors in
+	contact with the user's skin.  The sensors are built into a
+	plastic base which fits on one finger and which is similar in
+	shape to a finger cast.
+
+	The principle of operation is presumably myoelectric, not
+	psionic, contrary to what the name implies.
+
+	As of the time of writing (1996), mind mice are not accurate
+	enough to be anything but novelties.
+
+	[Availability?]
+
+	(1997-04-07)
+
+mind uploading
+
+	<application> The science fiction concept of copying one's
+	mind into an artificial body or computer.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://sunsite.unc.edu/jstrout/uploading/MUHomePage.html)}.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+Minerva software
+
+	A company producing software for the {Acorn} {Archimedes}.
+
+	{(http://zynet.co.uk/minerva/)}.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+Minesweeper, Chess, Solitaire Expert
+
+	<humour> (MCSE) A humourous expansion of {MCSE} suggesting a more
+	realistic summary of a person's computer expertise.
+
+	(2013-03-16)
+
+minicomputer
+
+	<computer> A computer built between about 1963 and 1987,
+	smaller and less powerful than a {mainframe}, typically about
+	the size and shape of a wardrobe, mounted in a single tall
+	rack.
+
+	Minicomputers were characterised by short {word} lengths of 8
+	to 32 {bits}, limited hardware and software facilities and
+	small physical size.  Their low cost made them suitable for a
+	wide variety of applications such as industrial control, where
+	a small, dedicated computer which is permanently assigned to
+	one application, is needed. In recent years, improvements in
+	device technology have resulted in minicomputers which are
+	comparable in performance to large {second generation
+	computers} and greatly exceed the performance of {first
+	generation} {computers}.
+
+	The processor was typically built using low integration logic
+	{integrated circuits} - {TTL} or maybe {ECL}, thus
+	distinguishing it from a {microcomputer} which is built around
+	a {microprocessor} - a processor on a single (or maybe a few)
+	ICs.
+
+	{DEC}'s {PDP-1} was the first minicomputer and their {PDP-11}
+	was the most successful, closely followed (in both time and
+	success) by the {VAX} (which {DEC} called a "{super
+	minicomputer}").
+
+	Another early minicomputer was the {LINC} developed at {MIT} in
+	1963.
+
+	Other minicomputers were the {AS/400}, the {PRIME} series, the
+	{AP-3}, {Olivetti}'s {Audit 7} and the {Interdata 8/32}.
+
+	[Others?]
+
+	(2004-05-12)
+
+Mini Disc
+
+	<storage, music> A music medium designed by {Sony} as a
+	portable replacement for music {Compact Discs}.  In 1994 Sony
+	announced a data version which can hold 140 MB or about 100 MB
+	using {error correction}.  These will be competitive with 128
+	MB {magneto-optical} disks.  Mini Discs may be either a
+	re-writable or mass-produced read-only type.  Sony have also
+	announced a standard data format.
+
+	The transfer rate is similar to {CD-ROM} which is slow
+	compared to the current {magneto-optical} drives (which are
+	similar to an old hard disk, with writing noticeably slower
+	than reading).  Pre-recorded read-only Mini Discs can be mass
+	manufactured on a modified CD press - this and the standard
+	format mean it could take off as a software distribution
+	medium.
+
+	An article in the December 1994 PCW quotes {access times} of
+	about 300 ms and data transfer rate of about 150 kb/s (i.e.
+	about single spin CD rate).
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+minifloppy
+
+	<storage> 5.25-inch {vanilla} floppy disks, as opposed to
+	3.5-inch or {microfloppies} and the now-obsolescent 8-inch
+	variety.
+
+	At one time, this term was a trademark of {Shugart Associates}
+	for their SA-400 minifloppy drive.  Nobody paid any attention.
+
+	See {stiffy}.
+
+	(1996-05-03)
+
+minimal automaton
+
+	<theory> An {automaton} possessing with {redundant states}.
+
+	(1996-05-03)
+
+minimax
+
+	<games> An {algorithm} for choosing the next move in a two
+	player game.  A player moves so as to maximise the minimum
+	value of his opponent's possible following moves.  If it is my
+	turn to move, I give a value to each legal move I might make.
+	If the result of a move is an immediate win for me I give it
+	positive infinity and, if it is an immediate win for you,
+	negative infinity.  The value to me of any other move is the
+	minimum of the values resulting from each of your possible
+	replies.
+
+	The above algorithm will give every move a value of positive
+	or negative infinity since the value of every move will be the
+	value of some final winning or losing move.  This can be
+	extended if we can supply a {heuristic} {evaluation function}
+	which gives values to non-final game states without
+	considering all possible following complete sequences.  We can
+	then limit the minimax algorithm to look only a certain number
+	of moves ahead.  This number is called the "look-ahead" or
+	"ply".
+
+	See also {alpha/beta pruning}.
+
+	[Is "maximin" used?  Is it significantly different?]
+
+	(2000-12-07)
+
+Mini-ML
+
+	["A Simple Applicative Language: Mini-ML", D. Clement et al,
+	Proc 1986 ACM Conf on LISP and Functional Prog, (Aug 1986)].
+
+minimum seek time
+
+	<storage> (Or track-to-track seek time) The time it takes to
+	move the head of a {disk drive} from one {track} to the next.
+	The minimum seek time gives a good measure of the speed of the
+	drive in a single-user/single-process environment where
+	successive read/write request are largely correlated and thus
+	if correlated data is stored in nearby cylinders most seeks
+	are from one cylinder to the next.
+
+	(1997-07-15)
+
+Mini PL/I
+
+	A commercial {PL/I} subset for the {Olivetti} {Audit 7}
+	{minicomputer}.
+
+MINITAB II
+
+	A system for interactive solution of small statistical
+	problems.
+
+	["MINITAB Student Handbook", T.A. Ryan et al, Duxbury Press
+	1976].
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+MINIX
+
+	<operating system> /MIN-ix/ A small {operating system} that is
+	very similar to {UNIX}.  MINIX was written for educational
+	purposes by Prof. {Andrew S. Tanenbaum} of {Vrije
+	Universiteit, Amsterdam}.
+
+	MINIX has been written from scratch and contains no AT&T code
+	-- neither in the {kernel}, the {compiler}, the utilities, nor
+	the libraries.  Although copyrighted by Prentice-Hall, all
+	{sources}, {binaries} and {documentation} can be obtained via
+	{Internet} for educational or research purposes.
+
+	Current versions as of 1996-11-15:
+
+	MINIX 2.0 - {Intel} {CPUs} from {Intel 8088} to {Pentium}
+
+	MINIX 1.5 - {Intel}, {Macintosh} ({MacMinix}), {Amiga}, {Atari
+	ST}, {Sun} {SPARC}.
+
+	{(http://cs.vu.nl/~ast/minix.html)}.
+
+	(1997-06-16)
+
+Minnesota Internet Users Essential Tool
+
+	<networking, tool> (Minuet) An integrated package for {IBM PC}
+	that includes modules for {electronic mail} (using the {POP}
+	{protocol}), {Gopher}, {telnet}, {Usenet} news and {FTP}.
+	Minuet provides an easy-to-use, {mouse}-driven {graphical user
+	interface} via the {TurboVision} libraries.  It is a {TCP/IP}
+	{client} that runs over any type of TCP/IP {network} including
+	{Ethernet} and {SLIP}.  It will work with either {static IP
+	address}es or {dynamic IP address}es ({bootp}).
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://micro.umn.edu/products/minuet/minuet-1.html)}.
+	{(ftp://boombox.micro.umn.edu/pub/pc/minuet/beta16/minuarc.exe)}.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+MINT
+
+	{Mint Is Not TRAC}
+
+MiNT
+
+	<operating system> (MinT is not TOS - a {recursive acronym}) A
+	freeware, {open source operating system} for the {Atari ST}
+	range of computers.  MiNT was originally based on a {port} of
+	{BSD} to {Atari ST} computers by Eric R. Smith.  MiNT gave the
+	Atari access to BSD's many network applications.  A short
+	(1992-94) romance between MiNT and {Atari} Corp., who decided
+	to convert the system to the {MultiTOS} {kernel}, produced a
+	unique TOS/Unix hybrid, which provides simultaneous access to
+	both {GEM} and BSD application libraries.
+
+	Since MiNT is MultiTOS's kernel, it has kept all the features
+	described above and, if an {AES} replacement is installed, it
+	can show you a new face of MultiTOS.  Unlike MultiTOS however,
+	MiNT is based on a different {file system}, that is faster and
+	more flexible than TOS's.  Furthermore, thanks to the network
+	support, MiNT allows an Atari to be an {Internet} {server}
+	that can still run GEM and TOS applications!  This has won
+	MiNT many devotees ("MiNTquisitors"), making it the main
+	competitor for {ASH}'s {MagiC}.
+
+	Unlike {Linux}, MiNT can run on a {Motorola 68000} with no
+	{FPU}.  It needs at least 4 MB of RAM, more to run multiuser
+	or to run GEM applications at the same time.
+
+	{(http://orient.uw.edu.pl/~conradus/docs/mint.html)}.
+
+	(1999-07-20)
+
+Mint Is Not TRAC
+
+	<text, tool> (MINT) A version of {TRAC} used as the {extension
+	language} in the {Freemacs} editor.
+
+	{(ftp://sun.soe.clarkson.edu/pub/freemacs)}.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+Minuet
+
+	<networking> {Minnesota Internet Users Essential Tool}.
+
+MINUIT
+
+	A program for {function minimisation} and {error analysis}.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+minus
+
+	-
+
+	Common: dash; {ITU-T}: hyphen; {ITU-T}: minus.  Rare:
+	{INTERCAL}: worm; option; dak; bithorpe.
+
+minus infinity
+
+	The most negative value, not necessarily or even usually the
+	simple negation of plus {infinity}.  In N bit twos-complement
+	arithmetic, infinity is 2^(N-1) - 1 but minus infinity is
+	-(2^(N-1)), not -(2^(N-1) - 1).
+
+MIPS
+
+	1. <unit, benchmark> Million instructions per second.
+
+	The unit commonly used to give the rate at which a processor
+	executes instructions.
+
+	Often rendered by hackers as "Meaningless Indication of
+	Processor Speed" or in other unflattering ways.  This
+	expresses a nearly universal attitude about the value of most
+	{benchmark} claims, said attitude being one of the great
+	cultural divides between hackers and {marketroids}.
+
+	The etymologically incorrect singular "1 MIP" is sometimes
+	heard.
+
+	See also {KIPS} and {GIPS}.
+
+	2. {VAX MIPS}.
+
+	3. <processor> {Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline
+	Stages}.
+
+	4. <company> {MIPS Technologies, Inc.}
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-03-01)
+
+MIPS project
+
+	{Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages}
+
+MIPS R2000
+
+	<processor> The R2000 design came, in about 1987, from the
+	{Stanford} {MIPS project}, which stood for Microprocessor
+	without Interlocked Pipeline Stages.
+
+	Like the {AMD 29000}, the R2000 has no {condition code
+	register} considering it a potential {bottleneck}.  The
+	{program counter} can be read like other registers.
+
+	The CPU includes an {MMU} that can also control a {cache}, and
+	the CPU can operate as {big-endian} or {little-endian}.  There
+	is a {FPU}, the R2010.
+
+	Versions include the {MIPS R3000} and {MIPS R4000}.
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+MIPS R2010
+
+	A {FPU} for the {MIPS R2000}.
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+MIPS R3000
+
+	A version of the {MIPS R2000} with improved {cache} control.
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+MIPS R4000
+
+	A 64-bit version of the {MIPS R3000} with has more {pipeline}
+	stages for a higher {clock rate} and performance.
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+MIPS Technologies, Inc.
+
+	<company> A company which designs, develops, and licenses
+	{reduced instruction set computer} (RISC) {microprocessors}
+	and compilers.  MIPS Technologies, Inc. is a wholly-owned
+	subsidiary of {Silicon Graphics, Inc.} and operates as an
+	independent unit.  MIPS is the successor to the processor
+	business of MIPS Computer Systems which was founded in 1984
+	and merged with Silicon Graphics on 29 June 1992.
+
+	MIPS Technologies developed the world's first RISC {VLSI}
+	microprocessors (1985) (or was it the {ARM}?), the first
+	commercial 64-bit microprocessor ({MIPS R4000}, 1992),
+	announced MIPS R4300i - the first 64-bit RISC processor
+	designed for interactive consumer applications (April 1995).
+	They announced the MIPS R10000 - the next generation
+	general-purpose MIPS microprocessor and the most powerful
+	processor in the world (October 1994).
+
+	MIPS' semiconductor company partners participate in the design
+	and development of MIPS processors and software and then
+	produce, market, and support the processors.  MIPS itself does
+	not fabricate or sell products.  MIPS' semiconductor partners
+	are: {Integrated Device Technology}, {LSI Logic Corporation},
+	{NEC Corporation}, {NKK Corporation}, {Philips
+	Semiconductors}, {Siemens AG}, and {Toshiba Corporation}.
+
+	MIPS' products include:
+
+	R4000 - 100 MHz; 1.35M transistors, primary i/d cache 8KB/8KB,
+	SPECint92 58.3/ SPECfp92 61.4.
+
+	R4300i - 133 MHZ, 1.35M transistors; primary i/d cache,
+	16KB/8KB, SPECint92 80, SPECfp92 60.
+
+	R4400 - 250 MHz, 2.3M transistors, primary i/d cache
+	16KB/16KB, SPECint92 175.8, SPECfp92 164.4.
+
+	R4600 - 133 MHz, 1.9M transistors, primary i/d cache
+	16KB/16KB, SPECint92 85, SPECfp92 75.
+
+	R8000/R8010 - 90 MHz, 2.6M, .83M transistors, primary i/d
+	cache, 16KB/16KB, SPECint92 132, SPECfp92 396.
+
+	R10000 - 200 MHz, 6.7M transistors, primary i/d cache
+	32KB/32KB, SPECint92 >300, SPECfp92 >600.
+
+	MIPS' processor chips were used in the {DEC 3100} series of
+	{workstations}.
+
+	{(http://mips.com/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.sys.mips}.
+
+	(1996-03-01)
+
+Miracula
+
+	An implementation of a subset of {Miranda} by Stefan Kahrs
+	<smk@ed.ac.uk>, LFCS, no modules or files.  Can be
+	interactively switched between {eager} and {lazy} evaluation.
+	Portable source in C from the author.
+
+Miranda
+
+	<language> (From the Latin for "admirable", also the heroine
+	of Shakespeare's "Tempest") A {lazy} {purely functional}
+	programming language and {interpreter} designed by {David
+	Turner} of the University of Kent in the early 1980s and
+	implemented as a product of his company, {Research Software
+	Limited}.  Miranda combines the main features of {KRC} and
+	{SASL} with {strong typing} similar to that of {ML}.
+
+	It features terse {syntax} using the {offside rule} for
+	indentation.  The {type} of an expression is inferred from the
+	{source} by the {compiler} but explicit type declarations are
+	also allowed.  It has nested {pattern-matching}, {list
+	comprehensions} and {modules}.  It uses {operator sections}
+	rather than {lambda abstractions}.  User types are algebraic,
+	and in early versions could be constrained by {laws}.
+
+	It is implemented using {SKI combinator} {reduction}.
+	Originally implemented for {Unix}, there are versions for most
+	UNIX-like platforms including {Intel PC} under {Linux}.  The
+	{KAOS} operating system is written entirely in Miranda.
+
+	There are translators from Miranda to {Haskell} {mira2hs
+	(/pub/misc/mira2hs)} and to {LML} {mira2lml (/pub/misc/mira2lml)}.
+	Non-commercial near-equivalents of Miranda include {Miracula} and
+	{Orwell}.
+
+	{(http://miranda.org.uk/)}.
+
+	[{"Miranda: A Non Strict Functional Language with Polymorphic
+	Types" (http://miranda.org.uk/nancy.html)}, D.A. Turner, in
+	Functional Programming Languages and Computer Architecture,
+	LNCS 201, Springer 1985].
+
+	[{"An Overview of Miranda"
+	(http://miranda.org.uk/overview.pdf)}, D. A. Turner, SIGPLAN
+	Notices, 21(12):158--166, December 1986].
+
+	["Functional Programming with Miranda", Ian Holyer, Pitman
+	Press 0-273-03453-7].
+
+	(2007-03-22)
+
+MIRFAC
+
+	{Mathematics in Recognizable Form Automatically Compiled}
+
+mirror
+
+	1. <hardware, storage> Writing duplicate data to more than one
+	device (usually two {hard disks}), in order to protect against
+	loss of data in the event of device failure.  This technique
+	may be implemented in either hardware (sharing a {disk
+	controller} and cables) or in software.  It is a common
+	feature of {RAID} systems.
+
+	Several {operating systems} support software disk mirroring or
+	{disk-duplexing}, e.g. {Novell NetWare}.
+
+	See also {Redundant Array of Independent Disks}.
+
+	Interestingly, when this technique is used with {magnetic
+	tape} storage systems, it is usually called "twinning".
+
+	A less expensive alternative, which only limits the amount of
+	data loss, is to make regular {backups} from a single disk to
+	{magnetic tape}.
+
+	2. {mirror site}.
+
+	(1998-06-11)
+
+mirroring
+
+	{mirror}
+
+mirror site
+
+	<networking> An {archive site} or {website} which keeps a
+	copy of some or all files at another site so as to make them
+	more quickly available and to reduce the load on the source
+	site.
+
+	It is generally best to use the mirror that is physically
+	closest to you as this will usually give the fastest download.
+
+	Such mirroring is usually done for specific whole directories
+	or files on a specific remote server as opposed to a {cache}
+	or {proxy server} which keeps copies of everything that is
+	requested via it.
+
+	For example, src.doc.ic.ac.uk is the main UK mirror for the
+	{GNU} archive at gnu.org.
+
+	(2006-10-16)
+
+MIS
+
+	{Management Information System}
+
+misbug
+
+	/mis-buhg/ [MIT] An unintended property of a program that
+	turns out to be useful; something that should have been a
+	{bug} but turns out to be a {feature}.  Usage: rare.  Compare
+	{green lightning}.  See {miswart}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+MIS Director
+
+	{Chief Information Officer}
+
+misfeature
+
+	/mis-fee'chr/ or /mis'fee"chr/ A feature that eventually
+	causes lossage, possibly because it is not adequate for a new
+	situation that has evolved.  Since it results from a
+	deliberate and properly implemented feature, a misfeature is
+	not a bug.  Nor is it a simple unforeseen side effect; the
+	term implies that the feature in question was carefully
+	planned, but its long-term consequences were not accurately or
+	adequately predicted (which is quite different from not having
+	thought ahead at all).  A misfeature can be a particularly
+	stubborn problem to resolve, because fixing it usually
+	involves a substantial philosophical change to the structure
+	of the system involved.
+
+	Many misfeatures (especially in user-interface design) arise
+	because the designers/implementors mistake their personal
+	tastes for laws of nature.  Often a former feature becomes a
+	misfeature because trade-offs were made whose parameters
+	subsequently change (possibly only in the judgment of the
+	implementors).  "Well, yeah, it is kind of a misfeature that
+	file names are limited to six characters, but the original
+	implementors wanted to save directory space and we"re stuck
+	with it for now."
+
+MISHAP
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 1130}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+Missed'em-five
+
+	<operating system, abuse> (Or "SysVile" /sis-vi:l'/) A
+	pejorative hackerism for AT&T {System V} {Unix}, generally
+	used by {BSD} partisans in a bigoted mood.
+
+	See {software bloat}, {Berzerkeley}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-07-01)
+
+missile address
+
+	{ICBM address}
+
+missing
+
+	{Missing definition}
+
+miswart
+
+	/mis-wort/ [By analogy with {misbug}] A {feature} that
+	superficially appears to be a {wart} but has been determined
+	to be the {Right Thing}.  For example, in some versions of the
+	{Emacs} text editor, the "transpose characters" command
+	exchanges the character under the cursor with the one before
+	it on the screen, *except* when the cursor is at the end of a
+	line, in which case the two characters before the cursor are
+	exchanged.  While this behaviour is perhaps surprising, and
+	certainly inconsistent, it has been found through extensive
+	experimentation to be what most users want.  This feature is a
+	miswart.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+MIT
+
+	{Massachusetts Institute of Technology}
+
+MIT AI Lab
+
+	<body> ({Massachusetts Institute of Technology} {artificial
+	intelligence} laboratory) Workplace of many famous AI
+	researchers at MIT including {GLS} and {RMS}.
+
+	{(http://ai.mit.edu/)}.
+
+	Address: 545 Technology Sq., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
+
+	(2003-02-28)
+
+MITI
+
+	{SQRIBE}
+
+MITILAC
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 650}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(1998-09-24)
+
+MIT Lisp Machine
+
+	{Lisp Machine}
+
+MITRE Corporation
+
+	<body> A US federally funded R&D center, spun off in 1958 from
+	the {MIT Lincoln Laboratory} (also an FFRDC).  MITRE is a
+	non-profit corporation chartered to do R&D in the public
+	interest.
+
+	MITRE were responsible for system engineering and
+	implementation oversight of {SAGE}.
+
+	MITRE does not stand for MIT Research and Engineering, though
+	it could have.
+
+	{(http://mitre.org/)}.
+
+	(1999-12-16)
+
+MIT Research Laboratory for Electronics
+
+	<body>
+
+	See also {Jay Forrester}, {core memory}, the {Whirlwind}
+	computer, {MIT Lincoln Laboratory}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1999-12-16)
+
+MITS
+
+	{Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems}
+
+MIT Scheme
+
+	<language> (Previously "C-Scheme") A {Scheme} implementation
+	by the {MIT} Scheme Team (Chris Hanson, Jim Miller, Bill
+	Rozas, and many others) with a rich set of utilities,  a
+	compiler called {Liar} and an editor called {Edwin}.
+
+	MIT Scheme includes an {interpreter}, large {run-time
+	library}, {Emacs} {macros}, {native-code compiler}, emacs-like
+	editor, and a {source-level debugger}.
+
+	Latest version: 7.7.1, as of 2002-06-18.
+
+	{MIT Scheme} conforms fully with {R4RS} and almost with the
+	{IEEE Scheme} {standard}.  It runs on {Motorola 68000}:
+	{HP9000}, {Sun-3}, {NeXT}; {MIPS}: {Decstation}, {Sony}, {SGI};
+	{HP-PA}: 600, 700, 800; {VAX}: {Ultrix}, {BSD}, {DEC} {Alpha}:
+	{OSF}; {Intel i386}: {MS-DOS}, {MS Windows}, and various other
+	{Unix} systems.
+
+	See also: {LAP}, {Schematik}, {Scode}.
+
+	{(http://gnu.org/software/mit-scheme/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.scheme.c}.
+
+	Mailing list: mit-scheme-announce@gnu.org (cross-posted to
+	news).
+
+	E-mail: <mit-scheme-devel@gnu.org> (maintainers).
+
+	(2003-08-14)
+
+MIX
+
+	Knuth's hypothetical machine, used in The Art of Computer
+	Programming v.1, Donald Knuth, A-W 1969.
+
+MIXAL
+
+	MIX Assembly Language.
+
+	The {assembly language} for {Donald Knuth}'s hypothetical
+	{MIX} machine.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+MIX Communications
+
+	(MIX) Providers of {Internet} access and presentation services
+	for businesses and individuals in the Milwaukee, WI, USA
+	metropolitan area.  MIX started providing Internet access
+	services to the Milwaukee area in 1990.  It was the first
+	business in Milwaukee to provide Internet access services to
+	the public.
+
+	MIX Communications is owned and operated by Dean Roth.
+
+	{(http://mixcom.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <info@mixcom.com>.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (414) 351 1868 (Office), +1 (414) 351 1139
+	(BBS).  Address: MIX Communications, P.O. Box 17166,
+	Milwaukee, WI 53217, USA.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+M-JPEG
+
+	{Moving JPEG}
+
+MJS
+
+	<language> An early system on the {UNIVAC} I or II.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):1959-05-16].
+
+	(1996-12-15)
+
+mk
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Former Yugoslav
+	Republic of Macedonia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+ML
+
+	1. <robotics> Manipulator Language.  IBM language for handling
+	robots.
+
+	2.  Meta Language.  R. Milner <rm@lfcs.edinburgh.ac.uk> et al,
+	1973.  A {strict} {higher-order} {functional language}.  It
+	was the first language to include {polymorphic} typing which
+	was statically-checked.  It also had {garbage collection} and
+	a formal {semantics}.
+
+	It began as the {metalanguage} for the Edinburgh {LCF} proof
+	assistant.  (LCF="Logic for Computable Functions") People soon
+	noticed that ML could be a useful general programming language
+	and stand-alone versions were implemented.  {Standard ML}
+	(SML) is a descendant of these (and related languages such as
+	{Hope}).
+
+	The "metalanguage" aspect has long since disappeared from the
+	language itself (although there are some systems that still
+	use it that way).  The historical name is now so inappropriate
+	that asking what ML stands for is like asking what {C} or
+	{Unix} stands for.  It doesn't stand for anything; it just is.
+
+	LCF ML was implemented in {Stanford LISP}.  Cardelli (1981)
+	implemented ML in {Pascal} using the {Functional Abstract
+	Machine} (FAM).  It has been significantly redesigned to
+	produce {Standard ML} and {Lazy ML}.
+
+	["A Metalanguage for Interactive Proof in LCF", M.J.C. Gordon
+	et al, 5th POPL, ACM 1978].
+
+	(2006-07-21)
+
+ml
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Mali.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+ML-2000
+
+	An extension and redesign of {Standard ML}.  Under
+	development.
+
+MLAB
+
+	Modeling LABoratory.  An interactive mathematical modelling
+	system.
+
+	["MLAB, An On-Line Modeling Laboratory", NIH (Mar 1975)].
+
+	(1994-10-13)
+
+ML/I
+
+	<language> An early {macro} language first implemented by
+	Peter Brown at the {Cambridge University} in 1966.  ML/I has
+	been maintained by Bob Eager since 1973.
+
+	{ML/I Home (http://ml1.org.uk/)}.
+
+	[P.J. Brown, CACM 10(10):618-623, Oct 1967].
+
+	(2006-07-21)
+
+MLISP
+
+	1. {M-expression LISP}.
+
+	2. Meta-LISP.  D.C. Smith & H. Enea.  LISP variant with
+	ALGOL-like syntax.  Not just a surface syntax, a full
+	language.
+
+	"MLISP", D.C. Smith, TR CS-179, CS Dept, Stanford (Oct 1970).
+	Version: MLISP2.
+
+	3. A hybrid of M-expression LISP and Scheme.
+
+	"M-LISP: Its Natural Semantics and Equational Logic",
+	R. Muller, SIGPLAN Notices 26(9):234-242 (Sept 1991) (PEPM
+	'91).
+
+ML Kit
+
+	The ML Kit is a straight translation of the Definition of
+	Standard ML into a collection of Standard ML modules.  For
+	example, every inference rule in the Definition is translated
+	into a small piece of Standard ML code which implements it.
+	The translation has been done with as little originality as
+	possible - even variable conventions from the Definition are
+	carried straight over to the Kit.  The Kit is intended as a
+	tool box for those people in the programming language
+	community who may want a self-contained parser or type checker
+	for full Standard ML but do not want to understand the clever
+	bits of a high-performance compiler. We have tried to write
+	simple code and modular interfaces.
+
+	Version 1
+
+	interpreter, documentation
+
+	Nick Rothwell, David N. Turner, Mads Tofte <tofte@diku.dk>,
+	and Lars Birkedal at Edinburgh and Copenhagen Universities.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.diku.dk/diku/users/birkedal/)}.  UK: ftp
+	export/ml/mlkit/ from lfcs.ed.ac.uk
+
+	(1993-03-12)
+
+MLL
+
+	Medium-Level Language.
+
+	Sometimes used half-jokingly to describe {C}, alluding to its
+	"structured-assembler" image.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+ML-lex
+
+	A version of {lex} in {SML/NJ} which outputs a {lexical
+	analyser} in {SML/NJ}.
+
+	{(ftp://research.att.com/dist/ml/75.tools.tar.Z)}.
+
+ML-Linda
+
+	U Edinburgh, under development.
+
+ML Threads
+
+	{SML/NJ} with mutual exclusion primitives similar to those in
+	{Modula-2+} and {Mesa}.  Written by Greg Morrisett
+	<jgmorris@cs.cmu.edu>.
+
+	{Lightweight threads} are created using {fork}.  They are
+	{pre-emptive}ly scheduled and communicate via {shared memory}
+	which can be protected by a "{mutex}" ({monitor}).
+
+	Implementations for {Motorola 68020}, {SPARC} and {MIPS} and
+	{VAX}- and {MIPS}-based multiprocessors.
+
+	["Adding Threads to Standard ML", E. Cooper et al,
+	CMU-CS-90-186, CMU Dec 1990].
+
+ML-Twig
+
+	A variant of {TWIG} in {SML}, by Jussi Rintanen
+	<jur@cs.hut.fi>, which comes with {SML/NJ}.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+mm
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Myanmar (Burma).
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Mma
+
+	A fast {Mathematica}-like system, in {Allegro CL} by
+	R. Fateman, 1991.
+
+	{(ftp://peoplesparc.berkeley.edu/pub/mma.tar.Z)}.
+
+mmap
+
+	The {Unix} {system call} which establishes a mapping between a
+	range of addresses in a user process's address space and a
+	portion of some "memory object" (typically a file, one of the
+	special "devices" /dev/mem or /dev/kmem or some
+	{memory-mapped} peripheral).  This allows the process to
+	access a file at random byte offsets without using the seek
+	{system call} or to access physical addresses or {kernel}'s
+	{virtual address} space.  It can also be used as an
+	alternative to writing a {device driver} since it is usually
+	simpler to code and faster to use.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+MMCD
+
+	<storage> {MultiMedia Compact Disc}.
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+MMDF
+
+	{Multi-channel Memorandum Distribution Facility}
+
+MMI
+
+	1. Man-Machine Interface.
+
+	2. <company> The company which developed the first
+	{Programmable Array Logic} devices.  MMI was bought by {AMD}.
+
+	[Dates?]
+
+	(1995-12-09)
+
+MML
+
+	Human-Machine Language.
+
+	A language from {ITU-T} for telecommunications applications.
+	It has a complex {natural-language} syntax.
+
+	[CCITT Recommendations Z.311-Z.318, Z-341, Nov 1984].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+MMO
+
+	{Massively Multiplayer Online Game}
+
+MMOG
+
+	{Massively Multiplayer Online Game}
+
+MMORPG
+
+	{Massively Multiplayer Online Game}
+
+MMS
+
+	{Multimedia Messaging Services}
+
+MMU
+
+	{Memory Management Unit}
+
+MMX
+
+	{Matrix Math eXtensions}
+
+MMX technology
+
+	{Matrix Math eXtensions}
+
+mn
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Mongolia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+mnemonic
+
+	<programming> A word or string which is intended to be easier
+	to remember than the thing it stands for.  Most often used in
+	"{instruction mnemonic}" which are so called because they are
+	easier to remember than the {binary} patterns they stand for.
+	Non-printing {ASCII} characters also have mnemonics like
+	{NAK}, {ESC}, {DEL} intended to evoke their meaning on certain
+	systems.
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+MNP
+
+	{Microcom Networking Protocol}
+
+mo
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Macau.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Directory Number
+
+	<communications> A number string used to uniquely identify a
+	mobile telephone subscriber in {GSM}, {CDMA} and {UMTS}
+	cellular networks.  The number is formatted according to the
+	{E.164} numbering plan, consisting of a country code (CC),
+	national destination code (NDC) and subscriber number (SN).
+
+	See also: {IMSI}, {IMEI}, {The GSM Specifications
+	(http://www.etsi.org/services_products/freestandard/home.htm)}.
+
+	(2006-12-28)
+
+Mobile Triton
+
+	<processor> (Official name 82430MX) A version of {Intel}'s {Triton}
+	I processor chip set intended for mobile computers.
+
+	Mobile Triton consists of one 82437MX and two 82438MX.
+
+	[Special features?]
+
+	(1996-04-03)
+
+mobo
+
+	{motherboard}
+
+MOBSSL-UAF
+
+	Merritt and Miller's Own Block-Structured Simulation
+	Language-Unpronounceable Acronym For.
+
+	A l for interactive continuous {simulation}.
+
+	["MOBSSL - An Augmented Block Structured Continuous System
+	Simulation Language for Digital and Hybrid Computers",
+	M.J. Merritt et al, Proc FJCC 35, AFIPS (Fall 1969)].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+moby
+
+	<jargon> /moh'bee/ (From {MIT}, seems to have been in use
+	among model railroad fans years ago.  Derived from Melville's
+	"Moby Dick", some say from "Moby Pickle") 1. Large, immense,
+	complex, impressive.  "A Saturn V rocket is a truly moby
+	frob."  "Some MIT undergrads pulled off a moby hack at the
+	Harvard-Yale game."
+
+	2. (Obsolete) The maximum {address space} of a computer (see
+	below).  For a 680[234]0 or {VAX} or most modern 32-bit
+	architectures, it is 4,294,967,296 8-bit bytes (four
+	{gigabytes}).
+
+	3. A title of address (never of third-person reference),
+	usually used to show admiration, respect, and/or friendliness
+	to a competent hacker.  "Greetings, moby Dave.  How's that
+	address-book thing for the Mac going?"
+
+	4. In backgammon, doubles on the dice, as in "moby sixes",
+	"moby ones", etc.  Compare this with {bignum}: double sixes
+	are both bignums and moby sixes, but moby ones are not bignums
+	(the use of "moby" to describe double ones is sarcastic).
+
+	5. The largest available unit of something which is available
+	in discrete increments.  Thus a "moby Coke" is not just large,
+	it's the largest size on sale.
+
+	This term entered hackerdom with the Fabritek 256K memory
+	added to the MIT AI PDP-6 machine, which was considered
+	unimaginably huge when it was installed in the 1960s (at a
+	time when a more typical memory size for a {time-sharing}
+	system was 72 kilobytes).  Thus, a moby is classically 256K
+	36-bit words, the size of a PDP-6 or PDP-10 moby.  Back when
+	{address registers} were narrow the term was more generally
+	useful, because when a computer had {virtual memory} mapping,
+	it might actually have more physical memory attached to it
+	than any one program could access directly.  One could then
+	say "This computer has six mobies" meaning that the ratio of
+	physical memory to address space is six, without having to say
+	specifically how much memory there actually is.  That in turn
+	implied that the computer could timeshare six "full-sized"
+	programs without having to swap programs between memory and
+	disk.
+
+	Nowadays the low cost of processor logic means that address
+	spaces are usually larger than the most physical memory you
+	can cram onto a machine, so most systems have much *less* than
+	one theoretical "native" moby of {core}.  Also, more modern
+	memory-management techniques (especially paging) make the
+	"moby count" less significant.  However, there is one series
+	of widely-used chips for which the term could stand to be
+	revived --- the Intel 8088 and 80286 with their incredibly
+	{brain-damaged} segmented-memory designs.  On these, a "moby"
+	would be the 1-megabyte address span of a segment/offset pair
+	(by coincidence, a PDP-10 moby was exactly one megabyte of
+	nine-bit bytes).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-10-01)
+
+mockingbird
+
+	Software that intercepts communications (especially login
+	transactions) between users and hosts and provides system-like
+	responses to the users while saving their responses
+	(especially account IDs and passwords).  A special case of
+	{Trojan horse}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Mockingboard
+
+	<hardware> A sound and speech board for the {Apple II}
+	computer, on sale in 1978.
+
+	See also {zxnrbl}.
+
+	(1997-03-18)
+
+Mock Lisp
+
+	The {Lisp} used by the {Gosling Emacs} editor.
+
+mod
+
+	1. <filename extension, application, file format, music>
+	(module) The filename extension for a sampled music file
+	format that originated on the {Commodore} {Amiga}.  A .MOD
+	file is composed of digitised sound samples, arranged in
+	patterns to create a song. There are .MOD players for most
+	{personal computers} including {Amiga}, {Archimedes}, {IBM
+	PC}, and {Macintosh}.
+
+	An {IBM PC} will require a {sound card} capable of handling
+	digitised samples ({Sound Blaster}, {Sound Blaster Pro},
+	{GUS}) and slower {Intel 80386}-based PCs may not be able to
+	do anything else while playing a module.
+
+	.MOD files differ from .MID ({MIDI}) files in that they
+	contain sound samples.  This allows each song to use different
+	sounds but it also puts more load on the {CPU} than playing a
+	MIDI file, since more data must be processed for each note.  A
+	slow CPU would benefit from a sound card with {wavetable
+	synthesis} which handles samples instead of the CPU.
+
+	Module files come in various formats including .MOD.  Formats
+	evolved from .MOD include .S3M, .FAR and .669.  Most contain
+	improvements on .MODs.
+
+	{(http://eskimo.com/~future/mods.htm)}.
+
+	2. <jargon> modify or modification.
+
+	This abbreviation is very common - in fact the full terms are
+	considered formal.  "Mods" is used especially with reference
+	to bug fixes or minor design changes in hardware or software,
+	most especially with respect to {patch} sets or a {diff}.
+
+	3. <programming> A common name for the {modulo} operator.
+
+	(1999-07-14)
+
+*MOD
+
+	("StarMOD") A {concurrent} language combining the {modules} of
+	{Modula} and the communications of {Distributed Processes}.
+
+	["*MOD - A Language for Distributed Programming", R.P. Cook,
+	IEEE Trans Soft Eng SE-6(6):563-571 (Nov 1980)].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+modal
+
+	1. (Of an interface) Having {modes}.  Modeless interfaces are
+	generally considered to be superior because the user does not
+	have to remember which mode he is in.
+
+	2. See {modal logic}.
+
+	3. In {MS Windows} programming, A window with the label
+	"WS_MODAL" will stay on the screen and claim all the
+	user-input.  Other windows can only be accessed if the MODAL
+	window is closed.  Such a window would typically be used for
+	an error {dialog box} to warn the user for something
+	important, like "Critical error, shut down the system and
+	restart".
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+modal logic
+
+	<logic> An extension of {propositional calculus} with
+	{operators} that express various "modes" of truth.  Examples
+	of modes are: necessarily A, possibly A, probably A, it has
+	always been true that A, it is permissible that A, it is
+	believed that A.
+
+	"It is necessarily true that A" means that things being as
+	they are, A must be true, e.g.
+
+		"It is necessarily true that x=x" is TRUE
+
+	while
+
+		"It is necessarily true that x=y" is FALSE
+
+	even though "x=y" might be TRUE.
+
+	Adding modal operators [F] and [P], meaning, respectively,
+	henceforth and hitherto leads to a "{temporal logic}".
+
+	Flavours of modal logics include: {Propositional Dynamic
+	Logic} (PDL), {Propositional Linear Temporal Logic} (PLTL),
+	{Linear Temporal Logic} (LTL), {Computational Tree Logic}
+	(CTL), {Hennessy-Milner Logic}, S1-S5, T.
+
+	C.I. Lewis, "A Survey of Symbolic Logic", 1918, initiated the
+	modern analysis of modality.  He developed the logical systems
+	S1-S5.  JCC McKinsey used algebraic methods ({Boolean
+	algebras} with operators) to prove the decidability of Lewis'
+	S2 and S4 in 1941.  Saul Kripke developed the {relational
+	semantics} for modal logics (1959, 1963).  Vaughan Pratt
+	introduced {dynamic logic} in 1976.  Amir Pnuelli proposed the
+	use of temporal logic to formalise the behaviour of
+	continually operating {concurrent} programs in 1977.
+
+	[Robert Goldblatt, "Logics of Time and Computation", CSLI
+	Lecture Notes No. 7, Centre for the Study of Language and
+	Information, Stanford University, Second Edition, 1992,
+	(distributed by University of Chicago Press)].
+
+	[Robert Goldblatt, "Mathematics of Modality", CSLI Lecture
+	Notes No. 43, Centre for the Study of Language and
+	Information, Stanford University, 1993, (distributed by
+	University of Chicago Press)].
+
+	[G.E. Hughes and M.J. Cresswell, "An Introduction to Modal
+	Logic", Methuen, 1968].
+
+	[E.J. Lemmon (with Dana Scott), "An Introduction to Modal
+	Logic", American Philosophical Quarterly Monograpph Series,
+	no. 11 (ed. by Krister Segerberg), Basil Blackwell, Oxford,
+	1977].
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+modam
+
+	<spelling> Do you mean {modem}?
+
+	(2008-05-08)
+
+MODCAL
+
+	A version of {HP-PASCAL} enhanced with system programming
+	constructs, used internally by {HP}.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+Mode
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented language}.
+
+	["The Programming Language Mode: Language Definition and User
+	Guide", J. Vihavainen, C-1987-50, U Helsinki, 1987].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+mode
+
+	1. A general state, usually used with an adjective describing
+	the state.  Use of the word "mode" rather than "state" implies
+	that the state is extended over time, and probably also that
+	some activity characteristic of that state is being carried
+	out. "No time to hack; I'm in thesis mode."
+
+	In its jargon sense, "mode" is most often attributed to
+	people, though it is sometimes applied to programs and
+	inanimate objects.  In particular, see {hack mode}, {day
+	mode}, {night mode}, {demo mode}, {fireworks mode}, and {yoyo
+	mode}; also {chat}.
+
+	2. More technically, a mode is a special state that certain
+	user interfaces must pass into in order to perform certain
+	functions.  For example, in order to insert characters into a
+	document in the Unix editor "vi", one must type the "i" key,
+	which invokes the "Insert" command.  The effect of this
+	command is to put vi into "insert mode", in which typing the
+	"i" key has a quite different effect (to wit, it inserts an
+	"i" into the document).  One must then hit another special
+	key, "ESC", in order to leave "insert mode".  Nowadays,
+	modeful interfaces are generally considered {losing} but
+	survive in quite a few widely used tools built in less
+	enlightened times.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	3. <hardware> {video mode}.
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+mode bit
+
+	A {flag}, usually in hardware, that selects between two
+	(usually quite different) modes of operation.  The
+	connotations are different from {flag} bit in that mode bits
+	are mainly written during a boot or set-up phase, are seldom
+	explicitly read, and seldom change over the lifetime of an
+	ordinary program.  The classic example was the
+	EBCDIC-vs.-ASCII bit (#12) of the Program Status Word of the
+	{IBM 360}.  Another was the bit on a PDP-12 that controlled
+	whether it ran the PDP-8 or the LINC instruction set.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+MODEF
+
+	Pascal-like language with polymorphism and data abstraction.
+	"Definition of the Programming Language MODEF",
+	J. Steensgard-Madsen et al, SIGPLAN Notices 19(2):92-110 (Feb
+	1984).
+
+MODEL
+
+	<language> A {Pascal}-like language with extensions for
+	large-scale system programming and interface with {Fortran}
+	applications.  MODEL includes {generic procedures}, and a
+	"static" {macro}-like approach to {data abstraction}.  It
+	produces {P-code} and was used to implement the {DEMOS}
+	{operating system} on the {Cray-1}.
+
+	["A Manual for the MODEL Programming Language", J.B. Morris,
+	Los Alamos 1976].
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+model
+
+	1. <simulation> A description of observed or predicted
+	behaviour of some system, simplified by ignoring certain
+	details.  Models allow complex {systems}, both existent and
+	merely specified, to be understood and their behaviour
+	predicted.  A model may give incorrect descriptions and
+	predictions for situations outside the realm of its intended
+	use.  A model may be used as the basis for {simulation}.
+
+	Note: British spelling: "modelling", US: "modeling".
+
+	(2008-04-28)
+
+	2. <programming> {Model View Controller}.
+
+	(2008-04-28)
+
+model checking
+
+	<theory, algorithm, testing> To algorithmically check whether
+	a program (the model) satisfies a specification.
+
+	The model is usually expressed as a {directed graph}
+	consisting of {nodes} (or {vertices}) and {edges}.  A set of
+	{atomic propositions} is associated with each node.  The nodes
+	represents states of a program, the edges represent possible
+	executions which alters the state, while the atomic
+	propositions represent the basic properties that hold at a
+	point of execution.
+
+	A specification language, usually some kind of {temporal
+	logic}, is used to express properties.
+
+	The problem can be expressed mathematically as: given a
+	temporal logic formula p and a model M with initial state s,
+	decide if M,s \models p.
+
+	["Automatic verification of finite state concurrent systems
+	using temporal logic", E.M. Clarke, E.A. Emerson, and
+	A.P. Sisla, ACM Trans. on Programming Languages and Systems
+	8(2), pp. 244--263, 1986].
+
+	(1997-06-26)
+
+modeling
+
+	<spelling> US spelling of "{model}ling".
+
+	(1999-12-10)
+
+modeling language
+
+	{modelling language}
+
+modelling
+
+	{model}
+
+modelling language
+
+	<language> Possibly a kind of {programming language} designed
+	for describing {models} and their behaviour.
+
+	See also {data modelling}, {object relational model},
+	{simulation}, {UML}, {VRML}.
+
+	(2009-05-11)
+
+Modelsim
+
+	<simulation> A simulation tool for programming {VLSI} {ASICs},
+	{FPGAs}, {CPLDs}, and {SoCs}.
+
+	{Manual by Arnd Riebartsch
+	(http://arieba.net/simulators.htm#ModelSim)}.
+
+	(2003-07-19)
+
+Model View Controller
+
+	<programming> (MVC) A way of partitioning the design of
+	{interactive} {software}.  The "model" is the internal
+	workings of the program (the {algorithms}), the "view" is how
+	the user sees the state of the model and the "controller" is
+	how the user changes the state or provides input.
+
+	(2007-05-30)
+
+modem
+
+	<hardware, communications> (Modulator/demodulator) An
+	electronic device for converting between serial data
+	(typically {EIA-232}) from a computer and an audio signal
+	suitable for transmission over a telephone line connected to
+	another modem.  In one scheme the audio signal is composed of
+	silence (no data) or one of two frequencies representing zero
+	and one.
+
+	Modems are distinguished primarily by the maximum data rate
+	they support.  Data rates can range from 75 bits per second up
+	to 56000 and beyond.  Data from the user (i.e. flowing from
+	the local terminal or computer via the modem to the telephone
+	line) is sometimes at a lower rate than the other direction,
+	on the assumption that the user cannot type more than a few
+	characters per second.
+
+	Various data {compression} and error correction {algorithms}
+	are required to support the highest speeds.  Other optional
+	features are {auto-dial} (auto-call) and {auto-answer} which
+	allow the computer to initiate and accept calls without human
+	intervention.  Most modern modems support a number of
+	different {protocols}, and two modems, when first connected,
+	will automatically negotiate to find a common protocol (this
+	process may be audible through the modem or computer's
+	loudspeakers).  Some modem protocols allow the two modems to
+	renegotiate ("retrain") if the initial choice of data rate is
+	too high and gives too many transmission errors.
+
+	A modem may either be internal (connected to the computer's
+	{bus}) or external ("stand-alone", connected to one of the
+	computer's {serial ports}).  The actual speed of transmission
+	in characters per second depends not just the modem-to-modem
+	data rate, but also on the speed with which the processor can
+	transfer data to and from the modem, the kind of compression
+	used and whether the data is compressed by the processor or
+	the modem, the amount of noise on the telephone line (which
+	causes retransmissions), the serial character format
+	(typically {8N1}: one {start bit}, eight data bits, no
+	{parity}, one {stop bit}).
+
+	See also {acoustic coupler}, {adaptive answering}, {baud
+	barf}, {Bulletin Board System}, {Caller ID}, {SoftModem},
+	{U.S. Robotics}, {UUCP}, {whalesong}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.dcom.modems}.
+
+	(2002-05-04)
+
+MODEM7
+
+	A {batch file transfer protocol}.
+
+	See also {XMODEM}.
+
+	(1995-05-02)
+
+moderator
+
+	A person, or small group of people, who manages a moderated
+	{mailing list} or {Usenet} {newsgroup}.  Moderators are
+	responsible for determining which email submissions are passed
+	on to the list or newsgroup.
+
+Modified Frequency Modulation
+
+	<storage> (MFM, Modified {FM}, or sometimes "Multiple
+	Frequency Modulation") A modification to the original
+	{frequency modulation} scheme for encoding data on {magnetic
+	disks}.  MFM allows more than 1 symbol per flux transition (up
+	to 3), giving greater density of data.  It is used with a data
+	rate of between 250-500 kbit/s on industry standard 3.5" and
+	5.25" low and high density {diskettes}, and up to 5 Mbit/s on
+	{ST-506} {hard disks}.  Except for 1.44 MB floppy disks, this
+	encoding is obsolete.
+
+	Other data encoding schemes include {GCR}, {FM}, {RLL}.  See
+	also: {PRML}.
+
+	(2002-06-24)
+
+modifier
+
+	<programming> An operation that alters the state of an
+	{object}.  Modifiers often have names that begin with "set"
+	and corresponding {selector} functions whose names begin with
+	"get".
+
+	(1998-01-12)
+
+M O drive
+
+	{magneto-optical disk}
+
+MODSIM
+
+	<language> A general-purpose, modular, block-structured
+	language from {CACI}, which provides support for
+	{object-oriented programming} and {discrete event simulation}.
+	It is intended for building large process-based discrete event
+	simulation models through modular and object-oriented
+	mechanisms similar to those of {Modula-2}.
+
+	MODSIM is descended from {Modula-2} and {Simula}.  It supports
+	{multiple inheritance}, {templates}, {reference types},
+	{polymorphism}, and {process-oriented simulation} with
+	synchronous and asynchronous activities using explicit
+	simulation time.
+
+	See also {MODSIM II}, {USAModSim}.
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+MODSIM II
+
+	1986.  Object-oriented modular language for discrete
+	simulation, with {multiple inheritance}, {strong typing},
+	integrated 2D and 3D graphics.  Compiles to C.  CACI, La
+	Jolla, (619) 457-9681.  list: palmer@world.std.com
+
+Modula
+
+	{MODUlar LAnguage}
+
+Modula-2
+
+	<language> A high-level programming language designed by
+	{Niklaus Wirth} at {ETH} in 1978.  It is a derivative of
+	{Pascal} with well-defined interfaces between {modules}, and
+	facilities for parallel computation.  Modula-2 was developed
+	as the system language for the {Lilith} {workstation}.
+
+	The central concept is the {module} which may be used to
+	encapsulate a set of related subprograms and data structures,
+	and restrict their visibility from other portions of the
+	program.  Each module has a definition part giving the
+	interface, and an implementation part.
+
+	The language provides limited single-processor {concurrency}
+	({monitors}, {coroutines} and explicit transfer of control)
+	and hardware access ({absolute address}es and {interrupts}).
+	It uses {name equivalence}.
+
+	{DEC FTP archive
+	(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/.1/DEC/Modula-2/m2.tar.Z)}.
+
+	["Programming in Modula-2", N. Wirth, Springer 1985].
+
+	(1995-10-25)
+
+Modula-2*
+
+	An extension of {Modula-2} by M. Philippsen
+	<philipp@ira.uka.de> of the {University of Karlsruhe}.  It
+	uses a superset of {data parallelism}, allowing both
+	synchronous and asynchronous programs, both {SIMD} and {MIMD}.
+	Parallelism may be nested to any depth.  There are version for
+	{MasPar} and a simulator for the {SPARC}.
+
+	{(ftp://iraun1.ira.uka.de/pub/programming/modula2star)}.
+	E-mail: Ernst Heinz <heinz@ira.uka.de>.
+
+	["Modula-2*: An Extension of Modula-2 for Highly Parallel,
+	Portable Programs", W. Tichy et al, TR 4/90, U Karlsruhe, Jan
+	1990].
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+Modula-2+
+
+	{Modula-2} plus {exceptions} and {threads} developed by
+	P. Rovner et al of {DEC} {SRC}, Palo Alto CA in 1984.
+
+	["Modula-2+ User's Manual", M-C van Leunen].
+
+	["Extending Modula-2 to Build Large, Integrated Systems",
+	P. Rovner, IEEE Software 3(6):46-57 (Nov 1986)].
+
+	(1994-10-21)
+
+Modula-3
+
+	L. Cardelli et al, DEC and Olivetti, 1988.  A descendant of
+	Modula-2+ and Cedar, designed for safety and simplicity.
+	Objects, generics, threads, exceptions and garbage collection.
+	Modules are explicitly safe or unsafe.  As in Mesa, any set of
+	variables can be monitored.  No {multiple inheritance}, no
+	operator overloading.  Uses structural equivalence.  "Modula-3
+	Report", Luca Cardelli et al, TR 52, DEC SRC, and Olivetti
+	Research Center, Aug 1988 (revised Oct 1989).  The changes are
+	described in "System Programming with Modula-3", Greg Nelson
+	ed, P-H 1991, ISBN 0-13-590464-1.  "Modula-3", Sam Harbison,
+	P-H 1992.  Version: SRC Modula-3 V1.5.
+
+	{(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/Modula-3/release/)}.
+
+	See also {SRC Modula-3}.
+
+Modula-3*
+
+	Incorporation of {Modula-2*} ideas into {Modula-3}.
+
+	["Modula-3*: An Efficiently Compilable Extension of Modula-3
+	for Problem-Oriented Explicitly Parallel Programming",
+	E. Heinz <heinze@ira.uka.de>, 1993].
+
+Modula-3pi
+
+	Machine-independent intermediate language for compilation of
+	Modula-3*.  "Modula-3pi Language Definition", E.A. Heinz, TR,
+	U Karlsruhe 1993.
+
+Modula-P
+
+	"Modula-P: A Language for Parallel Programming Definition and
+	Implementation on a Transputer Network", R. Hoffart et al,
+	IEEE Conf Comp Langs 1992.
+
+Modula-Prolog
+
+	Adds a Prolog layer to Modula-2.  "Modula-Prolog: A Software
+	Development Tool", C. Muller IEEE Software pp.39-45 (Nov
+	1986).
+
+Modula/R
+
+	Modula with relational database constructs added.  LIDAS Group
+	(J. Koch, M. Mall, P. Putfarken, M. Reimer, J.W. Schmidt,
+	C.A. Zehnder) "Modula/R Report", LIDAS Memo 091-83, ETH
+	Zurich, Sep 1983.
+
+modular arithmetic
+
+	<mathematics> (Or "clock arithmetic") A kind of integer
+	arithmetic that reduces all numbers to one of a fixed set
+	[0..N-1] (this would be "modulo N arithmetic") by effectively
+	repeatedly adding or subtracting N (the "modulus") until the
+	result is within this range.
+
+	The original mathematical usage considers only __equivalence__
+	modulo N.  The numbers being compared can take any values,
+	what matters is whether they differ by a multiple of N.
+	Computing usage however, considers modulo to be an operator
+	that returns the remainder after integer division of its first
+	argument by its second.
+
+	Ordinary "clock arithmetic" is like modular arithmetic except
+	that the range is [1..12] whereas modulo 12 would be [0..11].
+
+	(2003-03-28)
+
+Modular C
+
+	A {preprocessor}-based extension to {C} allowing {modules}.
+
+	[Article by Stowe Boyd, Azrex Inc, SIGPLAN Notices, ca 1980].
+
+	(1994-10-25)
+
+MODUlar LAnguage
+
+	<language> (Modula) {Wirth}'s 1977 predecessor of {Modula-2}.
+	The original Modula was, more oriented toward {concurrent}
+	programming, but otherwise quite similar.
+
+	["Modula - A Language for Modular Multiprogramming", N. Wirth,
+	Soft Prac & Exp 7(1):3-35, Jan 1977].
+
+	(1999-07-12)
+
+Modular Prolog
+
+	An {interpreter} for {SB-Prolog} version 3.1 extended with
+	{ML}-style {modules}.  Runs on {SPARC}.  Distributed under
+	{GNU} {General Public License}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.dcs.ed.ac.uk/pub/dts/mod-prolog.tar.Z)}.  E-mail:
+	Brian Paxton <mprolog@dcs.ed.ac.uk>.
+
+	["A Calculus for the Construction of Modular Prolog Programs",
+	D. Sannella et al, J Logic Prog 12:147-177 (1992)].
+
+	(1994-10-25)
+
+Modular SB-Prolog
+
+	{Modular Prolog}
+
+module
+
+	1. <programming> An independent piece of {software} which
+	forms part of one or more larger {programs}.  Different
+	languages have different concepts of a module but there are
+	several common ideas.
+
+	Modules are usually compiled seperately (in compiled
+	languages) and provide an {abstraction} or information hiding
+	mechanism so that a module's implementation can be changed
+	without requiring any change to other modules.  In this
+	respect they are similar to {objects} in an {object-oriented
+	language}, though a module may contain many {procedures}
+	and/or {functions} which would correspond to many objects.
+
+	A module often has its own {name space} for {identifiers} so
+	the same identifier may be used to mean different things in
+	different modules.
+
+	[Difference from {package}?].
+
+	2. <hardware> An independent assembly of electronic components
+	with some distinct function, e.g. a RAM module consisting of
+	several RAM chips mounted on a small circuit board.
+
+	(1997-10-27)
+
+Modulex
+
+	Based on Modula-2.  Mentioned by M.P. Atkinson & J.W. Schmidt
+	in a tutorial in Zurich, 1989.
+
+modulo
+
+	/mod'yu-loh/
+
+	1. <mathematics> {modular arithmetic}.
+
+	2. <mathematics> {modulo operator}.
+
+	(1999-07-12)
+
+modulo arithmetic
+
+	{modular arithmetic}
+
+modulo operator
+
+	<mathematics> (mod) The operator that returns the remainder
+	after integer division of its first argument by its second.
+	Written as "%" in {C} and some other languages.
+
+	Where the second argument is a power of two, the result can be
+	calculated much more quickly using {bitwise and} with the
+	appropriate {bit-mask}.
+
+	(1999-07-12)
+
+Mohammed Al-Khawarizmi
+
+	{Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi}
+
+molly-guard
+
+	/mol'ee-gard/ [University of Illinois] A shield to prevent
+	tripping of some {Big Red Switch} by clumsy or ignorant hands.
+	Originally used of the plexiglass covers improvised for the
+	BRS on an IBM 4341 after a programmer's toddler daughter
+	(named Molly) frobbed it twice in one day.  Later generalised
+	to covers over stop/reset switches on disk drives and
+	networking equipment.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+monad
+
+	<theory, functional programming> /mo'nad/ A technique from
+	{category theory} which has been adopted as a way of dealing
+	with {state} in {functional programming languages} in such a
+	way that the details of the state are hidden or abstracted out
+	of code that merely passes it on unchanged.
+
+	A monad has three components: a means of augmenting an
+	existing type, a means of creating a default value of this new
+	type from a value of the original type, and a replacement for
+	the basic application operator for the old type that works
+	with the new type.
+
+	The alternative to passing state via a monad is to add an
+	extra argument and return value to many functions which have
+	no interest in that state.  Monads can encapsulate state, side
+	effects, exception handling, global data, etc. in a purely
+	lazily functional way.
+
+	A monad can be expressed as the triple, (M, unitM, bindM)
+	where M is a function on types and (using {Haskell} notation):
+
+		unitM :: a -> M a
+		bindM :: M a -> (a -> M b) -> M b
+
+	I.e. unitM converts an ordinary value of type a in to monadic
+	form and bindM applies a function to a monadic value after
+	de-monadising it.  E.g. a state transformer monad:
+
+		type S a = State -> (a, State)
+		unitS a  = \ s0 -> (a, s0)
+		m `bindS` k = \ s0 -> let (a,s1) = m s0
+				      in k a s1
+
+	Here unitS adds some initial state to an ordinary value and
+	bindS applies function k to a value m.  (`fun` is Haskell
+	notation for using a function as an {infix} operator).  Both m
+	and k take a state as input and return a new state as part of
+	their output.  The construction
+
+		m `bindS` k
+
+	composes these two state transformers into one while also
+	passing the value of m to k.
+
+	Monads are a powerful tool in {functional programming}.  If a
+	program is written using a monad to pass around a variable
+	(like the state in the example above) then it is easy to
+	change what is passed around simply by changing the monad.
+	Only the parts of the program which deal directly with the
+	quantity concerned need be altered, parts which merely pass it
+	on unchanged will stay the same.
+
+	In functional programming, unitM is often called initM or
+	returnM and bindM is called thenM.  A third function, mapM is
+	frequently defined in terms of then and return.  This applies
+	a given function to a list of monadic values, threading some
+	variable (e.g. state) through the applications:
+
+		mapM :: (a -> M b) -> [a] -> M [b]
+		mapM f []     = returnM []
+		mapM f (x:xs) = f x		   `thenM` ( \ x2 ->
+		                mapM f xs          `thenM` ( \ xs2 ->
+		    		returnM (x2 : xs2)         ))
+
+	(2000-03-09)
+
+monadic
+
+	1. <programming> {unary}, when describing an {operator} or
+	{function}.  The term is part of the {dyadic}, {niladic}
+	sequence.
+
+	2. <theory> See {monad}.
+
+	(1998-07-24)
+
+Mongolian Hordes technique
+
+	<programming, jargon> (Or "Chinese Army technique") Assigning
+	a large number of inexperienced programmers to a job which
+	would better performed by a few skilled ones.  The term was
+	first used by Dr. Fred Brooks in his book "{The Mythical
+	Man-Month}", Chapter 3.
+
+	According to Dr. Brooks, he had in mind the vision of the
+	Mongol Hordes sweeping across Asia and Europe when he created
+	the term.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-20)
+
+moniter
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{monitor}".
+
+	(1996-11-28)
+
+monitor
+
+	1. A {cathode-ray tube} and associated electronics connected
+	to a computer's video output.  A monitor may be either
+	{monochrome} (black and white) or colour ({RGB}).  Colour
+	monitors may show either digital colour (each of the red,
+	green and blue signals may be either on or off, giving eight
+	possible colours: black, white, red, green, blue, cyan,
+	magenta and yellow) or analog colour (red, green and blue
+	signals are continuously variable allowing any combination to
+	be displayed).  Digital monitors are sometimes known as {TTL}
+	because the voltages on the red, green and blue inputs are
+	compatible with TTL logic chips.
+
+	See also {gamut}, {multisync}, {visual display unit}.
+
+	2. A programming language construct which encapsulates
+	variables, access procedures and initialisation code within an
+	abstract data type.  The monitor's variable may only be
+	accessed via its access procedures and only one process may be
+	actively accessing the monitor at any one time.  The access
+	procedures are {critical sections}.  A monitor may have a
+	queue of processes which are waiting to access it.
+
+	3. A hardware device that measures electrical events such as
+	pulses or voltage levels in a digital computer.
+
+	4. To oversee a program during execution.  For example, the
+	monitor function in the {Unix} {C} library enables profiling
+	of a certain range of code addresses.  A histogram is produced
+	showing how often the {program counter} was found to be at
+	each position and how often each profiled function was called.
+
+	{Unix} {man} page: monitor(3).
+
+	5. A control program within the {operating system} that
+	manages the allocation of system resources to active
+	programs.
+
+	6. A program that measures software performance.
+
+monkey, scratch
+
+	{scratch monkey}
+
+monkey sort
+
+	{bogo-sort}
+
+monkey up
+
+	To hack together hardware for a particular task, especially a
+	one-shot job.  Connotes an extremely {crufty} and consciously
+	temporary solution.  Compare {hack up}, {kluge up}.
+
+Mono
+
+	<programming> An {open source} {.NET framework} for {Unix}.
+
+	{Mono Home (http://go-mono.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+monochrome
+
+	<graphics> Literally "one colour".  Usually used for a black
+	and white (or sometimes green or orange) {monitor} as distinct
+	from a color monitor.  Normally, each {pixel} on the display
+	will correspond to a single bit of {display memory} and will
+	therefore be one of two intensities.  A {grey-scale} display
+	requires several bits per {pixel} but might still be called
+	monochrome.
+
+	Compare: {bitonal}.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+Monochrome Display Adapter
+
+	<hardware, graphics> (MDA) One of {IBM}'s earliest hardware
+	video {display standards} for use in {IBM PC}.  MDA can
+	display only {monochrome} 80*25 text ({IBM PC video mode} 7).
+	It is now obsolete.
+
+	(2011-03-20)
+
+monoid
+
+	An operator * and a value x form a monoid if * is
+	{associative} and x is its left and right {identity}.
+
+monotonic
+
+	In {domain theory}, a function f : D -> C is monotonic (or
+	monotone) if
+
+		for all x,y in D,  x <= y  =>  f(x) <= f(y).
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\sqsubseteq}).
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+MONSTR
+
+	<language> A {term graph rewriting} language from {Manchester
+	University}(?), designed to be easily implementable on
+	distributed architectures and featuring limited
+	synchronisation facilities.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+Montage
+
+	An {object-relational database management system} from
+	{Montage Software}, the commercialisation of {POSTGRES}.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+Monte Carlo
+
+	<algorithm> (After Monte Carlo, Monaco - a gambling mecca) Any
+	one of various methods involving statistical techniques for
+	finding the solutions to mathematical or physical problems.
+
+	For example, to calculate {pi}: draw a square then draw the
+	biggest circle that fits exactly inside it.  Pick random
+	points on the square.  The proportion of these that lie within
+	the circle should tend to pi/4.
+
+	(2005-04-05)
+
+monty
+
+	<programming, abuse> /mon'tee/ Any program with a ludicrously
+	complex user interface that performs a trivial task.  An
+	example would be a menu-driven, button clicking, pulldown,
+	pop-up windows program for listing directories.  The original
+	monty was a weather reporting program, Monty the Amazing
+	Weather Man, written at the USGS.  Monty had a widget-packed
+	X-window interface with over 200 buttons; and all it actually
+	*did* was {FTP} files off the network.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2005-04-05)
+
+MOO
+
+	{MUD Object Oriented}
+
+Moof
+
+	/moof/ [MAC users] 1.  A semi-legendary creature, also called
+	the "dogcow", that lurks in the depths of the {Macintosh}
+	Technical Notes {Hypercard} stack V3.1; specifically, the full
+	story of the dogcow is told in technical note #31 (the
+	particular Moof illustrated is properly named "Clarus").
+	Option-shift-click will cause it to emit a characteristic
+	"Moof!" or "!fooM" sound.  *Getting* to tech note 31 is the
+	hard part; to discover how to do that, one must needs examine
+	the stack script with a hackerly eye.  Clue: {rot13} is
+	involved.  A dogcow also appears if you choose "Page Setup..."
+	with a LaserWriter selected and click on the "Options" button.
+
+	2. Used to flag software that's a hack, something untested and
+	on the edge.  On one {Apple Computer} {CD-ROM}, certain {folders} such
+	as "Tools & Apps (Moof!)" and "Development Platforms (Moof!)",
+	are so marked to indicate that they contain software not fully
+	tested or sanctioned by the powers that be.  When you open
+	these folders you cross the boundary into hackerland.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Moore bound
+
+	An upper limit on the number of nodes in a {regular graph} of
+	{degree} d>2 and {diameter} k:
+
+		N(d,k) <= d(d-1)^k - 2
+			  ------------
+			      d-2
+
+Moore graph
+
+	A {graph} which achieves the {Moore bound}.  These are
+	{complete graphs}, {polygon graphs} ({regular graphs} of
+	{degree} 2) and three others: (nodes, degree, diameter) =
+	(10,3,2), (50,7,2) and the possible but undiscovered
+	(3250,57,2).
+
+Moore's Law
+
+	<architecture> /morz law/ The observation, made in 1965 by
+	{Intel} co-founder {Gordon Moore} while preparing a speech,
+	that each new memory {integrated circuit} contained roughly
+	twice as much capacity as its predecessor, and each chip was
+	released within 18-24 months of the previous chip.  If this
+	trend continued, he reasoned, computing power would rise
+	exponentially with time.
+
+	Moore's observation still holds in 1997 and is the basis for
+	many performance forecasts.  In 24 years the number of
+	{transistors} on processor chips has increased by a factor of
+	almost 2400, from 2300 on the {Intel 4004} in 1971 to 5.5
+	million on the {Pentium Pro} in 1995 (doubling roughly every
+	two years).
+
+	 Date      Chip     Transistors   MIPS clock/MHz
+	 -----------------------------------------------
+	 Nov 1971  4004       	   2300   0.06	 0.108
+	 Apr 1974  8080       	   6000   0.64	 2
+	 Jun 1978  8086       	  29000   0.75	10
+	 Feb 1982  80286      	 134000   2.66	12
+	 Oct 1985  386DX      	 275000   5   	16
+	 Apr 1989  80486      	1200000  20   	25
+	 Mar 1993  Pentium    	3100000 112   	66
+	 Nov 1995  Pentium Pro  5500000 428    200
+	 -----------------------------------------------
+
+	Moore's Law has been (mis)interpreted to mean many things over
+	the years.  In particular, {microprocessor} performance has
+	increased faster than the number of transistors per chip.  The
+	number of {MIPS} has, on average, doubled every 1.8 years for
+	the past 25 years, or every 1.6 years for the last 10 years.
+	While more recent processors have had wider {data paths},
+	which would correspond to an increase in transistor count,
+	their performance has also increased due to increased {clock
+	rates}.
+
+	Chip density in transistors per unit area has increased less
+	quickly - a factor of only 146 between the 4004 (12 mm^2) and
+	the Pentium Pro (196 mm^2) (doubling every 3.3 years).
+	{Feature size} has decreased from 10 to 0.35 microns which
+	would give over 800 times as many transistors per unit.
+	However, the automatic layout required to cope with the
+	increased complexity is less efficient than the hand layout
+	used for early processors.
+
+	{(http://intel.com/intel/museum/25anniv/html/hof/moore.htm)}.
+
+	{Intel Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide
+	(http://intel.com/pressroom/no_frame/quickref.htm)}.
+
+	{"Birth of a Chip", Linley Gwennap, Byte, Dec 1996
+	(http://byte.com/art/9612/sec6/art2.htm)}.  See also March
+	1997 "inbox".
+
+	{Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers
+	(http://islandnet.com/~kpolsson/comphist.htm)}, Ken
+	Polsson.
+
+	See also {Parkinson's Law of Data}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-03-04)
+
+moose call
+
+	{whalesong}
+
+MooZ
+
+	<language, specification> An {object-oriented} extension of
+	{Z}.
+
+	["Object Orientation in Z", S. Stepney et al eds, Springer
+	1992].
+
+	(1997-07-09)
+
+Mops
+
+	Like {Yerk}, Mops is descended from the ex-commercial
+	{object-oriented} language {Neon}.  It was developed by
+	Michael Hore <mikeh@kralizec.zeta.org.au>.  Mops features an
+	optimising {native}-code compiler; it is much faster than
+	Yerk, but less compatible with Neon.  Mops includes extensions
+	such as {multiple inheritance}.
+
+	Version 2.3.1 includes a compiler, documentation and an
+	editor.
+
+	A {Macintosh} version is available.
+	{(ftp://oddjob.uchicago.edu/pub/Yerk)}.
+
+MORAL
+
+	Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada", J.G.P. Barnes, Soft Prac &
+	Exp 10:851-887 (1980).
+
+more
+
+	<tool> The standard {Unix} {pager} program.
+
+	See also: {less}.
+
+	(2008-09-08)
+
+moria
+
+	<games> /mor'ee-*/ Like {nethack} and {rogue}, one of the
+	large {PD} {Dungeons and Dragons}-like simulation games,
+	available for a wide range of machines and operating systems.
+	The name is from Tolkien's Mines of Moria; compare {elder
+	days}, {elvish}.  The game is extremely addictive and a major
+	consumer of time better used for hacking.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+morphing
+
+	<graphics> The animated transformation of one image into
+	another by gradually distorting the first image so as to move
+	certain chosen points to the position of corresponding points
+	in the second image.
+
+	Compare {tweening}.
+
+	(1995-04-03)
+
+Morse code
+
+	<communications> A coding system invented by Samuel A. Morse,
+	for use in sending character data over extremely low-quality
+	pathways -- such as telegraphs and low-quality radio.  Morse
+	code expresses characters as pulses of different durations.
+	Short signals are called "dots" and long signals are calles
+	"dashes".  The coding assigns shorter sequences to the most
+	frequently used characters.
+
+	American Morse code is the first and original Morse code
+	{character set}.  {Character sets} adapted to other languages
+	were developed later.
+
+	American Morse Code:
+
+	 A . __        J . .          S . . .       1 . __ __ .
+	 B __ . . .    K __ . __      T __          2 . . __ . .
+	 C . .  .      L ___          U . . __      3 . . . __ .
+	 D __ . .      M __ __        V . . . __    4 . . . . __
+	 E .           N __ .         W . __ __     5 __ __ __
+	 F . __ .      O .  .         X . __ . .    6 . . . . . .
+	 G __ __ .     P . . . . .    Y . .  . .    7 __ __ . .
+	 H . . . .     Q . . __ .     Z . . .  .    8 __ . . . .
+	 I . .         R .  . .       0 ____        9 __ . . __
+
+	Where . is a short pulse, __ a long pulse, ___ a very long
+	pulse and ____ a extra long pulse.  There are also long and
+	short spaces character-internal.  Intercharacter spaces are
+	very long and interword spaces are extra long.  There is no
+	standarisation in these durations, and they vary depending on
+	the coder's preference and on the quality of the line.
+
+	Continental Morse Code or International Morse Code is a widely
+	used {de-facto standard}.  This table summarises the Western
+	European usage of Continental Morse Code:
+
+	  A .-    G --.    M --    S ...   Y -.--   4 ....-
+	  B -...  H ....   N -.    T -     Z --..   5 .....
+	  C -.-.  I ..     O ---   U ..-   0 -----  6 -....
+	  D -..   J .---   P .--.  V ...-  1 .----  7 --...
+	  E .     K -.-    Q --.-  W .--   2 ..---  8 ---..
+	  F ..-.  L .-..   R .-.   X -..-  3 ...--  9 ----.
+
+	  A-umlaut (1)  .-.-      E-acute       ..-..
+	  A-acute       .--.-     N-tilde       --.--
+	  A-corona (11) .--.-     O-umlaut (1)  ---.
+	  CH (2)        ----      U-umlaut (1)  ..--
+
+	  Punctuation Marks:            Other Signs:
+
+	  period              .-.-.-    warning                      .-..-
+	  comma               --..--    error                        ........
+	  question mark       ..--..    repetition (ii ii)           .. ..
+	  hyphen              -....-    wait (AS)                    .-...
+	  colon (3)           ---...    interruption (BK)            -...-.-
+	  underline (4)       ..--.-    understood (VE)              ...-.
+	  apostrophe          .----.    transmission received (R)    .-.
+	  quotation mark      .-..-.    beginning of message (KA)    -.-.-
+	  parenthesis open (5)-.--.     end of message (AR)          .-.-.
+	  parenthesis (close) -.--.-    end of transmission (K) (6)  -.-
+	  equal sign (7)      -...-     end of transmission (KN) (8) -.--.
+	  plus sign           .-.-.     closing mark (SK) (9)        ...-.-
+	  multiplication sign -..-      closing station (CL)         -.-..-.
+	  fraction mark       -..-.
+	  separator (10)     .-..-
+
+	  (1) Note: 'umlaut' is also known as 'diaeresis'
+	  (2) Used only in German; not in Dutch.
+	  (3) also: 'divided by'
+	  (4) before and after the word to be underlined
+	  (5) purportedly replaced by -.--.- for both "(" and ")"
+	  (6) both and invitation to any station to start transmission
+	  (7) also used as spacing between parts of transmission
+	  (8) also an invitation to one station in particular to start
+	      transmission
+	  (9) connection will be closed.
+	  (10) in fractions, for example.
+	  (11) A-ring ?
+
+	Where '.' is a short pulse, '-' a long one.  A '-' is three
+	times as long as a '.'; character-internal spaces are as long
+	as '.'s.  Intercharacter space are as long as -'s.  Spaces
+	between words are as long as seven '.'s.
+
+	(1996-11-23)
+
+MORTRAN
+
+	A {public domain} {Fortran} {preprocessor} for {structured
+	programming}.
+
+	(1995-09-20)
+
+MOS
+
+	{Metal Oxide Semiconductor}
+
+Mosaic
+
+	<web, tool> {NCSA}'s {browser} ({client}) for the
+	{web}.
+
+	Mosaic has been described as "the killer application of the
+	1990s" because it was the first program to provide a slick
+	{multimedia} {graphical user interface} to the {Internet}'s
+	burgeoning wealth of distributed information services
+	(formerly mostly limited to {FTP} and {Gopher}) at a time when
+	access to the {Internet} was expanding rapidly outside its
+	previous domain of academia and large industrial research
+	institutions.
+
+	NCSA Mosaic was originally designed and programmed for the {X
+	Window System} by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina at NCSA.
+	Version 1.0 was released in April 1993, followed by two
+	maintenance releases during summer 1993.  Version 2.0 was
+	released in December 1993, along with version 1.0 releases for
+	both the {Apple Macintosh} and {Microsoft Windows}.  An
+	{Acorn Archimedes} port is underway (May 1994).
+
+	Marc Andreessen, who created the NCSA Mosaic research
+	prototype as an undergraduate student at the {University of
+	Illinois} left to start {Mosaic Communications Corporation}
+	along with five other former students and staff of the
+	university who were instrumental in NCSA Mosaic's design and
+	development.
+
+	{(http://ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/help-about.html)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <mosaic-x@ncsa.uiuc.edu> (X version),
+	<mosaic-mac@ncsa.uiuc.edu> (Macintosh), <mosaic-win@ncsa.uiuc.edu>
+	(Windows version), <mosaic@ncsa.uiuc.edu> (general help).
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+Mosaic Communications Corporation
+
+	{Netscape Communications Corporation}
+
+Moscow ML
+
+	A light-weight implementation of {Standard ML} written by
+	Sergei Romanenko <sergei-romanenko@refal.msk.su> of the
+	{Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics} with assistance
+	from Peter Sestoft <sestoft@dina.kvl.dk>, {Royal Veterinary
+	and Agricultural University}.  Moscow ML is based on {CAML
+	Light}.
+
+	Version: 1.20 implements the Standard ML Core language.
+
+	The sublanguage of Modules implemented by Moscow ML contains
+	signatures and non-nested structures, and identifies
+	structures with source files.  It is certainly less expressive
+	than the full Standard ML Modules language, but the
+	{type-safe} {separate compilation} facility is simple, useful,
+	and easy to use.  It is the intention to implement the full
+	Standard ML Modules language (including functors) in due
+	course.
+
+	Compilation of a {signature} produces a compiled interface
+	file, which is used when compiling other signatures and
+	structures.
+
+	Compilation of a structure produces a {bytecode} file.
+	Bytecode files are compact and load fast.  For instance, a
+	3250-line program consisting of 24 structures and 17
+	signatures compiles to 221 KB of bytecode and 241 KB of
+	compiled signatures.  Starting the ML system and loading the
+	24 bytecode files takes 1-2 cpu seconds plus network delays,
+	less that 5 seconds real time in all.
+
+	Release 1.20 permits loading of precompiled bytecode files
+	into the top-level interactive session.  The next release will
+	be able to create stand-alone executables by linking bytecode
+	files.
+
+	There is a mechanism for adding basis libraries, as in {Caml
+	Light}.  Release 1.20 includes the basis libraries Array,
+	List, and Vector and the {MS-DOS} version includes the
+	Graphics library from {Caml Light}.
+
+	In principle, Moscow ML can be compiled on any {platform}
+	supported by {Caml Light}.  So far we have tried {Intel
+	80386}-based {IBM PCs} running {MS-DOS}, {Microsoft Windows},
+	{OS/2} or {Linux}, {DEC MIPS} running {Ultrix}, {DEC Alpha}
+	running {OSF/1}, {Sun-4} running {SunOS}, {HP9000} running
+	{HP/UX}, {SGI MIPS} running {IRIX} 5.
+
+	Moscow ML is particularly useful when fast compilation and
+	modest storage consumption are more important than fast
+	program execution.
+
+	Thanks to the efficient Caml Light run-time system used in
+	Moscow ML, it compiles fast and uses little memory, typically
+	5-10 times less memory than {SML/NJ} 0.93 and 2-3 times less
+	than {Edinburgh ML}.  Yet the bytecode is only 3 to 10 times
+	slower than SML/NJ 0.93 compiled native code (fast on {IBM
+	PCs}, slower on {RISCs}).
+
+	{DOS
+	(ftp://dina.kvl.dk/pub/Peter.Sestoft/mosml/mos12bin.zip)}.
+	{Linux
+	(ftp://dina.kvl.dk:pub/Peter.Sestoft/mosml/linux-mos12bin.tar.gz)}.
+	{Source
+	(ftp://dina.kvl.dk:pub/Peter.Sestoft/mosml/mos12src.tar.gz)}.
+
+	{Caml Light} 0.61 and {gcc} are required to recompile Moscow
+	ML for {Unix} or Caml Light 0.61, {djgpp}, {Perl}, and
+	{Borland C++} version 2.0 (or later) to recompile Moscow ML
+	for {DOS}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+MOSFET
+
+	{Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor}
+
+Mosiac
+
+	Do you mean {Mosaic}?
+
+MOS Technologies
+
+	{MOS Technology}
+
+MOS Technology
+
+	<company> A {microprocessor} design company started by some
+	ex-{Motorola} designers, shortly after the {Intel 8080} and
+	{Motorola 6800} appeared, in about 1975.  MOS Technology
+	introduced the {650x} series, based on the {Motorola 6800}
+	design, though they were not exact clones for legal reasons.
+
+	The design goal was a low-cost (smaler chip) design, realized
+	by simplifying the decoder stage.  There were no instructions
+	with the value xxxxxx11, reducing the 1-of-4 decoder to a
+	single {NAND} gate.  Instructions with the value xxxxxx11
+	actually executed two instructions in paralell, some of them
+	useful.
+
+	The 6501 was pin-compatible with the 6800 for easier market
+	penetration.  The 650x-series had an on-chip clock oscillator
+	while the 651x-series had none.
+
+	The 6510 was used in the {Commodore 64}, released September
+	1981 and MOS made almost all the ICs for Commodore's {pocket
+	calculators}.
+
+	The {PET} was an idea of the of the 6500 developers.  It was
+	completly developed by MOS, but was manufactured and marketed
+	by Commodore.  By the time the it was ready for production
+	(and Commodore had cancelled all orders) MOS had been taken
+	over by {Rockwell} (Commodore's parent company).  Just at this
+	time the 6522 (VIA) was finished, but the data sheet for it
+	was not and its developers had left MOS.  For years, Rockwell
+	didn't know in detail how the VIA worked.
+
+	(2001-03-31)
+
+most general unifier
+
+	<logic> If U is the most general {unifier} of a set of
+	expressions then any other unifier, V, can be expressed as V =
+	UW, where W is another substitution.
+
+	See also {unification}.
+
+	(2000-03-07)
+
+Most Significant Bit
+
+	(MSB) {Bit} n-1 in an n bit {binary} number, the bit with the
+	greatest weight (2^(n-1)).  The first or leftmost bit when the
+	number is written in the usual way.
+
+	(1995-07-13)
+
+motd
+
+	{message of the day}
+
+mother
+
+	{parent}
+
+motherboard
+
+	<hardware> (mobo) The main {printed circuit board} in an
+	electronic device, particularly a computer, which may contain
+	sockets that accept additional boards ("daughter-boards").
+
+	In a {personal computer}, the motherboard contains the {bus},
+	the {microprocessor}, and {integrated circuits} used for
+	controlling any built-in {peripherals} such as the {keyboard},
+	text and graphics display, {serial ports} and {parallel
+	ports}, {joystick}, and {mouse} {interfaces}.
+
+	(2000-08-10)
+
+Motif
+
+	The standard {graphical user interface} and {window manager}
+	from {OSF}, running on the {X Window System}.
+
+Motion JPEG
+
+	{Moving JPEG}
+
+Motion Picture Experts Group
+
+	<spelling> Incorrect expansion of MPEG, which stands for
+	{Moving Picture Experts Group}.
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+Motorola
+
+	{Motorola, Inc.}
+
+Motorola 14500B
+
+	<processor> (MC14500B) A 1-bit {ICU} from {Motorola}.
+	Probably the limit in small processors, the 14500B had a 4-bit
+	instruction and controlled a single data read/write line, used
+	for application control.  It had no address bus - that was an
+	external unit that was added on.  Another {CPU} could be used
+	to feed control instructions to the 14500B in an application.
+	It had only 16 pins, less than a typical {RAM} chip, and ran
+	at 1 {MHz}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Motorola 6800
+
+	<processor> A {microprocessor} released shortly after the
+	{Intel 8080}, in about 1975.  It had 78 instructions,
+	including the undocumented HCF ({Halt and Catch Fire}) bus
+	test instruction.  The 6800 evolved into the {Motorola 6801}
+	and 6803.
+
+	The {6502} was based on the design of the 6800 but had one
+	less data register and one more {index register}.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+Motorola 68000
+
+	<processor> (MC68000) The first member of {Motorola, Inc.}'s
+	family of 16- and 32-bit {microprocessors}.  The successor to
+	the {Motorola 6809} and followed by the {Motorola 68010}.
+
+	The 68000 has 32-bit registers but only a 16-bit {ALU} and
+	external {data bus}.  It has 24-bit addressing and a {linear
+	address space}, with none of the evil {segment registers} of
+	{Intel}'s contemporary processors that make programming them
+	unpleasant.  That means that a single directly accessed
+	{array} or structure can be larger than 64KB in size.
+	Addresses are computed as 32 bit, but the top 8 bits are cut
+	to fit the address bus into a 64-pin package (address and data
+	share a bus in the 40 pin packages of the {8086} and {Zilog
+	Z8000}).
+
+	The 68000 has sixteen 32-bit {registers}, split into data and
+	address registers.  One address register is reserved for the
+	{Stack Pointer}.  Any register, of either type, can be used
+	for any function except direct addressing.  Only address
+	registers can be used as the source of an address, but data
+	registers can provide the offset from an address.
+
+	Like the {Zilog Z8000}, the 68000 features a supervisor and
+	user mode, each with its own {Stack Pointer}.  The {Zilog
+	Z8000} and 68000 are similar in capabilities, but the 68000 is
+	32 bits internally, making it faster and eliminating forced
+	segmentations.
+
+	Like many other CPUs of its generation, it can fetch the next
+	instruction during execution (2 stage {pipeline}).
+
+	The 68000 was used in many {workstations}, notably early
+	{Sun-2} machines, and {personal computers}, notably {Apple
+	Computer}'s first {Macintoshes} and the {Amiga}.  It was also
+	used in most of {Sega}'s early arcade machines, and in the
+	{Genesis}/{Megadrive} consoles.
+
+	Variants of the 68000 include the {68HC000} (a low-power HCMOS
+	implementation) and the {68008} (an eight-bit data bus version
+	used in the {Sinclair QL}).
+
+	["The 68000: Principles and Programming", Leo Scanlon, 1981].
+
+	(2003-07-11)
+
+Motorola 6801
+
+	<processor> (And 6803) A version of the {Motorola 6800} with
+	{ROM}, some {RAM}, a serial I/O port and other functions on
+	the chip.  It was meant for embedded controllers, where the
+	part count was to be minimised.  The 6803 led to the 68HC11
+	and that was extended to 16 bits as the 68HC16.
+
+	(1994-11-07)
+
+Motorola 68010
+
+	<processor> A {microprocessor} from {Motorola}.  It was the
+	successor to the {Motorola 68000} and was followed by the
+	{Motorola 68020}.  Some instructions which were previously
+	{user mode} were made {system mode}, which necessitated
+	patches to a few programs.
+
+	The 68010's main advantage over the 68000 was that it could
+	recover from a {bus fault}.  The 68000 {microcode} didn't save
+	enough state to restart all instructions; the 68010 corrected
+	this fault.  This allowed it to use {paged virtual memory}.
+
+	The 68010's DBxx (decrement and branch) instructions could
+	hold and execute the preceding instruction in the {prefetch
+	buffer}, allowing some two-instruction loops to execute
+	without refetching instructions.
+
+	At one time there was a 68010 variant that was pin-for-pin
+	compatible with the 68000.  Early {Amiga} hackers replaced
+	their 68000s with 68010s in order to get a small performance
+	increase.
+
+	(1995-11-29)
+
+Motorola 68020
+
+	<processor> A {microprocessor} from {Motorola}.  It was the
+	successor to the {Motorola 68010} and was followed by the
+	{Motorola 68030}.  The 68020 has 32-bit internal and external
+	data and address buses and a 256-byte {instruction buffer},
+	arranged as 64 {direct-mapped} 4-byte entries[?].
+
+	The 68020 added many improvements to the 68010 including a
+	32-bit {ALU} and external {data bus} and {address bus}, and
+	new instrucitons and {addressing modes}.  The 68020 (and
+	68030) had a proper three-stage {pipeline}.
+
+	The new instructions included some minor improvements and
+	extensions to the supervisor state, some support for
+	{high-level languages} which didn't get used much (and was
+	removed from future 680x0 processors[?]), bigger (32 x 32-bit)
+	multiply and divide instructions, and bit field manipulations.
+
+	The new adderessing modes added another level of indirection
+	to many of the pre-existing modes, and added quite a bit of
+	flexibility to various indexing modes and operations.
+
+	The {instruction buffer} (an {instruction cache}) was 256
+	bytes, arranged as 64 direct-mapped 4-byte entries.  Although
+	small, it made a significant difference in the performance of
+	many applications.
+
+	The 68881 and the faster 68882 {FPU} chips could be used with
+	the 68020.
+
+	The 68020 was used in many models of the {Apple Macintosh} II
+	series of {personal computers} and {Sun} 3 {workstations}.
+
+	(2001-03-07)
+
+Motorola 68030
+
+	<processor> A 32-bit {microprocessor} in {Motorola}'s
+	{Motorola 68000} family, with on-chip split instruction and
+	data {cache} of 256 {bytes} each.  The 68030 has an on-chip
+	{MMU} (except in the 680EC30 version).
+
+	The 68881 and the faster 68882 {FPU} chips could be used with
+	the 68030.
+
+	The 68030 was the successor to the {Motorola 68020}, and was
+	followed by the {Motorola 68040}.
+
+	The 68030 is used in many models of the {Apple Macintosh} II
+	series of {personal computers}.
+
+	(2001-01-08)
+
+Motorola 68040
+
+	<processor> (MC68040) A {microprocessor} from {Motorola}.  It
+	was the successor to the {Motorola 68030} and was followed by
+	the {Motorola 68060}.
+
+	The 68040 was the first {680x0} family member with an on-chip
+	{FPU}.  It also had split instruction and data {caches} of 4
+	kilobytes(?) each.  It was fully {pipelined}, with six stages.
+
+	The 68040 was used in the {Apple Macintosh} Quadra series of
+	{personal computers}.
+
+	The MC68LC040 is an MC68040 without a built-in {FPU}, and the
+	MC68EC040 is an MC68040 without an {MMU} or {FPU}.
+
+	(2003-10-25)
+
+Motorola 68050
+
+	There was no 68050.  The successor to the {Motorola 68040} was
+	the {Motorola 68060}.
+
+	The even numbers (68000, 68020, 68060) were reserved for major
+	revisions to the 680x0 core.  The odd numbers (68010, 68030,
+	68050) were minor upgrades from the previous chip.  For
+	example, the {Motorola 68010} was a {Motorola 68000} with some
+	minor enhancements and modifications to some user/superuser
+	instruction assignments.  The {Motorola 68030} was a {Motorola
+	68020} with an {MMU} and more minor enhancements.  The 68050
+	would have been a 68040 with some bugs fixed, which didn't
+	really warrant a new name so it was sold as a 68040.
+
+	(1995-11-29)
+
+Motorola 68060
+
+	<processor> A 32-bit {microprocessor} from {Motorola}, the
+	successor to the {Motorola 68040}.  The 68060 is the highest
+	performance {680x0} family processor currently (April 1995)
+	available.  It has 2 to 3 times the performance of the
+	68040.
+
+	The 68060 is probably the last development from Motorola in
+	the high performacnce 680x0 series.  They don't want to
+	compete with their own {PowerPC} chips.  The 680x0 series is
+	intended more for embedded systems, where it is already very
+	popular.  New developments here seem to integrate more
+	peripheral functions on chip rather than increasing processing
+	power.
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+Motorola 6809
+
+	<processor> (MC6809) An eight-bit {microprocessor} from {Motorola,
+	Inc.}.
+
+	The 6809 was a major advance over both its predecessor, the
+	{Motorola 6800} and the {6502}.  The 6809 had two 8-bit
+	{accumulators}, rather than one in the 6502, and could combine
+	them into a single 16-bit register.  It also featured two {index
+	registers} and two {stack pointers}, which allowed for some very
+	advanced {addressing modes}.  The 6809 was {source compatible}
+	with the 6800, even though the 6800 had 78 instructions and the
+	6809 only had around 59 (including a {SEX} instruction).  Some
+	instructions were replaced by more general ones which the
+	{assembler} would translate and some were replaced by {addressing
+	modes}.
+
+	The 6809 had one of the first multiplication instructions of the
+	time, 16-bit arithmetic and a special fast {interrupt}.  But it
+	was also highly optimised, gaining up to five times the speed of
+	the 6800 series CPU.  Like the 6800, it included the undocumented
+	HCF ({Halt and Catch Fire}) bus test instruction.
+
+	The {Hitachi 6309} was a version with extra {registers}.  The
+	6809 was used in the UK "{Dragon 32}" {personal computer} and
+	was followed by the {Motorola 68000}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.sys.m6809}.
+
+	Lennart Benschop <lennart@blade.stack.urc.tue.nl> posted a
+	{emulator} (originally called "usim") and a {cross-assembler} to
+	{Usenet} newsgroup {alt.sources} on 1993-11-03.  Ray P. Bellis
+	<rpb@psy.ox.ac.uk> released a version 0.11.
+
+	{Benschop emulator (http://lennartb.home.xs4all.nl/m6809.html)}.
+
+	(2014-06-24)
+
+Motorola 680x0
+
+	<processor> Shorthand for any member for the {Motorola 68000}
+	family of {microprocessors} from {Motorola, Inc.}  The "x"
+	stands for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6.
+
+	(1993-05-01)
+
+Motorola 68HC11
+
+	<processor> A {microcontroller} family from {Motorola}
+	descended from the {Motorola 6800} {microprocessor}.
+
+	The 68HC11 devices are more powerful and more expensive than
+	the 68HC05 family.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/usenet-by-group/comp.answers/microcontroller-faq/68hc11)}.
+
+	There is an {opcode} simulator for the 68HC11, by Ted Dunning
+	<ted@nmsu.edu>.  Interrupts, hardware I/O, and half carries
+	are still outside the loop.  Adding interrupts may require
+	simulating at the clock phase level.  Version 1.
+
+	{(ftp://crl.nmsu.edu/pub/non-lexical/6811/sim6811.shar)}.
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+Motorola 68LC040
+
+	<processor> A version of the {Motorola 68040} with no {MMU} or
+	{FPU}, making it more like an enhanced {Motorola 68020}.
+
+	A {Power Macintosh} can emulate a Motorola 68LC040.
+
+	(1999-01-11)
+
+Motorola 88000
+
+	A family of {RISC} {microprocessors} from {Motorola}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+Motorola, Inc.
+
+	<company> One of the world's leading providers of wireless
+	communications, semiconductors and advanced electronic systems
+	and services.  Major equipment businesses include cellular
+	telephone, two-way radio, paging and data communications,
+	personal communications, automotive, defense and space
+	electronics, computers, satellite communications systems,
+	police and emergency service radio systems, taxicab
+	dispatching (radio) systems.  Communication devices, computers
+	and millions of consumer products are powered by Motorola
+	semiconductors.
+
+	They are probably best known in the computing world for their
+	{microprocessors}, including the {Motorola 6800} and {Motorola
+	68000} {CISC} families and {Motorola 88000} {RISCs}, the
+	{Motorola DSP56000} {digital signal processors} and the
+	{PowerPC} on which they collaborated.  They also led the
+	development of {VMEbus}.
+
+	Quarterly sales $5400M, profits $367M (Aug 1994).
+
+	See also {Envoy}, {Monsoon}, {MPL}.
+
+	{(http://mot.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Schaumberg, Illinois, USA.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+mount
+
+	<file system> To make a {file system} available for access.
+
+	{Unix} does this by associating the file system with a
+	{directory} (the "mount point") within a currently mounted
+	file system.  The "root" file system is mounted on the {root
+	directory}, "/" early in the {boot} sequence.  "mount" is also
+	the {Unix} command to do this, "unmount" breaks the
+	association.
+
+	E.g., "mount attaches a named file system to the file system
+	hierarchy at the pathname location directory [...]" -- {Unix
+	manual page} mount(8).
+
+	File systems are usually mounted either at {boot time} under
+	control of {/etc/rc} (or one of its subfiles) or on demand by
+	an {automounter} {daemon}.
+
+	Other {operating systems} such as {VMS} and {DOS} mount file
+	systems as separate directory hierarchies without any common
+	ancestor or root directory.
+
+	Apparently derived from the physical sense of "mount" meaning
+	"attach", as in "head-mounted display", or "set up", as in
+	"always mount a {scratch monkey}, etc."
+
+	{Unix manual page}: mount(8).
+
+	(1997-04-14)
+
+Mouse
+
+	A mighty small {macro} language developed by Peter Grogono in
+	1975.
+
+	["Mouse, A Language for Microcomputers", P. Grogono
+	<grogono@concour.cs.concordia.ca> Petrocelli Books, 1983].
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+mouse
+
+	<hardware, graphics> The most commonly used computer {pointing
+	device}, first introduced by {Douglas Engelbart} in 1968.
+	The mouse is a device used to manipulate an on-screen
+	{pointer} that's normally shaped like an arrow.  With the
+	mouse in hand, the computer user can select, move, and change
+	items on the screen.
+
+	A conventional {roller-ball mouse} is slid across the surface
+	of the desk, often on a {mouse mat}.  As the mouse moves, a
+	ball set in a depression on the underside of the mouse rolls
+	accordingly.  The ball is also in contact with two small
+	shafts set at right angles to each other inside the mouse.
+	The rotating ball turns the shafts, and sensors inside the
+	mouse measure the shafts' rotation.  The distance and
+	direction information from the sensors is then transmitted to
+	the computer, usually through a connecting wire - the mouse's
+	"tail".  The computer then moves the mouse pointer on the
+	screen to follow the movements of the mouse.  This may be done
+	directly by the {graphics adaptor}, but where it involves the
+	processor the task should be assigned a high {priority} to
+	avoid any perceptible delay.
+
+	Some mice are contoured to fit the shape of a person's right
+	hand, and some come in left-handed versions.  Other mice are
+	symmetrical.
+
+	Included on the mouse are usually two or three buttons that
+	the user may press, or click, to initiate various actions such
+	as running {programs} or opening {files}.  The left-most
+	button (the {primary mouse button}) is operated with the index
+	finger to select and activate objects represented on the
+	screen.  Different {operating systems} and {graphical user
+	interfaces} have different conventions for using the other
+	button(s).  Typical operations include calling up a
+	{context-sensitive menu}, modifying the selection, or pasting
+	text.  With fewer mouse buttons these require combinations of
+	mouse and keyboard actions.  Between its left and right
+	buttons, a mouse may also have a wheel that can be used for
+	scrolling or other special operations defined by the software.
+	Some systems allow the mouse button assignments to be swapped
+	round for left-handed users.
+
+	Just moving the pointer across the screen with the mouse
+	typically does nothing (though some CAD systems respond to
+	patterns of mouse movement with no buttons pressed).
+	Normally, the pointer is positioned over something on the
+	screen (an {icon} or a {menu} item), and the user then clicks
+	a mouse button to actually affect the screen display.
+
+	The five most common "gestures" performed with the mouse are:
+	{point} (to place the pointer over an on-screen item), {click}
+	(to press and release a mouse button), {double-click} {to
+	press and release a mouse button twice in rapid succession},
+	{right-click} (to press and release the right mouse button},
+	and {drag} (to hold down the mouse button while moving the
+	mouse).
+
+	Most modern computers include a mouse as standard equipment.
+	However, some systems, especially portable {laptop} and
+	{notebook} models, may have a {trackball}, {touchpad} or
+	{Trackpoint} on or next to the {keyboard}.  These input
+	devices work like the mouse, but take less space and don't
+	need a desk.
+
+	Many other alternatives to the conventional roller-ball mouse
+	exist.  A {tailless mouse}, or {hamster}, transmits its
+	information with {infrared} impulses.  A {foot-controlled
+	mouse (http://footmouse.com/)} is one used on the floor
+	underneath the desk.  An {optical mouse} uses a
+	{light-emitting diode} and {photocells} instead of a rolling
+	ball to track its position.  Some optical designs may require
+	a special mouse mat marked with a grid, others, like the
+	Microsoft IntelliMouse Explorer, work on nearly any surface.
+
+	{Yahoo!
+	(http://dir.yahoo.com/Business_and_Economy/Companies/Computers/Hardware/Peripherals/Input_Devices/Mice/)}.
+
+	{(http://peripherals.about.com/library/weekly/aa041498.htm)}.
+
+	{PC Guide's "Troubleshooting Mice"
+	(http://pcguide.com/ts/x/comp/mice.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-07-21)
+
+mouse ahead
+
+	The {point-and-click} analog of "{type ahead}".  To manipulate
+	a computer's pointing device (almost always a mouse in this
+	usage, but not necessarily) and its selection or command
+	buttons before a computer program is ready to accept such
+	input, in anticipation of the program accepting the input.
+	Handling this properly is rare, but it can help make a {WIMP
+	environment} much more usable, assuming the users are familiar
+	with the behaviour of the user interface.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+mouse around
+
+	To explore public portions of a large system, especially a
+	network such as Internet via {FTP} or {TELNET}, looking for
+	interesting stuff to {snarf}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+mouse arrest
+
+	<jargon> Getting busted for violating an on-line service's rule
+	of conduct.  "Sorry I couldn't get back to you.  {AOL} put me
+	under mouse arrest."
+
+	(1997-03-30)
+
+mouse belt
+
+	{rat belt}
+
+mouse droppings
+
+	1. <graphics, operating system, jargon> {Pixels} (usually
+	single) that are not properly restored when the {mouse
+	pointer} moves away from a particular location on the screen,
+	producing the appearance that the mouse pointer has left
+	droppings behind.  The major causes for this problem are
+	{MS-DOS} programs that write to the screen memory
+	corresponding to the mouse pointer's current location without
+	hiding the mouse pointer first, and mouse drivers that do not
+	quite support the {graphics mode} in use.
+
+	2. <web, jargon> The client address recorded in a
+	{web} server's log whenever a client connects to a
+	site.
+
+	Users may be unaware that their activity is being logged in
+	this way but the potential for misuse of the information is
+	limited.
+
+	[March 1996 Macworld, p260, Viewpoint article by Larry Irving].
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+mouse elbow
+
+	<jargon, medical> A tennis-elbow-like fatigue syndrome
+	resulting from excessive use of a {WIMP}.  Similarly, "mouse
+	shoulder".  {GLS} reports that he used to get this a lot
+	before he taught himself to be ambimoustrous.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+mouse mat
+
+	<hardware> (U.S.: "mouse pad") A small sheet with a special
+	surface for a rolling ball {mouse} to move on.  Most mouse
+	mats are sheets of rubber or foam about 20cm by 25cm and about
+	5mm thick with one side covered with cloth or sometimes hard
+	plastic.  Deluxe versions come combined with a {wrist rest}.
+
+	It is rare to find a mouse mat which does not carry some form
+	of advertisement for some company or other.  They are such a
+	common free gift that few people actually have to buy one.
+
+	Mats are supposed to provide better traction and a clean,
+	lint-free surface over which to move but it debatable whether
+	they are useful at all, or whether any appropriate surface
+	(preferably hard, even, flat, and clean) is as good.
+	Howevever, some mice which use optical (e.g. {Sun}) or
+	radio-frequency sensors (e.g. ?) to detect motion (instead of
+	using a rolling ball) will only work on specially designed
+	mouse mats.  Critics may consider this to be part of the
+	{connector conspiracy}, though the designers would claim
+	greater reliability due to the absence of moving parts.
+
+	(1997-04-14)
+
+mouse pad
+
+	{mouse mat}
+
+mouse trails
+
+	<operating system> A feature (usually of {Graphical User
+	Interfaces}) which causes the {mouse} {pointer} to leave a
+	trail across the screen.  This is done by keeping track of the
+	last eight or so (maybe configurable) pointer positions, and
+	only erasing the oldest.  This means that at any time, there
+	may be up to eight pointers on the screen, but if the mouse is
+	still, they will all be in the same position, and so only one
+	will be visible.  When the mouse moves, it appears to leave a
+	trail of pointers behind it, and this can dramatically
+	increase the visibility of the pointer when using {LCD}
+	screens.  The older ones had such long {persistence} that a
+	single mouse pointer, when moving, tended to be completely
+	invisible, and on a cluttered screen, was very difficult to
+	find.
+
+	(1996-07-08)
+
+mouso
+
+	<jargon> /mow'soh/ (By analogy with "{typo}") An error in
+	{mouse} usage resulting in an inappropriate selection or
+	graphic garbage on the screen.
+
+	Compare {thinko}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-04-21)
+
+Moving JPEG
+
+	<graphics, compression> (M-JPEG) A compression technique for
+	moving {images} which applies {JPEG} still image compression
+	to each {frame} of a moving picture sequence.
+
+	Play-back requires a machine capable of decompressing and
+	displaying each JPEG image quickly enough to sustain the
+	required {frame rate} of the picture sequence.
+
+	There is no standard for Moving JPEG as with JPEG, but there
+	are JPEG compression chips (for example see {Zoran
+	(http://zoran.com/)}) which are designed to work at
+	television frame rates and {resolutions}.
+
+	See also {MPEG} and {MPEG2}.
+
+	(1996-12-15)
+
+Moving Picture Expert Group
+
+	<spelling> Incorrect expansion of MPEG, which stands for
+	{Moving Picture Experts Group}.
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+Moving Picture Experts Group
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm, file format, body> (MPEG,
+	ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 WG11) An {ISO} committee that generates
+	{standards} for digital {video compression} and audio.  Also
+	the name of their {algorithms}.
+
+	{MPEG-1} is optimised for {CD-ROM} and is the basis for {MP3}.
+	{MPEG-2} is aimed at {broadcast quality video} for
+	applications such as {digital television} {set-top boxes} and
+	{DVD}.  {MPEG-4} is a standard for low {bandwidth} {video
+	telephony} and {multimedia} on the {web}.  MPEG-3
+	was merged into MPEG-2.
+
+	{(http://cselt.it/mpeg/)}.  {MPEG.org
+	(http://mpeg.org/)}.  {MPEG decoder
+	(ftp://toe.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/multimedia/mpeg/)}.  {MPEG
+	routines (ftp://ftp.mni.mcgill.ca/pub/mpeg/)}.
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+Moving Pictures Experts Group
+
+	<spelling> Incorrect expansion of MPEG, which stands for
+	{Moving Picture Experts Group}.
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+Moxie
+
+	<language, music> A language for {real-time} computer music
+	synthesis, written in {XPL}.
+
+	["Moxie: A Language for Computer Music Performance",
+	D. Collinge, Proc Intl Computer Music Conf, Computer Music
+	Assoc 1984, pp.217-220].
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+Mozilla
+
+	<web, open source> The {open source} {web
+	browser}, designed for standards-compliance, performance, and
+	portability, whose development is coordinated by the {Mozilla
+	Foundation}.
+
+	The Mozilla project started in March 1998 when {Netscape
+	Communications Corporation} released the {source code} of
+	{Netscape Communicator}.  The now abandoned version based on
+	that code is referred to as "Mozilla Classic".  Since then,
+	much has been rewritten, including the layout engine, the
+	networking library, and the front-end.
+
+	Mozilla 1.0 was finally released on 2002-06-05.  Much of the
+	code was used to build {Firefox}.
+
+	Although a lot of Mozilla code is under the original Netscape
+	Public License, some parts of the code are under the Mozilla
+	Public License or dual MPL/GPL.
+
+	"Mozilla" was the original project code name for {Netscape
+	Navigator} and, according to some of the documentation, the
+	correct pronunciation of "Netscape".
+
+	[Derived from "{Mosaic} killer/Godzilla"?]
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+Mozilla Foundation
+
+	<body, web, open source> The body set up by
+	{Netscape} in January 1998 to coordinate development of the
+	{Mozilla} browser and to provide a point of contact.
+
+	{Mozilla Home (http://mozilla.org/)}.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+Mozilla Public License
+
+	{open source license}
+
+mp
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Northern Mariana
+	Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+MP1
+
+	{MPEG-1 audio layer 1}
+
+MP-1
+
+	{Assembly language} for the {MasPar} computer.
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+MP2
+
+	{MPEG-1 audio layer 2}
+
+MP3
+
+	{MPEG-1 audio layer 3}
+
+MP3Pro
+
+	<audio, compression> An extention of {MP3} using {SBR},
+	targetting data rates of 64-96 kbps.
+
+	(2001-12-20)
+
+MPC
+
+	1. <operating system> {Memory Protection Check}.
+
+	[Origin?]
+
+	2. <computer> {Multimedia Personal Computer}.
+
+	3. {Multiprocess Communications}.
+
+MPC Level 1 Specification
+
+	<multimedia> The original {Multimedia Personal Computer}
+	specification.
+
+	Minimum requirements are a 16 MHz {386SX} with 2 {megabytes}
+	of {RAM}, a 30 MB {hard disk drive}, and a {CD-ROM} drive with
+	a sustained data transfer rate of 150 KB/s at no more than 40%
+	of {CPU} {bandwidth} and reading at least 16 KB blocks.  The
+	maximum average {seek time} is 1 second and the {Mean Time
+	Between Failure} 10000 hours.  Capability Mode 1.
+
+	The computer must have 8-bit digital sound and an 8-note
+	synthesizer with {MIDI} playback.  Sample rates of 22.05 and
+	11.025 kHz must be supported by no more than 10% of CPU
+	bandwidth, preferably 44.1 kHz at no more than 15% of CPU
+	bandwidth.  The synthesizer must support multi-voice,
+	multi-timbral generation of six simultaneous melody notes and
+	two simultaneous percussive notes with internal mixing
+	capabilities to combine input from three sources and present
+	the output as a stereo, line-level audio signal at the back
+	panel.
+
+	The video display must have a {resolution} of at least 640 x
+	480 in 16 colours.  MIDI, I/O, and joystick ports must be
+	previded.
+
+	Compare {MPC Level 2 Specification}.
+
+	(1997-01-19)
+
+MPC Level 2 Specification
+
+	<multimedia> An improved version of the {MPC Level 1
+	Specification} for {Multimedia Personal Computers}.
+
+	Minimum requirements are a 25 Mhz {486SX} with 4 MB of RAM and
+	a 160 MB {hard disk drive}.  The {CD-ROM} drive must support a
+	sustained data transfer rate of 300 KB/s using at most 60% of
+	{CPU} {bandwidth} on 16 KB minimum block read size.  Its
+	average {seek time} must be 400 milliseconds maximum.
+	Capability Mode 1, Mode 2 form 1, Mode 2 form 2, Multisession.
+	It must be {CD-ROM XA}-ready.
+
+	The computer must have 16-bit digital sound, an 8-note
+	synthesizer, and {MIDI} playback.  A sample rate of 44.1 kHz
+	must be available on stereo channels with more than 15% of CPU
+	bandwidth.
+
+	A video display with a {resolution} of 640 x 480 in 65,536
+	colours, and MIDI, I/O, and joystick ports must be provided.
+
+	(1997-01-19)
+
+MPEG
+
+	{Moving Picture Experts Group}
+
+MPEG-1
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm, file format> The first
+	{MPEG} format for compressed {video}, optimised for {CD-ROM}.
+	MPEG-1 was designed for the transmission rates of about 1.5
+	{Mbps} achievable with {Video-CD} and {CD-i}.
+
+	It uses {discrete cosine transform} (DCT) and {Huffman coding}
+	to remove spatially redundant data within a frame and
+	block-based {motion compensated prediction} (MCP) to remove
+	data which is temporally redundant between frames.  Audio is
+	compressed using {subband encoding}.  These {algorithms} allow
+	better than VHS quality video and almost CD quality audio to
+	be compressed onto and streamed off a {single speed} (1x)
+	{CD-ROM} drive.
+
+	MPEG encoding can introduce blockiness, colour bleed and
+	shimmering effects on video and lack of detail and
+	quantisation effects on audio.
+
+	The official name of MPEG-1 is {International Standard}
+	{IS-11172}.
+
+	(1999-01-06)
+
+MPEG-1 audio layer 1
+
+	<audio, compression, algorithm> (MP1) A simple 32-{subband}
+	{audio compressor} using a {floating point} representation for
+	subband samples.  Resolution and scale factor are stored for
+	groups of 12 subsamples.  MP1 is only used for {Philips} DCC
+	{Digital Compact cassette} with data rates of 384 kbps.
+
+	(2001-12-02)
+
+MPEG-1 audio layer 3
+
+	<music, file format> (MP3) A {digital audio} {compression
+	algorithm} that acheives a compression factor of about twelve
+	while preserving sound quality.  It does this by optimising
+	the compression according to the range of sound that people
+	can actually hear.  MP3 is currently (July 1999) the most
+	powerful algorithm in a series of audio encoding standards
+	developed under the sponsorship of the {Moving Picture Experts
+	Group} (MPEG) and formalised by the International Organization
+	for Standardization (ISO).
+
+	MP3 is very different from Layer 2, using an additional {MDCT}
+	layer to increase frequency resolution.  Its scale factor
+	groups are more optimised for the human ear, and it uses
+	nonlinear {sample quantisation} and {Huffman coding}.
+
+	MP3 files ({filename extension} ".mp3") can be downloaded from
+	many {website}s and can be played using software available for
+	most {operating systems} (also downloadable), e.g. Winamp for
+	{PC}, MacAmp for {Macintosh}, and mpeg123 for {Unix}.
+
+	MP3 files are usually downloaded completely before playing but
+	{streaming} MP3 is also possible.  A program called a "ripper"
+	can be used to copy a selection from a music {CD} onto your
+	{hard disk} and another program called an encoder can convert
+	it to an MP3 file.
+
+	(2001-12-04)
+
+MPEG-1 layer 3
+
+	{MPEG-1 audio layer 3}
+
+MPEG-2
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm, file format> A variant of
+	the {MPEG} video and audio {compression} {algorithm} and file
+	format, optimised for {broadcast quality video}.  MPEG-2 was
+	designed to transmit images using {progressive coding} at 4
+	{Mbps} or higher for use in broadcast {digital TV} and {DVD}.
+	An MPEG-2 player can handle {MPEG-1} data as well.
+
+	MPEG-2 has been approved as {International Standard}
+	{IS-13818}.
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+MPEG-21
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm, file format> A {file
+	format} designed to merge very different things in one object,
+	so you can store interactive material in this format (audio,
+	video, questions, answers, overlays, non-linear order,
+	calculation from user inputs, etc.)
+
+	[Technical details?]
+
+	(2001-12-02)
+
+MPEG-2.5 audio layer 3
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm, file format> A non-standard
+	extention of {MPEG-2 audio layer 3} by {FhG} for lowest
+	sampling rates (8-12 kHz) targeting bit rates from 16-32 kbps
+	(possibly 8-160 kbps).
+
+	(2001-12-04)
+
+MPEG-2 AAC Low Profile
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm, file format> A successor of
+	{MP3} allowing transparent coding at data rates of 75-80% of
+	that of {MP3}.  It is very different from MP3, only used
+	{MDCT}, no {subband coding}.
+
+	(2001-12-08)
+
+MPEG-2 audio layer 3
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm, file format> An extention
+	of {MPEG-1 audio layer 3} for lower sampling rates (16-24 kHz)
+	targeting bit rates from 32-64 kbps (possibly 8-160 kbps).  It
+	is often combined with {MPEG-2 LSF}.
+
+	(2001-12-04)
+
+MPEG-2 Low Sampling Frequencies Extention
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm, file format> (MPEG-2 LSF)
+	An extension of {MPEG-2}, mostly used with {MPEG-2 audio layer
+	3} because the aim was medium quality at low bit rates, not
+	lower sampling frequencies.
+
+	(2001-12-04)
+
+MPEG-2 LSF
+
+	{MPEG-2 Low Sampling Frequencies Extention}
+
+MPEG-2 MC
+
+	{MPEG-2 Multi Channel Extention}
+
+MPEG-2 Multi Channel Extention
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm, file format> (MPEG-2 MC) An
+	extension of {MPEG-2} that uses up to 5 channels and about
+	1200 kbps.
+
+	(2001-12-08)
+
+MPEG-3
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm, file format> A proposed
+	variant of the {MPEG} {video} and {audio} {compression}
+	{algorithm} and {file} format.  MPEG-3 was intended as an
+	extension of {MPEG-2} to cater for {HDTV} but was eventually
+	merged into MPEG-2.
+
+	Not to be confused with MP3 - {MPEG-1 layer 3}.
+
+	[Technical details?]
+
+	(1999-01-06)
+
+MPEG-4
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm, file format> A {video
+	compression} standard planned for late 1998.  MPEG-4 extends
+	the earlier {MPEG-1} and {MPEG-2} algorithms with synthesis of
+	speech and video, {fractal compression}, {computer
+	visualisation} and {artificial intelligence}-based {image
+	processing} techniques.
+
+	[Technical details?]
+
+	(1999-01-06)
+
+MPEG-4 AAC Main Profile
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm> A successor of
+	{MP3} allowing transparent coding at data rates of 70-75% of
+	that of {MP3}.  It is very different from MP3, only used
+	{MDCT}, no {subband coding}.  It is much more complex that
+	{MP3} and {MPEG-2 AAC Low Profile}.
+
+	(2001-12-08)
+
+MPEG-4 AAC SSR
+
+	{MPEG-4 Advanced Audio Coding Scalable Sampling Rate}
+
+MPEG-4 Advanced Audio Coding Scalable Sampling Rate
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm> (MPEG-4 AAC SSR) An {AAC}
+	flavour supporting different qualities for different targets.
+	One stream can contain up to 3 streams for 11.025 kHz (Stream
+	1), 22.05 (Stream 1 and 2) and 44.1 kHz (all 3 Streams)
+	sampling frequency.  Quality is between Low Profile and Main
+	profile.  See also {JPEG-2000}.
+
+	(2001-12-09)
+
+MPEG-4 Harmonics, individual lines and noise
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm> (MPEG-4 HILN) An {MPEG-4}
+	variant using {parametric encoding} with a target {bit rate}
+	of 30 kbps.
+
+	(2001-12-09)
+
+MPEG-4 Harmonic Vector eXCitation
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm> (MPEG-4 HVXC) An {MPEG-4}
+	variant using {parametric encoding} with a target {bit rate}
+	of 20 kbps, for voice coding.
+
+	(2001-12-09)
+
+MPEG-4 HILN
+
+	{MPEG-4 Harmonics, individual lines and noise}
+
+MPEG-4 HVXC
+
+	{MPEG-4 Harmonic Vector eXCitation}
+
+MPEG-7
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm> A successor to {MPEG-4},
+	not standardized yet.
+
+	(2001-12-02)
+
+MPEGplus
+
+	<compression, algorithm> A non-{ISO} standard compressed {audio}
+	file format derived from {MPEG-1 Layer 2}.
+
+	(2001-12-11)
+
+MPG
+
+	<jargon> Miles per gallon, as in "Your MPG may
+	vary", i.e. "{Your mileage may vary}".
+
+mpg
+
+	<filename extension> A {filename extension} for a file in
+	{MPEG} format.
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+MPI
+
+	{Message Passing Interface}
+
+MPL
+
+	1. <language> An early possible name for {PL/I}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.542].
+
+	2. {MasPar} {data-parallel} version of {C}.  See also {ampl}.
+
+	{Compiler version 3.1 (ftp://maspar.maspar.com/put/)}.
+
+	3. Motorola Programming Language.  A low-level {PL/I}-like
+	language, similar to {PL/M}, but for the {Motorola 6800}.
+
+	4. MicroProgramming Language.  Simple language for
+	microprogramming.  Statements on the same line represent
+	{register} transfers caused by one microinstruction, and are
+	executed in parallel.
+
+	["Structured Computer Organization", A.S. Tanenbaum, First
+	Edition, P-H 1976. (Replaced in later editions by Mic-1)].
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+MPL II
+
+	[Burroughs VMS MPL II Language Reference Manual].
+
+MPLS
+
+	{Multiprotocol Label Switching}
+
+MPLS domain
+
+	<networking> A portion of a {network} that contains devices
+	that understand {MPLS}.
+
+	(1999-06-14)
+
+MP/M
+
+	{Multi-tasking Program for Microcomputers}
+
+MPP
+
+	{Multiple Parallel Processing}
+MPPE
+
+	{Microsoft Point to Point Encryption}
+
+MPPL
+
+	<language> An early possible name for {PL/I}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 542].
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+MPR II
+
+	<standard> A green standard published by SWEDAC (the Swedish
+	Board for Technical Accreditation) that limits the maximum
+	amount of {ELF} and {VLF} electromagnetic radiation a computer
+	{monitor} may emit.  Most {personal computer} monitors comply
+	with this standard or the more stringent European TCO
+	requirement.
+
+	(1996-02-19)
+
+M-Prolog
+
+	1. Marseille Prolog.
+
+	2. An extension to {Prolog} involving {modules}.
+
+	["The MProlog System", J. Bendl et al, Proc Logic Prog
+	Workshop, 1980].
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+MPS III
+
+	Solving matrices and producing reports.  "MPS III DATAFORM
+	User Manual", Management Science Systems (1976).
+
+MPSX
+
+	Mathematical Programming System Extended.  Solution strategy
+	for mathematical programming.  "Mathematical Programming
+	System Extended (MPSX) Control Language User's Manual",
+	SH20-0932, IBM.  Sammet 1978.
+
+MPV
+
+	An extension of the {VRTX} {real-time} {operating system} to
+	support {multi-processing}.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+MPX
+
+	{Multiplexor Channel}
+
+mq
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Martinique.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+MQG
+
+	{Multi-threaded Query Gate}
+
+mr
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Mauritania.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+MRAM
+
+	{Magnetic RAM}
+
+MRDA
+
+	{Mandy Rice-Davis Applies}
+
+MRDS
+
+	{Multics Relational Data Store}
+
+MRI
+
+	1. <application> {Magnetic Resonance Imaging}.
+
+	2. {Measurement Requirements and Interface}.
+
+MROC
+
+	{Miniature Ruggedized Optical Correlator}
+
+MROM
+
+	{Mask Read-Only Memory}
+
+MRP
+
+	{Material Requirements Planning}
+
+MRP II
+
+	{Manufacturer Resource Planning}
+
+MRS
+
+	Modifiable Representation System.
+
+	An integration of {logic programming} into {Lisp}.
+
+	["A Modifiable Representation System", M. Genesereth et al,
+	HPP 80-22, CS Dept Stanford U 1980].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+ms
+
+	1. <unit> {millisecond}.
+
+	2. <networking> The {country code} for Montserrat.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+MS Access
+
+	{Microsoft Access}
+
+MSAU
+
+	{Media Access Unit}
+
+MSB
+
+	{Most Significant Bit}
+
+MS-BASIC
+
+	{Microsoft Basic}
+
+MS-DOG
+
+	<abuse> A pejorative name for {MS-DOS}.
+
+MS-DOS
+
+	{Microsoft Disk Operating System}
+
+MSG.84
+
+	<language> A language for the {functional specification} and
+	module design phases of the {software life cycle}, first
+	presented in Berzins and Gray's 1985 paper.  Not unlike {PDL}.
+
+	["Analysis and design in MSG.84: formalizing functional
+	specifications", Valdis Berzins, Michael Gray, Volume 11 Issue
+	8, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Aug 1985].
+
+	(2003-05-15)
+
+msgGUI
+
+	<library> A {graphical user interface} for {GNU Smalltalk}.
+	The msgGUI package contains the basics for creating window
+	{applications} in the manner available in other graphical
+	{Smalltalk} implementations.  Version 1.0 of the library was
+	by Mark Bush, ECS, Oxford University, UK.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.comlab.ox.ac.uk/pub/Packages/mst/mstGUI-1.0.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(2000-06-14)
+
+MSIE
+
+	{Internet Explorer}
+
+MSM
+
+	{Micronetics Standard MUMPS}
+
+MS Mail
+
+	{Microsoft Mail}
+
+MSN
+
+	{The Microsoft Network}
+
+MS Office
+
+	{Microsoft Office}
+
+MS Project
+
+	{Microsoft Project}
+
+MSS
+
+	{maximum segment size}
+
+MS-Windows
+
+	{Microsoft Windows}
+
+MswLogo
+
+	<language> A {Microsoft Windows} {front-end} for {Berkeley
+	Logo} by George Mills <george.mills AT softronix DOT com>.
+	MswLogo has 3D {primitives} and {GUI} support.  It runs on
+	every flavour of Windows from 16-bit to NT.
+
+	{(http://softronix.com/logo.html)}.
+
+	(2006-02-28)
+
+MS Word
+
+	{Microsoft Word}
+
+MSX
+
+	{Microsoft Extended}
+
+MSX-DOS
+
+	{Microsoft Extended}
+
+mt
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Malta.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+MTA
+
+	1. <messaging> {Message Transfer Agent}.
+
+	2. <messaging> {Message Transfer Architecture}. ({AT&T}).
+
+	3. {Multiple Terminal Access}.
+
+	4. {Maintenance Task Analysis}.
+
+	(1997-02-28)
+
+MTBF
+
+	{Mean Time Between Failures}
+
+mtc
+
+	A {Modula-2} to {C} translator.
+
+	{(ftp://rusmv1.rus.uni-stuttgart.de/soft/Unixtools/compilerbau/mtc.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1991-10-25)
+
+M Technology Association
+
+	<body> The {MUMPS} User's Group that disbanded some time
+	between 1995 and 2003.
+
+	Address: 1738 Elton Road, Suite 205, Silver Spring, MD
+	20903-1725, USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 301 431-4070.  Fax: +1 301 431-0017.
+
+	(2003-06-04)
+
+MTOS
+
+	1. <operating system> A family of {real-time} {operating systems}
+	for use in {embedded  systems}.	 It is	developed and marketed by
+	{Industrial Programming, Inc.}.
+
+	2. <operating system> {MultiTOS}
+
+	(1997-06-03)
+
+MTS
+
+	1. {Message Transport System}.
+
+	2. <programming> {Microsoft Transaction Server}.
+
+	(1999-03-29)
+
+MTTR
+
+	{Mean Time To Recovery}
+
+MTU
+
+	{Maximum Transmission Unit}
+
+Mu
+
+	<character> (Greek letter).
+
+	1. <unit> /micro/ prefix denoting division by 10^6, e.g. mu m
+	(micrometre, a millionth part of a metre).  Sometimes written
+	as a 'u', the ASCII character nearest in appearance.
+
+	2. <mathematics> /myoo/ In the theory of functions, mu x . E
+	denotes the least value of x for which E = x, i.e. the {least
+	fixed point} of the function \ x . E.  The {recursive}
+	function mu f . H f satisfies (and is defined by) the equation
+
+		mu f . H f = H (mu f . H f)
+
+	An alternative notation for the same function is
+
+		fix H = H (fix H)
+
+	See {fixed point combinator}.
+
+	3. <database> {multiple value}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-10-30)
+
+mu
+
+	1. <networking> The {country code} for Mauritius.
+
+	2. <philosophy> /moo/ The correct answer to the classic trick
+	question "Have you stopped beating your wife yet?".  Assuming
+	that you have no wife or you have never beaten your wife, the
+	answer "yes" is wrong because it implies that you used to beat
+	your wife and then stopped, but "no" is worse because it
+	suggests that you have one and are still beating her.
+	According to various Discordians and Douglas Hofstadter the
+	correct answer is usually "mu", a Japanese word alleged to
+	mean "Your question cannot be answered because it depends on
+	incorrect assumptions".
+
+	Hackers tend to be sensitive to logical inadequacies in
+	language, and many have adopted this suggestion with
+	enthusiasm.  The word "mu" is actually from Chinese, meaning
+	"nothing"; it is used in mainstream Japanese in that sense,
+	but native speakers do not recognise the Discordian
+	question-denying use.  It almost certainly derives from
+	overgeneralisation of the answer in the following well-known
+	Rinzei Zen teaching riddle:
+
+	A monk asked Joshu, "Does a dog have the Buddha nature?"
+	Joshu retorted, "Mu!"
+
+	See also {has the X nature}, {AI Koan}.
+
+	[Douglas Hofstadter, "Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden
+	Braid"].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-11-22)
+
+MUA
+
+	{Mail User Agent}
+
+MUCAL
+
+	<language, music> A language for playing music on the {PDP-8}.
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+MUD
+
+	<games> {Multi-User Dimension} or "Multi-User Domain".
+	Originally "Multi-User Dungeon".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+muddie
+
+	<games> Synonym {mudhead}.  More common in Great Britain,
+	possibly because system administrators there like to mutter
+	"bloody muddies" when annoyed at the species.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Muddle
+
+	Original name of {MDL}.
+
+mudhead
+
+	<games> A {MUD} player who eats, sleeps, and breathes MUD.
+	Mudheads have been known to fail their degrees, drop out,
+	etc. with the consolation, however, that they made wizard
+	level.  When encountered in person, on a MUD or in a chat
+	system, all a mudhead will talk about is three topics: the
+	tactic, character, or wizard that is supposedly always
+	unfairly stopping him/her from becoming a wizard or beating a
+	favourite MUD; why the specific game he/she has experience
+	with is so much better than any other; and the MUD he or she
+	is writing or going to write because his/her design ideas are
+	so much better than in any existing MUD.  See also {wannabee}.
+
+	To the anthropologically literate, this term may recall the
+	Zuni/Hopi legend of the mudheads or "koyemshi", mythical
+	half-formed children of an unnatural union.  Figures
+	representing them act as clowns in Zuni sacred ceremonies.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+MUD Object Oriented
+
+	<games> (MOO) One of the many {MUD} spin-offs (e.g. {MUSH},
+	{MUSE}, and {MUX}) created to diversify the realm of
+	interactive text-based gaming.  A MOO is similar to a MUSH in
+	that the users themselves can create objects, rooms, and code
+	to add to the environment.
+
+	The most frequently used {server} {software} for running a MOO
+	is {LambdaMOO} but alternatives include {WinMOO
+	(http://www-personal.umich.edu/~cunkel/WinMOO/)} and
+	{MacGoesMOO
+	(http://neon.ci.lexington.ma.us/SpamCentral/scaron/mgm.html)}.
+
+	(1999-05-25)
+
+muFP
+
+	A {functional language} for hardware design, a predecessor of
+	{Ruby}.
+
+Muhammad al-Khwarizmi
+
+	{Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi}
+
+Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
+
+	<person> An astronomer, geographer and mathematician, born around
+	780 CE in Khwarizm (modern Khiva), south of the Aral Sea.
+	Khawarizmi founded {algebra} and {algorithms} (named after him),
+	synthesised Greek and Hindu knowledge, introducing the Indian
+	system of numerals (now known as Arabic numerals), developed
+	operations on {fractions}, trigonometric tables containing the
+	{sine functions}, the {calculus of two errors} and the {decimal}
+	system, explained the use of {zero}, perfected the geometric
+	representation of {conic sections}, collaborated in the degree
+	measurements aimed at measuring of volume and circumference of the
+	Earth and produced the first map of the known world in 830 CE.  He
+	died around 850 CE.
+
+	{Muslim Heritage.com
+	(http://muslimheritage.com/day_life/default.cfm?ArticleID=317&Oldpage=1])}.
+
+	(2008-07-08)
+
+mu-law
+
+	The North America {standard} for {nonuniform quantising
+	logarithmic compression}.
+
+	[Equation?]
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+Mule
+
+	<text, tool> A multi-lingual enhancement of {GNU Emacs}.  Mule
+	can handle not only {ASCII} characters (7 bit) and {ISO
+	Latin 1} characters (8 bit), but also {16-bit characters} like
+	Japanese, Chinese, and Korean.  Mule can have a mixture of
+	languages in a single buffer.
+
+	Mule runs under the {X window system}, or on a {Hangul
+	terminal}, {mterm} or {exterm}.
+
+	Latest version: 2.3.
+
+	{(ftp://etlport.etl.go.jp/pub/mule)}.
+
+	(1996-01-28)
+
+Mul-T
+
+	An implementation of {Multilisp} built on {T}, for the {Encore
+	Multimax}.
+
+	["Mul-T: A High-Performance Parallel Lisp", SIGPLAN Notices
+	24(7):81-90 (Jul 1989)].
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+Multi-BinProlog
+
+	<language> A {multi-threaded} {Linda}-style parallel extension
+	to {BinProlog} for {Solaris} 2.3.
+
+	Version: 3.30.
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+multiboot
+
+	{dual boot}
+
+multiC
+
+	<language> A {data-parallel} version of {C} from {Wavetracer}.
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+MultiCal System
+
+	E-mail: Richard Snodgrass <rts@cs.arizona.edu>.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.arizona.edu/tsql/multical)}.
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+multicast addressing
+
+	{Ethernet} addressing scheme used to send {packets} to devices
+	of a certain type or for {broadcast}ing to all nodes.  The
+	least significant bit of the most significant byte of a
+	multi-cast address is one.
+
+multicast backbone
+
+	(MBONE) A {virtual network} on top of the {Internet} which
+	supports {routing} of {IP} {multicast} {packets}, intended for
+	{multimedia} transmission.  MBONE gives public access {desktop
+	video} communications.  The quality is poor with only 3-5
+	frames per second instead of the 30 frames per second of
+	commercial television.  Its advantage is that it avoids all
+	telecommunications costs normally associated with
+	teleconferencing.  An interesting innovation is the use of
+	MBONE for audio communications and an electronic "whiteboard"
+	where the computer screen becomes a shared workspace where two
+	physically remote parties can draw on and edit shared
+	documents in {real-time}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+Multi-channel Memorandum Distribution Facility
+
+	<messaging> (MMDF) An {electronic mail} system for Unix(?)
+	which is much easier to configure than {sendmail}.  The source
+	is available.
+
+	MMDF is a versatile and configurable mail routing system
+	({MTA}) which also includes user interface programs ({MUA}).
+	It can be set up to route mail to different {domains} and
+	{hosts} over different channels (e.g. {SMTP}, {UUCP}).  On
+	{UNIX} systems, its configuration begins with the
+	/usr/mmdf/mmdftailor file, which defines the machine and
+	domain names, various other configuration tables (alias,
+	domain, channel) and other configuration information.
+
+	[Home?]
+
+	(1997-01-14)
+
+multician
+
+	<jargon, person> /muhl-ti'shn/ A term coined at {Honeywell},
+	ca. 1970 for a competent user of {Multics}.  Perhaps oddly, no
+	one has ever promoted the analogous "Unician".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-24)
+
+Multi-Color Graphics Array
+
+	<hardware, graphics> (MCGA) One of {IBM}'s less popular
+	hardware video {display standards} for use in the {IBM PS/2}.
+	MCGA can display 80*25 text in {monochrome}, 40*25 text in 256
+	colours or 320*200 pixel graphics in 256 colors.  It is now
+	obsolete.
+
+	(2011-03-20)
+
+Multics
+
+	<operating system> /muhl'tiks/ MULTiplexed Information and
+	Computing Service.  A {time-sharing} {operating system}
+	co-designed by a consortium including {MIT}, {GE} and {Bell
+	Laboratories} as a successor to MIT's {CTSS}.  The system
+	design was presented in a special session of the 1965 Fall
+	Joint Computer Conference and was planned to be operational in
+	two years.  It was finally made available in 1969, and took
+	several more years to achieve respectable performance and
+	stability.
+
+	Multics was very innovative for its time - among other things,
+	it was the first major OS to run on a {symmetric
+	multiprocessor}; provided a {hierarchical file system} with
+	{access control} on individual files; mapped files into a
+	paged, segmented {virtual memory}; was written in a
+	{high-level language} ({PL/I}); and provided dynamic
+	inter-procedure linkage and memory (file) sharing as the
+	default mode of operation.  Multics was the only
+	general-purpose system to be awarded a B2 {security rating} by
+	the {NSA}.
+
+	Bell Labs left the development effort in 1969.  {Honeywell}
+	commercialised Multics in 1972 after buying out GE's computer
+	group, but it was never very successful: at its peak in the
+	1980s, there were between 75 and 100 Multics sites, each a
+	multi-million dollar {mainframe}.
+
+	One of the former Multics developers from Bell Labs was {Ken
+	Thompson}, a circumstance which led directly to the birth of
+	{Unix}.  For this and other reasons, aspects of the Multics
+	design remain a topic of occasional debate among hackers.  See
+	also {brain-damaged} and {GCOS}.
+
+	MIT ended its development association with Multics in 1977.
+	Honeywell sold its computer business to {Bull} in the mid
+	1980s, and development on Multics was stopped in 1988 when
+	Bull scrapped a Boston proposal to port Multics to a
+	{platform} derived from the {DPS-6}.
+
+	A few Multics sites are still in use as late as 1996.
+
+	The last Multics system running, the Canadian Department of
+	National Defence Multics site in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,
+	shut down on 2000-10-30 at 17:08 UTC.
+
+	The {Jargon file} 3.0.0 claims that on some versions of
+	Multics one was required to enter a password to log out but
+	James J. Lippard <lippard@primenet.com>, who was a Multics
+	developer in Phoenix, believes this to be an {urban legend}.
+	He never heard of a version of Multics which required a
+	password to logout.  Tom Van Vleck <thvv@multicians.org>
+	agrees.  He suggests that some user may have implemented a
+	'terminal locking' program that required a password before one
+	could type anything, including logout.
+
+	{(http://multicians.org/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:alt.os.multics}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-04-12)
+
+Multics Relational Data Store
+
+	<database> (MRDS) The first commercial {relational database},
+	implemented as part of {Multics} by Jim Weeldreyer and Oris
+	Friesen of {Honeywell} Phoenix in about 1977.  MRDS included a
+	report writer called LINUS written by Jim Falksen.
+
+	(1997-01-29)
+
+Multiflow Computer
+
+	<company> A now-defunct computer company, best known for its
+	work in {Very Long Instruction Word} processors.
+
+	Address: New Haven, Conn. USA.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+Multi-Garnet
+
+	A better constraint system for Garnet.  Version 2.1 by Michael
+	Sannella <sannella@cs.washington.edu>.
+
+	{(ftp://a.gp.cs.cmu.edu/usr/garnet/alpha/src/contrib/multi-garnet)}.
+
+	(1992-09-21)
+
+multihomed host
+
+	A {host} which has more than one connection to a {network}.
+	The host may send and receive data over any of the links but
+	will not route traffic for other nodes.
+
+multilayer perceptron
+
+	A network composed of more than one layer of {neurons}, with
+	some or all of the outputs of each layer connected to one or
+	more of the inputs of another layer.  The first layer is
+	called the input layer, the last one is the output layer, and
+	in between there may be one or more hidden layers.
+
+MultiLisp
+
+	<language> A {parallel} extension of {Scheme} with explicit
+	{concurrency}.  The form (future X) immediately returns a
+	"{future}", and creates a {task} to evaluate X.  When the
+	evaluation is complete, the future is resolved to be the
+	value.
+
+	["MultiLisp: A Language for Concurrent Symbolic Computation",
+	R. Halstead, TOPLAS pp.501-538 (Oct 1985)].
+
+	[Did MultiLisp use {PVM} as its intermediate language?]
+
+	(1998-02-10)
+
+multimedia
+
+	<multimedia> Any collection of data including {text},
+	{graphics}, {images}, {audio} and {video}, or any system for
+	processing or interacting with such data.  Often also includes
+	concepts from {hypertext}.
+
+	This term was once almost synonymous with {CD-ROM} in the
+	{personal computer} world because the large amounts of data
+	involved were best supplied on CD-ROM.  {DVD}s and {broadband}
+	{Internet} connections have now largely replaced CDs as the
+	means of delivery.
+
+	A "multimedia PC" typically includes software for playing DVD
+	video, {5.1 audio} hardware and can display video on a
+	television.  It may also include a television receiver and
+	software to record broadcast television to disk and play it
+	back.  The {Multimedia Personal Computer} (MPC) standard was
+	an attempt to improve compatibility between such systems.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.multimedia}.
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+Multimedia and Hypermedia information coding Expert Group
+
+	<multimedia, standard> (MHEG) is an {ISO} {standard} encoding
+	for {multimedia} and {hypermedia} information, designed to
+	facilitate use and interchange of such information in varied
+	domains such as games, electronic publishing and medical
+	applications.
+
+	{MHEG Home (http://mheg.org/)}.
+
+	(2002-12-30)
+
+MultiMedia Compact Disc
+
+	<storage> (MMCD) A {CD-ROM} {standard} for storing 4.7 GB of
+	data including video.  MMCD is being developed by a large
+	numer of computer manufacturers and is expected to be shipped
+	in late 1996 or early 1997.  Initially it will be aimed at the
+	consumer market, then perhaps in {CD-ROM} format for
+	computers, and maybe later on erasble CD.
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+MultiMedia Extension
+
+	{Matrix Math eXtensions}
+
+Multimedia Integrated Conferencing for European Researchers
+
+	<communications, project> (MICE) A project which aims to
+	create a pilot (virtual) network between European researchers,
+	and also to connect them to sites in the US.  The MICE system
+	currently allows {multimedia} conferencing ({audio}, {video}
+	and shared workspace) between conference rooms and
+	{workstation}-based facilities, hardware and software,
+	{packet-switched} networks and {ISDN}, using both {unicast}
+	(point-to-point) and {multicast} (multi-point) {protocols}.
+
+	{(http://www-mice.cs.ucl.ac.uk/mice)}.
+
+	(1997-12-18)
+
+Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions
+
+	Called {Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions} in the {RFC}.
+
+	[Is this an old name for it?]
+
+Multimedia Messaging Services
+
+	<messaging> (MMS) A feature of some {mobile telephones} that
+	allows them to send messages including text, sound, images and
+	{video}.
+
+	(2007-06-25)
+
+Multimedia PC
+
+	{multimedia}
+
+Multimedia Personal Computer
+
+	<multimedia> (MPC) A specification published by the Multimedia
+	PC Marketing Council in 1990 to encourage the adoption of a
+	standard {multimedia} computing platform.  In May 1993, the
+	MPC Marketing Council published a new specification called
+	{MPC Level 2 Specification} as an enhanced multimedia computer
+	standard.  The original MPC specification, now also known as
+	the {MPC Level 1 Specification}, continues in full effect.
+
+	The appearance of the MPC or MPC2 certification mark on a
+	computer system or upgrade kit indicates that the {hardware}
+	meets the corresponding (Level 1 or Level 2) MPC Marketing
+	Council specification. Software bearing the Multimedia PC mark
+	has been designed to work on Multimedia PC licensed hardware.
+
+	By establishing a standard platform, certifying hardware
+	compliance and providing inter-operability between software
+	and hardware for the consumer, the MPC Marketing Council is
+	encouraging widespread use of multimedia applications and
+	hardware.
+
+	(1997-01-19)
+
+multimedia system
+
+	{multimedia}
+
+multi-part key
+
+	{compound key}
+
+Multi-Pascal
+
+	An extension of {Pascal-S} with {multiprocessing} features.
+	Used in "The Art of Parallel Programming", Bruce P. Lester,
+	P-H 1993.
+
+multiple access
+
+	{multiplexing}
+
+Multiple Access with Colision Avoidance
+
+	<networking> (MACA) A {protocol} used as a basis for the IEEE
+	{802.11} {wireless LAN} {standards}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2004-01-14)
+
+multiple boot
+
+	{dual boot}
+
+Multiple Document Interface
+
+	<programming> (MDI) The ability of an {application program} to
+	show windows giving views of more than one document at a time.
+
+	The opposite is {Single Document Interface} (SDI).
+
+	(1999-03-30)
+
+multiple inheritance
+
+	<programming> In {object-oriented programming}, the possibility
+	that a {class} may have more than one direct {superclass} in the
+	{class hierarchy}.
+
+	The opposite is {single inheritance}.
+
+	(2014-09-06)
+
+Multiple Instruction Multiple Data
+
+	{Multiple Instruction/Multiple Data}
+
+Multiple Instruction/Multiple Data
+
+	(MIMD) The classification under {Flynn's taxonomy} of a
+	{parallel processor} where many {functional units} perform
+	different operations on different data.  Examples would be a
+	network of {workstations} or {transputers}.  Compare {SIMD}.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Multiple Master
+
+	<text, tool, software> (Or "Multiple Master Font") A {font}
+	that is a mixture of two or more other fonts.
+
+	A Multiple Master font is a single font containing from two to
+	sixteen master designs (the current implementation limit).  A
+	weight factor specifies the contribution of each master design
+	for the creation of a multiple master font {instance}.
+
+	A Multiple Master instance is a single {interpolation} of a
+	multiple master font as created by a user or application.
+
+	{ATM Glossary
+	(http://adobe.com/supportservice/devrelations/typeforum/glossary.html)}.
+
+	{Useable fonts
+	(http://susi.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Mirror/winsite/win3/fonts_atm.html)}.
+
+	(1998-05-31)
+
+multiple perspective software development
+
+	<programming> A decentralised approach to software development
+	which, instead of adopting a monolithic representation and
+	centralised control, models development in terms of
+	collaboration between autonomous partial systems.
+
+	Software development usually involves people with different
+	goals, expertise, and backgrounds, and the use of a wide range
+	of formalisms, tools, and environments.  As information is
+	exchanged between participants, dependencies may be
+	established between information created by them.  Multiple
+	perspective software development may be mapped into the
+	transaction model which can be used to prevent uncoordinated
+	access to interdependent information causing inconsistency.
+
+	[Fox Wai-Leung Poon]
+
+	(1995-12-14)
+
+multiple value
+
+	<database> (MU) A one-to-many relationship between entries in
+	a database, for example a person may have an address field
+	which spanned multiple records (with different indexes).
+	Multiple values are a non-{relational} technique.
+
+	MUs have recently been made available in {DB2}, despite the
+	product being so heavily influenced by {Codd's Laws} of
+	{relational databases}.
+
+	[Confirm, clarify?]
+
+	(1995-10-30)
+
+Multiple Virtual Storage
+
+	<operating system> (MVS) Release 2 of {OS/VS2}, called MVS
+	because it had multiple 16 MB virtual address spaces, in
+	contrast to {SVS}.  MVS ran on the {IBM 390} series
+	{mainframes}.  It became MVS/SP, then MVS/XA (with 31-bit
+	addressing) and then MVS/ESA.
+
+	MVS/Open Edition (MVS/OE), aimed at the growing {open systems}
+	market, added {TCP/IP} and {Unix} support in an MVS address
+	space, allowing users to run IBM, {CICS}-type applications,
+	{batch} applications and Unix.
+
+	MVS/ESA was repackaged as {OS/390} as a marketing exercise but
+	it's basically the same thing.
+
+	Version: 5.1.
+
+	[Features?  Dates?]
+
+	(1999-01-20)
+
+multiplexer
+
+	{multiplexor}
+
+multiplexing
+
+	1. <communications> (Or "multiple access") Combining several
+	signals for transmission on some shared medium (e.g. a
+	telephone wire).  The signals are combined at the transmitter
+	by a multiplexor (a "mux") and split up at the receiver by a
+	demultiplexor.  The communications channel may be shared
+	between the independent signals in one of several different
+	ways: {time division multiplexing}, {frequency division
+	multiplexing}, or {code division multiplexing}.
+
+	If the inputs take turns to use the output channel ({time
+	division multiplexing}) then the output {bandwidth} need be no
+	greater than the maximum bandwidth of any input.
+
+	If many inputs may be active simultaneously then the output
+	bandwidth must be at least as great as the total bandwidth of
+	all simultaneously active inputs.  In this case the
+	multiplexor is also known as a {concentrator}.
+
+	(1995-03-02)
+
+	2. <storage> Writing multiple {logical} copies of {data}
+	{files}.  Placing the copies on totally separate {paths} to
+	{mirror}ed {devices} greatly reduces the probability of all
+	copies being corrupt.  Multiplexing differs from mirroring in
+	that mirroring takes one data file and copies it to many
+	devices, thus making it possible to copy a corrupt file many
+	times.  Multiplexing writes the data files to many places
+	simultaneously; there is no "original" data file.
+
+	(2001-05-10)
+
+multiplexor
+
+	{multiplexing}
+
+Multiplexor Channel
+
+	(MPX) {mainframe} terminology for a slow peripheral device
+	connection, e.g. for a {printer}, operator console, or card
+	reader.
+
+	(1997-06-30)
+
+multiplex printer
+
+	<hardware> A {duplex} circuit using {time-division
+	multiplexing} to provide multiple duplex channels over one
+	wire.
+
+	For example, channels A, B, C, and D could be used for
+	simultaneous transmission in both directions.
+
+	(2000-04-02)
+
+Multipop-68
+
+	<operating system> An early {time-sharing} {operating system}
+	developed in Edinburgh by Robin Popplestone and others.  It
+	was inspired by {MIT}' {Project MAC}, via a "MiniMac" project
+	which was aborted when it became obvious that {Elliot
+	Brothers} Ltd. could not supply the necessary disk storage.
+	Multipop was highly efficient in its use of machine resources
+	to support {symbolic programming}, and effective - e.g. in
+	supporting the development of the {Boyer-Moore theorem prover}
+	and of Burstall and Darlington's transformation work.
+
+	It was not good at supporting the user programs which were
+	then the standard fare of computing, e.g. matrix inversion.
+	This arose from the fact that while the {POP-2} compiler
+	generated good code for function call (which is a lot of what
+	layered systems like operating systems do) it did not generate
+	efficient code for arithmetic or store access, because there
+	was no way to police the generation of illegal objects
+	statically.  ({Hindley-Milner type} checking did not exist).
+	Indeed, since many OS features like file-access were performed
+	by function-call (of a {closure}) rather than an OS call
+	requiring a {context switch}, POP-2 actually gained
+	performance.
+
+	Multipop68 was efficient primarily because the one language,
+	POP-2 served all purposes: it was the command language for the
+	operating system as well as being the only available
+	programming language.  Thus there was no need to swap in
+	compilers etc.  All store management was accomplished
+	uniformly by the {garbage collector}, as opposed to having
+	store management for the OS and store management for each
+	application.
+
+	There was a substantial amount of {assembly language} in
+	Multipop68.  This was primarily for interrupt handling, and it
+	is difficult to handle this without a {real-time}
+	garbage-collector.
+
+	[Edited from a posting by Robin Popplestone].
+
+	(1995-03-15)
+
+multiprocessing
+
+	{parallel processing}
+
+multiprocessor
+
+	{parallel processing}
+
+multiprogramming
+
+	{multitasking}
+
+Multiprotocol Label Switching
+
+	<networking> (MPLS) A {packet switching} {protocol} developed
+	by the {IETF}.  Initially developed to improve switching
+	speed, other benefits are now seen as being more important.
+
+	MPLS adds a 32-{bit} label to each {packet} to improve
+	{network} efficiency and to enable {routers} to direct
+	{packets} along predefined routes in accordance with the
+	required {quality of service}.  The label is added when the
+	{packet} enters the MPLS {network}, and is based on an
+	analysis of the {packet} {header}.  The label contains
+	information on the route along which the {packet} may travel,
+	and the {forwarding equivalence class} (FEC) of the {packet}.
+	Packets with the same {FEC} are routed through the {network}
+	in the same way.
+
+	Routers make forwarding decisions based purely on the contents
+	of the label.  This simplifies the work done by the {router},
+	leading to an increase in speed.  At each {router}, the label
+	is replaced with a new label, which tells the next {router}
+	how to forward the {packet}.  The label is removed when the
+	{packet} leaves the MPLS {network}.
+
+	Modern {ASIC}-based routers can look up routes fast enough to
+	make the speed increase less important.  However, MPLS still
+	has some benefits.  The use of {FECs} allows {QoS} levels to
+	be guaranteed, and MPLS allows {IP} {tunnels} to be created
+	through a {network}, so that {VPNs} can be implemented without
+	{encryption}.
+
+	{MPLS Resource Center (http://mplsrc.com/)}.
+
+	[RFC 3031]
+
+	(2002-04-14)
+
+Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
+
+	<file format, multimedia> (MIME) A {standard} for multi-part,
+	{multimedia} {electronic mail} messages and {web}
+	{hypertext} documents on the {Internet}.  MIME provides the
+	ability to transfer non-textual data, such as graphics,
+	{audio} and fax.  It is defined in {RFC 2045}, {RFC 2046},
+	{RFC 2047}, {RFC 2048}, {RFC 2049}, and {BCP0013}.  It uses
+	{mimencode} to encode binary data into {base 64} using a
+	subset of {ASCII}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/mail/mime-faq/top.html)}.
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+multiscan
+
+	<hardware> A {monitor} that can synchronise to a variety of
+	{horizontal scan rates} and {refresh rates}, allowing it to
+	display images at different {resolutions}.
+
+	(1996-02-09)
+
+MultiScheme
+
+	An implementation of {Multilisp} built on MIT's {C-Scheme},
+	for the {BBN Butterfly}.
+
+	["MultiScheme: A Paralled Processing System Based on MIT
+	Scheme", J. Miller, TR-402, MIT LCS, Sept 1987].
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+Multistation Access Unit
+
+	{Media Access Unit}
+
+multisync
+
+	<hardware> An {NEC} trademark term for {multiscan}.  As NEC
+	was the first to manufacture multiscan {monitors} the term is
+	often used interchangeably with multiscan.
+
+	(1996-02-09)
+
+Multisystem eXtention Interface Bus
+
+	<hardware> (MXIbus) A high performance communication link that
+	interconnects devices using round, flexible cable.  MXIbus is
+	used between a {GPIB} card and a {VXI} cage.
+
+	(1999-10-12)
+
+multitasking
+
+	<computer, parallel> (Or "multi-tasking", "multiprogramming",
+	"concurrent processing", "concurrency", "process scheduling")
+	A technique used in an {operating system} for sharing a single
+	processor between several independent jobs.  The first
+	multitasking operating systems were designed in the early
+	1960s.
+
+	Under "{cooperative multitasking}" the running task decides
+	when to give up the CPU and under "{pre-emptive multitasking}"
+	(probably more common) a system process called the
+	"{scheduler}" suspends the currently running task after it has
+	run for a fixed period known as a "{time-slice}".  In both
+	cases the scheduler is responsible for selecting the next task
+	to run and (re)starting it.
+
+	The running task may relinquish control voluntarily even in a
+	pre-emptive system if it is waiting for some external {event}.
+	In either system a task may be suspended prematurely if a
+	hardware {interrupt} occurs, especially if a higher priority
+	task was waiting for this event and has therefore become
+	runnable.
+
+	The scheduling {algorithm} used by the scheduler determines
+	which task will run next.  Some common examples are
+	{round-robin} scheduling, {priority scheduling}, {shortest job
+	first} and {guaranteed scheduling}.
+
+	Multitasking introduces {overheads} because the processor
+	spends some time in choosing the next job to run and in saving
+	and restoring tasks' state, but it reduces the worst-case time
+	from job submission to completion compared with a simple
+	{batch} system where each job must finish before the next one
+	starts.  Multitasking also means that while one task is
+	waiting for some external event, the {CPU} to do useful work
+	on other tasks.
+
+	A multitasking operating system should provide some degree of
+	protection of one task from another to prevent tasks from
+	interacting in unexpected ways such as accidentally modifying
+	the contents of each other's memory areas.
+
+	The jobs in a multitasking system may belong to one or many
+	users.  This is distinct from {parallel processing} where one
+	user runs several tasks on several processors.  {Time-sharing}
+	is almost synonymous but implies that there is more than one
+	user.
+
+	{Multithreading} is a kind of multitasking with low
+	{overheads} and no protection of tasks from each other, all
+	threads share the same memory.
+
+	(1998-04-24)
+
+Multi-tasking Program for Microcomputers
+
+	<operating system> (MP/M) An {operating system}, written by
+	{Gary Kildal}, very similar to {CP/M}, also written by Kildal.
+	MP/M allowed {virtual terminals}, each of which could execute
+	an {application} while another terminal was called to the
+	screen with a special key combination.
+
+	See also {Control Program for Microcomputers}.
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+multithreaded
+
+	{multithreading}
+
+multithreading
+
+	<parallel> Sharing a single {CPU} between multiple tasks (or
+	"threads") in a way designed to minimise the time required to
+	switch threads.  This is accomplished by sharing as much as
+	possible of the program execution environment between the
+	different threads so that very little state needs to be saved
+	and restored when changing thread.
+
+	Multithreading differs from {multitasking} in that threads
+	share more of their environment with each other than do tasks
+	under multitasking.  Threads may be distinguished only by the
+	value of their {program counters} and {stack pointers} while
+	sharing a single {address space} and set of {global
+	variables}.  There is thus very little protection of one
+	thread from another, in contrast to multitasking.
+
+	Multithreading can thus be used for very {fine-grain
+	multitasking}, at the level of a few instructions, and so can hide
+	{latency} by keeping the processor busy after one thread issues a
+	long-latency instruction on which subsequent instructions in that
+	thread depend.
+
+	A {light-weight process} is somewhere between a thread and a
+	full process.
+
+	{TL0} is an example of a threaded machine language.
+	{Dataflow} computation (E.g. {Id} and {SISAL}) is an extreme
+	form of multithreading.
+
+	(1997-12-23)
+
+MultiTOS
+
+	<operating system> (MTOS) A new version of {TOS}.  MultiTOS's
+	main advantage was support for {pre-emptive multitasking} and
+	{memory protection}.  It also supported the latest (and far
+	superior) versions of {GEM}.  MultiTOS was supplied with the
+	Falcon030 range of computers from {Atari}.
+
+	It is a little known fact that the MultiTOS {kernel} was based
+	heavily on the {freeware} OS {MinT} which was developed long
+	before Atari got MultiTOS working.
+
+	(1997-01-10)
+
+multi-user
+
+	<operating system> A term describing an {operating system} or
+	{application program} that can be used by several people
+	concurrently; opposite of {single-user}.  {Unix} is an example
+	of a multi-user operating system, whereas most (but not all)
+	versions of {Microsoft Windows} are intended to support only
+	one user at a time.
+
+	A multi-user system, by definition, supports {concurrent
+	processing} of multiple tasks (once known as "{time-sharing}")
+	or true {parallel processing} if it has multiple {CPUs}.
+
+	While {batch processing} systems often ran jobs for serveral
+	users concurrently, the term "multi-user" typically implies
+	{interactive} access.
+
+	Before {Ethernet} networks were commonplace, multi-user
+	systems were accessed from a {terminal} (e.g. a {vt100})
+	connected via a {serial line} (typically {RS-232}).  This
+	arrangement was eventually superseded by networked {personal
+	computers}, perhaps sharing files on a {file server}.  With
+	the wide-spread availability of Internet connections, the idea
+	of sharing centralised resources is becoming trendy again with
+	{cloud computing} and {managed applications}, though this time
+	it is the overhead of administering the system that is being
+	shared rather than the cost of the hardware.
+
+	In gaming, both on PCs and {games consoles}, the equivalent
+	term is {multi-player}, though the first multi-player games
+	(e.g. {ADVENT}) were on multi-user computers.
+
+	(2009-11-23)
+
+Multi-User Dimension
+
+	<games> (MUD) (Or Multi-User Domain, originally "Multi-User
+	Dungeon") A class of multi-player interactive game, accessible
+	via the {Internet} or a {modem}.  A MUD is like a real-time
+	{chat} forum with structure; it has multiple "locations" like
+	an {adventure} game and may include combat, traps, puzzles,
+	magic and a simple economic system.  A MUD where characters
+	can build more structure onto the database that represents the
+	existing world is sometimes known as a "{MUSH}".  Most MUDs
+	allow you to log in as a guest to look around before you
+	create your own character.
+
+	Historically, MUDs (and their more recent progeny with names
+	of MU- form) derive from a hack by Richard Bartle and Roy
+	Trubshaw on the University of Essex's {DEC-10} in 1979.  It
+	was a game similar to the classic {Colossal Cave} adventure,
+	except that it allowed multiple people to play at the same
+	time and interact with each other.  Descendants of that game
+	still exist today and are sometimes generically called
+	BartleMUDs.  There is a widespread myth that the name MUD was
+	trademarked to the commercial MUD run by Bartle on {British
+	Telecom} (the motto: "You haven't *lived* 'til you've *died*
+	on MUD!"); however, this is false - Richard Bartle
+	explicitly placed "MUD" in the {PD} in 1985.  BT was upset at
+	this, as they had already printed trademark claims on some
+	maps and posters, which were released and created the myth.
+
+	Students on the European academic networks quickly improved on
+	the MUD concept, spawning several new MUDs ({VAXMUD},
+	{AberMUD}, {LPMUD}).  Many of these had associated
+	{bulletin-board systems} for social interaction.  Because
+	these had an image as "research" they often survived
+	administrative hostility to {BBSs} in general.  This, together
+	with the fact that {Usenet} feeds have been spotty and
+	difficult to get in the UK, made the MUDs major foci of
+	hackish social interaction there.
+
+	AberMUD and other variants crossed the Atlantic around 1988
+	and quickly gained popularity in the US; they became nuclei
+	for large hacker communities with only loose ties to
+	traditional hackerdom (some observers see parallels with the
+	growth of {Usenet} in the early 1980s).  The second wave of
+	MUDs (TinyMUD and variants) tended to emphasise social
+	interaction, puzzles, and cooperative world-building as
+	opposed to combat and competition.  In 1991, over 50% of MUD
+	sites are of a third major variety, LPMUD, which synthesises
+	the combat/puzzle aspects of AberMUD and older systems with
+	the extensibility of TinyMud.  The trend toward greater
+	programmability and flexibility will doubtless continue.
+
+	The state of the art in MUD design is still moving very
+	rapidly, with new simulation designs appearing (seemingly)
+	every month.  There is now a move afoot to deprecate the term
+	{MUD} itself, as newer designs exhibit an exploding variety of
+	names corresponding to the different simulation styles being
+	explored.
+
+	{UMN MUD Gopher page
+	(gopher://spinaltap.micro.umn.edu/11/fun/Games/MUDs/Links)}.
+
+	{U Pennsylvania MUD Web page
+	(http://cis.upenn.edu/~lwl/mudinfo.html)}.
+
+	See also {bonk/oif}, {FOD}, {link-dead}, {mudhead}, {MOO},
+	{MUCK}, {MUG}, {MUSE}, {chat}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:rec.games.mud.announce},
+	{news:rec.games.mud.admin}, {news:rec.games.mud.diku},
+	{news:rec.games.mud.lp}, {news:rec.games.mud.misc},
+	{news:rec.games.mud.tiny}.
+
+	(1994-08-10)
+
+Multi-User Dungeon
+
+	{Multi-User Dimension}
+
+Multi-User Shared Hallucination
+
+	<communications, application> (MUSH) A user-extendable {MUD}.
+	A MUSH provides commands which the players can use to
+	construct new rooms or make objects and puzzles for other
+	players to explore.
+
+	{(http://cis.upenn.edu/~lwl/muds.html)}.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+Multi-Version Concurrency Control
+
+	<database> (MVCC) An advanced technique for improving
+	multi-user {database} performance.
+
+	The main difference between multiversion and lock models is
+	that in MVCC locks acquired for querying (reading) data don't
+	conflict with locks acquired for writing data and so reading
+	never blocks writing and writing never blocks reading.
+
+	This technique is used in the {free software} database
+	{PostgreSQL}.
+
+	(1999-06-18)
+
+multi-way branch
+
+	{switch statement}
+
+MuMath
+
+	<mathematics, tool> A {symbolic mathematics} package for the
+	{IBM PC}, written in {MuSimp}.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+mumblage
+
+	/muhm'bl*j/ The topic of one's mumbling (see {mumble}).  "All
+	that mumblage" is used like "all that stuff" when it is not
+	quite clear how the subject of discussion works, or like "all
+	that crap" when "mumble" is being used as an implicit
+	replacement for pejoratives.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+mumble
+
+	1. Said when the correct response is too complicated to
+	enunciate, or the speaker has not thought it out.  Often
+	prefaces a longer answer, or indicates a general reluctance to
+	get into a long discussion.  "Don't you think that we could
+	improve LISP performance by using a hybrid reference-count
+	transaction garbage collector, if the cache is big enough and
+	there are some extra cache bits for the {microcode} to use?"
+	"Well, mumble ... I'll have to think about it."
+
+	2. Yet another {metasyntactic variable}, like {foo}.
+
+	3. Sometimes used in "public" contexts on-line as a
+	placefiller for things one is barred from giving details
+	about.  For example, a poster with pre-released hardware in
+	his machine might say "Yup, my machine now has an extra 16M of
+	memory, thanks to the card I'm testing for Mumbleco."
+
+	4. A conversational wild card used to designate something one
+	doesn't want to bother spelling out, but which can be
+	{glark}ed from context.  Compare {blurgle}.
+
+	5. [XEROX PARC] A colloquialism used to suggest that further
+	discussion would be fruitless.
+
+	(1997-03-27)
+
+mumble mode
+
+	<jargon> The mode a program, piece of hardware, or other
+	system is said to be in when it is still running and perhaps
+	reacting to input and/or occasionally producing output
+	(especially if it shouldn't), but in a way that appears wildly
+	inappropriate to the task it is supposed to perform.
+
+	Compare "{off the trolley}" and "{deep space}".
+
+	(1997-03-27)
+
+MUMPS
+
+	<language> (Or "M") Massachusetts General Hospital Utility
+	Multi-Programming System.
+
+	A programming language with extensive tools for the support of
+	{database management systems}.  MUMPS was originally used for
+	medical records and is now widely used where multiple users
+	access the same databases simultaneously, e.g. banks, stock
+	exchanges, travel agencies, hospitals.
+
+	Early MUMPS implementations for {PDP-11} and {IBM PC} were
+	complete {operating systems}, as well as programming
+	languages, but current-day implementations usually run under a
+	normal host {operating system}.
+
+	A MUMPS program hardly ever explicitly performs low-level
+	operations such as opening a file - there are programming
+	constructs in the language that will do so implicitly, and
+	most MUMPS programmers are not even aware of the {operating
+	system} activity that MUMPS performs.
+
+	Syntactically MUMPS has only one data-type: strings.
+	Semantically, the language has many data-types: text strings,
+	{binary strings}, {floating point} values, {integer} values,
+	{Boolean} values.  Interpretation of strings is done inside
+	functions, or implicitly while applying mathematical
+	{operators}.  Since many operations involve only moving data
+	from one location to another, it is faster to just move
+	uninterpreted strings.  Of course, when a value is used
+	multiple times in the context of arithmetical operations,
+	optimised implementations will typically save the numerical
+	value of the string.
+
+	MUMPS was designed for portability.  Currently, it is possible
+	to share the same MUMPS database between radically different
+	architectures, because all values are stored as text strings.
+	The worst an implementation may have to do is swap pairs of
+	bytes.  Such multi-CPU databases are actually in use, some
+	offices share databases between {VAX}, {DEC Alpha}, {SUN},
+	{IBM PC} and {HP} {workstations}.
+
+	Versions of MUMPS are available on practically all {hardware},
+	from the smallest ({IBM PC}, {Apple Macintosh}, {Acorn}
+	{Archimedes}), to the largest {mainframe}.  MSM ({Micronetics
+	Standard MUMPS}) runs on {IBM PC RT} and {R6000}; DSM (Digital
+	Standard Mumps) on the {PDP-11}, {VAX}, {DEC Alpha}, and
+	{Windows-NT}; {Datatree MUMPS} from {InterSystems} runs on
+	{IBM PC}; and {MGlobal MUMPS} on the {Macintosh}.
+	Multi-{platform} versions include {M/SQL}, available from
+	{InterSystems}, {PFCS} <mumps@pfcs.com> and {MSM}.
+
+	{Greystone Technologies}' GT/M runs on {VAX} and {DEC Alpha}.
+	This is a compiler whereas the others are {interpreters}.
+	{GT/SQL} is their {SQL} pre-processor.
+
+	ISO standard 11756 (1991).  ANSI standard: "MUMPS Language
+	Standard", X11.1 (1977, 1984, 1990, 1995?).
+
+	The MUMPS User's Group was the {M Technology Association}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.lang.mumps}.
+
+	(2003-06-04)
+
+munch
+
+	To transform information in a serial fashion, often requiring
+	large amounts of computation.  To trace down a data structure.
+	Related to {crunch} and nearly synonymous with {grovel}, but
+	connotes less pain.
+
+	Often confused with {mung}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+munching
+
+	Exploration of security holes of someone else's computer for
+	thrills, notoriety or to annoy the system manager.  Compare
+	{cracker}.  See also {hacked off}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+munching squares
+
+	A {display hack} dating back to the {PDP-1} (ca. 1962,
+	reportedly discovered by Jackson Wright), which employs a
+	trivial computation (repeatedly plotting the graph Y = X XOR T
+	for successive values of T - see {HAKMEM} items 146--148) to
+	produce an impressive display of moving and growing squares
+	that devour the screen.  The initial value of T is treated as
+	a parameter, which, when well-chosen, can produce amazing
+	effects.  Some of these, later (re)discovered on the {LISP
+	Machine}, have been christened "munching triangles" (try AND
+	for XOR and toggling points instead of plotting them),
+	"munching w's", and "munching mazes".  More generally, suppose
+	a graphics program produces an impressive and ever-changing
+	display of some basic form, foo, on a display terminal, and
+	does it using a relatively simple program; then the program
+	(or the resulting display) is likely to be referred to as
+	"munching foos".  [This is a good example of the use of the
+	word {foo} as a {metasyntactic variable}.]
+
+munchkin
+
+	/muhnch'kin/ [Squeaky-voiced little people in L. Frank Baum's
+	"The Wizard of Oz"] A teenage-or-younger micro enthusiast
+	hacking BASIC or something else equally constricted.  A term
+	of mild derision - munchkins are annoying but some grow up
+	to be hackers after passing through a {larval stage}.  The
+	term {urchin} is also used.  See also {wannabee}, {bitty box}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+mundane
+
+	<jargon> Someone outside some group that is implicit from the
+	context, such as the computer industry or science fiction
+	fandom.  The implication is that those in the group are
+	special and those outside are just ordinary.
+
+	(2000-07-22)
+
+mung
+
+	/muhng/ (MIT, 1960) Mash Until No Good.
+
+	Sometime after that the derivation from the {recursive
+	acronym} "Mung Until No Good" became standard.  1. To make
+	changes to a file, especially large-scale and irrevocable
+	changes.
+
+	See {BLT}.
+
+	2. To destroy, usually accidentally, occasionally maliciously.
+	The system only mungs things maliciously; this is a
+	consequence of {Finagle's Law}.
+
+	See {scribble}, {mangle}, {trash}, {nuke}.
+
+	Reports from {Usenet} suggest that the pronunciation /muhnj/
+	is now usual in speech, but the spelling "mung" is still
+	common in program comments (compare the widespread confusion
+	over the proper spelling of {kluge}).
+
+	3. The kind of beans of which the sprouts are used in Chinese
+	food.  (That's their real name!  Mung beans!  Really!)
+
+	Like many early hacker terms, this one seems to have
+	originated at {TMRC}; it was already in use there in 1958.
+	Peter Samson (compiler of the original TMRC lexicon) thinks it
+	may originally have been onomatopoeic for the sound of a relay
+	spring (contact) being twanged.  However, it is known that
+	during the World Wars, "mung" was army slang for the ersatz
+	creamed chipped beef better known as "SOS".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+munge
+
+	/muhnj/ 1. A derogatory term meaning to imperfectly transform
+	information.
+
+	2. A comprehensive rewrite of a routine, data structure or the
+	whole program.
+
+	This term is often confused with {mung} and may derive from
+	it, or possibly vice-versa.  One correspondent believes it
+	derives from the french "mange" /monzh/, eat.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-04-15)
+
+MUP
+
+	{Multiple Universal naming convention Provider}
+
+MU-Prolog
+
+	<language> {Prolog} with "wait" declarations for
+	{coroutining}, developed by L. Naish of the {Univeristy of
+	Melbourne} in 1982.
+
+	["Negation and Control in Prolog", L. Naish, TR 85/12, U
+	Melbourne (1985)].  See {NU-Prolog}.
+
+	(1998-02-14)
+
+Murphy's Law
+
+	<humour> (Or "Sod's Law") The correct, *original* Murphy's Law
+	reads: "If there are two or more ways to do something, and one
+	of those ways can result in a catastrophe, then someone will
+	do it."  This is a principle of defensive design, cited here
+	because it is usually given in mutant forms less descriptive
+	of the challenges of design for {lusers}.  For example, you
+	don't make a two-pin plug symmetrical and then label it "THIS
+	WAY UP"; if it matters which way it is plugged in, then you
+	make the design asymmetrical (see also the anecdote under
+	{magic smoke}).
+
+	Edward A. Murphy, Jr. was one of the engineers on the
+	rocket-sled experiments that were done by the US Air Force in
+	1949 to test human acceleration tolerances (USAF project
+	MX981).  One experiment involved a set of 16 accelerometers
+	mounted to different parts of the subject's body.  There were
+	two ways each sensor could be glued to its mount, and somebody
+	methodically installed all 16 the wrong way around.  Murphy
+	then made the original form of his pronouncement, which the
+	test subject (Major John Paul Stapp) quoted at a news
+	conference a few days later.
+
+	Within months "Murphy's Law' had spread to various technical
+	cultures connected to aerospace engineering.  Before too many
+	years had gone by variants had passed into the popular
+	imagination, changing as they went.  Most of these are
+	variants on "Anything that can go wrong, will"; this is
+	sometimes referred to as {Finagle's Law}.  The memetic drift
+	apparent in these mutants clearly demonstrates Murphy's Law
+	acting on itself!
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-02-14)
+
+Muse
+
+	<language> {OR-parallel} {logic programming}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+museum
+
+	{Museums on the Web
+	(http://comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/other/museums.html)}.
+	{(http://galaxy.einet.net/GJ/museums.html)}.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+MUSH
+
+	1. <games> {Multi-User Shared Hallucination}.
+
+	2. <messaging> {Mail Users' Shell}.
+
+Music
+
+	<language, music> A series of languages for musical sound
+	synthesis from {Bell Labs}, 1960's.  Versions: Music I through
+	Music V.
+
+	["An Acoustical Compiler for Music and Psychological Stimuli",
+	M.V. Mathews, Bell Sys Tech J 40 (1961)].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-06-04)
+
+Musical Instrument Digital Interface
+
+	<music, hardware, protocol, file format> (MIDI /mi'-dee/,
+	/mee'-dee/) A {hardware} specification and {protocol} used to
+	communicate note and effect information between synthesisers,
+	computers, music keyboards, controllers, and other electronic
+	music devices.  It is basically a high-speed {serial}
+	connection with separate connections for MIDI in, MIDI out and
+	MIDI through (to allow devices to be chained).
+
+	The basic unit of information is a "note on/off" event which
+	includes a note number (pitch) and key velocity (loudness).
+	There are many other message types for events such as pitch
+	bend, patch changes and synthesizer-specific events for
+	loading new patches etc.
+
+	There is a file format for expressing MIDI data which is like
+	a dump of data sent over a MIDI port.
+
+	The {MIME} type "audio/midi" isn't actually registered so it
+	should probably be "audio/x-midi".
+
+	{Filename} {extension}: .mid or .midi
+
+	{(http://update.uu.se/~vick/Coordinator.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.music.midi},
+	{news:alt.music.midi}.
+
+	(1998-06-27)
+
+Musicam
+
+	<audio, compression> A name for {MPEG-1 Layer 2} used for
+	broadcasting.  Common data rates are 192, 224, and 256 kbps.
+
+	(2001-12-13)
+
+MuSimp
+
+	<language> A {Lisp} variant used as the programming language
+	for the {IBM PC} {symbolic mathematics} package {MuMath}.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+MUSL
+
+	{Manchester University Systems Language}
+
+mutant
+
+	<programming> {Microsoft}'s term for a {mutex} which is
+	generally used in {user mode} but can also be used in {kernel
+	mode}.  According to this terminology a mutex is only used in
+	kernel mode.
+
+	["Microsoft Windows NT Workstation Resource Kit"].
+
+	(1997-07-30)
+
+Mutation Testing
+
+	<testing> A method to determine {test set thoroughness} by
+	measuring the extent to which a test set can discriminate the
+	program from slight variants of the program.
+
+	(1996-12-27)
+
+MuTeX
+
+	<tool, music> An extension of {TeX} for typesetting music.
+
+	{(ftp://nic.stolaf.edu/pub/mutex/MuTeX.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+mutex
+
+	<parallel> A {mutual exclusion} object that allows multiple
+	{threads} to synchronise access to a shared resource.  A mutex
+	has two states: locked and unlocked.  Once a mutex has been
+	locked by a thread, other threads attempting to lock it will
+	block.  When the locking thread unlocks (releases) the mutex,
+	one of the blocked threads will acquire (lock) it and proceed.
+
+	If multiple threads or tasks are blocked on a locked mutex
+	object, the one to take it and proceed when it becomes
+	available is determined by some type of scheduling algorithm.
+	For example, in a priority based system, the highest priority
+	blocked task will acquire the mutex and proceed.  Another
+	common set-up is put blocked tasks on a first-in-first-out
+	queue.
+
+	See also: {priority inversion}
+
+	(2002-03-14)
+
+mutter
+
+	To quietly enter a command not meant for the ears, eyes, or
+	fingers of ordinary mortals.  Often used in "mutter an
+	{incantation}".
+
+	See also {wizard}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+mutual exclusion
+
+	<parallel, operating system> (Or "mutex", plural: "mutexes") A
+	collection of techniques for sharing resources so that
+	different uses do not conflict and cause unwanted
+	interactions.  One of the most commonly used techniques for
+	mutual exclusion is the {semaphore}.
+
+	(1995-04-08)
+
+mutually recursive
+
+	{recursion}
+
+mutual recursion
+
+	{recursion}
+
+mux
+
+	{multiplexing}
+
+mv
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Maldives.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+MVC
+
+	1. <programming> {Model View Controller}.
+
+	2. <filename extension> The {filename extension} of {JPEG}
+	images output by {Sony}'s {Mavica} range of {digital cameras}.
+
+	(2002-05-28)
+
+MVCC
+
+	{Multi-Version Concurrency Control}
+
+MVS
+
+	{Multiple Virtual Storage}
+
+MVS/ESA
+
+	{Multiple Virtual Storage}
+
+MVS/OE
+
+	{Multiple Virtual Storage}
+
+MVS/Open Edition
+
+	{Multiple Virtual Storage}
+
+MVS/SP
+
+	{Multiple Virtual Storage}
+
+MVS/XA
+
+	{Multiple Virtual Storage}
+
+mw
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Malawi.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+MX
+
+	{Mail Exchange Record}
+
+mx
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Mexico.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+MXI
+
+	{Multisystem eXtention Interface Bus}
+
+MXIbus
+
+	{Multisystem eXtention Interface Bus}
+
+MX Record
+
+	{Mail Exchange Record}
+
+my
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Malaysia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+My Favourite Toy Language
+
+	<jargon, language> (MFTL) Describes a talk on a {programming
+	language} design that is heavy on {syntax} (with lots of
+	{BNF}), sometimes even talks about {semantics} (e.g. {type
+	systems}), but rarely, if ever, has any content (see
+	{content-free}).  More broadly applied to talks - even when
+	the topic is not a programming language --- in which the
+	subject matter is gone into in unnecessary and meticulous
+	detail at the sacrifice of any conceptual content.  "Well, it
+	was a typical MFTL talk".
+
+	2. A language about which the developers are passionate (often
+	to the point of prosyletic zeal) but no one else cares about.
+	Applied to the language by those outside the originating
+	group.  "He cornered me about type resolution in his MFTL."
+
+	The first great goal in the mind of the designer of an MFTL is
+	usually to write a compiler for it, then bootstrap the design
+	away from contamination by lesser languages by writing a
+	compiler for it in itself.  Thus, the standard put-down
+	question at an MFTL talk is "Has it been used for anything
+	besides its own compiler?".  On the other hand, a language
+	that *cannot* be used to write its own compiler is beneath
+	contempt.
+
+	{Doug McIlroy} once proposed a test of the generality and
+	utility of a language and the {operating system} under which
+	it is compiled: "Is the output of a {Fortran} program
+	acceptable as input to the Fortran compiler?"  In other words,
+	can you write programs that write programs?  Alarming numbers
+	of (language, OS) pairs fail this test, particularly when the
+	language is Fortran.  Aficionados are quick to point out that
+	{Unix} (even using Fortran) passes it handily.  That the test
+	could ever be failed is only surprising to those who have had
+	the good fortune to have worked only under modern systems
+	which lack OS-supported and -imposed "file types".
+
+	See {break-even point}, {toolsmith}.
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+MYOB
+
+	<chat> mind your own business.
+
+	(2006-11-22)
+
+MySpace
+
+	<web> A {social networking} website based in
+	Beverly Hills, California, USA.
+
+	{MySpace home (http://myspace.com/)}.
+
+	(2006-11-22)
+
+MySQL
+
+	<database> /mi: S Q L/ The most popular {open source}
+	{relational database management system}.  MySQL is developed,
+	distributed, and supported by {MySQL AB}.
+
+	MySQL was named after co-founder Monty Widenius's daughter,
+	My.  It was originally written as a backwards compatible
+	replacement for {mSQL}.  It is written in {C}, {C++} and
+	{yacc}.  It has become popular for use in {web applications}.
+
+	MySQL supports a broad subset of {ANSI SQL 99} and features
+	{views}, {stored procedures}, {triggers}, {cursors},
+	replication, {internationalisation} and {localisation},
+	partitioning, {ACID transactions}.  MySQL can be embedded in
+	other systems or run on a {cluster} for fault tolerance.  A
+	commercial version, MySQL Enterprise is available.
+
+	Latest version: 6.0, as of 2009-05-11.
+
+	{MySQL Home (http://mysql.com/)}.
+
+	(2009-05-11)
+
+MySQL AB
+
+	<company> The Swedish company that developes, distributes and
+	supports the {MySQL} {open source} {rdbms}.  MySQL AB is a
+	subsidiary of {Sun Microsystems}, themselves acquired by
+	{Oracle Corporation} on 2009-04-20.
+
+	(2009-05-11)
+
+MYSTIC
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 704}, {IBM 650}, {IBM
+	1103} and 1103A.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+MZ
+
+	<standard, file format> The file signature of an {MS-DOS}
+	executable (.{EXE}) file (0x4d 5a), always the first two
+	{bytes} of the file.  It was reportedly invented by, and named
+	after, a {Microsoft} programmer, Mark Zbikowski.
+
+	In {Unix} systems, the string MZ is the {magic number} that
+	identifies an MS-DOS EXE file.
+
+	(2003-06-10)
+
+mz
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Mozambique.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+N
+
+	<mathematics, programming, jargon> A {variable} typically used
+	to stand for a number of objects.
+
+	Used unqualified in speech it suggests a large, undetermined
+	number, e.g. "There were N {bugs} in that {crock}!", or a
+	number implied by context, e.g. "Let's get pizza for N + 1".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-04-18)
+
+N10
+
+	Original codename of the {Intel} {i860} {microprocessor}.
+
+na
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Namibia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+nadger
+
+	<jargon> /nad'jr/ [Great Britain] To modify software or hardware
+	in a hidden manner, generally so that it conforms better to some
+	format.
+
+	For instance, an {assembly code} {string} printing {subroutine}
+	that takes its string {argument} from the instruction stream would
+	be called like this:
+
+		jsr print:"Hello world"
+
+	The print routine would use the saved {instruction pointer} (its
+	return address) to find its argument and would have to "nadger" it
+	so that the processor returns to the instruction after the string.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2014-07-09)
+
+NAG
+
+	1. {Numerical Algorithms Group}.
+
+	2. The {Linux Network Administrators' Guide}.
+
+Nagling Coalescence
+
+	<networking, algorithm> An algorithm for improving {TCP/IP}
+	network performance by combining small {packets} ("tinygrams")
+	into larger ones, thus reducing the per-packet overhead.  The
+	server transmits the packet either when it has reached a
+	preset size or when it receives an acknowledgment of the
+	previous packet.
+
+	[Who was Nagling?]
+
+	(1998-11-06)
+
+nagware
+
+	/nag'weir/ [{Usenet}] The variety of {shareware} that displays
+	a large screen at the beginning or end reminding you to
+	register, typically requiring some sort of keystroke to
+	continue so that you can't use the software in batch mode.
+	Compare {crippleware}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+nailed to the wall
+
+	[like a trophy] Said of a {bug} finally eliminated after
+	protracted, and even heroic, effort.
+
+nailing jelly
+
+	{like nailing jelly to a tree}
+
+naive
+
+	Untutored in the perversities of some particular program or
+	system; one who still tries to do things in an intuitive way,
+	rather than the right way (in really good designs these
+	coincide, but most designs aren't "really good" in the
+	appropriate sense).  This trait is completely unrelated to
+	general maturity or competence or even competence at any other
+	specific program.  It is a sad commentary on the primitive
+	state of computing that the natural opposite of this term is
+	often claimed to be "experienced user" but is really more like
+	"cynical user".
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+naive user
+
+	A {luser}.  Tends to imply someone who is ignorant mainly
+	owing to inexperience.  When this is applied to someone who
+	*has* experience, there is a definite implication of
+	stupidity.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+NAK
+
+	{Negative Acknowledgement}
+
+name capture
+
+	<reduction> In {beta reduction}, when a term containing a
+	{free} occurrence of a variable v is substituted into another
+	term where v is bound the free v becomes spuriously bound or
+	"captured".  E.g.
+
+		(\ x . \ y . x y) y  -->  \ y . y y	(WRONG)
+
+	This problem arises because two distinct variables have the
+	same name.  The most common solution is to rename the bound
+	variable using {alpha conversion}:
+
+		(\ x . \ y' . x y') y --> \ y' . y y'
+
+	Another solution is to use {de Bruijn notation}.
+
+	Note that the argument expression, y, contained a {free
+	variable}.  The whole expression above must therefore be
+	notionally contained within the body of some {lambda
+	abstraction} which binds y.  If we never reduce inside the
+	body of a lambda abstraction (as in reduction to {weak head
+	normal form}) then name capture cannot occur.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+named
+
+	<networking> Name Daemon.
+
+	<networking> A {Unix} {background} process that converts
+	{hostnames} to {Internet addresses} for the {TCP/IP}
+	{protocol}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: named(8).
+
+	See also {DNS}.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+named pipe
+
+	<operating system> A {Unix} {pipe} with a {filename} created
+	using the "{mknod}" command.  Named pipes allow unrelated
+	processes to communicate with each other whereas the normal
+	(un-named) kind can only be used by processes which are parent
+	and child or siblings ({fork}ed from the same parent).
+
+	(1996-12-01)
+
+name resolution
+
+	<networking> The process of mapping a name into its
+	corresponding address.
+
+	The {Domain Name System} is the system which does name
+	resolution on the {Internet}.
+
+	(1997-12-15)
+
+name service switching
+
+	{Domain Name System}
+
+namespace
+
+	<systems> The {set} of all possible identifiers for some kind
+	of object.  From the definition of a set, all names in a
+	namespace are unique and there is some rule to determine
+	whether a potential name is an element of the set.  For
+	example, the {Domain Name System} includes rules for
+	determining what constitutes a valid host name.
+
+	(2008-12-09)
+
+naming convention
+
+	1. <programming> {variable naming convention}.
+
+	2. <networking> {Universal Naming Convention}.
+
+NaN
+
+	{Not-a-Number}
+
+NAND
+
+	<logic> Not AND.  The {Boolean} function which is true unless
+	both its arguments are true, the {logical complement} of
+	{AND}:
+
+	A NAND B = NOT (A AND B) = (NOT A) OR (NOT B)
+
+	Its {truth table} is:
+
+		A | B | A NAND B
+		--+---+---------
+		F | F |    T
+		F | T |	   T
+		T | F |    T
+		T | T |    F
+
+	NAND, like {NOR}, forms a complete set of {Boolean} functions
+	on its own since it can be used to make NOT, AND, OR and any
+	other Boolean function:
+
+	NOT A = A NAND A
+
+	A AND B = NOT (A NAND B)
+
+	A OR B = (NOT A) NAND (NOT B)
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+nano-
+
+	/nan'oh/ 1. <unit> A {prefix} meaning 10^-9 or one billionth.
+
+	Used loosely to mean "small", e.g. {nanotechnology}, or
+	(rarely), following "nanosecond", to mean a short time,
+	e.g. "I'll be with you in a nano".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-03-02)
+
+nanoacre
+
+	<unit, humour> /nan'oh-ay"kr/ A unit (about 2 mm square) of
+	real estate on a {VLSI} {integrated circuit}.  VLSI nanoacres
+	have costs in the same range as real acres once one allows for
+	design and fabrication setup costs.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-09-20)
+
+nanobot
+
+	<robotics> /nan"oh-bot/ A robot of microscopic proportions,
+	presumably built by means of {nanotechnology}.  As yet, only
+	used informally (and speculatively!).  Also called a
+	"nanoagent".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-07-19)
+
+nanocomputer
+
+	<architecture> /nan'oh-k*m-pyoo'tr/ A computer with
+	molecular-sized switching elements.  Designs for mechanical
+	nanocomputers which use single-molecule sliding rods for their
+	logic have been proposed.  The controller for a {nanobot}
+	would be a nanocomputer.
+
+	Some nanocomputers can also be called {quantum computers}
+	because quantum physics plays a major role in calculations.
+	{Richard P. Feynman} is still cited today for his work in this
+	area.
+
+	["Feynman Lectures on Computation", Richard P. Feynman
+	(Editor, Author), Robin W. Allen (Editor), Tony Hey (Author)]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2008-01-14)
+
+nanofortnight
+
+	<jargon> ({Adelaide University}) 10^-9 fortnights or about 1.2
+	{milliseconds}.  This unit was used largely by students doing
+	undergraduate practicals.
+
+	See {microfortnight}, {attoparsec}, and {micro-}.
+
+	(1996-11-15)
+
+nanometre
+
+	<unit> 10^-9 metres; one thousand millionth part of a metre.
+
+	The wavelength of visible light and dimensions in
+	{nanotechnology} are typically measured in nanometres.
+
+	(2003-05-02)
+
+nanosecond
+
+	<unit> (ns) 10^-9 seconds; one thousand millionth part of a
+	second.
+
+	This is the unit in which the fundamental logical operations
+	of modern digital circuits are typically measured.  For
+	example, a {microprocessor} with a {clock} frequency of 100
+	{megahertz} will have a 10 nanosecond clock period.
+
+	(1996-11-15)
+
+nanotechnology
+
+	/nan'-oh-tek-no"l*-jee/ Any fabrication technology in which
+	objects are designed and built by the specification and
+	placement of individual atoms or molecules or where at least
+	one dimension is on a scale of {nanometers}.
+
+	The first unequivocal nanofabrication experiments took place
+	in 1990, for example with the deposition of individual xenon
+	atoms on a nickel substrate to spell the logo of a certain
+	very large computer company.
+
+	{Richard P. Feynman's initial public discussion in 1959-12-29
+	(http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html)} lead to the
+	{Feynman Prize for Nanotechnology
+	(http://www.foresight.org/FI/fi_spons.html)}.  Erik Drexler
+	coined the term about 30 years later in his book "Engines of
+	Creation", where he predicted that nanotechnology could give
+	rise to replicating assemblers, permitting an exponential
+	growth of productivity and personal wealth.
+
+	See also {nanobot}.
+
+	{(http://lucifer.com/~sean/Nano.html)}.
+
+	(2008-01-14)
+
+Napier
+
+	Atkinson & Morrison, St Andrews U; design began ca. 1985,
+	first implementation Napier88, 1988.  Based on {orthogonal
+	persistence}, permits definition and manipulation of
+	namespaces.
+
+	["The Napier88 Reference Manual", R. Morrison et al, CS Depts
+	St Andrews U and U Glasgow, Persistent Programming Research
+	Report PPRR-77-89, 1989].
+
+NAPLPS
+
+	North American Presentation-Level-Protocol Syntax.  Format for
+	sending text and graphics over communication lines.  Used by
+	{videotex} systems.
+
+NAPSS
+
+	Numerical Analysis Problem Solving System.  Purdue ca. 1965.
+
+	["NAPSS - A Numerical Analysis Problem Solving System",
+	J.R. Rice et al, Proc ACM 21st Natl Conf, 1966.  Sammet 1969,
+	p.299].
+
+narrowband
+
+	<networking> A communication channel with a low data rate.
+	[More specific?]
+
+	The term is sometimes used for an {Internet} connection via a
+	{dial-up modem}, typically at 56 kbaud, in contrast to
+	{broadband}.
+
+	(2003-10-15)
+
+narrowing
+
+	{Unification} followed by {unfolding}.  The left-hand side of
+	a {rule} is unified with some term, resulting in a set of
+	variable bindings.  The term is then replaced by the
+	right-hand side of the rule with values substituted for {bound
+	variables}.
+
+NAS
+
+	<networking> 1. {Network Application Support}.
+
+	2. <storage> {Network Attached Storage}.
+
+	3. <company> {National Advanced Systems}.
+
+	(2003-07-20)
+
+nasal demons
+
+	Recognised shorthand on the {Usenet} group comp.std.c for any
+	unexpected behaviour of a {C} compiler on encountering an
+	undefined construct.  During a discussion on that group in
+	early 1992, a regular remarked "When the compiler encounters
+	[a given undefined construct] it is legal for it to make
+	demons fly out of your nose" (the implication is that the
+	compiler may choose any arbitrarily bizarre way to interpret
+	the code without violating the {ANSI C} {standard}).  Someone
+	else followed up with a reference to "nasal demons", which
+	quickly became established.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+NASI
+
+	{NetWare Asynchronous Services Interface}
+
+	{Novell NetWare}.
+
+nastistical
+
+	<humour, mathematics> A description of a method, thought by
+	the programmer to be correct statistics, but which is not.  An
+	example is averaging together several averages of samples of
+	different sizes.  The correct way to do this is to average
+	together all of the individual samples.
+
+	(1997-02-12)
+
+NASTRAN
+
+	NAsa STRess ANalysis program.  A program for solving large
+	stress analysis problems.
+
+	["The NASTRAN User's Manual", SP-222(C3), NASA, 1976].
+
+nastygram
+
+	<networking> /nas'tee-gram/ 1. A {network} {packet} or
+	{e-mail} message (the latter is also called a {letterbomb})
+	that takes advantage of misfeatures or security holes on the
+	target system to do untoward things.
+
+	2. Disapproving e-mail, especially from a {net.god}, pursuant
+	to a violation of {netiquette} or a complaint about failure to
+	correct some mail- or news-transmission problem.  Compare
+	{shitogram}, {mailbomb}.
+
+	3. A status report from an unhappy, and probably picky,
+	customer.  "What did Corporate say in today's nastygram?"
+
+	4. [deprecated] An error reply by mail from a {daemon}; in
+	particular, a {bounce message}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-02-17)
+
+NAT
+
+	{Network Address Translation}
+
+Nathan Hale
+
+	<character> An {asterisk} ("*", see also {splat}, {ASCII}).
+	Notionally, from "I regret that I have only one asterisk for
+	my country!" ("life to give" -> "ass to risk" -> "asterisk"),
+	a misquote of the famous remark uttered by Nathan Hale just
+	before he was hanged.  Hale was a (failed) spy for the rebels
+	in the American War of Independence.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-09-22)
+
+National Advanced Systems
+
+	<company> (NAS) A company, previously known as ITEL, that made
+	{IBM} {plug-compatible} {hardware} and was bought by Hitachi.
+
+	[Is this correct?  Dates?  US?]
+
+	(2003-07-20)
+
+National Bureau of Standards
+
+	{National Institute of Standards and Technology}
+
+National Center for Supercomputing Applications
+
+	<body, web> (NCSA) The birthplace of the first
+	version of the {Mosaic} {web browser}.
+
+	Address: Urbana, IL, USA.
+
+	{(http://ncsa.uiuc.edu/)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+national characters
+
+	<character> {Characters} with accents and other diacritical
+	marks that are used in certain written languages (that are
+	based on the Roman alphabet) but not in others, particularly
+	not in English.  A standard list is {ISO} {Latin 1}.
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+National Database Language
+
+	<database, standard> (NDL) A US {standard} for portability of
+	{database} definitions and {application programs}.
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+National Information Infrastructure
+
+	<project> (NII, or "{information superhighway}") Future
+	integrated communications in the USA.  The NII will be based
+	on a nationwide network of networks, and will supposedly allow
+	all Americans to take advantage of the country's information,
+	communication, and computing resources.
+
+	The NII will include current and future public and private
+	high-speed, interactive, {narrow-band} and {broadband}
+	networks.  It is the satellite, terrestrial, and wireless
+	communications systems that deliver content to homes,
+	businesses, and other public and private institutions.  It is
+	the information and content that flows over the infrastructure
+	whether in the form of {databases}, the written word, a film,
+	a piece of music, a sound recording, a picture, or computer
+	software.  It is the computers, televisions, telephones,
+	radios, and other products that people will employ to access
+	the infrastructure.  It is the people who will provide,
+	manage, and generate new information, and those that will help
+	others do the same.  And it is the individual Americans who
+	will use and benefit from the NII.  The NII is a term that
+	encompasses all these components and captures the vision of a
+	nationwide, invisible, seamless, dynamic web of transmission
+	mechanisms, information appliances, content, and people.
+
+	{(http://sunsite.unc.edu/nii/NII-Table-of-Contents.html)}.
+
+	(1995-04-08)
+
+National Information Services and Systems
+
+	(NISS) An information archive service at {Bath University},
+	intended primarily for UK eductional institutions.
+
+	{(http://niss.ac.uk/)}.
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+National Institute of Standards and Technology
+
+	<body> (NIST, formerly the National Bureau of Standards) A
+	United States governmental body that helps develop
+	{standards} including {FIPS}.
+
+	{NIST Home (http://nist.gov/)}.
+
+	(2003-06-04)
+
+National Research and Education Network
+
+	(NREN) The realisation of an interconnected gigabit computer
+	network devoted to High Performance Computing and
+	Communications.
+
+	See also {HPPC}, {IINREN}.
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+National Science Foundation
+
+	<body> (NSF) A US government agency that promotes the
+	advancement of science by funding science researchers,
+	scientific projects and infrastructure to improve the quality
+	of scientific research.  The {NSFNET} is funded by NSF.
+
+	{(http://nsf.org/)}.
+
+	(1999-01-15)
+
+National Science Foundation Network
+
+	(NSFNET) A high speed hierarchical "network of networks" in
+	the US, funded by the {National Science Foundation}.  At the
+	highest level, it is a {backbone} network comprising 16 nodes
+	connected to a 45Mb/s facility which spans the continental
+	United States.  Attached to that are mid-level networks and
+	attached to the mid-levels are campus and local networks.
+	NSFNET also has connections out of the US to Canada, Mexico,
+	Europe, and the Pacific Rim.  The NSFNET is part of the
+	{Internet}.
+
+	(1993-01-01)
+
+National Semiconductor
+
+	<company> A {semiconductor} manufacturer, responsible for the
+	{SC/MP}, {National Semiconductor 16000} and {National
+	Semiconductor 32000} series of {microprocessors}.
+
+	(2005-06-09)
+
+National Semiconductor 32000
+
+	<processor> (NS32000) <processor> The first of a series of
+	{microprocessors} from {National Semiconductor}.  The 320xx
+	processors have an interface which allows {coprocessors} such
+	as {FPUs} and {MMUs} to be attached in a chain.
+
+	The 320xx was the predecessor of the {Swordfish} processor.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1994-11-17)
+
+National Software Reuse Directory
+
+	(NSRD) A directory of reusable software in the {ASSET} system.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+National Spatial Data Infrastructure
+
+	(NSDI)
+
+	{(http://fgdc.er.usgs.gov/nsdiover.html)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+National Television Standards Committee
+
+	<electronics> (NTSC) The body defining the television video
+	signal format used in the USA.  The UK equivalent is {PAL}.
+
+	Also, humorously, "Never Twice the Same Colour".
+
+	(1997-07-17)
+
+native compiler
+
+	<programming, tool> A {compiler} which runs on the computer
+	for which it is producing {machine code}, in contrast to a
+	{cross-compiler}, which produces code for a different
+	computer.
+
+	(1995-11-04)
+
+Native Language System
+
+	(NLS) A set of interfaces specified by {X/Open} for developing
+	applications to run in different {natural language}
+	environments.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+NATURAL
+
+	An integrated {4GL} from {Software AG}, Germany.  The
+	menu-driven version is SUPER/NATURAL.
+
+	Natural 2 is a major upgrade to Natural 1.
+
+	Version 2.1.7 in the MVS environment (June 1995, also
+	available for Unix).
+
+	Natural works with {DB2} and various other {databases}, but
+	Natural and {Adabas} normally go together.  There are many
+	products available in the "Natural" family, including
+	SuperNatural, Natural for Windows, Entire Connection (enables
+	up/downloading and interaction with {Excel}) and Esperant.
+
+	(1995-11-14)
+
+natural deduction
+
+	<logic> A set of rules expressing how valid {proofs} may be
+	constructed in {predicate logic}.
+
+	In the traditional notation, a horizontal line separates
+	{premises} (above) from {conclusions} (below).  Vertical
+	ellipsis (dots) stand for a series of applications of the
+	rules.  "T" is the constant "true" and "F" is the constant
+	"false" (sometimes written with a {LaTeX} {\perp}).
+
+	"^" is the AND ({conjunction}) operator, "v" is the inclusive
+	OR ({disjunction}) operator and "/" is NOT (negation or
+	{complement}, normally written with a {LaTeX} {\neg}).
+
+	P, Q, P1, P2, etc. stand for {propositions} such as "Socrates
+	was a man".  P[x] is a proposition possibly containing
+	instances of the variable x, e.g. "x can fly".
+
+	A proof (a sequence of applications of the rules) may be
+	enclosed in a box.  A boxed proof produces conclusions that
+	are only valid given the assumptions made inside the box,
+	however, the proof demonstrates certain relationships which
+	are valid outside the box.  For example, the box below
+	labelled "Implication introduction" starts by assuming P,
+	which need not be a true {proposition} so long as it can be
+	used to derive Q.
+
+	Truth introduction:
+
+	 -
+	 T
+
+	(Truth is free).
+
+	Binary AND introduction:
+
+	 -----------
+	 | .  | .  |
+	 | .  | .  |
+	 | Q1 | Q2 |
+	 -----------
+	   Q1 ^ Q2
+
+	(If we can derive both Q1 and Q2 then Q1^Q2 is true).
+
+	N-ary AND introduction:
+
+	 ----------------
+	 | .  | .. | .  |
+	 | .  | .. | .  |
+	 | Q1 | .. | Qn |
+	 ----------------
+	  Q1^..^Qi^..^Qn
+
+	Other n-ary rules follow the binary versions similarly.
+
+	Quantified AND introduction:
+
+	 ---------
+	 | x  .  |
+	 |    .  |
+	 |  Q[x] |
+	 ---------
+	 For all x . Q[x]
+
+	(If we can prove Q for arbitrary x then Q is true for all x).
+
+	Falsity elimination:
+
+	 F
+	 -
+	 Q
+
+	(Falsity opens the floodgates).
+
+	OR elimination:
+
+	   P1 v P2
+	 -----------
+	 | P1 | P2 |
+	 | .  | .  |
+	 | .  | .  |
+	 | Q  | Q  |
+	 -----------
+	      Q
+
+	(Given P1 v P2, if Q follows from both then Q is true).
+
+	Exists elimination:
+
+	 Exists x . P[x]
+	 -----------
+	 | x  P[x] |
+	 |     .   |
+	 |     .   |
+	 |     Q   |
+	 -----------
+	       Q
+
+	(If Q follows from P[x] for arbitrary x and such an x exists
+	then Q is true).
+
+	OR introduction 1:
+
+	    P1
+	 -------
+	 P1 v P2
+
+	(If P1 is true then P1 OR anything is true).
+
+	OR introduction 2:
+
+	    P2
+	 -------
+	 P1 v P2
+
+	(If P2 is true then anything OR P2 is true).  Similar
+	symmetries apply to ^ rules.
+
+	Exists introduction:
+
+	     P[a]
+	 -------------
+	 Exists x.P[x]
+
+	(If P is true for "a" then it is true for all x).
+
+	AND elimination 1:
+
+	 P1 ^ P2
+	 -------
+	    P1
+
+	(If P1 and P2 are true then P1 is true).
+
+	For all elimination:
+
+	 For all x . P[x]
+	 ----------------
+	       P[a]
+
+	(If P is true for all x then it is true for "a").
+
+	For all implication introduction:
+
+	 -----------
+	 | x  P[x] |
+	 |     .   |
+	 |     .   |
+	 |    Q[x] |
+	 -----------
+	 For all x . P[x] -> Q[x]
+
+	(If Q follows from P for arbitrary x then Q follows from P for
+	all x).
+
+	Implication introduction:
+
+	 -----
+	 | P |
+	 | . |
+	 | . |
+	 | Q |
+	 -----
+	 P -> Q
+
+	(If Q follows from P then P implies Q).
+
+	NOT introduction:
+
+	 -----
+	 | P |
+	 | . |
+	 | . |
+	 | F |
+	 -----
+	  / P
+
+	(If falsity follows from P then P is false).
+
+	NOT-NOT:
+
+	 //P
+	 ---
+	  P
+
+	(If it is not the case that P is not true then P is true).
+
+	For all implies exists:
+
+	 P[a]   For all x . P[x] -> Q[x]
+	 -------------------------------
+		      Q[a]
+
+	(If P is true for given "a" and P implies Q for all x then Q
+	is true for a).
+
+	Implication elimination, modus ponens:
+
+	 P   P -> Q
+	 ----------
+	      Q
+
+	(If P and P implies Q then Q).
+
+	NOT elimination, contradiction:
+
+	 P   /P
+	 ------
+	   F
+
+	(If P is true and P is not true then false is true).
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+Natural English
+
+	Programming in normal, spoken English.  [Sammet 1969, p.768].
+
+natural language
+
+	<application> A language spoken or written by humans, as
+	opposed to a language use to program or communicate with
+	computers.
+
+	Natural language understanding is one of the hardest problems
+	of {artificial intelligence} due to the complexity,
+	irregularity and diversity of human language and the
+	philosophical problems of meaning.
+
+	See also {Pleuk grammar development system}, {proof}, {MIT
+	"Start" Project (http://start.csail.mit.edu/)}, {New York U
+	(http://nyu.edu/pages/linguistics/ling.html)}.
+
+	(2011-01-30)
+
+Natural Language Information Analysis Method
+
+	(NIAM, or Nijssen IAM) A method for {data model}ling.
+
+	["Conceptual Scheme and Relational Database Design", Nijssen
+	and Halpin, Prentice-Hall, 1989].
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+natural language processing
+
+	<artificial intelligence> (NLP) Computer understanding,
+	analysis, manipulation, and/or generation of {natural
+	language}.
+
+	This can refer to anything from fairly simple
+	string-manipulation tasks like {stemming}, or building
+	concordances of natural language texts, to higher-level
+	{AI}-like tasks like processing user {queries} in {natural
+	language}.
+
+	(1997-09-12)
+
+natural number
+
+	<mathematics> An {integer} greater than or equal to zero.  A
+	natural number is an {isomorphism class} of a finite set.
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+nature
+
+	{has the X nature}
+
+NAU
+
+	<networking>
+
+	1. {Network Addressable Unit}.
+
+	2. {Network Access Unit}.
+
+	(1997-05-10)
+
+nav bar
+
+	{navigation bar}
+
+navigating
+
+	{navigation}
+
+navigation
+
+	<web> Finding your way around a {website}.
+	Many sites have some kind of {navigation bar}.  One of
+	the first {web browsers} was called {Netscape Navigator}.
+
+	(2008-11-17)
+
+navigation bar
+
+	<web> (Always abbreviated "nav bar")
+	On a {website}, a prominently displayed set
+	of {links} to important sections of the site.
+
+	(2008-11-17)
+
+Navigator
+
+	{Netscape Navigator}
+
+Nawk
+
+	New AWK.  AT&T.  Pattern scanning and processing language.  An
+	enhanced version of AWK, with dynamic regular expressions,
+	additional built-ins and operators, and user-defined
+	functions.
+
+NB
+
+	{C}
+
+NBFCP
+
+	{NetBIOS Frames Control Protocol}
+
+NBS
+
+	National Bureau of Standards: part of the US  Department of
+	Commerce, now NIST.
+
+NBT
+
+	{NetBios over TCP/IP}
+
+NC
+
+	{Network Computer}
+
+nc
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for New Caledonia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+NCD
+
+	{Network Computing Devices}
+
+NCP
+
+	<networking>
+
+	1. {IBM} {Advanced Communication Function/Network Control
+	Program}.
+
+	2. {Novell, Inc.} {NetWare Core Protocol}.
+
+	(1999-01-20)
+
+NCR Corporation
+
+	<company> Electronics company mainly active in the midrange
+	server market.
+
+	NCR was founded 1884 as National Cash Register Company.  It
+	joint the computer industry in th 1950s.  In 1991 it was
+	absorbed by {AT&T} (see {dinosaurs mating}), only to be spat
+	out again in 1996.
+
+	NCR {mainframes} of the 1960's are remembered by some for
+	their hardware incompatibility with {IBM} mainframes: NCR
+	punched round holes in their {punched cards} while IBM punched
+	rectangular ones.  The codes and machines were not compatible
+	and information could not be easily shared between NCR and IBM
+	customers.
+
+	{(http://ncr.com/)}.
+
+	(1997-03-10)
+
+NCRL
+
+	{Software Writer's Language}
+
+NCR Language
+
+	{Software Writer's Language}
+
+NCS
+
+	Network Computing System: Apollo's RPC system used by DEC and
+	Hewlett-Packard.The protocol has been adopted by {OSF}.
+
+NCSA
+
+	{National Center for Supercomputing Applications}
+
+ND
+
+	{natural deduction}
+
+NDIS
+
+	{Network Device Interface Specification}
+
+NDL
+
+	1. {National Database Language}.
+
+	2. {Network Definition Language}.
+
+NDS
+
+	{Netware Directory Services}
+
+ne
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Niger.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+neat hack
+
+	1. A clever technique.
+
+	2. A brilliant practical joke, where neatness is correlated
+	with cleverness, harmlessness, and surprise value.  Example:
+	the Caltech Rose Bowl card display switch.  See also {hack}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+neats vs. scruffies
+
+	<artificial intelligence, jargon> The label used to refer to
+	one of the continuing {holy wars} in {artificial intelligence}
+	research.  This conflict tangles together two separate issues.
+	One is the relationship between human reasoning and AI;
+	"neats" tend to try to build systems that "reason" in some way
+	identifiably similar to the way humans report themselves as
+	doing, while "scruffies" profess not to care whether an
+	{algorithm} resembles human reasoning in the least as long as
+	it works.  More importantly, neats tend to believe that
+	{logic} is king, while scruffies favour looser, more ad-hoc
+	methods driven by empirical knowledge.  To a neat, scruffy
+	methods appear promiscuous, successful only by accident and
+	not productive of insights about how intelligence actually
+	works; to a scruffy, neat methods appear to be hung up on
+	formalism and irrelevant to the hard-to-capture "common sense"
+	of living intelligences.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Nebula
+
+	An early business-oriented language from {ICL} for the
+	{Ferranti Orion} computer.
+
+	["NEBULA - A Programming Language for Data Processing", T.G.
+	Braunholtz et al, Computer J 4(3):197-201 (1961)].
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+NEC
+
+	{Nippon Electronics Corporation}
+
+NEC 780-C
+
+	<processor> A copy of the {Zilog Z80A} {microprocessor},
+	running at 3.25 MHz.
+
+	The NEC 780-C was the processor used in the Sinclair {ZX-80}.
+
+	(2002-03-11)
+
+needs assessment
+
+	<systems> A systematic process to acquire an accurate,
+	thorough picture of a system's strengths and weaknesses, in
+	order to improve it and meet existing and future challenges.
+
+	(2007-11-24)
+
+neep-neep
+
+	/neep neep/ [onomatopoeic, from New York SF fandom] One who is
+	fascinated by computers.  Less specific than {hacker}, as it
+	need not imply more skill than is required to {boot} {games}
+	on a {personal computer}.  The derived noun "neeping" applies
+	specifically to the long conversations about computers that
+	tend to develop in the corners at most SF-convention parties
+	(the term "neepery" is also in wide use).  Fandom has a
+	related proverb to the effect that "Hacking is a
+	conversational black hole!".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+negation by failure
+
+	An {extralogical} feature of {Prolog} and other {logic
+	programming} languages in which failure of {unification} is
+	treated as establishing the negation of a {relation}.  For
+	example, if Ronald Reagan is not in our {database} and we
+	asked if he was an American, Prolog would answer "no".
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+negative acknowledgement
+
+	1. <character> (NAK) The {mnemonic} for {ASCII} character 21.
+
+	Sometimes used as the response to receipt of a corrupted
+	{packet} of information.
+
+	Opposite of {acknowledgement}.
+
+	2. <communications> (NAK) Any message transmitted to indicate
+	that some data has been received incorrectly, for example it
+	may have a {checksum} or message length error.  A NAK message
+	allows the sender to distinguish a message which has been
+	received in a corrupted state from one which is not received
+	at all.
+
+	An alternative is to use only {ACK} messages, in which case
+	the non-receipt of an ACK after a certain time is counted as a
+	NAK but gives no information about the {integrity} of the
+	communications channel.
+
+	See also {ACK}.
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+neighborhood bike code
+
+	<humour, programming> A piece of {code} that every programmer at
+	the company has touched.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	[{Urban Dictionary: neighborhood bike
+	(http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=neighborhood+bike)}].
+
+	(2014-07-12)
+
+NELIAC
+
+	Navy Electronics Laboratory International ALGOL Compiler.
+
+	An {Algol} variant designed for numeric and logical
+	computations and based on {IAL}.  1958-1959.
+
+	Version: BC NELIAC.
+
+	["Neliac - A Dialect of Algol", H.D. Huskey et al, CACM
+	3(8):463-468 (Aug 1960)].
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Neon
+
+	Charles Duff.  An object-oriented extension of FORTH, for the
+	Mac.  Inheritance, SANE {floating-point}, system classes and
+	objects for Mac interfacing, overlays.  Sold by Kriya Systems,
+	1985-1988.  Modified, made PD and renamed Yerk.
+
+neophilia
+
+	/nee"oh-fil"-ee-*/ The trait of being excited and pleased by
+	novelty.  Common among most hackers, SF fans, and members of
+	several other connected leading-edge subcultures, including
+	the pro-technology "Whole Earth" wing of the ecology movement,
+	space activists, many members of Mensa, and the
+	Discordian/neo-pagan underground.  All these groups overlap
+	heavily and (where evidence is available) seem to share
+	characteristic hacker tropisms for science fiction, music,
+	and oriental food.  The opposite tendency is "neophobia".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-06-04)
+
+Neptune
+
+	A hypertext system for computer assisted software engineering,
+	developed at Tektronix.
+
+nerd
+
+	<person> A generally pejortive term for any person who is
+	socially inept and studious or demonstrates obsessive
+	knowledge of something.  For example, a computer nerd.  The
+	term first appeared in print in "If I Ran the Zoo", 1950 by
+	Dr. Seuss.
+
+	Compare: {geek}.
+
+	(2010-02-28)
+
+Nerd pride
+
+	<body> The Nerd Pride movement, modeled on the Gay Pride
+	movement, was started at {MIT} by Professors {Gerald Sussman}
+	and {Hal Abelson}.  Nerd pride paraphernalia includes baseball
+	hats, buttons and - of course - pocket protectors.
+
+	"My idea is to present an image to children that it is good to
+	be intellectual, and not to care about the peer pressures to
+	be anti-intellectual.  I want every child to turn into a nerd
+	- where that means someone who prefers studying and learning
+	to competing for social dominance".
+
+	-- {Gerald Sussman}, quoted by Katie Hafner, "New York Times",
+	1994-08-29.
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+NERECO
+
+	NEtwork REmote COmmunications.
+
+	{CSP} with extensions to allow asymmetrical and {asynchronous}
+	communications and fault handling.  It is implemented on a
+	network of {Suns}.
+
+	["A Concurrent Programming Support for Distributed Systems",
+	G. Spezzano et al, in Computing Systems vol 3, pp.423-447, U
+	Cal Press, 1990].
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+NESL
+
+	<language> A parallel language loosely based on {ML},
+	developed at {Carnegie Mellon University} by the {SCandAL}
+	project.  NESL integrates parallel {algorithms}, {functional
+	languages} and implementation techniques from the system's
+	community.
+
+	Nested {data parallelism} offers concise code that is easy to
+	understand and debug and suits irregular data structures such
+	as {trees}, {graphs} or {sparse matrices}.
+
+	NESL's language based performance model is a formal way to
+	calculate the "work" and "depth" of a program.  These measures
+	can be related to running time on a {parallel computer}.
+
+	NESL was designed to make parallel programming easy and
+	portable.  Algorithms are typically more concise in NESL than
+	in most other parallel programming languages and the code
+	resembles high-level {pseudocode}.  This places more
+	responsibility on the {compiler} and {run-time system} for
+	achieving good efficiency.
+
+	NESL currently runs on {Unix} {workstations}, the {IBM SP-2},
+	the {Thinking Machines} {CM5}, the {Cray} {C90} and {J90}, the
+	{MasPar} {MP2}, and the {Intel} {Paragon}.  Work is underway
+	(April 1997) on a portable {MPI} {back end}, and an
+	implementation for {symmetric multiprocessors}, such as the
+	{SGI} {Power Challenge} or the {DEC} {AlphaServer}.
+
+	Latest version: Release 3.1, as of 1995-11-01.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/scandal/public/www/nesl.html)}.
+
+	["NESL: A Nested Data-Parallel Language", Guy Blelloch,
+	CMU-CS-93-129, April 1993].
+
+	(1997-04-13)
+
+nested class
+
+	<Java> In {Java}, a {class} defined within an enclosing class
+	definition.  A {static} nested class has no direct access to
+	the members of its enclosing class whereas a non-static nested
+	class, known as an "inner class", is associated with an
+	instance of the enclosing class and an instance of the inner
+	class has direct access to the members of its enclosing
+	instance.
+
+	{Java Tutorial
+	(http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/javaOO/nested.html)}.
+
+	[Other languages?]
+
+	(2006-11-19)
+
+net
+
+	1. <networking> {network}.
+
+	2. <networking> {network, the}.
+
+	3. <architecture> {neural network}.
+
+	4. <networking> The {top-level domain} originally for
+	networks, although it sees heavy use for {vanity domains} of
+	all types.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-01-26)
+
+.NET
+
+	{.NET framework}
+
+net.-
+
+	<convention, networking, messaging> /net dot/ A prefix used to
+	describe people and events related to {Usenet} and the
+	{Internet}.  The convention dates from the time before the
+	{Great Renaming}, when most non-local {Usenet} newsgroups had
+	names beginning "net.".  Includes {net.gods}, "net.goddesses"
+	(various charismatic net.women with circles of on-line
+	admirers), "net.lurkers" (see {lurker}), "net.person",
+	"net.parties" (a synonym for {boink}), and many similar
+	constructs.
+
+	See also {net.police}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+netaddress
+
+	{Knowbot Information Service}
+
+NetBEUI
+
+	{NetBIOS} Extended User Interface.  The network transport
+	{protocol} used by all of {Microsoft}'s network systems and
+	{IBM}'s {LAN Server} based systems.
+
+	NetBEUI is often confused with {NetBIOS}.  NetBIOS is the
+	{applications programming interface} and NetBEUI is the
+	transport protocol.
+
+NetBIOS
+
+	An {applications programming interface} (API) which activates
+	{network} operations on {IBM PC} compatibles running under
+	{Microsoft}'s {DOS}.  It is a set of network commands that the
+	application program issues in order to transmit and receive
+	data to another {host} on the network.  The commands are
+	interpreted by a {network control program} or {network
+	operating system} that is NetBIOS compatible.  See
+	{NetBOLLIX}.
+
+NetBIOS Frames Control Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (NBFCP, NBF protocol, originally "NetBEUI
+	protocol")
+
+	[RFC 2097]
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+	(1997-05-10)
+
+NetBios over TCP/IP
+
+	<protocol> (NBT) A protocol supporting {NetBIOS} services in a
+	{TCP/IP} environment, defined by {RFCs} 1001 and 1002.
+
+	(1997-07-04)
+
+NetBOLLIX
+
+	["bollix": to bungle] {IBM}'s {NetBIOS}, an extremely
+	{brain-damaged} {network} {protocol} that, like {Blue Glue},
+	is used at commercial shops that don't know any better.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+NetBSD
+
+	<operating system> An {open source} {Unix} {clone} that aims
+	for {platform} independance by a clean separation between the
+	{hardware} and the the {kernel}.  It has been ported to many
+	platforms from {embedded systems} to 64-bit computers.
+
+	{NetBSD Home (http://netbsd.org/)}.
+
+	(2004-10-08)
+
+netbui
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{NetBEUI}".
+
+	(1996-12-23)
+
+netburp
+
+	<networking, chat> (Or "netsplit") When {netlag} gets really
+	bad, and delays between {IRC} servers exceed a certain
+	threshhold, the network effectively becomes partitioned for a
+	period of time, and large numbers of people seem to be signing
+	off at the same time and then signing back on again when
+	things get better.  An instance of this is called a "netburp"
+	(or, sometimes, {netsplit}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-04)
+
+netCDF
+
+	Network Common Data Form.  A machine-independent,
+	self-describing file format for scientific data.
+
+Netcom On-line Communication Services, Inc.
+
+	<company> A company providing {Internet} access on {Sun
+	Microsystems} computers running {Unix}.  Customers either log
+	in to a {shell} running on a Netcom computer, or rent a {SLIP}
+	or {PPP} connection and run their own net software.  Most
+	hosts are in San Jose, California, but they have {Points of
+	Presence} all over the USA.
+
+	{(http://netcom.com/)}.
+
+	Address: 3031 Tisch Way San Jose, CA 95128, USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (408) 983 5950, +1 800 353 6600.  Fax: +1 (408)
+	241 9145.
+
+	(1996-04-23)
+
+netdead
+
+	<jargon, chat> The state of someone who signs off {IRC},
+	perhaps during a {netburp}, and doesn't sign back on until
+	later.  In the interim, he is "dead to the net".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-09-02)
+
+Netfind
+
+	A research prototype that provides a simple {Internet} "{white
+	pages}" user directory.  It runs on {SunOS} 4.0 or more recent
+	systems that are connected to the Internet (however, you can
+	run Netfind on one server at your site, and let the others use
+	Netfind on that server).  Given the name of a person on the
+	Internet and a rough description of where the person works,
+	Netfind attempts to locate telephone and electronic mailbox
+	information about the person.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.colorado.edu/pub/cs/distribs/netfind)}.
+
+.NET framework
+
+	<language, tool, library> A software development and execution
+	environment designed by {Microsoft} as a direct competitor to
+	{Java}.  .NET framework should not be confused with
+	{Microsoft}'s past labeling of a line of products as ".NET".
+
+	.NET simplifies interoperability between languages and
+	machines on {Microsoft Windows} especially, although not
+	specifically, for web based services.  Essentially the .NET
+	framework consists of the CLR (common language runtime), CTS
+	(common type system), CLS (common language system), and IL
+	(intermediate language).
+
+	The CLR consists of a number of resources provided to .NET
+	applications such as the security model, type system and .NET
+	classes (c.f. Java classes).  The CTS is the range of all
+	types that .NET understands although it is not necessarily the
+	case that a .NET program will understand all of these types.
+	The CLS however is a subset of the CTS which all .NET
+	languages must support: any two .NET languages can
+	interoperate via. the CLS.
+
+	All .NET languages are at some stage compiled into the IL, a
+	{byte-code} like language.  However unlike a standard Java run
+	time environment, the IL is converted to {machine code} either
+	upon installation of the software or at {run time} by a {just
+	in time compiler} (JIT).  The IL is not interpretted.
+
+	.NET's main weakness is that Microsoft have ignored the {Unix}
+	and {mainframe} environments, effectively ruling .NET out of
+	use in many {enterprise} environments.  However there is
+	{Mono} - an {open source} .NET framework for Unix}.
+
+	.NET was based on research by Steven Lucco on a product called
+	{OmniVM}, sold by {Colusa software}.  Attracted to OmniVM
+	since VB and C/C++ environments were already available,
+	Microsoft bought Colusa in 1996.  Microsoft provides .NET
+	compilers for {C#}, {C++}, {VB}, and {Jscript}.
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+net.god
+
+	<person> /net god/ Accolade referring to anyone who satisfies
+	some combination of the following conditions: has been visible
+	on {Usenet} for more than 5 years, ran one of the original
+	backbone sites, moderated an important newsgroup, wrote news
+	software, or knows Gene, Mark, Rick, Mel, Henry, Chuq, and
+	Greg personally.
+
+	Net.goddesses such as Rissa or the Slime Sisters have (so far)
+	been distinguished more by personality than by authority.
+
+	See {demigod}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-07)
+
+NetHack
+
+	<games> /net'hak/ (Unix) A dungeon game similar to {rogue} but
+	more elaborate, distributed in {C} source over {Usenet} and
+	very popular at {Unix} sites and on {PC}-class machines
+	(nethack is probably the most widely distributed of the
+	{freeware} dungeon games).  The earliest versions, written by
+	Jay Fenlason and later considerably enhanced by Andries
+	Brouwer, were simply called "hack".  The name changed when
+	maintenance was taken over by a group of hackers originally
+	organised by Mike Stephenson.
+
+	Version: NetHack 3.2 (Apr 1996?).
+
+	{(http://win.tue.nl/games/roguelike/nethack/)}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/rec.games.roguelike.nethack/)}.
+
+	{FTP U Penn (ftp://linc.cis.upenn.edu/pub/NH3.1/)} No large
+	downloads between 9:00 and 18:00 local or the directory will
+	be removed.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:rec.games.roguelike.nethack}.
+
+	E-mail: <nethack-bugs@linc.cis.upenn.edu>.
+
+	(1996-06-13)
+
+netiquette
+
+	<convention, networking> /net'ee-ket/ or /net'i-ket/ Network
+	etiquette.
+
+	The conventions of politeness recognised on {Usenet} and in
+	{mailing lists}, such as not (cross-)posting to inappropriate
+	groups and refraining from commercial advertising outside the
+	biz groups.
+
+	The most important rule of netiquette is "Think before you
+	post".  If what you intend to post will not make a positive
+	contribution to the newsgroup and be of interest to several
+	readers, don't post it!  Personal messages to one or two
+	individuals should not be posted to newsgroups, use private
+	e-mail instead.
+
+	When following up an article, quote the minimum necessary to
+	give some context to your reply and be careful to attribute
+	the quote to the right person.  If the article you are
+	responding to was posted to several groups, edit the
+	distribution ("Newsgroups:") header to contain only those
+	groups which are appropriate to your reply, especially if the
+	original message was posted to one or more inappropriate
+	groups in the first place.
+
+	Re-read and edit your posting carefully before you post.
+	Check the spelling and grammar.  Keep your lines to less than
+	70 characters.  Don't post test messages (except to test
+	groups) - wait until you have something to say.  When posting
+	humorous or sarcastic comments, it is conventional to append
+	a {smiley}, but don't overuse them.
+
+	Before asking a question, read the messages already in the
+	group and read the group's {FAQ} if it has one.  When you do
+	post a question, follow it with "please reply by mail and I
+	will post a summary if requested" and make sure you DO post a
+	summary if requested, or if only a few people were interested,
+	send them a summary by mail.  This avoids umpteen people
+	posting the same answer to the group and umpteen others
+	posting "me too"s.
+
+	If you believe someone has violated netiquette, send them a
+	message by __private e-mail__, DO NOT post a follow-up to the
+	news.  And be polite, they may not realise their mistake, they
+	might be a beginner or may not even have been responsible for
+	the "crime" - their account may have been used by someone else
+	or their address forged.
+
+	Be proud of your postings but don't post just to see your name
+	in pixels.  Remember: your future employer may be reading.
+
+	{Netiquette for Usenet Site Administrators
+	(http://ancho.ucs.indiana.edu/FAQ/USAGN/index.html)}.
+
+	{"net.acceptable"
+	(http://marketing.tenagra.com/net-acceptable.html)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-10-18)
+
+NETL
+
+	A {semantic network} language, for {connectionist}
+	architectures.
+
+	["NETL: A System for Representing and Using Real-World Data",
+	S.E. Fahlman, MIT Press 1979].
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+netlag
+
+	<networking> A condition that occurs when the delays in the
+	{IRC} network, a {MUD} connection, a {telnet} connection, or
+	any other networked interactive system, become severe enough
+	that servers briefly lose and then reestablish contact,
+	causing messages to be delivered in bursts, often with delays
+	of up to a minute.  (Note that this term has nothing to do
+	with mainstream "jet lag").
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-21)
+
+NetLingo
+
+	<computing, reference> An on-line dictionary of more than 3000
+	terms, started in 1995 and updated monthly.  NetLingo contains
+	simple explanations and comprehensive coverage, including
+	{chat} acronyms and {smilies}.  It is also available in {dead
+	tree} form.
+
+	{NetLingo Home (http://netlingo.com/)}.
+
+	(2004-09-12)
+
+netload
+
+	A program to down-load {Excelan} {TCP/IP} software.  The
+	host's {Ethernet} address can be specified as
+
+		netload -e aabbccddeeff
+
+	where aabbccddeeff is a 12 {hexadecimal} digit number.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+Netmarq Limited
+
+	A small technical consultancy specialising in the testing of
+	network components.  They do performance tests of network
+	interface cards, {routers}, {hubs}, {file servers}, etc.  To
+	reflect the marketplace, most tests are carried out in a
+	{Novell NetWare} environment, although they can equally well
+	use {Lan server}, {Banyan Vines}, {NT Advanced Server}, {IBM
+	PC} Support.  They claim to be Europe's leading such test lab
+	and compete with US Labs such as {LanQuest} and {NSTL}.  They
+	also do some network design, installation, support, and
+	troubleshooting.
+
+	E-mail: <netmarq@cix.compulink.co.uk>.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+netmask
+
+	<networking> A 32-bit {bit mask} which shows how an {Internet
+	address} is to be divided into network, {subnet} and host
+	parts.  The netmask has ones in the bit positions in the 32-bit address which are to be used for the network and subnet
+	parts, and zeros for the host part.  The mask should contain
+	at least the standard network portion (as determined by the
+	address's {class}), and the subnet field should be contiguous
+	with the network portion.
+
+	If a `+' (plus sign) is given for the netmask value, then the
+	network number is looked up in the {NIS} netmasks.byaddr map
+	(or in the /etc/netmasks) file if not running the NIS service.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: ifconfig(8).
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+NetNanny
+
+	<networking> A small program for children to block access to
+	certain sites.
+
+	[Company?  Address?]
+
+	(1997-02-12)
+
+netnews
+
+	/net'n[y]ooz/ 1. The software that makes {Usenet} run.
+
+	2. The content of {Usenet}.  "I read netnews right after my
+	mail most mornings."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+net.personality
+
+	Someone who has made a name for him or herself on {Usenet},
+	through either longevity or attention-getting posts, but
+	doesn't meet the other requirements of {net.god}hood.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+netpipes
+
+	<networking> A package by Robert Forsman <thoth@cis.ufl.edu>
+	to manipulate {BSD Unix} {TCP/IP} stream {sockets}.  The
+	netpipes package makes TCP/IP streams usable in {shell
+	scripts}.  It can also simplify {client-server} code by
+	allowing the programmer to skip all the tedious programming
+	related to sockets and concentrate on writing a
+	filter/service.
+
+	{(http://cis.ufl.edu/~thoth/netpipes/)}.
+
+	(1996-10-03)
+
+net.police
+
+	/net-p*-lees'/ (Or "net police", "net.cops") Those {Usenet}
+	readers who feel it is their responsibility to pounce on and
+	{flame} any posting which they regard as offensive or in
+	violation of their understanding of {netiquette}.  Generally
+	used sarcastically or pejoratively.
+
+	See also {net.-}, {code police}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+netquette
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{netiquette}".
+
+	(1999-09-30)
+
+Netrek
+
+	<games> A 16-player graphical {real-time} battle simulation
+	with a Star Trek theme.  The game is divided into two teams of
+	eight (or less), who dogfight each other and attempt to
+	conquer each other's planets.  There are several different
+	types of ships, from fast, fragile scouts up to big, slow
+	battleships; this allows a great deal of variance in play
+	styles.  Netrek is played using a {client} to connect to one
+	of several Netrek {servers} on the {Internet}.  There is a
+	metaserver which distributes details of games in progress on
+	other servers.
+
+	See also {ogg}.
+
+	[Dates?  Versions?  Authors?  Addresses?]
+
+	(1998-02-01)
+
+netrock
+
+	/net'rok/ (IBM) A {flame}; used especially on {VNET}, {IBM}'s
+	internal corporate network.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+Netscape
+
+	1. {Netscape Navigator}.
+
+	2. {Netscape Communications Corporation}.
+
+Netscape Communications Corporation
+
+	<company> (Formlerly "Mosaic Communications Corporation", MCC)
+	A company set up in April 1994 by {Dr. James H. Clark} and
+	{Marc Andreessen} <marca@netcom.com> (creator of the {NCSA}
+	{Mosaic} program) to market their version of {Mosaic}, known
+	as {Netscape} or {Mozilla}.
+
+	They {changed their name
+	(http://netscape.com/newsref/pr/newsrelease5.html)} on
+	1994-11-14 to reflect their other activities rather than just
+	their browser based on {Mosaic}.
+
+	{(http://netscape.com/)}.
+
+	Address: 501 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View, CA 94043,
+	USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (415) 254 1900.  Fax: +1 (415) 254 2601.
+
+	(2000-02-08)
+
+Netscape Navigator
+
+	<networking, tool, product> /Mozilla/ (Often called just
+	"Netscape") A {web browser} from {Netscape
+	Communications Corporation}.  The first {beta-test} version
+	was released free to the {Internet} on 13 October 1994.
+	Netscape evolved from {NCSA} {Mosaic} (with which it shares at
+	least one author) and runs on the {X Window System} under
+	various versions of {Unix}, on {Microsoft Windows} and on the
+	{Apple Macintosh}.
+
+	It features integrated support for sending {electronic mail}
+	and reading {Usenet} news, as well as {RSA encryption} to
+	allow secure communications for commercial applications such
+	as exchanging credit card numbers with net retailers.  It
+	provides multiple simultaneous interruptible text and image
+	loading; native inline {JPEG} image display; display and
+	interaction with documents as they load; multiple independent
+	windows.  Netscape was designed with 14.4 kbps modem links in
+	mind.
+
+	You can download Netscape Navigator for evaluation, or for
+	unlimited use in academic or not-for-profit environments.  You
+	can also pay for it.
+
+	Version: 1.0N.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.netscape.com/netscape/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <sales@netscape.com>.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+Netscape Public License
+
+	{open source license}
+
+netsplit
+
+	{netburp}
+
+netstat
+
+	<networking> (Or "rstat") A {Unix} command to give statistics
+	about the {network} including {socket} status, interfaces that
+	have been auto-configured, memory statistics, {routing}
+	tables.
+
+	{Unix manual pages}: rstat(3), netstat(8).
+
+	(1996-06-04)
+
+netter
+
+	1. Loosely, anyone with a {network address}.
+
+	2. More specifically, a {Usenet} regular.  Most often found in
+	the plural.  "If you post *that* in a technical group, you're
+	going to be flamed by angry netters for the rest of time!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+NetWare
+
+	{Novell NetWare}
+
+NetWare Core Protocol
+
+	<networking> (NCP) A {Novell} trademark for the {protocol}
+	used to access {Novell NetWare} file and print service
+	functions.  It uses an underlying {IPX} or {IP} {transport
+	protocol}.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+Netware Directory Services
+
+	<networking> (NDS) {Novell, Inc.}'s {directory services} for
+	{Netware}, {Windows NT}, and {Unix}.  The NDS directory
+	represents each {network} resource (user, hardware, or
+	application) as an {object} of a certain {class}, where each
+	class has certain properties.  For example, User and Print
+	Server are object classes and a user has over 80 properties
+	such as name, login, password, department, and title.
+
+	The directory is hierarchical, divided into branches by {rules
+	of containment}.  A given object can only belong to a given
+	container (or branch).  The rules governing classes,
+	properties and, {rules of containment} are known as the
+	{schema}.
+
+	(2001-03-20)
+
+Netware Input/Output Subsystem
+
+	<operating system, networking> (NIOS) The lowest {layer} in
+	the {Novell NetWare} {client} architecture.  NIOS is the
+	interface layer between the client operating system and the
+	32-bit client services provided by NetWare.
+
+	{(http://developer.novell.com/research/appnotes/1996/november/01/04.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-04-24)
+
+NetWare Link State Protocol
+
+	<networking, protocol> (NLSP) A companion {protocol} to {IPX}
+	for exchange of {routing} information in a {Novell}
+	{network}.  NLSP supersedes Novell's {RIP}.
+
+	(1997-03-04)
+
+network
+
+	<networking> Hardware and software data communication systems.
+
+	The {OSI} seven layer model attempts to provide a way of
+	partitioning any computer network into independent modules
+	from the lowest (physical) layer to the highest (application)
+	layer.  Many different specifications exist at each of these
+	layers.
+
+	Networks are often also classified according to their
+	geographical extent: {local area network} (LAN), {metropolitan
+	area network} (MAN), {wide area network} (WAN) and also
+	according to the {protocols} used.
+
+	See {BITNET}, {Ethernet}, {Internet}, {Novell}, {PSTN},
+	{network, the}.
+
+	[Tanenbaum, A., "Computer Networks; 2nd ed.", Prentice Hall,
+	Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1989.]
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+network address
+
+	<networking> 1. The network portion of an {IP address}.  For a
+	{class A} network, the network address is the first {byte} of
+	the IP address.  For a {class B network}, the network address
+	is the first two bytes of the IP address.  For a {class C
+	network}, the network address is the first three bytes of the
+	IP address.  In each case, the remainder is the {host
+	address}.  In the {Internet}, assigned network addresses are
+	globally unique.
+
+	See also {subnet address}, {Internet Registry}.
+
+	2. (Or "net address") An {electronic mail} address on {the
+	network}.  In the 1980s this might have been a {bang path} but
+	now (1997) it is nearly always a {domain address}.  Such an
+	address is essential if one wants to be to be taken seriously
+	by {hackers}; in particular, persons or organisations that
+	claim to understand, work with, sell to, or recruit from among
+	hackers but *don't* display net addresses are quietly presumed
+	to be clueless poseurs and mentally {flush}ed.
+
+	Hackers often put their net addresses on their business cards
+	and wear them prominently in contexts where they expect to
+	meet other hackers face-to-face (e.g. {science-fiction
+	fandom}).  This is mostly functional, but is also a signal
+	that one identifies with hackerdom (like lodge pins among
+	Masons or tie-dyed T-shirts among Grateful Dead fans).  Net
+	addresses are often used in e-mail text as a more concise
+	substitute for personal names; indeed, hackers may come to
+	know each other quite well by network names without ever
+	learning each others' real monikers.
+
+	See also {sitename}, {domainist}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-05-10)
+
+Network Addressable Unit
+
+	<networking> (NAU) The {SNA} term for an {addressable entity}.
+	Examples include {PUs}, {LUs}, and {SSCPs}.
+
+	(1997-05-10)
+
+Network Address Translation
+
+	<networking> (NAT, or Network Address Translator, Virtual LAN)
+	A technique in which a {router} or {firewall} rewrites the
+	source and/or destination {Internet addresses} in a packet as
+	it passes through, typically to allow multiple {hosts} to
+	connect to the {Internet} via a single external {IP address}.
+	NAT keeps track of outbound connections and distributes
+	incoming packets to the correct machine.
+
+	NAT is an alternative to adopting {IPv6} (IPng).  It allows
+	the same IP addresses (10.x.x.x is the conventional range) to
+	be used on many private local networks while requiring only
+	one of the increasingly scarce public addresses to be
+	allocated to each private network.
+
+	NAT does not however allow an external service to initiate a
+	TCP connection to an internal host, nor does it support
+	stateless protocols based on UDP well unless the router
+	software has extensions to support each specific protocol.
+
+	(2005-09-18)
+
+Network Address Translator
+
+	{Network Address Translation}
+
+Network Administrator
+
+	<job> A person who manages a communications {network} within
+	an organisation.  Responsibilities include network {security},
+	installing new applications, distributing software upgrades,
+	monitoring daily activity, enforcing licensing agreements,
+	developing a {storage management} program and providing for
+	routine {backups}.
+
+	(2004-03-20)
+
+Network Application Support
+
+	<networking> (NAS) {DEC}'s approach to {applications
+	integration} across a {distributed} multivendor environment.
+
+	(2003-06-30)
+
+Network Attached Storage
+
+	<networking, storage> (NAS) {Fixed disks}, {RAID} arrays, and
+	{magnetic tape} drives connected directly to a {Storage Area
+	Network} (SAN) or other direct network connection.  This is in
+	contrast to a {file server} where the peripherals are
+	connected to the network via a computer (the server).
+
+	(2003-06-30)
+
+network byte order
+
+	<networking> The order in which the {bytes} of a multi-byte
+	number are transmitted on a network - most significant byte
+	first (as in "{big-endian}" storage).  This may or may not
+	match the order in which numbers are normally stored in memory
+	for a particular processor.
+
+	{(http://sun.com/realitycheck/headsup980803.html)}.
+	{(http://hp.com/unixwork/whatsnew/fyi/bissue/aug98/article3.htm)}.
+
+	(1998-11-15)
+
+network card
+
+	{network interface controller}
+
+network closet
+
+	<networking> The place where {network} {hardware} (other than
+	cabling) is installed.  The space should be used primarily for
+	storage, be dry, and have electricity available.  Since
+	network equipment rarely needs attention once installed and
+	tested, the network closet can have limited accessibility.
+
+	(1995-05-05)
+
+Network Computing Devices
+
+	<company> (NCD) Producer of {X terminals}, {PC-Xware} and
+	{Z-Mail}.
+
+	{(http://ncd.com/)}.
+
+	(1998-10-07)
+
+network database
+
+	<database> A kind of {database management system} in which
+	each record type can have multiple owners, e.g. orders are
+	owned by both customers and products.  This contrasts with a
+	{hierarchical database} (one owner) or {relational database}
+	(no explicit owner).
+
+	(1998-10-07)
+
+Network Definition Language
+
+	(NDL) The language used to program the DCP (Data
+	Communications Processor) on {Burroughs Large System}.
+
+	Version: NDL II.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Network Device Interface Specification
+
+	<networking, hardware, standard> (NDIS) A {Microsoft Windows
+	device driver} programming interface allowing multiple
+	{protocols} to share the same {network} {hardware}.
+	E.g. {TCP/IP} and {IPX} on the same {NIC}.  NDIS can also be
+	used by some ISDN adapters.
+
+	A protocol manager accepts requests from the {transport layer}
+	and passes them to the {data link layer} (routed to the
+	correct network interface if there is more than one).
+
+	NDIS was developed by {Microsoft} and {3COM}.  {Novell} offers
+	a similar device driver for NetWare called Open Data-Link
+	Interface (ODI).
+
+	The NDIS 2.0 specification was 5000 lines.
+
+	Latest version: NDIS 5.0, as of 2000-10-30.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/hwdev/devdes/ndis5.htm)}.
+
+	{cdrom.com NDIS archive
+	(ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/network/ndis/)}.
+
+	["3TECH, The 3COM Technical Journal", Winter 1991].
+
+	(2000-10-30)
+
+network engineer
+
+	<job> A high-level {LAN}/{WAN} technician who plans,
+	implements and supports {network} solutions between multiple
+	{platforms}.  A network engineer installs and maintains local
+	area network hardware and software, and troubleshoots network
+	usage and computer {peripherals}.  He may have {CNE}
+	certification.
+
+	(2004-03-20)
+
+Network extensible Window System
+
+	(NeWS) An elegant {PostScript}-based windowing environment,
+	invented by James Gosling, the author of {GOSMACS}.
+
+	NeWS would almost certainly have won the {standards} war with
+	the {X Window System} if it hadn't been {proprietary} to {Sun
+	Microsystems}.  There is a lesson here that too many software
+	vendors haven't yet heeded.  Communication is based on
+	{PostScript} and server functions can be extended.
+
+	See also {HyperNeWS}, {OpenWindows}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Network File System
+
+	<networking, operating system> (NFS) A {protocol} developed by
+	{Sun Microsystems}, and defined in {RFC 1094}, which allows a
+	computer to access files over a network as if they were on its
+	local disks.  This {protocol} has been incorporated in
+	products by more than two hundred companies, and is now a {de
+	facto} standard.  NFS is implemented using a {connectionless
+	protocol} ({UDP}) in order to make it {stateless}.
+
+	See {Nightmare File System}, {WebNFS}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Network Filing System
+
+	<spelling> Misnomer for {Network File System}.
+
+Network Information Center
+
+	(NIC) A body that provides information, assistance and
+	services to {network} users.  These will typically include
+	telephone and {electronic mail} "help desk" type services for
+	users and network information services such as {hostnames} and
+	addresses which are accessed automatically by computers using
+	some {client-server} protocol (usually Sun's {NIS}).
+
+	See also {Network Operations Center}.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+Network Information Service
+
+	<networking, protocol> (NIS) {Sun Microsystems}' Yellow Pages
+	(yp) {client-server} {protocol} for distributing system
+	configuration data such as user and host names between
+	computers on a network.
+
+	Sun licenses the technology to virtually all other {Unix}
+	vendors.
+
+	The name "Yellow Pages" is a registered trademark in the
+	United Kingdom of British Telecommunications plc for their
+	(paper) commercial telephone directory.  Sun changed the name
+	of their system to NIS, though all the commands and functions
+	still start with "yp", e.g. {ypcat}, {ypmatch}, {ypwhich}.
+
+	{Unix manual pages}: yp(3), ypclnt(3), ypcat(1), ypmatch(1).
+
+	(1995-04-08)
+
+Network Information System
+
+	<spelling> A mis-expansion of {NIS}.
+
+	(1995-04-08)
+
+networking
+
+	{network}
+
+network interface card
+
+	{network interface controller}
+
+network interface controller
+
+	<hardware, networking> (NIC or "network interface card") An
+	adapter circuit board installed in a computer to provide a
+	physical connection to a network.
+
+	[Examples?  Attributes?]
+
+	(1996-03-04)
+
+network layer
+
+	<networking> (communications subnet layer) The third lowest
+	layer in the {OSI} seven layer model.  The network layer
+	determines routing of {packets} of data from sender to
+	receiver via the {data link layer} and is used by the
+	{transport layer}.  The most common network layer {protocol}
+	is {IP}.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+network layer reachability information
+
+	<networking> (NLRI) Keywords used for {unicast} and
+	{multicast} {database} forwarding.  For example, you would
+	assign a user's NLRI so the user can receive multicast
+	messages regarding hardware down time that will affect a
+	specific user group.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(2002-06-01)
+
+network management
+
+	<networking> The process of controlling a {network} so as to
+	maximise its efficiency and productivity.  {ISO}'s model
+	divides network management into five categories: {fault
+	management}, {accounting management}, {configuration
+	management}, {security management} and {performance
+	management}.
+
+	Fault management is the process of identifying and locating
+	faults in the network.  This could include discovering the
+	existence of the problem, identifying the source, and possibly
+	repairing (or at least isolating the rest of the network from)
+	the problem.
+
+	Configuration management is the process of identifying,
+	tracking and modifying the setup of devices on the network.
+	This category is extremely important for devices that come
+	with numerous custom settings (e.g. {routers} and {file
+	servers}).
+
+	Security management is the process of controlling (granting,
+	limiting, restricting or denying) access to the network and
+	resources thereon.  This could include setting up and managing
+	{access lists} in {routers} (creating "{firewalls}" to keep
+	intruders out), creating and maintaining password access to
+	critical network resources, identifying the points of entry
+	used by intruders and closing them.
+
+	Performance Management is the process of measuring the
+	performance of various network components.  This also includes
+	taking measures to optimise the network for maximum system
+	performance (periodically measuring of the use of network
+	resources).
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.dcom.net-management}.
+
+	["Network Management: A Practical Perspective", Allan Leinwand
+	and Karen Fang].
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+network meltdown
+
+	<networking> (By analogy with catastrophic failure of a
+	nuclear reactor) An event that causes saturation, or near
+	saturation, of a network.  Network meltdown usually results
+	from illegal or misrouted {packets} (see {Chernobyl packet})
+	and typically lasts only a short time.  It may also be caused
+	by a {hardware} fault.  It is the network equivalent of
+	{thrashing}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-02-17)
+
+Network News Transfer Protocol
+
+	(NNTP) A {protocol} defined in {RFC} 977 for the distribution,
+	inquiry, retrieval and posting of {Usenet} {news} articles
+	over the {Internet}.  It is designed to be used between a
+	{news reader} {client} such as {nn} or {GNUS} and a news
+	{server}.  It is normally used on a connection to {TCP} {port}
+	119 on the news {server}.  NNTP is a simple {ASCII} text
+	protocol so even if you don't have a news reader program, you
+	can just connect to the server using {telnet}:
+
+		telnet news 119
+
+	where news is the name of your server
+	(e.g. news.doc.ic.ac.uk).  Typing HELP will give a list of
+	other commands.
+
+network node
+
+	<networking> (node) An addressable device attached to a
+	computer {network}.  If the node is a computer it is more
+	often called a "host".
+
+	(2004-08-25)
+
+Network Node Interface
+
+	<networking> (NNI) The {ATM Forum}'s specification for
+	connections between network nodes.  NNI makes network
+	{routing} possible.  It typically refers to {backbone} trunk
+	connections between ATM switching equipment.
+
+	See also: {UNI}.
+
+	(2001-03-26)
+
+network number
+
+	{network address}
+
+Network Operating System
+
+	<operating system> (NOS) The {operating system} on {Control
+	Data Corporation}'s {Cyber Computer}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2002-11-22)
+
+network operating system
+
+	<networking, operating system> (NOS) An {operating system}
+	which includes {software} to communicate with other computers
+	via a {network}.  This allows resources such as files,
+	{application programs}, and {printers} to be shared between
+	computers.
+
+	Examples are {Berkeley Software Distribution} {Unix},
+	{Novell}, {LAntastic}, {MS LAN Manager}.
+
+	[Is there a specific OS called "Network Operating System"?]
+
+	(2001-03-13)
+
+Network Operations Center
+
+	(NOC) A location from which the operation of a {network} or
+	{internet} is monitored.  Additionally, this center usually
+	serves as a clearinghouse for connectivity problems and
+	efforts to resolve those problems.
+
+	See also {Network Information Center}.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+network operator
+
+	<job> A person who monitors and maintains the operation of a
+	communications network.  A network operator troubleshoots
+	hardware (cables, {routers}, {network switches}, {hubs},
+	{network adaptors}), software, and transmission problems.
+
+	(2004-03-09)
+
+network redirector
+
+	<networking> An {operating system} {driver} that sends data to
+	and receives data from a remote device.  A network redirector
+	often provides mechanisms to locate, open, read, write, and
+	delete files and submit print jobs.
+
+	It also makes available application services such as {named
+	pipes} and {mailslots}.  When an application needs to send or
+	receive data from a remote device, it sends a call to the
+	redirector.  The redirector provides the functionality of the
+	{Application layer} and {Presentation layer} of the {OSI}
+	model.
+
+	In {Microsoft Networking}, the network redirectors are
+	implemented as {installable file systems} (IFS).
+
+	(1999-08-08)
+
+network segment
+
+	<networking> A part of an {Ethernet} or other network, on
+	which all message traffic is common to all nodes, i.e. it is
+	broadcast from one node on the segment and received by all
+	others.  This is normally because the segment is a single
+	continuous conductor, though it may include {repeaters}(?).
+
+	Since all nodes share the physical medium, {collision
+	detection} or some other {protocol} is required to determine
+	whether a message was transmitted without interference from
+	other nodes.  The receiving node inspects the destination
+	address of a {packet} to tell if it was (one of) the intended
+	recipient(s).
+
+	Communication between nodes on different segments is via one
+	or more {routers}.
+
+	(1996-10-16)
+
+Network Solutions, Inc.
+
+	<company> (NSI) One of the three companies that provide and
+	coordinate {InterNIC} services for the {NSFNet}.  NSI is
+	responsible for registration.  NSI has been bought by, and is
+	now a wholly-owned subsidiary of, {Science Applications
+	International Corporation} (SAIC).
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+network storm
+
+	{broadcast storm}
+
+Network Termination
+
+	(NT, NT1) A device connecting the customer's data or telephone
+	equipment to the local {ISDN} exchange carrier's line.  The NT
+	device provides a connection for {terminal equipment} (TE) and
+	{terminal adaptor} (TA) equipment to the {local loop}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+network, the
+
+	1. <jargon, networking> (Or "the net") The union of all the
+	major noncommercial, academic and hacker-oriented networks,
+	such as {Internet}, the old {ARPANET}, {NSFnet}, {BITNET}, and
+	the virtual {UUCP} and {Usenet} "networks", plus the corporate
+	in-house networks and commercial {time-sharing} services (such
+	as {CompuServe}) that gateway to them.
+
+	A site was generally considered "on the network" if it could
+	be reached by {electronic mail} through some combination of
+	Internet-style (@-sign) and UUCP ({bang-path}) addresses.
+	Since the explosion of the Internet in the mid 1990s, the term
+	is now synonymous with the Internet.
+
+	See {network address}.
+
+	2. <body> A fictional conspiracy of libertarian
+	hacker-subversives and anti-authoritarian monkeywrenchers
+	described in Robert Anton Wilson's novel "Schrödinger's Cat",
+	to which many {hackers} have subsequently decided they belong
+	(this is an example of {ha ha only serious}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-01-26)
+
+Network Time Protocol
+
+	(NTP) A {protocol} built on top of {TCP/IP} that assures
+	accurate local timekeeping with reference to radio, atomic or
+	other clocks located on the {Internet}.  This protocol is
+	capable of synchronizing distributed clocks within
+	milliseconds over long time periods.  It is defined in {STD}
+	12, {RFC 1119}.
+
+network topology
+
+	<networking> The "shape" of a network, how the {nodes} are
+	connected to each other.  Common topologies are {bus network},
+	{star network} and {ring network}.
+
+	(2009-07-16)
+
+network transparency
+
+	<networking> A feature of an {operating system} or other
+	service which lets the user access a remote resource through a
+	{network} without having to know if the resource is remote or
+	local.
+
+	For example {NFS} allow users to access remote files as if
+	they were local files.
+
+	(1996-12-21)
+
+NetX
+
+	<company> A LukeCo Company that designs {web pages} and web
+	software.  Not to be confused with {Net:X}.
+
+	{(http://members.aol.com/netx11/index.html)}.
+
+	(1996-12-15)
+
+Net:X
+
+	<company> A Canadian company.  Not to be confused with {NetX}.
+
+	{(http://netx.ca/)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1998-06-25)
+
+neural nets
+
+	{artificial neural network}
+
+neural network
+
+	{artificial neural network}
+
+neuron
+
+	{artificial neural network}
+
+Neutral Interconnect
+
+	Network infrastructure where network service providers can
+	freely exchange traffic without policy restrictions.  Examples
+	are the GIX (Global Internet Exchange) at MAE-East (A
+	Metropolitan Area Ethernet around Washington), and the Ebone
+	(European Backbone).  There is currently (November 1993) no UK
+	Neutral Interconnect.
+
+neutrosophic
+
+	{Neutrosophy}
+
+neutrosophic logic
+
+	<logic> (Or "Smarandache logic") A generalisation of {fuzzy
+	logic} based on {Neutrosophy}.  A {proposition} is t true, i
+	indeterminate, and f false, where t, i, and f are real values
+	from the ranges T, I, F, with no restriction on T, I, F, or
+	the sum n=t+i+f.  Neutrosophic logic thus generalises:
+
+	- {intuitionistic logic}, which supports incomplete theories
+	(for 0<n<100 and i=0, 0<=t,i,f<=100);
+
+	- {fuzzy logic} (for n=100 and i=0, and 0<=t,i,f<=100);
+
+	- {Boolean logic} (for n=100 and i=0, with t,f either 0 or
+	100);
+
+	- {multi-valued logic} (for 0<=t,i,f<=100);
+
+	- {paraconsistent logic} (for n>100 and i=0, with both
+	t,f<100);
+
+	- {dialetheism}, which says that some contradictions are true
+	(for t=f=100 and i=0; some {paradoxes} can be denoted this
+	way).
+
+	Compared with all other logics, neutrosophic logic introduces
+	a percentage of "indeterminacy" - due to unexpected parameters
+	hidden in some propositions.  It also allows each component
+	t,i,f to "boil over" 100 or "freeze" under 0.  For example, in
+	some {tautologies} t>100, called "overtrue".
+
+	{(http://gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/NeutLog.txt)}.
+
+	["Neutrosophy / Neutrosophic probability, set, and logic",
+	F. Smarandache, American Research Press, 1998].
+
+	(1999-10-04)
+
+neutrosophic probability
+
+	<logic> An extended form of probability based on
+	{Neutrosophy}, in which a statement is held to be t true, i
+	indeterminate, and f false, where t, i, f are real values from
+	the ranges T, I, F, with no restriction on T, I, F or the sum
+	n=t+i+f.
+
+	{(http://gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/NeutProb.txt)}.
+
+	["Neutrosophy / Neutrosophic Probability, Set, and Logic",
+	Florentin Smarandache, American Research Press, 1998].
+
+	(1999-10-04)
+
+neutrosophic set
+
+	<logic> A generalisation of the {intuitionistic set},
+	classical set, {fuzzy set}, {paraconsistent set}, {dialetheist
+	set}, {paradoxist set}, {tautological set} based on
+	{Neutrosophy}.  An element x(T, I, F) belongs to the set in
+	the following way: it is t true in the set, i indeterminate in
+	the set, and f false, where t, i, and f are real numbers taken
+	from the sets T, I, and F with no restriction on T, I, F, nor
+	on their sum n=t+i+f.
+
+	The neutrosophic set generalises:
+
+	- the {intuitionistic set}, which supports incomplete set
+	theories (for 0<n<100 and i=0, 0<=t,i,f<=100);
+
+	- the {fuzzy set} (for n=100 and i=0, and 0<=t,i,f<=100);
+
+	- the classical set (for n=100 and i=0, with t,f either 0 or
+	100);
+
+	- the {paraconsistent set} (for n>100 and i=0, with both
+	t,f<100);
+
+	- the {dialetheist set}, which says that the intersection of
+	some disjoint sets is not empty (for t=f=100 and i=0; some
+	paradoxist sets can be denoted this way).
+
+	{(http://gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/NeutSet.txt)}.
+
+	["Neutrosophy / Neutrosophic Probability, Set, and Logic",
+	Florentin Smarandache, American Research Press, 1998].
+
+	(1999-12-14)
+
+neutrosophic statistics
+
+	<statistics> Analysis of events described by {neutrosophic
+	probability}.
+
+	["Neutrosophy / Neutrosophic Probability, Set, and Logic",
+	Florentin Smarandache, American Research Press, 1998].
+
+	(1999-07-05)
+
+Neutrosophy
+
+	<philosophy> (From Latin "neuter" - neutral, Greek "sophia" -
+	skill/wisdom) A branch of philosophy, introduced by Florentin
+	Smarandache in 1980, which studies the origin, nature, and
+	scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with
+	different ideational spectra.
+
+	Neutrosophy considers a {proposition}, theory, event, concept,
+	or entity, "A" in relation to its opposite, "Anti-A" and that
+	which is not A, "Non-A", and that which is neither "A" nor
+	"Anti-A", denoted by "Neut-A".  Neutrosophy is the basis of
+	{neutrosophic logic}, {neutrosophic probability},
+	{neutrosophic set}, and {neutrosophic statistics}.
+
+	{(http://gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/NeutroSo.txt)}.
+
+	["Neutrosophy / Neutrosophic Probability, Set, and Logic",
+	Florentin Smarandache, American Research Press, 1998].
+
+	(1999-07-29)
+
+Never Offline
+
+	<software> (NOL) /noh-el/ A software service provided by
+	{America's Multimedia Online} that allows {Internet} users to
+	be constantly connected to the Internet.
+
+	{(http://neveroffline.com/)}.
+
+	[But what *is* it?]
+
+	(1999-11-03)
+
+newbie
+
+	<jargon> /n[y]oo'bee/ (Sometimes shorted to "noob") Originally
+	from British public-school and military slang variant of "new
+	boy", an inexperienced user.
+
+	This term surfaced in the {newsgroup} {news:talk.bizarre} but
+	is now in wide use.  Criteria for being considered a newbie
+	vary wildly; a person can be called a newbie in one group
+	while remaining a respected regular in another.  The label
+	"newbie" is sometimes applied as a serious insult to a person
+	who has been around for a long time but who carefully hides
+	all evidence of having a clue.
+
+	See {BIFF}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-08-02)
+
+New Flavors
+
+	An {object-oriented} {Lisp} from {Symbolics}, the successor to
+	{Flavors}, it led to {CLOS}.
+
+	["Reference Guide to Symbolics-Lisp", Symbolics, March 1985].
+
+	(1994-10-10)
+
+newgroup wars
+
+	/n[y]oo'groop worz/ [{Usenet}] The salvos of dueling
+	"newgroup" and "rmgroup" messages sometimes exchanged by
+	persons on opposite sides of a dispute over whether a
+	{newsgroup} should be created net-wide, or (even more
+	frequently) whether an obsolete one should be removed.  These
+	usually settle out within a week or two as it becomes clear
+	whether the group has a natural constituency (usually, it
+	doesn't).  At times, especially in the completely anarchic alt
+	hierarchy, the names of newsgroups themselves become a form of
+	comment or humour; e.g. the spinoff of
+	alt.swedish.chef.bork.bork.bork from alt.tv.muppets in early
+	1990, or any number of specialised abuse groups named after
+	particularly notorious {flamers}, e.g. alt.weemba.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+New Jersey
+
+	[Primarily Stanford/Silicon Valley] Brain-damaged or of poor
+	design.  This refers to the allegedly wretched quality of such
+	software as {C}, {C++} and {Unix} (which originated at {Bell
+	Labs} in Murray Hill, New Jersey).  "This compiler bites the
+	bag, but what can you expect from a compiler designed in New
+	Jersey?"  Compare {Berkeley Quality Software}.  See also {Unix
+	conspiracy}.
+
+newline
+
+	<character, jargon> /n[y]oo'li:n/ {Line feed} or other
+	character sequence used to terminate a line of text.
+
+	{Unix} uses {line feed} as its text line terminator - a
+	{Bell-Labs}-ism rather than a {Berkeley}ism.  Interestingly
+	(and unusually for Unix jargon), it is said to have originally
+	been an {IBM} usage.  Though the term "newline" appears in
+	{ASCII} {standards}, it never caught on in the general
+	computing world before {Unix}.  The encoding of line feed as
+	"\n" in {C} and {Unix} strings comes from this name.
+
+	The term has been used more generally for any {end of line}
+	character, character sequence (e.g. {crlf}), or operation
+	(like {Pascal}'s writeln procedure or {Lisp 1.5}'s {terpri})
+	required to terminate a text record or separate lines.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-14)
+
+NEWP
+
+	{NEW Programming language}
+
+NEW Programming language
+
+	<language> (NEWP) A language which replaced {ESPOL} on the
+	{Burroughs Large System}.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+NeWS
+
+	/nee'wis/, /n[y]oo'is/ or /n[y]ooz/ {Network extensible Window
+	System}.
+
+	Many hackers insist on the two-syllable pronunciations above
+	as a way of distinguishing NeWS from {news} (the {netnews}
+	software).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+news
+
+	{netnews}
+
+NewsClip
+
+	A very high level language designed for writing {netnews
+	filters}.  It translates into {C}.  It includes support for
+	various {newsreaders}.  Version 1.01 includes a translator
+	from NewsClip to {C}, examples and documentation.
+
+	NewsClip was written by {Looking Glass Software} Ltd. and is
+	distributed and used by {ClariNet Communications} Corporation  It is
+	only supported for ClariNet customers.  Output of the filters
+	may not be sold and donation for use of this program is hinted
+	at.
+
+	E-mail: <newsclip@clarinet.com>.
+
+	(1992-10-25)
+
+newsfroup
+
+	<messaging, humour> A silly synonym for {Usenet} {newsgroup},
+	originally a typo but now in regular use on {Usenet}'s
+	{news:talk.bizarre} and other lunatic-fringe groups.
+
+	Compare {hing}, {grilf}, and {filk}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+newsgroup
+
+	<messaging> One of {Usenet}'s huge collection of topic groups
+	or {fora}.  {Usenet} groups can be "unmoderated" (anyone can
+	post) or "moderated" (submissions are automatically directed
+	to a {moderator}, who edits or filters and then posts the
+	results).  Some newsgroups have parallel {mailing lists} for
+	{Internet} people with no netnews access, with postings to the
+	group automatically propagated to the list and vice versa.
+	Some moderated groups (especially those which are actually
+	gatewayed {Internet} {mailing lists}) are distributed as
+	"{digests}", with groups of postings periodically collected
+	into a single large posting with an index.
+
+	Among the best-known are comp.lang.c (the {C}-language forum),
+	comp.arch (on computer architectures), comp.Unix.wizards (for
+	{Unix wizards}), rec.arts.sf-lovers (for science-fiction
+	fans), and talk.politics.misc (miscellaneous political
+	discussions and {flamage}).
+
+	Barry Shein <bzs@world.std.com> is alleged to have said,
+	"Remember the good old days when you could read all the group
+	names in one day?"  This gives a good idea of the growth and
+	size of {Usenet}.
+
+	See also {netiquette}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+newsletter
+
+	<publication> A periodically published work containing news
+	and announcements on some subject, typically with a small
+	circulation.  Newsletters are a common application for {DTP}
+	and may be distributed by {electronic mail}.
+
+	(1996-12-10)
+
+Newspeak
+
+	A language inspired by {Scratchpad}.
+
+	[J.K. Foderaro.  "The Design of a Language for Algebraic
+	Computation", Ph.D. Thesis, UC Berkeley, 1983].
+
+Newsqueak
+
+	A {concurrent} {applicative} language with {synchronous}
+	channels.
+
+	["Newsqueak: A Language for Communicating with Mice", R. Pike
+	CSTR143, Bell Labs (March 1989)].
+
+	["The Implementation of Newsqueak", Rob Pike, Soft Prac & Exp
+	20(7):649-659 (July 1990)].
+
+.newsrc
+
+	<messaging> (news run commands) The configuration file for the
+	{Unix} {rn} {news reader}.
+
+	See also {rc}.
+
+	(1996-04-09)
+
+news reader
+
+	<messaging> A {browser} program which enables a user to read
+	articles posted to {Usenet}.  Articles may be stored in a
+	local (or {NFS}-mounted) {spool} directory, or retrieved via
+	{NNTP}.
+
+	Examples are {rn}, {GNUS}, and {nn}.
+
+	(1996-04-09)
+
+New Storage System
+
+	<storage> (NSS) A major {Multics} implementation project
+	during the 1970s.  The initial Multics {file system} design
+	had evolved from the one-huge-disk world of {CTSS}.  When
+	multiple disk units were used they were just assigned
+	increasing ranges of disk addresses, so a {segment} could have
+	{pages} scattered over all disks on the system.  This provided
+	good {I/O} {parallelism} but made {crash recovery} expensive.
+	NSS redesigned the lower levels of the file system,
+	introducing the concepts of {logical volume} and {physical
+	volume} and a mapping from a Multics directory branch to a
+	{VTOC} entry for each file.  The new system had much better
+	recovery performance in exchange for a small space and
+	performance cost.
+
+	(1997-01-29)
+
+new talk
+
+	{ntalk}
+
+New Testament
+
+	[C programmers] The second edition of {K&R}'s "The C
+	Programming Language" (Prentice-Hall, 1988; ISBN
+	0-13-110362-8), describing {ANSI C}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Newton
+
+	1. (Named after Isaac Newton (1642-1727)).  Rapin et al, Swiss
+	Federal Inst Tech, Lausanne 1981.  General purpose expression
+	language, syntactically ALGOL-like, with object-oriented and
+	functional features and a rich set of primitives for
+	concurrency.  Used for undergraduate teaching at Lausanne
+	(EPFL).
+
+	Versions: Newton 2.6 for VAX/VMS and Newton 1.2 for
+	DEC-Alpha/{OSF}-1.
+
+	E-mail: J. Hulaas <hulaas@lcodec1.epfl.ch>.
+	{(ftp://ellc4.epfl.ch /pub/languages/Newton)}.
+
+	["Procedural Objects in Newton", Ch. Rapin, SIGPLAN Notices
+	24(9) (Sep 1989)].
+
+	["The Newton Language", Ch. Rapin et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	16(8):31-40 (Aug 1981)].
+
+	["Programming in Newton", Wuetrich and Menu, EPFL 1982].
+
+	2. {Apple Newton}.
+
+	(2000-08-29)
+
+Newton-Raphson iteration
+
+	<algorithm> An iterative {algorithm} for solving equations.
+	Given an equation,
+
+		f x = 0
+
+	and an initial approximation, x(0), a better approximation is
+	given by:
+
+		x(i+1) = x(i) - f(x(i)) / f'(x(i))
+
+	where f'(x) is the first derivative of f, df/dx.
+
+	Newton-Raphson iteration is an example of an {anytime
+	algorithm} in that each approximation is no worse than the
+	previous one.
+
+	(2007-06-19)
+
+Newton's method
+
+	{Newton-Raphson}
+
+NewWave
+
+	A graphical user interface and object-oriented environment
+	from Hewlett-Packard, based on Windows and available on Unix
+	workstations.
+
+NewYacc
+
+	A {parser generator} by Jack Callahan
+	<callahan@mimsy.cs.umd.edu>.  Version 1.0.
+
+	{(ftp://flubber.cs.umd.edu/src/)}.
+
+	[Dec 89 CACM, A brief overview of NewYacc].
+
+	(1992-02-10)
+
+New York State Educational Reasearch  ETwork
+
+	(NYSERNET) A New York {Internet} access provider and regional
+	network.  NYSERNet has been in the Internet business since
+	about 1985 and have recently upgraded to a {T3} backbone (45
+	megabits per second).  They work with {Sprint}, {NYNEX} and
+	Rochester Telephone.
+
+	NYSERNet, Inc., provides Internet Training provided through
+	the NYSERNet Internet Training and Education Center (NITEC), a
+	twenty-four station hands-on facility in Syracuse, NY.  The
+	Information Services Group supplies tools for marketing via
+	the {Internet} and NYSERNET also provide Technical Consulting
+	Services.
+
+	{(http://nysernet.org/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <info@nysernet.org>.
+
+	(1995-02-01)
+
+New York University
+
+	(NYU) Established in 1831, New York University today includes
+	thirteen schools, colleges and divisions located in New York
+	City's borough of Manhattan, as well as research centers and
+	programs in the surrounding suburbs and abroad.
+
+	{(http://nyu.edu/)}.
+
+NEXOR
+
+	<company> A technology company that specialises in providing
+	electronic communication software products and services to a
+	worldwide market.  It is also the home of {CUSI}.
+
+	{(http://nexor.com/)}.
+
+	(1997-11-10)
+
+Nexpert Object
+
+	An {expert system}.
+
+NeXT, Inc.
+
+	<company> The company founded by {Steve Jobs} [in ?] following
+	his involuntary departure from {Apple Computer, Inc.}.  NeXT
+	produced both the hardware and {operating system}
+	({NEXTSTEP}).  They changed their name to "NeXT Software" when
+	they stopped making hardware and released NEXTSTEP For {Intel}
+	processors.  The company was bought by Apple in 1997(?).
+
+	(1999-11-25)
+
+Next Program Counter
+
+	<architecture> (nPC) A {register} in a {CPU} that contains the
+	{address} of the {instruction} to be executed next.
+
+	(2000-07-12)
+
+NEXTSTEP
+
+	<operating system> The original {multitasking} {operating
+	system} that {NeXT, Inc.} developed to run on its proprietary
+	{NeXT} computers (informally known as "black boxes").
+	NEXTSTEP includes a specific {graphical user interface}, an
+	interface builder, {object-oriented} application builder, and
+	several "kits" of prebuilt software {objects} such as the
+	Indexing Kit for {databases}.  This software runs on top of
+	NeXT's version of the {Mach} operating system on {NeXT},
+	{486}, {Pentium}, {HP-PA}, and {Sun} {SPARC} computers.
+
+	The official spelling changed from "NeXTstep" to "NeXTStep" to
+	"NeXTSTEP", and finally "NEXTSTEP".
+
+	The last release of NEXTSTEP was 3.3, which NeXT then
+	developed into "{OpenStep}".
+
+	{TjL's Pages (http://peak.org/~luomat/)}.
+	{Peanuts (http://peanuts.org/peanuts/NEXTSTEP/)}.
+
+	See also: {GNUStep}.
+
+	(2003-05-23)
+
+nf
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Norfolk Island.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+NFA
+
+	{Finite State Machine}
+
+NFQL
+
+	["NFQL: The Natural Forms Query Language", D. Embley, Trans
+	Database Sys 14(2):168-211 (June 1989)].
+
+NFS
+
+	{Network File System}
+
+NFT
+
+	{Network File Transfer}.  An INTERLINK command on CERNVM.
+
+ng
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Nigeria.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+NGL
+
+	A dialect of {IGL}.
+
+NHOH
+
+	<chat> Never heard of him/her.  Often used in {initgame}.
+
+	(1998-01-18)
+
+ni
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Nicaragua.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+NIAL
+
+	Nested Interactive Array Language.
+
+	A high-level {array}-oriented language from {Queen's
+	University}, Canada, based on {Array Theory} as developed by
+	Trenchard More Jr.
+
+	{Q'NIAL} is an implementation in {C}.
+
+	["Programming Styles in NIAL", M.A.  Jenkins et al, IEEE
+	Software 3(1):46-55 (Jan 1986)].
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+NIAL Systems Ltd.
+
+	Distributors of {Q'NIAL}.
+
+	Address: Ottawa Canada.
+
+	Telephone: Canada (613) 234 4188.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+NIAM
+
+	{Natural Language Information Analysis Method} (or Nijssen IAM).
+
+nibble
+
+	<data> /nib'l/ (US "nybble", by analogy with "bite" -> "byte")
+	Half a {byte}.  Since a byte is nearly always eight {bits}, a
+	nibble is nearly always four bits (and can therefore be
+	represented by one {hex} digit).
+
+	Other size nibbles have existed, for example the {BBC
+	Microcomputer} disk file system used eleven bit sector numbers
+	which were described as one byte (eight bits) and a nibble
+	(three bits).
+
+	Compare {crumb}, {tayste}, {dynner}; see also {bit}, {nickle},
+	{deckle}.
+
+	The spelling "nybble" is uncommon in {Commonwealth Hackish} as
+	British orthography suggests the pronunciation /ni:'bl/.
+
+	(1997-12-03)
+
+Nibble Mode DRAM
+
+	<storage> A standard {DRAM} where four successive {bits} can
+	be clocked out of the single data line by successive pulses on
+	the CAS\ line while RAS\ is active.  A column address is only
+	required for the first bit.
+
+	This mode is now unfashionable but can be found on some older
+	64 kilobit and 256 kilobit chips.
+
+	(1997-12-03)
+
+NIC
+
+	1. <networking> {Network Information Center}.
+
+	2. <hardware> {Network Interface Card}.
+
+	(1996-02-13)
+
+NIC.DDN.MIL
+
+	<networking> {Defense Data Network}'s {Network Information
+	Center}.
+
+	(1996-02-13)
+
+NICE
+
+	The {Nonprofit International Consortium for Eiffel}.
+
+nick
+
+	[IRC] nickname.  On {IRC}, every user must pick a nick, which
+	is sometimes the user's real name or login name, but is often
+	more fanciful.  Compare {handle}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+nickle
+
+	/ni'kl/ ["nickel", common name for the US 5-cent coin] A
+	{nibble} + 1; 5 bits.  Reported among developers for Mattel's
+	{GI 1600} (the {Intellivision} games processor), a chip with
+	16 bit-wide {RAM} but 10 bit-wide {ROM}.  See also {deckle}.
+
+NICOL I
+
+	1. Small subset of PL/I by (Massachusetts) Computer Assoc,
+	ca. 1965.  Version: NICOL II (1967).  Sammet 1969, p.542.
+
+	2. ICL, 1968. [same as 1?]
+
+NIFOC
+
+	<chat> Naked in front of computer.  Possibly also typing with
+	one hand.
+
+	(2001-03-11)
+
+Nightmare File System
+
+	Pejorative hackerism for {Sun}'s {Network File System} (NFS).
+	In any nontrivial network of Suns where there is a lot of NFS
+	{cross-mount}ing, when one Sun goes down, the others often
+	freeze up.  Some machine tries to access the down one, and
+	(getting no response) repeats indefinitely.  This causes it to
+	appear dead to some messages (what is actually happening is
+	that it is locked up in what should have been a brief
+	excursion to a higher {spl} level).  Then another machine
+	tries to reach either the down machine or the pseudo-down
+	machine, and itself becomes pseudo-down.  The first machine to
+	discover the down one is now trying both to access the down
+	one and to respond to the pseudo-down one, so it is even
+	harder to reach.  This situation snowballs very quickly, and
+	soon the entire network of machines is frozen - worst of
+	all, the user can't even abort the file access that started
+	the problem!
+
+	Many of NFS's problems are excused by partisans as being an
+	inevitable result of its {stateless}ness, which is held to be
+	a great feature (critics, of course, call it a great
+	{misfeature}).  {ITS} partisans are apt to cite this as proof
+	of {Unix}'s alleged bogosity; ITS had a working NFS-like
+	shared file system with none of these problems in the early
+	1970s.  See also {broadcast storm}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+night mode
+
+	{phase}
+
+NIH
+
+	The United States National Institutes of Health.
+
+NIHCL
+
+	A {class library} for {C++} from the US National Institutes of
+	Health (NIH).
+
+NII
+
+	{National Information Infrastructure}
+
+NIKL
+
+	Frame language.
+
+	["Recent Developments in NIKL", T.R. Kaczmarek et al, Proc
+	AAAI-86, 1986].
+
+Niklaus Wirth
+
+	<person> The designer of the {Modula-2}, {Modula-3}, and, in
+	around 1970, {Pascal} programming languages.
+
+	[More info?]
+
+	(2001-09-22)
+
+NIL
+
+	/nil/ 1. New Implementation of Lisp.  A language intended to
+	be the successor of {MacLisp}.  A large {Lisp}, implemented
+	mostly in {VAX} {assembly language}.  A forerunner of {Common
+	LISP}.
+
+	["NIL: A Perspective", Jon L. White, MACSYMA Users' Conf Proc,
+	1979].
+
+	2. Network Implementation Language.  Strom & Yemini, TJWRC,
+	IBM.  Implementation of complex networking protocols in a
+	modular fashion.
+
+	["NIL: An Integrated Language and System for Distributed
+	Programming", R. Strom et al, SIGPLAN Notices 18(6):73-82
+	(June 1983)].
+
+	3. Empty list or False.  In {Lisp}, the empty list (or "nil
+	list") is used to represent the {Boolean} value False.  This
+	is possible because {Lisp} is not typed.  True is represented
+	by the special {atom} "t".
+
+	4. Spoken in reply to a question, particularly one asked using
+	the "-P" convention it means "No".  Most hackers assume this
+	derives simply from LISP, but NIL meaning "no" was
+	well-established among radio hams decades before LISP existed.
+	The historical connection between early hackerdom and the ham
+	radio world was strong enough that this may have been an
+	influence.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+niladic
+
+	<programming> A less common synonym for "{nullary}",
+	presumably following the more common {monadic}, {dyadic}, etc.
+	The term was in use as early as 1976, and probably originated
+	in {APL}.
+
+	[APL: An Interactive Approach, 1976].
+
+	(2001-01-27)
+
+Ninety-Ninety Rule
+
+	<humour> "The first 90% of the code accounts for the first 90%
+	of the development time.  The remaining 10% of the code
+	accounts for the other 90% of the development time".
+
+	An aphorism attributed to Tom Cargill of Bell Labs, and
+	popularised by Jon Bentley's September 1985 "Bumper-Sticker
+	Computer Science" column in "Communications of the ACM".  It
+	was there called the "Rule of Credibility", a name which seems
+	not to have stuck.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-07-14)
+
+Nintendo
+
+	<company, games> A Japanese {video game} hardware manufacturer
+	and software publisher.  Nintendo started by making playing
+	cards, but was later dominant in video games throughout the
+	1980s and early 1990s worldwide.  They make lots of games
+	consoles including the Gameboy, Gameboy Advance SP, DS, DS
+	Lite and the Wii.
+
+	{Nintendo home (http://nintendo.com/)}.
+
+	(2008-03-08)
+
+NIOS
+
+	{Netware Input/Output Subsystem}
+
+nipple
+
+	{Trackpoint}
+
+NIS
+
+	{Network Information Service}
+
+NISO
+
+	National Information Standards Organisation (USA).  NISO
+	Standards cover many aspects of library science, publishing,
+	and information services, and address the application of both
+	traditional and new technologies to information services.
+
+NISS
+
+	{National Information Services and Systems}
+
+NIST
+
+	{National Institute of Standards and Technology}
+
+NJCL
+
+	Network Job Control Language.
+
+	["NJCL - A Network Job Control Language", J. du Masle et al,
+	IFIP Congress 1974].
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+nl
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Netherlands (Holland).
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+NLANR
+
+	{National Laboratory for Applied Network Research}
+
+NLM
+
+	{Netware Loadable Module}
+
+NLP
+
+	1. <application> {Natural Language Processing}.
+
+	2. <networking> {Network Layer Protocol}.
+
+NLRI
+
+	{network layer reachability information}
+
+NLS
+
+	{Native Language System}
+
+NLSP
+
+	{NetWare Link State Protocol}
+
+NLX
+
+	<hardware, standard> A low-profile, low {TCO} {motherboard}
+	design created jointly by {Intel Corp.}, {IBM}, {DEC} and
+	other PC vendors.  In contrast to the traditional single-board
+	design, NLX uses a {riser} card to carry {PCI}, {ISA} and
+	{AGP} {bus} data (despite {Intel}'s stated intent to rid PC
+	motherboards of the {ISA} {bus} by 2000).
+
+	Version 1.2 of NLX is the final specification, and was frozen
+	in March 1997.  Minor modifications appear in the form of
+	"Engineering Change Requests".
+
+	{(http://teleport.com/~nlx/)}.
+
+	{Intel (http://intel.com/design/motherboard/nlx.htm)}.
+
+	["NLX Motherboard Specification", various, pub. Intel Corp. 1997]
+
+	(1998-09-21)
+
+NMI
+
+	{Non-Maskable Interrupt}
+
+nML
+
+	<language> A specification language for {instruction sets},
+	based on {attribute grammars}, for {back-end generators}.
+
+	["The nML Machine Description Formalism", M. Freericks
+	<mfx@cs.tu-berlin.de> TR TU Berlin, FB20, Bericht 1991/15].
+
+	(1995-11-28)
+
+NMU
+
+	{Non-Maintainer Upload}
+
+NN
+
+	{neural network}
+
+nn
+
+	<tool, messaging> A {terminal based} program for reading
+	{Usenet} {news} by Kim F. Storm <storm@texas.dk>, Texas
+	Instruments A/S, Denmark.
+
+	nn lets you decide which of the many {news groups} you are
+	interested in, and unsubscribe to those which don't interest
+	you.  nn lets you select articles to read from a menu in each
+	of the groups you subscribe.  nn sorts and presents new
+	articles very quickly because it uses its own local database
+	to maintain all the necessary information (this database is
+	built and maintained by the nnmaster program).
+
+	The {NNTP} support was designed and implemented by Ren'e
+	Seindal, Institute of Datalogy, University of Copenhagen,
+	Denmark.
+
+	E-mail: <nn-bugs@dkuug.dk> (bugs, fixes, suggestions, etc.)
+
+	{Usenet} newgroup: {news:news.software.nn}.
+
+	(1995-12-04)
+
+NNI
+
+	{Network Node Interface}
+
+NNTP
+
+	<messaging> {Network News Transfer Protocol}.
+
+	(1996-02-26)
+
+no
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Norway.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+NOC
+
+	{Network Operations Center}
+
+NODAL
+
+	Interpreted language implemented on Norsk Data's NORD-10
+	computers.  Used by CERN and DESY high energy physics labs to
+	control their accelerator hardware, PADAC and SEDAC.  Included
+	trackball input, graphics.
+
+Nodal Switching System
+
+	(NSS) Main {routing} nodes in the {NSFnet} {backbone}.
+
+noddy
+
+	/nod'ee/ [UK: from the children's books] 1. Small and
+	un-useful, but demonstrating a point.  Noddy programs are
+	often written by people learning a new language or system.
+	The archetypal noddy program is {hello, world}.  Noddy code
+	may be used to demonstrate a feature or bug of a compiler.
+	May be used of real hardware or software to imply that it
+	isn't worth using.  "This editor's a bit noddy."
+
+	2. A program that is more or less instant to produce.  In this
+	use, the term does not necessarily connote uselessness, but
+	describes a {hack} sufficiently trivial that it can be written
+	and debugged while carrying on (and during the space of) a
+	normal conversation.  "I'll just throw together a noddy {awk}
+	script to dump all the first fields."  In North America this
+	might be called a {mickey mouse program}.  See {toy program}.
+
+	3. A simple (hence the name) language to handle text and
+	interaction on the {Memotech} home computer.  Has died with
+	the machine.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+node
+
+	1. A point or vertex in a {graph}.
+
+	2. {network node}.
+
+	3. A {hypertext} document.
+
+noise
+
+	<communications> Any part of a signal that is not the true or
+	original signal but is introduced by the communication
+	mechanism.
+
+	A common example would be an electrical signal travelling down
+	a wire to which noise is added by inductive and capacitive
+	coupling with other nearby signals (this kind of noise is
+	known as "{crosstalk}").
+
+	A less obvious form of noise is {quantisation} noise, such as
+	the error between the true colour of a point in a scene in the
+	real world and its representation as a {pixel} in a digital
+	image.
+
+	(2003-07-05)
+
+noise margin
+
+	<electronics> The voltage difference between the guaranteed
+	output level and the required input voltage level of a {logic
+	gate}.
+
+	(2007-05-16)
+
+noise shaping
+
+	<communications> {Spectral noise} transformation in a
+	quantisation processes.  Noise is "colourised" in the {time
+	domain} an/or {frequency domain} by adding parts of the
+	previous sample.  The {SNR bandwidth} and {SNR time integral}
+	stay the same, so some noise decreases, some increases, but
+	overall noise always increases.
+
+	An example of noise shaping in the frequency domain is
+	quantisation of samples on a {Compact Disc} to reduce noise
+	below -98 dB.  The are different algorithms with slightly
+	different filters, e.g. {Super Bitmapping}, {4D Recording}.
+
+	A time domain example is {MPEG-4 AAC TNS}, which is a method
+	to enhance quality by temporal forming of the noise in a
+	transform block.
+
+	(2003-07-19)
+
+NOL
+
+	{Never Offline}
+
+NOMAD
+
+	<language, database> A {database} language.
+
+	Version: NOMAD2 from {Must Software} International.
+
+	["NOMAD Reference Manual", Form 1004, National CSS Inc, Dec
+	1976].
+
+	(1995-04-01)
+
+NOMEX underwear
+
+	/noh'meks uhn'-der-weir/ [{Usenet}] Synonym {asbestos
+	longjohns}, used mostly in auto-related {mailing lists} and
+	newsgroups.  NOMEX underwear is an actual product available on
+	the racing equipment market, used as a fire resistance measure
+	and required in some racing series.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Nominal Semidestructor
+
+	<abuse> Slang for "{National Semiconductor}", found among
+	other places in the {4.3BSD} networking sources.  During the
+	late 1970s to mid-1980s this company marketed a series of
+	{microprocessors} including the {National Semiconductor 16000}
+	and {National Semiconductor 32000}.  At one point early in the
+	great {microprocessor} race, the specs on these chips made
+	them look like serious competition for the rising {Intel
+	80x86} and {Motorola 680x0} series.  Unfortunately, the actual
+	parts were notoriously flaky and never implemented the full
+	{instruction set} promised in their literature, apparently
+	because the company couldn't get any of the {mask steppings}
+	to work as designed.  They eventually sank without trace,
+	joining the {Zilog Z8000} and a few even more obscure
+	also-rans in the graveyard of forgotten microprocessors.
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+non-algorithmic procedure
+
+	{heuristic}
+
+non-constructive proof
+
+	<logic> (Or "existence proof") A {proof} that something exists
+	that does not provide an example of that thing or a method for
+	finding an example.  (A {constructive proof} does provide such an
+	example or method).
+
+	For example, for any pair of finite real numbers n < 0 and p > 0
+	there exists a real number 0 < k < 1 such that
+
+		f(k) = (1-k)*n + k*p = 0.
+
+	A non-constructive proof might proceed by observing that as k
+	changes continuously from 0 to 1, f(k) changes continuously from n
+	to p and, since they lie either side of zero, f(k) must pass
+	through zero for some intermediate value of k.  This proof does
+	not tell us what that value of k is, only that it exists.
+
+	{Cantor}'s proof that the {real numbers} are {uncountable} can be
+	thought of as a non-constructive proof that {irrational numbers}
+	exist.  There are existence theorems with no known constructive
+	proof.
+
+	(2014-08-23)
+
+nondeterminism
+
+	<algorithm> A property of a computation which may have more
+	than one result.
+
+	One way to implement a nondeterministic {algorithm} is using
+	{backtracking}, another is to explore (all) possible solutions
+	in parallel.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+nondeterministic
+
+	Exhibiting {nondeterminism}.
+
+nondeterministic automaton
+
+	<theory> (Or "probabilistic automaton") An {automaton} in
+	which there are several possible actions (outputs and next
+	states) at each state of the computation such that the overall
+	course of the computation is not completely determined by the
+	program, the starting state, and the initial inputs.
+
+	See also {nondeterministic Turing Machine}.
+
+	(1996-05-07)
+
+nondeterministic polynomial time
+
+	<complexity> (NP) A set or property of computational {decision
+	problems} solvable by a {nondeterministic Turing Machine} in a
+	number of steps that is a {polynomial} function of the size of
+	the input.  The word "nondeterministic" suggests a method of
+	generating potential solutions using some form of
+	{nondeterminism} or "trial and error".  This may take
+	{exponential time} as long as a potential solution can be
+	verified in {polynomial time}.
+
+	NP is obviously a superset of P ({polynomial time} problems
+	solvable by a deterministic {Turing Machine} in {polynomial
+	time}) since a deterministic algorithm can be considered as a
+	degenerate form of nondeterministic algorithm.  The question
+	then arises: is NP equal to P?  I.e. can every problem in NP
+	actually be solved in polynomial time?  Everyone's first guess
+	is "no", but no one has managed to prove this; and some very
+	clever people think the answer is "yes".
+
+	If a problem A is in NP and a polynomial time algorithm for A
+	could also be used to solve problem B in polynomial time, then
+	B is also in NP.
+
+	See also {Co-NP}, {NP-complete}.
+
+	[Examples?]
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+Nondeterministic Turing Machine
+
+	<complexity> A normal (deterministic) {Turing Machine} that
+	has a "guessing head" - a write-only head that writes a guess
+	at a solution on the tape first, based on some arbitrary
+	internal {algorithm}.  The regular {Turing Machine} then runs
+	and returns "yes" or "no" to indicate whether the solution is
+	correct.
+
+	A {nondeterministic Turing Machine} can solve
+	{nondeterministic polynomial time} computational {decision
+	problems} in a number of steps that is a {polynomial} function
+	of the size of the input
+
+	(1995-04-27)
+
+non-impact printer
+
+	<printer> Any printer, such as a {laser printer}, {ink-jet
+	printer}, {LED page printer}, that prints without striking the
+	paper, unlike a {dot matrix printer} which hits the paper with
+	small pins.  Non-impact printers are quieter than impact
+	printers, and also faster due the lack of moving parts in the
+	print head.
+
+	(1995-11-20)
+
+non-interlaced
+
+	{interlace}
+
+nonintrusive testing
+
+	<testing> Testing that is transparent to the software under
+	test, i.e., does not change its timing or processing
+	characteristics.  Nonintrusive testing usually involves
+	additional hardware that collects timing or processing
+	information and processes that information on another
+	platform.
+
+nonlinear
+
+	(Scientific computation) A property of a system whose output
+	is not proportional to its input.  For example, a {transistor}
+	has a region of input voltages for which its output voltage is
+	found by multiplying the input voltage by the gain of the
+	transistor.  Outside this region though, the transistor
+	behaves non-linearly, meaning that it does not obey this
+	simple equation.  The behaviour of a system containing
+	non-linear components is thus harder to model and to predict.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Non-Maintainer Upload
+
+	<Debian> (NMU) A {release} of a package by someone other than
+	its usual maintainer.
+
+	<example>The bug was fixed in a recent NMU.</example>
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+Non-Maskable Interrupt
+
+	(NMI) An IRQ 7 on the {PDP-11} or {680x0} or the NMI line on
+	an 80x86.  In contrast with a {priority interrupt} (which
+	might be ignored, although that is unlikely), an NMI is
+	*never* ignored.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+non-optimal solution
+
+	(Or "sub-optimal solution") An astoundingly stupid way to do
+	something.  This term is generally used in deadpan sarcasm, as
+	its impact is greatest when the person speaking looks
+	completely serious.
+
+	See also {Bad Thing}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+Nonpareil
+
+	One of five pedagogical languages based on {Markov
+	algorithms}, used in ["Nonpareil, a Machine Level Machine
+	Independent Language for the Study of Semantics", B. Higman,
+	ULICS Intl Report No ICSI 170, U London (1968)].  The others
+	were {Brilliant}, {Diamond}, {Pearl} and {Ruby}.
+
+non parity
+
+	{parity}
+
+non-polynomial
+
+	<complexity> The set or property of problems for which no
+	{polynomial-time algorithm} is known.
+
+	This includes problems for which the only known {algorithms}
+	require a number of steps which increases exponentially with
+	the size of the problem, and those for which no {algorithm} at
+	all is known.  Within these two there are problems which are
+	"{provably difficult}" and "{provably unsolvable}".
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+Non Return to Zero Inverted
+
+	<storage> (NRZI) A recording method used for 9-track {magnetic
+	tapes} (200 and 800 BPI) where a zero is represented by a
+	change in the signal and a one by no change.
+
+	NRZI is also used extensively in {SDLC} communications.
+	{VTAM} has a parameter NRZI=YES|NO.
+
+	Compare {Phase Encoded}, {GCR}.
+
+	(1999-01-11)
+
+nontrivial
+
+	Requiring real thought or significant computing power.  Often
+	used as an understated way of saying that a problem is quite
+	difficult or impractical, or even entirely unsolvable
+	("Proving P=NP is nontrivial").  The preferred emphatic form
+	is "decidedly nontrivial".
+
+	See {uninteresting}, {interesting}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+Non-Uniform Memory Access
+
+	<architecture> (NUMA) A memory architecture, used in
+	{multiprocessors}, where the access time depends on the memory
+	location.  A processor can access its own local memory faster
+	than non-local memory (memory which is local to another
+	processor or shared between processors).
+
+	(1995-11-12)
+
+non-uniform quantising logarithmic compression
+
+	The kind of {compression} often applied to a sound waveform.
+	{Logarithmic compression} is a good match for the human ear's
+	sensitivity but cannot handle zero amplitude (for which the
+	logarithm is negative infinity).  There are two {standard}
+	compression functions which give a smooth transition between
+	the logarithmic function and a linear segment passing through
+	the origin: {mu-law} (North America) and {A-law} ({ITU-T}).
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+Non-Uniform Rational B Spline
+
+	<graphics, mathematics> (nurbs) A common term in Mechanical
+	{CAD}.  The NURBS has excellent continuity characteristics
+	which make it useful for creating accurate models in 3D
+	geometry generation and computer modelling.
+
+	[What is a nurbs?  an rbs?  a bs?  a s?]
+
+	(1996-08-27)
+
+non-volatile
+
+	{non-volatile storage}
+
+non-volatile memory
+
+	{non-volatile storage}
+
+Non-Volatile Random Access Memory
+
+	<storage> (NVRAM) {Static random-access memory} which is made
+	into {non-volatile storage} either by having a battery
+	permanently connected or by saving its contents to {EEPROM}
+	before turning the power off and reloading it when power is
+	restored.
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+non-volatile storage
+
+	<storage> (NVS, persistent storage, memory) A term describing
+	a storage device whose contents are preserved when its power
+	is off.  Storage using magnetic media (e.g. {magnetic disks},
+	{magnetic tape} or {bubble memory}) is normally non-volatile
+	by nature whereas {semiconductor} memories ({static RAM} and
+	especially {dynamic RAM}) are normally volatile but can be
+	made into non-volatile storage by having a (rechargable)
+	battery permanently connected.
+
+	{Dynamic RAM} is particularly volatile since it looses its
+	data, even if the power is still on, unless it is {refresh}ed.
+	An acoustic {delay line} is a (very old) example of a volatile
+	storage device.
+
+	Other examples of non-volatile storage are {EEPROM}, {CD-ROM},
+	{paper tape} and {punched cards}.
+
+	(2000-05-22)
+
+noob
+
+	{newbie}
+
+no-op
+
+	/noh'op/ alt. NOP /nop/ [no operation] 1. A machine
+	instruction that does nothing (sometimes used in
+	assembler-level programming as filler for data or patch areas,
+	or to overwrite code to be removed in binaries).  See also
+	{JFCL}.
+
+	2. A person who contributes nothing to a project, or has
+	nothing going on upstairs, or both.  As in "He's a no-op."
+
+	3. Any operation or sequence of operations with no effect,
+	such as circling the block without finding a parking space, or
+	putting money into a vending machine and having it fall
+	immediately into the coin-return box, or asking someone for
+	help and being told to go away.  "Oh, well, that was a no-op."
+	Hot-and-sour soup that is insufficiently either is "no-op
+	soup"; so is wonton soup if everybody else is having
+	hot-and-sour.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+NOR
+
+	Not OR.
+
+	The {Boolean} function which is true if none of its inputs are
+	true and false otherwise, the {logical complement} of
+	{inclusive OR}.  The binary (two-input) NOR function can be
+	defined (written as an {infix} operator):
+
+	A NOR B = NOT (A OR B) = (NOT A) AND (NOT B)
+
+	Its {truth table} is:
+
+		A | B | A NOR B
+		--+---+---------
+		F | F |    T
+		F | T |	   F
+		T | F |    F
+		T | T |    F
+
+	NOR, like {NAND}, forms a complete set of {Boolean} functions on
+	its own since it can be used to make NOT, AND, OR and any
+	other Boolean function:
+
+	NOT A = A NOR A
+
+	A OR B = NOT (A NOR B)
+
+	A AND B = (NOT A) NOR (NOT B)
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+NORC COMPILER
+
+	Early system on NORC machine.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
+	1959).
+
+NorCroft
+
+	(Contraction of Norman + Mycroft) A company producing {C}
+	compilers, set up by Arthur Norman and Alan Mycroft.  Now
+	"sort of" called Codemist.  The original Norcroft compiler was
+	written by Alan and Arthur to provide a {platform} for
+	teaching languages and compilers on the {Cambridge University}
+	{mainframe}.  They then went on to develop versions for the
+	{transputer}, {ARM} and others.
+
+	[What is the relationship between NorCroft and Codemist?]
+
+	(1994-10-25)
+
+NORD PL
+
+	Intermediate language for {Norsk Data} computers.  {Sintran
+	III}, the {operating system} of the ND 10 (late 1970's), was
+	written in NORD PL.
+
+	["NORD PL User's Guide", ND-60.047.03].
+
+NORDUnet
+
+	<networking, body> (Nordic Universities Network?) A
+	collaboration between the national research networks in
+	Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.  It provides
+	international access for these countries.
+
+	{(http://info.nordu.net/)}.
+
+	(1998-07-05)
+
+norm
+
+	<mathematics> A real-valued {function} modelling the length of
+	a {vector}.  The norm must be {homogeneous} and {symmetric}
+	and fulfil the following condition: the shortest way to reach
+	a point is to go straight toward it.  Every {convex} symmetric
+	{closed} surface surrounding point 0 introduces a norm by
+	means of {Minkowski functional}; all vectors that end on the
+	surface have the same norm then.
+
+	The most popular norm is the {Euclidean norm}.
+
+	(2004-02-15)
+
+normal distribution
+
+	<statistics> (Or "Gaussian distribution") The {frequency
+	distribution} of many natural phenomena such as the height or
+	intelligence of people of a certain age and sex.  The formula
+	looks something like:
+
+		P(x) = e^(((x-m)/s)^2)
+
+	where P(x) is the probability of a measurement x, m is the
+	mean value of x and s is the {standard deviation}.
+
+	Also known as a "bell curve" because of its shape.
+
+	(2003-10-25)
+
+normal form
+
+	1. <reduction> In {reduction} systems, the state of a term
+	which contains no reducible expressions.  Variants include
+	{head normal form}, {weak head normal form}.
+
+	2. <database> See {database normalisation}.
+
+normalisation
+
+	1. <data processing> A transformation applied uniformly to
+	each element in a set of data so that the set has some
+	specific statistical property.  For example, monthly
+	measurements of the rainfall in London might be normalised by
+	dividing each one by the total for the year to give a profile
+	of rainfall throughout the year.
+
+	2. <programming> Representation of a {floating-point} number
+	so that its {mantissa}'s left-most digit is non-zero.  If the
+	leftmost fraction digit are zeros, the number is said to be
+	unnormalised.  Unnormalised numbers are normalised by shifting
+	the fraction left, one digit at a time, until the leftmost
+	digit is nonzero and reducing the {exponent} by the number of
+	shifts.
+
+	3. <database> {database normalisation}.
+
+	(1998-04-15)
+
+normalised
+
+	{normalisation}
+
+normal order reduction
+
+	Under this {evaluation strategy} an expression is evaluated by
+	reducing the leftmost outermost {redex} first.  This method
+	will terminate for any expression for which termination is
+	possible, whereas {applicative order reduction} may not.  This
+	method is equivalent to passing arguments unevaluated because
+	arguments are initially to the right of functions applied to
+	them.  See also {computational adequacy theorem}.
+
+normed space
+
+	<mathematics> A {vector space} with a {function}, ||F||, such
+	that
+
+	 ||F|| = 0 if and only if F=0
+	 ||aF|| = abs(a) * ||F||
+	 ||F+G|| <= ||F|| + ||G||
+
+	Roughly, a distance between two elements in the space is
+	defined.
+
+	(2000-03-10)
+
+northbridge
+
+	<architecture> The single {integrated circuit} in a {core
+	logic} {chip set} that connects the {CPU} to the {system
+	memory} and the {AGP} and {PCI} busses.  Other functions are
+	provided by the {southbridge} chip.
+
+	{(http://maximumpc.com/terminator/terminator_n.html)}.
+
+	(2000-01-15)
+
+NorthWestNet
+
+	(NWNET) Kochmer, J., and NorthWestNet, "The Internet Passport:
+	NorthWestNets Guide to Our World Online", NorthWestNet,
+	Bellevue, WA, 1992.
+
+NOS
+
+	{Network Operating System}
+
+NOT
+
+	<logic> The {Boolean} function which is true only if its input
+	is false.  Its {truth table} is:
+
+	 A | NOT A
+	 --+----------
+	 F |   T
+	 T |   F
+
+	(1996-11-04)
+
+Not-a-Number
+
+	<mathematics> (NaN) An {IEEE floating point} representation
+	for the result of a numerical operation which cannot return a
+	valid number value.  A NaN can result from multiplying an
+	infinity by a zero, or from subtracting one infinity from
+	another [what else?].
+
+	NaN is encoded as a special {bit pattern} [what pattern?]
+	which would otherwise represent a {floating-point} number.  It
+	is used to signal error returns where other mechanisms are not
+	convenient, e.g. a hardware {floating-point unit} and to allow
+	errors to propagate through a calculation.
+
+	Similar bit patterns represent positive and negative
+	{overflow} and {underflow} and the positive and negative
+	infinities resulting from {division by zero}.
+
+	{Bit patterns
+	(http://psc.edu/general/software/packages/ieee/ieee.html)}.
+
+	[ANSI/IEEE Std 754-1985].
+
+	[Correct?]
+
+	(2001-04-01)
+
+notebook
+
+	1. <computer> {laptop computer}.
+
+	2. <tool> {Labtech Notebook}.
+
+	(1998-01-05)
+
+NoteCards
+
+	An ambitious hypertext system developed at Xerox PARC,
+	"designed to support the task of transforming a chaotic
+	collection of unrelated thoughts into an integrated, orderly
+	interpretation of ideas and their interconnections".
+
+Notepad
+
+	<text, tool> The very basic {text editor} supplied with
+	{Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	(1998-01-05)
+
+Notes
+
+	{Lotus Notes}
+
+Nother
+
+	A parallel {symbolic mathematics} system.
+
+	E-mail: <karhu@cs.umu.se>.
+
+not ready for prime time
+
+	Usable, but only just so; not very robust; for internal use
+	only.  Said of a program or device.  Often connotes that the
+	thing will be made more solid {Real Soon Now}.  This term
+	comes from the ensemble name of the original cast of "Saturday
+	Night Live", the "Not Ready for Prime Time Players".  It has
+	extra flavour for hackers because of the special (though now
+	semi-obsolescent) meaning of {prime time}.  Compare {beta}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+notspot
+
+	<networking, humour> In contrast with {wireless hotspot}, a
+	place where there is no means to connect to the {Internet}.
+	While the term "{hotspot}" refers to a {wireless local area
+	network}, "notspot" might also mean a place without decent
+	{DSL} (broadband Internet) connection.
+
+	(2009-05-28)
+
+notwork
+
+	<networking, humour> /not'werk/ A network that is performing
+	badly.
+
+	Said at IBM to have originally referred to a particular period
+	of flakiness on IBM's VNET corporate network ca. 1988; but
+	there are independent reports of the term from elsewhere.
+
+	The joke sounds better in Russian, where "nyet" means "no",
+	hence nyetwork /nyet'werk/.
+
+	(2009-05-28)
+
+Nova
+
+	<processor> A {minicomputer}(?) introduced by {Data General}
+	in 1969, with four 16-bit {accumulators}, AC0 to AC3, and a
+	15-bit {program counter}.  A later model also had a 15-bit
+	{stack pointer} and {frame pointer}.  AC2 and AC3 could be
+	used for {indexed addressing} and AC3 was used to store the
+	return address on a {subroutine} call.  Apart from the small
+	{register set}, the NOVA was an ordinary {CPU} design.
+
+	Memory could be accessed indirectly through addresses stored
+	in other memory locations.  If locations 0 to 3 were used for
+	this purpose, they were auto-incremented after being used.  If
+	locations 4 to 7 were used, they were auto-decremented.
+	Memory could be addressed in 16-bit words up to a maximum of
+	32K words (64K bytes).  The instruction cycle time was 500
+	{nanoseconds}(?).  The Nova originally used {core memory},
+	then later {dynamic RAM}.
+
+	Like the {PDP-8}, the {Data General} Nova was also copied, not
+	just in one, but two implementations - the {Data General
+	MN601} and {Fairchild 9440}.  Luckily, the NOVA was a more
+	mature design than the PDP-8.
+
+	Another CPU, the {PACE}, was based on the NOVA design, but
+	featured 16-bit addresses (instead of the Nova's 15), more
+	{addressing modes}, and a 10-level {stack} (like the {Intel
+	8008}).
+
+	[Speed, mini?]
+
+	(2003-10-23)
+
+Novell Data Systems
+
+	<company> A small computer {hardware} company building {CP/M}
+	{Z80}-based systems.  They later went on to become {Novell,
+	Inc.} and develop {Novell Netware}.
+
+	(1995-09-23)
+
+Novell DOS
+
+	<operating system, product> {Novell}'s fully compatible
+	alternative to {MS-DOS}.  It is intended as an {operating
+	system} for {workstations} on {Novell} networks.  It features
+	enhanced {memory management} that moves the operating system,
+	{network drivers}, and {memory-resident programs} ({TSRs}) out
+	of conventional memory on all systems with an {Intel 80286} or
+	later processor and {extended memory} or {expanded memory}.
+	It supports {preemptive multitasking} and {peer-to-peer
+	networking} using the same {DOS Requester} and {VLMs} for a
+	"common client" with native {Novell NetWare}.
+
+	A data {compression} utility effectively doubles storage
+	capacity of the hard disk.  It supports disk
+	{defragmentation}, a read/write {disk cache} for better
+	performance of both DOS and {Microsoft Windows} {application
+	programs}.  An undelete utility recovers erased files, even on
+	network drives.  It has a complete on-line reference guide,
+	command help, and menu-driven install and setup utilities for
+	easy configuration changes.
+
+	Novell DOS has internal and external commands like {MS-DOS}.
+	The following commands have been significantly enhanced in
+	Novell DOS: CHKDSK, DISKCOPY, HELP, MEM, REPLACE, UNDELETE,
+	and XCOPY.  Novell DOS also includes many new commands such as
+	XDIR, CURSOR, XDEL, TOUCH, SCRIPT, and RENDIR.
+
+	Version: 7.
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+Novell, Inc.
+
+	<company, networking> A {software} development company
+	specialising in {network}ing and {workgroup} applications.
+
+	{Novell} started life as {Novell Data Systems}, a computer
+	hardware business.  The company was reorganised as Novell,
+	Inc., and began to focus almost entirely on networking in
+	1983, with the release of {Novell Netware} 1, a {Network
+	Operating System} for {IBM PCs}.
+
+	{Novell Netware}'s success has left Novell in a dominant
+	position in the {network}ing market.  The product has evolved
+	and now supports many {hardware} and {software} {platforms}
+	together with {WAN} connectivity.
+
+	The company has diversified in recent years, with the
+	acquisition of several mainstream applications, including
+	{Wordperfect} and {Quattro} Pro.  Other products include
+	{UnixWare}, {AppWare}, {Personal NetWare}, {Groupwise} and
+	{Novell Dos 7}.
+
+	{(http://novell.com/)}.
+
+	(21 Sept 1995)
+
+Novell NetWare
+
+	<operating system, networking> {Novell, Inc.}'s proprietary
+	networking {operating system} for the {IBM PC}.
+
+	NetWare uses the {IPX}/{SPX}, {NetBEUI} or {TCP/IP} network
+	{protocols}.  It supports {MS-DOS}, {Microsoft Windows},
+	{OS/2}, {Macintosh} and {Unix} {clients}.  NetWare for Unix
+	lets users access Unix hosts.
+
+	NetWare 2.2 is a 16-bit operating system, versions 4.x and 3.x
+	are 32-bit operating systems.
+
+	{(http://netware.novell.com/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.sys.novell}.
+
+	["Netware", K. Siyan, pub. New Riders].
+
+	[LAN Magazine, Sep 1993].
+
+	(1996-01-13)
+
+NOWEB
+
+	<programming> A system of {structured programming} and
+	documentation from M.Speh in {DESY}.
+
+	See {literate programming}.
+
+	(1996-01-13)
+
+no-write allocation
+
+	<memory management> A {cache} policy where only processor
+	reads are cached, thus avoiding the need for {write-back} or
+	{write-through}.
+
+	(1996-06-12)
+
+NP
+
+	<complexity> {nondeterministic polynomial time}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+np
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Nepal.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+NPC
+
+	1. <complexity> {NP-complete}.
+
+	2. <architecture> {Next Program Counter}.
+
+	(2000-07-12)
+
+NP-complete
+
+	<complexity> (NPC, Nondeterministic Polynomial time complete)
+	A set or property of computational {decision problems} which
+	is a subset of {NP} (i.e. can be solved by a
+	{nondeterministic} {Turing Machine} in {polynomial} time),
+	with the additional property that it is also {NP-hard}.  Thus
+	a solution for one NP-complete problem would solve all
+	problems in NP.  Many (but not all) naturally arising problems
+	in class NP are in fact NP-complete.
+
+	There is always a {polynomial-time algorithm} for transforming
+	an instance of any NP-complete problem into an instance of any
+	other NP-complete problem.  So if you could solve one you
+	could solve any other by transforming it to the solved one.
+
+	The first problem ever shown to be NP-complete was the
+	{satisfiability problem}.  Another example is {Hamilton's
+	problem}.
+
+	See also {computational complexity}, {halting problem},
+	{Co-NP}, {NP-hard}.
+
+	{(http://fi-www.arc.nasa.gov/fia/projects/bayes-group/group/NP/)}.
+
+	[Other examples?]
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+NP-hard
+
+	<complexity> A set or property of computational {search
+	problems}.  A problem is NP-hard if solving it in {polynomial
+	time} would make it possible to solve all problems in class
+	{NP} in polynomial time.
+
+	Some NP-hard problems are also in {NP} (these are called
+	"{NP-complete}"), some are not.  If you could reduce an {NP}
+	problem to an NP-hard problem and then solve it in polynomial
+	time, you could solve all NP problems.
+
+	See also {computational complexity}.
+
+	[Examples?]
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+NP-hilarious
+
+	<humour> An {algorithm} whose complexity is a joke, either
+	literally, as in {BogoSort}, or metaphorically.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2014-06-28)
+
+NPL
+
+	1. New Programming Language.  IBM's original (temporary) name
+	for PL/I, changed due to conflict with England's "National
+	Physical Laboratory."  MPL and MPPL were considered before
+	settling on PL/I.  Sammet 1969, p.542.
+
+	2. A {functional language} with {pattern matching} designed by
+	Rod Burstall and John Darlington in 1977.  The language
+	allowed certain sets and logic constructs to appear on the
+	right hand side of definitions, E.g.
+
+		setofeven(X) <= <:x: x in X & even(x) :>
+
+	The NPL {interpreter} evaluates the list of {generators} from
+	left to right so conditions can mention any bound variables
+	that occur to their left.  These were known as {set
+	comprehensions}.  NPL eventually evolved into {Hope} but lost
+	set comprehensions which were called {list comprehensions} in
+	later functional languages.
+
+	[John Darlington, "Program Transformation and Synthesis:
+	Present Capabilities", Research Report No. 77/43, Dept. of
+	Computing and Control, Imperial College of Science and
+	Technology, London September 1977.]
+
+	3. NonProcedural Language.  A {relational database} language
+	developed by T.D. Truitt et al in 1980 for {Apple II} and
+	{MS-DOS}.
+
+	["An Introduction to Nonprocedural Languages Using NPL",
+	T.D. Truitt et al, McGraw-Hill 1983].
+
+NPPL
+
+	Network Picture Processing Language.  An interactive language
+	for manipulation of {digraphs}.
+
+	["A Graph Manipulator for On-line Network Picture Processing",
+	H.A. DiGiulio, Proc FJCC 35 (1969)].
+
+N-Prolog
+
+	{Prolog} extended with explicit negation.  Dov Gabbay
+	<dg@doc.ic.ac.uk>.
+
+	[J Logic Programming].
+
+NP time
+
+	{nondeterministic polynomial time}
+
+NP tricky
+
+	<humour> A play on {NP hard} describing an {algorithm} or piece of
+	code that is too complicated for a mere mortal to understand.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2014-06-18)
+
+NQS
+
+	Batch processing software for Unix systems.
+
+Nqthm
+
+	The language used in the {Boyer-Moore} {theorem prover}.
+
+	["Proving Theorems About LISP Functions", R.S. Boyer et al
+	JACM 22(1):129-144 (Jan 1975)].
+
+nr
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Nauru.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+NREN
+
+	{National Research and Education Network}
+
+nroff
+
+	<language> /N'rof/ [Unix, from "new {roff}"] A {text formatting
+	language} and interpreter, companion to the Unix typesetter
+	{troff}, accepting identical input but preparing output for
+	terminals and line printers.  See also {groff}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2012-12-14)
+
+NRZ
+
+	{Non Return to Zero}
+
+NRZI
+
+	{Non Return to Zero Inverted}
+
+ns
+
+	{nanosecond}
+
+NS16000
+
+	{National Semiconductor 16000}
+
+NS32000
+
+	{National Semiconductor 32000}
+
+NSA line eater
+
+	<messaging, tool> The National Security Agency trawling
+	program sometimes assumed to be reading the net for the US
+	Government's spooks.  Most hackers describe it as a mythical
+	beast, but some believe it actually exists, more aren't sure,
+	and many believe in acting as though it exists just in case.
+	Some netters put loaded phrases like "KGB", "Uzi", "nuclear
+	materials", "Palestine", "cocaine", and "assassination" in
+	their {sig blocks} to confuse and overload the creature.  The
+	{GNU} version of {Emacs} actually has a command that randomly
+	inserts a bunch of insidious anarcho-verbiage into your edited
+	text.
+
+	There is a mainstream variant of this myth involving a "Trunk
+	Line Monitor", which supposedly used speech recognition to
+	extract words from telephone trunks.  This one was making the
+	rounds in the late 1970s, spread by people who had no idea of
+	then-current technology or the storage, {signal-processing},
+	or {speech recognition} needs of such a project.  On the basis
+	of mass-storage costs alone it would have been cheaper to hire
+	50 high-school students and just let them listen in.
+	Speech-recognition technology can't do this job even now
+	(1993), and almost certainly won't in this millennium, either.
+
+	The peak of silliness came with a letter to an alternative
+	paper in New Haven, Connecticut, laying out the factoids of
+	this Big Brotherly affair.  The letter writer then revealed
+	his actual agenda by offering - at an amazing low price, just
+	this once, we take VISA and MasterCard - a scrambler
+	guaranteed to daunt the Trunk Trawler and presumably allowing
+	the would-be Baader-Meinhof gangs of the world to get on with
+	their business.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+NSAPI
+
+	{Netscape Application Programming Interface}
+
+NSDI
+
+	{National Spatial Data Infrastructure}
+
+NSE
+
+	Network Software Environment: a proprietary CASE framework
+	from Sun Microsystems.
+
+NSF
+
+	{National Science Foundation}
+
+NSFIP
+
+	<operating system> {NEXTSTEP} For {Intel} Processor.
+
+	(1999-11-25)
+
+NSFNET
+
+	{National Science Foundation Network}
+
+NSI
+
+	{Network Solutions, Inc.}
+
+nslookup
+
+	<networking> A {Unix} {utility program}, originally by Andrew
+	Cherenson, for querying {Internet} {domain name servers}.  The
+	basic use is to find the {IP address} corresponding to a
+	given {hostname} (or vice versa).  By changing the query type
+	(e.g. "set type=CNAME") other types of information can be
+	obtained including CNAME - the {canonical name} for an alias;
+	HINFO - the host {CPU} and {operating system} type; MINFO -
+	mailbox or mail list information; {MX} - {mail exchanger}
+	information; NS - the {name server} for the named zone; PTR -
+	the hostname if the query is an IP address, otherwise
+	the pointer to other information; SOA the domain's
+	start-of-authority information; TXT - text information; UINFO
+	- user information; WKS - supported {well-known services}.
+	Other types (ANY, AXFR, MB, MD, MF, NULL) are described in
+	{RFC 1035}.
+
+	{(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/operating-systems/unix/bsd-sources/usr.sbin/named/tools/nslookup/)}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+NSRD
+
+	{National Software Reuse Directory}
+
+NSS
+
+	1. <networking> {Nodal Switching System}.
+
+	2. <operating system> {New Storage System}.
+
+	(1997-01-29)
+
+NT
+
+	1. {Network Termination}.
+
+	2. New Technology, as in {Windows NT}.
+
+NT1
+
+	{Network Termination}
+
+NT5
+
+	{Windows 2000}
+
+ntalk
+
+	<chat> ("new talk") An update of the {Unix} "{talk}" program,
+	old versions of "talk" being referred to as "old talk".  New
+	talk and old talk are generally incompatible, and attempts to
+	get them to communicate result in entirely unhelpful error
+	messages.
+
+	On most modern {Unix} systems, the program "talk" is new talk,
+	with some {SunOS} versions being a notable and annoying
+	exception to this.
+
+	(1997-09-11)
+
+NTAS
+
+	{NT Advanced Server}
+
+NT File System
+
+	<file system> (NTFS) The {native} {file system} of {Windows
+	NT}.
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+NTFS
+
+	{NT File System}
+
+n-tier
+
+	{three-tier}
+
+NTIS
+
+	{National Technical Information Service}
+
+NTMBS
+
+	<programming> {null-terminated multibyte string}.
+
+	(1995-10-02)
+
+NTP
+
+	{Network Time Protocol}
+
+NTSC
+
+	{National Television Standards Committee}
+
+NTU
+
+	{Network Termination Unit}
+
+nu
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Niue.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+	Because it sounds like "new", nu is heavily
+	used for {vanity domains}.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+NuBus
+
+	The proprietary {expansion bus} used on Apple {Macintosh}
+	{personal computers}.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+nu-calculus
+
+	An asynchronous version of {pi-calculus}.
+
+NUCLEOL
+
+	List processing language, influenced by EOL.  J. Nievergelt,
+	Computer J 13(3) (Aug 1970).
+
+nude
+
+	Said of machines delivered without an operating system
+	(compare {bare metal}).  "We ordered 50 systems, but they all
+	arrived nude, so we had to spend a an extra weekend with the
+	installation tapes."  This usage is a recent innovation
+	reflecting the fact that most PC clones are now delivered with
+	DOS or Microsoft Windows pre-installed at the factory.  Other
+	kinds of hardware are still normally delivered without OS, so
+	this term is particular to PC support groups.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+nuke
+
+	/n[y]ook/ 1. To intentionally delete the entire contents of a
+	given directory or storage volume.  "On Unix, "rm -r /usr"
+	will nuke everything in the usr file system."  Never used for
+	accidental deletion.
+
+	2. Synonym for {dike}, applied to smaller things such as
+	files, features, or code sections.  Often used to express a
+	final verdict.  "What do you want me to do with that 80-meg
+	{wallpaper} file?"  "Nuke it."
+
+	3. Used of processes as well as files; nuke is a frequent
+	verbal alias for "kill -9" on Unix.
+
+	4. On IBM PCs, a bug that results in {fandango on core} can
+	trash the operating system, including the FAT (the in-core
+	copy of the disk block chaining information).  This can
+	utterly scramble attached disks, which are then said to have
+	been "nuked".  This term is also used of analogous lossages on
+	Macintoshes and other micros without memory protection.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+null
+
+	<programming> A special value used in several languages to
+	represent the thing referred to by an uninitialised pointer.
+
+	<database> A special value that may be stored in some database
+	columns to represent an unknown, missing, not applicable, or
+	undefined value.  Nulls are treated completely differently
+	from ordinary values when evaluating SQL expressions and there
+	are several SQL constructs for dealing with nulls.
+
+	(2003-06-17)
+
+nullary
+
+	<programming> A description of an {operator} or {function}
+	which takes no {arguments}, e.g. a function that returns the
+	current time.
+
+	"Nullary" is part of the {unary}, {binary}, {ternary}
+	sequence, and is more common than its synonym {niladic}.
+
+	(2001-02-25)
+
+null modem
+
+	<communications, hardware> A cable, especially an {EIA-232}
+	cable, for connecting serial ports on two computers directly,
+	rather than via modems.  Since, according to the
+	specification, both computers should transmit on pin three of
+	their EIA-232 connectors and receive on pin two, a null modem
+	cable needs to connect one computer's pin two to the other's
+	pin three and vice versa.  It also needs to have male
+	connectors at both ends (again, according to the
+	specification).
+
+	(1996-05-17)
+
+null-terminated multibyte string
+
+	<programming> (NTMBS) (Defined in the {ANSI C++} draft)
+
+	[Different from null-terminated string?]
+
+	(1995-10-02)
+
+NUMA
+
+	{Non-Uniform Memory Access}
+
+Number 5 Electronic Switching System
+
+	<communications> (5ESS) An electronic {circuit switching} product
+	sold by {Alcatel Lucent} (formerly {Western Electric}/{AT&T
+	Network Systems}/{Lucent Technologies}), used by many telephone
+	exchange carriers and service providers.  Succeeded the Number 4
+	Electronic Switching System (4ESS) and reached widespread use in
+	the 1980s.
+
+	Not to be confused with the {Class 5 Switch}.
+
+	(2013-09-14)
+
+number crunching
+
+	<application, jargon> Computations of a numerical nature,
+	especially those that make extensive use of {floating-point}
+	numbers.  The only thing {Fortrash} is good for.
+
+	This term is in widespread informal use outside hackerdom and
+	even in mainstream slang, but has additional hackish
+	connotations: namely, that the computations are mindless and
+	involve massive use of {brute force}.  This is not always
+	{evil}, especially if it involves {ray tracing} or {fractals}
+	or some other use that makes {pretty pictures}, especially if
+	such pictures can be used as {wallpaper}.
+
+	See also {crunch}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+number keys
+
+	{keypad}
+
+numbers
+
+	(Scientific computation) Output from a computation that may
+	not be significant but at least indicates that the program is
+	running.  Numbers may be used to placate management, grant
+	sponsors, etc.  "Making numbers" means running a program
+	because output - any output, not necessarily meaningful output
+	- is needed as a demonstration of progress.
+
+	See {pretty pictures}, {math-out}, {social science number}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-13)
+
+number sign
+
+	<character> {hash}.
+
+numeric keypad
+
+	<hardware> A {keypad} that has become a standard feature of
+	{PC} {keyboards}, consisting of a rectangular array of 17
+	extra keys at the right-hand end: 0-9, {.}, {Num Lock}, {/},
+	{*}, {-}, {+} and {Enter}.  Apart from Num Lock, these
+	typically duplicate the function of other keys but are
+	designed to make entering basic numerical calculations as
+	quick as on a {digital calculator}.  It is often possible to
+	assign completely different functions to these keys according
+	to the needs of a particular application.
+
+	(2007-01-31)
+
+Numeris
+
+	The name given by France Telecom, the french telephone network
+	operator, to its {ISDN} network.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+Nuprl
+
+	/nyu p*rl/ Nearly Ultimate PRL.
+
+	A system for interactive creation of formal mathematics,
+	including definitions and proofs.  It has an extremely rich
+	type system, including dependent functions, products, sets,
+	quotients and universes.  Types are first-class citizens.
+	It is built on {Franz Lisp} and {Edinburgh ML}.
+
+	["Implementing Mathematics in the Nuprl Proof Development
+	System", R.L. Constable et al, P-H 1986].
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+NU-Prolog
+
+	L. Naish, U Melbourne.  A Prolog with 'when' declarations, the
+	successor to MU-Prolog.  Type-checked.  "NU-Prolog Reference
+	Manual - Version 1.3", J.A. Thom et al eds, TR 86/10, U
+	Melbourne (1988).  Available (but not free).  (See
+	PNU-Prolog).  E-mail: <jas@mulga.oz.au>.
+
+nurbs
+
+	{Non-Uniform Rational B Spline}
+
+Nu Thena
+
+	A software vendor specialising in rapid prototyping tools for
+	{real-time} hardware and software systems and collaborating
+	with {DAZIX}.
+
+NUXI problem
+
+	<data, architecture> /nuk'see pro'bl*m/ The problem of
+	transferring data between computers with differing {byte
+	order}.  The string "Unix" might look like "NUXI" on a machine
+	with a different "byte sex" (e.g. when transferring data from
+	a {little-endian} to a {big-endian}, or vice-versa).
+
+	See also {middle-endian}, {swab}, and {bytesexual}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-06-12)
+
+NVL
+
+	<database> A {function} in {Oracle} {SQL} called like NVL(X,
+	Y) that returns X unless it is null, in which case it returns
+	Y.  This function is useful for supplying a default value
+	where an expression might be null.
+
+	(2010-01-28)
+
+NVRAM
+
+	{Non-Volatile Random Access Memory}
+
+NVS
+
+	{Non-Volatile Storage}
+
+NWNET
+
+	{NorthWestNet}
+
+NYAP
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 704}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(1997-12-03)
+
+nybble
+
+	{nibble}
+
+nyetwork
+
+	{notwork}
+
+nym
+
+	1. <tool, networking> /nim/ (From the third syllable of
+	"anonymous"; or "nym server") A {server} that functions as an
+	{anonymous remailer}.
+
+	2. A popular {hostname} for nym servers.
+
+	3. A mail-forwarding {account} on a {nym server}.
+
+	(1999-02-26)
+
+nym server
+
+	{nym}
+
+Nyquist frequency
+
+	<DSP> The highest frequency that can be represented in a
+	digital signal of a specified {sampling frequency}.  It is
+	equal to one-half of the sampling rate.
+
+	See {Nyquist Theorem}.
+
+	(2001-06-06)
+
+Nyquist Theorem
+
+	<communications> A theorem stating that when an {analogue}
+	waveform is digitised, only the frequencies in the waveform
+	below half the {sampling frequency} will be recorded.  In
+	order to reconstruct (interpolate) a signal from a sequence of
+	samples, sufficient samples must be recorded to capture the
+	peaks and troughs of the original waveform.  If a waveform is
+	sampled at less than twice its frequency the reconstructed
+	waveform will effectively contribute only {noise}.  This
+	phenomenon is called "aliasing" (the high frequencies are
+	"under an alias").
+
+	This is why the best digital audio is sampled at 44,000 Hz -
+	twice the average upper limit of human hearing.
+
+	The Nyquist Theorem is not specific to digitised signals
+	(represented by discrete amplitude levels) but applies to any
+	sampled signal (represented by discrete time values), not just
+	sound.
+
+	{Nyquist
+	(http://geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/nyquist.htm)}
+	(the man, somewhat inaccurate).
+
+	(2003-10-21)
+
+NYSERNET
+
+	{New York State Educational Reasearch NETwork}
+
+NYU OMNIFAX
+
+	Early system on UNIVAC I or II.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
+	1959).
+
+nz
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for New Zealand.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+O
+
+	<character> {ASCII} code 79, The letter of the alphabet, not
+	to be confused with 0 ({zero}) the digit.
+
+	(1999-02-07)
+
+O2
+
+	Object-Oriented.  {Object-oriented database} language used in
+	the {Altair} project.  Implemented as an {interpreter}.  GIP
+	Altair, Versailles, France.  Francois Bancilhon et al, in
+	Advances in Object-Oriented Database Systems, K.R. Dittrich
+	ed, LNCS 334, Springer 1988.  See {CO2}.
+
+Oaklisp
+
+	<language> A portable {object-oriented} {Scheme} by K. Lang
+	and Barak Perlmutter of {Yale}.  Oaklisp uses a superset of
+	Scheme {syntax}.  It is based on generic operations rather
+	than functions, and features {anonymous classes}, {multiple
+	inheritance}, a strong error system, {setters} and {locators}
+	for operations and a facility for {dynamic binding}.
+
+	Version 1.2 includes an interface, {bytecode compiler},
+	{run-time system} and documentation.
+
+	{(ftp://f.gp.cs.cmu.edu/usr/bap/oak/ftpable/)}, {for Amiga
+	(ftp://ftp.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/amiga/fish/ff519)}.
+
+	["Oaklisp: An Object-Oriented Scheme with First-Class Types",
+	K. Lang et al, SIGPLAN Notices 21(11):30-37 (Nov 1986) (OOPSLA
+	'86)].
+
+	(1992-05-01)
+
+OAP
+
+	{Outside Awareness Port}
+
+OASIS Open Document Format for Office Applications
+
+	{OpenDocument}
+
+OATH
+
+	Object-oriented Abstract Type Hierarchy, a class library for
+	C++ from {Texas Instruments}.
+
+Ob-
+
+	/ob/ prefix Obligatory.  A piece of {netiquette} acknowledging
+	that the author has been straying from the newsgroup's charter
+	topic.  For example, if a posting in alt.sex is a response to
+	a part of someone else's posting that has nothing particularly
+	to do with sex, the author may append "ObSex" (or "Obsex") and
+	toss off a question or vignette about some unusual erotic act.
+	It is considered a sign of great {winnitude} when one's Obs
+	are more interesting than other people's whole postings.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+OBDC
+
+	Do you mean {ODBC}?
+
+	(1996-06-30)
+
+OBE
+
+	{Office By Example}
+
+Oberon
+
+	<language> A {strongly typed} {procedural} programming
+	language and an operating environment evolved from {Modula-2}
+	by {Nicklaus Wirth} in 1988.  Oberon adds type extension
+	({inheritance}), extensible record types, multidimensional
+	open arrays, and {garbage collection}.  It eliminates {variant
+	records}, {enumeration types}, {subranges}, lower array
+	indices and {for loops}.
+
+	A successor called Oberon-2 by H. Moessenboeck features a
+	handful of extensions to Oberon including type-bound
+	procedures ({methods}).
+
+	Seneca is a variant of Oberon focussing on numerical
+	programming under development by R. Griesemer in April 1993
+	(to be renamed).
+
+	See also {Ceres workstation Oberon System}.
+
+	{(http://oberon.ethz.ch)}.
+
+	{(http://math.tau.ac.il/~laden/Oberon.html)}.
+
+	{Free ETH Oberon (ftp://ftp.inf.ethz.ch/pub/Oberon)}.  {MS-DOS
+	(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/mirrors/msdos/pgmutl/)}.  {Amiga
+	(ftp://ftp.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/amiga/fish/ff380)}.
+
+	["The Programming Language Oberon", N. Wirth, Soft Prac & Exp
+	18(7):671-690 July 1988].
+
+	["Programming in Oberon: Steps Beyond Pascal and Modula",
+	M. Reiser & N. Wirth, A-W 1992].
+
+	["Project Oberon: the design of an operating system and
+	compiler", N. Wirth & J. Gutknecht, ACM Press 1992].
+
+	["The Oberon Companion: A Guide to Using and Programming
+	Oberon System 3", André Fischer, Hannes Marais, vdf Verlag der
+	Fachhochschulen, Zurich, 1997, ISBN 3-7281-2493-1.  Includes
+	CD-ROM for Windows, Linux, Macintosh and PC Native].
+
+	(1998-03-14)
+
+Oberon-2
+
+	<language> A superset of {Oberon-1}, developed by
+	H. Moessenboeck in 1991 to add {object-orientation}.  Oberon-2
+	was a redesign of {Object Oberon}.  It included type-bound
+	{procedures} (equivalent to {methods}), read-only export of
+	variables and {record fields}, open {array} variables, and a
+	"{with}" statement with variants.  It reintroduced the "{for}"
+	statement.
+
+	There is an Oberon-2 {Lex} scanner and {Yacc} {parser} by
+	Stephen J Bevan of Manchester University, UK, based on the one
+	in the Mo"ssenbo"ck and Wirth reference.  Version 1.4.
+
+	{(ftp://neptune.inf.ethz.ch/Oberon/)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.psg.com/pub/oberon/)}.
+
+	["The Programming Language Oberon-2", H. Mo"ssenbo"ck,
+	N. Wirth, Institut fu"r Computersysteme, ETH Zu"rich, January
+	1992].
+
+	["Second International Modula-2 Conference", Sept 1991].
+
+	(1992-07-06)
+
+Oberon-V
+
+	(Formerly Seneca).  R. Griesemer, 1990.  Descendant of Oberon
+	designed for numerical applications on supercomputers,
+	especially vector or pipelined architectures.  Includes array
+	constructors and an ALL statement.  "Seneca - A Language for
+	Numerical Applications on Vectorcomputers", Proc CONPAR 90 -
+	VAPP IV Conf.  R. Griesemer, Diss Nr. 10277, ETH Zurich.
+
+OBEX
+
+	{Object Exchange}
+
+obfuscated
+
+	<programming> Made unclear, used to describe {source code}
+	that has been transformed or written to make it as hard as
+	possible to read, usually for fun, as in the {Obfuscated C
+	Contest}.  A {japh} is a kind of obfuscated {Perl} program.
+
+	The term is not normally used for code that has been
+	transformed for security purposes, e.g. to enforce some kind
+	of licencing mechanism.
+
+	(2009-05-14)
+
+Obfuscated C Contest
+
+	<programming> The International Obfuscated C Code Contest
+	(IOCCC) is an annual contest run since 1984 over {Usenet} by
+	Landon Curt Noll and friends.  The overall winner is whoever
+	produces the most unreadable, creative, and bizarre (but
+	working) {C} program.  Various other prizes are awarded at the
+	judges' whim.  C's terse {syntax} and {macro-preprocessor}
+	facilities give contestants a lot of maneuvering room.  The
+	winning programs often manage to be simultaneously funny,
+	breathtaking works of art and horrible examples of how *not*
+	to code in C.
+
+	This relatively short and sweet {hello, world} program
+	demonstrates obfuscated C:
+
+	 /* HELLO WORLD program
+	  * by Jack Applin and Robert Heckendorn, 1985 */
+
+	 main(v,c)char**c;{for(v[c++]="Hello, world!\n)";
+	 (!!c)[*c]&&(v--||--c&&execlp(*c,*c,c[!!c]+!!c,!c));
+	 **c=!c)write(!!*c,*c,!!**c);}
+
+	Here's another good one:
+
+	 /* Program to compute an approximation of pi
+	  * by Brian Westley, 1988 */
+
+	 #define _ -F<00||--F-OO--;
+	 int F=00,OO=00;
+	 main(){F_OO();printf("%1.3f\n",4.*-F/OO/OO);}F_OO()
+	 {
+		    _-_-_-_
+	       _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+	    _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+	  _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+	 _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+	 _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+	 _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+	 _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+	 _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+	 _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+	 _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+	 _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+	  _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+	    _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+		_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_
+		    _-_-_-_
+	 }
+
+	Note that this program works by computing its own area.  For
+	more digits, write a bigger program.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+obi-wan error
+
+	<programming> /oh'bee-won" er"*r/ (RPI, from "off-by-one" and
+	the Obi-Wan Kenobi character in "Star Wars") A kind
+	of {off-by-one error}.
+
+	(2009-05-14)
+
+OBJ
+
+	Joseph Goguen 1976.  A family of declarative "ultra high
+	level" languages.  Abstract types, generic modules, subsorts
+	(subtypes with {multiple inheritance}), pattern-matching
+	modulo equations, E-strategies (user control over laziness),
+	module expressions (for combining modules), theories and views
+	(for describing module interfaces).  For the massively
+	parallel RRM (Rewrite Rule Machine).
+
+	["Higher-Order Functions Considered Unnecessary for
+	Higher-Order Programming", J.A. Goguen, in Research Topics in
+	Functional Programming].
+
+OBJ0
+
+	Tardo.  Based on unsorted equational logic.
+
+OBJ2
+
+	Clear-like parametrised modules.  A functional system based on
+	equations.  "Principles of OBJ2", K. Futatsugi et al, 12th
+	POPL, ACM 1985, pp.52-66.
+
+OBJ3
+
+	<language> A version of {OBJ} based on {order-sorted
+	rewriting}.  OBJ3 is {agent}-oriented and runs on {AKCL}.
+
+	E-mail: <obj3sys@crl.sri.com>, <obj3dist@csl.sri.com>.
+
+	["Introducing OBJ3", J. Goguen et al, SRI-CSL-88-9, SRI Intl,
+	1988].
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+object
+
+	<object-oriented> In {object-oriented programming}, an
+	instance of the data structure and behaviour defined by the
+	object's {class}.  Each object has its own values for the
+	{instance variables} of its class and can respond to the
+	{methods} defined by its class.
+
+	For example, an object of the "Point" class might have
+	instance variables "x" and "y" and might respond to the "plot"
+	method by drawing a dot on the screen at those coordinates.
+
+	(2004-01-26)
+
+ObjectBroker
+
+	<programming> A distributed {object} system from {DEC} based
+	on the {CORBA} standard.
+
+	(1999-01-14)
+
+ObjectCenter
+
+	A product offering similar facilities to CodeCenter for the
+	C++ language, plus class browsing facilities etc (formerly
+	Saber-C++).
+
+Object CHILL
+
+	["Object CHILL - An Object Oriented Language for Systems
+	Implementation", J. Winkler et al, ACM Comp Sci Conf 1992,
+	pp. 139-147].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+object code
+
+	The {machine code} generated by a {source code} language
+	processor such as an {assembler} or {compiler}.  A file of
+	object code may be immediately executable or it may require
+	{linking} with other object code files, e.g. libraries, to
+	produce a complete executable program.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+Object-code Buffer Overrun Evaluator
+
+	<security, programming, tool> (OBOE) A tool by R. Banfi,
+	D. Bruschi, and E. Rosti for the automatic detection of
+	{buffer overflow} {vulnerabilities} in {object code}.  OBOE
+	can be applied to {operating system} components as well as
+	ordinary {application programs}.  It was designed for the
+	{system administrator} to identify vulnerable programs before
+	they are exploited.  Being automatic, OBOE can be run as a
+	{background process} for the analysis of all potentially
+	insecure programs installed on a {Unix} system.  It runs on
+	{HP-UX}, {Linux}, and {Sun} {Solaris}.
+
+	{(http://idea.sec.dsi.unimi.it/research.html)}.
+
+	(2003-10-25)
+
+Object Compatibility Standard
+
+	(OCS) An {88open} standard for compilers and linkers.
+
+Object Constraint Language
+
+	<language> (OCL) A formal specification language extension to
+	{UML}.  The Object Constraint Language is a precise text
+	language that provides {constraint} and {object query}
+	expressions on an {object-oriented} model that cannot
+	otherwise be expressed by diagrammatic notation.
+
+	OCL supplements UML by providing expressions that have neither
+	the ambiguities of {natural language} nor the inherent
+	difficulty of using complex mathematics.
+
+	OCL is a descendent of {Syntropy}, a second-generation
+	object-oriented analysis and design method.  The OCL 1.4
+	definition specified a constraint language.  In OCL 2.0, the
+	definition has been extended to include general object query
+	language definitions.
+
+	{OMG UML Home (http://uml.org/)}.
+
+	{Rational UML Resource Center
+	(http://rational.com/uml/index.jsp)}.
+
+	{OCL 2.0 Submission to UML
+	(http://omg.org/docs/ad/03-01-07.pdf)}.
+
+	(2003-11-15)
+
+Object Database Management Group
+
+	{Object Data Management Group}
+
+Object Data Management Group
+
+	<body, database> (ODMG, previously ".. Database ..") An
+	independent consortium that specifies universal {object}
+	storage {standards}.
+
+	ODMG's members include {object-oriented database} management
+	system (ODBMS) vendors and other interested parties.  They aim
+	to increase portability of customer software across products.
+
+	On 1998-04-27 ODMG changed its name from the Object Database
+	Management Group to reflect the expansion of its efforts
+	beyond merely setting storage standards for object databases.
+
+	{(http://odmg.org/)}.
+
+	(2000-05-23)
+
+Objecteering
+
+	<programming, tool> An {object-oriented design} tool from
+	{Softeam}, based on the {Class Relation Methodology}, with
+	{C++} code generation.
+
+	(1997-03-18)
+
+Object Exchange
+
+	<protocol> (OBEX) A {Bluetooth} {protocol} in the {Core
+	Protocol Stack} for {data} exchange.
+
+	(2002-06-28)
+
+objectfuscated code
+
+	<humour, programming> {Object-oriented} code which has been
+	abstracted to so many levels that no-one can understand it
+	anymore.  A play on {obfuscated code}.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2014-08-01)
+
+object identifier
+
+	<programming> (OID) Generally an implementation-specific
+	{integer} or {pointer} that uniquely identifies an {object}.
+
+	(1999-07-10)
+
+Objectionable-C
+
+	<abuse, humour, language> A hackish take on "{Objective C}".
+	Objectionable-C uses a {Smalltalk}-like {syntax}, but lacks
+	the flexibility of Smalltalk {method} calls, and (like many
+	such efforts) comes frustratingly close to attaining the
+	{Right Thing} without actually doing so.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Objective C
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} superset of {ANSI C} by Brad
+	Cox, Productivity Products.  Its additions to {C} are few and
+	are mostly based on {Smalltalk}.  Objective C is implemented
+	as a {preprocessor} for {C}.  Its {syntax} is a superset of
+	standard C syntax, and its {compiler} accepts both C and
+	Objective C {source code} ({filename extension} ".m").
+
+	It has no operator {overloading}, {multiple inheritance}, or
+	{class variables}.  It does have {dynamic binding}.  It is
+	used as the system programming language on the {NeXT}.  As
+	implemented for {NEXTSTEP}, the Objective C language is fully
+	compatible with {ANSI C}.
+
+	Objective C can also be used as an extension to {C++}, which
+	lacks some of the possibilities for {object-oriented design}
+	that {dynamic typing} and {dynamic binding} bring to Objective
+	C.  C++ also has features not found in Objective C.
+
+	Versions exist for {MS-DOS}, {Macintosh}, {VAX}/{VMS} and
+	{Unix} {workstations}.  Language versions by {Stepstone},
+	{NeXT} and {GNU} are slightly different.
+
+	There is a library of ({GNU}) Objective C {objects} by
+	R. Andrew McCallum <mccallum@cs.rochester.edu> with similar
+	functionality to {Smalltalk}'s Collection objects.  It
+	includes: Set, {Bag}, {Array}, LinkedList, LinkList,
+	CircularArray, {Queue}, {Stack}, {Heap}, SortedArray,
+	MappedCollector, GapArray and DelegateList.  Version: Alpha
+	Release.  {(ftp://iesd.auc.dk/pub/ObjC/)}.
+
+	See also: {Objectionable-C}.
+
+	["Object-Oriented Programming: An Evolutionary Approach", Brad
+	Cox, A-W 1986].
+
+	(1999-07-10)
+
+Objective CAML
+
+	<language> (Originally "CAML" - Categorical Abstract Machine
+	Language) A version of {ML} by G. Huet, G. Cousineau, Ascander
+	Suarez, Pierre Weis, Michel Mauny and others of {INRIA}.  CAML
+	is intermediate between {LCF ML} and {SML} [in what sense?].
+	It has {first-class} functions, {static type inference} with
+	{polymorphic} types, user-defined {variant types} and {product
+	types}, and {pattern matching}.  It is built on a proprietary
+	run-time system.
+
+	The CAML V3.1 implementation added {lazy} and {mutable} data
+	structures, a "{grammar}" mechanism for interfacing with the
+	{Yacc} {parser generator}, {pretty-printing} tools,
+	high-performance {arbitrary-precision} arithmetic, and a
+	complete library.
+
+	in 1990 Xavier Leroy and Damien Doligez designed a new
+	implementation called {CAML Light}, freeing the previous
+	implementation from too many experimental high-level features,
+	and more importantly, from the old Le_Lisp back-end.
+
+	Following the addition of a {native-code} compiler and a
+	powerful {module} system in 1995 and of the {object} and
+	{class} layer in 1996, the project's name was changed to
+	Objective CAML.  In 2000, Jacques Garrigue added labeled and
+	optional arguments and anonymous variants.
+
+	{Objective CAML Home (http://ocaml.org/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.ml}.
+
+	["The CAML Reference Manual", P. Weis et al, TR INRIA-ENS,
+	1989].
+
+	(2002-05-21)
+
+Objective Modula-2
+
+	<language> (Or "ObjM2") An extension to {Modula-2} for {Cocoa}
+	and {GNUstep} software development.  Objective Modula-2
+	follows the {Objective-C} {object model} and retains the
+	bracketed {Smalltalk} {message passing} {syntax} used in
+	Objective-C.  Classes written in ObjM2 can be used within ObjC
+	and vice versa. ObjM2 also retains Modula-2's {data
+	encapsulation} features, namely {nested modules} with explicit
+	{import} and export lists.  Due to the strict {type checking}
+	in Modula-2, ObjM2 can be considered a much safer programming
+	language than is ObjC, yet losing none of the capabilities of
+	ObjC.
+
+	(2005-08-15)
+
+Objective PASCAL
+
+	An extension of the {PASCAL} language which provides the
+	possibility to use {object-oriented} programming constructs.
+
+Object Linking and Embedding
+
+	<operating system> (OLE) A distributed object system and
+	{protocol} from {Microsoft}, also used on the Acorn
+	{Archimedes}.  OLE allows an editor to "farm out" part of a
+	document to another editor and then reimport it.  For example,
+	a {desk-top publishing} system might send some text to a {word
+	processor} or a picture to a {bitmap} editor using OLE.
+
+	(1998-12-17)
+
+Object Lisp
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} {Lisp} developed by {Lisp
+	Machines Inc.} (LMI) in about 1987.  Object Lisp was based on
+	nested {closures} and {operator shadowing}.
+
+	Several competing object-orientated extensions to Lisp were
+	around at the time, such as {Flavors}, in use by {Symbolics};
+	{Common Objects}, developed by {Hewlett-Packard}; and
+	{CommonLoops} in use by {Xerox}.
+
+	LMI submitted the specification as a candidate for an
+	object-oriented standard for {Common Lisp}, but it was
+	defeated in favour of {CLOS}.
+
+	["ObjectLISP User Manual", G. Dreschere, LMI 1987].
+
+	(2008-03-19)
+
+ObjectLOGO
+
+	A variant of LOGO with object-oriented extensions.  Lexical
+	scope.  Version 2.6, for the Mac.  Paradigm Software
+	<paradigm@applelink.apple.com> (617)576-7675.
+
+Object Management Group
+
+	<body> (OMG) A consortium aimed at setting {standards} in
+	{object-oriented programming}.  In 1989, this consortium,
+	which included {IBM Corporation}, {Apple Computer Inc.} and
+	{Sun Microsystems Inc.}, mobilised to create a
+	cross-compatible distributed object standard.  The goal was a
+	common binary object with methods and data that work using all
+	types of development environments on all types of platforms.
+	Using a committee of organisations, OMG set out to create the
+	first {Common Object Request Broker Architecture} (CORBA)
+	standard which appeared in 1991.  As of February 1998, the
+	latest standard is CORBA 2.2.
+
+	{(http://omg.org/)}.
+
+	[David S. Linthicum, DBMS, January 1997]
+
+	(1999-02-02)
+
+Object management system
+
+	In an IPSE, the system which maintains information about the
+	system under development.
+
+object method
+
+	<programming> In {object-oriented programming}, a {function} that
+	is called ("invoked") on an {object} ??
+
+	is passed
+
+Object Modelling Technique
+
+	<programming> (OMT) An {object-oriented} methodology.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1996-11-03)
+
+Object Oberon
+
+	{Oberon} plus {class}es and {methods} by H. Moessenboeck &
+	J. Templ, 1989.  See {Oberon-2}.
+
+	["Object Oberon - An Object-Oriented Extension of Oberon", H.
+	Moessenboeck et al, ETH TR 109 (Apr 1990)].
+
+	["Object Oberon - A Modest Object-Oriented Language",
+	H. Moessenboeck & J. Templ, in Structured Programming 10(4),
+	1989].
+
+object-orientation
+
+	{object-oriented}
+
+object-oriented
+
+	1. <programming> (OO) Based on {objects}, {classes} and {methods},
+	as in {object-oriented programming} or {object-oriented design}.
+	An {object-oriented database} applies the same concepts to the
+	storage of objects.
+
+	2. <graphics> {vector graphics}.
+
+	(2014-01-06)
+
+object-oriented analysis
+
+	<programming> (OOA) The first phase of {object-oriented design}.
+
+	(2014-01-06)
+
+object-oriented database
+
+	<database> (OODB) A system offering {DBMS} facilities in an
+	{object-oriented programming} environment.  Data is stored as
+	{objects} and can be interpreted only using the {methods}
+	specified by its {class}.  The relationship between similar
+	objects is preserved ({inheritance}) as are references between
+	objects.  Queries can be faster because {joins} are often not
+	needed (as in a {relational database}).  This is because an
+	object can be retrieved directly without a search, by
+	following its object id.
+
+	The same programming language can be used for both data
+	definition and data manipulation.  The full power of the
+	database programming language's {type system} can be used to
+	model {data structures} and the relationship between the
+	different data items.
+
+	{Multimedia} {applications} are facilitated because the
+	{class} {methods} associated with the data are responsible for
+	its correct interpretation.
+
+	OODBs typically provide better support for {versioning}.  An
+	object can be viewed as the set of all its versions.  Also,
+	object versions can be treated as full fledged objects.  OODBs
+	also provide systematic support for {triggers} and
+	{constraints} which are the basis of {active databases}.
+	Most, if not all, object-oriented {application programs} that
+	have database needs will benefit from using an OODB.
+
+	{Ode} is an example of an OODB built on {C++}.
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+object-oriented design
+
+	<programming> (OOD) A design method in which a system is modelled
+	as a collection of cooperating {objects} and individual objects
+	are treated as instances of a {class} within a {class hierarchy}.
+	Four stages can be identified: identify the classes and objects,
+	identify their {semantics}, identify their relationships and
+	specify class and object interfaces and implementation.
+	Object-oriented design is one of the stages of {object-oriented
+	programming}.
+
+	{Schlaer-Mellor} is one approach to OOD.
+
+	["Object-oriented analysis and design with applications",
+	Grady Booch, 2nd ed., pub. Benjamin/Cummings, Redwood CA,
+	1994].
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+Object-Oriented Fortran
+
+	<language> (OOF) An {object-oriented} extension of {Fortran},
+	in which data items can be grouped into objects, which can be
+	instantiated and executed in parallel.
+
+	It was available for {Sun}, {Iris}, {iPSC}, and {nCUBE}, but
+	is no longer supported.
+
+	E-mail: Donna Reese <dreese@cs.msstate.edu>.
+
+	(2001-03-06)
+
+object-oriented language
+
+	{object-oriented programming}
+
+Object-Oriented Pascal
+
+	{Object Pascal}
+
+object-oriented polymorphism
+
+	<programming> The kind of {polymorphism} found in {object-oriented
+	programming} languages where a {variable} can refer to an {object}
+	whose {class} is not known exactly until {run time}.  A {method}
+	can use a variable of a given class - call other methods on it,
+	pass it as an argument, etc. - without needing to know to which
+	subclass it refers, as long as its actual class is compatible with
+	those uses.
+
+	(2014-01-05)
+
+object-oriented programming
+
+	<programming> (OOP) The use of a class of programming
+	languages and techniques based on the concept of an "{object}"
+	which is a data structure ({abstract data type}) encapsulated
+	with a set of routines, called "{methods}", which operate on
+	the data.  Operations on the data can __only__ be performed via
+	these methods, which are common to all objects that are
+	instances of a particular "{class}".  Thus the interface to
+	objects is well defined, and allows the code implementing the
+	methods to be changed so long as the interface remains the
+	same.
+
+	Each class is a separate {module} and has a position in a
+	"{class hierarchy}".  Methods or code in one class can be
+	passed down the hierarchy to a {subclass} or inherited from a
+	{superclass}.  This is called "{inheritance}".
+
+	A {procedure} call is described as invoking a method on an
+	object (which effectively becomes the procedure's first
+	{argument}), and may optionally include other arguments.  The
+	method name is looked up in the object's class to find out how
+	to perform that operation on the given object.  If the method
+	is not defined for the object's class, it is looked for in its
+	superclass and so on up the class hierarchy until it is found
+	or there is no higher superclass.
+
+	OOP started with {SIMULA-67} around 1970 and became
+	all-pervasive with the advent of {C++}, and later {Java}.
+	Another popular object-oriented programming language (OOPL) is
+	{Smalltalk}, a seminal example from {Xerox}'s {Palo Alto
+	Research Center} (PARC).  Others include {Ada}, {Object
+	Pascal}, {Objective C}, {DRAGOON}, {BETA}, {Emerald}, {POOL},
+	{Eiffel}, {Self}, {Oblog}, {ESP}, {Loops}, {POLKA}, and
+	{Python}.  Other languages, such as {Perl} and {VB}, permit,
+	but do not enforce OOP.
+
+	{FAQ (http://iamwww.unibe.ch/~scg/OOinfo/FAQ/)}.
+	{(http://zgdv.igd.fhg.de/papers/se/oop/)}.
+	{(http://cuiwww.unige.ch/Chloe/OOinfo)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.object}.
+
+	(2001-10-11)
+
+object-oriented programming language
+
+	{object-oriented programming}
+
+Object-oriented SQL
+
+	<language> (OSQL) A {functional language}, a superset of
+	{SQL}, used in {Hewlett-Packard}'s {OpenODB} {database}
+	system.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Object-Oriented Turing
+
+	<language> An extension of {Turing} and a replacement for
+	{Turing Plus} by R.C. Holt <holt@csri.toronto.edu>, U Toronto,
+	1991.  Object-Oriented Turing supports {imperative
+	programming}, {object-oriented programming} and {concurrent
+	programming}.  It has {modules}, {class}es, {single
+	inheritance}, processes, {exception handling} and optional
+	machine-dependent programming.
+
+	There is an integrated environment under the {X Window System}
+	and {a demo version (ftp://turing.toronto.edu/pub/turing)}.
+	Versions exist for {Sun-4}, {MIPS}, {RS-6000} and others.
+
+	E-mail: <ootinfo@turing.toronto.edu>.
+
+	["A Conceptual Framework for Software Development", Mancoridis
+	et al, eds, ACM SIGSCE Conference, Feb 1993, Indianapolis].
+	["Turing Reference Manual", 1992, ISBN 0-921598-15-7].
+
+	(2000-04-21)
+
+Objectory
+
+	<programming> An {object-oriented} {methodology} mostly
+	created by {Ivar Jacobson}.
+
+	(2003-07-11)
+
+ObjectPAL
+
+	{Object-oriented database} language, part of {Borland}'s
+	{MS-Windows} version of {Paradox}.
+
+Object Pascal
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} {Pascal} developed jointly by
+	{Apple Computer} and {Niklaus Wirth}.
+
+	["Object Pascal Report", Larry Tesler, Structured Language
+	World 9(3):10-17 (1985)].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+Object Persistence Framework
+
+	<programming> (OPF) Any system for storing {objects} so they
+	can be reloaded into a future session.  Typically this will
+	use a {relational database} along with some kind of {object
+	relational mapping}.  Another typical solution would store
+	objects in {XML} files (a form of {serialisation}).  One of
+	the trickier problems to solve is how to maintain references
+	between objects, e.g. replacing memory pointers with unique
+	names or identifiers.
+
+	Virtually identical considerations apply to transferring
+	objects, or indeed any kind of data structure, from one
+	process to another via some communications channel, e.g. a
+	{TCP/IP} connection.
+
+	{Apple}'s {Enterprise Objects Framework} (EOF) is a mature and
+	powerful example.
+
+	(2009-01-15)
+
+Object Request Broker
+
+	<programming> (ORB) Part of the {OMG} {CORBA} specification,
+	an ORB's basic function is to pass {method} invocation
+	requests to the correct {objects} and return the results to
+	the caller.
+
+	To achieve this the ORB must be able must be able to identify
+	and locate objects, handle connections from invoker and the
+	data returned from methods.  Communication between the ORB and
+	applications are achieved through {IDL} stubs and skeletons
+	whilst the OMG has specified {IIOP} as the protocol through
+	which ORBs may communicate with each other.  Using IIOP, an
+	ORB may request method invocations from a remote object.
+
+	(2003-11-21)
+
+Object Role Modeling
+
+	<programming> (ORM) A conceptual {model}ling approach that
+	pictures the application world as a set of {objects} that play
+	roles (parts in relationships, which may be unary, binary or
+	higher order).  ORM provides both graphical and textual
+	languages that enable models to be expressed naturally.  For
+	{data modelling} purposes, its graphical language is more
+	expressive than {ER} or {UML}.
+
+	{(http://orm.net/)}.
+
+	(1999-08-27)
+
+Object Value
+
+	<jargon> In industrial design, a measure of consumers'
+	immediate desire for an object, even before they know or
+	understand what it does.  "Gassee may be nuts, but at least
+	the {BeBox} has great object value."
+
+	(1997-03-30)
+
+Objectworks
+
+	An {object-oriented} development environment developed by
+	{ParcPlace}, available under {Smalltalk} and {C++}.
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+Object Z
+
+	University of Queensland.
+
+	["Object Orientation in Z", S. Stepney et al eds, Springer
+	1992].
+
+Objlog
+
+	A {frame}-based language combining {objects} and {Prolog II}
+	from {CNRS}, Marseille, France.
+
+	["The Inheritance Processes in Prolog", C. Chouraki et al,
+	GRTC/187bis/Mars 1987 (CNRS)].
+
+	E-mail: <somebody@grtc.cnrs-mrs.fr>.
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+OBJT
+
+	{Error algebras} plus an image construct.  Tardo.
+
+ObjVlisp
+
+	1984.  An {object-oriented} extension of {Vlisp}.
+	{Reflective} architecture.
+
+	["Metaclasses are First Class: The ObjVlisp Model", P.
+	Cointe, SIGPLAN Notices 22(121):156-167 (Dec 1987) (OOPSLA
+	'87)].
+
+ObjVProlog
+
+	{Logic programming} and {object-orientation}, an adaptation of
+	the {ObjVlisp} model to {Prolog}.
+
+	["ObjVProlog: Metaclasses in Logic", J. Malenfant, ECOOP '89,
+	Cambridge U Press 1989, pp.257-269].
+
+Obliq
+
+	A small, statically scoped untyped language by Luca Cardelli,
+	1993.  Obliq is {object-oriented}, higher order, concurrent,
+	and distributed.  State is local to an address space, while
+	computation can migrate over the network.  The distributed
+	computation mechanism is based on {Modula-3} network objects.
+
+	{(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/Modula-3/contrib)}.
+
+oblique stroke
+
+	<character> "/".  Common names include: (forward) slash;
+	stroke; {ITU-T}: slant; oblique stroke.  Rare: diagonal;
+	solidus; over; slak; virgule; {INTERCAL}: slat.
+
+	Commonly used as the division {operator} in programming, and
+	to separate the components in {Unix} {pathnames}, and hence
+	also in {URLs}.  Also used to delimit {regular expressions} in
+	several languages.
+
+	(1996-09-24)
+
+Oblog
+
+	<language> A small, portable, {Object-oriented} extension to
+	{Prolog} by Margaret McDougall of EdCAAD, Dept Arch,
+	{University of Edinburgh}.
+
+	(1995-12-29)
+OBOE
+
+	{Object-code Buffer Overrun Evaluator}
+
+OBSCURE
+
+	"A Formal Description of the Specification Language OBSCURE",
+	J.  Loeckx, TR A85/15, U Saarlandes, Saarbrucken, 1985.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+observational equivalence
+
+	Two terms M and N are observationally equivalent iff for all
+	contexts C[] where C[M] is a valid term, C[N] is also a valid
+	term with the same value.
+
+Oc
+
+	<language> ("Oh see!")  A {parallel} {logic language}.
+
+	["Self-Description of Oc and its Applications", M. Hirata,
+	Proc 2nd Natl Conf Japan Soc Soft Sci Tech, pp. 153-156,
+	1984].
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+OC-12
+
+	{Optical Carrier 12}
+
+OC-3
+
+	{Optical Carrier 3}
+
+OC-48
+
+	{Optical Carrier 48}
+
+OCAL
+
+	On-Line Cryptanalytic Aid Language.
+
+	["OCAS: On-line Cryptanalytic Aid System", D.J. Edwards,
+	MAC-TR-27, MIT Project MAC, May 1966.  Sammet 1969, p.642].
+
+occam
+
+	<language> (Note lower case) A language based on {Anthony
+	Hoare}'s {CSP} and {David May}'s {EPL}.  Named after the
+	English philosopher, William of Occam (1300-1349) who
+	propounded {Occam's Razor}.  The occam language was designed
+	by David May of {INMOS} to easily describe {concurrent}
+	processes which communicate via one-way channels.  It was
+	developed to run on the {INMOS} {transputer} but {compilers}
+	are available for {VAX}, {Sun} and {Intel} {MDS}, inter alia.
+
+	The basic entity in occam is the process of which there are
+	four fundamental types, {assignment}, input, output, and wait.
+	More complex processes are constructed from these using SEQ to
+	specify sequential execution, PAR to specify parallel
+	execution and ALT where each process is associated with an
+	input from a channel.  The process whose channel inputs first
+	is executed.  The fourth constructor is IF with a list of
+	conditions and associated processes.  The process executed is
+	the one with the first true condition in textual order.  There
+	is no {operator precedence}.
+
+	The original occam is now known as "occam 1".  It was extended
+	to {occam 2}.
+
+	{Simulator for VAX (ftp://watserv1.waterloo.edu/)}.
+
+	Tahoe mailing list: <occam@sutcase.case.syr.edu>.
+
+	[David May et al, 1982.  "Concurrent algorithms"].
+
+	["Occam", D. May, SIGPLAN Notices 18(4):69-79, 1983].
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+occam 2
+
+	<language> An extension of {occam} produced in 1987.  Occam 2
+	adds {floating-point}, functions and a type system.
+
+	["occam 2 Reference Manual", INMOS, P-H 1988, ISBN
+	0-13-629312-3].
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+Occam's Razor
+
+	<philosophy> The English philosopher, William of Occam
+	(1300-1349) propounded Occam's Razor:
+
+	Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem.
+
+	(Latin for "Entities should not be multiplied more than
+	necessary").  That is, the fewer assumptions an explanation of
+	a phenomenon depends on, the better it is.
+
+	For example, some claim that God caused himself to exist and
+	also caused the universe to exist - he was the "first cause" -
+	whereas Occam's Razor suggests that if one accepts the
+	possibility of something causing itself then it is better to
+	assume that it was the universe that caused itself rather than
+	God because this explanation involves fewer entities.
+
+	The negation of Occam's Razor would suggest that an
+	arbitrarily complex explanation is just as good as the
+	simplest one.  (E.g. God and his cat created a robot called
+	Sparky who built the universe from parts bought from a shop in
+	another dimension).
+
+	See also {KISS Principle}.
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+occlude
+
+	<programming> (Or "shadow") To make a variable inaccessible by
+	declaring another with the same name within the {scope} of the
+	first.
+
+	(1995-12-14)
+
+occurs check
+
+	<programming> A feature of some implementations of
+	{unification} which causes unification of a {logic variable} V
+	and a structure S to fail if S contains V.
+
+	Binding a variable to a structure containing that variable
+	results in a cyclic structure which may subsequently cause
+	unification to loop forever.  Some implementations use extra
+	pointer comparisons to avoid this.
+
+	Most implementations of {Prolog} do not perform the occurs
+	check for reasons of efficiency.  Without occurs check the
+	{complexity} of {unification} is
+
+		O(min(size(term1), size(term2)))
+
+	with occurs check it's
+
+		O(max(size(term1), size(term2)))
+
+	In {theorem proving} unification without the occurs check can
+	lead to unsound inference.  For example, in {Prolog} it is
+	quite valid to write
+
+		X = f(X).
+
+	which will succeed, binding X to a cyclic structure.  Clearly
+	however, if f is taken to stand for a function rather than a
+	{constructor}, then the above equality is only valid if f is
+	the {identity function}.
+
+	Weijland calls unification without occur check, "complete
+	unification".  The reference below describes a complete
+	unification algorithm in terms of Colmerauer's consistency
+	algorithm.
+
+	["Semantics for Logic Programs without Occur Check",
+	W.P. Weijland, Theoretical Computer Science 71 (1990) pp
+	155-174].
+
+	(1996-01-11)
+
+OCL
+
+	<language> 1. {Operator Control Language}.
+
+	2. {Object Constraint Language}.
+
+	(2003-01-18)
+
+OCLC
+
+	{Online Computer Library Center}
+
+OC-n
+
+	{Optical Carrier n}
+
+OCODE
+
+	An {assembly language} for a {stack}-based {virtual machine},
+	used as the {intermediate language} of the Cambridge {BCPL}
+	compiler.
+
+	["The Portability of the BCPL Compiler", M. Richards, Soft
+	Prac & Exp 1(2) (1971)].
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+OCP
+
+	<processor> {Order Code Processor}.
+
+OCR
+
+	{Optical Character Recognition}
+
+OCS
+
+	{Object Compatibility Standard}
+
+octal
+
+	<mathematics> Base 8.  A number representation using the
+	digits 0-7 only, with the right-most digit counting ones, the
+	next counting multiples of 8, then 8^2 = 64, etc.  For
+	example, octal 177 is digital 127:
+
+		digit    weight        value
+		  1     8^2 = 64   1* 64 = 64
+		  7     8^1 =  8   7*  8 = 56
+		  7     8^0 =  1   7*  1 =  7
+				          ---
+					  127
+
+	Octal system used to be widespread back when many computers
+	used 6-bit {bytes}, as a 6-bit byte can be conveniently
+	written as a two-digit octal number.  Since nowadays a byte is
+	almost always 8-bit long the octal system lost most of its
+	appeal to the {hexadecimal} system.
+
+	For a brief discussion on the word `octal' see {hexadecimal}.
+
+	(1997-06-16)
+
+octal forty
+
+	<jargon> Jargon for "I'm drawing a blank.", I can't work it
+	out.
+
+	{Octal} 40 (decimal 32) is the {ASCII} code for space
+	character.  By an odd coincidence, {hex} 40 is the {EBCDIC}
+	space character.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+Octave
+
+	<language> A high-level {interactive} language by John
+	W. Eaton, with help from many others, like {MATLAB}, primarily
+	intended for numerical computations.  Octave provides a
+	convenient {command line interface} for solving linear and
+	nonlinear problems numerically.
+
+	Octave can do arithmetic for {real} and {complex} {scalars}
+	and {matrices}, solve sets of nonlinear algebraic equations,
+	integrate functions over finite and infinite intervals, and
+	integrate systems of ordinary differential and
+	differential-algebraic equations.
+
+	Octave has been compiled and tested with {g++} and libg++ on a
+	{SPARCstation 2} running {SunOS} 4.1.2, an {IBM} {RS/6000}
+	running {AIX} 3.2.5, {DEC Alpha} systems running {OSF}/1 1.3
+	and 3.0, a {DECstation 5000}/240 running {Ultrix} 4.2a, and
+	{Intel 486} systems running {Linux}.  It should work on most
+	other {Unix} systems with {g++} and libg++.
+
+	Octave is distributed under the {GNU} {General Public
+	License}.  It requires {gnuplot}, a {C++} compiler and
+	{Fortran} compiler or {f2c} translator.
+
+	Latest version: 2.0.16 (released 2000-01-30), as of 2000-06-26.
+
+	{home (http://che.wisc.edu/octave)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.che.wisc.edu/pub/octave/)} or your nearest {GNU
+	archive site}.
+
+	E-mail: <bug-octave@bevo.che.wisc.edu>.
+
+	(2000-06-27)
+
+octet
+
+	<jargon, networking> Eight bits.  This term is used in
+	networking, in preference to {byte}, because some systems use
+	the term "byte" for things that are not 8 bits long.
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+octothorpe
+
+	{hash character}
+
+OCX
+
+	{OLE custom controls}
+
+OD390
+
+	<web> A {CICS} Web {interperter} from {IBM} used
+	for application development involving web interfaces to {DB2}
+	tables.
+
+	(1998-06-21)
+
+ODA
+
+	{Open Document Architecture} (formerly Office
+	Document Architecture).
+
+ODBC
+
+	{Open DataBase Connectivity}
+
+ODC
+
+	{Open Distributed Computing}
+
+Ode
+
+	An {Object-Oriented Database} from {AT&T} which extends {C++}
+	and supports fast queries, complex application modelling and
+	{multimedia}.
+
+	Ode uses one integrated data model ({C++} {class}es) for both
+	database and general purpose manipulation.  An Ode database is
+	a collection of {persistent} {objects}.  It is defined,
+	queried and manipulated using the language {O++}.  O++
+	programs can be compiled with C++ programs, thus allowing the
+	use of existing C++ code.  O++ provides facilities for
+	specifying transactions, creating and manipulating persistent
+	objects, querying the database and creating and manipulating
+	versions.
+
+	The Ode object database provides four object compatible
+	mechanisms for manipulating and querying the database.  As
+	well as O++ there are OdeView - an {X Window System}
+	interface; OdeFS (a file system interface allowing objects to
+	be treated and manipulated like normal Unix files); and CQL++,
+	a {C++} variant of {SQL} for easing the transition from
+	{relational databases} to OODBs such as Ode.
+
+	Ode supports large objects (critical for {multimedia}
+	applications).  Ode tracks the relationship between versions
+	of objects and provides facilities for accessing different
+	versions.  Transactions can be specified as read-only; such
+	transactions are faster because they are not logged and they
+	are less likely to {deadlock}.  'Hypothetical' transactions
+	allow users to pose "what-if" scenarios (as with
+	{spreadsheets}).
+
+	EOS, the {storage engine} of Ode, is based on a client-server
+	architecture.  EOS supports {concurrency} based on
+	{multi-granularity} two-version two-phase locking; it allows
+	many readers and one writer to access the same item
+	simultaneously.  Standard two-phase locking is also available.
+	Ode supports both a {client-server} mode for multiple users
+	with concurrent access and a single user mode giving improved
+	performance.
+
+	Ode 3.0 is currently being used as the {multimedia} {database
+	engine} for {AT&T}'s {Interactive TV} project.  Ode 2.0 has
+	also been distributed to more than 80 sites within AT&T and
+	more than 340 universities.  Ode is available free to
+	universities under a non-disclosure agreement.  The current
+	version, 3.0, is available only for {Sun} {SPARCstations}
+	running {SunOS} 4.1.3 and {Solaris} 2.3.  Ode is being ported
+	to {Microsoft} {Windows NT}, {Windows 95} and {SGI}
+	{platforms}.
+
+	E-mail: Narain Gehani <nhg@research.att.com>.
+
+	(1994-08-18)
+
+ODI
+
+	1. {Optical Digital Image}.
+
+	2. {Open Data-link Interface}.
+
+ODIF
+
+	{Open Document Interchange Format}
+
+ODMA
+
+	{Open Document Management API}
+
+ODMG
+
+	{Object Data Management Group}
+
+odometry
+
+	<robotics> The use of motion sensors to determine a robot's
+	change in position relative to some known position.  For
+	example, if a robot is traveling in a straight line and if it
+	knows the diameter of its wheels, then by counting the number
+	of wheel revolutions it can determine how far it has traveled.
+	Robots will often have shaft encoders attached to their drive
+	wheels which emit a fixed number of pulses per revolution.  By
+	counting these pulses, the processor can estimate the distance
+	traveled.
+
+	(2006-09-11)
+
+ODP
+
+	{Open Distributed Processing}
+
+ODS
+
+	{Operational Data Store}
+
+ODSA
+
+	{Open Distributed System Architecture}
+
+ODT
+
+	{Open Desktop}
+
+OEM
+
+	{original equipment manufacturer}
+
+OFA
+
+	{Optimal Flexible Architecture}
+
+off-by-one error
+
+	<programming> (Or "Obi-Wan error") An exceedingly common error
+	induced in many ways, such as by starting at zero when you
+	should have started at one or vice-versa, or by writing "< N"
+	instead of "<= N" or vice-versa.  Often confounded with
+	{fencepost error}, which is properly a particular subtype of
+	it.
+
+	The term {zeroth} corrects the linguistic off-by-one error of,
+	e.g., referring to the "1st" element of an array whose indexes
+	start from zero.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-09-21)
+
+Office
+
+	{Microsoft Office}
+
+office automation
+
+	<application> The use of computers or related {data
+	processing} technology to do routine clerical work such as
+	writing, filing and distributing documents.  The term was used
+	before computers in offices were the norm (1960s?).
+
+	(2007-09-11)
+
+Office By Example
+
+	<language> (OBE) A sequel to {QBE}, described in publications
+	by Moshe Zloof of {IBM} in the early 1980s but apparently
+	never implemented.
+
+	(1998-03-14)
+
+Office Workstations Limited
+
+	<company> (OWL) A UK software company, now a subsidiary of
+	{Matsushita} (Panasonic, etc.).  They previously supported the
+	{Guide} {hypertext} system but that support is now provided by
+	US company {InfoAccess}.
+
+	E-mail: <postmaster@owl-uk.owl-uk.co.uk>
+
+	[Correct address?]
+
+	(1996-01-15)
+
+Official Production System
+
+	<language> (OPS) The first {production system} (i.e. rule
+	based) programming language, developed at {CMU} in 1970 and
+	used for building {expert systems}.  OPS was originally
+	written in {Franz Lisp} and later ported to other {LISP}
+	dialects.
+
+	(2003-04-05)
+
+off-line
+
+	<jargon> (Or "offline")
+
+	1. Not directly connected to the computer (e.g., an off-line
+	{tape drive}), or with connection suspended ("take the
+	{printer} off-line").
+
+	Contrast {background}, {on-line}.
+
+	2. Not now or not here.  "Let's take this discussion
+	off-line."  Specifically used on {Usenet} to suggest that a
+	discussion be moved off a public {newsgroup} to {e-mail}.
+
+	See also {off-line world}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-02-02)
+
+off-line world
+
+	<jargon> A die-hard {nethead} term for non-computer-related
+	experience.
+
+	See also {big room}.
+
+	["Internet", Feb 1996].
+
+	(1996-03-04)
+
+offset
+
+	<programming> An index or position in an {array}, {string}, or
+	block of memory usually a non-negative {integer}.
+
+	E.g. the {Perl} function splice(ARRAY, OFFSET, LENGTH, LIST)
+	replaces LENGTH elements starting at index OFFSET in array
+	with LIST, where offset zero means the start of the array.
+
+	For an {Intel x86} processor with a {segmented address space}
+	the offset is the position of a {byte} relative to the start
+	of the segment.
+
+	(2004-02-27)
+
+offshoring
+
+	<business> Transfer of a business process, e.g. manufacturing
+	or customer service, from a company in one country to the same
+	or another company in a different country.  This overlaps
+	partially with outsourcing, in which work is transferred
+	to a different company in the same or a different country.
+
+	(2008-12-12)
+
+off-side rule
+
+	A lexical convention due to Landin, allowing the scope of
+	declarations in a program to be expressed by indentation.  Any
+	non-whitespace token to the left of the first such token on
+	the previous line is taken to be the start of a new
+	declaration.  Used in, for example, Miranda and Haskell.
+
+	[P.J. Landin "The Next 700 Programming Languages", CACM vol 9
+	pp157-165, March 1966]
+
+off the trolley
+
+	Describes the behaviour of a program that malfunctions and
+	goes catatonic, but doesn't actually {crash} or abort.  See
+	{glitch}, {bug}, {deep space}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+ogg
+
+	<games> /og/ ({CMU}) 1. In the multi-player space combat game
+	{Netrek}, to execute kamikaze attacks against enemy ships
+	which are carrying armies or occupying strategic positions.
+	Named during a game in which one of the players repeatedly
+	used the tactic while playing Orion ship G, showing up in the
+	player list as "Og".  This trick has been roundly denounced by
+	those who would return to the good old days when the tactic of
+	dogfighting was dominant, but as Sun Tzu wrote, "What is of
+	supreme importance in war is to attack the enemy's strategy."
+	However, the traditional answer to the newbie question "What
+	does ogg mean?" is just "Pick up some armies and I'll show
+	you."
+
+	2. In other games, to forcefully attack an opponent with the
+	expectation that the resources expended will be renewed faster
+	than the opponent will be able to regain his previous
+	advantage.  Taken more seriously as a tactic since it has
+	gained a simple name.
+
+	3. To do anything forcefully, possibly without consideration
+	of the drain on future resources.  "I guess I'd better go ogg
+	the problem set that's due tomorrow."  "Whoops!  I looked down
+	at the map for a sec and almost ogged that oncoming car."
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+Ogg Vorbis
+
+	<audio, compression> A patent-free {audio} {compression}
+	{algorithm}.
+
+	{(http://xiph.org/)}.
+
+	(2001-12-17)
+
+OHCI
+
+	{Open Host Controller Interface}
+
+Ohm
+
+	<unit> The {MKS} unit of electrical {resistance}.  One Ohm is
+	the resistance of a conductor across which a {potential
+	difference} of one {Volt} produces a {current} of one
+	{Ampere}.  Named after {Georg Simon Ohm}.
+
+	(2003-12-02)
+
+Ohm, Georg Simon
+
+	{Georg Simon Ohm}
+
+ohnosecond
+
+	<unit, humour> (Presumably a play on "{nanosecond}") The
+	miniscule time it takes to realize that you've just made a BIG
+	mistake like typing rm -rf * in the wrong directory.
+
+	Seen in Elizabeth P. Crowe's book, "The Electronic Traveller."
+
+	(1998-08-27)
+
+OIC
+
+	<chat> oh, I see.
+
+	(1998-01-18)
+
+OID
+
+	{object identifier}
+
+-oid
+
+	<jargon> (from "android") A suffix used as in mainstream
+	English to indicate a poor imitation, a counterfeit, or some
+	otherwise slightly bogus resemblance.  Hackers will happily
+	use it with all sorts of non-Greco/Latin stem words that
+	wouldn't keep company with it in mainstream English.  For
+	example, "He's a nerdoid" means that he superficially
+	resembles a {nerd} but can't make the grade; a "modemoid"
+	might be a 300-baud {modem} (Real Modems run at 144000 or up);
+	a "computeroid" might be any {bitty box}.
+
+	"-oid" can also mean "resembling an android", which was once
+	confined to science-fiction fans and hackers.  It too has
+	recently (in 1991) started to go mainstream (most notably in
+	the term "trendoid" for victims of terminal hipness).  This is
+	probably traceable to the popularisation of the term {droid}
+	in "Star Wars" and its sequels.
+
+	Coinages in both forms have been common in science fiction for
+	at least fifty years, and hackers (who are often SF fans) have
+	probably been making "-oid" jargon for almost that long
+	(though {GLS} and {ESR} can personally confirm only that they
+	were already common in the mid-1970s).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-07-10)
+
+OIL
+
+	1. ["The Architecture of the FAIM-1 Symbolic Multiprocessing
+	System", A.  Davis et al, 9th Intl Joint Conf in Artif Intell,
+	1985, pp.32-38].
+
+	2. Operator Identification Language.  Used for {overloading}
+	resolution by the {Eli} compiler-writing system.
+
+OLAP
+
+	{On-Line Analytical Processing}
+
+OLAP Council
+
+	<body, standard> A body formed in early 1995 to work on a
+	{cross-product} {API} for {OLAP}.  After little success it was
+	replaced by the {Analytical Solutions Forum}.
+
+	(2005-05-28)
+
+OLC
+
+	{On-Line Computer system}
+
+OLDAS
+
+	On-line Digital Analog Simulator.  An interactive version of
+	{MIMIC}, for {IBM 360}.
+
+	["OLDAS: An On-line Continuous System Simulation Language",
+	R.P. Cullen, in Interactive Systems for Experimental Applied
+	Mathematics, A-P 1968].
+
+old fart
+
+	Tribal elder.  A title self-assumed with remarkable frequency
+	by (especially) {Usenet}ters who have been programming for
+	more than about 25 years; often appears in {sig blocks}
+	attached to {Jargon File} contributions of great archaeological
+	significance.  This is a term of insult in the second or third
+	person but one of pride in first person.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+old talk
+
+	<chat> The old implementations of {talk}.  See "{ntalk}" for
+	details.
+
+	(1997-09-11)
+
+Old Testament
+
+	[C programmers]  The first edition of {K&R}, the
+	sacred text describing {Classic C}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+OLE
+
+	{Object Linking and Embedding}
+
+OLE custom controls
+
+	<programming> (OCX) An {Object Linking and Embedding}
+	(OLE) custom control allowing infinite extension of the
+	{Microsoft Access} control set.  OCX is similar in purpose to
+	{VBX} used in {Visual Basic}.  Available OCX's include "Scroll
+	Bar Control", "Calendar Control", and "Data Outline Control".
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-12-05)
+
+OLE DB
+
+	<database, programming> {Microsoft}'s low-level {application
+	program interface} (API) for access to data sources.
+
+	"OLE" originally stood for {Object Linking and Embedding} and
+	"DB" for database but Microsoft no longer ascribes these
+	meanings.
+
+	(2008-03-19)
+
+OLE for Process Control
+
+	<standard> (OPC) A set of seven open standards for
+	connectivity and interoperability of industrial automation and
+	the enterprise systems.
+
+	Based on fundamental and evolving standards and technology of
+	the general computing market, the OPC Foundation adapts and
+	creates specifications that fill industry-specific needs.
+
+	{OPC Foundation (http://opcfoundation.org/)}.
+
+	(2003-05-21)
+
+OLGA
+
+	Ouf! un Langage pour les Grammaires Attribuees.
+
+	Inria, 1985.  Language for specification of attribute
+	grammars, used as the input language of the compiler writing
+	system FNC-2.  Applicative, {strongly typed}, polymorphic,
+	pattern-matching, modules.
+
+Olivetti
+
+	<company> A large Italian company producing office machinery,
+	computers and printers.
+
+	Olivetti took a controlling stake in {Acorn Computers} in
+	September 1985.
+
+	Olivetti computers were once marketed in USA with the ATT
+	brand name.
+
+	[Address?  Other products?]
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+O-Logic
+
+	An {object-oriented} deductive language/database system.
+
+OLTP
+
+	{On-Line Transaction Processing}
+
+OLWM
+
+	{OpenLook Window Manager}
+
+om
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Oman.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+OMA
+
+	Object Management Architecture.
+
+	A set of standards under study by the {OMG}.
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Omega
+
+	1. <programming> A {prototype}-based {object-oriented}
+	language from Austria.
+
+	["Type-Safe Object-Oriented Programming with Prototypes - The
+	Concept of Omega", G. Blaschek, Structured Programming
+	12:217-225, 1991].
+
+	2. <text, tool> A successor to {TeX} extended to handle the
+	{Unicode} character set.
+
+	{(http://ens.fr/omega/)}.
+
+	(1997-11-20)
+
+Omega-algebraic
+
+	In domain theory, a complete partial order is algebraic if
+	every element is the lub of some chain of compact elements.
+	If the set of compact elements is countable it is
+	omega-algebraic.  Usually written with a Greek letter omega
+	({LaTeX} \omega).
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Omega test
+
+	The Omega test is a system written by William Pugh
+	<pugh@cs.umd.edu> and others for performing symbolic
+	manipulations of {conjunctions} of {linear constraints} over
+	integer variables.  The Omega test dependence analyser is a
+	system built on top of the Omega test to analyse {array} data
+	dependences.
+
+	Version 3.2.2 includes a fortran to tiny translator, a Tiny
+	interpreter(?) and analysis tools.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.umd.edu/pub/omega)}.  E-mail: <omega@cs.umd.edu>.
+
+	(1992-11-13)
+
+OMF
+
+	Object Management Facility.
+
+	Part of the {DAA} proposed by {Hewlett-Packard} and {Sun}.
+
+OMG
+
+	{Object Management Group}
+
+OMNICODE
+
+	Thompson, 1956.  Ran on IBM 650.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 5].
+
+OMNIFAX
+
+	Alternate name for NYU OMNIFAX?  Early system on UNIVAC I or
+	II.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+OMNITAB
+
+	Statistical analysis and desk calculator.  Version: OMNITAB
+	II.
+
+	["OMNITAB II User's Reference Manual", NBS Tech Note 552 (Oct
+	1971).  Sammet 1969, pp. 296-299].
+
+OMR
+
+	{Optical Mark Reader}
+
+OMS
+
+	{Opportunity Management System}
+
+OMT
+
+	{Object Modelling Technique}
+
+OMTool
+
+	A graphical tool from General Electric Advanced Concepts
+	Center for design and analysis of systems with the {OMT}
+	methodology.  Generates {C++} and {SQL} code.
+
+ONC
+
+	{Open Network Computing}
+
+Ondine
+
+	["Concurrency Introduction to an Object-Oriented Language
+	System Ondine", T. Ogihara et al, 3rd Natl Conf Record A-5-1,
+	Japan Soc for Soft Sci Tech, Japan 1986].
+
+	(2012-12-31)
+
+one
+
+	<mathematics> The lowest positive {integer} and the basis for
+	counting.  Multiplication by one is an {identity operator} and,
+	since one is its own {reciprocal}, so is division by one.  One is
+	the result of dividing any non-zero number by itself.  One raised
+	to any power is one and raising to the power one is also an
+	identity operator.
+
+	<data> The largest digit in {binary}, related to the value {true}
+	in {Boolean algebra}.  {Digital computers} typically represent one
+	by a high voltage and zero by a low voltage.
+
+	(2012-12-31)
+
+one-banana problem
+
+	<jargon, abuse> At computer installations where the computers
+	have operators for routine administrivia, the programmers and
+	hardware people tend to look down on the operators and claim
+	that a trained monkey could do their job.  The incentives
+	offered to said monkeys would then describe the difficulty of
+	a task.  A one-banana problem is simple; hence, "It's only a
+	one-banana job at the most; what's taking them so long?"
+
+	See also {Infinite-Monkey Theorem}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2010-03-20)
+
+one-dimensional array
+
+	<types> An {array} with only one {dimension}; the simplest kind of
+	array, consisting of a sequence of items ("elements"), all of the
+	same type.  An element is selected by an integer {index} that
+	normally starts at zero for the first element and increases by
+	one.  The index of the last element is thus the length of the
+	array minus one.
+
+	A one-dimensional array is also known as a {vector}.  It should
+	not be confused with a {list}.  In some languages, e.g. {Perl},
+	all arrays are one-dimensional and higher dimensions are
+	represented as arrays of {pointers} to arrays (which can have
+	different sizes and can themselves contain pointers to arrays and
+	so on).
+
+	A one-dimensional array maps simply to memory: the address of an
+	element with index i is
+
+		A(i) = A0 + i * s
+
+	where A0 is the base address of the array and s is the size of
+	storage used for each element, the "stride".  Elements may be
+	padded to certain {address boundaries}, e.g. {machine words}, to
+	increase access speed, in which case the stride will be larger
+	than the amount of data in an element.
+
+	(2014-03-22)
+
+one-line fix
+
+	Used (often sarcastically) of a change to a program that is
+	thought to be trivial or insignificant right up to the moment
+	it crashes the system.  Usually "cured" by another one-line
+	fix.  See also {I didn't change anything!}
+
+one-liner wars
+
+	<games, programming> A game popular among {hackers} who code
+	in the language {APL} (see {write-only language} and {line
+	noise}).  The objective is to see who can code the most
+	interesting and/or useful routine in one line of {operators}
+	chosen from APL's exceedingly {hairy} primitive set.  A
+	similar amusement was practiced among {TECO} hackers and is
+	now popular among {Perl} aficionados.
+
+	{Ken Iverson}, the inventor of APL, has been credited with a
+	one-liner that, given a number N, produces a list of the prime
+	numbers from 1 to N inclusive.  It looks like this:
+
+	  (2 = 0 +.= T o.| T) / T <- iN
+
+	where "o" is the APL null character, the assignment arrow is a
+	single character, and "i" represents the APL iota.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-03-19)
+
+ones complement
+
+	A system used in some computers to represent negative
+	numbers. To negate a number, each bit of the number is
+	inverted (zeros are replaced with ones and vice versa).  This
+	has the consequence that there are two reperesentations for
+	zero, either all zeros or all ones.
+
+		...
+		000...00011 = +3
+		000...00010 = +2
+		000...00001 = +1
+		000...00000 = +0
+		111...11111 = -0
+		111...11110 = -1
+		111...11101 = -2
+		111...11100 = -3
+		...
+
+	Naive logic for ones complement addition might easily conclude
+	that -0 + 1 = +0.
+
+	The {twos complement} avoids this by using all ones to
+	represent -1.
+
+One-Time Password
+
+	<security> (OTP) A security system that requires a new
+	password every time a user authenticates themselves, thus
+	protecting against an intruder replaying an intercepted
+	password.  OTP generates passwords using either the {MD4} or
+	{MD5} {hashing} {algorithms}.
+
+	The equivalent term "S/Key", developed by Bellcore, is a
+	trademark of {Telcordia Technologies}, so the name OTP is used
+	increasingly.
+
+	See {RFC 1760} - "The S/KEY One-Time Password System" and {RFC
+	1938} - "A One-Time Password System".
+
+	{(http://cs.umd.edu/~harry/jotp/)}.
+
+	(2000-01-31)
+
+One Time Programmable Read-Only Memory
+
+	<storage> (OTPROM, EPROM OTP) A kind of storage device like an
+	{EPROM} but with no quartz glass window in the package for
+	erasing the contents.  This reduces the packaging cost but
+	means the device cannot be erased with UV and so can only be
+	written once.  Erasure is possible, but expensive, with
+	X-rays.
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+one-way function
+
+	<cryptography, mathematics> A {function} which is easy to
+	compute but whose {inverse} is very difficult to compute.
+	Such functions have important applications in {cryptography},
+	specifically in {public-key cryptography}.
+
+	See also: {trapdoor function}.
+
+	(2001-05-10)
+
+one-way hash function
+
+	<algorithm> (Or "message digest function") A {one-way
+	function} which takes a variable-length message and produces a
+	fixed-length hash.  Given the hash it is computationally
+	infeasible to find a message with that hash; in fact one can't
+	determine any usable information about a message with that
+	hash, not even a single bit.  For some one-way hash functions
+	it's also computationally impossible to determine two messages
+	which produce the same hash.
+
+	A one-way hash function can be private or public, just like an
+	{encryption} function.  {MD5}, {SHA} and {Snefru} are examples of
+	public one-way hash functions.
+
+	A public one-way hash function can be used to speed up a
+	public-key {digital signature} system.  Rather than sign a
+	long message, which can take a long time, compute the one-way
+	hash of the message, and sign the hash.
+
+	{sci.crypt FAQ
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/usenet-by-group/sci.crypt/)}.
+
+	(2001-05-10)
+
+on-line
+
+	<jargon> 1. Ready for use.  E.g. "The graph plotter's fixed
+	and on-line again".
+
+	2. {Interactive} as opposed to {batch}.  Accessible via a
+	computer (or {terminal}), rather than on paper or other
+	medium.
+
+	3. Of a user, actively using a computer system, especially the
+	{Internet}.  E.g "I haven't been on-line for three days."
+
+	"On-line" should be hyphenated because it is compounded from
+	two words but the hyphen is often omitted in names of
+	organisations or services.
+
+	(1998-12-22)
+
+On-Line Analytical Processing
+
+	<database> (OLAP) A category of {database} software which
+	provides an interface such that users can transform or limit
+	raw data according to user-defined or pre-defined functions,
+	and quickly and interactively examine the results in various
+	dimensions of the data.
+
+	OLAP primarily involves aggregating large amounts of diverse
+	data.  OLAP can involve millions of data items with complex
+	relationships.  Its objective is to analyze these
+	relationships and look for patterns, trends, and exceptions.
+
+	The term was originally coined by {Dr. Codd} in 1993 with 12
+	"rules".  Since then, the {OLAP Council}, many vendors, and
+	Dr. Codd himself have added new requirements and confusion.
+
+	Richard Creeth and Nigel Pendse define OLAP as fast analysis
+	of shared multidimensional information.  Their definition
+	requires the system to respond to users within about five
+	seconds.  It should support logical and statistical processing
+	of results without the user having to program in a {4GL}.  It
+	should implement all the security requirements for
+	confidentiality and concurrent update locking.  The system
+	must provide a multidimensional conceptual view of the data,
+	including full support for multiple hierarchies.  Other
+	aspects to consider include data duplication, {RAM} and disk
+	space requirements, performance, and integration with {data
+	warehouses}.
+
+	Various bodies have attempted to come up with standards for
+	OLAP, including The {OLAP Council} and the {Analytical
+	Solutions Forum} (ASF), however, the {Microsoft OLE DB for
+	OLAP API} is the most widely adopted and has become the {de
+	facto standard}.
+
+	{(http://access.digex.net/~grimes/olap/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.databases.olap}.
+
+	{(http://arborsoft.com/papers/finkTOC.html)}.
+
+	[What's a "multidimensional conceptual view"?]
+
+	(1996-09-24)
+
+Online Computer Library Center, Inc.
+
+	<library> (OCLC) A nonprofit membership organisation offering
+	computer-based services and research to libraries, educational
+	organisations, and their users.  OCLC operates the OCLC
+	Cataloging PRISM service for cataloging and resource sharing,
+	provides on-line reference systems for both librarians and
+	end-users, and distributes on-line electronic journals.
+	OCLC's goals are to increase the availability of library
+	resources and reduce library costs for the fundamental public
+	purpose of furthering access to the world's information.  The
+	OCLC library information network connects more than 10,000
+	36,000 libraries worldwide.  Libraries use the OCLC System for
+	cataloguing, interlibrary loan, collection development,
+	bibliographic verification, and reference searching.  Their
+	most visible feature is the OCLC Online Union Catalog (OLUC)
+	WorldCat (the OCLC Online Union Catalog).
+
+	{(http://oclc.org/)}.
+
+	(2000-03-23)
+
+On-Line Computer system
+
+	(OLC) A predecessor of the {Culler-Fried System} from {UCSB}
+	ca. 1966.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.253].
+
+	(1995-11-25)
+
+Online Media
+
+	{Acorn Online Media}
+
+On-line Process Synthesizer
+
+	<simulation> (OPS) A system for {discrete simulation} under
+	{CTSS} developed by M. Greenberger at {MIT} ca. 1964.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.660. Versions: OPS-3, OPS-4. "On- line
+	Computation and Simulation: The OPS-3 System", M. Greenberger
+	et al, MIT Press 1965].
+
+	(2003-04-05)
+
+Online Public Access Catalog
+
+	<library> (OPAC) A computerised system to catalogue and
+	organise materials in a library (the kind that contains
+	books).  OPACs have replaced card-based catalogues in many
+	libraries.  An OPAC is available to library users (public
+	access).
+
+	(2000-07-17)
+
+On-Line Transaction Processing
+
+	<database> (OLTP) The processing of transactions by computers
+	in real time.
+
+	[Details?  Products?]
+
+	(1997-05-14)
+
+Ontic
+
+	<language> {Object-oriented} language for an {inference
+	system} with a {Lisp}-like appearance, but based on set
+	theory.
+
+	["Ontic: A Knowledge Representation System for Mathematics",
+	D.A. McAllester, MIT Press 1989].
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+onto
+
+	{surjection}
+
+ontology
+
+	1. <philosophy> A systematic account of Existence.
+
+	2. <artificial intelligence> (From philosophy) An explicit
+	formal specification of how to represent the objects, concepts
+	and other entities that are assumed to exist in some area of
+	interest and the relationships that hold among them.
+
+	For {AI} systems, what "exists" is that which can be
+	represented.  When the {knowledge} about a {domain} is
+	represented in a {declarative language}, the set of objects
+	that can be represented is called the {universe of discourse}.
+	We can describe the ontology of a program by defining a set of
+	representational terms.  Definitions associate the names of
+	entities in the {universe of discourse} (e.g. classes,
+	relations, functions or other objects) with human-readable
+	text describing what the names mean, and formal {axioms} that
+	constrain the interpretation and well-formed use of these
+	terms.  Formally, an ontology is the statement of a {logical
+	theory}.
+
+	A set of {agents} that share the same ontology will be able to
+	communicate about a domain of discourse without necessarily
+	operating on a globally shared theory.  We say that an agent
+	commits to an ontology if its observable actions are
+	consistent with the definitions in the ontology.  The idea of
+	ontological commitment is based on the {Knowledge-Level}
+	perspective.
+
+	3. <information science> The hierarchical structuring of
+	knowledge about things by subcategorising them according to
+	their essential (or at least relevant and/or cognitive)
+	qualities.  See {subject index}.  This is an extension of the
+	previous senses of "ontology" (above) which has become common
+	in discussions about the difficulty of maintaining {subject
+	indices}.
+
+	(1997-04-09)
+
+OnX
+
+	A graphics package from LAL Orsay.
+
+OO
+
+	{object-oriented}
+
+OOA
+
+	{object-oriented analysis}
+
+OOD
+
+	{object-oriented design}
+
+OODB
+
+	{object-oriented database}
+
+OODBMS
+
+	{object-oriented database management system}
+
+OOF
+
+	{Object-Oriented Fortran}
+
+OOGL
+
+	Object-Oriented Graphics Language.  1970's.
+
+OOo
+
+	{OpenOffice.org}
+
+OOP
+
+	{object-oriented programming}
+
+OOPL
+
+	{object-oriented programming language}
+
+OOPS
+
+	"OOPS: A Knowledge Representation Language", D. Vermeir, Proc
+	19th Intl Hawaii Conf on System Sciences, IEEE (Jan 1986)
+	pp.156-157.
+
+OOPSLA
+
+	Conference on Object-oriented Programming Systems, Languages
+	and Applications.
+
+OOSD
+
+	Object-oriented structured design: a design method elaborated
+	from structured design and incorporating the essential
+	features of the object-oriented approach.
+
+OOZE
+
+	Object oriented extension of Z.  "Object Orientation in Z", S.
+	Stepney et al eds, Springer 1992.
+
+op
+
+	<job> /op/ 1. In England and Ireland, a common verbal
+	abbreviation for "operator", as in {system operator}.  This is
+	less common in the US, where {sysop} seems to be preferred.
+
+	2. The general term for an {IRC} {channel op}.  Also, as a
+	verb: to give someone {channel op} privileges.  Compare
+	{ircop}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-12-12)
+
+OPAC
+
+	{Online Public Access Catalog}
+
+Opal
+
+	1. A {DSP} language.
+
+	["OPAL: A High Level Language and Environment for DSP boards
+	on PC", J.P. Schwartz et al, Proc ICASSP-89, 1989].
+
+	2. The language of the {object-oriented database} {GemStone}.
+
+	["Making Smalltalk a Database System", G. Copeland et al, Proc
+	SIGMOD'84, ACM 1984, pp.316- 325].
+
+	3. A {simulation} language with provision for {stochastic
+	variables}.  An extension of {Autostat}.
+
+	["C-E-I-R OPAL", D. Pilling, Internal Report,
+	C.E.I.R. Ltd. (1963)].
+
+	4. A language for compiler testing said to be used internally
+	by {DEC}.
+
+	5. A {functional programming} language designed at the
+	{Technische Universitaet Berlin} as a testbed for the
+	development of {functional programs}.  OPAL integrates
+	concepts from Algebraic Specification and Functional
+	Programming, which favour the (formal) development of (large)
+	production-quality software written in a {purely functional}
+	style.
+
+	The core of OPAL is a {strongly typed}, {higher-order},
+	{strict} applicative language which belongs to the tradition
+	of {Hope} and {ML}.  The algebraic flavour of OPAL is visible
+	in the syntactical appearance and in the preference of
+	{parameterisation} to {polymorphism}.
+
+	OPAL supports: {information hiding} - each language unit is
+	divided into an interface (signature) and an implementation
+	part; selective import; {parameterised modules}; free
+	constructor {views} on {sorts}, which allow pattern-based
+	function definitions despite quite different implementations;
+	full {overloading} of names; puristic scheme language with no
+	{built-in} data types (except {Booleans} and denotations).
+
+	OPAL and its predecessor OPAL-0 have been used for some time
+	at the Technische Universitaet Berlin in CS courses and for
+	research into optimising compilers for applicative languages.
+	The OPAL compiler itself is writte entirely in OPAL.
+
+	An overview is given in "OPAL: Design And Implementation of an
+	Algebraic Programming Language".
+
+	{(http://cs.tu-berlin.de/~opal/)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.tu-berlin.de/pub/local/uebb/papers/DesignImplOpal.ps.gz)}.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+OPC
+
+	{OLE for Process Control}
+
+op code
+
+	{operation code}
+
+open
+
+	1. To prepare to read or write a file.  This usually involves
+	checking whether the file already exists and that the user has
+	the necessary authorisation to read or write it.  The result
+	of a successful open is usually some kind of {capability}
+	(e.g. a {Unix} {file descriptor}) - a token that the user
+	passes back to the system in order to access the file without
+	further checks and finally to close the file.
+
+	2. Abbreviation for "open (or left) parenthesis" - used when
+	necessary to eliminate oral ambiguity.  To read aloud the LISP
+	form (DEFUN FOO (X) (PLUS X 1)) one might say: "Open defun
+	foo, open eks close, open, plus eks one, close close."
+
+	3. Non-proprietary.  An open {standard} is one which can be
+	used without payment.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+open box testing
+
+	{white box testing}
+
+OpenBSD
+
+	<operating system> A version of {BSD Unix} with an emphasis on
+	security.  A lot of security work that is ported to other free
+	operating systems originates with OpenBSD and a lot of {code
+	review} is done here.
+
+	Sub-projects of OpenBSD include implementations of {SSH
+	(http://openssh.org/)}, {ntpd (http://openntpd.org/)},
+	and {CVS}, to be called OpenCVS.
+
+	{OpenBSD Home (http://openbsd.org/)}.
+
+	(2005-01-17)
+
+open/closed principle
+
+	<programming, theory> A principle used in {OOPL} which states
+	that a {class} must be open and closed where open means it has
+	the ability to be extended and closed means it cannot be
+	modified other than by extension.
+
+	The idea is that once a class has been approved for use having
+	gone through code reviews, unit tests, and other qualifying
+	procedures, you don't want to change the class very much, just
+	extend it.  In practice the open/closed principle simply means
+	making good use of {abstraction} and {polymorphism}.
+
+	(1997-09-23)
+
+open-collar worker
+
+	<job> Someone who works at home or telecommutes.
+
+	(1997-04-17)
+
+Open DataBase Connectivity
+
+	<standard, database> (ODBC) A {standard} for accessing
+	different {database} systems.  There are interfaces for
+	{Visual Basic}, {Visual C++}, {SQL} and the ODBC driver pack
+	contains drivers for the {Access}, {Paradox}, {dBase}, Text,
+	{Excel} and {Btrieve} databases.
+
+	An application can submit statements to ODBC using the ODBC
+	flavor of SQL.  ODBC then translates these to whatever flavor
+	the database understands.
+
+	ODBC 1.0 was released in September 1992.
+
+	ODBC is based on {Call-Level Interface} and was defined by the
+	{SQL Access Group}.  {Microsoft} was one member of the group
+	and was the first company to release a commercial product
+	based on its work (under {Microsoft Windows}) but ODBC is not
+	a Microsoft standard (as many people believe).
+
+	ODBC drivers and development tools are available now for
+	{Microsoft Windows}, {Unix}, {OS/2}, and {Macintosh}.
+
+	[On-line document?]
+
+	["Unix Review", Aug 1995].
+
+	(1996-05-27)
+
+Open Data-link Interface
+
+	<networking, standard> (ODI) A {Novell}-developed {network
+	card} {API} that provides media and {protocol} independence.
+	It allows the sharing of a single card by multiple {transport
+	layer} {protocols} and resolves conflicts.
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+Open DeathTrap
+
+	<abuse> An abusive hackerism for the {Santa Cruz Operation}'s
+	{Open DeskTop}.  The funniest part is that this was coined by
+	SCO's own developers.
+
+	Compare {AIDX}, {Macintrash} {Nominal Semidestructor},
+	{ScumOS}, {sun-stools}, {HP-SUX}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+Open Desktop
+
+	<operating system, product> A {Motif}-based graphical
+	interface from the {Santa Cruz Operation} (SCO), built over
+	their {Unix} environment, part of the {ACE} initiative.
+
+	Also known as "{Open DeathTrap}".
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+Open Distributed Processing
+
+	<standard> (ODP) An attempt to standardise an {OSI}
+	{application layer} communications architecture.  ODP is a
+	natural progression from {OSI}, broadening the target of
+	standardisation from the point of interconnection to the end
+	system behaviour.  The objective of ODP is to enable the
+	construction of {distributed systems} in a multi-vendor
+	environment through the provision of a general architectural
+	framework that such systems must conform to.  One of the
+	cornerstones of this framework is a model of multiple
+	viewpoints which enables different participants to observe a
+	system from a suitable perspective and a suitable level of
+	{abstraction}.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+Open Distributed System Architecture
+
+	(ODSA) A research program sponsored by the UK Department of
+	Trade and Industry and the Engineering and Physical Sciences
+	Research Council.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+OpenDoc
+
+	<operating system> A compound document architecture from {CIL}
+	based on {CORBA}.  It aims to enable embedding of features
+	from different {application programs} into a single working
+	document.
+
+	(1997-02-21)
+
+OpenDocument
+
+	<file format, standard> (ODF, ISO/IEC 26300, OASIS Open
+	Document Format for Office Applications) An {XML} {file
+	format} for {office} documents, such as {spreadsheets},
+	charts, presentations, databases and {word processing}.
+
+	OpenDocument was developed by the Open Office XML technical
+	committee of the Organization for the Advancement of
+	Structured Information Standards ({OASIS}) consortium.  It is
+	based on the XML format originally created and implemented by
+	the {OpenOffice.org} {office suite}.  OpenDocument is an open
+	standard, i.e. freely available and implementable.
+
+	Compare {OOXML}.
+
+	(2007-09-19)
+
+Open Document Architecture
+
+	<standard> (ODA) {ISO} {standard} (8613) for describing
+	documents.  It allows text, graphics, and facsimile documents
+	to be transferred between different systems.
+
+	{ODIF} is part of ODA.
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+Open Document Interchange Format
+
+	<standard> (ODIF) Part of the {ODA} standard.
+
+	(1996-10-16)
+
+Open Document Management API
+
+	<text, standard> An open standard allowing desktop
+	applications to interface with {document management systems}.
+
+	{(http://activedoc.com)}.
+
+	(1997-07-04)
+
+OpenGL
+
+	{Open Graphics Library}
+
+Open Graphics Library
+
+	<graphics, library> (OpenGL) A multi-{platform} software
+	interface to graphics hardware, supporting {rendering} and
+	{imaging} operations.  The OpenGL interface was developed by
+	{Silicon Graphics}, who license it to other vendors.
+
+	The OpenGL graphics interface consists of several hundred
+	functions operating on 2D and 3D objects, supporting basic
+	techniques, such as {modelling} and {smooth shading}, and
+	advanced techniques, such as {texture mapping} and {motion
+	blur}.  Many operations require a {frame buffer}.  OpenGL is
+	{network-transparent}, and a common extension to the {X Window
+	System} allows an OpenGL {client} to communicate across a
+	network with a different vendor's OpenGL {server}.
+
+	OpenGL is based on Silicon Graphics' proprietary {IRIS GL}.
+
+	{OpenGL WWW Center (http://sgi.com/Technology/openGL/)}.
+
+	{Mesa GL (http://ssec.wisc.edu/~brianp/Mesa.html)} (PD
+	implementation).
+
+	(1996-09-30)
+
+Open Group
+
+	{The Open Group}
+
+OpenInsight
+
+	<programming, database> The {workflow}-enabled {Windows
+	95}/{Windows NT} version of {Advanced Revelation}, featuring
+	native support for {Lotus Notes}, {Microsoft SQL Server},
+	{Oracle} and {ODBC}.  OpenInsight is available from
+	{Revelation Software}.
+
+	(1997-04-25)
+
+Open Look
+
+	<operating system> A {graphical user interface} and {window
+	manager} from {Sun} and {AT&T}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.graphics.openlook}.
+
+	(1995-06-11)
+
+Open Network Computing
+
+	(ONC) {Sun}'s {network} {protocols}.
+
+	[more detail?]
+
+OpenOffice.org
+
+	<project> (OOo) The group that produces a {free} ({GPL})
+	{cross-platform} {office suite} that provides much of the same
+	functionality as {Microsoft Office} including {word
+	processing}, {spreadsheet}, presentation and graphics.  Each
+	program can read and write both its own and Microsoft formats.
+
+	{OpenOffice Home (http://openoffice.org/)}.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+Open Prolog
+
+	<Prolog, language> {Prolog} for the {Macintosh} by Michael Brady
+	<brady@cs.tcd.ie>.
+
+	{(http://cs.tcd.ie/open-prolog/)}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2000-12-21)
+
+Open Scripting Architecture
+
+	(OSA) A {CIL} approach to the coexistence of multiple
+	scripting systems.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+Open Shortest-Path First
+
+	{Open Shortest-Path First Interior Gateway Protocol}
+
+Open Shortest-Path First Interior Gateway Protocol
+
+	<networking, protocol, standard> (OSPF) A {link state routing
+	protocol} that is one of the {Internet} standard {Interior
+	Gateway Protocols} defined in {RFC 1247}.
+
+	There is no OSPF {EGP}, OSPF is an IGP only.
+
+	[Relationship to {Internet Protocol} packet routing?]
+
+	{OSPF Design Guide
+	(http://cisco.com/warp/public/104/1.html)}.
+
+	(2002-06-29)
+
+Open Software Foundation
+
+	<body> (OSF) A foundation created by nine computer vendors,
+	({Apollo}, {DEC}, {Hewlett-Packard}, {IBM}, {Bull}, {Nixdorf},
+	{Philips}, {Siemens} and {Hitachi}) to promote "Open
+	Computing".  It is planned that common {operating systems} and
+	interfaces, based on developments of {Unix} and the {X Window
+	System} will be forthcoming for a wide range of different
+	hardware architectures.  OSF announced the release of the
+	industry's first open {operating system} - OSF/1 on 23 October
+	1990.
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+open source
+
+	<philosophy, legal> A method and philosophy for software
+	licensing and distribution designed to encourage use and
+	improvement of software written by volunteers by ensuring that
+	anyone can copy the {source code} and modify it freely.
+
+	The term "open source" is now more widely used than the
+	earlier term "{free software}" (promoted by the {Free Software
+	Foundation}) but has broadly the same meaning - free of
+	distribution restrictions, not necessarily free of charge.
+
+	There are various {open source licenses} available.
+	Programmers can choose an appropriate license to use when
+	distributing their programs.
+
+	The {Open Source Initiative} promotes the {Open Source
+	Definition}.
+
+	{The Cathedral and the Bazaar
+	(http://tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar.html)}.
+	was a seminal paper describing the open source phenomenon.
+
+	{Open Sources - O'Reilly book with full text online
+	(http://oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/perens.html)}.
+
+	{Articles from ZDNet
+	(http://zdnet.com/pcmag/features/opensource/)}.
+
+	(1999-12-29)
+
+Open Source Definition
+
+	<standard> (OSD) Definition of distribution terms for {open
+	source} software, promoted by the {Open Source Initiative}.
+
+	{(http://opensource.org/osd.html)}.
+
+	(1999-11-28)
+
+Open Source Initiative
+
+	<body> (OSI) An organisation dedicated to managing and
+	promoting the {Open Source Definition} for the good of the
+	community.
+
+	{(http://opensource.org/)}.
+
+	(1999-11-28)
+
+Open source license
+
+	<legal> Any document that attempts to specify {open source}
+	usage and distribution of software.  These licenses are
+	usually drafted by experts and are likely to be more legally
+	sound than one a programmer could write.  However, loopholes
+	do exist.
+
+	Here is a non-exhaustive list of open source licenses:
+
+	1. {Public Domain} - No license.
+
+	2. {BSD} License - An early open source license
+
+	3. {General Public License} (GPL) - The {copyleft} license of
+	the {Free Software Foundation}.  Used for {GNU} software and
+	much of {Linux}.
+
+	4. {Artistic License
+	(http://my-opensource.org/Artistic.txt)} Less restrictive
+	than the GPL, permitted by {Perl} in addition to the GPL.
+
+	5. {Mozilla Public Licenses (http://mozilla.org/MPL/)}.
+	(MPL, MozPL) and Netscape Public License (NPL).
+
+	["Open Sources", pub. O'Reilly, {full text
+	(http://oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/perens.html)}].
+
+	(1999-11-28)
+
+OpenStep
+
+	<operating system> An {object-oriented} {application
+	programming interface} (API) derived from {NEXTSTEP} and
+	proposed as an {open standard} by {NeXT} in 1994.
+
+	OpenStep is the specification of the object kits of NEXTSTEP.
+	OPENSTEP/Mach was an implementation of this specification.
+	The original, OPENSTEP version 4.0, and really was NEXTSTEP 4.
+	{Rhapsody} was the codename for {Apple}'s {Mac OS X} Server,
+	which is really NEXTSTEP 5 (it calls itself "kernel 5.3" at
+	boot time).
+
+	OpenStep was designed to be implemented independently of the
+	computer's operating system, hardware, and user interface.
+	The {API} for {Rhapsody} will be a superset of {OpenStep}'s.
+
+	When the OpenStep {API} is implemented for a specific platform
+	and made into a product, it is written in uppercase,
+	e.g. OPENSTEP Developer 4.2 for Mach, or OPENSTEP Enterprise
+	for {Windows NT} and {Windows 95}.  Versions of OPENSTEP exist
+	for Windows 95/NT, Solaris, HP/UX, and Mach.
+
+	(1999-11-25)
+
+open switch
+
+	({IBM}, probably from railways) An unresolved question, issue,
+	or problem.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Open System Architecture
+
+	<operating system> (OSA) A competitor to {IBM}'s {SNA}.
+
+	(2005-03-07)
+
+Open Systems Interconnect
+
+	{Open Systems Interconnection}
+
+Open Systems Interconnection
+
+	<networking> (OSI-RM, OSI Reference Model, seven layer model)
+	A model of network architecture and a suite of {protocols} (a
+	{protocol stack}) to implement it, developed by {ISO} in 1978
+	as a framework for international {standards} in heterogeneous
+	computer {network} architecture.
+
+	The OSI architecture is split between seven {layers}, from
+	lowest to highest: 1 {physical layer}, 2 {data link layer}, 3
+	{network layer}, 4 {transport layer}, 5 {session layer}, 6
+	{presentation layer}, 7 {application layer}.
+
+	Each layer uses the layer immediately below it and provides a
+	service to the layer above.  In some implementations a layer
+	may itself be composed of sub-layers.
+
+	OSI is the umbrella name for a series of non-proprietary
+	protocols and specifications, comprising, among others, the
+	OSI Reference Model, ASN.1 ({Abstract Syntax Notation 1}), BER
+	({Basic Encoding Rules}), {CMIP} and {CMIS} (Common Management
+	Information Protocol and Services), {X.400} (Message Handling
+	System, or MHS), {X.500} (Directory Service), {Z39.50} (search
+	and retrieval protocol used by {WAIS}), and many others.
+	Apart from its actual application to real protocols, it also
+	serves as a useful teaching model.
+
+	(2004-02-13)
+
+Open Telecom Platform
+
+	<communications, library> (OTP) A set of standard, {open source}
+	{libraries} and tools for use with {Erlang}.
+
+	{(http://erlang.org/faq/t1.html#AEN17)}.
+
+	(2001-08-28)
+
+Open Trading Protocol
+
+	{Internet Open Trading Protocol}
+
+OpenTransport
+
+	<networking> (OT) A complete reimplementation of all levels of
+	the {Macintosh} {networking} code including "Classic"
+	{AppleTalk} and {MacTCP}.  It appeared in {MacOS} revision
+	7.5.3 [or earlier?  Date?].
+
+	(2000-08-13)
+
+Open University
+
+	<education, body> (OU) The UK distance-learning organisation,
+	established in 1969.  It teaches degree-level courses in many
+	subjects via BBC radio and television broadcasts and summer
+	schools.
+
+	{(http://hcrl.open.ac.uk/ou/ouhome.html)}.
+
+	(1999-07-13)
+
+OpenVMS
+
+	{Virtual Memory System}
+
+OpenWindows
+
+	<operating system> A {graphical user interface} {server} for
+	{Sun} {workstations} which handles {SunView}, {NeWS} and {X
+	Window System} protocols.
+
+	(1995-06-11)
+
+operand
+
+	<programming> An {argument} of an {operator} or of a {machine
+	language} instruction.
+
+	(1995-08-18)
+
+operating system
+
+	<operating system> (OS) The low-level {software} which handles
+	the interface to {peripheral} {hardware}, schedules {tasks},
+	allocates {storage}, and presents a default {interface} to the
+	user when no {application program} is running.
+
+	The OS may be split into a {kernel} which is always present
+	and various system programs which use facilities provided by
+	the kernel to perform higher-level {house-keeping} tasks,
+	often acting as {servers} in a {client-server} relationship.
+
+	Some would include a {graphical user interface} and {window
+	system} as part of the OS, others would not.  The {operating
+	system loader}, {BIOS}, or other {firmware} required at {boot
+	time} or when installing the operating system would generally
+	not be considered part of the operating system, though this
+	distinction is unclear in the case of a {rommable operating
+	system} such as {RISC OS}.
+
+	The facilities an operating system provides and its general
+	design philosophy exert an extremely strong influence on
+	programming style and on the technical cultures that grow up
+	around the machines on which it runs.
+
+	Example operating systems include {386BSD}, {AIX}, {AOS},
+	{Amoeba}, {Angel}, {Artemis microkernel}, {BeOS}, {Brazil},
+	{COS}, {CP/M}, {CTSS}, {Chorus}, {DACNOS}, {DOSEXEC 2},
+	{GCOS}, {GEORGE 3}, {GEOS}, {ITS}, {KAOS}, {Linux}, {LynxOS},
+	{MPV}, {MS-DOS}, {MVS}, {Mach}, {Macintosh operating system},
+	{Microsoft Windows}, {MINIX}, {Multics}, {Multipop-68},
+	{Novell NetWare}, {OS-9}, {OS/2}, {Pick}, {Plan 9}, {QNX},
+	{RISC OS}, {STING}, {System V}, {System/360}, {TOPS-10},
+	{TOPS-20}, {TRUSIX}, {TWENEX}, {TYMCOM-X}, {Thoth}, {Unix},
+	{VM/CMS}, {VMS}, {VRTX}, {VSTa}, {VxWorks}, {WAITS}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/news-info/comp.os.research)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.os.research}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-06-09)
+
+Operating System/360
+
+	<operating system> (OS/360) An {operating system} developed by
+	{IBM} for their {System/360} computer (announced in 1964).
+
+	After this experience, {Frederick P. Brooks} wrote his famous
+	book, {The Mythical Man-Month}, giving OS/360 as an example of
+	the {second-system effect}.
+
+	[Features?  Relatonship to {DOS/360}?]
+
+	(2001-03-23)
+
+Operating System/Multiprogramming of Fixed Tasks
+
+	<operating system> (OS/MFT) One of the {IBM} {operating
+	systems} associated with the {IBM 360}, released in 1966 and
+	targetted at mid-range {IBM 360} users (typically 360/40,
+	360/50).  OS/MFT was the juinior member of the main 'OS'
+	series of IBM operating systems, the other being {OS/MVT}.
+	Smaller 360 mainframes used {DOS}.
+
+	OS/MFT shared {JCL} and utilities with OS/MVT but allocated
+	memory differently.  In OS/MFT, partitions of memory were of a
+	fixed number and size, specified by the generation and
+	configuration of the operating system.  As this class of
+	mainframe had typically less than 512K of main memory,
+	partitions tended to be about 128K.
+
+	With the advent of {Virtual Storage} and the {System 370}'s
+	{Dynamic Address Translation} (DAT), OS/MFT was improved to
+	become {OS/VS1}, taking account of virtual storage in a single
+	partition up to 16MB.
+
+	(1999-01-22)
+
+operational database
+
+	<database> A {database} containing up-to-date, modifiable
+	data, in contrast to a {decision support database}.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+Operational Data Store
+
+	<database> (ODS) A group of integrated databases designed to
+	support the monitoring of operations.  Unlike function
+	oriented databases, an ODS contains subject-oriented, dynamic,
+	current enterprise-wide information that is continually
+	updated to show the current state of operations.
+
+	["Data Warehousing Architecture and Implementation"].
+
+	(2010-02-28)
+
+operational requirements
+
+	<programming> Qualitative and quantitative parameters that
+	specify the desired capabilities of a system and serve as a
+	basis for determining the operational effectiveness and
+	suitability of a system prior to deployment.
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+operational semantics
+
+	<theory> A set of rules specifying how the state of an actual
+	or hypothetical computer changes while executing a program.
+	The overall state is typically divided into a number of
+	components, e.g. {stack}, {heap}, {registers} etc.  Each rule
+	specifies certain preconditions on the contents of some
+	components and their new contents after the application of the
+	rule.
+
+	It is similar in spirit to the notion of a {Turing machine},
+	in which actions are precisely described in a mathematical
+	way.
+
+	Compuare {axiomatic semantics}, {denotational semantics}.
+
+	(1996-08-21)
+
+operational test and evaluation
+
+	<testing> (OT&E) Formal testing conducted prior to deployment
+	to evaluate the operational effectiveness and suitability of
+	the system with respect to its mission.
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+operational testing
+
+	<testing> A US DoD term for testing performed by the
+	{end-user} on software in its normal operating environment.
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+operation code
+
+	<programming> (Always "op code" when spoken) The part or parts
+	of a {machine language} {instruction} which determines what
+	kind of action the computer should take, e.g. add, jump, load,
+	store.  In any particular {instruction set} certain fixed bit
+	positions within the instruction word contain the op code,
+	others give {parameters} such as the addresses or {registers}
+	involved.  For example, in a 32-bit instruction the most
+	significant eight bits might be the op code giving 256
+	possible operations.
+
+	For some instruction sets, certain values in the fixed bit
+	positions may select a group of operations and the exact
+	operation may depend on other bits within instruction word or
+	subsequent words.
+
+	When programming in {assembly language}, the op code is
+	represented by a readable name called an {instruction
+	mnemonic}.
+
+	(1997-02-14)
+
+operations support technician
+
+	<job> A person who analyses and supports computer operations
+	by controlling production applications, monitoring system
+	resources and response time and providing first-line support
+	for operational problems.
+
+	(2004-03-20)
+
+operator
+
+	<programming> A symbol used as a {function}, with {infix
+	syntax} if it has two arguments (e.g. "+") or {prefix syntax} if
+	it has only one (e.g. {Boolean} NOT).  Many languages use
+	operators for built-in functions such as arithmetic and logic.
+
+	(1995-04-30)
+
+Operator Control Language
+
+	<language> (OCL) The {batch language} for the {IBM System/36},
+	used specifically with the {RPG II} {compiler}.
+
+	See also {CL}.
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+operator overloading
+
+	{overloading}
+
+OPF
+
+	{Object Persistence Framework}
+
+Opportunity Management System
+
+	<business> (OMS) A system that stores sales opportunities and
+	related information.  Each sales lead can be tracked with
+	information such as source, type, worth, status, likelihood of
+	closure etc.
+
+	An OMS can perform other related tasks such as prioritising
+	sales calls and generating analyses that assist the fine-tuning
+	of marketing strategies.
+
+	See also {Customer Relationship Management}.
+
+	(1999-08-20)
+
+OPS
+
+	1. <simulation> {On-line Process Synthesizer}.
+
+	2. <language> {Official Production System}.
+
+	3. <database> {Oracle Parallel Server}.
+
+	(2003-04-05)
+
+OPS5
+
+	<language> A programming language for rule-based {production
+	systems}.  A rule consists of pre-condition(s) and a resulting
+	action.
+
+	The system checks its {working memory} to see if there are
+	rules whose pre-conditions are satisfied, if so, the action in
+	one selected satisfied rule is executed.
+
+	There is a {public domain} implementation of an OPS5
+	{interpreter} written by Charles L. Forgy <forgy@cs.cmu.edu>
+	in 1977.  It was first implemented in {Lisp} and later in
+	{BLISS}.  It was also ported to {Common Lisp} by George Wood
+	and Jim Kowalski.
+
+	{CLIPS} is a language for writing {expert systems}, with some
+	of the capabilities of OPS5.
+
+	See also {C5}, {OPS83}, {OPS4}, {OPS5+}, {OPS83}.
+
+	Inference Engine Tech, Cambridge MA.
+
+	{An OPS5 interpreter in Common LISP
+	(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/mirrors/Unix-c/languages/ops5)}.
+
+	{A version by Mark Kantrowitz
+	(ftp://ftp.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/mkant/Public/Lisp/)}.
+	<mkant+@cs.cmu.edu>.
+
+	["Programming Expert Systems in OPS5", L. Brownston et al, A-W
+	1985].
+
+	["An OPS5 Primer", Sherman et al, comes with OPS5 for DOS].
+
+	["Rule-Based Programming in the Unix System", G.T. Vesonder,
+	AT&T Tech J 67(1), 1988].
+
+	(1995-08-18)
+
+OPS83
+
+	A commercial version of {OPS5}.
+
+Optical Carrier 12
+
+	<networking> (OC-12) A {SONET} rate of 12 * 51.84 = 622.08
+	{megabits} per second.
+
+	[Matches {STS-12}]?
+
+	(1997-05-26)
+
+Optical Carrier 3
+
+	<networking> (OC-3) A {SONET} rate of 3 * 51.84 = 155.52
+	{megabits} per second, which matches {STS-3}.
+
+	(1997-02-05)
+
+Optical Carrier 48
+
+	<networking> (OC-48) A {SONET} rate of 48 * 51.84 = 2488.32
+	{megabits} per second.
+
+	[Matches {STS-48}]?
+
+	(1997-05-26)
+
+Optical Carrier n
+
+	<networking> (OC-n) A {SONET} rate of n times 51.84 {megabits}
+	per second.
+
+	(1997-02-05)
+
+Optical Character Recognition
+
+	<text> (OCR, sometimes /oh'k*/) Recognition of printed or
+	written characters by computer.  Each page of text is
+	converted to a digital using a {scanner} and OCR is then
+	applied to this image to produce a text file.  This involves
+	complex {image processing} {algorithms} and rarely achieves
+	100% accuracy so manual proof reading is recommended.
+
+	(1999-08-26)
+
+optical diff
+
+	{vdiff}
+
+optical disc drive
+
+	{optical disk drive}
+
+optical disk drive
+
+	<hardware> (Or "optical disc drive", "optical storage") A generic
+	term for any device that reads and/or writes {optical media},
+	i.e. {compact discs}, {DVDs} and/or {Blu-ray discs} or future
+	media that uses light (from a small laser) to read data off a
+	removable, rotating disk.
+
+	At least one such drive is commonly installed in most {personal
+	computers} to allow them to play and/or record {audio} and {video}
+	media and load and store data such as program {installers}.
+
+	The {floppy disk} has been replaced by optical media due to its
+	vastly greater capacity, e.g. 50,000 {megabytes} for a dual-layer
+	{blu-ray disc} compared with 1.5 {megabytes} for a floppy (over
+	30,000 times as much).
+
+	(2014-04-27)
+
+optical drive
+
+	{optical disk drive}
+
+optical fiber
+
+	{optical fibre}
+
+optical fibre
+
+	<communications> (fibre optics, FO, US "fiber", light pipe) A
+	plastic or glass (silicon dioxide) fibre no thicker than a
+	human hair used to transmit information using infra-red or
+	even visible light as the carrier (usually a laser).  The
+	light beam is an electromagnetic signal with a frequency in
+	the range of 10^14 to 10^15 Hertz.
+
+	Optical fibre is less susceptible to external noise than other
+	transmission media, and is cheaper to make than copper wire,
+	but it is much more difficult to connect.  Optical fibres are
+	difficult to tamper with (to monitor or inject data in the
+	middle of a connection), making them appropriate for secure
+	communications.  The light beams do not escape from the medium
+	because the material used provides total internal reflection.
+
+	{AT&T} {Bell Laboratories} in the United States managed to
+	send information at a rate of 420 megabits per second, over
+	161.5 km through an optical fibre cable.  In Japan, 445.8
+	megabits per second was achieved over a shorter distance.  At
+	this rate, the entire text of the Encyclopedia Britannica
+	could be transmitted in one second.  Currently, AT&T is
+	working on a world network to support high volume data
+	transmission, international computer networking, {electronic
+	mail} and voice communications (a single fibre can transmit
+	200 million telephone conversations simultaneously).
+
+	See also {FDDI}, {Optical Carrier n}, {SONET}.
+
+	(1997-05-26)
+
+optical grep
+
+	{vgrep}
+
+Optical Mark Reader
+
+	<hardware> (OMR) A special scanning device that can read
+	carefully placed pencil marks on specially designed documents.
+	OMR is frequenty used in forms, questionnaires, and
+	answer-sheets.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+optical mouse
+
+	<hardware> Any kind of {mouse} that uses visible light or
+	infrared to detect changes in its position.
+
+	(1999-07-21)
+
+optical storage
+
+	{optical disk drive}
+
+Optical Storage Technology Association
+
+	<body> (OSTA) An industry consortium concerned with {optical
+	storage}.  OSTA wrote and maintains the {UDF} {file system}
+	used on {DVD video} discs.
+
+	{OSTA Home (http://osta.org/)}.
+
+	(2003-07-12)
+
+Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
+
+	<hardware> A device used to perform {Optical Time Domain
+	Reflectometry}.
+
+	(1995-02-01)
+
+Optical Time Domain Reflectometry
+
+	Measurement of the elapsed time and intensity of light
+	reflected on {optical fibre} using an optical time domain
+	reflectometer.  The reflectometer can compute the distance to
+	problems on the fibre such as attenuation and breaks, making
+	it a useful tool in optical network trouble-shooting.
+
+	(1995-02-01)
+
+optimal
+
+	1. <mathematics> Describes a solution to a problem which
+	minimises some {cost function}.  {Linear programming} is one
+	technique used to discover the optimal solution to certain
+	problems.
+
+	2. <programming> Of code: best or most efficient in time,
+	space or code size.
+
+	(1995-10-05)
+
+Optimal Flexible Architecture
+
+	<database> (OFA) Recommendations for logical and physical
+	allocation of {database} files to disks.  The OFA principles
+	can be summarised as: isolate redo, rollback, temp, data and
+	index files as much as possible.  OFA can be combined with
+	SAME ({Stripe And Mirror Everything}).
+
+	(2007-02-28)
+
+optimise
+
+	To perform {optimisation}.
+
+optimising compiler
+
+	<programming, tool> {compiler} which attempts to analyse the
+	code it produces and to produce more efficient code by
+	performing {program transformation} such as {branch
+	elimination}, {partial evaluation}, or {peep-hole
+	optimisation}.
+
+	Contrast {pessimising compiler}.
+
+	(1995-02-01)
+
+optimism
+
+	What a programmer is full of after fixing the last bug and
+	just before actually discovering the *next* last bug.  Fred
+	Brooks's book "{The Mythical Man-Month}" contains the
+	following paragraph that describes this extremely well.
+
+	All programmers are optimists.  Perhaps this modern sorcery
+	especially attracts those who believe in happy endings and
+	fairy god-mothers.  Perhaps the hundreds of nitty frustrations
+	drive away all but those who habitually focus on the end goal.
+	Perhaps it is merely that computers are young, programmers are
+	younger, and the young are always optimists.  But however the
+	selection process works, the result is indisputable: "This
+	time it will surely run," or "I just found the last bug.".
+
+	See also {Lubarsky's Law of Cybernetic Entomology}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+optimize
+
+	{optimisation}
+
+option
+
+	{command line option}
+
+OPTRAN
+
+	Specification language for attributed tree transformation
+	writetn by R. Wilhelm, U Saarlandes in the early 1980's.
+
+	["POPSY and OPTRAN Manual", ESPRIT PROSPECTRA Project Item
+	S.1.6-R.3.0, U Saarlandes (Mar 1986)].
+
+Opus
+
+	<project, product> A {Honeywell} {operating system} promised
+	as a sop to customers after canning {Multics} in 1985.  Opus
+	was to provide everything Multics had and more, plus total
+	compatibility with the {Level 6}/{DPS6} operating system.
+
+	"Opus" was a code name, the system was officially named VS3
+	(short for HVS R3 or Honeywell Virtual System Release Three).
+	It was to run on the {DPS6-plus} hardware known internally as
+	the MRX and HRX, and be all things to all people.
+
+	The hardware was a dud (though it did run the native DPS6
+	software just fine), and the goal was, shall we say,
+	ambitious.  The effort was cancelled by {Bull} in 1987, in
+	favor of another project going on in France.
+
+OR
+
+	<logic> The {Boolean} function which is true if any of its
+	arguments are true.  Its {truth table} is:
+
+	 A | B | A OR B
+	 --+---+---------
+	 F | F |    F
+	 F | T |    T
+	 T | F |    T
+	 T | T |    T
+
+	(1996-11-04)
+
+Oracle
+
+	{Oracle Corporation}
+
+Oracle 7
+
+	<database> Version 7 of the {Oracle} {relational database}
+	system software.
+
+	(1996-11-05)
+
+Oracle Card
+
+	<tool> A {Hypercard}-like product from {Oracle} for
+	constructing {database} {applications}.  It runs on {IBM PC}
+	and {Macintosh}.
+
+	(1995-03-15)
+
+Oracle*CASE
+
+	A set of {CASE} tools from {Oracle}.
+
+Oracle Co-operative Applications
+
+	<tool, product> Packaged {client/server} software from
+	{Oracle} for accounting, manufacturing, distribution, human
+	resources and project control.
+
+Oracle Corporation
+
+	<company> The world's leading supplier of information
+	management software.  The company, worth $2 billion, offers
+	its products, along with related consulting, education and
+	support services in more than 90 countries around the world.
+
+	Oracle is best known for its {database management systems}
+	vendor and {relational DBMS} products.  Oracle develops and
+	markets {Oracle Media Server} and the {Oracle7} family of
+	software products for {database} management; {Co-operative
+	Development Environment} and {Oracle Co-operative
+	Applications}
+
+	Oracle software runs on {personal digital assistants},
+	{set-top boxs}, {IBM PCs}, {workstations}, {minicomputers},
+	{mainframes} and {massively parallel computers}.
+
+	Oracle bought {Sun Microsystems} on 2009-04-20.
+
+	See also {Adaptable User Interface}, {Bookviewer},
+	{CASE*Method}, {Component Integration Laboratories}, {DDE
+	Manager}, {Online Media}, {Oracle Card}, {Oracle*CASE},
+	{siod}.
+
+	{(http://oracle.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Redwood Shores, CA, USA.
+
+	(1995-03-15)
+
+Oracle Parallel Server
+
+	<database> (OPS) An {Oracle} configuration that allows for
+	multiple Oracle servers running on seperate computers to
+	access the same database files simultaneously.
+
+	Normally used for {high availability}, running parallel
+	servers can improve performance by spreading out {CPU} load,
+	however, it requires data to be partitioned correctly.
+
+	This feature is enabled with the Parallel Server Option (or
+	"PSO").
+
+	{Oracle Parallel Server Option FAQ
+	(http://orafaq.com/faqops.htm)}.
+
+	(2003-04-05)
+
+Oracle Rdb
+
+	<database> A set of {relational database} products originally
+	known as Rdb from {Digital Equipment Corporation}, but
+	purchased by {Oracle Corporation} in 1994.  The current (October
+	1996) versions are Oracle Rdb V7.0 for {OpenVMS} {VAX}, Oracle
+	Rdb V7.0 for OpenVMS {Alpha}, and Oracle Rdb V7.0 for {Digital
+	UNIX}.
+
+	This release of Oracle Rdb includes advances in {non-stop
+	computing} for {business critical} applications, improvements
+	to {OLTP} performance, and easy {client/server} application
+	development.  It also includes an {ODBC} Driver.
+
+	(1996-10-30)
+
+Oracle Toolkit
+
+	{Adaptable User Interface}
+
+Orange Book
+
+	<security, standard> A standard from the US Government
+	{National Computer Security Council} (an arm of the
+	U.S. National Security Agency), "Trusted Computer System
+	Evaluation Criteria, DOD standard 5200.28-STD, December 1985"
+	which defines criteria for trusted computer products.  There
+	are four levels, A, B, C, and D.  Each level adds more
+	features and requirements.
+
+	D is a non-secure system.
+
+	C1 requires user log-on, but allows {group ID}.
+
+	C2 requires individual log-on with password and an audit
+	mechanism.  (Most {Unix} implementations are roughly C1, and
+	can be upgraded to about C2 without excessive pain).
+
+	Levels B and A provide mandatory control.  Access is based on
+	standard Department of Defense clearances.
+
+	B1 requires DOD clearance levels.
+
+	B2 guarantees the path between the user and the security
+	system and provides assurances that the system can be tested
+	and clearances cannot be downgraded.
+
+	B3 requires that the system is characterised by a mathematical
+	model that must be viable.
+
+	A1 requires a system characterized by a mathematical model
+	that can be proven.
+
+	See also {crayola books}, {book titles}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-01-09)
+
+ORB
+
+	{Object Request Broker}
+
+Orbit
+
+	A {Scheme} compiler.
+
+	["Orbit: An Optimising Compiler for Scheme", D.A. Kranz et al,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 21(7):281-292 (Jul 1986)].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+Orca
+
+	Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, 1986.  Similar to Modula-2, but
+	with support for distributed programming using shared data
+	objects, like Linda.  A 'graph' data type removes the need for
+	pointers.  Version for the Amoeba OS, comes with Amoeba.
+	"Orca: A Language for Distributed Processing", H.E.  Bal
+	<bal@cs.vu.nl> et al, SIGPLAN Notices 25(5):17-24 (May 1990).
+
+Order Code Processor
+
+	<processor> The {ICL 2900}, {ICL 3900} and above term for
+	"{CPU}".
+
+	(1995-05-06)
+
+order-embedding
+
+	A function f : D -> C is order-embedding iff for all x, y in
+	D,
+
+		f(x) <= f(y)  <=>  x <= y.
+
+	I.e. arguments and results compare similarly.  A function which
+	is order-embedding is {monotonic} and one-to-one and an
+	{injection}.
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\sqsubseteq}).
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+ordering
+
+	A relation.
+
+	See {partial ordering}, {pre-order}, {total ordering}.
+
+ordinal
+
+	<mathematics> An {isomorphism class} of {well-ordered sets}.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+ordinary differential equation
+
+	<mathematics> (ODE) A {differential equation} that contains
+	functions of only one independent variable, in contrast to a
+	{partial differential equation} (PDE).
+
+	(2009-03-11)
+
+ordinate
+
+	<mathematics> The y-coordinate on an (x,y) graph; the output
+	of a function plotted against its input.
+
+	x is the "{abscissa}".
+
+	See {Cartesian coordinates}.
+
+	(1997-07-08)
+
+OREGANO
+
+	["On the Design and Specification of the Programming Language
+	OREGANO", D.M. Berry. UCLA-ENG-7388, 1973].
+
+O'Reilly and Associates
+
+	The leading publisher of information on the {Internet},
+	{Unix}, the {X Window System} and other {open} systems.  They
+	also provide the {Global Network Navigator} service.
+
+	{Home page(http://ora.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+org
+
+	<networking> The {top-level domain} for organisations or
+	individuals that don't fit any other top-level domain
+	(national, com, edu, or gov).  Though many have .org domains,
+	it was never intended to be limited to non-profit
+	organisations.
+
+	{RFC 1591}.
+
+	(2001-05-14)
+
+Organic Mode
+
+	<programming> A term used by {COCOMO} to describe a project
+	that is developed in a familiar, stable environment.
+
+	The product is similar to previously developed products.  Most
+	people connected with the project have extensive experience in
+	working with related systems and have a thorough understanding
+	of the project.  The project contains a minimum of innovative
+	data processing architectures or {algorithms}.  The product
+	requires little innovation and is relatively small, rarely
+	greater than 50,000 {DSIs}.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+Orient84/K
+
+	<language>
+
+	["A Concurrent Object-Oriented Knowledge Representation
+	Language Orient84/K", Y. Ishikawa, Keio U, Yokohama, SIGPLAN
+	Notices 21(11):232-241 OOPSLA '86, Nov 1986].
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+Original Equipment Manufacturer
+
+	<company> (OEM) A misleading term for a company which
+	repackages equipment, such as computers, made by other
+	companies.  Unlike a {value added reseller}, an OEM does not
+	necessarily add anything except their name to the product.  In
+	some cases though they may integrate components into complete
+	systems.  OEM arrangements are often made for marketing
+	reasons.
+
+	[Origin?]
+
+	(2001-04-09)
+
+ORKID
+
+	{Open Real-time Kernel Interface Definition}
+
+ORM
+
+	1. {object relational modelling}.
+
+	2. {Object Role Modeling}.
+
+orphaned i-node
+
+	/or'f*nd i:'nohd/ [Unix] 1. A file that retains storage but no
+	longer appears in the directories of a file system.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+orphan process
+
+	<operating system> A {Unix} process whose original parent has
+	terminated and which has become a child of "{init}(1)".
+
+	Compare {zombie}.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+ORTHOCARTAN
+
+	<mathematics, tool> A system for {symbolic mathematics},
+	especially General Relativity, written by A. Krasinski of
+	Warsaw in the early 1980s.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+orthogonal
+
+	<mathematics, jargon> At 90 degrees (right angles).
+
+	N mutually orthogonal {vectors} {span} an N-dimensional
+	{vector space}, meaning that, any vector in the space can be
+	expressed as a {linear combination} of the vectors.  This is
+	true of any set of N {linearly independent} vectors.
+
+	The term is used loosely to mean mutually independent or well
+	separated.  It is used to describe sets of primitives or
+	capabilities that, like linearly independent vectors in
+	geometry, span the entire "capability space" and are in some
+	sense non-overlapping or mutually independent.  For example,
+	in logic, the set of operators "not" and "or" is described as
+	orthogonal, but the set "nand", "or", and "not" is not
+	(because any one of these can be expressed in terms of the
+	others).
+
+	Also used loosely to mean "irrelevant to", e.g. "This may be
+	orthogonal to the discussion, but ...", similar to "going off
+	at a tangent".
+
+	See also {orthogonal instruction set}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-12-02)
+
+orthogonal instruction set
+
+	<architecture> An {instruction set} where all (or most)
+	instructions have the same format and all {registers} and
+	{addressing modes} can be used interchangeably - the choices
+	of {op code}, register, and addressing mode are mutually
+	independent (loosely speaking, the choices are
+	"{orthogonal}").  This contrasts with some early {Intel}
+	{microprocessors} where only certain registers could be used
+	by certain instructions.
+
+	Examples include the {PDP-11}, {680x0}, {ARM}, {VAX}.
+
+	(2002-06-26)
+
+Orwell
+
+	Lazy functional language, Miranda-like.  List comprehensions
+	and pattern matching.  "Introduction to Orwell 5.00",
+	P.L. Wadler et al, Programming Research Group, Oxford U, 1988.
+
+OS
+
+	1. {operating system}.
+
+	2. [obsolete, {ITS}], an output spy.  See "{OS and JEDGAR}".
+
+	3. <operating system> An {operating system} from {IBM} for
+	their {System/360} line of hardware announced in 1964.  OS was
+	planned with several flavours that were supposed to be
+	compatible.  OS was late, memory hungry and not able to reach
+	the marketing objectives of IBM for the 360/30, the planned
+	successor of the {IBM 1401}.  IBM then decided to design a new
+	operating system for the low end machines which they called
+	{DOS/360}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-09-22)
+
+OS2
+
+	<spelling> Normally written "{OS/2}".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-05-02)
+
+OS/2
+
+	/O S too/ {IBM} and {Microsoft}'s successor to the {MS-DOS}
+	{operating system} for {Intel 80286} and {Intel 80386}-based
+	{microprocessors}.  It is proof that they couldn't get it
+	right the second time either.  Often called "Half-an-OS".  The
+	design was so {baroque}, and the implementation of 1.x so bad,
+	that 3 years after introduction you could still count the
+	major {application programs} shipping for it on the fingers of
+	two hands, in {unary}.  Later versions improved somewhat, and
+	informed hackers now rate them superior to {Microsoft
+	Windows}, which isn't saying much.  See {second-system
+	effect}.
+
+	On an {Intel 80386} or better, OS/2 can {multitask} between
+	existing {MS-DOS} {applications}.  OS/2 is strong on
+	connectivity and the provision of robust {virtual machines}.
+	It can support {Microsoft Windows} programs in addition to its
+	own {native} applications.  It also supports the {Presentation
+	Manager} {graphical user interface}.
+
+	{OS/2} supports {hybrid multiprocessing} (HMP), which provides
+	some elements of {symmetric multiprocessing} (SMP), using
+	add-on IBM software called {MP/2}.  OS/2 SMP was planned for
+	release in late 1993.
+
+	After OS/2 1.x the {IBM} and {Microsoft} partnership split.
+	IBM continued to develop OS/2 2.0, while Microsoft developed
+	what was originally intended to be OS/2 3.0 into {Windows NT}.
+	In October 1994, IBM released version OS/2 3.0 (known as
+	"Warp") but it is only distantly related to {Windows NT}.
+	This version raised the limit on RAM from 16MB to 1GB (like
+	Windows NT).
+
+	IBM introduced networking with "OS/2 Warp Connect", the first
+	multi-user version.  OS/2 Warp 4.0 ("Merlin") is a {network
+	operating system}.
+
+	{(http://mit.edu:8001/activities/os2/os2world.html)}.
+
+	[Dates?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-07-20)
+
+OS/360
+
+	{Operating System/360}
+
+OS/390
+
+	<operating system> An {IBM} {mainframe} {operating system},
+	featuring integrated {MVS}, {UNIX}, {LAN}, {distributed
+	computing} and {application enablement services} through its
+	base elements.  These base services enable open, distributed
+	processing and offer a foundation for object-ready application
+	development.  The OS/390 base includes a {Communication
+	Server} that includes {VTAM}, the {VTAM AnyNet} feature,
+	{TCP/IP} and {TIOC}.  It provides {SNA} ({3270}), {APPC},
+	{High Performance Routing}, {ATM} support, {sockets} and
+	{RPC}.
+
+	OS/390 is basically rebranded, repackaged {MVS/OE}, {CMOS}
+	processors, {RAMAC} disk arrays and {open systems} extension
+	to networking in {VTAM}, the principle being that if you can't
+	compete, rebrand what you have and tell everyone it's
+	something new.
+
+	{(http://204.146.133.206/os390/index.html)}.
+
+	(1999-01-20)
+
+OS-9
+
+	<operating system> A {real-time} {operating system} written by
+	{Microware Corporation}.  The original version was written
+	about 1978 for the {Motorola 6809} and has since been ported
+	to the {Motorola 68000}, {Intel 80386}, {Intel 486}, and the
+	{PowerPC}.  The {kernel} of OS-9 is {ROMable}, modular, with a
+	unified file system, allowing it to easily be scaled up or
+	down as required.
+
+	{FAQ (http://os9archive.rtsi.com/os9faq.html)}.
+
+	{User Group (http://cs.wisc.edu/~pruyne/os9ugfaq.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.os.os9}.
+
+	(1996-04-03)
+
+OSA
+
+	1. {Open Scripting Architecture}.
+
+	2. {Open System Architecture}.
+
+OSA extension
+
+	(OSAX) Any extension to {Macintosh} {OSA}.
+
+	(1999-01-14)
+
+OSAX
+
+	{OSA extension}
+
+Osborne 1
+
+	<computer> A {portable computer} that weighed 11 kg and cost
+	$1795, produced by {Osborne Computer Corporation} in 1981.
+
+	The Osborne 1 came with a five-inch screen, {modem} port, two
+	5 1/4 {floppy drives} and a {battery pack}.  It came with the
+	{CP/M} {operating system}, {SuperCalc} {spreadsheet}
+	application, {WordStar}, {word processing} application,
+	{Microsoft} {MBASIC} programming language and {Digital
+	Research} {CBASIC} programming language.
+
+	{(http://oldcomputers.net/osborne.html)}
+
+	(2007-05-21)
+
+Osborne, Adam
+
+	{Adam Osborne}
+
+Osborne Computer Corporation
+
+	<company> The unsucessful computer manufacturer founded by
+	{Adam Osborne} that produced one of the first {laptop
+	computers}, the {Osborne 1}.
+
+	(2007-05-21)
+
+OSCAR
+
+	1. Oregon State Conversational Aid to Research.  Interactive
+	numerical calculations, vectors, matrices, complex arithmetic,
+	string operations, for CDC 3300.  "OSCAR: A User's Manual with
+	Examples", J.A. Baughman et al, CC, Oregon State U.
+
+	2. Object-oriented language used in the COMANDOS Project.
+	"OSCAR: Programming Language Manual", TR, COMANDOS Project,
+	Nov 1988.
+
+OSD
+
+	{Open Source Definition}
+
+OSE
+
+	{Open Systems Environment}
+
+OSF
+
+	{Open Software Foundation}
+
+OSI
+
+	1. <networking> {Open Systems Interconnection}.
+
+	2. {Open Source Initiative}.
+
+	(1999-12-29)
+
+OSI Model
+
+	{Open Systems Interconnect}
+
+OSI Reference Model
+
+	{Open Systems Interconnect}
+
+OSI-RM
+
+	{Open Systems Interconnect}
+
+OSI seven layer model
+
+	{Open Systems Interconnect}
+
+O'small
+
+	<language> A small, concise, formally defined
+	{object-oriented} language intended for teaching, by Andreas
+	Hense <ahense@ahense.de>.
+
+	O'small requires {sml-yacc}, {sml-lex} and {sml-noshare}.
+	Binaries are provided for {SPARC} and it is probably portable
+	to other {Unix} systems.  There is also an {interpreter} in
+	{Miranda}.
+
+	{(http://ahense.de/)}.
+
+	[Christoph Boeschen, "Christmas - An abstract machine for
+	O'small".  Master's thesis, Universit"at des Saarlandes,
+	Fachbereich, 1993-06-14].
+
+	(2001-02-11)
+
+OS/MFT
+
+	{Operating System/Multiprogramming of Fixed Tasks}
+
+OS/MVT
+
+	<operating system> One of the {IBM} {operating systems}
+	associated with the {IBM 360}, later rereleased with the {IBM
+	S/370} as {OS/VS2}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1999-01-12)
+
+OSP
+
+	{Optical Signal Processor}
+
+OSPF
+
+	{Open Shortest-Path First Interior Gateway Protocol}
+
+OSQL
+
+	{Object-oriented SQL}
+
+OSSL
+
+	Operating Systems Simulation Language.
+
+	["OSSL - A Specialized Language for Simulating Computer
+	Systems", P.B. Dewan et al, Proc SJCC 40, AFIPS (Spring
+	1972)].
+
+OSTA
+
+	{Optical Storage Technology Association}
+
+OS/VS1
+
+	{OS/MFT}
+
+OS/VS2
+
+	<operating system> An {operating system} from {IBM}, released
+	with the {IBM S/370} and originally known as {OS/MVT}.  OS/VS2
+	R1 was known as SVS (Single Virtual Storage) as it had a
+	single 16 MB {virtual address space}.  OS/VS2 R2 was known as
+	MVS - {Multiple Virtual Storage}.
+
+	(1999-01-13)
+
+OT
+
+	{OpenTransport}
+
+OTDR
+
+	{Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry}
+
+OT&E
+
+	{operational test and evaluation}
+
+OTI
+
+	{Open Tool Interface}
+
+OTOH
+
+	<chat> On the other hand.
+
+	(2000-01-31)
+
+OTP
+
+	1. <security> {One-Time Password}.
+
+	2. <protocol> {Open Trading Protocol}.
+
+	3. <storage, integrated circuit> {One Time Programmable Read
+	Only Memory}.
+
+	4. <communications, library> {Open Telecom Platform}.
+
+	(2001-08-28)
+
+OTPROM
+
+	{One Time Programmable Read-Only Memory}
+
+OTT
+
+	Over the top.
+
+	Excessive or uncalled for.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+Ottawa Euclid
+
+	{Euclid}
+
+Ousterhout, John K.
+
+	{John Ousterhout}
+
+Ousterhout's dichotomy
+
+	<language> {John Ousterhout}'s division of {high-level
+	languages} into "system programming languages" and "scripting
+	languages".  This distinction underlies the design of his
+	language {Tcl}.
+
+	System programming languages (or "applications languages") are
+	{strongly typed}, allow arbitrarily complex {data structures},
+	and programs in them are {compiled}, and are meant to operate
+	largely independently of other programs.  Prototypical system
+	programming languages are {C} and {Modula-2}.
+
+	By contrast, scripting languages (or "glue languages") are
+	weakly typed or untyped, have little or no provision for
+	complex data structures, and programs in them ("{scripts}")
+	are {interpreted}.  Scripts need to interact either with other
+	programs (often as {glue}) or with a set of functions provided
+	by the interpreter, as with the {file system} functions
+	provided in a {UNIX shell} and with {Tcl}'s {GUI} functions.
+	Prototypical scripting languages are {AppleScript}, {C Shell},
+	{MS-DOS} {batch files} and {Tcl}.
+
+	Many believe that this is a highly arbitrary dichotomy, and
+	refer to it as "Ousterhout's fallacy" or "Ousterhout's false
+	dichotomy".  While strong-versus-weak typing, data structure
+	complexity, and independent versus stand-alone might be said
+	to be unrelated features, the usual critique of Ousterhout's
+	dichotomy is of its distinction of compilation versus
+	interpretation, since neither {semantics} nor {syntax} depend
+	significantly on whether code is compiled into
+	{machine-language}, interpreted, {tokenized}, or
+	{byte-compiled} at the start of each run, or any mixture of
+	these.  Many languages fall between being interpreted or
+	compiled (e.g. {Lisp}, {Forth}, {UCSD Pascal}, {Perl}, and
+	{Java}).  This makes compilation versus interpretation a
+	dubious parameter in a taxonomy of programming languages.
+
+	(2002-05-28)
+
+Ousterhout's fallacy
+
+	{Ousterhout's dichotomy}
+
+Ousterhout's false dichotomy
+
+	{Ousterhout's dichotomy}
+
+out
+
+	<programming> A type or "mode" of {function} {parameter} that
+	passes information in one direction - from the function to the
+	caller.  An "out" parameter thus provides an additional
+	{return value}, typically for languages that don't have good
+	support for returning {data structures} like {lists}.  Other
+	modes are {in} and {inout}.
+
+	(2010-01-19)
+
+outer join
+
+	<database> A less commonly used variant of the {inner join}
+	{relational database} operation.  An inner join selects rows
+	from two {tables} such that the value in one {column} of the
+	first table also appears in a certain column of the second
+	table.  For an outer join, the result also includes all rows
+	from the first operand ("left outer join"), or the second
+	operand ("right outer join"), or both ("full outer join").  A
+	field in a result row will be null if the corresponding input
+	table did not contain a matching row.
+
+	For example, if we want to list all employees and their
+	employee number, but not all employees have a number, then we
+	could say (in {SQL-92} syntax, as used by {Microsoft SQL
+	Server}):
+
+		SELECT employee.name, empnum.number
+		FROM employee
+		LEFT JOIN empnum ON employee.id = empnum.id
+
+	or, in {Sybase} syntax:
+
+		SELECT employee.name, empnum.number
+		FROM employee, empnum
+		WHERE employee.id *= empnum.id
+
+	The "*" on the left means "left outer join".  "*=*" would be a
+	full outer join.
+
+	In {Oracle} syntax:
+
+		SELECT employee.name, empnum.number
+		FROM employee, empnum
+		WHERE employee.id = empnum.id (+)
+
+	Note that the "(+)" on the right means "left outer join".
+
+	These all mean that all rows from the left-hand "employee"
+	table will appear in the result, even if there is no match for
+	their ID in the empnum table.  Where there is no empnum.id
+	equal to a given employee.id, a result row is output anyway
+	but with all result columns from the empnum table null
+	(empnum.number in this case).
+
+	(2004-11-12)
+
+outline font
+
+	<text> (Or "vector font") A {font} defined as a set of lines
+	and curves as opposed to a {bitmap font}.  An outline font
+	(e.g. {PostScript}, {TrueType}, {RISC OS}) can be scaled to any
+	size and otherwise transformed more easily than a bitmap font,
+	and with more attractive results, though this requires a lot
+	of numerical processing.  The result of transforming a
+	character in an outline font in a particular way is often
+	saved as a bitmap in a {font cache} to avoid repeating the
+	calculations if that character is to be drawn again.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+out-of-band
+
+	1. <communications> The exchange of {call control} information
+	on a dedicated channel, separate from that used by the
+	telephone call or data transmission.
+
+	2. Sometimes used to describe what communications people call
+	"shift characters", such as the ESC that leads control
+	sequences for many terminals, or the level shift indicators in
+	the old 5-bit {Baudot} codes.
+
+	3. In personal communication, using methods other than
+	{electronic mail}, such as telephone or {snail-mail}.
+
+	4. <software> Values returned by a {function} that are not in
+	its "natural" {range} of return values, but rather signal some
+	kind of {exception}.  Many {C} functions that normally return
+	a non-negative integer return -1 to indicate failure.
+
+	This use confuses "out-of-band" with "out-of-range".  It is
+	actually a clear example of {in-band} signalling since it uses
+	the same "channel" for control and data.
+
+	Compare {hidden flag}, {green bytes}, {fence}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-04-08)
+
+output
+
+	<architecture> {Data} transferred from a computer system to
+	the outside world via some kind of {output device}.
+
+	Opposite: {input}.
+
+	(1997-04-28)
+
+output device
+
+	<hardware> Electronic or electromechanical equipment connected
+	to a computer and used to transfer data out of the computer in
+	the form of text, images, sounds or other media to a {display
+	screen}, {printer}, loudspeaker or storage device.  Most
+	modern storage devices such as {disk drives} and {magnetic
+	tape drives} act as both input and output devices, others such
+	as {CD-ROM} are input only.
+
+	(1997-03-18)
+
+Outside Awareness Port
+
+	<humour> (OAP) A humorous {IBM} term for a window (the glass
+	kind) rather than the {GUI} kind.
+
+outside-in testing
+
+	<testing> A strategy for {integration testing} where units
+	handling program inputs and outputs are tested first, and
+	units that process the inputs to produce output are
+	incrementally included as the system is integrated.  A form of
+	{hybrid testing}.
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+outsourcing
+
+	<business> Paying another company to provide services which a
+	company might otherwise have employed its own staff to
+	perform, e.g. software development.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+overclocking
+
+	<hardware> Any adjustments made to {computer} {hardware}, or less
+	commonly {software}, to make its {CPU} run at a higher {clock
+	rate} than intended by the original manufacturers.  Typically this
+	involves replacing the {crystal} in the {clock} generation
+	circuitry with a higher frequency one or changing {jumper}
+	settings or software configuration.
+
+	If the {clock rate} is increased too far, eventually some
+	component in the system will not be able to cope and the system
+	will stop working.  This failure may be intermittent (it works
+	most of the time but fails more often than usual) continuous (the
+	system never works at the higher frequency) or, in the worst case,
+	irreversible (a component is damaged by overheating).  Improved
+	{cooling} may be needed to maintain the same level of reliability.
+
+	(2014-07-12)
+
+Overdrive
+
+	<processor> An {Intel} {Pentium} processor which fits into a
+	socket designed to accomodate an {Intel 486}, or into a
+	special upgrade socket on the {motherboard}.
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+overflow
+
+	<programming> The condition that occurs when the result of a
+	calculation is too big to store in the intended format.  For
+	example, the result of adding one to 255 cannot be represented
+	as an {unsigned}, eight-bit integer.  In a {signed integer}
+	representation, overflow can occur when an integer becomes
+	either too positive or too negative.
+
+	Overflow can also occur in the exponent of a {floating point}
+	number representation.  The term "{underflow}" is sometimes
+	used for negative overflow of the exponent.
+
+	Ignoring overflow will result in nonsensicle results such as
+	255 + 1 = 0.  At the hardware level, the {ALU} typically
+	indicates overflow by setting an overflow flag bit which the
+	program can test.  Programming languages will typically
+	respond to overflow by raising some kind of {signal} or other
+	error condition to halt normal execution.
+
+	Some languages attempt to avoid overflow by providing
+	(optional) variable length number representation
+	({multiprecission arithmetic}) so that the maximum number
+	representable is limited only by the amount of storage
+	available.
+
+	(2008-05-30)
+
+overflow bit
+
+	<architecture> A processor {flag bit} set by the {ALU} to
+	indicate {overflow}.
+
+	(2008-05-30)
+
+overflow flag
+
+	{overflow bit}
+
+overflow pdl
+
+	<jargon> The place where you put things when your {pdl} is
+	full.  If you don't have one and too many things get pushed,
+	you forget something.  The overflow pdl for a person's memory
+	might be a memo pad.  This usage inspired the following
+	doggerel:
+
+	 Hey, diddle, diddle
+	 The overflow pdl
+	   To get a little more stack;
+	 If that's not enough
+	 Then you lose it all,
+	   And have to pop all the way back.
+				       --The Great Quux
+
+	The term {pdl} seems to be primarily an {MIT}ism; outside MIT
+	this term is replaced by "overflow {stack}".
+
+	(2008-05-30)
+
+overhead
+
+	1. Resources (in computing usually processing time or storage
+	space) consumed for purposes which are incidental to, but
+	necessary to, the main one.  Overheads are usually
+	quantifiable "costs" of some kind.
+
+	Examples: The overheads in running a business include the cost
+	of heating the building.  Keeping a program running all the
+	time eliminates the overhead of loading and initialising it
+	for each transaction.  Turning a {subroutine} into {inline}
+	code eliminates the call and return time overhead for each
+	execution but introduces space overheads.
+
+	2. <communications> information, such as control, routing, and
+	error checking characters, that is transmitted along with the
+	user data.  It also includes information such as network
+	status or operational instructions, network routing
+	information, and retransmissions of user data received in
+	error.
+
+	3. Overhead transparencies or "slides" (usually 8-1/2" x 11")
+	that are projected to an audience via an overhead (flatbed)
+	projector.
+
+	(1997-09-01)
+
+overloading
+
+	<language> (Or "Operator overloading").  Use of a single
+	symbol to represent operators with different argument types,
+	e.g. "-", used either, as a {monadic} operator to negate an
+	expression, or as a {dyadic} operator to return the difference
+	between two expressions.  Another example is "+" used to add
+	either integers or {floating-point} numbers.  Overloading is
+	also known as ad-hoc {polymorphism}.
+
+	User-defined operator overloading is provided by several
+	modern programming languages, e.g. {C++}'s {class} system and
+	the {functional programming} language {Haskell}'s {type
+	class}es.
+
+	Ad-hoc polymorphism (better described as {overloading}) is the
+	ability to use the same syntax for objects of different types,
+	e.g. "+" for addition of reals and integers or "-" for unary
+	negation or diadic subtraction.  Parametric polymorphism
+	allows the same object code for a function to handle arguments
+	of many types but overloading only reuses syntax and requires
+	different code to handle different types.
+
+	(2014-01-05)
+
+overriding
+
+	<programming> Redefining in a {child class} a {method} or
+	function member defined in a {parent class}.
+
+	Not to be confused with "{overloading}".
+
+	(1996-12-21)
+
+overrun
+
+	1. A frequent consequence of data arriving faster than it can
+	be consumed, especially in {serial line} communications.  For
+	example, at 9600 baud there is almost exactly one character
+	per millisecond, so if a {silo} can hold only two characters
+	and the machine takes longer than 2 milliseconds to get to
+	service the interrupt, at least one character will be lost.
+
+	2. Also applied to non-serial-I/O communications.  "I forgot
+	to pay my electric bill due to mail overrun."  "Sorry, I got
+	four phone calls in 3 minutes last night and lost your message
+	to overrun."  When {thrash}ing at tasks, the next person to
+	make a request might be told "Overrun!"  Compare {firehose
+	syndrome}.
+
+	3. More loosely, may refer to a {buffer overflow} not
+	necessarily related to processing time (as in {overrun
+	screw}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+overrun screw
+
+	A variety of {fandango on core} produced by a {C} program
+	scribbling past the end of an {array} ({C} implementations
+	typically have no checks for this error).  This is relatively
+	benign and easy to spot if the array is static; if it is
+	{auto}, the result may be to {smash the stack} - often
+	resulting in {heisenbugs} of the most diabolical subtlety.
+	The term "overrun screw" is used especially of scribbles
+	beyond the end of arrays allocated with {malloc}; this
+	typically overwrites the allocation header for the next block
+	in the {arena}, producing massive lossage within malloc and
+	often a {core dump} on the next operation to use {stdio} or
+	malloc itself.
+
+	See {spam}, {overrun}; see also {memory leak}, {memory smash},
+	{aliasing bug}, {precedence lossage}, {fandango on core},
+	{secondary damage}.
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+overuse strain injury
+
+	<medical> (Or "repetitive strain injury", RSI, "repetitive
+	strain disorder") Any tendon or muscle injury resulting from
+	overuse, usually in the hand, wrist, or arm.  Injury may be
+	caused by any combination of repetitive, unacustomed, or
+	prolonged movements, forcefulness, or an awkward position
+	(often due to bad {ergonomics}).  The symptoms are pain,
+	tingling, weakness, numbness, swelling, cracking, stiffness,
+	or reduced coordination.
+
+	Common conditions are:
+
+	Carpal tunnel syndrome, where swelling of the membrane linings
+	in your wrist surrounding the tendons that bend your fingers
+	compresses the median nerve.  This may result in numbness and
+	pain in the hand, arm, shoulder, and neck.
+
+	Tennis elbow, where rotating your wrist and using force causes
+	a form of epicondylitis.
+
+	Tendinitis, where unacustomed exercise or repeated awkward
+	movements inflame wrist, elbow, or shoulder tendons, often
+	leading to severe stiffness.
+
+	Trigger finger, a popping or catching sensation when you bend
+	your finger, wrist, or shoulder.  This form of tenosynovitis
+	is caused by repetitive hand movements.
+
+	To prevent the condition worsening, treat the pain with heat,
+	cold, or aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen sodium; rest; or
+	immobilise the injured area with a splint or bandage.  See a
+	doctor.
+
+	{Amara's RSI information
+	(http://amara.com/aboutme/rsi.html)}.
+
+	{RSI links from Yahoo
+	(http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/Repetitive_Strain_Disorder/)}.
+
+	{Guide to Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
+	(http://sechrest.com/mmg/cts/)}.
+
+	{CTS from Yahoo
+	(http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/Carpal_Tunnel_Syndrome/)}.
+
+	(1999-10-03)
+
+OWHY
+
+	<language> An early {functional language}(?).
+
+	["A Type-Theoretical Alternative to CUCH, ISWIM, OWHY", Dana
+	Scott, Oxford U 1969].
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+OWL
+
+	1. <company> {Office Workstations Limited}.
+
+	2. <language> {Object Windows Language}.
+
+	(1996-01-13)
+
+Owl
+
+	The original name of {Trellis}.
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+Ox
+
+	<language, tool> A {preprocessor}, written by Kurt Bischoff of
+	{Iowa State University}, that extends and generalises the
+	{syntax} and {semantics} of {Yacc}, {Lex}, and {C}.  Ox's
+	support of {LALR1 grammars} generalises {yacc} in the way that
+	{attribute grammars} generalise {context-free grammars}.  It
+	augments Yacc and {Lex} specifications with definitions of
+	synthesised and inherited attributes written in {C} {syntax}.
+	Ox checks these specifications for consistency and
+	completeness, and generates a program that builds and
+	decorates {attributed parse trees}.  Ox accepts a most general
+	class of attribute grammars.  The user may specify
+	postdecoration traversals for easy ordering of {side effects}
+	such as {code generation}.
+
+	Latest version: G1.01, as of 1993-11-14.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.iastate.edu/pub/ox/)}.
+
+	Info: <ox-request@cs.iastate.edu>.
+
+	["User Manual for Ox: An Attribute-Grammar Compiling System
+	based on Yacc, Lex and C", K.M. Bischoff, TR92-30, Iowa State
+	U, Dec 1992].
+
+	(2000-04-03)
+
+Oz
+
+	An {object-oriented} {concurrent} {constraint} language from
+	the {University of Saarbrucken}.  Oz is based on {constraint
+	communication}, a new form of {asynchronous} communication
+	using {logic variables}.  Partial information about the values
+	of variables is imposed concurrently and incrementally.
+	Supports {higher order} programming and object-orientation
+	including {multiple inheritance}.
+
+	{(ftp:duck.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers)}.
+
+	["Object-Oriented Concurrent Constraint Programming in Oz",
+	G. Smolka et al].
+
+oz
+
+	An old Australian {top-level domain} and network which got
+	incorporated into the current one.  The former Australian
+	{domains} .oz, .edu and .com are now .oz.au, .edu.au and
+	.com.au.
+
+	(1994-10-04)
+
+Oz-Email
+
+	<company> An {Internet} access provider.
+
+	{(http://ozemail.com.au/)}.
+
+	Address: Sydney, Australia.
+
+	(1995-03-02)
+
+P+
+
+	["Experience with Remote Procedure Calls in a Real-Time
+	Control System", B. Carpenter et al, Soft Prac & Exp
+	14(9):901-907 (Sep 1984)].
+
+P1754
+
+	<processor, standard> IEEE Std 1754-1994 "A 32-Bit
+	Microprocessor Architecture".  The {IEEE} standard defining a
+	version of the {SPARC} {microprocessor} architecture.
+
+	The P1754 standard (the first microprocessor standard) was
+	approved after four years on 1994-03-17.  It is compatible
+	with, but distinct from, {SPARC International}'s 32 bit
+	version of the SPARC Architecture, SPARC V8, from which it is
+	largely derived.  It is possible for a processor to comply
+	with neither, one, or both specifications.
+
+	{SI article
+	(http://sparc.com/sparc.new/other/sflash/94-03.html)}.
+
+	(1996-12-21)
+
+p2c
+
+	A {Pascal} to {C} translator by Dave Gillespie
+	<daveg@synaptics.com>.
+
+	{Version 1.20 (ftp://csvax.cs.caltech.edu/)}.
+
+	Supports {ANSI}/{ISO} {standard} {Pascal} as well as
+	substantial subsets of {HP Pascal}, {Turbo Pascal}, VAX, and
+	many other dialects.
+
+	(1990-04-13)
+
+P2P
+
+	{peer-to-peer}
+
+P3L
+
+	(Superscript 3).  A language with explicit parallelism
+	including constructs for {farms} and {geometric parallelism}.
+	P3L currently uses {C++} as a host language.
+
+	[S. Pelagatti, "A method for the development and the support
+	of massively parallel programs.  PhD Thesis - TD 11/93,
+	University of Pisa, Mar 1993].
+
+	(1994-07-15)
+
+P4
+
+	A {macro}/subroutine package for parallel programming by Rusty
+	Lusk <lusk@anta.mcs.anl.gov>.  P4 uses {monitors} on shared
+	memory machines and message passing on distributed memory
+	machines.  It is implemented as a subroutine library for {C}
+	and {Fortran}.  An enhancement of the "Argonne macros",
+	{PARMACS}.
+
+	{(ftp://info.mcs.anl.gov/pub/p4t1.2.tar.Z)}.  E-mail:
+	<p4@mcs.anl.gov>.
+
+P6
+
+	<processor> ("P" from {Pentium}, 6 from 686, the successor to
+	586 which is what the Pentium would have been had it followed
+	the naming scheme its predecessors) The name for the {Pentium
+	Pro} during development.
+
+	(1995-11-15)
+
+pa
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Panama.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+PABX
+
+	{Private Automatic Branch eXchange}
+
+PACE
+
+	A CPU based on the {Nova} design, but with 16-bit addressing,
+	more {addressing modes} and a 10 level {stack} (like the
+	{Intel 8008}).
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Packard Bell Electronics, Inc.
+
+	<company> A leading US computer vendor.
+
+	As recently as 29 November 1995 the Wall Street Journal
+	reported that the company was having financial difficulties
+	and that one of its major suppliers of CPUs, {Intel}, was
+	about to make a large cash loan, so as to prevent loss of a
+	major customer.  Packard Bell is a privately held company and
+	the WSJ also reported that {NEC} has been rumored to have
+	bought a large minority block of shares to help the company
+	stay in business.
+
+	Its computers are sold in major retail outlets in the USA and
+	are available as a bundled package: desktop or {tower} {486}
+	{CPU}, single 3.5 inch {floppy disk drive}, {CD-ROM}, {sound
+	card}, 14 inch colour {monitor}, and 4-8MB of {RAM}.
+
+	1995 end-of-year prices in Computer Currents magazine (a
+	California Bay Area bi-monthly giveaway publication) are
+	US$1500 (approx.  1000 pounds) for a 486 desktop, with 8MB
+	RAM, 420MB hard disk drive, single 3.5 inch floppy drive, 14
+	inch colour monitor, 2-speed CD-ROM, and 16-bit sound card.
+
+	Headquarters: Sacramento, California, USA.
+
+	(1996-01-02)
+
+packed decimal
+
+	{binary coded decimal}
+
+Packed Encoding Rules
+
+	<protocol, standard> (PER) {ASN.1} encoding rules for
+	producing a compact {transfer syntax} for data structures
+	described in {ASN.1}, defined in 1994.
+
+	PER provides a much more compact encoding then {BER}.  It
+	tries to represents the data units using the minimum number of
+	{bits}.  The compactness requires that the decoder knows the
+	complete {abstract syntax} of the data structure to be
+	decoded, however.
+
+	Documents: {ITU-T} X.691, {ISO} 8825-2.
+
+	(1998-05-19)
+
+packet
+
+	The unit of data sent across a {network}.  "Packet" is a
+	generic term used to describe a unit of data at any layer of
+	the {OSI} {protocol stack}, but it is most correctly used to
+	describe {application layer} data units ("{application
+	protocol data unit}", APDU).
+
+	See also {datagram}, {frame}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Packet Assembler/Disassembler
+
+	(PAD) Hardware or software device for splitting a data stream
+	into discrete {packets} for transmission over some medium and
+	then reforming the stream(s) at the receiver.
+
+	The term is most often used for interfaces to {X.25} lines.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+packet driver
+
+	<networking> {IBM PC} {local area network} software that
+	divides data into {packets} which it routes to the network.
+	It also handles incoming data, reassembling the packets so
+	that {application programs} can read the data as a continuous
+	stream.
+
+	{FTP Software} created the specification for {IBM PC} packet
+	drivers but {Crynwr Software} dominate the market and have
+	done the vast majority of the implementations.
+
+	Packet drivers provide a simple, common programming interface
+	that allows multiple {applications} to share a {network
+	interface} at the {data link} layer.  Packet drivers
+	demultiplex incoming packets among the applications by using
+	the network media's {standard packet type} or {service access
+	point} field(s).
+
+	The packet driver provides calls to initiate access to a
+	specific packet type, to end access to it, to send a packet,
+	to get statistics on the network interface and to get
+	information about the interface.
+
+	Protocol implementations that use the packet driver can
+	coexist and can make use of one another's services, whereas
+	multiple applications which do not use the driver do not
+	coexist on one machine properly.  Through use of the packet
+	driver, a user could run {TCP/IP}, {XNS} and a proprietary
+	protocol implementation such as {DECnet}, {Banyan}'s,
+	{LifeNet}'s, {Novell}'s or {3Com}'s without the difficulties
+	associated with pre-empting the network interface.
+
+	Applications which use the packet driver can also run on new
+	network hardware of the same class without being modified;
+	only a new packet driver need be supplied.
+
+	There are several levels of packet driver.  The first is the
+	basic packet driver, which provides minimal functionality but
+	should be simple to implement and which uses very few host
+	resources.  The basic driver provides operations to broadcast
+	and receive packets.  The second driver is the extended packet
+	driver, which is a superset of the basic driver.  The extended
+	driver supports less commonly used functions of the network
+	interface such as {multicast}, and also gathers statistics on
+	use of the interface and makes these available to the
+	application.  The third level, the high-performance functions,
+	support performance improvements and tuning.
+
+	{(http://crynwr.com/crynwr/home.html)}.
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+Packet in Plastic Grid Array
+
+	<integrated circuit> (PPGA) The package used for
+	{Intel}'s {Celeron} {Socket 370} {CPU}.
+
+	[Description?]
+
+	(1999-06-24)
+
+Packet InterNet Groper
+
+	{ping}
+
+packet radio
+
+	<communications, radio> The use of {packet switched}
+	communications {protocols} in large networks (i.e not
+	{wireless LANs} or {Bluetooth}) having wireless links to
+	terminals at least.  Packet radio is split into {amateur
+	packet radio} (AX25) and {General Packet Radio Service}
+	(GRPS).
+
+	(2001-05-12)
+
+packet sniffer
+
+	<networking, tool> A network monitoring tool that captures
+	data {packets} and decodes them using built-in knowledge of
+	common {protocols}.  Sniffers are used to debug and monitor
+	networking problems.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+packet switch
+
+	{packet switching}
+
+packet-switched
+
+	{packet switching}
+
+packet switching
+
+	<communications> A communications paradigm in which {packets}
+	(messages or fragments of messages) are individually {routed}
+	between {nodes}, with no previously established communication
+	path.  Packets are routed to their destination through the
+	most expedient route (as determined by some routing
+	{algorithm}).  Not all packets travelling between the same two
+	hosts, even those from a single message, will necessarily
+	follow the same route.
+
+	The destination computer reassembles the packets into their
+	appropriate sequence.  Packet switching is used to optimise
+	the use of the {bandwidth} available in a network and to
+	minimise the {latency}.  {X.25} is an international standard
+	packet switching network.
+
+	Also called {connectionless}.  Opposite of {circuit switched}
+	or {connection-oriented}.  See also {virtual circuit},
+	{wormhole routing}.
+
+	(1999-03-30)
+
+Packet Switch Node
+
+	(PSN) A dedicated computer whose purpose is to accept, {route}
+	and forward {packets} in a {packet-switched} network.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+packet writing
+
+	<storage> A technique for writing {CD-Rs} and {CD-RWs} that is
+	more efficient in both disk space used and the time it takes
+	to write the CD.
+
+	{Adaptec}'s DirectCD is a packet writing recorder for {Windows
+	95} and {Windows NT} that uses the {UDF} version 1.5 file
+	system.
+
+	[Is this true?  How does it work?]
+
+	(1999-09-01)
+
+PackIt
+
+	<file format, tool> A file format used on the {Apple
+	Macintosh} to represent collections of Mac files, possibly
+	{Huffman} compressed.  Packing many small related files
+	together before a {MacBinary} transfer or a translation to
+	{BinHex} 4.0 is common practice.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+PACT I
+
+	An early system on the {IBM 701}.  Version PACT IA was for the
+	{IBM 704}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+PACTOLUS
+
+	Digital simulation.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 627].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+PAD
+
+	{Packet Assembler/Disassembler}
+
+padded cell
+
+	Where you put {lusers} so they can't hurt anything.  A program
+	that limits a luser to a carefully restricted subset of the
+	capabilities of the host system (for example, the "{rsh}"
+	utility on {USG Unix}).  Note that this is different from an
+	{iron box} because it is overt and not aimed at enforcing
+	security so much as protecting others (and the {luser}) from
+	the consequences of the luser's boundless naivet'e (see
+	{naive}).  Also "padded cell environment".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Paddle
+
+	A language for transformations leading from specification to
+	program.  Used in the {POPART} programming environment
+	generator.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+PAGE
+
+	A typesetting language.
+
+	["Computer Composition Using PAGE-1", J.L.  Pierson, Wiley
+	1972].
+
+page
+
+	1. <operating system> {paging}.
+
+	2. <web> {web page}.
+
+	(1997-04-10)
+
+paged
+
+	{paging}
+
+Page Description Language
+
+	(PDL) A language such as {Adobe Systems, Inc.}'s {PostScript}
+	or {Xerox}'s {Interpress} which allows the appearance of a
+	printed page to be described in a high-level,
+	device-independent way.  Printing then becomes a two-stage
+	process: an {application program} produces a description in
+	the language, which is then interpreted by a specific output
+	device.  Such a language can therefore serve as an interchange
+	standard for transmission and storage of printable documents.
+
+	(1995-02-20)
+
+Paged Memory Management Unit
+
+	{Memory Management Unit}
+
+page fault
+
+	<memory management> In a {paged virtual memory} system, an
+	access to a page (block) of memory that is not currently
+	mapped to {physical memory}.  When a page fault occurs the
+	{operating system} either fetches the page in from {secondary
+	storage} (usually disk) if the access was legitimate or
+	otherwise reports the access as illegal.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+page in
+
+	<storage, architecture> What a {paging} system does when it
+	copies part of a {task}'s {working memory} from {swap space}
+	on disk to {RAM}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+pagelet
+
+	<web> A component of an {HTML} page, that contains
+	directives, layout, and code in a single context.  A pagelet
+	may be a separate file or {web page} that contains information
+	you want displayed across several pages.  They are similar to
+	{server-side include} files, as implemented in ASP+.  Pagelets
+	act like independent HTML frames and provide discrete access
+	to content.  They use {Cascading Style Sheets} as templates
+	for defining their layout behavior in a single context.
+
+	[.NET Framework Essentials, 2nd Edition, Thuan L. Thai and Lam
+	Hoang, February 2002, 0-596-00302-1]
+
+	(2004-02-19)
+
+page mode
+
+	1. <hardware, storage> See {page mode DRAM}.
+
+	2. <hardware> An operation mode of {video terminals} like the
+	{IBM 3270}, in which the terminal only sends a completed input
+	screen (page) to the host instead of sending each character as
+	the keys are pressed.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+Page Mode DRAM
+
+	{Page Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory}
+
+Page Mode Dynamic Random Access Memory
+
+	<hardware, storage> A technique used to support faster
+	sequential access to {DRAM} by allowing any number of accesses
+	to the currently open row to be made after supplying the {row
+	address} just once.
+
+	The {RAS} signal is kept active, and with each {falling edge}
+	of the {CAS}\ signal a new {column address} can be supplied
+	and the corresponding bits can be accessed.  This is faster
+	than a full RAS-CAS cycle because only the shorter Column
+	Access Time needs to be obeyed.
+
+	Note that strictly speaking such a DRAM is not a true {random
+	access memory} since accesses to the open row are faster than
+	to other locations.
+
+	{EDO RAM} is replacing Page Mode DRAM in many new
+	microcomputers.
+
+	[Is "Fast Page Mode" the same as "Page Mode"?]
+
+	(1996-10-06)
+
+page out
+
+	<storage, architecture> What a {paging} system does when it
+	copies part of a {task}'s {working memory} from {RAM} to {swap
+	space} on disk.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+pager
+
+	1. <hardware, communications> (Or "beeper", "bleeper" (UK?))
+	A small wireless receiver that, when triggered (generally via
+	phone), will beep or vibrate (un)pleasantly.  The wearer will
+	have been trained to respond to this signal by looking at a
+	small screen on the device for an unimportant message.
+
+	In recent years, pagers have grown more complex, allowing for
+	long {alphanumeric} messages to be received and scrolled
+	though (as opposed to earlier models, which supported only
+	short numeric messages); at the same time as pager functions
+	are integrated into some {PDAs}.  If this trend continues, the
+	distinction between {PDAs} and high-end {pagers} will
+	disappear.
+
+	{Short Message Service} allows a mobile phone to display a
+	message, just like an alphanumeric pager.
+
+	2. <tool> A program for viewing a {text file} a screenful at a
+	time via a text {terminal}, as opposed to scrolling through it
+	in a {GUI} window, or {cat}ting it all at once to the
+	terminal.
+
+	The best known pagers are {more}, {less}, pg and list.com.
+
+	(1997-09-11)
+
+paging
+
+	<operating system> A technique for increasing the memory space
+	available by moving infrequently-used parts of a program's
+	{working memory} from {RAM} to a secondary storage medium,
+	usually {hard {disk}.  The unit of transfer is called a page.
+
+	A {memory management unit} (MMU) monitors accesses to memory
+	and splits each address into a page number (the most
+	significant bits) and an offset within that page (the lower
+	bits).  It then looks up the page number in its page table.
+	The page may be marked as paged in or paged out.  If it is
+	paged in then the memory access can proceed after translating
+	the {virtual address} to a {physical address}.  If the
+	requested page is paged out then space must be made for it by
+	paging out some other page, i.e. copying it to disk.  The
+	requested page is then located on the area of the disk
+	allocated for "{swap space}" and is read back into {RAM}.  The
+	page table is updated to indicate that the page is paged in
+	and its physical address recorded.
+
+	The MMU also records whether a page has been modified since it
+	was last paged in.  If it has not been modified then there is
+	no need to copy it back to disk and the space can be reused
+	immediately.
+
+	Paging allows the total memory requirements of all running
+	tasks (possibly just one) to exceed the amount of {physical
+	memory}, whereas {swapping} simply allows multiple processes
+	to run concurrently, so long as each process on its own fits
+	within {physical memory}.
+
+	(1996-11-22)
+
+PaiLisp
+
+	<language> A {parallel} {Lisp} built on {Scheme} in 1986.
+
+	["A Parallel Lisp Language PaiLisp and its Kernel
+	Specification", T. Ito et al, in Parallel Lisp: Languages and
+	Systems, T. Ito et al eds, LNCS 441, Springer 1989].
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+pain in the net
+
+	{flamer}
+
+Paintbrush
+
+	<graphics, tool> A {Microsoft Windows} tool for creating
+	{bitmap} graphics.
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+PAISley
+
+	An operational specification language from {Bell Labs}.
+
+	["An Operational Approach to Requirements Specification for
+	Embedded Systems", P. Zave, IEEE Trans Soft Eng
+	SE-8(3):250-269 (May 1982)].
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+Pajek
+
+	<mathematics> A {program} for analysing and visualising large
+	networks.  "Pajek" is Slovene for spider.  The program runs on
+	{Windows} and is free for noncommercial use.  Pajek is developed
+	by Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar with contributions from
+	Matjaž Zaveršnik.
+
+	{Pajek home (http://pajek.imfm.si/)}.
+
+	(2014-04-24)
+
+PAL
+
+	1. <language> {Paradox Application Language}.
+
+	2. For the {AVANCE} distributed {persistent} {operating
+	system}.
+
+	["PAL Reference Manual", M. Ahlsen et al, SYSLAB WP-125,
+	Stockholm 1987].
+
+	["AVANCE: An Object Management System", A. Bjornerstedt et al,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 23(11):206-221 (OOPSLA '88) (Nov 1988)].
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+	3. <language> An {object-oriented} {Prolog}-like language.
+
+	["Inheritance Hierarchy Mechanism in Prolog", K. Akama, Proc
+	Logic Prog '86, LNCS 264, Springer 1986, pp. 12-21].
+
+	4. <language> {PDP Assembly Language}.
+
+	5. <language> {Pedagogic Algorithmic Language}.
+
+	6. <hardware, integrated circuit> {Programmable Array Logic}.
+
+	7. <television> {phase alternating line}.
+
+	(2001-04-02)
+
+Palace
+
+	<virtual reality, chat> A proprietary multi-user {virtual
+	reality}-like {talk} system.
+
+	The Palace is distinguished from most other VR-like systems in
+	that it is only two-dimensional rather than three; rooms,
+	{avatars}, and "props" are made up of relatively small 2D
+	{bitmap} images.
+
+	Palace is a crude {hack}, or lightweight, depending on
+	your point of view.
+
+	{(http://thepalace.com/)}.
+
+	(1997-09-14)
+
+palette
+
+	{colour palette}
+
+palmtop
+
+	<computer> (Or "pocket computer", "Hand-held Personal
+	Computer", H/PC) A small general-purpose, programmable,
+	battery-powered computer cabable of handling both numbers and
+	text (in contrast to most {pocket calculators}) which can be
+	operated comfortably while held in one hand.  A palmtop is
+	usually loaded with an {operating system} such as {Windows
+	CE}.  Data can be transferred between the palmtop and a
+	desktop {PC}.
+
+	A palmtop is very similar to a {Personal Digital Assistant}
+	though a palmptop may have a larger keyboard and more {RAM}
+	and is possibly more general purpose in concept, if not in
+	practise.
+
+	The {Psion Organiser} is one of the best known examples.  [Was
+	it the first?]
+
+	(1998-04-19)
+
+Palo Alto Research Center
+
+	{XEROX PARC}
+
+Palo Alto Research Centre
+
+	{XEROX PARC}
+
+PAM
+
+	{Pluggable Authentication Module}
+
+Pam
+
+	<language> A {toy} {ALGOL}-like language used in "Formal
+	Specification of Programming Languages: A Panoramic Primer",
+	F.G. Pagan, P-H 1981.
+
+	(1996-12-23)
+
+Pandora
+
+	<language> {Parlog} extended to allow {don't-know
+	nondeterminism}.
+
+	["Pandora: Non-Deterministic Parallel Logic Programming",
+	R. Bahgat et al, Proc 6th Intl Conf Logic Programming, MIT
+	Press 1989 pp. 471-486].
+
+	(1995-04-27)
+
+panic
+
+	1. <operating system> What {Unix} does when a critical
+	internal consistency checks fails in such a way that Unix
+	cannot continue.  The {kernel} attempts to print a short
+	message on the {console} and write an image of memory into the
+	{swap area} on disk.  This can be analysed later using {adb}.
+	The kernel will then either wait in a {tight loop} until the
+	machine is rebooted or will initiate an automatic {reboot}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: panic(8).
+
+	2. Action taken by software which discovers some fatal problem
+	which prevents it from continuing to run.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+PANON
+
+	A family of pattern-directed string processing languages based
+	on {generalised Markov algorithms}.
+
+	PANON-1 is based on {simple generalised Markov algorithms} and
+	PANON-2 on {conditional functional generalised Markov
+	algorithms}.
+
+	["String Processing Languages and Generalized Markov
+	Algorithms", A. C. Forino, Proc IFIP Working Conf on Symb
+	Manip Languages, pp.141-206, Amsterdam 1968].
+
+PANS
+
+	{Pretty Amazing New Stuff}.
+
+Pansophic
+
+	A US Software Engineering company.
+
+Pantone
+
+	<graphics> A set of standard colours for printing, each of
+	which is specified by a single number.  You can buy a Pantone
+	swatch book containing samples of each colour.  Some computer
+	graphics software allows colours to be specified as Pantone
+	numbers.  Even though a computer {monitor} can only show an
+	approximation to some of the colours, the software can output
+	a {colour separation} for each different Pantone colour,
+	enabling a print shop to exactly reproduce the original
+	desired colour.
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+PAP
+
+	1. <networking, protocol, security> {Password Authentication
+	Protocol}.
+
+	2. <networking, protocol, printer> {Printer Access Protocol}.
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+Paper Feed Control Character
+
+	(PFCC) An obscure mechanism used in Fortran run-time systems
+	whereby the first character of a line of output to a
+	line-printer caused various actions after the line was
+	printed:
+
+		space	return newline
+		0	return newline return newline
+		1	form-feed
+		+	return
+
+papermail
+
+	{snail mail}
+
+paper-net
+
+	{snail mail}
+
+paper tape
+
+	<hardware, history> Punched paper tape.  An early
+	{input/output} and storage medium borrowed from {telegraph}
+	and {teletype} systems.
+
+	Data entered at the keyboard of the teletype could be directed
+	to a perforator or punch which punched a pattern of holes
+	across the width of a paper tape to represent the characters
+	typed.  The paper tape could be read by a tape reader feeding
+	the computer.  Computer output could be similarly punched onto
+	tape and printed off-line.
+
+	As well as storage of the program and data, use of paper tape
+	enabled {batch processing}.
+
+	The first units had five data hole positions plus a sprocket hole
+	(for the driving wheel) across the width of the tape.  These used
+	commercial telegraph code ({ITA2} also known as {Murray}), {Baudot
+	code} or proprietary codes such as {Elliott} which were more
+	programmer-friendly.  Later systems had eight data holes and used
+	{ASCII} coding.
+
+	(2003-12-02)
+
+paraconsistent probability
+
+	<logic> A notion introduced by Florentin Smarandache: The
+	probability (T, I, F) that an event occurs is calculated from
+	different sources which may be contradictory or may overlap
+	information; here T, I, F are real subsets representing the
+	truth, indeterminacy, and falsity percentages respectively,
+	and n_sup = sup(T)+sup(I)+sup(F) > 100.
+
+	["Neutrosophy / Neutrosophic probability, set, and logic",
+	F. Smarandache, American Research Press, 1998].
+
+	See {neutrosophic probability}
+
+	(2001-01-20)
+
+PARADE
+
+	PARallel Applicative Database Engine.  A project at Glasgow
+	University to construct a transaction-processor in the
+	parallel {functional programming} language {Haskell} to run on
+	an {ICL} {EDS+} database machine.
+
+PARADIGM PLUS
+
+	A configurable {object-oriented} {CASE} tool from {Proto
+	Soft}.
+
+Paradigms of AI Programming
+
+	A book by Peter Norvig with {Scheme} and {Prolog}
+	{interpreters} and {compilers} in {Common Lisp}.
+
+	{(ftp://Unix.sri.com/pub/norvig/)}.
+
+	["Paradigms of AI Programming", Peter Norvig].
+
+Paradise
+
+	Paradise is a subsystem (a set of packages) developed to
+	implement inter-processes, inter-tasks and inter-machine
+	communication for {Ada} programs under {Unix}. This subsystem
+	gives the user full access to files, {pipes}, {sockets} (both
+	Unix and {Internet}) and {pseudo-devices}.
+
+	Paradise has been ported to {Sun}, {DEC}, {Sony MIPS},
+	{Verdex} compiler, DEC compiler, {Alsys}/{Systeam} compiler.
+
+	{Version 2.0 of the library
+	(ftp://cnam.cnam.fr/pub/Ada/Paradise)}.  E-mail:
+	<paradise-info@cnam.cnam.fr>.
+
+	(1992-09-30)
+
+Paradox
+
+	<database> A {relational database} for {Microsoft Windows},
+	originally from {Borland}.
+
+	Paradox 5 ran on {Microsoft Windows} [version?] and provided a
+	graphical environment, a debugger, a {data modelling} tool,
+	and many "ObjectPAL" commands.
+
+	Paradox 7 ran under {Windows 95} and {Windows NT}.
+
+	Latest version: Paradox 9, as of 2000-02-10 (a {Corel}
+	product).
+
+	{(http://corel.com/paradox9/index.htm)}.
+
+	[Update?]
+
+	(1996-05-27)
+
+paradox
+
+	<logic> An apparently sound argument leading to a
+	{contradiction}.
+
+	Some famous examples are {Russell's paradox} and the {liar
+	paradox}.  Most paradoxes stem from some kind of
+	{self-reference}.
+
+	{Smarandache Linguistic Paradox
+	(http://gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/Paradox.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-11-05)
+
+Paradox Application Language
+
+	(PAL) The programming language for {Paradox}, {Borland}'s
+	{relational database}.
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+Paragon
+
+	Mark Sherman.  IEEE Software (Nov 1991).
+
+Paralation
+
+	PARALlel reLATION.  Sabot, MIT 1987.  A framework for parallel
+	programming.  A "field" is an array of objects, placed at
+	different sites.  A paralation is a group of fields, defining
+	nearness between field elements.  Operations can be performed
+	in parallel on every site of a paralation.
+
+	["The Paralation Model: Architecture Independent Programming",
+	G.W. Sabot <gary@think.com>, MIT Press 1988].
+
+Paralation C
+
+	Paralation embedded in C.  Under development.
+
+Paralation LISP
+
+	Embeds the paralation model in Common LISP.  Available
+	from MIT Press, (800)356-0343.
+
+ParAlfl
+
+	Hudak, Yale.  Parallel functional language, a superset of
+	Alfl.  Used by the Alfalfa system on Intel iPSC and Encore
+	Multimax.
+
+	["Para-Functional Programming", P. Hudak, Computer 19(8):60-70
+	(Aug 1986)].
+
+	["Alfalfa: Distributed Graph Reduction on a Hypercube
+	Multiprocessor", B.  Goldberg & P. Hudak, TR, Yale U, Nov
+	1986].
+
+Parallaxis
+
+	<language> A {procedural} programming language developed by
+	Thomas Braeunl <braunl@ee.uwa.edu.au> at the {University of
+	Stuttgart}.  It is based on {Modula-2}, but extended for {data
+	parallel} ({SIMD}) programming.  The main approach for machine
+	independent parallel programming is to include a description
+	of the virtual parallel machine with each parallel
+	{algorithm}.
+
+	There is a simulator and {X Window System}-based profiler for
+	{workstations}, {Macintosh}, and {IBM PC}.
+
+	Version 2.0 runs on {MP-1}, {CM-2}, {Sun-3}, {Sun-4},
+	{DECstation}, {HP 700}, {RS/6000}.
+
+	{(http://ee.uwa.edu.au/~braunl/parallaxis/)}.
+
+	["User Manual for Parallaxis Version 2.0", T. Braunl, U
+	Stuttgart].
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+parallel
+
+	{parallel processing}
+
+Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment
+
+	<storage, standard> (PATA, Parallel ATA) A back-formation
+	introduced around 2003 to distinguish the original {Advanced
+	Technology Attachment} (ATA) standards from the new {Serial
+	Advanced Technology Attachment} (Serial ATA, SATA).
+
+	(2010-02-20)
+
+Parallel ATA
+
+	{Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment}
+
+Parallel C
+
+	1. <language, parallel> Never implemented, but influenced the
+	design of {C*}.  [Details?]
+
+	2. {C} for the {transputer} by {3L}.
+
+	3. (PC) Extensions to {C} developed at the {University of
+	Houston} providing a {shared memory} {SIMD} model on {message
+	passing} computers.
+
+	{(ftp://karazm.math.uh.edu/pub/Parallel/Tools/pc.1.1.1.tar.Z)}.
+
+	E-mail: Ridgway Scott <scott@uh.edu>.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+parallel computer
+
+	{parallel processor}
+
+parallel computing
+
+	{parallel processing}
+
+Parallel FORTH
+
+	{Forth} For the {MPP}.
+
+Parallel Fortran
+
+	<language> (Pfortran) Extensions to {Fortran} by Ridgway Scott
+	<scott@uh.edu> of Houston University.  Pfortran provides a
+	{shared memory} {SIMD} model on {message passing} computers.
+
+	It was under development in 1994.
+
+	["Pfortran: A Parallel Dialect of Fortran", L.R. Scott,
+	Fortran Forum 11(3):20-31, Sep 1992].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Parallel Haskell
+
+	<language, parallel> (pH) A parallel variant of {Haskell}
+	incorporating ideas from {Id} and {Sisal}.  pH is under
+	development.
+
+	Mailing list: pH@abp.lcs.mit.edu.
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+parallelism
+
+	1. {parallel processing}.
+
+	2. <parallel> The maximum number of independent subtasks in a
+	given task at a given point in its execution.  E.g. in
+	computing the expression
+
+		(a + b) *
+
+	(c + d) the expressions a, b, c and d can all be calculated in
+	parallel giving a degree of parallelism of (at least) four.
+	Once they have been evaluated then the expressions a + b and c
+	+ d can be calculated as two independent parallel processes.
+
+	The {Bernstein condition} states that processes P and Q can be
+	executed in parallel (or in either sequential order) only if:
+
+	(i) there is no overlap between the inputs of P and the
+	outputs of Q and vice versa and
+
+	(ii) there is no overlap between the outputs of P, the outputs
+	of Q and the inputs of any other task.
+
+	If process P outputs value v which process Q reads then P must
+	be executed before Q.  If both processes write to some
+	variable then its final value will depend on their execution
+	order so they cannot be executed in parallel if any other
+	process depends on that variable's value.
+
+	(1995-05-07)
+
+Parallel Pascal
+
+	<language> A {data-parallel} language, similar to {Actus} and
+	{Glypnir}.
+
+	["Parallel Pascal: An Extended Pascal for Parallel Computers",
+	A. Reeves, J Parallel Dist Computing 1:64-80 (1984)].
+
+	(1995-05-07)
+
+parallel port
+
+	<hardware> An interface from a computer system where data is
+	transferred in or out in parallel, that is, on more than one
+	wire.  A parallel port carries one {bit} on each wire thus
+	multiplying the transfer rate obtainable over a single wire.
+	There will usually be some control signals on the port as well
+	to say when data is ready to be sent or received.
+
+	The commonest kind of parallel port is a {printer port}, e.g. a
+	{Centronics} port which transfers eight bits at a time.  Disks
+	are also connected via special parallel ports, e.g. {SCSI} or
+	{IDE}.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+Parallel Presence Detect
+
+	 {presence detect}
+
+parallel processing
+
+	<parallel> (Or "multiprocessing") The simultaneous use of more
+	than one computer to solve a problem.  There are many
+	different kinds of parallel computer (or "parallel
+	processor").  They are distinguished by the kind of
+	interconnection between processors (known as "processing
+	elements" or PEs) and between processors and memory.  {Flynn's
+	taxonomy} also classifies parallel (and serial) computers
+	according to whether all processors execute the same
+	instructions at the same time ("{single instruction/multiple
+	data}" - SIMD) or each processor executes different
+	instructions ("{multiple instruction/multiple data}" - MIMD).
+
+	The processors may either communicate in order to be able to
+	cooperate in solving a problem or they may run completely
+	independently, possibly under the control of another processor
+	which distributes work to the others and collects results from
+	them (a "{processor farm}").  The difficulty of cooperative
+	problem solving is aptly demonstrated by the following dubious
+	reasoning:
+
+		If it takes one man one minute to dig a post-hole
+		then sixty men can dig it in one second.
+
+	{Amdahl's Law} states this more formally.
+
+	Processors communicate via some kind of network or bus or a
+	combination of both.  Memory may be either {shared memory}
+	(all processors have equal access to all memory) or private
+	(each processor has its own memory - "{distributed memory}")
+	or a combination of both.
+
+	Many different software systems have been designed for
+	programming parallel computers, both at the {operating system}
+	and programming language level.  These systems must provide
+	mechanisms for partitioning the overall problem into separate
+	tasks and allocating tasks to processors.  Such mechanisms may
+	provide either {implicit parallelism} - the system (the
+	{compiler} or some other program) partitions the problem and
+	allocates tasks to processors automatically or {explicit
+	parallelism} where the programmer must annotate his program to
+	show how it is to be partitioned.  It is also usual to provide
+	synchronisation primitives such as {semaphores} and {monitors}
+	to allow processes to share resources without conflict.
+
+	{Load balancing} attempts to keep all processors busy by
+	allocating new tasks, or by moving existing tasks between
+	processors, according to some {algorithm}.
+
+	Communication between tasks may be either via {shared memory}
+	or {message passing}.  Either may be implemented in terms of
+	the other and in fact, at the lowest level, shared memory uses
+	message passing since the address and data signals which flow
+	between processor and memory may be considered as messages.
+
+	The terms "parallel processing" and "multiprocessing" imply
+	multiple processors working on one task whereas "{concurrent
+	processing}" and "{multitasking}" imply a single processor
+	sharing its time between several tasks.
+
+	See also {cellular automaton},{symmetric multi-processing}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.parallel}.
+
+	{Institutions (http://ccsf.caltech.edu/other_sites.html)},
+	{research groups
+	(http://cs.cmu.edu/~scandal/research-groups.html)}.
+
+	(2004-11-07)
+
+parallel processor
+
+	<parallel> A computer with more than one {central processing
+	unit}, used for {parallel processing}.
+
+	(1996-04-23)
+
+parallel random-access machine
+
+	<parallel> (PRAM) An idealised {parallel processor} consisting
+	of P processors, unbounded {shared memory}, and a common
+	{clock}.  Each processor is a random-access machine (RAM)
+	consisting of R {registers}, a {program counter}, and a
+	read-only signature register.  Each RAM has an identical
+	program, but the RAMs can branch to different parts of the
+	program.  The RAMs execute the program synchronously one
+	instruction in one clock cycle.
+
+	See also {pm2}.
+
+	(1997-06-04)
+
+parallel reduction
+
+	A form of {applicative order reduction} in which all {redex}es
+	in an expression are reduced simultaneously.  Variants include
+	{parallel outermost reduction} and {lenient reduction}.  See
+	{normal order reduction}.
+
+Parallel Server Option
+
+	{Oracle Parallel Server}
+
+Parallel SML
+
+	["Parallel SML: A Functional Language and its Implementation
+	in Dactl", Kevin Hammond, Pitman Press 1990].
+
+Parallel Sysplex
+
+	<operating system> A {Sysplex} that uses one or more {coupling
+	facilities}.
+
+	{(http://s390.ibm.com/products/pso/psohp.html)}.
+
+	(1996-11-21)
+
+Parallel Virtual Machine
+
+	<parallel, networking, tool> (PVM) 1. A {software} system
+	designed to allow a network of {heterogeneous} machines to be
+	used as a single {distributed} {parallel processor}.
+
+	PVM was developed by the {University of Tennessee}, The {Oak
+	Ridge National Laboratory} and the {Emory University}.
+
+	{(http://epm.ornl.gov/pvm/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.parallel.pvm}.
+
+	2. The {intermediate language} used by the {Gambit} compiler for
+	{Scheme}.
+
+	[And Multilisp?]
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+param
+
+	{formal argument}
+
+parameter
+
+	{formal argument}
+
+parameter RAM
+
+	(PRAM) A small memory in a {Macintosh} with a battery power
+	supply which stores system parameters (desktop pattern,
+	selectable memory configuration, etc.) when the computer is
+	turned off.
+
+	(1995-10-08)
+
+parametric polymorphism
+
+	Polymorphism was first identified by {Christopher Strachey} in
+	1967 and developed by Hindley and Milner.
+
+	For example we could specify that the argument of the "head"
+	{function} was a list without specifying a type for the elements
+	of the list.  In {Haskell} we would write:
+
+		head :: [a] -> a
+
+	meaning head has type function from "list of a" to "a" where "a"
+	is a {type variable}).  This is known as parametric polymorphism.
+	Polymorphic typing allows strong type checking as well as generic
+	functions.  {ML} in 1976 was the first language with polymorphic
+	typing.
+
+	See also {generic type variable}.
+
+	(2014-01-05)
+
+paraML
+
+	An extension of {Standard ML} which supports {coarse-grained
+	parallelism}.  Peter Bailey, while at the Edinburgh Parallel
+	Computing Centre at {University of Edinburgh}, has implemented of
+	Murray Cole's original four {skeletons} in paraML.
+
+	See also {Skel-ML}.
+
+paranoid programming
+
+	<programming> A programming style that tries to prepare for
+	the worst external conditions, including incorrect input,
+	resource limitations, hardware and software failure and even
+	{can't happen} errors, to the fullest possible extent.  While
+	some believe in the motto "professional programming is
+	paranoid programming", the expression usually has the
+	connotation that the efforts are unnecessary or too costly
+	("Maybe this code is just paranoid programming, but I think it
+	is necessary to avoid a possible overflow condition".)
+
+	(2001-01-27)
+
+ParaSoft Corp
+
+	Distributors of the {message passing} system {Express}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.parasoft.com/)}.  Telephone: +1 (818) 792-9941.
+	E-mail: <support@parasoft.com>.
+
+	(1994-10-19)
+
+Parasol
+
+	Parallel Systems Object Language.
+
+	An {object-oriented} language which supports network and
+	parallel computing.  It has {modules} and {exceptions}.
+
+	["The Parasol Programming Language", R. Jervis
+	<hjervis!rbj@uunet.uu.net>, Dr Dobbs J, Oct 1993, pp. 34-41].
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+PARC
+
+	{XEROX PARC}
+
+ParcPlace Systems
+
+	<company> A company spun-off from {Xerox PARC} that developed
+	the original version of {VisualWorks}.
+
+	(2002-04-15)
+
+parent
+
+	<mathematics, data> The {ancestor} {node} in a {tree} that
+	points to the current node (one of its child nodes).
+
+	(2005-09-15)
+
+parentheses
+
+	See {left parenthesis}, {right parenthesis}.
+
+	(1997-12-03)
+
+parent message
+
+	<messaging> What a {followup} follows up.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-12-03)
+
+parent process
+
+	<operating system> The {Unix} {process} that created one or
+	more other processes.
+
+	Every process except process 0 is created when another process
+	executes the {fork} {system call}.  The process that invoked
+	fork is the parent process, and the newly created process is
+	the {child process}.  Every process has one parent process,
+	but can have many child processes.
+
+	The {kernel} identifies each process by its {process
+	identifier} (PID).  Process 0 is a special process that is
+	created when the system boots; after forking a child process
+	(process 1), process 0 becomes the {swapper} process.  Process
+	1, known as {init}, is the ancestor of every other process in
+	the system and enjoys a special relationship with them.
+
+	(1997-12-03)
+
+Pari
+
+	<mathematics, tool> A system for {symbolic mathematics},
+	especially {number theory}.
+
+	Version 1.37 for {Unix}, {Macintosh}, {MS-DOS}, {Amiga}.
+
+	E-mail: <pari@alioth.greco-prog.fr>.
+
+	{(ftp://math.ucla.edu/pub/pari)}.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+Paris
+
+	PARallel Instruction Set.
+
+	A low-level language for the {Connection Machine}.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+parity
+
+	<storage, communications> An extra bit added to a {byte} or
+	{word} to reveal errors in storage (in {RAM} or {disk}) or
+	transmission.  Even (odd) parity means that the parity bit is
+	set so that there are an even (odd) number of one bits in the
+	word, including the parity bit.  A single parity bit can only
+	reveal single bit errors since if an even number of bits are
+	wrong then the parity bit will not change.  Moreover, it is
+	not possible to tell which bit is wrong, as it is with more
+	sophisticated {error detection and correction} systems.
+
+	See also {longitudinal parity}, {checksum}, {cyclic redundancy
+	check}.
+
+	(1996-03-01)
+
+parity bit
+
+	<storage, communications> An extra bit added to a {byte} or
+	{word} to reveal errors.
+
+	See {parity}.
+
+	(1996-03-01)
+
+parity error
+
+	<storage, communications> An error discovered by the inclusion
+	of a {parity} bit.
+
+	(1996-03-01)
+
+Parkinson's Law of Data
+
+	"Data expands to fill the space available for storage"; buying
+	more memory encourages the use of more memory-intensive
+	techniques.  It has been observed over the last 10 years that
+	the memory usage of evolving systems tends to double roughly
+	once every 18 months.  Fortunately, memory density available
+	for constant dollars also tends to double about once every 12
+	months (see {Moore's Law}); unfortunately, the laws of physics
+	guarantee that the latter cannot continue indefinitely.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Park-Miller
+
+	A {pseudorandom} number generation {algorithm} which was
+	discredited by Marsaglia and Steve Sullivanin in the July 1993
+	CACM.
+
+	[CACM Oct 1988].
+
+Parlance
+
+	A {concurrent} language.
+
+	["Parallel Processing Structures: Languages, Schedules, and
+	Performance Results", P.F. Reynolds, PhD Thesis, UT Austin
+	1979].
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Parlog
+
+	Clark & Gregory, Imperial College 1983.  An {AND-parallel}
+	{Prolog}, with {guards} and {committed choice nondeterminism}
+	({don't care nondeterminism}).  {Shallow backtracking} only.
+
+	Implementations: MacParlog and PC-Parlog from Parallel Logic
+	Programming Ltd., Box 49 Twickenham TW2 5PH, UK.
+
+	See also {SPM}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.inria.fr/lang/Parlog.tar.Z)}.  E-mail:
+	<parlog@doc.ic.ac.uk>.
+
+	["Parlog: A Parallel Logic Programming Language", K.L. Clark
+	and S. Gregory, Imperial College, London, May 1983].
+	("Parlog83", in which the ouput mechanism was assignment).
+
+	["Parallel Logic Programming in PARLOG, The Language and Its
+	Implementation", S. Gregory, A-W 1987].  ("Parlog86", in which
+	the output mechanism was unification, as in {GHC}).  (See
+	{Strand}).
+
+Parlog++
+
+	An object-oriented extension to MacParlog.  It combines
+	object-oriented and parallel logic programming, giving the
+	benefits of both paradigms within a single coherent
+	development environment.
+
+	Andrew Davison <ad@cs.mu.oz.au>, then Imperial College now U
+	Melbourne.  Object orientation plus parallel logic, built on
+	top of MacParlog.
+
+	"Parlog++: A Parlog Object-Oriented Language", A. Davison,
+	Parlog Group, Imperial College 1988.  Sold by PLP Ltd.
+	E-mail: <parlog@doc.ic.ac.uk>.
+
+parm
+
+	/parm/ Further-compressed form of {param}.  This term is an
+	{IBM}ism, and written use is almost unknown outside IBM shops;
+	spoken /parm/ is more widely distributed, but the synonym
+	{arg} is favoured among hackers.  Compare {var}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PARMACS
+
+	The "Argonne macros" from {Argonne National Laboratory}.  A
+	package of {macros} written in {m4} for portable {parallel
+	programming}, using {monitors} on {shared memory} machines,
+	and {message passing} on {distributed memory} machines.
+
+	[E. Lusk et al, "Portable Programs for Parallel Processors",
+	HRW 1987. p4].
+
+	{(ftp://research.att.com/netlib/parmacs)}.
+
+ParMod
+
+	"Parallel Programming with ParMod", S. Eichholz, Proc 1987
+	Intl Conf on Parallel Proc, pp.377-380.
+
+PARS
+
+	{Programmable Airline Reservation System}
+
+parse
+
+	{parser}
+
+PARSEC
+
+	<language> An extensible language with {PL/I}-like {syntax},
+	derived from {PROTEUS}.
+
+	["PARSEC User's Manual", Bolt Beranek & Newman, Dec 1972].
+
+	(2009-06-26)
+
+parser
+
+	<language> An {algorithm} or program to determine the
+	syntactic structure of ("parse") a {sentence} or string of
+	symbols in some language.  A parser normally takes as input a
+	sequence of {tokens} output by a {lexical analyser}.  It may
+	produce some kind of {abstract syntax tree} as output.  A
+	parser may be produced automatically from a grammar by a
+	{parser generators} such as {yacc}.
+
+	A parser is normally part of some larger program, like a
+	{compiler}, which takes the output of the parser and attempts
+	to extract meaning from it in some way, e.g. translating it
+	into another language.
+
+	(2009-06-26)
+
+parser generator
+
+	A program which takes a formal description of a {grammar}
+	(e.g. in {BNF}) and outputs source code for a parser which will
+	recognise valid strings obeying that grammar and perform
+	associated actions.  {Unix}'s {yacc} is a well known example.
+
+parsing
+
+	{parser}
+
+Parsley
+
+	A {Pascal} extension for construction of {parse trees}, by
+	Barber of {Summit Software}.  It features {Iterators}.
+
+	["PARSLEY: A New Compiler-Compiler", in Software Development
+	Tools, Techniques and Alternatives, Arlington VA, Jul 1983,
+	pp.232-241].
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+Partial Differential Equation LANguage
+
+	(PDELAN)
+
+	["An Extension of Fortran Containing Finite Difference
+	Operators", J. Gary et al, Soft Prac & Exp 2(4) (Oct 1972)].
+
+partial equivalence relation
+
+	(PER) A relation R on a set S where R is symmetric (x R y => y
+	R x) and transitive (x R y R z => x R z) and where there may
+	exist elements in S for which the relation is not defined.  A
+	PER is an equivalence relation on the subset for which it is
+	defined, i.e. it is also reflexive (x R x).
+
+partial evaluation
+
+	<compiler, algorithm> (Or "specialisation") An {optimisation}
+	technique where the {compiler} evaluates some subexpressions
+	at {compile-time}.  For example,
+
+		pow x 0 = 1
+		pow x n = if even n
+			  then pxn2 * pxn2
+			  else x * pow x (n-1)
+				where pxn2 = pow x (n/2)
+		f x = pow x 5
+
+	Since n is known we can specialise pow in its second argument
+	and unfold the recursive calls:
+
+		pow5 x = x * x4 where x4 = x2 * x2
+				      x2 = x * x
+		f x = pow5 x
+
+	pow5 is known as the residual.  We could now also unfold pow5
+	giving:
+
+		f x = x * x4 where x4 = x2 * x2
+				   x2 = x  * x
+
+	It is important that the partial evaluation algorithm should
+	terminate.  This is not guaranteed in the presence of
+	recursive function definitions.  For example, if partial
+	evaluation were applied to the right hand side of the second
+	clause for pow above, it would never terminate because the
+	value of n is not known.
+
+	Partial evaluation might change the termination properties of
+	the program if, for example, the expression (x * 0) was
+	reduced to 0 it would terminate even if x (and thus x * 0) did
+	not.
+
+	It may be necessary to reorder an expression to partially
+	evaluate it, e.g.
+
+		f x y = (x + y) + 1
+		g z = f 3 z
+
+	If we rewrite f:
+
+		f x y = (x + 1) + y
+
+	then the expression x+1 becomes a constant for the function g
+	and we can say
+
+		g z = f 3 z = (3 + 1) + z = 4 + z
+
+	Partial evaluation of {built-in functions} applied to constant
+	arguments is known as {constant folding}.
+
+	See also {full laziness}.
+
+	(1999-05-25)
+
+partial function
+
+	A function which is not defined for all arguments of its input
+	type.  E.g.
+
+		f(x) = 1/x if x /= 0.
+
+	The opposite of a {total function}.  In {denotational
+	semantics}, a partial function
+
+		f : D -> C
+
+	may be represented as a total function
+
+		ft : D' -> lift(C)
+
+	where D' is a superset of D and
+
+		ft x = f x	if x in D
+		ft x = bottom	otherwise
+
+	where lift(C) = C U {bottom}.  Bottom ({LaTeX} {\perp})
+	denotes "undefined".
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+partial key
+
+	<database> A {key} which identifies a subset of a set of
+	information items (e.g. database "{records}"), and which could
+	narrow the subset to one item if other partial key(s) were
+	combined with it.
+
+	(1997-04-26)
+
+partially ordered set
+
+	A {set} with a {partial ordering}.
+
+partial ordering
+
+	A {relation} R is a partial ordering if it is a {pre-order}
+	(i.e. it is {reflexive} (x R x) and {transitive} (x R y R z =>
+	x R z)) and it is also {antisymmetric} (x R y R x => x = y).
+	The ordering is partial, rather than total, because there may
+	exist elements x and y for which neither x R y nor y R x.
+
+	In {domain theory}, if D is a set of values including the
+	undefined value ({bottom}) then we can define a partial
+	ordering relation <= on D by
+
+		x <= y  if  x = bottom or x = y.
+
+	The constructed set D x D contains the very undefined element,
+	(bottom, bottom) and the not so undefined elements, (x,
+	bottom) and (bottom, x).  The partial ordering on D x D is
+	then
+
+		(x1,y1) <= (x2,y2)  if  x1 <= x2 and y1 <= y2.
+
+	The partial ordering on D -> D is defined by
+
+		f <= g  if  f(x) <= g(x)  for all x in D.
+
+	(No f x is more defined than g x.)
+
+	A {lattice} is a partial ordering where all finite subsets
+	have a {least upper bound} and a {greatest lower bound}.
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\sqsubseteq}).
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Partial Response Maximum Likelihood
+
+	<storage> (PRML) A method for converting the weak {analog}
+	signal from the head of a {magnetic disk} drive into a digital
+	signal.  PRML attempts to correctly interpret even small
+	changes in the analog signal, whereas {peak detection} relies
+	on fixed thresholds.  Because PRML can correctly decode a
+	weaker signal it allows higher density recording.
+
+	For example, PRML would read the magnetic flux density pattern
+	70, 60, 55, 60, 70 as binary "101", and the same for 45, 40,
+	30, 40, 45.  A peak detector would decode everything above,
+	say, 50 as high, and below 50 as low, so the first pattern
+	would read "111" and the second as "000".
+
+	(1996-12-27)
+
+partition
+
+	1. <storage> A {logical} section of a {disk}.  Each partition
+	normally has its own {file system}.  {Unix} tends to treat
+	partitions as though they were separate physical entities.
+
+	2. <mathematics> A division of a set into subsets so that each
+	of its elements is in exactly one subset.
+
+	(1996-12-09)
+
+partitioned data set
+
+	<file format> (PDS) A {data set} on an {IBM} {mainframe} that
+	contains members, each of which acts like a separate data set.
+	Partitioned data sets are more space-efficient than individual
+	data sets, because they can put more than one data set on a
+	track.  They are also used to hold libraries, with one
+	function per member.  The syntax for a member is
+	NAME.OF.PDS(MEMBER) although some systems (such as {Phoenix})
+	could use NAME.OF.PDS:MEMBER
+
+	Original PDSes were of fixed size, and needed frequent
+	{compression} to recover space after deleting or changing
+	members.  Newer PDS/E Extended PDSes do not have this problem.
+
+	(2003-12-05)
+
+PARTS
+
+	{Digitalk}.  {Visual language} for {OS/2} 2.0.
+
+@-party
+
+	<event, history> /at'par-tee/ (Or "@-sign party") An antiquated
+	term for a gathering of {hackers} at a science-fiction convention
+	(especially the annual Worldcon) to which only people who had an
+	{electronic mail address} were admitted.
+
+	The term refers to the {commercial at} symbol, "@", in an e-mail
+	address and dates back to the era when having an e-mail address
+	was a distinguishing characteristic of the select few who worked
+	with computers.
+
+	Compare {boink}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2012-11-17)
+
+PARULEL
+
+	"The PARULEL Parallel Rule Language", S. Stolfo et al, Proc
+	1991 Intl Conf Parallel Proc, CRC Press 1991, pp.36-45.
+
+PASC
+
+	{Perceptional Adaptive Subband Coding}
+
+Pascal
+
+	<language> (After the French mathematician {Blaise Pascal}
+	(1623-1662)) A programming language designed by {Niklaus
+	Wirth} around 1970.  Pascal was designed for simplicity and
+	for teaching programming, in reaction to the complexity of
+	{ALGOL 68}.  It emphasises {structured programming}
+	constructs, data structures and {strong typing}. Innovations
+	included {enumeration types}, {subranges}, sets, {variant
+	records}, and the {case statement}.  Pascal has been extremely
+	influential in programming language design and has a great
+	number of variants and descendants.
+
+	ANSI/IEEE770X3.97-1993 is very similar to {ISO Pascal} but
+	does not include {conformant arrays}.
+
+	ISO 7185-1983(E).  Level 0 and Level 1.  Changes from Jensen &
+	Wirth's Pascal include name equivalence; names must be bound
+	before they are used; loop index must be local to the
+	procedure; formal procedure parameters must include their
+	arguments; {conformant array schemas}.
+
+	An ALGOL-descended language designed by Niklaus Wirth on the
+	CDC 6600 around 1967--68 as an instructional tool for
+	elementary programming.  This language, designed primarily to
+	keep students from shooting themselves in the foot and thus
+	extremely restrictive from a general-purpose-programming point
+	of view, was later promoted as a general-purpose tool and, in
+	fact, became the ancestor of a large family of languages
+	including Modula-2 and {Ada} (see also {bondage-and-discipline
+	language}).  The hackish point of view on Pascal was probably
+	best summed up by a devastating (and, in its deadpan way,
+	screamingly funny) 1981 paper by Brian Kernighan (of {K&R}
+	fame) entitled "Why Pascal is Not My Favourite Programming
+	Language", which was turned down by the technical journals but
+	circulated widely via photocopies.  It was eventually
+	published in "Comparing and Assessing Programming Languages",
+	edited by Alan Feuer and Narain Gehani (Prentice-Hall, 1984).
+	Part of his discussion is worth repeating here, because its
+	criticisms are still apposite to Pascal itself after ten years
+	of improvement and could also stand as an indictment of many
+	other bondage-and-discipline languages.  At the end of a
+	summary of the case against Pascal, Kernighan wrote:
+
+	9. There is no escape
+
+	This last point is perhaps the most important.  The language
+	is inadequate but circumscribed, because there is no way to
+	escape its limitations.  There are no casts to disable the
+	type-checking when necessary.  There is no way to replace the
+	defective run-time environment with a sensible one, unless one
+	controls the compiler that defines the "standard procedures".
+	The language is closed.
+
+	People who use Pascal for serious programming fall into a
+	fatal trap.  Because the language is impotent, it must be
+	extended.  But each group extends Pascal in its own direction,
+	to make it look like whatever language they really want.
+	Extensions for {separate compilation}, Fortran-like COMMON,
+	string data types, internal static variables, initialisation,
+	{octal} numbers, bit operators, etc., all add to the utility
+	of the language for one group but destroy its portability to
+	others.
+
+	I feel that it is a mistake to use Pascal for anything much
+	beyond its original target.  In its pure form, Pascal is a toy
+	language, suitable for teaching but not for real programming.
+
+	Pascal has since been almost entirely displaced (by {C}) from
+	the niches it had acquired in serious applications and systems
+	programming, but retains some popularity as a hobbyist
+	language in the {MS-DOS} and {Macintosh} worlds.
+
+	See also {Kamin's interpreters}, {p2c}.
+
+	["The Programming Language Pascal", N. Wirth, Acta Informatica
+	1:35-63, 1971].
+
+	["PASCAL User Manual and Report", K. Jensen & N. Wirth,
+	Springer 1975] made significant revisions to the language.
+
+	[BS 6192, "Specification for Computer Programming Language
+	Pascal", {British Standards Institute} 1982].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-12)
+
+Pascal-
+
+	Pascal subset used in Brinch Hansen on Pascal Compilers, P.
+	Brinch Hansen, P-H 1985.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Pascal-80
+
+	A successor of Platon.  Developed at RC International for
+	systems programming.  Later it was renamed Real-Time Pascal.
+	"PASCAL80 Report", J. Staunstrup, RC Intl, Denmark Jan 1980.
+
+Pascal+CSP
+
+	"Pascal+CSP, Merging Pascal and CSP in a Parallel Processing
+	Oriented Language", J. Adamo, Proc 3rd Intl Conf Distrib Comp
+	Sys, IEEE 1982, pp.542-547.
+
+Pascal-F
+
+	Pascal extended to include fixed-point arithmetic.  E. Nelson,
+	"Pascal-F: Programming Language for Real-Time Automotive
+	Control", IEEE ElectroTechnol. Rev. (USA), 2:39, 1968.
+
+Pascal-FC
+
+	A {Pascal} derived from {Pascal-S} which provides several
+	types of {concurrency}: {semaphores}, {monitors}, both
+	{occam}/{CSP}-style and {Ada}-style {rendezvous}.
+
+	["The Teaching Language Pascal-FC", G.L. Davies et al,
+	Computer J 33(2):147-154 (Apr 1990)].
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Pascal/L
+
+	A {SIMD} parallel extension of {Pascal}.
+
+	["Implementation of an Array and Vector Processing Language",
+	C. Fernstrom, Intl Conf Parallel Proc, IEEE, pp.113-127
+	(1982)].
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Pascal-Linda
+
+	Ian Flockhart, U Edinburgh, 1991.  Under development.
+
+Pascal-m
+
+	["Pascal-m: A Language for Loosely Coupled Distributed
+	Systems", S. Abramsky et al in Distributed Computing Systems,
+	Y. Paker et al eds, Academic Press 1986, pp. 163-189].
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Pascal-P
+
+	<language> The variant of {Pascal} used by the {UCSD}
+	{p-system} environment.  Pascal-P has extended {string} and
+	{array} operations, {random-access files} and {separate
+	compilation}.  It uses {P-code} intermediate code and is
+	available from {Pecan}.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Pascal P4
+
+	compiler and interpreter
+
+	Version ? 1
+
+	compiler, assembler/interpreter, documentation
+
+	Urs Ammann, Kesav Nori, Christian Jacobi
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pascal/)}.
+
+	A compiler for Pascal written in Pascal, producing an
+	intermediate code, with an assembler and interpreter for the
+	code.
+
+	reference: Pascal Implementation, by Steven Pemberton and
+	Martin Daniels, published by Ellis Horwood, Chichester, UK (an
+	imprint of Prentice Hall), ISBN: 0-13-653-0311.  Also
+	available in Japanese.
+
+	E-mail: <Steven.Pemberton@cwi.nl>.
+
+	(1993-07-05)
+
+Pascal Plus
+
+	<language> {Pascal} with extensions for {object-oriented}
+	{multiprogramming} by Jim Welsh and D. Bustard of {Queens
+	University, Belfast}, UK.  Pascal Plus uses an "envelope"
+	construct for both {packages} and {classes}.
+
+	["Pascal Plus - Another Language for Modular
+	Multiprogramming", J. Welsh et al, Soft Prac & Exp 9:947
+	(1979)].
+
+	["Sequential Program Structures", J. Welsh et al, P-H 1984,
+	ISBN 0-13806828-3].
+
+	(1997-12-09)
+
+Pascal/R
+
+	{Pascal} with {relational database} constructs added.  The
+	first successful integrated {database} language.
+
+	["Pascal/R Report", J.W. Schmidt et al, U Hamburg, Fachbereich
+	Informatik, Report 66, Jan 1980].
+
+	(1994-10-19)
+
+Pascal-S
+
+	Simplified Pascal.  June, 1975.  A strict subset of Pascal,
+	omits scalar types, subranges, sets, files, pointers, packed
+	structures, 'with' and 'goto.  Source for a complete Pascal-S
+	compiler is in "Pascal-S: A Subset and Its Implementation",
+	N. Wirth in Pascal - The Language and Its Implementation, by
+	D.W. Barron, Wiley 1979.
+
+	{(ftp://csseq.cs.tamu.edu/mcguire/pascal-s)}.
+
+Pascal-SC
+
+	ESPRIT DIAMOND Project.  An extension of Pascal for numerical
+	analysis, with controlled rounding, overloading, dynamic
+	arrays and modules.  "PASCAL-SC, A Computer Language for
+	Scientific Computation", G.  Bohlender et al, Academic Press
+	1987.
+
+pasos2
+
+	version:    Alpha
+
+	parts:	            Compiler, run-time library
+
+	author:             Willem Jan Withagen <wjw@eb.ele.tue.nl>
+
+	how to get:         {(ftp://ftp.eb.ele.tue.nl/pub/src/pascal/pasos2*)}.
+
+	A PASCAL/i386 compiler which generates code for OS/2 and
+	DOS. It uses EMX as DOS extender and GNU/GAS, MASM or TASM as
+	assembler.
+
+	1993-12-17
+
+Pasqual
+
+	["Pasqual: A Proposed Generalization of Pascal", R.D. Tennent,
+	TR75-32, Queen's U, Canada, 1975].
+
+PASRO
+
+	<robotics> {PAScal} for RObots.
+
+	["PASRO - Pascal for Robots", C. Blume et al, Springer 1985].
+
+	(1999-07-19)
+
+PASSIM
+
+	A {simulation} language based on {Pascal}.
+
+	["PASSIM: A Discrete-Event Simulation Package for Pascal", D.H
+	Uyeno et al, Simulation 35(6):183-190 (Dec 1980)].
+
+passive matrix display
+
+	<hardware> A type of {liquid crystal display} which relies on
+	{persistence} to maintain the state of each display element
+	({pixel}) between refresh scans.  The {resolution} of such
+	displays is limited by the ratio between the time to set a
+	pixel and the time it takes to fade.
+
+	Contrast {active matrix display}.
+
+	(1995-12-09)
+
+passphrase
+
+	<operating system> A string of words and characters that you
+	type in to authenticate yourself.  Passphrases differ from
+	passwords only in length.  Passwords are usually short - six
+	to ten characters.  Passphrases are usually much longer - up
+	to 100 characters or more.
+
+	Modern passphrases were invented by Sigmund N. Porter in 1982.
+
+	Their greater length makes passphrases more secure.
+
+	Phil Zimmermann's popular encryption program {PGP}, for
+	example, requires you to make up a passphrase that you then
+	must enter whenever you sign or decrypt messages.
+
+	{(http://world.std.com/~reinhold/diceware.page.html)}.
+
+	(1996-12-21)
+
+passw0rd
+
+	<security> A common default {password}, often given out by
+	{system administrtors} to new users, the hope being that they
+	will change it immediately.
+
+	(2011-11-22)
+
+password
+
+	<security> An arbitrary string of characters chosen by a user
+	or {system administrator} and used to authenticate the user
+	when he attempts to log on, in order to prevent unauthorised
+	access to his account.
+
+	A favourite activity among unimaginative {computer nerds} and
+	{crackers} is writing programs which attempt to discover
+	passwords by using lists of commonly chosen passwords such as
+	people's names (spelled forward or backward).  It is
+	recommended that to defeat such methods passwords use a
+	mixture of upper and lower case letters or digits and avoid
+	proper names and real words.  If you have trouble remembering
+	random strings of characters, make up an acronym like
+	"ihGr8trmP" ("I have great trouble remembering my password").
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+Password Authentication Protocol
+
+	<networking> (PAP) An {authentication} scheme used by {PPP}
+	servers to validate the identity of the originator of the
+	connection.
+
+	PAP applies a two-way {handshaking} procedure.  After the link
+	is established the originator sends an id-password pair to the
+	server.  If authentication succeeds the server sends back an
+	acknowledgement; otherwise it either terminates the connection
+	or gives the originator another chance.
+
+	PAP is not a strong authentication method.  Passwords are sent
+	over the circuit "in the clear" and there is no protection
+	against playback or repeated "trial and error" attacks.  The
+	originator is in total control of the frequency and timing of
+	the attempts.  Therefore, any server that can use a stronger
+	authentication method, such as {CHAP}, will offer to negotiate
+	that method prior to PAP.  The use of PAP is appropriate,
+	however, if a {plaintext} password must be available to
+	simulate a login at a remote host.
+
+	PAP is defined in {RFC} 1334.
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+paste
+
+	{copy and paste}
+
+pastie
+
+	/pay'stee/ An adhesive label designed to be attached to a key
+	on a keyboard to indicate some non-standard character which
+	can be accessed through that key.  Pasties are likely to be
+	used in APL environments, where almost every key is associated
+	with a special character.  A pastie on the R key, for example,
+	might remind the user that it is used to generate the rho
+	character.  The term properly refers to nipple-concealing
+	devices formerly worn by strippers in concession to
+	indecent-exposure laws; compare {tits on a keyboard}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PAT
+
+	1. <language> {Personalized Array Translator}.
+
+	2. <networking> {Port Address Translation}.
+
+	(1998-05-09)
+
+PATA
+
+	1. <storage> {Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment}.
+
+	2. {Pooling Agreement for Technical Assistance}.
+
+patch
+
+	<software> 1. A temporary addition to a piece of code, usually
+	as a {quick-and-dirty} remedy to an existing {bug} or
+	{misfeature}.  A patch may or may not work, and may or may not
+	eventually be incorporated permanently into the program.
+	Distinguished from a {diff} or {mod} by the fact that a patch
+	is generated by more primitive means than the rest of the
+	program; the classical examples are instructions modified by
+	using the front panel switches, and changes made directly to
+	the binary executable of a program originally written in an
+	{HLL}.  Compare {one-line fix}.
+
+	2. To insert a patch into a piece of code.
+
+	3. [in the Unix world] A {diff}.
+
+	4. A set of modifications to binaries to be applied by a
+	patching program.  {IBM} systems often receive updates to the
+	{operating system} in the form of absolute {hexadecimal}
+	patches.  If you have modified your OS, you have to
+	disassemble these back to the {source code}.  The patches
+	might later be corrected by other patches on top of them
+	(patches were said to "grow scar tissue").  The result was
+	often a convoluted {patch space} and headaches galore.
+
+	There is a classic story of a {tiger team} penetrating a
+	secure military computer that illustrates the danger inherent
+	in binary patches (or, indeed, any patches that you can't - or
+	don't - inspect and examine before installing).  They couldn't
+	find any {trap doors} or any way to penetrate security of
+	IBM's OS, so they made a site visit to an IBM office
+	(remember, these were official military types who were
+	purportedly on official business), swiped some IBM stationery,
+	and created a fake patch.  The patch was actually the trapdoor
+	they needed.  The patch was distributed at about the right
+	time for an IBM patch, had official stationery and all
+	accompanying documentation, and was dutifully installed.  The
+	installation manager very shortly thereafter learned something
+	about proper procedures.
+
+	5. {Larry Wall}'s "patch" {utility program}, which
+	automatically applies a patch to a set of {source code} or
+	other text files.  Patch accepts input in any of the four
+	forms output by the {Unix} {diff} utility.  When the files
+	being patched are not identical to those on which the diffs
+	were based, patch uses {heuristics} to determine how to
+	proceed.
+
+	Diff and patch are the standard way of producing and applying
+	updates under {Unix}.  Both have been ported to other
+	{operating systems}.
+
+	{Patch Home (http://gnu.org/software/patch/patch.html)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2005-05-16)
+
+patch pumpkin
+
+	{pumpkin}
+
+patch space
+
+	An unused block of bits left in a binary so that it can later
+	be modified by insertion of machine-language instructions
+	there (typically, the patch space is modified to contain new
+	code, and the superseded code is patched to contain a jump or
+	call to the patch space).  The widening use of HLLs has made
+	this term rare; it is now primarily historical outside {IBM}
+	shops.  See {patch}, {zap}, {hook}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PATCHY
+
+	A {Fortran} {code management} program written at {CERN}.
+
+path
+
+	1. <file system> {pathname}.
+
+	2. <networking> A {bang path} or explicitly routed {Internet
+	address}; a node-by-node specification of a link between two
+	machines.
+
+	3. <operating system>  The list of directories the kernel
+	(under {Unix}) or the command interpreter (under {MS-DOS})
+	searches for {executables}.  It is stored as part of the
+	{environment} in both operating systems.
+
+	Other, similar constructs abound under Unix; the {C}
+	{preprocessor}, for example, uses such a search path to
+	locate "#include" files.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-11-21)
+
+path coverage testing
+
+	<testing> Testing a program by examining which lines of
+	{executable code} are visited (as in {code coverage testing})
+	and also the ways of getting to each line of code and the
+	subsequent sequence of execution.
+
+	Path coverage testing is the most comprehensive type of
+	testing that a {test suite} can provide.  It can find more
+	{bugs}, especially those that are caused by {data coupling}.
+	However, path coverage is hard and usually only used for small
+	and/or critical sections of code.
+
+	(2005-01-25)
+
+pathname
+
+	<file system> (Or "path") The specification of a node (file or
+	directory) in a {hierarchical file system}.  The path is usually
+	specified by listing the nodes top-down, separating the
+	directories by the {pathname separator} ("/" in {Unix}, "\" in
+	{MS-DOS}).
+
+	A pathname may be an {absolute pathname} (starting from the {root
+	directory}, "/") or a {relative pathname} (starting from the
+	{current working directory}).
+
+	The part of the pathname of a file after the last separator is
+	called the {basename}.
+
+	(1997-03-10)
+
+pathname separator
+
+	<file system> The character used to separate elements of a
+	{path} or {pathname}.  Under {Unix} and {POSIX.1} compliant
+	systems the pathname separator is the (forward) {slash}, in
+	{MS-DOS} {backslash} serves the same purpose.  For obvious
+	reasons the no directory or file name can contain this
+	character.
+
+	(1996-11-21)
+
+pathological
+
+	1. [scientific computation] Used of a data set that is grossly
+	atypical of normal expected input, especially one that exposes
+	a weakness or bug in whatever algorithm one is using.  An
+	algorithm that can be broken by pathological inputs may still
+	be useful if such inputs are very unlikely to occur in
+	practice.
+
+	2. When used of test input, implies that it was purposefully
+	engineered as a worst case.  The implication in both senses is
+	that the data is spectacularly ill-conditioned or that someone
+	had to explicitly set out to break the algorithm in order to
+	come up with such a crazy example.
+
+	3. Also said of an unlikely collection of circumstances.  "If
+	the network is down and comes up halfway through the execution
+	of that command by root, the system may just crash."  "Yes,
+	but that's a pathological case."  Often used to dismiss the
+	case from discussion, with the implication that the
+	consequences are acceptable, since they will happen so
+	infrequently (if at all) that it doesn't seem worth going to
+	the extra trouble to handle that case (see sense 1).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Path Pascal
+
+	Parallel extension of Pascal.  Processes have shared access to
+	data objects.  Constraints on their synchronisation are
+	specified in a path expression.
+
+	["An Overview of Path Pascal's Design", R.H. Campbell, SIGPLAN
+	Notices 15(9):13-24 (Sep 1980)].
+
+pathspec
+
+	{pathname}
+
+pattern matching
+
+	1. A function is defined to take arguments of a particular
+	type, form or value.  When applying the function to its actual
+	arguments it is necessary to match the type, form or value of
+	the actual arguments against the formal arguments in some
+	definition.  For example, the function
+
+		length []     = 0
+		length (x:xs) = 1 + length xs
+
+	uses pattern matching in its argument to distinguish a null
+	list from a non-null one.
+
+	There are well known {algorithm} for translating pattern
+	matching into conditional expressions such as "if" or "case".
+	E.g. the above function could be transformed to
+
+		length l = case l of
+			   []   -> 0
+			   x:xs -> 1 : length xs
+
+	Pattern matching is usually performed in textual order though
+	there are languages which match more specific patterns before
+	less specific ones.
+
+	2. Descriptive of a type of language or utility such as {awk}
+	or {Perl} which is suited to searching for strings or patterns
+	in input data, usually using some kind of {regular
+	expression}.
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+pattern recognition
+
+	<artificial intelligence, data processing> A branch of
+	{artificial intelligence} concerned with the classification or
+	description of observations.
+
+	Pattern recognition aims to classify {data} (patterns) based
+	on either a priori knowledge or on statistical information
+	extracted from the patterns.  The patterns to be classified
+	are usually groups of measurements or observations, defining
+	points in an appropriate multidimensional space.
+
+	A complete pattern recognition system consists of a sensor
+	that gathers the observations to be classified or described; a
+	{feature extraction} mechanism that computes numeric or
+	{symbolic} information from the observations; and a
+	classification or description scheme that does the actual job
+	of classifying or describing observations, relying on the
+	extracted features.
+
+	The classification or description scheme is usually based on
+	the availability of a set of patterns that have already been
+	classified or described.  This set of patterns is termed the
+	{training set} and the resulting learning strategy is
+	characterised as {supervised}.  Learning can also be
+	{unsupervised}, in the sense that the system is not given an a
+	priori labelling of patterns, instead it establishes the
+	classes itself based on the statistical regularities of the
+	patterns.
+
+	The classification or description scheme usually uses one of
+	the following approaches: statistical (or {decision
+	theoretic}), syntactic (or structural), or neural.
+	Statistical pattern recognition is based on statistical
+	characterisations of patterns, assuming that the patterns are
+	generated by a {probabilistic} system.  Structural pattern
+	recognition is based on the structural interrelationships of
+	features.  Neural pattern recognition employs the neural
+	computing paradigm that has emerged with {neural networks}.
+
+	(1995-09-22)
+
+PAW
+
+	<tool> {Physics Analysis Workbench}.
+
+PAW++
+
+	An extended version of PAW with a Motif human interface.
+
+payware
+
+	/pay'weir/  Commercial software.  Opposite: {shareware}
+	or {freeware}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PB Cache
+
+	{Pipeline Burst Cache}
+
+PBCAK
+
+	{PEBCAK}
+
+PBD
+
+	{Programmer Brain Damage}
+
+PBEM
+
+	{play by electronic mail}
+
+PBKAC
+
+	{PEBCAK}
+
+PBM
+
+	play by mail.  See {play by electronic mail}.
+
+PBX
+
+	{Private Branch Exchange}
+
+PC
+
+	1. <computer> {personal computer}.
+
+	2. <computer> {IBM PC}.
+
+	3. <hardware> {program counter}.
+
+	4. <hardware> {printed circuit}.
+
+	5. <language> {Parallel C}.
+
+pC++
+
+	{Data parallel} extension to {C++}.  {Class}es and {methods}
+	for managing distributed collections.
+
+	E-mail: Dennis Gannon <gannon@cs.indiana.edu>.
+
+	["Distributed pC++: Basic Ideas for an Object Parallel
+	Language", F. Bodin et al, Proc Supercomput 91, ACM SIGARCH,
+	pp. 273-282].
+
+	(2001-02-22)
+
+PC-1834
+
+	<computer> An {IBM PC}-like computer, using a {K1810 WM 86}
+	{Intel 8086} {clone} from the formerly known Eastern bloc,
+	introduced in 1988.
+
+	(2004-03-24)
+
+PC200
+
+	{Sinclair PC200}
+
+PC-7150
+
+	<hardware> An {IBM PC}-like computer, using a {K1810 WM 86}
+	{Intel 8086} {clone} from the formerly known Eastern bloc,
+	introduced in 1988.
+
+	(2004-03-24)
+
+PCA
+
+	<tool, programming> A dynamic analyser from {DEC} giving
+	information on {run-time} performance and code use.
+
+	(2004-03-24)
+
+P-CAD
+
+	<application> A {CAE} system marketed by {CADAM}, an {IBM}
+	company.
+
+	(2004-03-24)
+
+PC AT
+
+	{IBM PC AT}
+
+PCB
+
+	1. <hardware> {Power Circuit Breaker}.
+
+	2. <hardware> {Power Control Box}.
+
+	3. <hardware> {Printed Circuit Board}.
+
+	4. {Process Control Block}.
+
+	5. {Product Configuration Baseline}.
+
+	6. {Program Control Block}.
+
+	7. <networking> {Protocol Control Block}.
+
+	({TCP}).
+
+PC Card
+
+	{Personal Computer Memory Card International Association}
+
+PCCTS
+
+	{Purdue Compiler-Construction Tool Set}
+
+PCF
+
+	A simply typed, {functional language}.
+
+	["Fully Abstract Translations Between Functional Languages",
+	J. Riecke, 18th POPL, pp. 245-254 (1991)].
+
+	["LCF Considered as a Programming Language", Theor CS 5:223,
+	1977].
+
+	(1996-01-18)
+
+PCI
+
+	{Peripheral Component Interconnect}
+
+PCI bus
+
+	{Peripheral Component Interconnect}
+
+PCI Configuration Utility
+
+	<tool> (PCU) A piece of {software} for configuring a specific
+	{PCI} {hardware} device.
+
+	[What software?  What hardware?]
+
+	(1998-11-22)
+
+PCI Mezzanine Card
+
+	<hardware> (PMC) A family of low profile {mezzanine} cards for
+	{VMEbus}, {Futurebus+}, desktop computers and other computer
+	systems with logical and electrical layers based on the
+	{Peripheral Component Interconnect} (PCI) specification.  PMC
+	is defined in {IEEE} P1386.1 and follows the {Common Mezzanine
+	Card} (CMC) mechanical specification.
+
+	PCI2.0 defines a 4.2 inch by 12.3 inch board that plugs
+	perpendicularly into a {mother board}.
+
+	(1994-10-06)
+
+PCI slot
+
+	<hardware> A connector on {Peripheral Component Interconnect}
+	and the associated physical space occupied by the installed
+	PCI card.
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+PC-ism
+
+	/P-C-izm/ A piece of code or coding technique that takes
+	advantage of the unprotected single-tasking environment in
+	{IBM PCs} and the like, e.g. by {busy-wait}ing on a {hardware
+	register}, direct diddling of {screen memory} or using hard
+	timing loops.  Compare {ill-behaved}, {vaxism}, {Unixism}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PCjr
+
+	{IBM PCjr}
+
+PCL
+
+	1. Printer Control Language.  A {Document description
+	language} used by {Hewlett-Packard} {Laserjet} printers, a
+	superset of {HP-GL/2}.
+
+	[PCL 5 Printer Language Printer Technical Reference Manual, HP
+	33459-90903.  Versions: PCL 3, PCL 5].
+
+	2. {Portable CommonLoops}.
+
+	3. Peripheral Conversion Language.  A {Honeywell} command
+	language for {file transfer} between I/O devices on the {CP-V}
+	and {CP-6} {operating systems}.
+
+	4. ["PCL - A Process Oriented Job Control Language", V. Lesser
+	et al, Proc 1st Intl Conf Distrib Comp Sys, IEEE 1979,
+	pp.315-329].
+
+PCLIPS
+
+	Parallel CLIPS - U Lowell.  Concurrent independent CLIPS
+	expert systems.  They use 'rassert' (remote assert) to enter
+	facts into each other's database.  "PCLIPS: A Distributed
+	Expert System Environment", R.  Miller, CLIPS Users Group
+	Conf, Aug 1990.  E-mail: <pclips@dragon.ulowell.edu>(?).
+
+PCM
+
+	1. <data> {Pulse Code Modulation}.
+
+	2. <company> {Plug Compatible Manufacturer}.
+
+	(2003-06-24)
+
+PCMCIA
+
+	<body, standard> {Personal Computer Memory Card International
+	Association}.  (Or People Can't Memorise Computer Industry
+	Acronyms).
+
+PCMIA
+
+	{Personal Computer Manufacturer Interface Adaptor}
+
+PCN
+
+	1. {Program Composition Notation}.
+
+	2. <communications> {Personal Communication Network}.
+
+PC-NFS
+
+	{Personal Computer Network File System}
+
+P-code
+
+	<language> The {intermediate language} produced by the
+	{Pascal-P} {compiler}.  P-code is the {assembly language} for
+	a hypothetical {stack machine}, the P-machine, said to imitate
+	the {instruction set} of the {Burroughs 6700}.
+
+	The term was first used in the Wirth reference below.  {Byte}
+	articles on writing a Pascal Compiler in {Northstar BASIC} (ca
+	Aug 1978) also used the term.
+
+	P-code was initially the intermediate code generated by the P2
+	compiler from ETH Zurich.  P-code was later used as the
+	intermediate language in the {UCSD Pascal System}, and in its
+	two main derivatives, {Apple Pascal} and the {UCSD P-system}.
+
+	Variants: P2 P-code, P4 P-code, UCSD P-code, LASL P-code.
+
+	[Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs, N. Wirth, P-H 1976].
+
+	["A Comparison of PASCAL Intermediate Languages", P.A. Nelson,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 14(8):208-213, Aug 1979].
+
+	(2004-11-08)
+
+PC Pursuit
+
+	A {TELENET} service which enabled people to dial up {BBS}es in
+	other cities for less than normal long-distance rates.  PC
+	Pursuit died because TELENET were too mean to upgrade beyond
+	2400 bits per second.
+
+	(1994-10-17)
+
+PC-RT
+
+	<computer> An incorrect name for the {RT-PC}.
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+PCS
+
+	1. {Personal Communication Services}.
+
+	2. {PC-Scheme}.
+
+PC-Scheme
+
+	Version 3.03
+
+	compiler, debugger, profiler, editor, libraries
+
+	{(ftp://altdorf.ai.mit.edu/archive/pc-scheme/)}.
+
+	Written at {Texas Instruments}.  Runs on {MS-DOS} 286/386 IBM
+	PCs and compatibles.  Includes an optimising compiler, an
+	emacs-like editor, inspector, debugger, performance testing,
+	foreign function interface, window system and an
+	object-oriented subsystem.  Also supports the dialect used in
+	{Hal Abelson} and {Gerald Sussman}'s {SICP}.
+
+	Conformance: Revised^3 Report, also supports dialect used in
+	SICP.
+
+	restriction:	official version is $95, contact <rww@ibuki.com>
+
+	ports:		MS-DOS
+
+	See also {PCS/Geneva}.
+
+	(1992-02-23)
+
+PCS/Geneva
+
+	A cleaned-up version of {Texas Instrument}'s {PC Scheme}
+	developed at the {University of Geneva}.  The main extensions
+	to PC Scheme are {486} support, {BGI} graphics, {LIM-EMS}
+	pagination support, line editing and {assembly code}-level
+	interfacing.
+
+	Version 4.02PL1.
+
+	E-mail: <schemege@uni2a.unige.ch>.
+
+	(1994-01-11)
+
+PC support
+
+	<job> (Or "PC analyst", end user support) A person who works
+	with {microcomputer} applications including {word processors},
+	{spreadsheets}, {presentation graphics}, {database management
+	systems}, {electronic mail}, and communications.  He also
+	evaluates, installs and supports PCs, {Macintoshes}, and
+	associated {peripherals}.
+
+	(2004-03-20)
+
+PC-TALK III
+
+	<communications, tool> An {MS-DOS} communications program by
+	{Andrew Fluegelman}.
+
+	(1997-08-25)
+
+PCTE
+
+	{Portable Common Tool Environment}
+
+PCTE+
+
+	A European NATO specification based on {PCTE} with security
+	enhancements.
+
+PC-TILES
+
+	<language> A {visual programming language}.
+
+	(1997-08-25)
+
+PCU
+
+	{PCI Configuration Utility}
+
+PC-ware
+
+	Pejorative term for software full of {PC-isms} on a machine
+	with a more capable {operating system}.
+
+pcx
+
+	<filename extension> A {filename extension} for {images}
+	created with the {IBM PC} {Paintbrush} tool.
+
+	[Format?]
+
+	(1995-12-10)
+
+PD
+
+	{public domain}
+
+PDA
+
+	{Personal Digital Assistant}
+
+PDC
+
+	{Primary Domain Controller}
+
+PDC Prolog
+
+	Prolog Development Centre Prolog.  A {Prolog} evolved from
+	{Turbo Prolog} by the original authors.
+
+PDEL
+
+	Partial Differential Equation Language.  A {preprocessor} for
+	{PL/I}.
+
+	["PDEL - A Language for Partial Differential Equations",
+	A.F. Cardenas, CACM 13(3):184-191 (Mar 1970)].
+
+PDELAN
+
+	{Partial Differential Equation LANguage}
+
+PDES
+
+	{Product Data Exchange using STEP}
+
+PDF
+
+	{Portable Document Format}
+
+PDFTeX
+
+	<tool, TeX> A modification of {TeX} to produce {PDF} output
+	instead of the {canonical} {DVI}.
+
+	{pdftexlib.tar.gz (ftp://ftp.tug.org/pub/tex/pdftexlib.tar.gz)}.
+
+	{Thanh's source of pdfTeX
+	(ftp://ftp.muni.cz/pub/tex/local/cstug/thanh/pdftex/)}.
+
+	{User Manual
+	(http://tug.cs.umb.edu/applications/pdftex/pdftex-s.pdf)}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://tug.cs.umb.edu/applications/pdftex/pdfTeX-FAQ-scr.pdf)}.
+
+	(2000-12-21)
+
+PDH
+
+	{Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy}
+
+PDIL
+
+	<language> A language developed at Agence d'Informatique,
+	France in the 1970s for description of communication
+	{protocols}.  It was part of the {RHIN} project.
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+pdksh
+
+	Version 4.9
+
+	interpreter
+
+	Simon J. Gerraty <sjg@zen.void.oz.au>
+
+	comp.sources.misc volume 4
+
+	It is not intended to be the ultimate shell but rather a
+	usable ksh work alike.
+
+	conformance:	Almost identical to ksh88, but missing arrays
+
+	E-mail: Simon J Gerraty <sjg@melb.bull.oz.au> (zen.void.oz.au
+	is down)
+
+	ports:		Sun, 386bsd, ?
+
+	1993-10-11
+
+PDL
+
+	1. {Page Description Language}.
+
+	2. {Program Design Language}.
+
+	3. {Push Down List}.
+
+	4. Dave Lebling, one of the co-authors of {Zork}.  His
+	{network address} on the {ITS} machines was at one time
+	<pdl@dms>.
+
+	5. {Propositional Dynamic Logic}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PDL2
+
+	<language> {Process Design Language 2}.
+
+PDM
+
+	1. {Product Development Management}.
+
+	2. {Product Data Management}.
+
+	(1997-02-11)
+
+PDP
+
+	{Programmed Data Processor}
+
+PDP-10
+
+	<computer> Programmed Data Processor model 10.
+
+	The series of {mainframes} from {DEC} that made {time-sharing}
+	real.  It looms large in hacker folklore because of its
+	adoption in the mid-1970s by many university computing
+	facilities and research labs, including the {MIT} {AI Lab},
+	{Stanford}, and {CMU}.  Some aspects of the {instruction set}
+	(most notably the bit-field instructions) are still considered
+	unsurpassed.
+
+	The PDP-10 was eventually eclipsed by the {VAX} machines
+	(descendants of the {PDP-11}) when DEC recognised that the
+	PDP-10 and VAX product lines were competing with each other
+	and decided to concentrate its software development effort on
+	the more profitable VAX.  The machine was finally dropped from
+	DEC's line in 1983, following the failure of the {Jupiter}
+	Project at DEC to build a viable new model.  (Some attempts by
+	other companies to market clones came to nothing; see {Foonly}
+	and {Mars}.)  This event spelled the doom of {ITS} and the
+	technical cultures that had spawned the original {Jargon
+	File}, but by mid-1991 it had become something of a badge of
+	honourable old-timerhood among hackers to have cut one's teeth
+	on a PDP-10.
+
+	See {TOPS-10}, {AOS}, {BLT}, {DDT}, {DPB}, {EXCH}, {HAKMEM},
+	{JFCL}, {LDB}, {pop}, {push}.
+
+	{news:alt.sys.pdp10}
+
+	[Was the PDP-10 a mini or a mainframe?]
+
+	(2001-01-05)
+
+PDP-11
+
+	Programmed Data Processor model 11.
+
+	A series of {minicomputers} based on an {instruction set}
+	designed by C. Gordon Bell at {DEC} in the early 1970s (late
+	60s?).  The PDP-11 family, which came after, but was not
+	derived from, the {PDP-10}, was the most successful computer
+	of its time until it was itself succeeded by the {VAX}.
+
+	Models included the 11/23 and 11/24 (based on the F11
+	chipset); 11/44, 11/04, 11/34, 11/05, 11/10, 11/15, 11/20,
+	11/35, 11/40, 11/45, 11/70, 11/60 ({MSI} and {SSI}); LSI-11/2
+	and LSI-11 (LSI-11 chipset).  In addition there were the 11/8x
+	(J11 chipset) and SBC-11/21 (T11 chip) and then there was
+	compatibility mode in the early {VAX} processors.
+
+	The {B} and {C} languages were both used initially to
+	implement {Unix} on the PDP-11.  The {microprocessor} design
+	tradition owes a heavy debt to the PDP-11 {instruction set}.
+
+	See also {SEX}.
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+PDP-20
+
+	The most famous computer that never was.  {PDP-10} computers
+	running the {TOPS-10} operating system were labelled
+	"DECsystem-10" as a way of differentiating them from the
+	{PDP-11}.  Later on, those systems running {TOPS-20} were
+	labelled "DECSYSTEM-20" (the block capitals being the result
+	of a lawsuit brought against DEC by Singer, which once made a
+	computer called "system-10"), but contrary to popular lore
+	there was never a "PDP-20"; the only difference between a 10
+	and a 20 was the {operating system} and the colour of the
+	paint.  Most (but not all) machines sold to run {TOPS-10} were
+	painted "Basil Blue", whereas most TOPS-20 machines were
+	painted "Chinese Red" (often mistakenly called orange).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+PDP-6
+
+	<computer> Programmed Data Processor model 6.  A computer
+	designed around 1960 with more or less exactly the same
+	hardware architecture as the {PDP-10}.  It already had
+	multi-user {time sharing} and {batch processing} and
+	multi-level priority {interrupts}
+
+	(1996-12-21)
+
+PDP-7
+
+	<computer> A minicomputer sold by DEC in 1964.  It had a
+	memory cycle time of 1.75 microseconds and add time of 4
+	microseconds.  I/O included a keyboard, printer, {paper-tape}
+	and dual transport DECtape drives (type 555).
+
+	DEC provided an "advanced" {Fortran II} {compiler}, a Symbolic
+	{Assembler}, Editor, {DDT} Debugging System, Maintenance
+	routines and a library of arithmetic, utility and programming
+	aids developed on the program-compatible {PDP-4}.
+
+	[DEC sales brochure].
+
+	The PDP-7 was considered reliable enough (when properly
+	programmed) to be used for control of nuclear reactors and
+	such.
+
+	Around 1970 {Ken Thompson} built the {operating system} that
+	became {Unix} on a scavenged {PDP-7} so he could play a
+	descendant of the {SPACEWAR} game.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+PDP Assembly Language
+
+	<language> (PAL) The {assembly language} for the {PDP-8} and
+	{PDP-11}.
+
+	[Description?]
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+PDS
+
+	1. <hardware> {Processor Direct Slot}.
+
+	2. {partitioned data set}.
+
+PDSA cycle
+
+	Plan, Do, See, Approve (from Japan).
+
+PDS/MaGen
+
+	Problem Descriptor System.  A system for generating matrices
+	and reports for mathematical programming and {operations
+	research}.
+
+	["PDS MaGen User Information Manual", Haverly Systems (Dec
+	1977)].
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+PDU
+
+	{Protocol Data Unit}
+
+PE
+
+	1. <database> {periodic group}
+
+	2. <storage> {Phase Encoded}.
+
+	3. <architecture> {processing element}.
+
+	(1995-10-30)
+
+pe
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Peru.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+PeaceNet
+
+	One of the {IGC} networks.  PeaceNet serves peace and social
+	justice advocates around the world in such areas as human
+	rights, disarmament, and international relations.  A number of
+	alternative news services provide a range of information about
+	these and other topics from around the world.
+
+	E-mail: <peacenet@igc.apc.org>.  {(ftp://igc.apc.org/)}.
+
+peak envelope power
+
+	<communications> (PEP) The maximum power output by a radio
+	transmitter over one complete RF cycle at any modulation.
+
+	(2008-02-11)
+
+Peano
+
+	{Giuseppe Peano}
+
+Peano arithmetic
+
+	<mathematics> {Giuseppe Peano}'s system for representing {natural
+	numbers} {inductively (induction)} using only two symbols, "0"
+	(zero) and "S" (successor).
+
+	This system could be expressed as a {recursive} data type with the
+	following {Haskell} definition:
+
+		data Peano = Zero | Succ Peano
+
+	The number three, usually written "SSS0", would be Succ (Succ
+	(Succ Zero)).  Addition of Peano numbers can be expressed as a
+	simple syntactic transformation:
+
+		plus Zero     n = n
+		plus (Succ m) n = Succ (plus m n)
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+PEARL
+
+	1. <language, mathematics> A language for {constructive
+	mathematics} developed by Constable at {Cornell University} in
+	the 1980s.
+
+	2. <language, real-time> {Process and Experiment Automation
+	Real-Time Language}.
+
+	3. <language, education> One of five pedagogical languages
+	based on {Markov} {algorithms}, used in "Nonpareil, a Machine
+	Level Machine Independent Language for the Study of
+	Semantics", B. Higman, ULICS Intl Report No ICSI 170, U London
+	(1968).  Compare {Brilliant}, {Diamond}, {Nonpareil}, {Ruby}.
+
+	4. <language> A multilevel language developed by Brian Randell
+	ca 1970 and mentioned in "Machine Oriented Higher Level
+	Languages", W. van der Poel, N-H 1974.
+
+	5. <language, tool, history> An obsolete term for {Larry
+	Wall}'s {PERL} programming language, which never fell into
+	common usage other than in typographical errors.  The missing
+	'a' remains as an atrophied remnant in the expansion
+	"Practical Extraction and Report Language".
+
+	["Programming Perl", Larry Wall and Randal L. Schwartz,
+	O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.  Sebastopol, CA.  ISBN
+	0-93715-64-1].
+
+	(2000-08-16)
+
+Pebble
+
+	A {polymorphic} language.
+
+	["A Kernel Language for Abstract Data Types and Modules",
+	R.M. Burstall & B. Lampson, in Semantics of Data Types, LNCS
+	173, Springer 1984].
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+Pebbleman
+
+	{DoD} requirements that led to {APSE}.  They were written in
+	Jul 1978 and revised Jan 1979.
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+PEBCAK
+
+	<humour> (Or "PEBKAC", "PBCAK", "PBKAC") Tech support
+	shorthand for "Problem (Exists) between Chair and Keyboard".
+
+	An alternative is "PICNIC" - "Problem In Chair, Not In
+	Computer".
+
+	An acronym commonly used by helpdesk technicians to indicate
+	that a problem is due to the user rather than the system.
+
+	See also {UBD}.
+
+	(2012-08-26)
+
+PEBKAC
+
+	{PEBCAK}
+
+PECOS
+
+	A {constraint}-based language, built on the {object-oriented}
+	module of {Le-Lisp}.
+
+	["Pecos Reference Manual", ILOG, 1990.  ILOG, 12 av Raspail,
+	BP 7, F94251 Gentilly, France].
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+Pedagogic Algorithmic Language
+
+	["PAL - A Language for Teaching Programming Linguistics",
+	A. Evans Jr, Proc ACM 23rd Natl Conf, Brandon/Systems Press
+	(1968)].
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+PEEK
+
+	The command in most {microcomputer} {BASICs} for reading
+	memory contents (a byte) at an absolute address.  POKE is the
+	corresponding command to write a value to an absolute address.
+
+	This is often extended to mean the corresponding constructs in
+	any {High Level Language}.
+
+	Much hacking on small {microcomputers} without {MMUs} consists
+	of "peek"ing around memory, more or less at random, to find
+	the location where the system keeps interesting stuff.  Long
+	(and variably accurate) lists of such addresses for various
+	computers circulate (see {interrupt list}).  The results of
+	"poke"s at these addresses may be highly useful, mildly
+	amusing, useless but neat, or total {lossage} (see {killer
+	poke}).
+
+	Since a {real operating system} provides useful, higher-level
+	services for the tasks commonly performed with peeks and pokes
+	on micros, and real languages tend not to encourage low-level
+	memory groveling, a question like "How do I do a peek in C?"
+	is diagnostic of the {newbie}.  Of course, {operating system}
+	{kernels} often have to do exactly this; a real {C} hacker
+	would unhesitatingly, if unportably, assign an absolute
+	address to a pointer variable and indirect through it.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+PEEL
+
+	Used to implement version of {Emacs} on {PRIME} computers.
+
+peephole optimisation
+
+	<compiler> A kind of low-level {code optimisation} that
+	considers only a few adjacent {machine code} instructions at a
+	time and looks for certain combinations which can be replaced
+	with more efficient sequences.  E.g.
+
+		ADD R0, #1
+		ADD R0, #1
+
+	(add one to register R0) could be replaced by
+
+		ADD R0, #2
+
+	as long as there were no jumps to the second instruction.
+
+	(2008-11-17)
+
+peephole optimization
+
+	{peephole optimisation}
+
+peer
+
+	<networking> A unit of communications hardware or software
+	that is on the same {protocol layer} of a network as another.
+	A common way of viewing a communications link is as two
+	{protocol stacks}, which are actually connected only at the
+	very lowest (physical) layer, but can be regarded as being
+	connected at each higher layer by virtue of the services
+	provided by the lower layers.  Peer-to-peer communication
+	refers to these real or virtual connections between
+	corresponding systems in each layer.
+
+	To give a simple example, when two people talk to each other,
+	the lowest layer is the physical layer which concerns the
+	sound pressure waves travelling from mouth to ear (so mouths
+	and ears are peers) the next layer might be the speech and
+	hearing centres in the people's brains and the top layer their
+	cerebellums or minds.  Although, barring telepathy, nothing
+	passes directly between the two minds, there is a peer-to-peer
+	communication between them.
+
+	(2007-03-27)
+
+peer-to-peer
+
+	<networking> 1. The kind of communication found in a system
+	using layered {protocols}.  Each software or hardware
+	component can be considered to communicate only with its
+	{peer} in the same layer via the connection provided by the
+	lower layers.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+	2. A decentralised {file sharing} system like {BitTorrent},
+	{Gnutella} or {Kazaa} where computers that download data also
+	store that data and serve it to other downloaders.  This
+	increases the total bandwidth available in proportion to the
+	number of users and so reduces download time.  It also
+	improves resilience by providing multiple redundant sources
+	for the same data.  This contrasts with {client-server} where
+	all clients download the data from a single server (or
+	{mirror}), sharing its fixed bandwidth.
+
+	Peer-to-peer networks are typically ad-hoc and rely on users
+	sharing the content they have downloaded for the benefit of
+	other users.  Users who fail to do this are called "leaches".
+	A "seed" is a node on a peer-to-peer network that is
+	sharing a complete copy of a file, as opposed to other nodes
+	that may only have some of the parts into which the file has
+	been split.
+
+	(2010-02-20)
+
+peer-to-peer network
+
+	{peer-to-peer}
+
+Pegasus
+
+	1. <networking, product> A product to support {Internet}
+	searches, {electronic mail}, and {Usenet news}.
+
+	[Details?  Addesss?]
+
+	(1997-07-14)
+
+	2. <project> An {open source} project run by {The Open Group}
+	which implements a {Common Information Model} (CIM) Object
+	Manager.
+
+	{Pegasus Home (http://openpegasus.org/)}.
+
+	(2003-06-07)
+
+PEIPA
+
+	{Pilot European Image Processing Archive}
+
+PEM
+
+	{Privacy Enhanced Mail}
+
+PENCIL
+
+	Pictorial ENCodIng Language.  On-line system to display line
+	structures.  Sammet 1969, 675.
+
+pencil and paper
+
+	An archaic information storage and transmission device that
+	works by depositing smears of graphite on bleached wood pulp.
+	More recent developments in paper-based technology include
+	improved "write-once" update devices which use tiny rolling
+	heads similar to mouse balls to deposit coloured pigment.  All
+	these devices require an operator skilled at so-called
+	"handwriting" technique.  These technologies are ubiquitous
+	outside hackerdom, but nearly forgotten inside it.  Most
+	hackers had terrible handwriting to begin with, and years of
+	keyboarding tend to have encouraged it to degrade further.
+	Perhaps for this reason, hackers deprecate pencil-and-paper
+	technology and often resist using it in any but the most
+	trivial contexts.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+penis war
+
+	<jargon, abuse> (Or "Dick Size War", "DSW") Any argument which
+	has degenerated into quantitative boasting of the sort "My
+	[program|bot|etc.] is [faster|meaner|etc.]  than yours!".
+	Generally as unconstructive (and with as little emphasis on
+	empirical proof) as men debating who has the biggest penis.
+
+	The term is often used on {IRC}, {news:alt.sysadmin.recovery},
+	and sometimes applied to IRC {botwars}, because of their
+	equally pointless nature.
+
+	(1999-07-14)
+
+Pentium
+
+	<processor> {Intel}'s {superscalar} successor to the {486}.
+	It has two 32-bit 486-type integer {pipelines} with dependency
+	checking.  It can execute a maximum of two instructions per
+	cycle.  It does pipelined {floating-point} and performs
+	{branch prediction}.  It has 16 {kilobytes} of on-chip
+	{cache}, a 64-bit memory interface, 8 32-bit general-purpose
+	{registers} and 8 80-bit {floating-point} registers.  It is
+	built from 3.1 million transistors on a 262.4 mm^2 die with
+	~2.3 million transistors in the core logic.  Its {clock rate}
+	is 66MHz, heat dissipation is 16W, integer performance is 64.5
+	{SPECint92}, {floating-point} performance 56.9 {SPECfp92}.
+
+	It is called "Pentium" because it is the fifth in the 80x86
+	line.  It would have been called the 80586 had a US court not
+	ruled that you can't trademark a number.
+
+	The successors are the {Pentium Pro} and {Pentium II}.
+
+	The following Pentium variants all belong to "x86 Family 6",
+	as reported by "Microsoft Windows" when identifying the CPU:
+
+	 Model  Name
+	 1      Pentium Pro
+	 2      ?
+	 3      Pentium II
+	 4      ?
+	 5, 6   Celeron or Pentium II
+	 7      Pentium III
+	 8      Celeron uPGA2 or Mobile Pentium III
+
+	A {floating-point division bug
+	(ftp://ftp.isi.edu/pub/carlton/pentium/FAQ)} was discovered in
+	October 1994.
+
+	[Internal implementation, "Microprocessor Report" newsletter,
+	1993-03-29, volume 7, number 4].
+
+	[Pentium based computers, PC Magazine, 1994-01-25].
+
+	(2003-09-30)
+
+Pentium 2
+
+	{Pentium II}
+
+Pentium 3
+
+	{Pentium III}
+
+Pentium II
+
+	<processor> {Intel Corporation}'s successor to the {Pentium
+	Pro}.
+
+	The Pentium II can execute all the instructions of all the
+	earlier members of the {Intel 80x86} processor family.  There
+	are four versions targetted at different user markets.  The
+	{Celeron} is the simplest and cheapest.  The standard Pentium
+	II is aimed at mainstream home and business users.  The
+	{Pentium II Xeon} is intended for higher performance business
+	{servers}.  There is also a mobile version of the Pentium II
+	for use in portable computers.
+
+	All versions of the Pentium II are packaged on a special
+	{daughterboard} that plugs into a card-edge processor slot on
+	the {motherboard}.  The daughterboard is enclosed within a
+	rectangular black box called a {Single Edge Contact} (SEC)
+	cartridge.  The budget {Celeron} may be sold as a card only
+	without the box.  Consumer line Pentium II's require a 242-pin
+	slot called {Slot 1}.  The {Xeon} uses a 330-pin slot called
+	Slot 2.  Intel refers to Slot 1 and Slot 2 as SEC-242 and
+	SEC-330 in some of their technical documentation.  The
+	daughterboard has mounting points for the Pentium II {CPU}
+	itself plus various support chips and {cache} memory chips.
+	All components on the daughterboard are normally permanently
+	soldered in place.  Previous generation {Socket 7}
+	motherboards cannot normally be upgraded to accept the Pentium
+	II, so it is necessary to install a new motherboard.
+
+	All Pentium II processors have {Multimedia Extensions} (MMX)
+	and integrated Level One and Level Two cache controllers.
+	Additional features include {Dynamic Execution} and Dual
+	Independent Bus Architecture, with separate 64 bit system and
+	cache busses.  Pentium II is a {superscalar} CPU having about
+	7.5 million {transistors}.
+
+	The first Pentium II's produced were code named {Klamath}.
+	They were manufactured using a 0.35 micron process and
+	supported {clock rates} of 233, 266, 300 and 333 {MHz} at a
+	{bus} speed of 66 MHz.  Second generation Pentium II's, code
+	named Deschutes, are made with a 0.25 micron process and
+	support rates of 350, 400 and 450 MHz at a bus speed of 100
+	MHz.
+
+	{(http://intel.com/PentiumII/)}.
+
+	(1998-10-06)
+
+Pentium III
+
+	<processor> The {microprocessor} that was {Intel Corporation}'s
+	successor to the {Pentium II}, introduced in 1999 with a 500 {MHz}
+	{clock rate}.  The Pentim III is very similar to the Pentium II in
+	architecture.  Its {external bus} can be clocked at 100 or 133
+	{MHz}, it can have up to 512 {KB} of {secondary cache}, and it
+	comes in various packages including {SECC2} and {FC-PGA}.
+
+	The Pentium III has a {P6} {Dynamic Execution}
+	{microarchitecture}, a {multi-transaction system bus}, and {MMX},
+	like the Pentium II.  It adds {Dual Independent Bus} (DIB)
+	Architecture, the {Intel Processor Serial Number}, Internet
+	{Streaming SIMD Extensions} and 70 new {instructions}.  Some
+	versions also include an {Advanced Transfer Cache} and {Advanced
+	System Buffering}.
+
+	When Intel released a 1.13 {GHz} version of the Pentium III
+	processor using a 0.18 {micron} fabrication process on
+	2000-07-31, it was the world's highest performance
+	microprocessor for {PC}s.
+
+	{(http://intel.com/PentiumIII)}.
+
+	(2000-10-05)
+
+Pentium II Xeon
+
+	<processor> The successor to {Intel Corporation}'s {Pentium
+	II} processor.
+
+	The Xeon has the same {P6} core as existing {Pentium
+	Pro}/{Pentium II} units, but it supports a 100 {MHz} system
+	{bus} and offers as much as 2 {MB} of {level 2 cache}.
+
+	{(http://intel.com/PentiumII/xeon/home.htm)}.
+
+	(1998-09-09)
+
+Pentium Pro
+
+	<processor> (Known as "P6" during development) {Intel}'s
+	successor to the {Pentium} processor, in development Jan 1995,
+	generally available 1995-11-01.  The P6 has an internal
+	{RISC} architecture with a {CISC}-{RISC} translator, 3-way
+	{superscalar} execution, and {out-of order execution} (or
+	"{speculative execution}", which Intel calls "{Dynamic
+	Execution}").  It also features {branch prediction} and
+	{register renaming}, and is superpipelined (14 stages).
+
+	The P6 is made as a two-chip assembly: the first chip is the
+	{CPU} and 16 kilobyte {first-level cache} (5.5 million
+	{transistors}) and the other is a 256 (or 512) kilobyte
+	{second-level cache} (15 million transistors).  The first
+	version has a {clock rate} of 133 Mhz and consumes about 20W
+	of power.  It is about twice as fast as the 100 MHz Pentium.
+	The original 0.35 micron versions of the Pentium Pro released
+	on 1995-11-01 run at 150 and 166 Mhz for desktop machines and
+	up to 200 Mhz for {servers}.  Heat disspation is about 20
+	Watts.
+
+	The Pentium Pro is optimised for 32-bit software and runs
+	16-bit software slower than the original Pentium.  The
+	successor was the {Pentium II}.
+
+	[Performance?]
+
+	(1996-03-01)
+
+peon
+
+	<jargon> A person with no special ({root} or {wheel})
+	privileges on a computer system.  "I can't create an account
+	on foovax for you; I'm only a peon there."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-12-23)
+
+PeopleSoft
+
+	<application, company> A company selling {web-based} {ERP}
+	systems.  Originally PeopleSoft supplied human resource
+	management systems, they now provide financial data
+	management, {customer relationship management}, {supply chain
+	management}, {workforce management}, and {data analytics}
+	systems.
+
+	{(http://peoplesoft.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-06-01)
+
+PEP
+
+	{peak envelope power}
+
+Pepper
+
+	<language> A variant of {POP-11} by Chris Dollin
+	<kers@hplb.hpl.hp.com>.
+
+	(2002-05-26)
+
+PEPsy
+
+	{Prolog} extended with parallel modules within which explicit
+	{OR-parallelism} can be used.
+
+	["PEPsy: A Prolog for Parallel Processing", M. Ratcliffe et
+	al, ECRC TR CA-17, 1986].
+
+PER
+
+	1. <networking> {Packed Encoding Rules}.
+
+	2. <mathematics> {partial equivalence relation}.
+
+	(1998-05-27)
+
+percent
+
+	%
+
+	Common: {ITU-T}: percent sign; mod; grapes.  {INTERCAL}:
+	double-oh-seven.
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+Perceptional Adaptive Subband Coding
+
+	<audio, compression> (PASC) A version of {MPEG-1 Layer 1} used
+	for the {Philips} {Digital Compact Cassette DCC}.
+
+	(2001-12-13)
+
+perceptron
+
+	1. A single {McCulloch-Pitts neuron}.
+
+	2. A network of {neurons} in which the output(s) of some
+	neurons are connected through weighted connections to the
+	input(s) of other neurons.  A {multilayer perceptron} is a
+	specific instance of this.
+
+percussive maintenance
+
+	<jargon> The fine art of whacking a device to get it working,
+	possibly using a {fine adjuster}.
+
+	(1999-01-15)
+
+perf
+
+	{chad}
+
+perfect programmer syndrome
+
+	Arrogance; the egotistical conviction that one is above normal
+	human error.  Most frequently found among programmers of some
+	native ability but relatively little experience (especially
+	new graduates; their perceptions may be distorted by a history
+	of excellent performance at solving {toy problems}).  "Of
+	course my program is correct, there is no need to test it."
+	"Yes, I can see there may be a problem here, but *I'll* never
+	type "rm -r /" while in {root mode}."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PERFORM
+
+	<programming> A {COBOL} statement used for executing
+	"paragraphs".
+
+	[What's a paragraph?]
+
+	(1997-06-10)
+
+period
+
+	1. <data> The time between repetitions of any cyclic event
+	or phenomenon such as an {electromagnetic wave} or planetary
+	orbit.  Period is the {reciprocal} of {frequency}.
+
+	2. <character> American for {full stop}.
+
+	(2010-07-25)
+
+periodic group
+
+	<database> (PE) Groups of logically related fields which occur
+	multiple times within a group.
+
+	Periodic groups are a non-{relational} technique.  An example
+	of a PE would be for storing the history of a person's name
+	changes, where name was kept in logically related fields such
+	as surname, first name and middle name - with the person
+	having changed their name more than once.
+
+	[Clarification?]
+
+	(1995-10-30)
+
+peripheral
+
+	<hardware> (Or "peripheral device", "device") Any part of a
+	computer other than the {CPU} or {working memory},
+	i.e. {disks}, {keyboards}, {monitors}, {mice}, {printers},
+	{scanners}, {tape drives}, {microphones}, {speakers},
+	{cameras}, to list just the less exotic ones.
+
+	High speed working {memory}, such as {RAM}, {ROM} or, in the
+	old days, {core} would not normally be referred to as
+	peripherals.  The more modern term "device" is also more
+	general in that it is used for things such as a {pseudo-tty},
+	a {RAM drive}, or a {network adaptor}.
+
+	Some argue that, since the advent of the {personal computer},
+	the {motherboard}, {hard disk}, keyboard, mouse, and monitor
+	are all parts of the base system, and only use the term
+	"peripheral" for optional additional components.
+
+	(2002-09-03)
+
+Peripheral Component Interconnect
+
+	<hardware> (PCI) A standard for connecting {peripherals} to a
+	{personal computer}, designed by {Intel} and released around
+	Autumn 1993.  PCI is supported by most major manufacturers
+	including {Apple Computer}.  It is technically far superior to
+	{VESA}'s {local bus}.  It runs at 20 - 33 MHz and carries 32
+	bits at a time over a 124-pin connector or 64 bits over a
+	188-pin connector.  An address is sent in one cycle followed
+	by one word of data (or several in burst mode).
+
+	PCI is used in systems based on {Pentium}, {Pentium Pro}, {AMD
+	5x86}, {AMD K5} and {AMD K6} processors, in some {DEC Alpha}
+	and {PowerPC} systems, and probably {Cyrix 586} and {Cyrix
+	686} systems.  However, it is processor independent and so can
+	work with other processor architectures as well.
+
+	Technically, PCI is not a bus but a {bridge} or {mezzanine}.
+	It includes buffers to decouple the {CPU} from relatively slow
+	peripherals and allow them to operate asynchronously.
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+peripheral device
+
+	{peripheral}
+
+Peripheral Technology Group
+
+	<company> A national and international distributor of {IBM
+	PC}-to-{Unix} and {Internet} connectivity products.  They
+	cater for resellers, dealers and {VARs} and are one of the top
+	{Seagate} and {Micropolis} distributors in the US.
+
+	{(http://ptgs.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Eden Prairie, MN, USA (a suburb of Minneapolis).
+
+	Eden Prairie ("Silicon Prairie") is the home of Digi
+	International, Ontrack, Open Systems, LaserMaster, Best Buy,
+	and others.
+
+	(1995-11-29)
+
+Perl
+
+	<language, tool> A {high-level} programming language, started
+	by {Larry Wall} in 1987 and developed as an {open source}
+	project.  It has an eclectic heritage, deriving from the
+	ubiquitous {C} programming language and to a lesser extent
+	from {sed}, {awk}, various {Unix} {shell} languages, {Lisp},
+	and at least a dozen other tools and languages.  Originally
+	developed for {Unix}, it is now available for many
+	{platforms}.
+
+	Perl's elaborate support for {regular expression} matching and
+	substitution has made it the {language of choice} for tasks
+	involving {string manipulation}, whether for text or binary
+	data.  It is particularly popular for writing {CGI scripts}.
+
+	The language's highly flexible syntax and concise regular
+	expression operators, make densely written Perl code
+	indecipherable to the uninitiated.  The syntax is, however,
+	really quite simple and powerful and, once the basics have
+	been mastered, a joy to write.
+
+	Perl's only {primitive} data type is the "scalar", which can
+	hold a number, a string, the undefined value, or a typed
+	reference.  Perl's {aggregate} data types are {arrays}, which
+	are ordered lists of {scalars} indexed by {natural numbers},
+	and hashes (or "{associative arrays}") which are unordered
+	lists of scalars indexed by strings.  A reference can point to
+	a scalar, array, hash, {function}, or {filehandle}.  {Objects}
+	are implemented as references "{blessed}" with a {class} name.
+	Strings in Perl are {eight-bit clean}, including {nulls}, and
+	so can contain {binary data}.
+
+	Unlike C but like most Lisp dialects, Perl internally and
+	dynamically handles all memory allocation, {garbage
+	collection}, and type {coercion}.
+
+	Perl supports {closures}, {recursive functions}, {symbols}
+	with either {lexical scope} or {dynamic scope}, nested {data
+	structures} of arbitrary content and complexity (as lists or
+	hashes of references), and packages (which can serve as
+	classes, optionally inheriting {methods} from one or more
+	other classes).  There is ongoing work on {threads},
+	{Unicode}, {exceptions}, and {backtracking}.  Perl program
+	files can contain embedded documentation in {POD} (Plain Old
+	Documentation), a simple markup language.
+
+	The normal Perl distribution contains documentation for the
+	language, as well as over a hundred modules (program
+	libraries).  Hundreds more are available from The
+	{Comprehensive Perl Archive Network}.  Modules are themselves
+	generally written in Perl, but can be implemented as
+	interfaces to code in other languages, typically compiled C.
+
+	The free availability of modules for almost any conceivable
+	task, as well as the fact that Perl offers direct access to
+	almost all {system calls} and places no arbitrary limits on
+	data structure size or complexity, has led some to describe
+	Perl, in a parody of a famous remark about {lex}, as the
+	"Swiss Army chainsaw" of programming.
+
+	The use of Perl has grown significantly since its adoption as
+	the language of choice of many {web} developers.
+	{CGI} interfaces and libraries for Perl exist for several
+	{platforms} and Perl's speed and flexibility make it well
+	suited for form processing and on-the-fly {web page} creation.
+
+	Perl programs are generally stored as {text} {source} files,
+	which are compiled into {virtual machine} code at run time;
+	this, in combination with its rich variety of data types and
+	its common use as a glue language, makes Perl somewhat hard to
+	classify as either a "{scripting language}" or an
+	"{applications language}" -- see {Ousterhout's dichotomy}.
+	Perl programs are usually called "Perl scripts", if only for
+	historical reasons.
+
+	Version 5 was a major rewrite and enhancement of version 4,
+	released sometime before November 1993.  It added real {data
+	structures} by way of "references", un-adorned {subroutine}
+	calls, and {method} {inheritance}.
+
+	The spelling "Perl" is preferred over the older "PERL" (even
+	though some explain the language's name as originating in the
+	acronym for "Practical Extraction and Report Language").  The
+	program that interprets/compiles Perl code is called
+	"perl", typically "/usr/local/bin/perl" or "/usr/bin/perl".
+
+	Latest version: 5.005_03 stable, 5.005_62 in development, as
+	of 1999-12-04.
+
+	{(http://perl.com/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.lang.perl.announce},
+	{news:comp.lang.perl.misc}.
+
+	["Programming Perl", Larry Wall and Randal L. Schwartz,
+	O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.  Sebastopol, CA.  ISBN
+	0-93715-64-1].
+
+	["Learning Perl" by Randal L. Schwartz, O'Reilly & Associates,
+	Inc., Sebastopol, CA].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-12-04)
+
+Perl5
+
+	<language, tool> A commonly used but unofficial term for 5.*
+	versions of {Perl}.
+
+	(1999-12-04)
+
+perl-byacc
+
+	A modified version of {byacc} that generates a {parser} in
+	{Perl} code, by Rick Ohnemus <rick@imd.sterling.com>.  It has
+	a "-p" switch so multiple parsers can be used in one program
+	({C} or Perl).  Version 1.8.2 should work on most {Unix}
+	systems.  It also works with {SAS/C} 6.x on {Amiga}.
+
+	(1993-01-24)
+
+Perl profiler
+
+	<tool> (pprof) A tool by Anthony Iano-Fletcher of Nottingham
+	University, UK to profile, and collate data from, {Perl}
+	scripts.
+
+	Version: 1?
+
+	Source posted on comp.lang.perl in mid-June 1993.
+
+	(1993-06-17)
+
+permanent link
+
+	<web> A {URL} that always points to the same piece
+	of {web content}.  {Web pages} that appear for a limited time
+	at their main URL, such as {web logs} or news sites, often
+	display an alternative, permanent link.  Readers can quote,
+	bookmark, or link to this URL in order to refer to a
+	particular item, rather than the page displaying the latest
+	item.
+
+	For example, the URL http://news.bbc.co.uk/ points to the
+	latest news from the BBC whereas
+	http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/2614839.stm is a permanent link to a
+	particular news story.
+
+	(2003-12-27)
+
+Permanent Virtual Circuit
+
+	<networking> (PVC, or in {ATM} terminology, "Permanent Virtual
+	Connection") A {virtual circuit} that is permanently
+	established, saving the time associated with circuit
+	establishment and tear-down.
+
+	(1997-10-06)
+
+Permanent Virtual Connection
+
+	{Permanent Virtual Circuit}
+
+permission
+
+	<file system> (Or "file mode") The ability to access (read,
+	write, execute, traverse, etc.) a {file} or {directory}.
+	Depending on the {operating system}, each file may have
+	different permissions for different kinds of access and
+	different users or groups of users.
+
+	{chmod} ("change mode") is the {UNIX} command to change
+	permissions.
+
+	(2000-12-07)
+
+permutation
+
+	<mathematics> 1. An ordering of a certain number of elements
+	of a given set.
+
+	For instance, the permutations of (1,2,3) are (1,2,3) (2,3,1)
+	(3,1,2) (3,2,1) (1,3,2) (2,1,3).
+
+	Permutations form one of the canonical examples of a "{group}"
+	- they can be composed and you can find an inverse permutation
+	that reverses the action of any given permutation.
+
+	The number of permutations of r things taken from a set of n
+	is
+
+		n P r = n! / (n-r)!
+
+	where "n P r" is usually written with n and r as subscripts
+	and n! is the {factorial} of n.
+
+	What the football pools call a "permutation" is not a
+	permutation but a {combination} - the order does not matter.
+
+	2. A {bijection} for which the {domain} and {range} are the
+	same set and so
+
+	f(f'(x)) = f'(f(x)) = x.
+
+	(2001-05-10)
+
+\perp
+
+	{LaTeX} inverted T.  Used in {domain theory} to represent
+	{bottom}.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+perplexity
+
+	The {geometric mean} of the number of words which may follow
+	any given word for a certain {lexicon} and {grammar}.
+
+persistence
+
+	1. <programming> A property of a programming language where
+	created objects and variables continue to exist and retain
+	their values between runs of the program.
+
+	2. <hardware> The length of time a phosphor dot on the screen
+	of a {cathode ray tube} will remain illuminated after it has
+	been energised by the electron beam.  Long-persistence
+	phosphors reduce flicker, but generate ghost-like images that
+	linger on screen for a fraction of a second.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+persistent
+
+	{persistence}
+
+Persistent Functional Language
+
+	<language, database> (PFL) A {functional database} language
+	developed by Carol Small at Birkbeck College, London, UK and
+	Alexandra Poulovassilis (now at {King's College London}).
+
+	In PFL, functions are defined equationally and bulk data is
+	stored using a special class of functions called selectors.
+	PFL is a {lazy} language, supports {higher-order functions},
+	has a strong {polymorphic} {type inference} system, and allows
+	new user-defined data types and values.  All functions, types
+	and values persist in a {database}.  Functions can be written
+	which update all aspects of the database: by adding data to
+	selectors, by defining new equations, and by introducing new
+	data types and values.
+
+	PFL is "semi-{referentially transparent}", in the sense that
+	whilst updates are referentially opaque and are executed
+	{destructive}ly, all evaluation is referentially transparent.
+	Similarly, {type checking} is "semi-static" in the sense that
+	whilst updates are dynamically type checked at run time,
+	expressions are type checked before they are evaluated and no
+	type errors can occur during their evaluation.
+
+	["{A Functional Approach to Database Updates
+	(http://web.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/CS/Research/DBPL/papers/INFSYS93.abs.html)}",
+	C. Small, Information Systems 18(8), 1993, pp. 581-95].
+
+	(1995-04-27)
+
+persistent memory
+
+	{non-volatile storage}
+
+Personal Communication Network
+
+	<networking> (PCN) Any {network} supporting {Personal
+	Communication Service} (PCS).  Also, sometimes used to refer
+	to the specific implementation (using the {GSM}-derivative
+	{DCS-1800}) of initial PCS capabilities in the United Kingdom.
+
+	(1996-08-23)
+
+Personal Communication Services
+
+	<communications> (PCS) Telecommunications services that bundle
+	voice communications, numeric and text messaging, {voice-mail}
+	and various other features into one device, service contract
+	and bill.  PCS are carried over {cellular} links, most often
+	digital.
+
+	(1996-08-01)
+
+personal computer
+
+	<computer> (PC) A general-purpose single-user {microcomputer}
+	designed to be operated by one person at a time.
+
+	This term and the concept has been successfully hijacked by
+	{IBM} due to the huge market share of the {IBM PC}, despite
+	its many obvious weaknesses when compared to other equally
+	valid claimants to the term, e.g. the {Acorn} {Archimedes},
+	{Amiga}, {Atari}, {Macintosh}.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
+
+	<body, hardware, standard> (PCMCIA, or "PC Card") An
+	international trade association and the {standards} they have
+	developed for devicies, such as {modems} and external {hard
+	disk} drives, that can be plugged into {notebook computers}.
+	A PCMCIA card is about the size of a credit card.
+
+	For some unfathomable reason, around 1995(?) they decided to
+	rename PCMCIA cards "PC Cards", perhaps to encourage sales to
+	confused purchasers.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.sidewinder.com/pub/Portables/PCMCIA)}.
+
+	Address: PCMCIA Administration, 1030 East Duane Avenue, Suite
+	G, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (408) 720 0107.  Fax: +1 (408) 720 9416.  BBS:
+	+1 (408) 720 9388.
+
+	(1996-10-16)
+
+Personal Digital Assistant
+
+	<computer> (PDA) A small hand-held computer typically
+	providing calendar, contacts, and note-taking applications but
+	may include other applications, for example a {web browser}
+	and {media player}.  Small keyboards and pen-based input
+	systems are most commonly used for user input.
+
+	The {Apple Newton} was a fairly early example.
+
+	[First?  Notable examples?  Current Best?]
+
+	(2002-09-03)
+
+Personal Identification Number
+
+	<security> (PIN, "PIN number") A {password}, typically four
+	digits entered through a telephone keypad or automatic teller
+	machine.
+
+	(1996-11-03)
+
+Personalized Array Translator
+
+	<language> (PAT) A small subset of {APL}.
+
+	E-mail: <oed@watsol.uwaterloo.ca>.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 252].
+
+	(1998-05-09)
+
+person of no account
+
+	(University of California at Santa Cruz) Used when referring
+	to a person with no {network address}, frequently to forestall
+	confusion.  Most often as part of an introduction: "This is
+	Bill, a person of no account, but he used to be
+	bill@random.com".
+
+	Compare {return from the dead}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+perspective
+
+	<games> In computer games, the {virtual} position from which
+	the human player views the playing area.  There are three
+	different perspectives: first person, second person, and third
+	person.
+
+	First person perspective: Viewing the world through the eyes
+	of the primary character in three dimensions.  e.g. Doom,
+	Quake.
+
+	Second person perspective: Viewing the game through a
+	spectator's eyes, in two or three dimensions.  Depending on
+	the game, the main character is always in view. e.g. Super
+	Mario Bros., Tomb Raider.
+
+	Third person perspective: a point of view which is independent
+	of where characters or playing units are.  The gaming world is
+	viewed much as a satellite would view a battlefield.
+	E.g. Warcraft, Command & Conquer.
+
+	(1997-06-19)
+
+PERT
+
+	{Program Evaluation and Review Technique}
+
+pessimal
+
+	/pes'im-l/ (Latin-based antonym for "optimal") Maximally bad.
+	"This is a pessimal situation."  Also "pessimise" To make as
+	bad as possible.  These words are the obvious Latin-based
+	antonyms for "optimal" and "optimise", but for some reason
+	they do not appear in most English dictionaries, although
+	"pessimise" is listed in the OED.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-01)
+
+pessimising compiler
+
+	/pes'*-mi:z"ing k*m-pi:l"r/ (Antonym of "{optimising
+	compiler}") A {compiler} that produces {object code} that is
+	worse than the straightforward or obvious hand translation.
+	The implication is that the compiler is actually trying to
+	optimise the program, but through excessive cleverness is
+	doing the opposite.  A few pessimizing compilers have been
+	written on purpose, however, as pranks or burlesques.
+
+	(1995-02-01)
+
+peta-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+petabyte
+
+	<unit, data> (PB) A unit of data equal to one quadrillion {bytes}
+	but see {binary prefix} for other definitions.  A petabyte is
+	10^15 bytes or 1000^5 bytes or 1000 {terabytes}.
+
+	As of 2013-11-05, the {Internet Archive} {Wayback Machine}
+	contains almost two petabytes of data.
+
+	A petabyte is the amount of data that would be required to store a
+	2000 by 1600 pixel image of every one of the 314 million people
+	living in the USA in 2012.
+
+	1000 petabytes are one {exabyte}.
+
+	See {prefix}.
+
+	(2007-09-13)
+
+petaflops
+
+	<unit> 10^15 {flops} or 1000 {teraflops}.
+
+	As with {flops}, the term ends in S in both the singular and
+	plural as the S stands for seconds.
+
+	The first computer to perform one petaflops was recorded in {June
+	2008 (http://top500.org/list/2008/06/100)}.  By {June 2012
+	(http://top500.org/list/2012/06/100)} there were 20.
+
+	(2013-04-27)
+
+petdingo
+
+	<tool> An {Estelle} to {C++} translator.
+
+	(1997-01-24)
+
+Peter Chen
+
+	<person> The developer of the {Entity-Relationship model}.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+Petri net
+
+	<parallel, simulation> A {directed}, {bipartite graph} in
+	which nodes are either "places" (represented by circles) or
+	"transitions" (represented by rectangles), invented by Carl
+	Adam Petri.  A Petri net is marked by placing "tokens" on
+	places.  When all the places with arcs to a transition (its
+	input places) have a token, the transition "fires", removing a
+	token from each input place and adding a token to each place
+	pointed to by the transition (its output places).
+
+	Petri nets are used to model {concurrent} systems,
+	particularly {network} {protocols}.
+
+	Variants on the basic idea include the {coloured Petri Net},
+	{Time Petri Net}, {Timed Petri Net}, {Stochastic Petri Net},
+	and {Predicate Transition Net}.
+
+	{FAQ (http://daimi.aau.dk/PetriNets/faq/answers.htm)}.
+
+	(1996-09-10)
+
+PETSCII
+
+	<character> /pet'skee/ {PET} {ASCII}.  The variation (many
+	would say perversion) of the ASCII {character set} used by the
+	{Commodore Business Machines}' {PET} series of {personal
+	computers} and the later {Commodore 64}, {Commodore 16}, and
+	{Commodore 128} computers.  The PETSCII set used left-arrow
+	and up-arrow (as in old-style ASCII) instead of underscore and
+	caret, placed the unshifted alphabet at positions 65--90, put
+	the shifted alphabet at positions 193--218, and added {graphic
+	characters}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-10-29)
+
+PEX
+
+	(PHIGS Extension to X) Extension to the {X Window System}
+	providing 3d graphics support.
+
+pf
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for French Polynesia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+PFE
+
+	1. <text, editor> {Programmer's File Editor}.
+
+	2. <language> {Portable Forth Environment}.
+
+	(2000-12-07)
+
+PFL
+
+	1. <language> A concurrent extension of {ML} by Holmstrom and
+	Matthews, using {CCS}.
+
+	["PFL: A Functional Language for Parallel Programming",
+	S. Holmstrom in Proc Declarative Language Workshop, London
+	1983].
+
+	2. <language, database> {Persistent Functional Language}.
+
+pfm
+
+	{program file manager}
+
+pForth
+
+	<language> A portable (hence the "p") {ANS}-standard {Forth}
+	implemented in {ANSI C}.  {Phil Burk
+	(http://softsynth.com/philburk.html)} initially began
+	developing pForth in 1994 to support ASIC development at
+	{3DO}.
+
+	(1998-06-30)
+
+Pfortran
+
+	{Parallel Fortran}
+
+PFP
+
+	{Plastic Flat Package}
+
+pg
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Papua New Guinea.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+PGA
+
+	1. <graphics, specification> {Professional Graphics Adapter}.
+
+	2. <hardware> {Pin Grid Array}.
+
+	(1999-08-04)
+
+PGA370
+
+	{Socket 370}
+
+PGP
+
+	{Pretty Good Privacy}
+
+PH
+
+	<tool> The tool for looking up people in Eudora on the
+	{Macintosh}.  Equivalent to {Unix}'s {finger} service.
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+pH
+
+	{Parallel Haskell}
+
+ph
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Philippines.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+phacker
+
+	<communications, security> A telephone system {cracker}.  A
+	phacker may attempt to gain unauthorised access to a phone
+	system in order to make free or untraceable calls or he may
+	disrupt, alter or illegally tap phone systems via computer.
+
+	The disruptions may include causing a phone line to be engaged
+	so no calls go in or out, redirecting outgoing or incoming
+	calls, as well as listening to actual calls made.
+
+	Phackers are frequently confidence tricksters or phone freaks
+	(nuisance callers who can only relate to other people by
+	phone).  Phackers are sometimes employed by illegal
+	enterprises to conduct business using untraceable calls, or to
+	disrupt, or follow legal authorities' investigations.
+	Phackers interventions may be lethal to the person being
+	phacked.
+
+	A phacker may be a phone company employee, or usually,
+	ex-employee who specialises in illegal phone system
+	disruption, alteration or tapping via physically altering
+	installations.  A phacker is generally considered to be a
+	socially and intellectually retarded cracker.
+
+	See {Captain Crunch}.
+
+	(1998-08-09)
+
+phage
+
+	A program that modifies other programs or databases in
+	unauthorised ways; especially one that propagates a {virus} or
+	{Trojan horse}.  See also {worm}, {mockingbird}.  The
+	analogy, of course, is with phage viruses in biology.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+phase
+
+	1. The offset of one's waking-sleeping schedule with respect
+	to the standard 24-hour cycle; a useful concept among people
+	who often work at night and/or according to no fixed schedule.
+	It is not uncommon to change one's phase by as much as 6 hours
+	per day on a regular basis.  "What's your phase?"  "I've been
+	getting in about 8 P.M. lately, but I'm going to {wrap around}
+	to the day schedule by Friday."  A person who is roughly 12
+	hours out of phase is sometimes said to be in "night mode".
+	(The term "day mode" is also (but less frequently) used,
+	meaning you're working 9 to 5 (or, more likely, 10 to 6).)
+	The act of altering one's cycle is called "changing phase";
+	"phase shifting" has also been recently reported from Caltech.
+
+	2. "change phase the hard way": To stay awake for a very long
+	time in order to get into a different phase.
+
+	3. "change phase the easy way": To stay asleep, etc.  However,
+	some claim that either staying awake longer or sleeping longer
+	is easy, and that it is *shortening* your day or night that is
+	really hard (see {wrap around}).  The "jet lag" that afflicts
+	travelers who cross many time-zone boundaries may be
+	attributed to two distinct causes: the strain of travel per
+	se, and the strain of changing phase.  Hackers who suddenly
+	find that they must change phase drastically in a short period
+	of time, particularly the hard way, experience something very
+	like jet lag without travelling.
+
+phase alternating line
+
+	<television> (PAL) The {video} signal format used in the UK
+	[where else?].
+
+	PAL uses {Amplitude Modulation} for the video information, and
+	{Frequency Modulation} for the {audio} information.  The phase
+	of the {colour subcarrier} is reversed on alternate lines
+	which (together with the use of a delay line) allows the
+	receiver to cancel any phase errors introduced in the path
+	between the studio and the end-user's receiver.  Such phase
+	errors are quite common and would cause the displayed colours
+	to shift in {hue}.
+
+	The US equivalent, {NTSC}, does not have this feature and thus
+	requires a user control to correct for transmission phase
+	errors, hence the mis-expansion "Never Twice the Same Colour".
+
+	(2001-06-08)
+
+Phase Encoded
+
+	<storage> (PE) A recording method used for 1600 BPI {magnetic
+	tapes}.
+
+	Compare {NRZI}, {GCR}.
+
+	(1996-02-03)
+
+phase of the moon
+
+	Used humorously as a random parameter on which something is
+	said to depend.  Sometimes implies unreliability of whatever
+	is dependent, or that reliability seems to be dependent on
+	conditions nobody has been able to determine.  "This feature
+	depends on having the channel open in mumble mode, having the
+	foo switch set, and on the phase of the moon."
+
+	See also {heisenbug}.
+
+	True story: Once upon a time there was a {bug} that really did
+	depend on the phase of the moon.  There was a little
+	subroutine that had traditionally been used in various
+	programs at {MIT} to calculate an approximation to the moon's
+	true phase.  {GLS} incorporated this routine into a {Lisp}
+	program that, when it wrote out a file, would print a
+	timestamp line almost 80 characters long.  Very occasionally
+	the first line of the message would be too long and would
+	overflow onto the next line, and when the file was later read
+	back in the program would {barf}.  The length of the first
+	line depended on both the precise date and time and the length
+	of the phase specification when the timestamp was printed, and
+	so the bug literally depended on the phase of the moon!
+
+	The first paper edition of the {Jargon File} (Steele-1983)
+	included an example of one of the timestamp lines that
+	exhibited this bug, but the typesetter "corrected" it.  This
+	has since been described as the phase-of-the-moon-bug bug.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+phase-shift keying
+
+	<communications> (PSK) A {digital modulation} scheme that
+	conveys data by changing the {phase} of a {carrier} wave.  The
+	data can either determine the absolute phase relative to the
+	unmodulated carrier or reference signal ("coherent phase-shift
+	keying", CPSK) or the change in phase ("differential
+	phase-shift keying", DPSK).  The number of different phases
+	used determines the amount of data that can be transmitted in
+	each cycle.  Each cycle can be considered to constitute one
+	"symbol", e.g. with two possible phases, each cycle carries
+	one {bit}.  The more phases that are used, the less tollerant
+	to noise the transmissions becomes.
+
+	Alternatives to PSK are {amplitude-shift keying} (ASK) and
+	{frequency-shift keying} (FSK).
+
+	(2010-01-26)
+
+phase space
+
+	<mathematics> The 2n-dimensional space consisting of the
+	possible values of (x1, x1., x2, x2., ..., xn, xn.) for a
+	system of n first-order {ordinary differential equations} (or
+	more generally, {Pfaffian forms}).
+
+	If n=1, the phase space is known as a phase plane.
+
+	{(http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PhaseSpace.html)}.
+
+	(2008-05-02)
+
+phase-wrapping
+
+	({MIT}) {wrap around}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+PHIGS
+
+	{Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System}
+
+Philip R. Bagley
+
+	<person> A pioneer of computer document retrieval.  See
+	{metadata}.
+
+	(2010-05-15)
+
+Philips
+
+	<company> A Dutch multinational electronics company.  It
+	produces washing machines, consumer electronics, {integrated
+	circuits} and light bulbs.  Together with {Sony} they set the
+	{Compact Disc} standard, especially {Green Book CD-ROM}.  They
+	are members of the {Open Software Foundation}.  Philips
+	Research Labs developed the {POOL} and {SPL} languages.
+
+	Address: Philips Research Labs, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+Philips SCC68070
+
+	<processor> A {microprocessor} which is {object code}
+	compatible with the {Motorola 68000}.  It is not a performance
+	improvement over the 68060; it's performance rather resembles
+	that of the 68000.
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+philosophy
+
+	See {computer ethics}, {liar paradox}, {netiquette}, {proof}.
+
+phishing
+
+	<security> ("brand spoofing", "carding", after "fishing")
+	/fishing/ Sending {e-mail} that claims to be from some
+	well-known organisation, e.g. a bank, to trick the recipient
+	into revealing information for use in {identity theft}.  The
+	user is told to visit a {website} where they are asked to
+	enter information such as passwords, credit card details,
+	social security or bank account numbers.  The website usually
+	looks like it belongs to the organisation in question and may
+	silently redirect the user to the real website after
+	collecting their data.
+
+	For example, a scam started in 2003 claimed that the user's
+	eBay account would be suspended unless he updated his credit
+	card information on a given website.
+
+	(2006-01-19)
+
+PHOCUS
+
+	An {object-oriented} {Prolog}-like language.
+
+	["PHOCUS: Production Rules, Horn Clauses, Objects and Contexts
+	in a Unification Based System", D. Chan et al, Actes du Sem
+	Prog et Logique, Tregastel (May 1987), pp. 77-108].
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+Phoenix
+
+	<operating system> An {operating system}, built in {BCPL} on
+	top of {IBM} {MVT} and later {MVS} by {Cambridge University}
+	Computing Service from 1973 to 1995, which ran on the
+	university central {mainframe}.  All parts of the system were
+	named after birds, including Eagle (the {job scheduler}, also
+	the nearest pub), Pigeon (the mailer), {GCAL} (the text
+	processor) and Wren (the command language), leading to Wren
+	Libraries (a local pun).
+
+	Phoenix was much used by {chemists} in daytime and by the rest
+	of the university in the evenings, and was only abandoned in
+	favour of {Unix} in 1995; it is one reason Cambridge
+	made little contribution to Unix until then.
+
+	{Computing Service Phoenix closure memo
+	(http://cam.ac.uk/cs/newsletter/1995/nl183/phoenix.html)}
+
+	(2003-12-05)
+
+phone mail
+
+	{voice mail}
+
+Phonetastic
+
+	<communications> A {CTI} product from {Callware}.  Phonetastic
+	employs if-then rules and customer records to tell those
+	receiving calls who is calling (based on {ANI} and {DNIS}) and
+	to determine how the call should be routed, e.g. to a certain
+	sales representative or to the general sales department;
+	receive high-priority treatment; receive a fax-back, etc.
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+Phong shading
+
+	<graphics> A model of how light is reflected from surfaces
+	used extensively in three dimensional graphics to generate
+	visually realistic images.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+phosphor fatigue
+
+	{screen saver}
+
+photo CD
+
+	<multimedia, specification, standard, storage, graphics> A
+	{standard} for storing photographic images on {CD-ROM},
+	produced by {Kodak}.
+
+	{Kodak Photo CD page
+	(http://kodak.com/digitalImaging/aboutPhotoCD/aboutPCD.shtml)}.
+
+	(1995-12-12)
+
+Photoshop
+
+	<graphics, tool> An image manipulation program by {Adobe
+	Systems, Inc.}.
+
+	{(http://adobe.com/Apps/Photoshop.html)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1995-07-05)
+
+PHP
+
+	{PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor}
+
+PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
+
+	<web, programming> (PHP) An {Open Source},
+	{server-side}, {cross-platform}, {scripting language} used to
+	create dynamic {web pages}.
+
+	PHP can be embedded in {HTML} using special tags like:
+
+	 <?php echo '<p>Hello World</p>'; ?>
+
+	This is stored in a file with a ".php" extension.  The {web
+	server} passes the file to the PHP {interpreter} which
+	executes the code in the <?php ... ?> tags.  The tagged code
+	is then replaced with its output, typically ordinary HTML, in
+	the response sent to the {web browser}.
+
+	PHP is a {recursive acronym}.
+
+	Latest version: 5.3.2 2010-03-04, as of 2010-03-20.
+
+	{PHP Home (http://php.net/)}.
+
+	{Cheat sheet
+	(http://addedbytes.com/cheat-sheets/php-cheat-sheet/)}.
+
+	(2010-03-20)
+
+phreaking
+
+	<jargon> /freek'ing/ "phone phreak" 1. The art and science of
+	{cracking} the telephone network so as, for example, to make
+	free long-distance calls.
+
+	2. By extension, security-{cracking} in any other context
+	(especially, but not exclusively, on communications networks).
+
+	At one time phreaking was a semi-respectable activity among
+	hackers; there was a gentleman's agreement that phreaking as
+	an intellectual game and a form of exploration was OK, but
+	serious theft of services was taboo.  There was significant
+	crossover between the hacker community and the hard-core phone
+	phreaks who ran semi-underground networks of their own through
+	such media as the legendary "TAP Newsletter".
+
+	This ethos began to break down in the mid-1980s as wider
+	dissemination of the techniques put them in the hands of less
+	responsible phreaks.  Around the same time, changes in the
+	phone network made old-style technical ingenuity less
+	effective as a way of hacking it, so phreaking came to depend
+	more on overtly criminal acts such as stealing phone-card
+	numbers.
+
+	The crimes and punishments of gangs like the "414 group"
+	turned that game very ugly.  A few old-time hackers still
+	phreak casually just to keep their hand in, but most these
+	days have hardly even heard of "blue boxes" or any of the
+	other paraphernalia of the great phreaks of yore.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+physical
+
+	<jargon> The opposite of {logical} in its jargon sense.
+	Compare {real}, {virtual}, and {transparent}.
+
+	It is said that what you can touch and see is real; what you
+	can see but not touch is virtual; what you can touch but not
+	see is transparent; and what you can neither touch nor see is
+	probably imaginary.
+
+	(2001-10-26)
+
+physical address
+
+	<memory management> The address presented to a computer's main
+	memory in a {virtual memory} system, in contrast to the
+	{virtual address} which is the address generated by the {CPU}.
+	A {memory management unit} translates virtual addresses into
+	physical addresses.
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+physical addressing
+
+	<networking> The low level addressing scheme used on
+	{Ethernet}.  The 48-bit destination {Ethernet address} in a
+	{packet} is compared with the receiving node's Ethernet
+	address.
+
+	Compare {IP address}.
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+physical file
+
+	<file system> A low-level view of the physical characteristics
+	of a {file}, such as its location on a {disk} or its physical
+	structure, for example, whether indexed or sequential.
+
+	(2004-12-23)
+
+physical layer
+
+	<networking> Layer one, the lowest layer in the {OSI} seven
+	layer model.  The physical layer encompasses details such as
+	electrical and mechanical connections to the network,
+	transmission of {binary} data as changing voltage levels on
+	wires or similar concepts on other connectors, and {data
+	rates}.
+
+	The physical layer is used by the {data link layer}.
+
+	Example physical layer {protocols} are {CSMA/CD}, {token ring}
+	and bus.
+
+	(2004-06-29)
+
+physical memory
+
+	<memory management> The memory hardware (normally {RAM})
+	installed in a computer.  The term is only used in contrast to
+	{virtual memory}.
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+physical memory address
+
+	{physical address}
+
+Physical Sequential
+
+	<file format> (PS, QSAM, Queued Sequential Access Method) The
+	simplest {data set} on an {IBM} {mainframe}.  Sequential files
+	can only be read or written from the beginning: they do not
+	support {random access}.
+
+	[Why "Queued"?]
+
+	(2003-12-05)
+
+Physical Transport Network
+
+	<communications> (PTN) The actual {hardware} through which
+	data transfer devices are connected.
+
+	{Virtual Circuits} may be leased by the owner of the physical
+	network to organisations which cannot afford the high costs of
+	laying long distance cable.
+
+	(2003-11-23)
+
+Physics Analysis Workbench
+
+	<tool> (PAW) A general purpose portable tool for analysis and
+	presentation of physics data.
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+PI
+
+	<programming> An {interface} between {Prolog} {application
+	programs} and the {X Window System} that aims to be independent
+	from the {Prolog} {engine}, provided that it has a {Quintus}
+	{foreign function} interface (e.g. {SICStus} and {YAP}).  PI is
+	mostly written in {Prolog} and is divided in two libraries: Edipo
+	- the lower level interface to the {Xlib} functions; and Ytoolkit
+	- the higher level user interface toolkit.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.ncc.up.pt/pub/prolog/ytoolkit.tar.Z)}.
+
+	E-mail: Ze' Paulo Leal <zp@ncc.up.pt>.
+
+	(1993-03-02)
+
+pi
+
+	1. <character> The greek lower-case letter P.
+
+	2. <mathematics> The mathematical constant that is the
+	circumference of a circle divided by its diameter.  Pi is written
+	as the greek character pi.
+
+	Some have suggested that pi is the wrong choice and a better
+	constant to describe the geometry of circles would have been 2*pi,
+	for which they have proposed the name {tau}.  Most practising
+	mathematicians think this is silly.  The {xkcd} comic strip
+	{proposed (http://xkcd.com/1292/)} a compromise between pi and
+	tau, namely 1.5*pi or "pau".
+
+	(2013-12-09)
+
+PIC
+
+	1. <hardware> {programmable interrupt controller}.
+
+	2. A graphics language by {Brian Kernighan}, for textually
+	describing pictures with {troff}.
+
+	[Featured in "More Programming Pearls", Jon Bentley].
+
+	["PIC - A Language for Typesetting Graphics", B.W. Kernighan,
+	Soft Prac & Exp 12(1):1-21 (Jan 1982)].
+
+	["PIC - A Graphics Language for Typesetting, Revised User
+	Manual", Bell Labs TR 116, Dec 1984].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+	3. {personal intelligent communicator}.
+
+	(2001-04-30)
+
+pi-calculus
+
+	<theory> A {process algebra} in which channel names can act
+	both as transmission medium and as transmitted data.  Its
+	basic atomic actions are individual point to point
+	communications which are {nondeterministic}ally selected and
+	globally sequentialised.
+
+	[Details?  Examples?]
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+Pick BASIC
+
+	{Data/BASIC}
+
+PICL
+
+	Language on {Ncube} or {iPSC} machines?
+
+PICNIC
+
+	{PEBCAK}
+
+pico-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+picosecond
+
+	<unit> 10^-12 seconds.
+
+	(1997-04-26)
+
+PICS
+
+	{Platform for Internet Content Selection}
+
+PICT
+
+	<file format> An {Apple} graphics format.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1997-06-06)
+
+PicTeX
+
+	A version of {TeX} for pictures.
+
+	{(ftp://june.cs.washington.edu/tex/PiCTeX.tar.Z)}.
+
+pictogram
+
+	<text> (Or "pictograph") A {symbol} which is a picture that
+	represents an object or concept, e.g. a picture of an envelope
+	used to represent an {e-mail message}.
+
+	Pictograms are common in everyday life, e.g. signs in public
+	places or roads, whereas the term "{icon}" is specific to
+	interfaces on computers or other electronic devices.
+
+	Pictograms are the most common kind of {ideogram} (symbols
+	representing concepts), the other kind are not pictures but are
+	conventions.
+
+	(2014-07-30)
+
+pictograph
+
+	{pictogram}
+
+Pictorial Janus
+
+	K. Kahn, Xerox.  Visual extension of Janus.  Requires
+	Strand88 and a PostScript interpreter.
+
+picture
+
+	{image}
+
+picture element
+
+	<graphics> (pixel) The smallest resolvable rectangular area of
+	an {image}, either on a screen or stored in memory.  Each
+	pixel in a {monochrome} image has its own brightness, from 0
+	for black to the maximum value (e.g. 255 for an eight-bit
+	pixel) for white.  In a colour image, each pixel has its own
+	brightness and colour, usually represented as a triple of red,
+	green and blue intensities (see {RGB}).
+
+	Compare {voxel}.
+
+	(1998-05-08)
+
+Picture Quality Scale
+
+	<graphics> (PQS) A system for rating image quality based upon
+	features of images that affect their perception by the human
+	eye, rather than the traditional {signal-to-noise ratio} which
+	examines differences for every single {pixel}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+PID
+
+	{process identifier}
+
+pidgen+
+
+	<language> A language for the {Apple II}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/system/apple2/Lang/pidgen/)}.
+
+	[Published in Dr. Dobbs Journal?]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Pidgin
+
+	<software, communications> A {text chat} {application} that
+	work with many different chat systems at the same time.
+	Systems it works with include {AOL} Instant Messenger, Yahoo!
+	Messenger, Windows Live Messenger, {IRC} and {Facebook}.
+	There are {plug-ins} to add even more systems, e.g. {Skype}
+	and to add features.
+
+	Pidgin was first released in 1998.  The name "Pidgin" was
+	applied in 2007.  It is available for several {operating
+	systems}.  It is licensed under the {GNU General Public
+	License}.
+
+	The name "Pidgin" comes from the term for a simplified human
+	language that evolves from two or more languages.
+
+	{Pidgin Home (http://pidgin.im/)}.
+
+	(2012-04-15)
+
+PIE
+
+	A language from {CMU} similar to {Actus}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+pif
+
+	{Program Information File}
+
+piggybacking
+
+	1. A method for passing {acknowledgement frames} and {data
+	frames} in the same direction along a line.
+
+	2. The practice of increasing memory capacity by soldering
+	chips on top of other chips.  The chip-enable or high address
+	pins would be connected to the {address bus} by a flying lead.
+	Many {Ohio Superboards} were expanded to a massive 8K of {RAM}
+	in this way.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+pig, run like a
+
+	To run very slowly on given hardware, said of software.
+	Distinct from {hog}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+PIGUI
+
+	{Platform Independent Graphical User Interface}
+
+PIL
+
+	Procedure Implementation Language.
+
+	A subsystem of {DOCUS}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.678].
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+PILE
+
+	1. Polytechnic's Instructional Language for Educators.
+	Similar in use to an enhanced PILOT, but structurally more
+	like Pascal with Awk-like associative arrays (optionally
+	stored on disk).  Distributed to about 50 sites by Initial
+	Teaching Alphabet Foundation for Apple II and CP/M.
+
+	["A Universal Computer Aided Instruction System," Henry
+	G. Dietz & Ronald J Juels, Proc Natl Educ Computing Conf '83,
+	pp.279-282].
+
+	2. <language, music> ["PILE _ A Language for Sound Synthesis",
+	P. Berg, Computer Music Journal 3.1, 1979].
+
+	(1999-06-04)
+
+PIL/I
+
+	Variant of JOSS.  Sammet 1969, p.217.
+
+PILOT
+
+	Programmed Inquiry Learning Or Teaching.  CAI language, many
+	versions.  "Guide to 8080 PILOT", J. Starkweather, Dr Dobb's J
+	(Apr 1977).
+
+pilot error
+
+	<jargon> ({Sun}, from aviation) A user's misconfiguration or
+	misuse of a piece of software, producing apparently {bug}-like
+	results.
+
+	E.g. "Joe Luser reported a bug in sendmail that causes it to
+	generate bogus headers."  "That's not a bug, that's pilot
+	error.  His "sendmail.cf" is hosed."
+
+	Compare {UBD}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+Pilot European Image Processing Archive
+
+	(PEIPA) An archive devoted to {image processing}, {computer
+	vision}, and {computer graphics}.  It includes software,
+	images, reference material, and miscellaneous goodies.
+
+	The archive is funded by the {British Machine Vision
+	Association} (BMVA) and the {University of Essex} and is
+	closely associated with the {Pixel} {mailing list} and
+	Technical Committee 5 (Benchmarking and Software) of the
+	{IAPR}.
+
+	{(http://peipa.essex.ac.uk/)}.
+
+PIM
+
+	1. {Personal Information Manager}.
+
+	2. {Product Information Management}.
+
+	(1997-02-11)
+
+PIN
+
+	{Personal Identification Number}
+
+PINBOL
+
+	<language, games> A {decision table} language for controlling
+	pinball machines used at Atari.  PINBOL included a
+	{multitasking} executive and an {interpreter} that worked on
+	data structures compiled from condition:action lists.
+
+	(1996-11-03)
+
+Pine
+
+	Program for Internet News & Email.  A tool for reading,
+	sending, and managing electronic messages.  It was designed
+	specifically with novice computer users in mind, but can be
+	tailored to accommodate the needs of "power users" as well.
+	Pine uses {Internet} message {protocols} (e.g. {RFC 822},
+	{SMTP}, {MIME}, {IMAP}, {NNTP}) and runs under {Unix} and
+	{MS-DOS}.
+
+	The guiding principles for Pine's user-interface were: careful
+	limitation of features, one-character mnemonic commands,
+	always-present command menus, immediate user feedback, and
+	high tolerance for user mistakes.  It is intended that Pine
+	can be learned by exploration rather than reading manuals.
+	Feedback from the {University of Washington} community and a
+	growing number of {Internet} sites has been encouraging.
+
+	Pine's message composition editor, {Pico}, is also available
+	as a separate stand-alone program.  Pico is a very simple and
+	easy-to-use {text editor} offering paragraph justification,
+	cut/paste, and a spelling checker.
+
+	Pine features on-line help; a message index showing a message
+	summary which includes the status, sender, size, date and
+	subject of messages; commands to view and process messages; a
+	message composer with easy-to-use editor and spelling checker;
+	an address book for saving long complex addresses and personal
+	distribution lists under a nickname; message attachments via
+	{Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions}; {folder} management
+	commands for creating, deleting, listing, or renaming message
+	folders; access to remote message folders and archives via the
+	{Interactive Mail Access Protocol} as defined in {RFC 1176};
+	access to {Usenet} news via {NNTP} or {IMAP}.
+
+	Pine, {Pico} and {UW}'s {IMAP} {server} are copyrighted but
+	freely available.
+
+	{Unix} Pine runs on {Ultrix}, {AIX}, {SunOS}, {SVR4} and
+	{PTX}.  PC-Pine is available for {Packet Driver}, {Novell
+	LWP}, {FTP PC/TCP} and {Sun} {PC/NFS}.  A {Microsoft
+	Windows}/{WinSock} version is planned, as are extensions for
+	off-line use.
+
+	Pine was originally based on {Elm} but has evolved much since
+	("Pine Is No-longer Elm").  Pine is the work of Mike Seibel,
+	Mark Crispin, Steve Hubert, Sheryl Erez, David Miller and
+	Laurence Lundblade (now at Virginia Tech) at the University of
+	Washington Office of Computing and Communications.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cac.washington.edu/mail/pine.tar.Z)}.
+	{(telnet://demo.cac.washington.edu/)} (login as "pinedemo").
+
+	E-mail: <pine@cac.washington.edu>,
+	<pine-info-request@cac.washington.edu>,
+	<pine-announce-request@cac.washington.edu>.
+
+	(21 Sep 93)
+
+pin feed
+
+	{sprocket feed}
+
+ping
+
+	<networking, tool> (ping, originally contrived to match
+	submariners' term for the sound of a returned sonar pulse) A
+	program written in 1983 by Mike Muuss (who also wrote {TTCP})
+	used to test reachability of destinations by sending them one,
+	or repeated, {ICMP} echo requests and waiting for replies.
+	Since ping works at the {IP} level its server-side is often
+	implemented entirely within the {operating system} {kernel}
+	and is thus the lowest level test of whether a remote host is
+	alive.  Ping will often respond even when higher level,
+	{TCP}-based services cannot.
+
+	Sadly, Mike Muuss was killed in a road accident on 2000-11-20.
+
+	The term is also used as a verb: "Ping host X to see if it is
+	up."
+
+	The {Unix} command "ping" can be used to do this and to
+	measure round-trip delays.
+
+	The funniest use of "ping" was described in January 1991 by
+	Steve Hayman on the {Usenet} group comp.sys.next.  He was
+	trying to isolate a faulty cable segment on a {TCP/IP}
+	{Ethernet} hooked up to a {NeXT} machine.  Using the sound
+	recording feature on the NeXT, he wrote a {script} that
+	repeatedly invoked ping, listened for an echo, and played back
+	the recording on each returned {packet}.  This caused the
+	machine to repeat, over and over, "Ping ... ping ... ping ..."
+	as long as the network was up.  He turned the volume to
+	maximum, ferreted through the building with one ear cocked,
+	and found a faulty tee connector in no time.
+
+	Ping did not stand for "Packet InterNet Groper", Dave Mills
+	offered this {backronym} expansion some time later.
+
+	See also {ACK}, {ENQ}, {traceroute}, {spray}.
+
+	{The Story of the Ping Program
+	(http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/ping.html)}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: ping(8).
+
+	(2005-06-22)
+
+ping command
+
+	{ping}
+
+ping-flood
+
+	<networking> To {flood} another user with {ping} requests.
+
+	(1997-04-07)
+
+pinging
+
+	{ping}
+
+ping-pong
+
+	<architecture> A phenomenon which can occur in a
+	{multi-processor} system with {private caches} where two
+	processors are alternately caching a shared location.  Each
+	time one writes to it, it invalidates the other's copy.
+
+	(1995-12-29)
+
+Pin Grid Array
+
+	<hardware> (PGA) A style of {integrated circuit} socket or
+	pin-out with pins laid out on a square or rectangular grid
+	with a separation of 0.1 inch in each direction.  The pins
+	near the centre of the array are often missing.
+
+	PGA is often used on {motherboards} for {processors}, e.g.
+	{Socket 6} and {Socket 8}.
+
+	PPGA is "plastic PGA" (as opposed to ceramic?).
+
+	See also {SPGA}.
+
+	(2000-03-09)
+
+Pink-Shirt Book
+
+	<publication> "The Peter Norton Programmer's Guide to the IBM
+	PC".
+
+	The original cover featured a picture of Peter Norton with a
+	silly smirk on his face, wearing a pink shirt.  Perhaps in
+	recognition of this usage, the current edition has a different
+	picture of Norton wearing a pink shirt.
+
+	See also {book titles}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+pin-out
+
+	<hardware> (Or "pinout") The allocation of logical functions
+	or signals to the electrical connection points (pins) of an
+	{integrated circuit} or other component or connector.
+
+	(1996-04-04)
+
+PIO mode
+
+	{programmed input/output mode}
+
+PIP
+
+	<tool> Peripheral Interchange Program.
+
+	A program on {CP/M}, {RSX-11}, {RSTS/E}, {TOPS-10}, and {OS/8}
+	(derived from a utility on the {PDP-6}) that was used for file
+	copying (and in OS/8 and RT-11 for just about every other file
+	operation you might want to do).  It is said that when the
+	program was written, during the development of the PDP-6 in
+	1963, it was called ATLATL ("Anything, Lord, to Anything,
+	Lord"; this played on the Nahuatl word "atlatl" for a
+	spear-thrower, with connotations of utility and primitivity
+	that were no doubt quite intentional).
+
+	See also {BLT}, {dd}, {cat}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+pipe
+
+	1. <operating system> One of {Unix}'s buffers which can be
+	written to by one {asynchronous} process and read by another,
+	with the {kernel} suspending and waking up the sender and
+	receiver according to how full the pipe is.  In later versions
+	of Unix, rather than using an anonymous kernel-managed
+	temporary file to implement a pipe, it can be named and is
+	implemented as a local {socket} pair.
+
+	2. <character> "|" {ASCII} character 124.  Used to represent a
+	pipe between two processes in a {shell} command line.  E.g.
+
+		grep foo log | more
+
+	which feeds the output of grep into the input of more without
+	requiring a named temporary file and without waiting for the
+	first process to finish.
+
+	3. <jargon, networking> A connection to a {network}.
+
+	See also {light pipe}.
+
+	(1996-09-24)
+
+pipeline
+
+	<architecture> A sequence of {functional units} ("stages")
+	which performs a task in several steps, like an assembly line
+	in a factory.  Each functional unit takes inputs and produces
+	outputs which are stored in its output {buffer}.  One stage's
+	output buffer is the next stage's input buffer.  This
+	arrangement allows all the stages to work in parallel thus
+	giving greater throughput than if each input had to pass
+	through the whole pipeline before the next input could enter.
+
+	The costs are greater latency and complexity due to the need
+	to synchronise the stages in some way so that different inputs
+	do not interfere.  The pipeline will only work at full
+	efficiency if it can be filled and emptied at the same rate
+	that it can process.
+
+	Pipelines may be synchronous or asynchronous.  A synchronous
+	pipeline has a master clock and each stage must complete its
+	work within one cycle.  The minimum clock period is thus
+	determined by the slowest stage.  An asynchronous pipeline
+	requires {handshaking} between stages so that a new output is
+	not written to the interstage buffer before the previous one
+	has been used.
+
+	Many {CPUs} are arranged as one or more pipelines, with
+	different stages performing tasks such as fetch instruction,
+	decode instruction, fetch arguments, arithmetic operations,
+	store results.  For maximum performance, these rely on a
+	continuous stream of instructions fetched from sequential
+	locations in memory.  Pipelining is often combined with
+	{instruction prefetch} in an attempt to keep the pipeline
+	busy.
+
+	When a {branch} is taken, the contents of early stages will
+	contain instructions from locations after the branch which
+	should not be executed.  The pipeline then has to be flushed
+	and reloaded.  This is known as a {pipeline break}.
+
+	(1996-10-13)
+
+pipeline break
+
+	<architecture> (Or "pipeline stall") The delay caused on a
+	processor using {pipelines} when a {transfer of control} is
+	taken.  Normally when a control-transfer instruction (a
+	branch, conditional branch, call or trap) is taken, any
+	following instructions which have been loaded into the
+	processor's {pipeline} must be discarded or "flushed" and new
+	instructions loaded from the branch destination.  This
+	introduces a delay before the processor can resume execution.
+
+	"{Delayed control-transfer}" is a technique used to reduce
+	this effect.
+
+	(1996-10-13)
+
+Pipeline Burst Cache
+
+	<hardware, storage> (PB Cache) A {synchronous cache} built
+	from {pipelined} {SRAM}.
+
+	A {cache} in which reading or writing a new location takes
+	multiple {cycles} but subsequent locations can be accessed in
+	a single {cycle}.  On {Pentium} systems in 1996, pipeline burst
+	caches are frequently used as {secondary caches}.  The first 8
+	{bytes} of data are transferred in 3 {CPU} {cycles}, and the
+	next 3 8-{byte} pieces of data are transferred in one {cycle}
+	each.
+
+	(1996-10-13)
+
+pipelined
+
+	{pipeline}
+
+Pipelined Burst Cache
+
+	{Pipeline Burst Cache}
+
+pipeline stall
+
+	{pipeline break}
+
+pipelining
+
+	{pipeline}
+
+PIPEX Ltd.
+
+	{UUNET PIPEX}
+
+piping
+
+	{pipe}
+
+piracy
+
+	{software piracy}
+
+pirate
+
+	{software pirate}
+
+PIRL
+
+	Pattern Information Retrieval Language.
+
+	A language for {digraph} manipulation, embeddable in {Fortran}
+	or {ALGOL}, for {IBM 7094}.
+
+	["PIRL - Pattern Information Retrieval Language",
+	S. Berkowitz, Naval Ship Res Dev Ctr, Wash DC].
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+pistol
+
+	[IBM] A tool that makes it all too easy for you to shoot
+	yourself in the foot.  "Unix "rm *" makes such a nice pistol!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PIT
+
+	Language for IBM 650.  (See {IT}).
+
+PITA
+
+	Pain in the arse/ass.
+
+pixel
+
+	{picture element}
+
+pixels per inch
+
+	<unit, graphics> (ppi) The unit used to measure {resolution}
+	of a {bitmap display} or video input device.
+
+	(2010-02-28)
+
+pixmap
+
+	(Contraction of "pixel map").  A 3 dimensional {array} of bits
+	corresponding to a 2 dimensional array of {pixels}.  It is
+	used, for example, in the {X Window System} to describe a
+	memory region where graphics can be drawn without affecting
+	the screen.  Typically this is used for the efficient handling
+	of {expose} events, {icon} images or for animation.  Compare
+	{bitmap}.
+
+	[Xlib Guide].
+
+pizza box
+
+	[Sun] The largish thin box housing the electronics in
+	(especially {Sun}) desktop {workstations}, so named because of
+	its size and shape and the dimpled pattern that looks like air
+	holes.
+
+	Two megabyte single-platter removable disk packs used to be
+	called pizzas, and the huge drive they were stuck into was
+	referred to as a pizza oven.  It's an index of progress that
+	in the old days just the disk was pizza-sized, while now the
+	entire computer is.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PJPEG
+
+	{Progressive JPEG}
+
+pk
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Pakistan.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+PKE
+
+	{public-key encryption}
+
+PKI
+
+	{Public Key Infrastructure}
+
+PKLITE
+
+	<compression, tool> An executable file {compression} utility
+	for {MS-DOS} from {PKWARE, Inc.}.  PKLITE compresses the body
+	of the executable and adds a small, fast decompress routine in
+	the header.  In many cases it performs better than {lzexe}.
+	With {headpack} the output is smaller and cannot be
+	decompressed.
+
+	(1999-01-07)
+
+PKUNZIP
+
+	<tool, compression> A program to unpack {archives} created by
+	{PKZIP}, written by {PKWARE, Inc.} and released as
+	{shareware}.  Versions exist for {MS-DOS}, {Microsoft Windows}
+	and {Open VMS}.  PKUNZIP is no longer distributed, its
+	functions having been incorporated into PKZIP.
+
+	(1999-01-07)
+
+PKWARE, Inc.
+
+	<company, compression> The company which produces the {PKZIP}
+	and {PKUNZIP} compression tools and libraries for many
+	{platforms}.
+
+	{(http://pkware.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: info@pkware.com.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (414) 354 8699.
+
+	Address: 9025 N. Deerwood Drive, Brown Deer, WI 53223-2480,
+	USA.
+
+	(1999-01-07)
+
+PKZIP
+
+	<tool> A file {compression} and archiver utility for {MS-DOS}
+	and {Microsoft Windows} from {PKWARE, Inc.}.  PKZIP uses a
+	variation on the {sliding window} compression {algorithm}.  It
+	comes with {pkunzip} and {pklite} and is available as
+	{shareware} from most {FTP archives} in a self-expanding
+	{MS-DOS} executable.
+
+	Current versions as of 1999-10-07: PKZIP 2.60 GUI for
+	{Microsoft Windows 3.1}x, {Windows 9x}, {Windows NT}; PKZIP
+	2.50 Command Line for Windows 9x NT; PKZIP 2.04g for {MS-DOS};
+	PKZIP 2.51 for {Unix}, ({Linux}, {SPARC} {Solaris}, {Digital},
+	{HP-UX}, {IBM AIX} and {SCO} Unix); PKZIP 2.50 for {OS/2};
+	PKZIP for {Open VMS}/{VAX}.
+
+	{WINZIP} is a version with a {GUI} for {Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	A distribution in about 1995-06-22 claiming to be "PKZIP 3"
+	was actually a {Trojan horse} which attempted to reformat the
+	hard disk and delete all files on it.
+
+	{(http://pkware.com/catalog/pkzip_win.html)}.
+
+	[Status, history of WINZIP, PKLITE?]
+
+	(1999-01-16)
+
+pl
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Poland.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+PL1
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{PL/I}".
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+PL/1
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{PL/I}".
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+PL-11
+
+	<language> A high-level machine-oriented language for the
+	{PDP-11} developed by R.D. Russell of CERN in Nov 1971.  It is
+	similar to {PL360} and is written in {Fortran IV} and
+	{cross-compile}d on other machines.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+PL360
+
+	{Structured assembly language} for the {IBM 360} and {IBM
+	370}, with a few high-level constructs.  Syntactically it
+	resembles {ALGOL 60}.  Its grammar is defined entirely by
+	operator precedence.
+
+	["PL/360, A Programming Language for the 360 Computers",
+	N. Wirth, J ACM 15(1):37-74 (Jan 1968)].
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+PL516
+
+	An {ALGOL}-like {assembly language} for the {DDP-516}, similar
+	to {PL360}.
+
+	["PL 516, An ALGOL-like Assembly Language for the DDP-516",
+	B.A. Wichmann, Natl Phys Lab UK, Report CCU 9, 1970].
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+PL-6
+
+	<language> A {PL/I}-like system language for the {Honeywell}
+	{operating system}, {CP-6}.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+PL.8
+
+	A systems dialect of {PL/I}, developed originally for the {IBM
+	801} {RISC} {minicomputer}, later used internally for {IBM RT}
+	and {R/6000} development.
+
+	["An Overview of the PL.8 Compiler", M. Auslander et al, Proc
+	SIGPLAN '82 Symp on Compiler Writing].
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+Pla
+
+	<language, music> A high-level music programming language,
+	written in {SAIL}.  Pla includes {concurrency} based on
+	{message passing}.
+
+	["Pla: A Composer's Idea of a Language", B. Schottstaedt,
+	Computer Music J 7(1):11-20, Winter 1983].
+
+	(1999-06-04)
+
+PLACE
+
+	Programming Language for Automatic Checkout Equipment.
+
+	["The Compiler for the Programming Language for Automatic
+	Checkout Equipment (PLACE)", AFAPL TR-68-27, Battelle Inst,
+	Columbus, May 1968].
+
+PLAGO
+
+	A translator-interpreter for a PL/I subset.  "PLAGO/360 User's
+	Manual, Poly Inst Brooklyn.
+
+plaid screen
+
+	[XEROX PARC] A "special effect" that occurs when certain kinds
+	of {memory smash}es overwrite the control blocks or image
+	memory of a bit-mapped display.  The term "salt and pepper"
+	may refer to a different pattern of similar origin.  Though
+	the term as coined at PARC refers to the result of an error,
+	some of the {X} demos induce plaid-screen effects deliberately
+	as a {display hack}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PLAIN
+
+	Programming LAnguage for INteraction.  Pascal-like, with
+	extensions for database, string handling, exceptions and
+	pattern matching.  "Revised Report on the Programming Language
+	PLAIN", A. Wasserman, SIGPLAN Notices 6(5):59-80 (May 1981).
+
+plain ASCII
+
+	/playn-as'kee/ {flat ASCII}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Plain Old Documentation
+
+	<text> (pod, occasionally "POD") A simple {markup language}
+	used to embed {documentation}, {literate programming}-style,
+	in {Perl} programs.  Pod readers and converters are part of
+	the standard Perl distribution and the documentation provided
+	with Perl is all in pod format.
+
+	{The Pod Specification
+	(http://perl.com/CPAN-local/doc/manual/html/pod/perlpod.html)}.
+
+	(1998-12-18)
+
+Plain Old Telephone Service
+
+	<communications> (POTS) The traditional voice service provided
+	by phone companies, especially when opposed to data services.
+
+	Note that the acronym POTS is sometimes expanded as "Plain Old
+	Telephone System" in which sense it is synonymous to {Public
+	Switched Telephone Network} but used somewhat derogatively.
+
+	(1998-05-18)
+
+Plain Old Telephone System
+
+	{Public Switched Telephone Network}
+
+plain TeX
+
+	<publication> {Donald Knuth}'s original set of user-level
+	{macros} for interaction with his {TeX} formatter.  Dedicated
+	TeX fans still prefer these over the more {user-friendly}
+	{LaTeX} macros used by the majority of the TeX community.
+
+	(1997-11-20)
+
+plaintext
+
+	<cryptography> A message before {encryption} or after
+	decryption, i.e. in its usual form which anyone can read, as
+	opposed to its encrypted form ("{ciphertext}").
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+PLAN
+
+	<language> Programming LANguage Nineteen hundred.
+
+	The {assembly language} for {ICL 1900} series computers.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+.plan
+
+	<operating system> See {plan file}.
+
+Plan 9
+
+	<operating system> (Named after the classically bad,
+	exceptionally low-budget SF film "Plan 9 from Outer Space") An
+	{operating system} developed at {Bell Labs} by many
+	researchers previously intimately involved with {Unix}.
+
+	Plan 9 is superficially Unix-like but features far finer
+	control over the {name-space} (on a per-process basis) and is
+	inherently distributed and scalable.
+
+	Plan 9 is divided according to service functions.  {CPU}
+	servers concentrate computing power into large
+	{multiprocessors}; {file servers} provide repositories for
+	storage and terminals give each user of the system a dedicated
+	computer with {bitmap screen} and {mouse} on which to run a
+	window system.  The sharing of computing and file storage
+	services provides a sense of community for a group of
+	programmers, amortises costs and centralises and hence
+	simplifies management and administration.
+
+	The pieces communicate by a single {protocol}, built above a
+	reliable {data transport layer} offered by an appropriate
+	network, that defines each service as a rooted tree of files.
+	Even for services not usually considered as files, the unified
+	design permits some simplification.  Each process has a local
+	file name space that contains attachments to all services the
+	process is using and thereby to the files in those services.
+	One of the most important jobs of a terminal is to support its
+	user's customised view of the entire system as represented by
+	the services visible in the name space.
+
+	{(http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9dist/)}.
+
+	(2005-02-15)
+
+Planet
+
+	["An Experiment in Language Design for Distributed Systems",
+	D. Crookes et al, Soft Prac & Exp 14(10):957-971 (Oct 1984)].
+
+plan file
+
+	<operating system> On {Unix} systems that support {finger},
+	the ".plan" file in a user's {home directory} is displayed
+	when the user is fingered.  This feature was originally
+	intended to be used to keep potential fingerers apprised of
+	one's location and near-future plans, but has been turned
+	almost universally to humorous and self-expressive purposes
+	(like a {sig block}).  See also {Hacking X for Y}.
+
+	A later innovation in plan files was the introduction of
+	"scrolling plan files" which are one-dimensional animations
+	made using only the printable {ASCII} character set, {carriage
+	return} and {line feed}, avoiding terminal specific {escape
+	sequences}, since the {finger} command will (for security
+	reasons; see {letterbomb}) not pass the {escape} character.
+
+	Scrolling .plan files have become art forms in miniature, and
+	some sites have started competitions to find who can create
+	the longest running, funniest, and most original animations.
+	A compiler (ASP) is available on {Usenet} for producing them.
+	Typical animation components include:
+
+	 Centipede:		 mmmmme
+	 Lorry/Truck:		 oo-oP
+	 Andalusian Video Snail: _@/
+
+	In the mid-1990s {WWW} {home pages} largely supplanted .plan
+	files, providing a much richer forum for the publication of
+	personal minutiae and digital creativity.
+
+	See also {twirling baton}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-16)
+
+PLANIT
+
+	Programming LANguage for Interaction and Teaching.  CAI
+	language.  "PLANIT - A Flexible Language Designed for
+	Computer-Human Interaction", S.L. Feingold, Proc FJCC 31,
+	AFIPS (Fall 1967) Sammet 1969, p.706.
+
+Plankalkül
+
+	<language, history> (Or "Plankalkuel" if you don't have
+	umlauts).  The first programming language, designed by {Konrad
+	Zuse}, ca. 1945.  Zuse wrote "Rechenplan allgemeiner Struktur"
+	in 1944 which developed into Plankalkül.  Plankalkül included
+	{arrays} and {records} and used a style of {assignment} in
+	which the new value appears on the right.
+
+	Zuse wrote Plankalkül for his {Z3} computer (finished before
+	1945) and implemented it on there as well.  Much of his work
+	may have been either lost or confiscated in the aftermath of
+	World War II.
+
+	{ESR Plankalkül
+	(http://tuxedo.org/~esr/retro/plankalkuel/)}.
+
+	["The Plankalkül of Konrad Zuse", F.L. Bauer et al, CACM
+	15(7):678-685, Jul 1972].
+
+	(2002-05-28)
+
+PLANNER
+
+	A language for writing {theorem provers} by {Carl Hewitt}
+	<hewitt@ai.mit.edu> {MIT} 1967.  Never fully implemented.
+
+	{CONNIVER} was an outgrowth of {PLANNER} and {microPLANNER} a
+	subset.  {PLASMA} is a PLANNER-like system modelled on
+	{Actors}.  See also {POPLER}, {QLISP}, {Scheme}.
+
+	["PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems in Robots", Carl
+	Hewitt, Proc IJCAI-69, Wash DC, May 1969].
+
+Planner-73
+
+	The original name for {PLASMA}.
+
+PLANS
+
+	Programming Language for Allocation and Network Scheduling.  A
+	PL/I preprocessor, used for developing scheduling algorithms.
+	"A User's Guide to the Programming Language for Allocation and
+	Network Scheduling", H.R.  Ramsey et al, TR SAI-77-068-DEN,
+	Science Applications Inc (Jun 1977).
+
+plants
+
+	["The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants", Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,
+	Aristid Lindenmayer. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
+	3-54097297-8].
+
+PLASMA
+
+	PLAnner-like System Modelled on Actors.  {Carl Hewitt}, 1975.
+	The first {actor} language.  Originally called Planner-73, and
+	implemented in MacLisp.  Lisp-like syntax, but with several
+	kinds of parentheses and brackets.
+
+	["A PLASMA Primer", B. Smith et al, AI Lab Working Paper 92,
+	MIT Oct 1975].
+
+	["Viewing Control Structures as Patterns of Passing Messages",
+	C. Hewitt, AI Lab Memo 410, MIT 1976].
+
+Plastic Pin Grid Array
+
+	<hardware, processor> (PPGA) The package used for certain
+	{Intel} {Celeron} {processors}.  PPGA processors fit into
+	{Socket 370} {motherboard} sockets.
+
+	The Plastic {Pin Grid Array} packaging is similar to that used
+	on {Pentium} processors.  The {silicon} {core} is covered by a
+	{heat slug} that faces down toward the {motherboard}.
+
+	The Celeron 300A to the 533 use a PPGA package.  The Celeron
+	566 onward use a {FC-PGA} package.
+
+	Celeron processors are also available in {Slot 1} {SEPP}
+	packaging.
+
+	(2000-08-26)
+
+platform
+
+	Specific computer hardware, as in the phrase
+	"platform-independent".  It may also refer to a specific
+	combination of hardware and {operating system} and/or
+	{compiler}, as in "this program has been ported to several
+	platforms".  It is also used to refer to support software for
+	a particular activity, as in "This program provides a platform
+	for research into routing protocols".
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Platform for Internet Content Selection
+
+	<web> (PICS) A standard for {meta-data} associated
+	with {web} content, originally designed to help
+	parents and teachers control what children access on the
+	Internet, but also used for {code signing} and privacy.  The
+	PICS platform is one on which other rating services and
+	filtering software have been built.
+
+	{(http://w3.org/PICS}).
+
+	(2001-03-29)
+
+Platform Independent Graphical User Interface
+
+	(PIGUI) {The PIGUI FAQ
+	(ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/portable-GUI-software/)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+platinum-iridium
+
+	<standard> A standard, against which all others of the same
+	category are measured.  Usage: silly.
+
+	The notion is that one of whatever it is has actually been
+	cast in platinum-iridium alloy and placed in the vault beside
+	the Standard Kilogram at the International Bureau of Weights
+	and Measures near Paris, as the bar defining the standard
+	{metre} once was.
+
+	"This {garbage collection} {algorithm} has been tested against
+	the platinum-iridium cons cell in Paris."
+
+	Compare {golden}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-02-20)
+
+Platon
+
+	Distributed language based on asynchronous message passing.
+
+	["Message Passing Communication Versus Procedure Call
+	Communication", J. Staunstrup, Soft Prac & Exp 12(3):223-234
+	(Mar 1982)].
+
+	["Platon Reference Manual", S. Soerensen et al, RECAU, U
+	Aarhus, Denmark].
+
+PLAY
+
+	<language, music> A language for {real-time} music synthesis.
+	1977.
+
+	["An Introduction to the Play Program", J. Chadabe ete al,
+	Computer Music J 2,1 (1978)].
+
+	(1999-06-04)
+
+play by electronic mail
+
+	<games> A kind of game where the players use {electronic mail}
+	to communicate.  This may be done via a human {moderator} or
+	an automatic {mailing list} {exploder} on some central machine
+	or it may be fully distributed with each player just
+	addressing his mail to all other players.
+
+	This is a natural extension of "play by mail" games conducted
+	via {snail mail}.
+
+	{(http://fermi.clas.virginia.edu/~gl8f/pbm.html)}.  {Usenet}
+	newsgroup: {news:rec.games.pbm}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+Playground
+
+	A visual language for children, developed for Apple's Vivarium
+	Project.  OOPSLA 89 or 90?
+
+Play, Inc.
+
+	<company> The company which designed and markets {Snappy Video
+	Snapshot}.
+
+	{(http://play.com)}.
+
+	(1997-07-11)
+
+playpen
+
+	(IBM) A room where programmers work.
+
+	Compare {salt mines}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Playstation
+
+	<games, hardware> The leading family of {games consoles}, from
+	{Sony Corporation} consisting of the original Playstation
+	(PS1) and the Playstation 2 (PS2).
+
+	The basic Playstations consist of a small box containing the
+	processor and a {DVD} reader, with video outputs to connect to
+	a TV, sockets for two game controllers, and a socket for one
+	or two memory cards.  The PS2 also has {USB} sockets.
+
+	The PS2 can run PS1 software because the PS2's I/O processor
+	is the same as the PS1's CPU.
+
+	{(http://scea.sony.com/playstation/)}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://flex.net/users/cjayc/vgfa/system/sony_psx.txt)}.
+
+	[Dates?  Features?]
+
+	(2003-07-29)
+
+playte
+
+	<data, jargon> /playt/ 16 {bits}, by analogy with {byte}.
+	Usage: rare and extremely silly.
+
+	See also {dynner}, {crumb}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-12-03)
+
+PLC
+
+	{Programmable Logic Controller}
+
+PL/C
+
+	{Programming Language/Cornell}
+
+PL Cornell
+
+	{Programming Language/Cornell}
+
+PLD
+
+	{Programmable Logic Device}
+
+plenum cable
+
+	<hardware> Cable that can be (legally) installed in the plenum
+	(the space between a ceiling and the floor above it).  Such
+	cable is (usually) teflon-coated so that it will not give off
+	toxic fumes when burned.  In some parts of the world such
+	cable is required by law.
+
+	(1996-08-25)
+
+pleonasm
+
+	Redundancy of expression; tautology.
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+plesiochronous
+
+	<communications> Nearly synchronised, a term describing a
+	communication system where transmitted signals have the same
+	nominal digital rate but are synchronised on different clocks.
+
+	According to {ITU-T} {standards}, corresponding signals are
+	plesiochronous if their significant instants occur at
+	nominally the same rate, with any variation in rate being
+	constrained within specified limits.
+
+	[Pronunciation?  /ples'ee-oh-kroh'nus/?]
+
+	(1995-03-02)
+
+Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
+
+	<communications> (PDH) A transmission system for voice
+	communication using {plesiochronous} synchronisation.
+
+	PDH is the conventional {multiplexing} technology for network
+	transmission systems.  The transmitter adds dummy information
+	bits to allow multiple channels to be bit interleaved.  The
+	receiver discards these bits once the signals have been
+	demultiplexed.
+
+	PDH combines multiple 2 Mb/s ({E1}) channels in Europe and
+	1.544 Mb/s ({DS1}) channels in the US and Japan.
+
+	PDH is being replaced by {SONET} and other SDH ({Synchronous
+	Digital Hierarchy}) schemes.
+
+	(2003-09-30)
+
+Pleuk grammar development system
+
+	<grammar, tool> A {shell} for {grammar} development by Jo
+	Calder <jcalder@cs.sfu.ca>, Kevin Humphreys
+	<kwh@cogsci.ed.ac.uk>, Chris Brew
+	<Chris.Brew@edinburgh.ac.uk>, and Mike Reape
+	<mreape@cs.tcd.ie>.  It handles various grammatical formalisms
+	and requires {SICStus Prolog} version 2.1#6 or later.
+
+	Latest version: 1.0, as of 1993-06-18.
+
+	{(ftp://ai.uga.edu/ai.natural.language/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <pleuk@cogsci.ed.ac.uk>.
+
+	(2000-07-22)
+
+Plexus
+
+	A modular {web server} written in {Perl} by Tony
+	Sanders <sanders@earth.com>.  Comes with interfaces to allow
+	many other information services to be served via the Web.
+
+	{Version 3.0m 1994-07-22 (ftp://ftp.earth.com/plexus/)}.
+
+	(1994-07-22)
+
+PL/I
+
+	<language> Programming Language One.
+
+	An attempt to combine the best features of {Fortran}, {COBOL}
+	and {ALGOL 60}.  Developed by George Radin of {IBM} in 1964.
+	Originally named NPL and Fortran VI.  The result is large but
+	elegant.  PL/I was one of the first languages to have a formal
+	{semantic} definition, using the {Vienna Definition Language}.
+	{EPL}, a dialect of PL/I, was used to write almost all of the
+	{Multics} {operating system}.  PL/I is still widely used
+	internally at {IBM}.  The PL/I standard is ANS X3.53-1976.
+
+	PL/I has no {reserved words}.  Types are fixed, float,
+	complex, character strings with maximum length, bit strings,
+	and label variables.  {Arrays} have lower bounds and may be
+	dynamic.  It also has summation, multi-level structures,
+	{structure assignment}, untyped pointers, {side effects} and
+	{aliasing}.  {Control flow} constructs include goto; do-end
+	groups; do-to-by-while-end loops; external procedures;
+	internal nested procedures and blocks; {generic procedures}
+	and {exception handling}.  Procedures may be declared
+	{recursive}.  Many implementations support {concurrency}
+	('call task' and 'wait(event)' are equivalent to {fork}/join)
+	and compile-time statements.
+
+	{LPI} is a PL/I {interpreter}.
+
+	["A Structural View of PL/I", D. Beech, Computing Surveys, 2,1
+	33-64 (1970)].
+
+	(1994-10-25)
+
+PL/I-FORMAC
+
+	<language> A variant of {FORMAC}.
+
+	["The PL/I-FORMAC Interpreter", J. Xenakis, Proc 2nd Symp
+	Symbolic and Algebraic Manip, ACM, Mar 1971].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 486].
+
+	[Details?  Relatonship to {PL/I}?]
+
+	(1994-10-25)
+
+pling
+
+	<character> {exclamation mark}.
+
+	[Does anyone call {vertical bar} ("|", broken or unbroken)
+	"pling"?]
+
+	(1998-09-20)
+
+plingnet
+
+	{UUCPNET}.  See also {pling}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PLisp
+
+	1. PostScript Lisp?  A {Common Lisp} translator and
+	programming environment in {PostScript} by John Peterson
+	<peterson-john@cs.yale.edu>.
+
+	2. Pattern LISP.  1990.  A {pattern-matching} rewrite-rule
+	language, optimised for describing syntax translation rules.
+	(See {LISP70}).
+
+PL/I SUBSET
+
+	An early 70's version of {PL/I} for {minicomputers}.
+
+PL/I Subset G
+
+	("General Purpose") The commercial {PL/I} subset, i.e. what was
+	actually implemented by most vendors.  ANS X3.74-1981.
+
+PLITS
+
+	Programming Language In The Sky.  A computational model for
+	concurrency with communication via {asynchronous
+	message-passing}.
+
+	["High Level Programming for Distributed Computing",
+	J.A. Feldman, CACM 22(6):353- 368 (Jun 1979)].
+
+PLL
+
+	{phase-locked loop}
+
+PL/M
+
+	Programming Language/Microcomputers.  MAA (later Digital
+	Research) for Intel, 1972.  A very low level language
+	incorporating ideas from PL/I, ALGOL and XPL.  Integrated
+	macro processor.  Originally the implementation language for
+	CP/M.  "PL/M-80 Programming Manual", Doc 98-268B, Intel 1976.
+	"A Guide to PL/M Programming for Microcomputer Applications",
+	D. McCracken, A-W 1978.  Versions: PL/M-80, PL/M-86, PL/M-286.
+
+PLMK
+
+	<chat> please let me know.
+
+	(1999-09-27)
+
+plokta
+
+	/plok't*/ Press Lots Of Keys To Abort.  To press random keys
+	in an attempt to get some response from the system.  One might
+	plokta when the abort procedure for a program is not known, or
+	when trying to figure out if the system is just sluggish or
+	really hung.  Plokta can also be used while trying to figure
+	out any unknown key sequence for a particular operation.
+	Someone going into "plokta mode" usually places both hands
+	flat on the keyboard and mashes them down, hoping for some
+	useful response.
+
+	A slightly more directed form of plokta can often be seen in
+	mail messages or {Usenet} articles from new users - the text
+	might end with
+
+	       ^X^C
+	       q
+	       quit
+	       :q
+	       ^C
+	       end
+	       x
+	       exit
+	       ZZ
+	       ^D
+	       ?
+	       help
+
+	as the user vainly tries to find the right exit sequence, with
+	the incorrect tries piling up at the end of the message.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+plonk
+
+	<networking, abuse> (Usually written "*plonk*") The sound a
+	{newbie} makes as he falls to the bottom of a {kill file}.
+
+	In the first of a series of humourous books by Stephen Potter,
+	"One-Upmanship" (published in 1952) a "plonk" - a pompous bit
+	of misinformation said in a "plonking" tone - was a key
+	feature of his advice on how to "creatively intimidate"
+	someone by making them feel inferior and thereby gain the
+	status of being "one-up" on them.  Since these efforts are
+	usually transparently pathetic, the term became widely applied
+	to any idiotic statement.
+
+	The term appeared on-line in the {Usenet} {newsgroup}
+	{news:talk.bizarre} and, by 1994, was widespread on {Usenet}
+	and {mailing} lists as a form of public ridicule.
+
+	The term may have been influenced by British slang "plonker"
+	for someone behaving stupidly.  The expansion "Person with
+	Little Or No Knowledge" may be a {backronym}.
+
+	(2012-05-27)
+
+plotter
+
+	<hardware> A device that uses one or more pens that can be
+	raised, lowered and moved over the printing media to draw
+	graphics or text.
+
+	The heart of the plotter is the printer head assembly,
+	consisting of a horizontal bar and, attached to it, the head
+	assembly holding the pen in use.  The pen can be positioned
+	horizontally by moving the pen assembly along the bar.
+	Vertical positioning is achieved by either moving the bar
+	(stationary page plotter) or the paper (rolling page plotter).
+	Combinations of horizontal and vertical movement are used to
+	draw arbitrary lines and curves in a single action, in
+	contrast to {printers} which usually scan horizontally across
+	the page.
+
+	Colour plots can be made by using more than one pen.  Older
+	plotters required a separate pen for each colour and the pens
+	had to be changed by hand.  Modern colour plotters usually use
+	only four pens (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black, see {CMYK})
+	and need no human intervention to change them.
+
+	Monochromatic plotters have been largely phased out by {laser
+	printers} except when large paper size is needed, e.g. in
+	{CAD}.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+PL/P
+
+	Programming Language, Prime.  Russ Barbour, PRIME Computer,
+	late 70's.  Subset of PL/I used internally for implementation
+	of PRIMOS.  (See SPL[4]).
+
+PL/PROPHET
+
+	PL/I-like language for the PROPHET system, used by
+	pharmacologists.  "The Implementation of the PROPHET System",
+	P.A.  Castleman et al, NCC 43, AFIPS (1974).
+
+PL/S
+
+	{Programming Language/Systems}
+
+PL/Seq
+
+	Programming Language for Sequences.  A DSP language.  "A
+	General High Level Language for Signal Processors", J. Skytta
+	& O. Hyvarinen, Digital Signal Processing 84, Proc Intl Conf,
+	Fiorence, Italy, Sep 1984, pp.217-221.
+
+PL/SQL
+
+	{Procedural Language/SQL}
+
+PLTL
+
+	{Propositional Linear Temporal Logic}
+
+plug and play
+
+	<jargon> 1. Hardware or software that, after being installed
+	("plugged in"), can immediately be used ("played with"), as
+	opposed to hardware or software which requires configuration.
+
+	See also {turnkey}, {plug and pray}.
+
+	2. A new recruit who needs no training.  "The new guy, John,
+	is great.  He's totally plug-and-play."
+
+	(1997-03-30)
+
+plug and pray
+
+	<humour> The {Windows 95} equivalent of the {Macintosh}'s
+	{plug and play}, referring to difficulties encountered when
+	setting up new {hardware} under Windows 95.
+
+	(1997-10-11)
+
+Plug Compatible Manufacturer
+
+	<company> (PCM) A manufacturer of equipment that some other
+	manufacturer's system can identify and work with.  The PCM's
+	device replaces the original manufacturer's.
+
+	Most PCMs competed with {IBM}.  PCM devices normally offer a
+	cost-performance benefit over the original device.  For
+	example, several PCM versions of the {Direct-Access Storage
+	Device} {IBM 3350} offered twice the storage and improved data
+	access (dual port).
+
+	Plug compatible devices include replacement {CPUs}, such as
+	the {Hitachi 7/90} series (which could be substituted for {IBM
+	3090} series processors), {I/O} subsystems, and {dumb
+	terminals} like the {IBM 3270}.
+
+	[Used outside mainframe market?]
+
+	(2003-06-24)
+
+Pluggable Authentication Module
+
+	<security> (PAM) The new industry standard integrated {login}
+	{framework}.  PAM is used by system entry components, such as
+	the {Common Desktop Environment}'s dtlogin, to authenticate
+	users logging into a {Unix} system.  It provides pluggability
+	for a variety of system-entry services.  PAM's ability to
+	{stack} authentication {modules} can be used to integrate
+	{login} with different authentication mechanisms such as
+	{RSA}, {DCE} and {Kerberos}, and thus unify login mechanisms.
+	PAM can also integrate {smart card} authentication.
+
+	{White paper (http://gr.osf.org/book/psm-wppr.htm)}.
+
+	[OSF-RFC 86.0 V. Samar, R. Schemers, "Unified Login with
+	Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)", Oct 1995].
+
+	(1997-07-18)
+
+plugh
+
+	<games> /ploogh/ A magic word from the {ADVENT} game.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-04-01)
+
+plug-in
+
+	<tool> A file containing data used to alter, enhance, or
+	extend the operation of a parent {application program}.  One
+	of the first uses of this term was in {Silicon Beach}'s
+	{SuperPaint} application (late 1980s?) for the {Macintosh}.
+	It had a Plug-ins {folder} containing different tools and
+	effects.
+
+	The {Netscape Navigator} {web browser} supports
+	plug-ins which display or interpret a particular file format
+	or {protocol} such as {Shockwave}, {RealAudio}, {Adobe
+	Systems, Inc.} {PDF}, {Corel CMX} ({vector graphics}).  The
+	file to be displayed is included in a {web page} using an
+	EMBED {HTML} {tag}.
+
+	Plug-ins, both commercially and indepently authored, can
+	usually be downloaded for free and are stored locally.
+	Plug-ins come in different versions specific to particular
+	{operating systems} ({Microsoft Windows 3.1}, 3.2, and
+	{Macintosh} are available).
+
+	Compare {applet}.
+
+	{Plug-in Plaza (http://browserwatch.com/plug-in.html)}.
+
+	{PC Mag Plug-ins
+	(http://zdnet.com/pcmag/IU/plugins/plugins.htm)}.
+
+	(1996-05-25)
+
+PLUM
+
+	A {compiler} for a substantial subset of {PL/I} for the
+	{Univac 1100}, from the {University of Maryland}.
+
+	["PL/I Programming with PLUM", M.V. Zelkowitz, Paladin House,
+	1978].
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+Plumber
+
+	<programming, tool> A system for obtaining information about
+	{memory leaks} in {Ada} and {C} programs.
+
+	{(http://home.earthlink.net/~owenomalley/plumber.html)}.
+
+	(17 Feb 1999)
+
+plumbing
+
+	(Unix) Term used for {shell} code, so called because of the
+	prevalence of "{pipelines}" that feed the output of one
+	program to the input of another.  Under {Unix}, user utilities
+	can often be implemented or at least prototyped by a suitable
+	collection of pipelines and temporary file {grind}ing
+	encapsulated in a {shell script}.  This is much less effort
+	than writing {C} every time, and the capability is considered
+	one of Unix's major winning features.  A few other {operating
+	systems} such as {IBM}'s {VM/CMS} support similar facilities.
+
+	The {tee} utility is specifically designed for plumbing.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+Plural EuLisp
+
+	EuLisp with parallel extensions.  "Collections and Garbage
+	Collection", S.C. Merall et al, in Memory Management - IWMM92,
+	Springer 1992, pp.473-489.
+
+PLUS
+
+	Late 60's.  Machine-oriented systems language used internally
+	by Univac.
+
+plus
+
+	<character> "+", {ASCII} character 43, 0x2B.  The mathematical
+	symbol for the {addition} {operator}, also used with the same
+	meaning in arithmetic expressions in nearly all {programming
+	languages}.
+
+	Common names: {ITU-T}: plus; add.  Rare: cross; {INTERCAL}:
+	intersection.
+
+	In programming, the operator is sometimes {overloaded} to
+	perform other tasks like concatenating strings.  In the {C}
+	language and its many imitators, the symbol is doubled, as in
+	"x++" or "++x" to give an increment operator that adds one to
+	its operand ("x" in this case) and also returns x's previous
+	or resulting value respectively.
+
+	In a {regular expression}, "+" means match one or more
+	instances of the previous pattern.  Thus /b(an)+a/ would match
+	any of "bana", "banana", "bananana", etc. (see {banana
+	problem}).
+
+	(2010-03-20)
+
+PLUSS
+
+	{Proposition of a Language Useable for Structured
+	Specifications}
+
+ply
+
+	<mathematics, data> 1. Of a {node} in a {tree}, the number of
+	{branches} between that node and the {root}.
+
+	2. Of a tree, the maximum ply of any of its nodes.
+
+	(1998-12-29)
+
+PM
+
+	1. {preventive maintenance}.
+
+	2. {Presentation Manager}
+
+	3. ["PM, A System for Polynomial Manipulations", G.E. Collins,
+	CACM 9(8):578-589 (Aug 1966)].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+pm
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for St. Pierre and Miquelon.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+pm2
+
+	<language, compiler> A software emulator for parallel random
+	access machine (PRAM) and a parallel {Modula-2} compiler for
+	the emulator.  pm2 programming language is Modula-2/Pascal
+	mixture having extensions for parallel execution in a PRAM.
+	Parallelism is expressed by pardo-loop-structure.  Additional
+	features include private/shared variables, two synchronisation
+	strategies, load balancing and parallel dynamic memory
+	allocation.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.joensuu.fi/pub/Software/pram/)}.
+
+	E-mail: Simo Juvaste <sjuva@cs.joensuu.fi>.
+
+	(1997-06-04)
+
+P-mail
+
+	Physical mail, as opposed to {e-mail}.  Synonymous
+	with {snail-mail}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PMBX
+
+	{Private Manual Branch EXchange}
+
+PMC
+
+	{PCI Mezzanine Card}
+
+PML
+
+	Parallel {ML}.
+
+	["Synchronous Operations as First-Class Values", J.H.  Reppy
+	<jhr@research.att.com>, Proc SIGPLAN 88 Conf Prog Lang Design
+	and Impl, June 1988, pp. 250-259].
+
+PMP
+
+	{Portable Media Player}
+
+pn
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Pitcairn Island.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+pnambic
+
+	<jargon> /p*-nam'bik/ (From the scene in the film, "The Wizard
+	of Oz" in which the true nature of the wizard is first
+	discovered: "Pay no attention to the man behind the curtain").
+	A term coined by Daniel Klein <dvk@lonewolf.com> for a stage
+	of development of a process or function that, owing to
+	incomplete implementation or to the complexity of the system,
+	requires human interaction to simulate or replace some or all
+	of its actions, inputs or outputs.  The term may also be
+	applied to a process or function whose apparent operations are
+	wholly or partially falsified or one requiring
+	{prestidigitization}.
+
+	The ultimate pnambic product was "Dan Bricklin's Demo", a
+	program which supported flashy user-interface design
+	prototyping.
+
+	There is a related maxim among hackers: "Any sufficiently
+	advanced technology is indistinguishable from a rigged demo."
+	See {magic} for illumination of this point.
+
+	["Open Channel", IEEE "Computer", November 1981].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+PNG
+
+	{Portable Network Graphics}
+
+PNP
+
+	1. <electronics> A type of {bipolar transistor} consisting of
+	a layer of N-doped {semiconductor} (the "base") between two
+	P-doped layers (the "collector" and "emitter").  PNP
+	transistors are commonly operated with the emitter at {ground}
+	and the collector at a negative {voltage}.
+
+	In the 1960s, the germanium PNP transistor was the cheapest
+	and best for use at ordinary temperatures.  The {leakage
+	current} from collector to base in this type of device is
+	larger than for the silicon transistor, and also varies more
+	with temperature.  The effect of these deficiencies can be
+	lessened by proper biasing and feedback, which can make the
+	circuit both serviceable and reliable.  Neither germanium nor
+	PNP transistors are as common today.
+
+	The voltages used on a PNP transistor are inverted when
+	compared with {vacuum tubes}.  Further, the behaviour of
+	vacuum tubes is usually described in terms of {voltages}
+	whereas transistors are better described in terms of
+	{current}.
+
+	2. <architecture> {plug and play}.
+
+	(1997-05-05)
+
+PNU-Prolog
+
+	A parallel extension of NU-Prolog, implemented as a
+	preproccessor.
+
+	{(ftp://munnari.oz.au/pub/bebop.tar.Z)}.
+
+POA
+
+	{Portable Object Adapter}
+
+PoB
+
+	{Prisoner of Bill}
+
+POC
+
+	{Point Of Contact}
+
+POCAL
+
+	PETRA Operator's CommAnd Language.
+
+pocket calculator
+
+	<computer> A small battery-powered digital electronic device
+	for performing simple arithmetic operations on data input on a
+	keypad and outputting the result (usually a single number) to
+	a simple {LCD} or other display.
+
+	The most sophisticated programmable calculators are really
+	{pocket computers} which are limited to handling numerical
+	data only.
+
+	(1996-12-23)
+
+pocket computer
+
+	{palmtop}
+
+pod
+
+	Not to be confused with {P.O.D.}.
+
+	1. <printer> (Allegedly from abbreviation POD for "Prince Of
+	Darkness") A {Diablo} 630 (or, latterly, any {letter-quality}
+	{impact printer}).  From the {DEC-10} {PODTYPE} program used
+	to feed formatted text to it.
+
+	2. <text> {Plain Old Documentation}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-12-18)
+
+P.O.D.
+
+	<data> Piece Of Data (as opposed to {code}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-04-08)
+
+podcast
+
+	<networking> Any series of {audio} files that can be
+	downloaded from the {Internet}, often released on some regular
+	schedule, e.g. daily or weekly.
+
+	Podcasts are named after {Apple Computer, Inc.}'s {iPod}
+	portable audio players, though most podcasts are in {MP3}
+	format and so can be played on virtually any modern audio
+	player.
+
+	(2009-12-16)
+
+POE
+
+	{PowerOpen Environment}
+
+POFAC
+
+	A subset of {Fortran}.
+
+	[Mentioned in Machine Oriented Higher Level Languages, W. van
+	der Poel, N-H 1974, p. 273].
+
+	["POFAC Description", R.  Haentjens, Report 19, Cenre
+	d'Information, Ecole Royale Militaire, Brussels, 1973].
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+POFOD
+
+	{Probability of Failure on Demand}
+
+POGO
+
+	Early system on G-15.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+point
+
+	1. <unit, text> (Sometimes abbreviated "pt") The unit of
+	length used in {typography} to specify text character height,
+	{rule} width, and other small measurements.
+
+	There are six slightly different definitions: {Truchet point},
+	{Didot point}, {ATA point}, {TeX point}, {Postscript point},
+	and {IN point}.
+
+	In Europe, the most commonly used is Didot and in the US, the
+	formerly standard ATA point has essentially been replaced by
+	the PostScript point due to the demise of traditional
+	typesetting systems and rise of desktop computer based systems
+	running software such as {QuarkXPress}, {Adobe InDesign} and
+	{Adobe Pagemaker}.
+
+	There are 20 {twips} in a point and 12 points in a {pica}
+	(known as a "Cicero" in the Didot system).
+
+	{Different point systems
+	(http://vakcer.com/oberon/dtp/fonts/point.htm)}.
+
+	(2004-12-23)
+
+	2. <hardware> To move a {pointing device} so that the
+	on-screen pointer is positioned over a certain object on the
+	screen such as a {button} in a {graphical user interface}.  In
+	most {window systems} it is then necessary to {click} a
+	(physical) button on the pointing device to activate or select
+	the object.  In some systems, just pointing to an object is
+	known as "mouse-over" {event} which may cause some help text
+	(called a "tool tip" in {Windows}) to be displayed.
+
+	(2001-05-21)
+
+point-and-drool interface
+
+	<abuse> (Or "point-and-grunt interface") A parody of
+	"{point-and-shoot interface}", describing a windows, icons,
+	and mouse-based ({WIMP}) {graphical user interface}.  The
+	implication, of course, is that such an interface is only
+	suitable for idiots.
+
+	See {for the rest of us}, {WIMP}, {drool-proof paper}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-08-08)
+
+point-and-grunt interface
+
+	{point-and-drool interface}
+
+pointed domain
+
+	<theory> In most formulations of {domain theory}, a {domain}
+	is defined to have a {bottom} element and {algebraic} {CPOs}
+	without bottoms are called "{predomains}".  David Schmidt's
+	domains do not have this requirement and he calls a domain
+	with a bottom "pointed".
+
+	(1999-07-07)
+
+pointer
+
+	1. <programming> An {address}, from the point of view of a
+	programming language.  A pointer may be typed, with its {type}
+	indicating the type of data to which it points.
+
+	The terms "pointer" and "reference" are generally
+	interchangeable although particular programming languages often
+	differentiate these two in subtle ways.  For example, {Perl}
+	always calls them references, never pointers.  Conversely, in
+	C, "pointer" is used, although "a reference" is often used to
+	denote the concept that a pointer implements.
+
+	{Anthony Hoare} once said:
+
+	Pointers are like jumps, leading wildly from one part of the
+	data structure to another.  Their introduction into high-level
+	languages has been a step backward from which we may never
+	recover.
+
+	[C.A.R.Hoare "Hints on Programming Language Design", 1973,
+	Prentice-Hall collection of essays and papers by Tony Hoare].
+
+	2. <operating system> (Or "mouse pointer") An {icon}, usually
+	a small arrow, that moves on the screen in response to
+	movement of a {pointing device}, typically a {mouse}.  The
+	pointer shows the user which object on the screen will be
+	selected etc. when a mouse button is clicked.
+
+	(1999-07-07)
+
+pointer swizzling
+
+	{swizzle}
+
+pointing device
+
+	<hardware> Any hardware component that allows a user to input
+	spatial data to a computer.  {CAD} systems and {Graphical User
+	Interfaces} (GUI) allow the user to control and provide data
+	to the computer using physical "gestures" - {point}, {click},
+	and {drag} - typically by moving a hand-held {mouse} across
+	the surface of the physical desktop and activating switches on
+	the mouse.  Movements of the pointing device are echoed on a
+	graphical representation of a desktop on the screen by
+	movements of the {mouse pointer} and other visual changes.
+
+	While the most common pointing device by far is a mouse, other
+	kinds include {tracker ball}, {trackpad}, {lightpen}, various
+	kinds of {digitising tablets} which use a stylus, and even a
+	special "{data glove}" that translates the user's movements to
+	computer gestures.
+
+	(1997-02-03)
+
+pointing stick
+
+	{TrackPoint}
+
+Point Of Contact
+
+	<networking> (POC) An individual associated with a particular
+	{Internet} entity ({IP network}, {domain}, {ASN}).
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+point of presence
+
+	(PoP) A site where there exists a collection of
+	telecommunications equipment, usually {modems}, digital leased
+	lines and {multi-protocol routers}.  An {Internet access
+	provider} may operate several PoPs distributed throughout
+	their area of operation to increase the chance that their
+	subscribers will be able to reach one with a local telephone
+	call.  The alternative is for them to use {virtual PoPs}
+	(virtual points of presence) via some third party.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+point of sale terminal
+
+	<hardware> (Or "POS") A computer, probably with a {bar code}
+	reader, serving as a glorified cash register.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+Point-to-Point Protocol
+
+	<communications, protocol> (PPP) The {protocol} defined in
+	{RFC 1661}, the {Internet} standard for transmitting {network
+	layer} {datagrams} (e.g. {IP} packets) over serial
+	point-to-point links.
+
+	PPP has a number of advantages over {SLIP}; it is designed to
+	operate both over {asynchronous} connections and bit-oriented
+	{synchronous} systems, it can configure connections to a
+	remote network dynamically, and test that the link is usable.
+	PPP can be configured to encapsulate different network layer
+	protocols (such as {IP}, {IPX}, or {AppleTalk}) by using the
+	appropriate {Network Control Protocol} (NCP).
+
+	{RFC 1220} describes how PPP can be used with remote bridging.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.protocols.ppp}.
+
+	{A paper on PPP
+	(ftp://ftp.uu.net/vendor/MorningStar/papers/sug91-cheapIP.ps.Z)}.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM
+
+	<networking> (PPPoA) A network {protocol} for encapsulating
+	{PPP} {frames} in {ATM} {AAL5}.  It is used mainly with {cable
+	modem}, {DSL} and {ADSL} services.
+
+	PPPoA offers standard PPP features such as {authentication},
+	{encryption}, and {compression}.  It is very slightly more
+	efficient than {PPPoE} and, like PPPoE, supports {VC-MUX} and
+	{LLC} encapsulation.
+
+	PPPoA is specified in {RFC 2364}.
+
+	(2007-06-15)
+
+Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
+
+	<communications, protocol> (PPPoE) The {protocol} defined in
+	{RFC 2516} that allows one or more computers to connect to the
+	{Internet} via a shared {modem}.  The computers connect to the
+	modem via a {local area network} such as {Ethernet} and the
+	modem connects to an {Internet Service Provider} (ISP) via a
+	{serial} connection such as {PPP} over {ADSL}.
+
+	PPPoE provides each user with a connection that looks and
+	behaves like a point-to-point {dial-up} connection even though
+	they are actually sharing an Ethernet or {wireless} network.
+	At the same time, the ISP only needs to provide a single
+	Internet connection, with the same kind of accounting as for
+	{PPP}.  Also, the {IP address} is only assigned when the PPPoE
+	connection is open, allowing the dynamic reuse of IP addresses
+	via {DHCP}.
+
+	PPPoE works by {encapsulating} PPP {frames} in Ethernet
+	frames.
+
+	(2006-09-20)
+
+Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
+
+	<communications, protocol> (PPTP) A {tunneling protocol} for
+	connecting {Windows NT} {clients} and {servers} over {Remote
+	Access Services} (RAS).  PPTP can be used to create a {Virtual
+	Private Network} between computers running NT.  It is an
+	extension of {PPP} sponsored by {Microsoft}.
+
+	{Microsoft Point to Point Encryption} may be used with PPTP to
+	provide an encrypted connection but PPTP itself does not use
+	encryption.
+
+	Compare: {Layer Two Tunneling Protocol}.
+
+	[Origin?  Standard?  Document?]
+
+	(1998-09-23)
+
+Poisson distribution
+
+	<mathematics> A {probability distribution} used to describe
+	the occurrence of unlikely events in a large number of
+	independent trials.
+
+	Poisson distributions are often used in building simulated
+	user loads.
+
+	[Formula?]
+
+	(2003-03-18)
+
+POJO
+
+	{Plain Old Java Object}
+
+	[As opposed to?]
+
+poke
+
+	The {BASIC} command to write a value to an absolute address.
+
+	See {peek}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+Pokémon exception handling
+
+	<programming, humour> A humourous term for a {try-catch}
+	exception handling construct with no constraint on which
+	exceptions will be caught, for when you just "Gotta Catch 'Em
+	All." (a slogan used in the Pokémon media empire).
+
+	Pokémon is a trademark of the Pokémon Company of Japan.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2012-07-10)
+
+Polka
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} parallel {logic programming}
+	language, built on top of {Parlog}.
+
+	["Polka: A Parlog Object-Oriented Language", Andrew Davison,
+	TR, Parlog Group, Imperial College, London 1988].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+poll
+
+	To check the status of an input line, sensor, or memory
+	location to see if a particular external event has been
+	registered.
+
+	Contrast {interrupt}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+polling
+
+	{poll}
+
+Poly
+
+	<language> 1. A {polymorphic}, {block-structured} language
+	developed by D.C.J. Matthews at Cambridge in the early 1980s.
+
+	["An Overview of the Poly Programming Language", D.C.J.
+	Matthews, in Data Types and Persistence,
+	M.P. Atkinson et al eds, Springer 1988].
+
+	2. A language developed at St Andrews University, Scotland.
+
+	[Software Practice & Exp, Oct 1986].
+
+	3. A {polymorphic} language used in the referenced book.
+
+	["Polymorphic Programming Languages", David M. Harland, Ellis
+	Horwood 1984].
+
+	(2000-11-07)
+
+polygon pusher
+
+	(Or "rectangle slinger").  A chip designer who spends most of
+	his or her time at the physical layout level (which requires
+	drawing *lots* of multi-coloured polygons).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+POLYGOTH
+
+	<language> A distributed language integrating {class}es with a
+	parallel block structure, including {multiprocedures} and
+	{fragments}.
+
+	["Operational Semantics of a Distributed Object-Oriented
+	Language and its Z Formal Specification", M. Benveniste
+	<mbenveni@irisa.irisa.fr>, TR532, IRISA/INRIA-Rennes].
+
+	(1995-10-17)
+
+polylithism
+
+	<programming> A property of a data-object that can exist in
+	many shapes and sizes, but not simultaneously; which
+	distinguishes it from a {union}.  It is often implemented as a
+	set of {classes} (or structs) derived from a common {base
+	class} (or with a common header, as in the case of structs),
+	typically without any {methods}.
+
+	It has been loosely described as {polymorphic} data.
+
+	[Clarification?]
+
+	(1996-01-07)
+
+Poly/ML
+
+	<language> {SML} implemented in D.C.J. Matthews's {Poly}, for
+	{Motorola 68020} and {SPARC} by Abstract Hardware Ltd.
+
+	(1999-11-23)
+
+polymorphic
+
+	{polymorphism}
+
+polymorphic lambda-calculus
+
+	<language, types> (Or "second order typed lambda-calculus",
+	"System F", "Lambda-2").  An extension of {typed
+	lambda-calculus} allowing functions which take types as
+	parameters.  E.g. the {polymorphic} function "twice" may be
+	written:
+
+	 	twice = /\ t . \  (f :: t -> t) . \ (x :: t) . f (f x)
+
+	(where "/\" is an upper case Greek lambda and "(v :: T)" is
+	usually written as v with subscript T).  The parameter t will
+	be bound to the type to which twice is applied, e.g.:
+
+		twice Int
+
+	takes and returns a function of type Int -> Int.  (Actual type
+	arguments are often written in square brackets [ ]).  Function
+	twice itself has a higher type:
+
+		twice :: Delta t . (t -> t) -> (t -> t)
+
+	(where Delta is an upper case Greek delta).  Thus /\
+	introduces an object which is a function of a type and Delta
+	introduces a type which is a function of a type.
+
+	Polymorphic lambda-calculus was invented by Jean-Yves Girard
+	in 1971 and independently by John C. Reynolds in 1974.
+
+	["Proofs and Types", J-Y. Girard, Cambridge U Press 1989].
+
+	(2005-03-07)
+
+polymorphism
+
+	<theory, programming> The ability to leave parts of a {type} in a
+	{typed language} unspecified.  The term has three distinct uses:
+
+	* {Parametric polymorphism} refers to the use of type variables in
+	a {strongly typed} language.
+
+	* {Overloading}, sometimes called {ad-hoc polymorphism}, means
+	using the same {syntax} for different types.
+
+	* {object-orientated polymorphism} allows a {variable} to refer to
+	objects whose {class} is not known at compile time.
+
+	(2014-01-05)
+
+polynomial
+
+	1. <mathematics> An arithmetic expression composed by summing
+	multiples of powers of some variable.
+
+		P(x) = sum a_i x^i for i = 0 .. N
+
+	The multipliers, a_i, are known as "{coefficients}" and N, the
+	highest power of x with a non-zero coefficient, is known as
+	the "degree" of the polynomial.  If N=0 then P(x) is constant,
+	if N=1, P(x) is linear in x.  N=2 gives a "{quadratic}" and
+	N=3, a "cubic".
+
+	2. <complexity> {polynomial-time}.
+
+polynomial-time
+
+	<complexity> (P) The set or property of problems which can be
+	solved by a known {polynomial-time algorithm}.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+polynomial-time algorithm
+
+	<complexity> A known {algorithm} (or {Turing Machine}) that is
+	guaranteed to terminate within a number of steps which is a
+	{polynomial} function of the size of the problem.
+
+	See also {computational complexity}, {exponential time},
+	{nondeterministic polynomial-time} (NP), {NP-complete}.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+polyvinyl chloride
+
+	<hardware> (PVC) A common plastic used for insulating and
+	jacketing many wire and cable products.
+
+	(2001-03-26)
+
+POM
+
+	{phase of the moon}
+
+	Usually used in the phrase "POM-dependent", which means
+	{flaky}.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+Ponder
+
+	A {non-strict} {polymorphic}, {functional language} by Jon
+	Fairbairn <jf@cl.cam.ac.uk>.
+
+	Ponder's type system is unusual.  It is more powerful than the
+	{Hindley-Milner type} system used by {ML} and {Miranda} and
+	extended by {Haskell}.  Ponder adds extra recursive 'mu' types
+	to those of Girard's {System F}, allowing more general
+	{recursion}.  Surprisingly, the type system and {type
+	inference} {algorithm} are still not completely understood.
+
+	["Ponder and its Type System", J. Fairbairn, TR 31, Cambridge
+	U Computer Lab, Nov 1982].
+
+	[J. Fairbairn, "Design and Implementation of a Simple Typed
+	Language based on the Lambda-Calculus", Technical Report
+	No. 75, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, May
+	1985].
+
+	[J. Fairbairn, "A New Type-Checker for a Functional Language",
+	Technical Report No. 53, Computer Laboratory, University of
+	Cambridge, 1984].
+
+	[J. Fairbairn, "Some Types with Inclusion Properties in
+	\forall, \rightarrow, \mu", Technical Report No. 171, Computer
+	Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Jun 1989].
+
+	[Valeria C. V. de Paiva, "Subtyping in Ponder (Preliminary
+	Report)", Technical Report No. 203, Computer Laboratory,
+	University of Cambridge, Aug 1990].
+
+Pong
+
+	<games> A computer game invented in 1972 by {Atari}'s Nolan
+	Bushnell.  The game is a minimalist rendering of table tennis.
+	Each of the two players are represented as a white slab,
+	controllable by a knob, which deflects a bouncing ball.  The
+	goal of the game is to "AVOID MISSING BALL FOR HIGH SCORE".
+
+	{Yahoo
+	(http://yahoo.com/Recreation/Games/Video_Games/Classic_Arcade_Games/Titles/Pong/)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+POOL
+
+	Parallel Object-Oriented Language.
+
+	A series of languages from {Philips Research Labs}.
+
+	See {POOL2}, {POOL-I}, {POOL-T}.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+POOL2
+
+	Parallel Object-Oriented Language 2.
+
+	Philips Research Labs, 1987.
+
+	Strongly typed, synchronous message passing, designed to run
+	on {DOOM} (DOOM = Decentralised Object-Oriented Machine).
+
+	["POOL and DOOM: The Object- Oriented Approach", J.K. Annot,
+	PAM den Haan, in Parallel Computers, Object-Oriented,
+	Functional and Logic, P. Treleaven ed].
+
+	["Issues in the Design of a Parallel Object-Oriented
+	Language", P. America, Formal Aspects of Computing
+	1(4):366-411 (1989)].
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+POOL-I
+
+	One of the {POOL} languages.
+
+	["A Parallel Object-Oriented Language with Inheritance and
+	Subtyping", P. America et al, SIGPLAN Notices 25(10):161-168
+	(OOPSLA/ECOOP '90) (Oct 1990)].
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+Pooling Agreement for Technical Assistance
+
+	<business> (PATA) Written limitations on what types of
+	technical information is shared when two companies (or
+	departments) work together on a common project.  Often
+	because of security concerns rather than marketing concerns.
+
+	(2010-02-20)
+
+POOL-T
+
+	Object-oriented, concurrent, synchronous.  Predecessor of
+	POOL2.
+
+	["Definition of the Programming Language POOL-T", Esprit
+	Project 415, Doc.  0091, Philips Research Labs, Eindhoven,
+	Netherlands, June 1985].
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+POP
+
+	1. <language> A family of programming languages, {POP-1},
+	{POP-2}, {POP-10}, {Pop-11}, {POP++}, {POP-9X}, {POPLOG}.
+
+	2. {Post Office Protocol}.
+
+	See also {pop}, {PoP}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-02-18)
+
+PoP
+
+	{Point Of Presence}
+
+pop
+
+	<programming> To remove something from the top of a {stack}.
+
+	Opposite of {push}.
+
+	(Not to be confused with {Post Office Protocol} or {POP-1} the
+	language).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-02-18)
+
+POP++
+
+	An object-oriented extension of {POPLOG}.  Available from
+	Integral Solutions.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+POP-1
+
+	Package for Online Programming.  Edinburgh, 1966.  First of
+	the POP family of languages.  Used reverse Polish notation.
+	Implemented as a threaded interpreter.  EPU-R-17, U Edinburgh
+	(Jul 1966).  "POP-1: An Online Language", R. Popplestone, Mach
+	Intell 2, E. Dale et al eds, Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh 1968.
+
+POP-10
+
+	Descendant of {POP}-2, for the {PDP-10} by Julian Davies,
+	1973.  ["POP-10 User's Manual", D.J.M. Davies, CS R25, U West
+	Ontario, 1976].
+
+Pop-11
+
+	<language> A programming language created by Robin Popplestone
+	in 1975, originally for the {PDP-11}.  Pop-11 is
+	{stack-oriented}, extensible, and efficient like {FORTH}.  It
+	is also {functional}, {dynamically typed}, {interactive}, with
+	{garbage collection} like {LISP}, and the {syntax} is {block
+	structured} like {Pascal}.
+
+	["Programming in POP-11", J. Laventhol <jcl@deshaw.com>,
+	Blackwell 1987].
+
+	AlphaPop is an implementation for the {Macintosh} from
+	Computable Functions Inc.  PopTalk and POPLOG from the
+	University of Sussex are available for {VAX/VMS} and most
+	{workstations}.
+
+	E-mail: Robin Popplestone <pop@cs.umass.edu>
+
+	(2003-03-25)
+
+POP-2
+
+	Robin POPplestone, Edinburgh, 1967.  An innovative language
+	incorporating many of Landin's ideas, including streams,
+	closures, and functions as first-class citizens.  ALGOL-like
+	syntax.  The first implementation was named Multi-POP, based
+	on a REVPOL function written in POP-1, producing the
+	reverse-polish form as output.  "POP-2 Papers", R.M.  Burstall
+	et al, Oliver & Boyd 1968.  "Programming in POP-2",
+	R.M. Burstall et al, Edinburgh U Press 1971.  "POP-2 User's
+	Manual", R. Popplestone, Mach Intell 2, E. Dale et al eds,
+	Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh 1968.
+
+POP3
+
+	<messaging, protocol> Version 3 of the {Post Office Protocol}.
+	POP3 is defined in {RFC 1081}, written in November 1988 by
+	Marshall Rose, which is based on RFC 918 (since revised as RFC
+	937).  POP3 allows a {client} computer to retrieve {electronic
+	mail} from a POP3 {server} via a (temporary) {TCP/IP} or
+	other[?] connection.  It does not provide for sending mail,
+	which is assumed to be done via {SMTP} or some other method.
+
+	POP is useful for computers, e.g. mobile or home computers,
+	without a permanent network connection which therefore require
+	a "post office" (the POP server) to hold their mail until they
+	can retrieve it.
+
+	Although similar in form to the original POP proposed for the
+	{Internet} community, POP3 is similar in spirit to the ideas
+	investigated by the {MZnet} project at the University of
+	California, Irvine, and is incompatible with earlier versions
+	of POP.
+
+	Substantial work was done on examining POP in a {PC}-based
+	environment.  This work, which resulted in additional
+	functionality in this protocol, was performed by the {ACIS}
+	Networking Systems Group at {Stanford University}.
+
+	RFC 1082 (POP3 Extended Service) extends POP3 to deal with
+	accessing mailboxes for {mailing lists}.
+
+	(1997-01-09)
+
+POP-9X
+
+	Proposed {BSI} standard for {Pop-11}.
+
+POPART
+
+	A {grammar}-driven programming environment generator.  Uses
+	{Paddle}.
+
+	["POPART: Producer of Paddles and Related Tools, System
+	Builders' Manual", D.S. Wile TR RR-82-21, ISI, Marina del Rey,
+	CA 1982].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+POPCORN
+
+	AI system built on POP-2.  "The POPCORN Reference Manual", S.
+	Hardy, Essex U, Colchester, 1973.
+
+pop-down menu
+
+	{pull-down menu}
+
+POPJ
+
+	/pop'J/ [{PDP-10} return-from-subroutine instruction]. To
+	return from a digression.  By verb doubling, "Popj, popj"
+	means roughly "Now let's see, where were we?"  See {RTI}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Poplar
+
+	Morris, 1978.  A blend of LISP with SNOBOL4 pattern matching
+	and APL-like {postfix syntax}.  Implicit iteration over lists,
+	sorting primitive.  "Experience with an Applicative
+	String-Processing Language", J.H. Morris et al, 7th POPL, ACM
+	1980, pp.32-46.
+
+POPLER
+
+	A PLANNER-type language for the POP-2 environment.
+
+	["Popler 1.6 Reference Manual", D. Davies et al, U Edinburgh,
+	TPU Report No 1 (May 1973)].
+
+POPLOG
+
+	A multi-language programming environment, which includes the
+	languages {Pop-11}, {ML}, {Common Lisp} and {Prolog}.  It
+	supports mixed-language programming and {incremental
+	compilation} and includes a comprehensive {X Window System}
+	interface.  It is built on top of a two-stack {virtual
+	machine}, PVM.  POPLOG was developed at the University of
+	Sussex, Brighton, UK.
+
+	["POPLOG's Two-Level Virtual Machine Support for Interactive
+	Languages", R. Smith et al, in Research Directions in
+	Cognitive Science, v.5 (1992)].
+
+POPLOG ML
+
+	{SML} for the {Poplog} system from the University of Sussex,
+	UK.
+
+POP server
+
+	{Post Office Protocol}
+
+PopTalk
+
+	<language, product> A commercial {object-oriented} derivative
+	of {POP}, from {Cambridge Consultants}, used in the {expert
+	system} {MUSE}.
+
+	(1995-02-27)
+
+POR
+
+	{power-on reset}
+
+porn
+
+	{pornography}
+
+porno
+
+	{pornography}
+
+pornography
+
+	<application> Still and moving images, usually of women, in
+	varying states of nudity, posing or performing erotic acts
+	with men, women, animals, machines, or other props.  Some say
+	it degrades women, some say it corrupts young boys (who
+	down-load it from the {web} or exchange it on
+	{floppy disks}).  Most of it is in the form of {JPEG} images.
+	Many websites offer porn of all sorts, almost always for a
+	subscription.  It is said that these are a driving force in
+	the evolution of new technology and techniques for the web.
+	Advertisments for them certainly constitute a significant
+	proportion of all {spam}.  There are even pornographic
+	computer games, an early example being {Mac Playmate}.
+
+	Beware - many institutions, particularly universities, have
+	strict rules against their computers and networks being used
+	to transfer or store such things, and you might get corrupted.
+
+	(2002-03-08)
+
+port
+
+	1. <networking> A logical channel or channel endpoint in a
+	communications system.  The {Transmission Control Protocol}
+	and {User Datagram Protocol} {transport layer} protocols used
+	on {Ethernet} use port numbers to distinguish between
+	(demultiplex) different logical channels on the same {network
+	interface} on a computer.
+
+	Each {application program} has a unique port number associated
+	with it, defined in /etc/services or the {Network Information
+	Service} "services" database.  Some {protocols}, e.g. {telnet}
+	and {HTTP} (which is actually a special form of telnet) have
+	default ports specified as above but can use other ports as
+	well.
+
+	Some port numbers are defined in {RFC 3232} (which replaces
+	RFC 1700).  Ports are now divided into: "Well Known" or
+	"Privileged", and "Ephemeral" or "Unprivileged" (comprising
+	"Registered", "Dynamic", "Private").
+
+	(2004-12-30)
+
+	2. <operating system, programming> To translate or modify
+	{software} to run on a different {platform}, or the results of
+	doing so.  The {portability} of the software determines how
+	easy it is to port.
+
+	3. <language> An {imperative language} descended from {Zed}
+	from {Waterloo Microsystems} (now {Hayes} Canada) ca. 1979.
+
+	["Port Language" document in the Waterloo Port Development
+	System].
+
+	(2002-06-19)
+
+portability
+
+	<operating system, programming> The ease with which a piece of
+	software (or {file format}) can be "ported", i.e. made to run
+	on a new {platform} and/or compile with a new {compiler}.
+
+	The most important factor is the language in which the
+	software is written and the most portable language is almost
+	certainly {C} (though see {Vaxocentrism} for counterexamples).
+	This is true in the sense that C compilers are available for
+	most systems and are often the first compiler provided for a
+	new system.  This has led several compiler writers to compile
+	other languages to C code in order to benefit from its
+	portability (as well as the quality of compilers available for
+	it).
+
+	The least portable type of language is obviously {assembly
+	code} since it is specific to one particular (family of)
+	{processor}(s).  It may be possible to translate mechanically
+	from one assembly code (or even {machine code}) into another
+	but this is not really portability.  At the other end of the
+	scale would come {interpreted} or {semi-compiled} languages
+	such as {LISP} or {Java} which rely on the availability of a
+	portable {interpreter} or {virtual machine} written in a lower
+	level language (often C for the reasons outlined above).
+
+	The act or result of porting a program is called a "port".
+	E.g. "I've nearly finished the {Pentium} port of my big bang
+	simulation."
+
+	Portability is also an attribute of {file formats} and depends
+	on their adherence to {standards} (e.g. {ISO 8859}) or the
+	availability of the relevant "viewing" software for different
+	{platforms} (e.g. {PDF}).
+
+	(1997-06-18)
+
+portable
+
+	{portability}
+
+Portable AIRTIME
+
+	<communications, wireless> A wireless, digital communications
+	system enabling user-to-user voice communication,
+	"{quicknotes}", and {alphanumeric messaging}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2000-12-07)
+
+Portable Commodore 64
+
+	<computer> A version of the {Commodore 64} modelled after the
+	original Osborne portable PCs, with a flip-down keyboard that
+	revealed a 5-inch colour monitor, and a built-in {1541} {floppy
+	disk} drive.  It is thought that few were made but that they
+	did go on sale, at least in Canada.
+
+	[Relationship to {Commodore 65}?]
+
+	(1997-09-14)
+
+Portable Common Loops
+
+	(PCL) A language which started out as an implementation of
+	{CommonLoops} and turned into a portable {CLOS}
+	implementation.  Version 1992-08-28.  It runs under {Lucid
+	Common LISP} 4.0.1 and {CMU Common LISP} 16e.
+
+	{(ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pcl)}.
+
+	(1992-09-02)
+
+	[Was it developed by Richard Harris
+	<rharris@ptolemy2.rdrc.rpi.edu>?]
+
+Portable Common Tool Environment
+
+	<tool> (PCTE) An {ECMA} standard framework for software tools
+	developed in the {Esprit} programme.  It is based on an
+	{entity-relationship} {Object Management System} and defines
+	the way in which tools access this.
+
+	(2001-03-03)
+
+portable computer
+
+	<computer> (Commonly, "laptop") A portable {personal computer}
+	you can carry with one hand.  Some laptops run so hot that it
+	would be quite uncomforable to actually use them on your lap
+	for long.  The term "notebook" is often used to describe
+	these, though it also implies a low weight (less than 2kg).  A
+	"{luggable}" is one you could carry in one hand but is so
+	heavy you wouldn't want to.  One that can by easily operated
+	while held in one hand is a "{palmtop}".
+
+	The computer considered by most historians to be the first
+	true portable computer was the {Osborne 1} but see the link
+	below for other contenders.
+
+	{History of laptop computers
+	(http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bllaptop.htm)}.
+
+	(2007-05-21)
+
+Portable Document Format
+
+	<file format> (PDF) The native file format for {Adobe
+	Systems}' {Acrobat}.  PDF is the file format for representing
+	documents in a manner that is independent of the original
+	application software, hardware, and operating system used to
+	create those documents.  A PDF file can describe documents
+	containing any combination of text, graphics, and images in a
+	device-independent and {resolution} independent format.  These
+	documents can be one page or thousands of pages, very simple
+	or extremely complex with a rich use of {fonts}, graphics,
+	colour, and {images}.
+
+	{(http://adobe.com/products/acrobat/adobepdf.html)}.
+
+	["The Portable Document Format Reference Manual", Adobe
+	systems, Inc. Addison-Wesley Publ.  Co., ISBN: 0-201-62628-4].
+
+	(2000-09-08)
+
+Portable Forth Environment
+
+	<language> (PFE) A highly {portable} {Forth} development
+	system based on the {ANSI} standard for Forth, by Dirk-Uwe
+	Zoller of FHT, Mannheim, Germany.  PFE aims to be correct,
+	complete, usable, and simple but it isn't optimised for speed.
+	It supports all {dpANS} {word sets}.  It runs on {Linux},
+	{RS/6000}, and {HP-UX}.
+
+	{Tektronix} adopted PFE in 1998 and added {modules} and
+	{multithreading}.  You can load additional {C} objects at
+	{run time} to extend the Forth {dictionary}.  It can be
+	targeted at different embedded environments by changing the
+	terminal driver and initilisation routines.
+
+	Latest version: 0.30.27 preview, as of 2000-11-23.
+
+	{(http://pfe.sourceforge.net/)}.
+
+	E-mail: Guido Draheim <guidod@gmx.de>.
+
+	(2000-12-07)
+
+Portable Network Graphics
+
+	<file format> /ping/ (PNG) An extensible {file format} for the
+	{lossless}, {portable}, well-compressed storage of {raster
+	images}.  PNG provides a patent-free replacement for {GIF} and
+	can also replace many common uses of {TIFF}.
+	{Indexed-colour}, {greyscale} and {truecolour} images are
+	supported, plus an optional {alpha channel}.  Sample depths
+	range from 1 to 16 bits.
+
+	PNG is designed for on-line viewing applications, such as the
+	{World Wide Web}, so it is fully {streamable} with a
+	{progressive display} option.  PNG is robust, providing both
+	full file {integrity checking} and simple detection of common
+	transmission errors.  Also, PNG can store {gamma correction}
+	and {chromaticity} data for improved colour matching on
+	heterogeneous {platforms}.
+
+	{Filename extension}: .png.
+
+	{RFC 2083}.  {W3C PNG pages
+	(http://w3.org/Graphics/PNG/)}.  {PNG home page
+	(http://wco.com/~png/)}.
+
+	(1997-08-07)
+
+Portable Object Adapter
+
+	<architecture> (POA) Part of the {CORBA} architecture.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2004-06-23)
+
+Portable Operating System Interface
+
+	<operating system, standard> (POSIX) A set of {IEEE} standards
+	designed to provide {application} {portability} between {Unix}
+	variants.  IEEE 1003.1 defines a Unix-like operating system
+	interface, IEEE 1003.2 defines the {shell} and utilities and
+	IEEE 1003.4 defines {real-time} extensions.
+
+	["More UNIX For Dummies", ISBN: 1-56884-361-5] says it stands
+	for "Portable Operating System Interface with an X thrown in
+	to make it sound cooler."
+
+	(1997-12-04)
+
+Portable Pixmap
+
+	<file format> (PPM) A colour {image} {file format}.
+
+	A PPM file contains the following:
+
+	 a two character "{magic number}" - "P3",
+	 the width in pixels,
+	 the height in pixels,
+	 the maximum colour component value,
+	 HEIGHT rows of WIDTH {pixels}.
+
+	The rows are ordered from top to bottom with the pixels in
+	each row ordered from left to right.  Each pixel is
+	represented as three values for red, green, and blue.
+
+	All parts are separated by {whitespace} and numbers are in
+	decimal {ASCIII} representation.  A zero pixel component means
+	that colour is absent.  Characters from a "#" to the next
+	end-of-line are ignored and no line should be longer than 70
+	characters.
+
+	Here is an example of a small pixmap in this format:
+
+	 P3
+	 # feep.ppm
+	 4 4
+	 15
+	  0  0  0    0  0  0    0  0  0   15  0 15
+	  0  0  0    0 15  7    0  0  0    0  0  0
+	  0  0  0    0  0  0    0 15  7    0  0  0
+	 15  0 15    0  0  0    0  0  0    0  0  0
+
+	A "RAWBITS" variant has magic number "P6", pixel values are
+	stored as plain binary bytes, instead of ASCII decimal and no
+	whitespace is allowed after a single whitespace character
+	after the maximum colour component value which must be less
+	than or equal to 255.
+
+	(1998-02-06)
+
+Portable Scheme Debugger
+
+	(PSD) A package for source code debugging of {R4RS}-compliant
+	{Scheme} under {GNU Emacs} by Kellom ?ki Pertti
+	<pk@cs.tut.fi>.  Version 1.1.  Distributed under {GNU} {GPL}.
+	It works with {scm}, {Elk} and {Scheme->C}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.tut.fi/pub/src/languages/schemes/psd.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1992-10-08)
+
+Portable Scheme Interpreter
+
+	(PSI) A portable scheme interpreter by Ozan Yigit
+	<oz@ursa.sis.yorku.ca>, David Keldsen and Pontus Hedman that
+	includes a simple {DAG} compiler and a {virtual machine}.  It
+	can be used as an integrated extension {interpreter} in other
+	systems and allows easy addition of new primitives.  There are
+	some unique debugging and tracing facilities.  Acceptable
+	performance results from a fairly straight-forward
+	implementation.  {Continuations} are fully and portably
+	supported and perform well.  PSI is based on the simple
+	compilers and {virtual machine} in Kent Dbyvig's thesis.
+
+	The pre-release version conforms to {R4RS} with a number of
+	useful extensions.
+
+	(1993-02-19)
+
+Portable Standard Lisp
+
+	<language> (PSL) A dialect of {Lisp} from {Utah University}.
+	PSL is available as a kit for {68000} and also runs on {VAX}.
+	It compiles {Lisp} to {C}-code {virtual machine} language.
+
+	["The Portable Standard LISP Users Manual", TR-10, CS Dept, U
+	Utah, Jan 1982].
+
+	["A Portable Lisp System", M.L. Griss et al, Proc 1982 ACM
+	Symp on Lisp and Functional Prog, Aug 1982].
+
+	(2000-09-25)
+
+Portable Tool Interface
+
+	<programming, standard> (PTI) A standard such as {PCTE},
+	allowing interworking between different software tools via
+	defined interfaces to the user and to the {repository} or
+	{object management system}.
+
+	(2000-09-25)
+
+Port Address Translation
+
+	<networking> (PAT) A function provided by some {routers} which
+	allows {hosts} on a {LAN} to communicate with the rest of a
+	network (such as the {Internet}) without revealing their own
+	private {IP address}.  All outbound {packets} have their IP
+	address translated to the routers external IP address.
+	Replies come back to the router which then translates them
+	back into the private IP address of the original host for
+	final delivery.
+
+	Compare {SOCKS}.
+
+	(1998-05-08)
+
+PORTAL
+
+	Process-Oriented Real-Time Algorithmic Language.
+
+	["PORTAL - A Pascal-based Real-Time Programming Language",
+	R. Schild in Algorithmic Languages, J.W. deBakker et al eds,
+	N-H 1981].
+
+portal
+
+	<web> A {website} that aims to be an entry point
+	to the {web}, typically offering a {search engine}
+	and/or links to useful pages, and possibly news or other
+	services.  These services are usually provided for free in the
+	hope that users will make the site their default {home page}
+	or at least visit it often.  Popular examples are {Yahoo} and
+	{MSN}.  Most portals on the {Internet} exist to generate
+	advertising income for their owners, others may be focused on
+	a specific group of users and may be part of an {intranet} or
+	{extranet}.  Some may just concentrate on one particular
+	subject, say technology or medicine, and are known as a
+	{vertical portals}.
+
+	(2001-07-07)
+
+porting
+
+	Translating software to run on a different computer and/or
+	{operating system}.
+
+	(1995-01-06)
+
+Port Language
+
+	["Communicating Parallel Processes", J. Kerridge et al, Soft
+	Prac & Exp 16(1):63-86 (Jan 1986)].
+
+portmapper
+
+	<networking> A {server} that converts {TCP/IP} {protocol}
+	{port} numbers into {RPC} program numbers.  It must be running
+	in order to make RPC calls.
+
+	When an RPC server starts, it tells portmap the port number it
+	is listening on and what RPC program numbers it serves.
+	Before a client can call a given RPC program number, it must
+	contacts portmap on the server machine to determine the port
+	number to which RPC packets should be sent.
+
+	(1996-12-09)
+
+port number
+
+	{port}
+
+POS
+
+	{point of sale}
+
+POSE
+
+	<language A {query language} written in 1967.
+
+	["POSE: A Language for Posing Problems to Computers",
+	S. Schlesinger et al, CACM 10:279-285, May 1967].
+
+	(1996-12-09)
+
+poset
+
+	{partially ordered set}
+
+positional representation
+
+	<mathematics> The conventional way of writing numbers as a
+	string of digits in which each digit, D, has value D * R^I,
+	where R is the {radix} or (number) base and I is the digit's
+	position counting leftward from zero at the least significant
+	(right-hand) end.  Each digit can be zero to R-1.  Each
+	position has a weight or significance R times greater than the
+	position to its right and the right-most place has a weight of
+	one.
+
+	Decimal numbers are radix ten, {binary} numbers are radix two,
+	{octal} radix eight and {hexadecimal} radix 16.
+
+	Positional representation makes arithmetic operations on large
+	numbers much easier than, say, {roman numerals}.  It is
+	fundamental to the binary representation used by {digital
+	computers}.
+
+	(2006-11-10)
+
+POSIX
+
+	{Portable Operating System Interface}
+
+POSIX Threads
+
+	<programming> (Pthreads) A {POSIX} {standard} {API} that
+	defines a set of {C} programming language {types}, {functions}
+	and {constants} for creating and manipulating {pre-emptive
+	threads}.
+
+	The standard's full name is "POSIX.1c, Threads extensions
+	(IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995)".  Implementations are available on
+	many {Unix}-like POSIX-conformant {operating systems} such as
+	{FreeBSD}, {NetBSD}, {OpenBSD}, {GNU/Linux}, {Mac OS X} and
+	{Solaris} as well as {DR-DOS} and {Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	Pthreads was designed and implemented in the {PART} Project
+	(POSIX / Ada-Runtime Project).
+
+	(2012-04-18)
+
+POST
+
+	{power-on self-test}
+
+post
+
+	<messaging> To send a message to a {mailing list} or
+	{newsgroup}.  Usually implies that the message is sent
+	indiscriminately to multiple users, in contrast to "mail"
+	which implies one or more deliberately selected individual
+	recipients.
+
+	You should only post a message if you think it will be of
+	interest to a significant proportion of the readers of the
+	group or list, otherwise you should use private {electronic
+	mail} instead.  See {netiquette}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-12-04)
+
+postcardware
+
+	{Shareware} that borders on {freeware}, in that the author
+	requests only that satisfied users send a postcard of their
+	home town or something.  (This practice, silly as it might
+	seem, serves to remind users that they are otherwise getting
+	something for nothing, and may also be psychologically related
+	to real estate "sales" in which $1 changes hands just to keep
+	the transaction from being a gift.)
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+posted write-through
+
+	A {cache} with a posted write-through policy (e.g. Intel 80386)
+	delays the write-back to main memory until the bus is not in
+	use.
+
+Postel, Jon
+
+	{Jon Postel}
+
+postfix notation
+
+	<language> (Or "Reverse Polish Notation", RPN) One of the
+	possible orderings of {functions} and {operands}: in postfix
+	notation the functions are preceded by all their operands.
+	For example, what may normally be written as "1+2" becomes "1
+	2 +".  Postfix notation is well suited for {stack} based
+	{architectures} but modern {compilers} reduced this advantage
+	considerably.
+
+	The best-known language with postfix syntax is {FORTH}.  Some
+	{Hewlett-Packard} calculators use it, e.g. HP-25, HP-29C,
+	HP-41C, HP-23SII.
+
+	Compare: {infix notation}, {prefix notation}.
+
+	(2003-06-23)
+
+postfix syntax
+
+	{postfix notation}
+
+POSTGRES
+
+	<database> An {active DBMS} developed at the {University of
+	California at Berkeley} by a team led by Michael Stonebraker
+	(1986-1994).  Postgres was later taken by {Illustra} and
+	developed into a commercial product, which in turn was bought
+	by {Informix} and integrated into their product, {Universal
+	Server}.
+
+	{PostgreSQL} is a further development of the original POSTGRES
+	code as a {free software} alternative to commercial {DBMS}
+	vendor offerings.
+
+	[Details?  Reference?  Relationship to {Ingres}?]
+
+	(1999-07-04)
+
+PostgreSQL
+
+	<database> /'post-gres-kyu-el/ An enhancement of the
+	{POSTGRES} {database} system.
+
+	PostgreSQL is an advanced {relational database management
+	system} with some {object oriented} approaches.  PostgreSQL is
+	developed and distributed as {free software}, and while
+	retaining its freedom it remains technically and featurewise a
+	worthy competitor to even the most advanced commercial
+	alternatives.
+
+	It was also one of the first databases to offer {MVCC} as
+	opposed to {row-level locking} or {table locking}, thereby
+	greatly improving multi-user performance.
+
+	PostgreSQL implements an extended subset of {ANSI} {SQL} and
+	runs on many {platforms}.  It also has {interfaces} to many
+	different {programming languages} and database {protocols},
+	like {ODBC} and {JDBC}.
+
+	{(http://postgresql.org/)}.
+
+	(1999-09-18)
+
+posting
+
+	A message sent to a {newsgroup} or {mailing list} (may also be
+	called "a post") or the act of sending it.  Distinguished from
+	a "letter" or ordinary {electronic mail} message by the fact
+	that it is broadcast rather than point-to-point.  It is not
+	clear whether messages sent to a small mailing list are
+	postings or e-mail; perhaps the best dividing line is that if
+	you don't know the names of all the potential recipients, it
+	is a posting.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+postmaster
+
+	The {electronic mail} contact and maintenance person at a site
+	connected to the {Internet} or {UUCPNET}.  Often, but not
+	always, the same as the {admin}.  The Internet standard for
+	electronic mail ({RFC} 822) requires each machine to have a
+	"postmaster" address; usually it is aliased to this person.
+	See also {webmaster}.
+
+post office problem
+
+	<algorithm> Given a set of points (in N dimensions), find
+	another point which minimises the sum of the distances from
+	that point to each of the others.
+
+	(2007-03-07)
+
+Post Office Protocol
+
+	<messaging, protocol> (POP) A {protocol} designed to allow
+	single-user computers to retrieve {electronic mail} from a POP
+	{server} via {TCP/IP}.  The default {port} is 110.
+
+	The POP server might be a computer with a permanent {Internet}
+	connection whereas its clients might only connect to it
+	occasionally, e.g. by {modem}.
+
+	There are (in 1994) three versions: POP, POP2, and {POP3}.
+	Later versions are NOT compatible with earlier ones.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2007-03-07)
+
+post-order traversal
+
+	{traversal}
+
+POSTQUEL
+
+	POSTGRES QUERy Language.  The language used by the {POSTGRES}
+	{database} system.
+
+	["The Design of POSTGRES", M. Stonebraker et al, Proc ACM
+	SIGMOD Conf, June 1986].
+
+	{Version 4.0
+	(ftp://postgres.berkeley.edu/pub/postgresv4r0.tar.Z)}.
+
+PostScript
+
+	<language, text, graphics> A {page description language} based
+	on work originally done by John Gaffney at Evans and
+	Sutherland in 1976, evolving through "JaM" ("John and Martin",
+	Martin Newell) at {XEROX PARC}, and finally implemented in its
+	current form by John Warnock et al. after he and Chuck Geschke
+	founded {Adobe Systems, Inc.} in 1982.
+
+	PostScript is an {interpreted}, {stack-based language} (like
+	{FORTH}).  It was used as a page description language by the
+	{Apple LaserWriter}, and now many {laser printers} and
+	on-screen graphics systems.  Its primary application is to
+	describe the appearance of text, graphical shapes, and sampled
+	{images} on printed or displayed pages.
+
+	A program in PostScript can communicate a document description
+	from a composition system to a printing system in a
+	device-independent way.
+
+	PostScript is an unusually powerful printer language because
+	it is a full programming language, rather than a series of
+	low-level escape sequences.  (In this it parallels {Emacs},
+	which exploited a similar insight about editing tasks).  It is
+	also noteworthy for implementing on-the fly {rasterisation},
+	from {Bezier curve} descriptions, of high-quality {fonts} at
+	low (e.g. 300 dpi) resolution (it was formerly believed that
+	hand-tuned {bitmap fonts} were required for this task).
+
+	PostScript's combination of technical merits and widespread
+	availability made it the language of choice for graphical
+	output until {PDF} appeared.
+
+	The {Postscript point}, 1/72 inch, is slightly different from
+	other {point} units.
+
+	{An introduction
+	(http://cs.indiana.edu/docproject/programming/postscript/postscript.html)}.
+
+	["PostScript Language Reference Manual" ("The Red Book"),
+	Adobe Systems, A-W 1985].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-03-11)
+
+Postscript point
+
+	<unit, text> The variant of the {point} used by {Postscript},
+	equal to 0.3527777778 mm, or 1/72 inch.
+
+	(2002-03-11)
+
+Post, Telephone and Telegraph administration
+
+	<communications, company> (PTT) One of the many national
+	bodies responsible for providing communications services in a
+	particular country.  Traditionally, PTTs had monopolies in
+	their respective countries.  This monopoly was first broken in
+	the USA, with the UK joining somewhat later.  Currently the
+	markets are being deregulated in Europe as well as other parts
+	of the world.
+
+	Well-known PTTs include {MCI}, {AT&T}, and {British Telecom}.
+
+	Compare: {telco}.
+
+	(1998-05-18)
+
+POSYBL
+
+	Programming system for distributed applications.  A {Linda}
+	implementation for {Unix} networks by Ioannis Schoinas
+	<sxoinas@csd.uch.gr>.
+
+	{(ftp://ariadne.csi.forth.gr/pub/POSYBL.TAR.Z)}.
+
+	(1995-12-04)
+
+potential difference
+
+	{voltage}
+
+POTS
+
+	{Plain Old Telephone Service}
+
+pound
+
+	<character> A British {pound sign} or Americal {hash character}.
+
+	(2013-08-15)
+
+pound on
+
+	{bang on}
+
+pound sign
+
+	<character> "£", {ASCII} character 163, 0xA3.  A stylised capital
+	"L" used to prefix amounts in British pounds sterling (GBP).
+
+	Americans call the {hash character} ("#") "pound" but that is an
+	antiquated reference to pounds weight (lb).
+
+	(2013-08-15)
+
+POWER
+
+	Performance Optimization with Enhanced RISC.  The {IBM}
+	processor architecture on which {PowerPC} was based.
+
+PowerBuilder
+
+	<tool, database> A {graphical user interface} development tool
+	from {Powersoft} for developing {client-server} {database}
+	{applications}.  It runs under {MS-DOS}(?) and {Microsoft
+	Windows}.  There are also versions for {Microsoft Windows},
+	{Windows NT}, {Macintosh}, and {Unix}.
+
+	Applications can be built by creating {windows}, controls
+	(such as {listboxes} and {buttons}), and {menus} within the
+	PowerBuilder development environment.  The language used to
+	program PowerBuilder, {PowerScript}, is loosely based on
+	{BASIC}.
+
+	PowerBuilder supports programming on many database backends
+	including {Sybase} and {Oracle}.  It also has added support
+	for {ODBC} database drivers.  PowerBuilder also comes with a
+	built-in database backend ({WATCOM} {SQL} 32-bit {relational
+	database}).
+
+	{Product information
+	(http://powersoft.com/mktg/prodinfo/prodintr.html)}.
+
+	{FAQ (ftp://ftp.oar.net/pub/psoft/pb01.faq)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.soft-sys.powerbuilder}.
+
+	[Correct list of platforms?]
+
+	(2001-03-23)
+
+power cycle
+
+	<hardware> (Or "cycle power", "cycle") To turn a machine's
+	power off and on, with the intention of clearing some kind of
+	{hung} or {gronk}ed state.  Synonym {120 reset}; see also {Big
+	Red Switch}.  Compare {Vulcan nerve pinch}, {bounce} and
+	{boot}, and see the {AI Koan} about Tom Knight and the novice.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2012-02-09)
+
+powerdomain
+
+	<theory> The powerdomain of a {domain} D is a domain
+	containing some of the {subsets} of D.  Due to the asymmetry
+	condition in the definition of a {partial order} (and
+	therefore of a domain) the powerdomain cannot contain all the
+	subsets of D.  This is because there may be different sets X
+	and Y such that X <= Y and Y <= X which, by the asymmetry
+	condition would have to be considered equal.
+
+	There are at least three possible orderings of the subsets of
+	a powerdomain:
+
+	Egli-Milner:
+
+		X <= Y  iff  for all x in X, exists y in Y: x <= y
+		        and  for all y in Y, exists x in X: x <= y
+
+	("The other domain always contains a related element").
+
+	Hoare or Partial Correctness or Safety:
+
+		X <= Y  iff  for all x in X, exists y in Y: x <= y
+
+	("The bigger domain always contains a bigger element").
+
+	Smyth or Total Correctness or Liveness:
+
+		X <= Y  iff  for all y in Y, exists x in X: x <= y
+
+	("The smaller domain always contains a smaller element").
+
+	If a powerdomain represents the result of an {abstract
+	interpretation} in which a bigger value is a safe
+	approximation to a smaller value then the Hoare powerdomain is
+	appropriate because the safe approximation Y to the
+	powerdomain X contains a safe approximation to each point in
+	X.
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\sqsubseteq}).
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+PowerFuL
+
+	<language> A language combining {functional programming} and
+	{logic programming}, using "angelic Powerdomains".
+
+	(1998-06-30)
+
+power hit
+
+	(Or "power {glitch}") A sudden increase (spike) or decrease
+	(drop-out) in the mains electricity supply.  These can cause
+	crashes and even permanent damage to computers.  Computers and
+	other electronic equipment should really include some kind of
+	over-voltage protection in its mains input to prevent such
+	damamge.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Power Mac
+
+	<computer> {Apple Computer}'s {personal computer} based on the
+	{PowerPC}, introduced on 1994-03-14.
+
+	The Power Mac G4 (Quicksilver 2002) was the first Power Mac to
+	clock at 1 GHz.  In mid-2003, the Power Mac G5 was released,
+	the first Mac to be based on a 64-bit architecture.  IBM
+	manufactured the CPU for this new model.  The clock speed was
+	initially 1.6 GHz but a dual 2 GHz system was available in
+	September.  Existing {680x0} code (both applications and
+	device drivers) run on Power Mac systems without modification
+	via a {Motorola 68LC040} {emulator}.  The performance of these
+	unmodified applications is equivalent to a fast {68040}-based
+	{Macintosh}, e.g. a fast {Macintosh Quadra}.
+
+	The Power Mac runs {Macintosh operating system} from {System
+	7.5} to {Mac OS} 8.5.
+
+	Latest version, as of 2003-11-26: Power Mac G5.
+
+	{Power Mac Home (http://apple.com/powermac/)}.
+
+	(2003-11-26)
+
+Power Macintosh
+
+	{Power Mac}
+
+power-on reset
+
+	<hardware>(POR) The processes that take place when a
+	{hardware} device is turned on.  This may include running
+	{power-on self-test} or reloading {software} from
+	{non-volatile storage}.  The term implies that the device
+	has some reasonably complex internal state that will be
+	set back to a "normal" initial condition.  This state may
+	include the physical state of the device (e.g. a {printer})
+	as well as data in the memory of an {embedded system}.
+
+	If a device has no reset button, and sometimes even
+	if it does, turning it off and on again ({power
+	cycling}) may be the only way to clear a fault.
+
+	(2012-02-09)
+
+power-on self-test
+
+	<hardware, testing> (POST) A sequence of diagnostic tests that
+	are run automatically by a device when the power is turned on.
+
+	In a {personal computer} a typical POST sequence does the
+	following:
+
+	- checks that the {system board} is working
+
+	- checks that the {memory} is working
+
+	- compares the current system configuration with that
+	recorded by the PC's configuration program to see if
+	anything has been added or removed or broken
+
+	- starts the video operation
+
+	- checks that the {diskette} drive, {hard disk drive},
+	{CD-ROM} drive, and any other drives that may be installed
+	are working.
+
+	When POST is finished, typically it will {beep}, and then
+	let your {operating system} start to {boot}.  If POST finds
+	an error, it may beep more than once (or possibly not at all
+	if it is your PC speaker that is broken) and display a POST
+	error message.  These messages are often nothing more than a
+	single ominous number.  Some common numbers and their
+	meanings are:
+
+	161 Dead battery
+	(get a new battery for the system board)
+
+	162 Configuration changed
+	(you added some memory or a new card to the PC)
+
+	301 Keyboard error
+	(take the book off the corner of the keyboard)
+
+	Because a successful POST indicates that the system is
+	restored to known state, turning the power off and on is a
+	standard way to reset a system whose software has {hung}.
+	Compare {120 reset}, {Big Red Switch}, {power cycle}.
+
+	(2001-03-30)
+
+PowerOpen
+
+	The {PowerOpen Association} defines and promotes the
+	{PowerOpen Environment} (POE).
+
+PowerOpen Association
+
+	An independent body established to promote, and test
+	conformance with, the {PowerOpen Environment} (POE).
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+PowerOpen Environment
+
+	<operating system> (POE) A definition containing {API} and
+	{ABI} specifications based on the {PowerPC} architecture.  It
+	is not an {operating system}.  The presence of the ABI
+	specification in the POE distinguishes it from other open
+	systems (POSIX, XPG4, etc.)  since it allows {platform}
+	independent binary compatibility which is otherwise typically
+	limited to particular hardware.
+
+	The POE is an {open standard}, derived from {AIX} and
+	conforming to industry open standards including {POSIX},
+	{XPG4} and {Motif}.  The POE specification will be publicly
+	available to anyone wishing to produce either {application
+	programs} or hardware {platforms}.  The {PowerOpen
+	Association} will provide the necessary {conformance test}ing
+	and POE branding.
+
+	The POE is hardware {bus} independent.  System implementations
+	can range from {laptop computers} to {supercomputers}.  It
+	requires a multi-user, {multitasking} {operating system}.  It
+	provides networking support, an {X Window System} extension, a
+	{Macintosh} Application Services extension and {Motif}.  It is
+	{conformance test}ed and certified by an independent party
+	(the {PowerOpen Association}).
+
+	The POE specification is targeted for availability in the
+	first quarter of 1994.  The {PowerOpen Association} will soon
+	have some of the information material available on-line.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+PowerPC
+
+	<processor, standard> (PPC) A {RISC} {microprocessor} designed
+	to meet a {standard} which was jointly designed by {Motorola},
+	{IBM}, and {Apple Computer} (the PowerPC Alliance).  The
+	PowerPC standard specifies a common {instruction set
+	architecture} (ISA), allowing anyone to design and fabricate
+	PowerPC processors, which will run the same code.  The PowerPC
+	architecture is based on the IBM {POWER} architecture, used in
+	IBM's {RS/6000} {workstations}.  Currently {IBM} and
+	{Motorola} are working on PowerPC chips.
+
+	The PowerPC standard specifies both 32-bit and 64-bit data
+	paths.  Early implementations were 32-bit (e.g. {PowerPC
+	601}); later higher-performance implementations were 64-bit
+	(e.g. PowerPC 620).  A PowerPC has 32 integer {registers} (32-
+	or 64 bit) and 32 {floating-point} (IEEE standard 64 bit)
+	{floating-point} registers.
+
+	The POWER CPU chip and PowerPC have a (large) common core, but
+	both have instructions that the other doesn't.  The PowerPC
+	offers the following features that POWER does not:
+
+	Support for running in {little-endian} mode.
+
+	Addition of single precision {floating-point} operations.
+
+	Control of branch prediction direction.
+
+	A hardware coherency model (not in Book I).
+
+	Some other {floating-point} instructions (some optional).
+
+	The real time clock (upper and lower) was replaced with the
+	time base registers (upper and lower), which don't count in
+	sec/ns (the decrementer also changed).
+
+	64-bit instruction operands, registers, etc. (in 64 bit
+	processors).
+
+	See also {PowerOpen}, {PowerPC Platform} (PReP).
+
+	{IBM PPC info
+	(http://fnctsrv0.chips.ibm.com/products/ppc/index.html)}.
+
+	{(gopher://info.hed.apple.com/)}, "Apple Corporate News/"
+	(press releases), "Apple Technologies/" and "Product
+	Information/".  {(gopher://ike.engr.washington.edu/)}, "IBM
+	General News/", "IBM Product Announcements/", "IBM Detailed
+	Product Announcements/", "IBM Hardware Catalog/".
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.sys.powerpc},
+	{news:comp.sys.mac.hardware}.
+
+	["Microprocessor Report", 16 October 1991].
+
+	(1994-09-30)
+
+PowerPC 601
+
+	<processor> A 32-bit {RISC} processor with 2.8 million
+	transistors (~1.2 million in the core logic) and 32 kilobytes
+	of on-chip {cache}.  Die size: 118.8 mm2.  Heat dissipation at
+	66MHz: 9W.  Performance at 66MHz: integer >60 {SPECint92},
+	{floating-point} >80 {SPECfp92}.  Estimated manufacturing
+	cost: $76.  Maximum instructions per cycle: 3.  32 32-bit
+	general-purpose registers.  32 64-bit {floating-point}
+	registers.  Successors: PowerPC 603, 604, 620.
+
+	(2000-01-12)
+
+PowerPC G3
+
+	<processor> A {processor} chip from {Apple Computer, Inc.}.
+
+	Described by Apple as "the third generation in the development
+	of advanced processor technology" the first PowerPC G3
+	products were launched in 1997.  It is specifically optimised
+	for the {Macintosh Operating System} and uses {backside cache}
+	to improve performance.  The PowerPC G3 has been used by Apple
+	in {notebook}, {desktop} and {server} products.
+
+	{(http://apple.com/powermac/technologies/g3.html)}.
+
+	(1998-10-03)
+
+PowerPC Platform
+
+	<architecture, standard> (PPCP, PReP - PowerPC Reference
+	Platform, formerly CHRP - Common Hardware Reference Platform)
+	An open system standard, designed by {IBM}, intended to ensure
+	compatibility among {PowerPC}-based systems built by different
+	companies.  The PReP standard specifies the {PCI} bus, but
+	will also support {ISA}, {MicroChannel} and {PCMCIA}.
+
+	PReP-compliant systems will be able to run the {Macintosh} OS,
+	{OS/2}, {WorkplaceOS}, {AIX}, {Solaris}, {Taligent} and
+	{Windows NT}.  IBM systems will (of course) be PReP-compliant.
+	Apple's first {PowerPC} {Macintosh}es will not be compliant,
+	but future ones may be.
+
+	{IBM info
+	(http://fnctsrv0.chips.ibm.com/products/ppc/L3ppcp.html)}.
+
+	{(http://billboard.emedia.com.au/chipster/computers/CHRP/whatsCHRP.html)}.
+
+	[Current OS statuses?]
+
+	(1997-03-23)
+
+PowerPC Reference Platform
+
+	{PowerPC Platform}
+
+Powerpoint
+
+	<graphics, tool> A {Microsoft} application for creating
+	presentations, speeches, slides, etc.
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+power save mode
+
+	<architecture> A feature of a component or subsystem designed
+	to actively reduce its power consumption when not in use.
+	Almost any electronic device might benefit from having a power
+	save mode but the most common application is for portable
+	computers which attempt to conserve battery life by
+	incorporating power saving modes in the {CPU}, display, disks,
+	printer, or other units.
+
+	(1995-10-14)
+
+powerset
+
+	<mathematics> The powerset of a set S is the set of possible
+	subsets of S, usually written PS.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+Powersoft Corporation
+
+	<company> A leading vendor of {client/server} application
+	development tools.
+
+	In February 1994, {Watcom} became a wholly-owned subsidiary of
+	Powersoft Corporation which merged with {Sybase} on 13
+	February 1995.  In April 1995, the new company is the fastest
+	growing top-ten software company and the seventh largest
+	software company in the world.
+
+	{(http://powersoft.com/)}.
+
+	Headquarters: Concord, Massachusetts, USA.
+
+	(1995-12-27)
+
+power supply
+
+	{power supply unit}
+
+power supply unit
+
+	<hardware> (PSU) An electronic module that converts high
+	voltage (110 or 240 VAC) {alternating current} mains
+	electricity into smoothed {direct current} at the various
+	differnt voltages required by the {motherboard}; internal
+	{peripheral} devices, cheifly storage devices: {hard disks},
+	{CD} or {DVD}, {floppy disks} and external connections such as
+	{USB}.  A PSU needs a high enough power output rating to
+	supply all the devices connected to it and should output as
+	little as possible electrical noise, both on the output wires
+	and as {electromagnetic radiation}.
+
+	See also {uninterruptable power supply}.
+
+	(2007-09-20)
+
+PP96
+
+	<language> A parallel {Pascal} extension.
+
+	[Details?  Any relation to {Parallel Pascal}?]
+
+	(1998-04-29)
+
+PPC
+
+	{PowerPC}
+
+PPCP
+
+	{PowerPC Platform}
+
+PPD
+
+	{Parallel Presence Detect}
+
+PPGA
+
+	{Plastic Pin Grid Array}
+
+ppi
+
+	{pixels per inch}
+
+PPL
+
+	Polymorphic Programming Language.  An interactive, extensible
+	language, based on {APL}, from {Harvard University}.
+
+	["Some Features of PPL - A Polymorphic Programming Language",
+	T.A. Standish, SIGPLAN Notices 4(8) (Aug 1969)].
+
+	(1994-10-06)
+
+PPLambda
+
+	<language> essentially the {first-order predicate calculus}
+	superposed upon the {simply-typed} {polymorphic
+	lambda-calculus}.  PPLambda is the {object language} for
+	{LCF}.
+
+	["Logic and Computation: Interactive Proof with Cambridge
+	LCF", L. Paulson, Cambridge U Press, 1987].
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+PPM
+
+	{Portable Pixmap}
+
+PPN
+
+	Project-Programmer Number.
+
+	A user-ID under {TOPS-10} and its various mutant progeny at
+	{SAIL}, {BBN}, {CompuServe} and elsewhere.  Old-time hackers
+	from the {PDP-10} era sometimes use this to refer to user IDs
+	on other systems as well.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+PPP
+
+	{Point-to-Point Protocol}
+
+PPPoA
+
+	{Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM}
+
+PPPoE
+
+	{Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet}
+
+P-Prolog
+
+	<language> A parallel {logic language}.
+
+	["P-Prolog: A Parallel Logic Language Based on Exclusive
+	Relation", R. Yang et al, Third Intl Conf on Logic Prog, 1986,
+	pp. 255-269].
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+PPTP
+
+	{Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol}
+
+PQS
+
+	{Picture Quality Scale}
+
+PR
+
+	{Packet Radio}
+
+pr
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Puerto Rico.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+pr0n
+
+	{pron}
+
+PRA
+
+	PRAgmatics.
+
+	The language used by {COPS} for specification of {code
+	generators}.
+
+	["Metalanguages of the Compiler Production System COPS", J.
+	Borowiec, in GI Fachgesprach "Compiler-Compiler", ed
+	W. Henhapl, Tech Hochs Darmstadt 1978, pp. 122-159].
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+pragma
+
+	<programming> (pragmatic information) A standardised form of
+	{comment} which has meaning to the {compiler} or some other
+	program.  It may use a special {syntax} or a specific form
+	within the normal comment syntax.  A pragma usually conveys
+	non-essential information, often intended to help the compiler
+	to {optimise} the program or to generate formatted
+	{documentation}.
+
+	(2010-01-19)
+
+PRAM
+
+	<hardware> 1. {parallel random-access machine}.
+
+	2. {parameter RAM}.
+
+Praxis Critical Systems
+
+	<company> The company that supplies {SPARK}.
+
+	(2001-07-12)
+
+pre\box
+
+	<computer> {Phase 5}'s Amiga clone, announced on 1998-03-10.
+	The pre\box will have a processor card with four {PowerPC}
+	processors running in parallel.  The processors will range
+	from four 200 MHz {PPC604e} chips to four 300MHz {PPC750}
+	chips.  It will have a {Voodoo2} {video graphics card}, as
+	well as a custom video chip working in concert, with 8 MB of
+	{video ram}.  It will run {Amiga OS} 3.1 (or higher if
+	{Gateway 2000} delivers the next upgrade before its release)
+	and have {Motorola 68000} {CPU} {emulation} in software.
+
+	Other features include {EIDE}, {Ultra Wide SCSI-II}, {PCI},
+	{Ethernet} and {DIMM} sockets.  Extra RAM, hard disks and
+	{CD-ROM} will be available.  The initial specification will
+	probably be 32MB RAM, 32-speed CD and 4GB hard disk in an {ATX
+	minitower}.  Systems should start at about $2000 for four
+	parallel 200 MHZ CPUs and be available at the end of 1998.
+
+	{Full press release
+	(http://cucug.org/amiga/aminews/1998/980310-phase5.html)}.
+
+	(1998-07-29)
+
+PRE-CC
+
+	PREttier Compiler-Compiler.
+
+	An earlier version of {PRECCX}.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+PRECCX
+
+	<tool> (Pre-C-Compiler eXtended) An infinite-{lookahead}
+	{compiler-compiler} by Peter Breuer <ptb@comlab.ox.ac.uk> for
+	{context dependent grammars}.  PRECCX generates {ANSI C}.
+	Specification scripts are in very {EBNF} with {inherited
+	attributes} and {synthetic attributes} allowed.  Scripts can
+	be compiled in separate {modules} and linked later.
+	{Meta-production rules} are allowed.  Grammars can be
+	essentially LL(oo) with optimisations.  A converter for {yacc}
+	scripts is available.
+
+	Versions 1.xx were known as "PRECC" and only had unbounded
+	lookahead.  The 2.xx series added the "X" for "extended" and
+	featured higher order parameterisation (inherited attributes).
+
+	Version 2.42 integrates inherited and synthesized attributes
+	by using a "monadic" model for parsing.  You can now synthsize
+	attributes during the pass and inherit them in the remainder,
+	e.g.
+
+		@ foo = bar\x gum(x)
+
+	synthesises an x in bar and passes it down into gum as a
+	parameter.  Useful for @ what = ?\x did_you_say(x), for
+	example.  It now compiles into {C} instead of running an
+	{interpreter} at parse-time.
+
+	Version 2.42 runs under {Unix} and {MS-DOS}.
+
+	{(http://comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/redo/precc.html)}.
+
+	E-mail: Peter Breuer <ptb@comlab.ox.ac.uk>, Jonathan Bowen
+	<J.P.Bowen@reading.ac.uk>.
+
+	["The PRECC Compiler-Compiler" by P.T. Breuer and J.P. Bowen.
+	In E. Davies and A. Findlay (eds.), Proc. UKUUG/SUKUG Joint
+	New Year 1993 Conference, St. Cross Centre, Oxford, UK, 6-8
+	January 1993, ISBN 1 873611 06 4 ({UKUUG}), 0 9520700 0 6
+	(SUKUG) UKUUG/SUKUG Secretariat, Owles Hall, Buntingford,
+	Herts SG9 9PL, UK, pp 167-182, 1993].
+
+	(2000-04-24)
+
+precedence
+
+	{operator precedence}
+
+precedence lossage
+
+	/pre's*-dens los'*j/ A misunderstanding of {operator
+	precedence} resulting in unintended grouping of arithmetic or
+	logical {operators} when coding an {expression}.  Used
+	especially of mistakes in {C} code due to the nonintuitively
+	low precedence of "&", "|", "^", "<<" and ">>".  For example,
+	the following C expression, intended to test the least
+	significant bit of x,
+
+		x & 1 == 0
+
+	is parsed as
+
+		x & (1 == 0)
+
+	which is always zero (false).
+
+	Some lazy programmers ignore precedence and parenthesise
+	everything.  {Lisp} fans enjoy pointing out that this can't
+	happen in *their* favourite language, which eschews precedence
+	entirely, requiring one to use explicit parentheses
+	everywhere.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+precharge
+
+	<storage> The phase in the access cycle of {DRAM} during which
+	the storage capacitors are charged to the appropriate value.
+
+	(1997-02-23)
+
+precision
+
+	<mathematics> The number of decimal places to which a number
+	is computed.
+
+	Compare {accuracy}.
+
+	(1998-04-19)
+
+predecessor
+
+	{parent}
+
+predicate calculus
+
+	{predicate logic}
+
+predicate logic
+
+	<logic> (Or "predicate calculus") An extension of
+	{propositional logic} with separate symbols for {predicates},
+	{subjects}, and {quantifiers}.
+
+	For example, where propositional logic might assign a single
+	symbol P to the proposition "All men are mortal", predicate
+	logic can define the predicate M(x) which asserts that the
+	subject, x, is mortal and bind x with the {universal
+	quantifier} ("For all"):
+
+		All x . M(x)
+
+	Higher-order predicate logic allows predicates to be the
+	subjects of other predicates.
+
+	(2002-05-21)
+
+predict
+
+	1. <simulation> {simulation}, {predictive analytics}.
+
+	2. <architecture> {branch prediction}.
+
+	3. <audio, compression> {predictive audio compression}.
+
+predomain
+
+	<theory> A {domain} with no {bottom} element.
+
+	(1995-05-04)
+
+pre-emptive multitasking
+
+	<operating system, parallel> A type of {multitasking} where
+	the {scheduler} can interrupt and suspend ("swap out") the
+	currently running task in order to start or continue running
+	("swap in") another task.  The tasks under pre-emptive
+	multitasking can be written as though they were the only task
+	and the {scheduler} decides when to swap them.  The scheduler
+	must ensure that when swapping tasks, sufficient state is
+	saved and restored that tasks do not interfere.
+
+	The length of time for which a process runs is known as its
+	"{time slice}" and may depend on the task's priority or its
+	use of resources such as memory and I/O.
+
+	{OS/2}, {Unix} and the {Amiga} use pre-emptive multitasking.
+
+	This contrasts with {cooperative multitasking} where each task
+	must include calls to allow it to be {deschedule}d
+	periodically.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+prefetch
+
+	{instruction prefetch}
+
+prefix
+
+	1. <unit> An {SI prefix} used to multiply the value of an {SI
+	(Système International)} unit by some power of ten.
+
+	2. <programming, mathematics> In mathematics or programming, a
+	{prefix operator} is one that is written before its {operand}.  In
+	a {programming language} using {prefix notation}, all operators
+	are prefix operators.
+
+	(2014-07-08)
+
+prefix notation
+
+	<language> (Or "prefix syntax") One of the possible orderings
+	of {functions} and {operands}: in prefix notation the function
+	precedes all its operands.  For example, what may normally be
+	written as "1+2" becomes "(+ 1 2)".  A few languages (e.g.,
+	{lisp}) have strictly prefix syntax, many more employ prefix
+	notation in combination with {infix notation}.
+
+	The opposite, {postfix notation}, is somewhat rarer.
+
+	(2014-07-08)
+
+prefix syntax
+
+	{prefix notation}
+
+pre-order
+
+	<theory>
+
+	1. {traversal}.
+
+	2. A {relation} R is a pre-order if it is {reflexive}
+	(x R x) and {transitive} (x R y R z => x R z).  If it is also
+	{antisymmetric} (x R y R x => x = y) then it is a {partial
+	ordering}.
+
+	(2001-10-01)
+
+pre-order traversal
+
+	{traversal}
+
+PREP
+
+	1. (PReP) {PowerPC Reference Platform}.
+
+	2. (PREP) PRogrammed Electronics Patterns.  Language for
+	designing {integrated circuits}.  ["Computer Assisted Mask
+	Production", R.L. Rosenfeld, Proc IEEE 57(9) Sep 1969].
+
+prepaging
+
+	<architecture> (Or "working set model") A technique whereby
+	the {operating system} in a {paging} {virtual memory}
+	{multitasking} environment loads all pages of a process's
+	{working set} into memory before the process is restarted.
+
+	Under {demand paging} a process accesses its working set by
+	{page faults} every time it is restarted.  Under prepaging the
+	system remembers the pages in each process's working set and
+	loads them into physical memory before restarting the process.
+	Prepaging reduces the {page fault} rate of reloaded processes
+	and hence generally improves CPU efficiency.
+
+	["Modern Operating Systems", Andrew S. Tanenbaum,
+	pub. Prentice Hall, Inc.  1992].
+
+	(1998-04-23)
+
+prepend
+
+	<jargon> /pree'pend'/ (by analogy with "append") To prefix or
+	add to the beginning.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-04-23)
+
+preprocessor
+
+	<programming> A program that transforms input data in some way
+	before it is read by the main program.  In the case of a
+	{compiler}, the input is {source code}.  The main advantage of
+	using a preprocessor is that it is possible to change the
+	specification of the input data without changing the main
+	program.  The separation can also help to make the system's
+	overall behaviour easier to understand.  The disadvantage is
+	that performance may be reduced by the extra input and output
+	performed between the two programs.
+
+	For example, the {C} preprocessor, {cpp}, handles textual
+	{macro} substitution (it acts as a "macro preprocessor"),
+	{conditional compilation} and inclusion of other files.
+
+	A preprocessor may be used to transform a program into a
+	simpler language, e.g. to transform {C++} into {C}.
+
+	(2007-04-05)
+
+pre-sales support rep
+
+	<job> A person who supports sales by analysing customer
+	requirements, proposing and demonstrating technical solutions,
+	ensuring acceptable product installations, training users and
+	providing initial technical support.
+
+	(2004-03-20)
+
+presence detect
+
+	<storage> A means of identifying a {memory chip} to the
+	{memory controller} logic.  The original scheme, Parallel
+	Presence Detect (PPD) used a separate pin for each bit of
+	information.  The limited number of pins available only gave
+	the density and the speed of the chips.  To pass more
+	information, the Serial Presence Detect (SPD) scheme was
+	introduced, storing the information in {serial EEPROM} with
+	one pin to enable it and one for data.
+
+	(2012-06-25)
+
+presentation layer
+
+	<networking> The second highest layer (layer 6) in the {OSI}
+	seven layer model.  Performs functions such as text
+	{compression}, code or format conversion to try to smooth out
+	differences between {hosts}.  Allows incompatible processes in
+	the {application layer} to communicate via the {session
+	layer}.
+
+	Documents: {ITU} Rec. X.226 ({ISO} 8823), ITU Rec. X.216 (ISO
+	8822).
+
+	(1996-07-20)
+
+Presentation Manager
+
+	The {elephantine} graphical user interface to the {OS/2}
+	{operating system}.
+
+prestidigitization
+
+	/pres`t*-di"j*-ti:-zay"sh*n/ 1. A term coined by Daniel Klein
+	<dvk@lonewolf.com> for the act of putting something into
+	digital notation via sleight of hand.
+
+	["Open Channel", IEEE "Computer", November 1981].
+
+	2. Data entry through legerdemain.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+PRESTO
+
+	A parallel language for shared-memory multiprocessors, built
+	on top of C++ by Bershad et al, U Washington 1987.  PRESTO
+	provides {class}es for {threads} and {spinlocks} as well as
+	{Mesa}-style {monitors} and {condition variables}.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.washington.edu/pub/presto1.0.tar.Z)}.  E-mail:
+	<presto@cs.washington.edu>.
+
+	["PRESTO: A Kernel for Parallel Programming Environments",
+	B.N. Bershad et al, U Wash CS TR, Jan 1987].
+
+Pretty Amazing New Stuff
+
+	<humour, communications> (PANS) What {PSTN} is evolving into.
+
+	(1996-10-16)
+
+Pretty Good Privacy
+
+	<tool, cryptography> (PGP) A high security {RSA} {public-key
+	encryption} application for {MS-DOS}, {Unix}, {VAX/VMS}, and
+	other computers.  It was written by {Philip R. Zimmermann}
+	<pkz@acm.org> of Phil's Pretty Good(tm) Software and later
+	augmented by a cast of thousands, especially including Hal
+	Finney, Branko Lankester, and Peter Gutmann.
+
+	PGP was distributed as "{guerrilla freeware}".  The authors
+	don't mind if it is distributed widely, just don't ask Philip
+	Zimmermann to send you a copy.  PGP uses a {public-key
+	encryption} {algorithm} claimed by US patent #4,405,829.  The
+	exclusive rights to this patent are held by a California
+	company called {Public Key Partners}, and you may be
+	infringing this patent if you use PGP in the USA.  This is
+	explained in the PGP User's Guide, Volume II.
+
+	PGP allows people to exchange files or messages with {privacy}
+	and {authentication}.  Privacy and authentication are provided
+	without managing the keys associated with conventional
+	cryptographic software.  No secure channels are needed to
+	exchange keys between users, which makes PGP much easier to
+	use.  This is because PGP is based on {public-key
+	cryptography}.
+
+	PGP encrypts data using the {International Data Encryption
+	Algorithm} with a random {session key}, and uses the {RSA}
+	algorithm to encrypt the session key.
+
+	In December 1994 Philip Zimmermann faced prosecution for
+	"exporting" PGP out of the United States but in January 1996
+	the US Goverment dropped the case.  A US law prohibits the
+	export of {encryption} software out of the country.
+	Zimmermann did not do this, but the US government hoped to
+	establish the proposition that posting an encryption program
+	on a {BBS} or on the {Internet} constitutes exporting it - in
+	effect, stretching export control into domestic censorship.
+	If the government had won it would have had a chilling effect
+	on the free flow of information on the global network, as well
+	as on everyone's privacy from government snooping.
+
+	{FAQ (ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/mp/mpj/getpgp.asc)}.  {UK FTP
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/pgp/)}.  {USA FTP
+	(http://web.mit.edu/network/pgp-form.html)}.
+	{(http://pegasus.esprit.ec.org/people/arne/pgp.html)}.
+
+	{Justice Dept. announcement
+	(http://eff.org/pub/Alerts/usatty_pgp_011196.announce)}.
+
+	["Protect Your Privacy: A Guide for PGP Users", William
+	Stallings, Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-13-185596-4].
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+pretty pictures
+
+	(scientific computation) The next step up from {numbers}.
+	Interesting graphical output from a program that may not have
+	any sensible relationship to the system the program is
+	intended to model, but good for showing to {management}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+prettyprint
+
+	/prit'ee-print/ (Or "pretty-print") To generate "pretty"
+	human-readable output from a {hairy} internal representation;
+	especially used for the process of {grind}ing program code.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+pretzel key
+
+	{feature key}
+
+preventive maintenance
+
+	(PM) To bring down a machine for inspection or test purposes.
+
+	See {provocative maintenance}, {scratch monkey}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+PRI
+
+	{ISDN} {Primary Rate Interface}.
+
+	See also {BRI}
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+primary cache
+
+	<hardware, architecture> (L1 cache, level one cache) A small,
+	fast {cache} memory inside or close to the {CPU} chip.
+
+	For example, an {Intel 80486} has an eight-{kilobyte} on-chip
+	cache, and most {Pentiums} have a 16-KB on-chip level one
+	cache that consists of an 8-KB {instruction cache} and an 8-KB
+	{data cache}.
+
+	The larger, slower {secondary cache} is normally connected to
+	the CPU via its external {bus}.
+
+	(1997-06-25)
+
+Primary Domain Controller
+
+	<networking> (PDC) Each {Windows NT} {domain} has a Primary
+	Domain Controller and zero or more {Backup Domain
+	Controllers}.  The PDC holds the {SAM} database and
+	authenticates access requests from {workstations} and
+	{servers} in the domain.
+
+	(2003-07-16)
+
+primary key
+
+	<database> A unique {identifier}, often an {integer}, that
+	labels a certain row in a table of a {relational database}.
+
+	When this value occurs in other tables as a reference to a
+	particular row in the first table it is called a "foreign
+	key".
+
+	Some {RDBMS}es can generate a new unique identifier each time
+	a new row is inserted, others merely allow a column to be
+	constrained to contain unique values.
+
+	A table may have multiple {candidate keys}, from which the
+	primary key is chosen.  The primary key should be an arbitrary
+	value, such as an {autoincrementing} integer.  This avoids
+	dependence on uniqueness, permanence and format of existing
+	columns with real-world meaning (e.g. a person's name) or
+	other external identifier (e.g. social security number).
+
+	There should be enough possible primary key values to cater
+	for the current and expected number of rows, bearing in mind
+	that a wider column will generally be slower to process.
+
+	(2006-05-29)
+
+primary management domain
+
+	<messaging> (PRMD) The component of an {X.400} {electronic
+	mail address} that gives the organisation name, usually
+	abbreviated to p= in written addresses.
+
+	See also {ADMD}.
+
+	(2003-05-15)
+
+Primary Rate Interface
+
+	(PRI) A type of {ISDN} connection.  In North America and
+	Japan, this consists of 24 channels, usually divided into 23 B
+	channels and 1 D channel, and runs over the same physical
+	interface as {T1}.  Elsewhere the PRI has 31 user channels,
+	usually divided into 30 B channels and 1 D channel and is
+	based on the {E1} interface.
+
+	PRI is typically used for connections such as one between a
+	PBX (private branch exchange, a telephone exchange operated by
+	the customer of a telephone company) and a CO (central office,
+	of the telephone company) or IXC (inter exchange carrier, a
+	long distance telephone company).
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+primary storage
+
+	{main memory}
+
+Prime Computer
+
+	<company> (Or "Pr1ME") A {minicomputer} manufacturer.
+
+	[Dates?  Status?  Products?  Addresses?]
+
+	(1996-09-28)
+
+Primenet, Inc.
+
+	Arizona's {Internet provider}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+prime number theorem
+
+	<mathematics> The number of {prime numbers} less than x is
+	about x/log(x).  Here "is about" means that the ratio of the
+	two things tends to 1 as x tends to infinity.  This was first
+	conjectured by {Gauss} in the early 19th century, and was
+	proved (independently) by Hadamard and de la Vall'ee Poussin
+	in 1896.  Their proofs relied on {complex analysis}, but Erdös
+	and Selberg later found an "elementary" proof.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+prime time
+
+	(From TV programming) Normal high-usage hours on a
+	{time-sharing} system; the day shift.  Avoidance of prime time
+	was traditionally given as a major reason for {night mode}
+	hacking.  The rise of the personal workstation has rendered
+	this term, along with {time-sharing} itself, almost obsolete.
+	The hackish tendency to late-night {hacking runs} has changed
+	not a bit.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+primitive
+
+	<programming> A {function}, {operator}, or {type} which is
+	built into a programming language (or {operating system}),
+	either for speed of execution or because it would be
+	impossible to write it in the language.  Primitives typically
+	include the arithmetic and logical operations (plus, minus,
+	and, or, etc.) and are implemented by a small number of
+	{machine language} instructions.
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+Princeton University
+
+	<body, education> Chartered in 1746 as the College of New
+	Jersey, Princeton was British North America's fourth college.
+	First located in Elizabeth, then in Newark, the College moved
+	to Princeton in 1756.  The College was housed in Nassau Hall,
+	newly built on land donated by Nathaniel and Rebeckah
+	FitzRandolph.  Nassau Hall contained the entire College for
+	nearly half a century.  The College was officially renamed
+	Princeton University in 1896; five years later in 1900 the
+	Graduate School was established.
+
+	Fully coeducational since 1969, Princeton now enrolls
+	approximately 6,400 students (4,535 undergraduates and 1,866
+	graduate students).  The ratio of full-time students to
+	faculty members (in full-time equivalents) is eight to one.
+
+	Today Princeton's main campus in Princeton Borough and
+	Princeton Township consists of more than 5.5 million square
+	feet of space in 160 buildings on 600 acres.  The University's
+	James Forrestal Campus in Plainsboro consists of one million
+	square feet of space in four complexes on 340 acres.
+
+	As Mercer County's largest private employer and one of the
+	largest in the Mercer/Middlesex/Somerset County region, with
+	approximately 4,830 permanent employees - including more than
+	1,000 faculty members - the University plays a major role in
+	the educational, cultural, and economic life of the region.
+
+	{(http://princeton.edu/index.html)}.
+
+	(1994-01-19)
+
+principal type
+
+	The most general {type} of an expression.  For example, the
+	following are all valid types for the {lambda abstraction}
+	(\ x . x):
+
+		Int -> Int
+		Bool -> Bool
+		(a->b) -> (a->b)
+
+	but any valid type will be an instance of the principal type:
+	a -> a.  An instance is derived by substituting the same type
+	expression for all occurences of some {type variable}.  The
+	principal type of an expression can be computed from those of
+	its subexpressions by Robinson's {unification} {algorithm}.
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+PRINT
+
+	<language> PRe-edited INTerpreter.
+
+	An early mathematics language for the {IBM 705}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 134].
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+printed circuit board
+
+	<hardware> (PCB) A thin board to which electronic components
+	are fixed by solder.  Component leads and {integrated circuit}
+	pins may pass through holes ("vias") in the board or they may
+	be {surface mounted}, in which case no holes are required
+	(though they may still be used to connect different layers).
+
+	The simplest kind of PCB has components and wires on one side
+	and interconnections (the printed circuit) on the other.  PCBs
+	may have components mounted on both sides and may have many
+	internal layers, allowing more connections to fit in the same
+	board area.  Boards with internal conductor layers usually
+	have "plated-through holes" to improve the electrical
+	connection to the internal layers.
+
+	The connections are metal strips (usually copper).  The
+	pattern of connections is often produced using photo-resist
+	and acid etching.  Boards, especially those for high frequency
+	circuits such as modern {microprocessors}, usually have one or
+	more "{ground planes}" and "power planes" which are large
+	areas of copper for greater current carrying ability.
+
+	A computer or other electronic system might be built from
+	several PCBs, e.g. processor, memory, graphics controller, disk
+	controller etc.  These boards might all plug into a
+	{motherboard} or {backplane} or be connected by a {ribbon
+	cable}.
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+printer
+
+	<printer> A {peripheral} device for producing text and images
+	on paper.  There are many different types, broadly grouped
+	into "{impact printers}" and "{non-impact printers}".
+
+	Compare {plotter}.  See also {Braille printer}, {tree-killer}.
+
+	(1996-01-13)
+
+Printer Access Protocol
+
+	<networking, protocol, printer> (PAP) A {protocol} used in
+	{Mac OS} {Appletalk} to provide bi-directional communication
+	between {PostScript} printers and the client computer.
+
+	(1999-03-02)
+
+printer port
+
+	<hardware, printer> A connector found on many {microcomputers}
+	intended for attaching a printer.  This may be a
+	general-purpose input/output {parallel port} or may be a
+	special {Centronics} interface.
+
+	Most printers can also be connected to a {serial port} but
+	that is unlikely to be described as a "printer port".
+
+	(1996-01-07)
+
+printf
+
+	<library> The standard function in the {C} programming
+	language library for printing formatted output.
+
+	The first argument is a format string which may contain
+	ordinary characters which are just printed and "conversion
+	specifications" - sequences beginning with '%' such as %6d
+	which describe how the other arguments should be printed, in
+	this case as a six-character decimal integer padded on the
+	right with spaces.
+
+	Possible conversion specifications are d, i or u (decimal
+	integer), o ({octal}), x, X or p ({hexadecimal}), f
+	({floating-point}), e or E ({mantissa} and {exponent},
+	e.g. 1.23E-22), g or G (f or e format as appropriate to the
+	value printed), c (a single character), s (a string), %
+	(i.e. %% - print a % character).  d, i, f, e, g are signed,
+	the rest are unsigned.
+
+	The variant {fprintf} prints to a given output stream and
+	sprintf stores what would be printed in a string variable.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: printf(3).
+
+	(1996-12-08)
+
+PRINT I
+
+	An early system on {IBM 705}.
+
+	[CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+printing discussion
+
+	[XEROX PARC] A protracted, low-level, time-consuming,
+	generally pointless discussion of something
+	only peripherally interesting to all.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+print server
+
+	<printer> A {server} device that is set up on a {network} to
+	route print requests and status information between computers
+	and {printers} connected by a network.  A typical print server
+	routes print requests for multiple computers and printers on a
+	network.
+
+	For example, a networked {workstation} user submits a print
+	command that includes a {print file} and information about the
+	printer to be used, usually a nearby printer for convenience.
+	The print server sends the print file to the requested
+	printer.  The printer {spools} the print file and provides job
+	status.  The print server relays the status of the printer
+	back to the workstation and makes this status information
+	available to other devices on the network.
+
+	(1999-02-18)
+
+Print Services Facility
+
+	<printer> (PSF) {IBM}'s system software which generates
+	{native} IBM printer language, {IPDS} and, depending on the
+	version, {PostScript} and LaserJet {PCL}.
+
+	See also: {Advanced Function Presentation}.
+
+	(1998-06-28)
+
+priority inheritance
+
+	<parallel> A technique for avoiding {priority inversion} by
+	temporarily raising the prioriry of all processes that want to
+	access a shared resource to the highest priority level of any
+	of them.  Priority inversion occurs where a low priority
+	process, L is holding a resource required by a high priority
+	process, H, but L is not running because a medium priority
+	process, M is running.  Under priority inheritance, L
+	temporarily inherits H's priority, allowing L to run and
+	release the resource H is waiting for.
+
+	For example, an ambulance (H) is stuck behind a lorry (L)
+	waiting at a junction (the shared resource) for a gap in a
+	line of cars (M) using the junction.  Applying priority
+	inheritance, the cars give way to the lorry as they would to
+	the ambulance, thus allowing the lorry and then the ambulance
+	to use the junction.
+
+	(2005-02-11)
+
+priority interrupt
+
+	<jargon> Any stimulus compelling enough to yank one right out
+	of {hack mode}.  Classically used to describe being dragged
+	away by an {SO} for immediate sex, but may also refer to more
+	mundane interruptions such as a fire alarm going off in the
+	near vicinity.  Also called an {NMI} (non-maskable interrupt),
+	especially in PC-land.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2005-02-13)
+
+priority inversion
+
+	<parallel> The state of a concurrent system where a high
+	priority task is waiting for a low priority task which is
+	waiting for a medium priority task.  The system may become
+	unstable and {crash} under these circumstances.
+
+	In an {operating system} that uses multiple tasks, each task
+	(or {context}) may be given a priority.  These priorities help
+	the {scheduler} decide which task to run next.  Consider
+	tasks, L, M, and H, with priorities Low, Medium, and High.  M
+	is running and H is blocked waiting for some resource that is
+	held by L.  So long as any task with a priority higher than L
+	is runable, it will prevent task L, and thus task H, from
+	running.
+
+	Priority inversion is generally considered either as a
+	high-level design failure or an implementation issue to be
+	taken into account depending on who is talking.  Most
+	operating systems have methods in place to prevent or take
+	inversion into account.  {Priority inheritance} is one method.
+
+	The most public instance of priority inversion is the repeated
+	'fail-safe' rebooting of the {Mars Pathfinder
+	(http://research.microsoft.com/~mbj/Mars_Pathfinder/Mars_Pathfinder.html)}.
+	base station ('Sagan Memorial Station').
+
+	(2003-06-04)
+
+priority queue
+
+	<programming> A data structure with three operations: insert a
+	new item, return the highest priority item, and remove the
+	highest priority item.  The obvious way to represent priority
+	queues is by maintaining a sorted list but this can make the
+	insert operation very slow.  Greater efficiency can be
+	achieved by using {heaps}.
+
+	(1996-03-12)
+
+priority scheduling
+
+	<operating system> {Processes scheduling} in which the
+	{scheduler} selects tasks to run based on their priority as
+	opposed to, say, a simple {round-robin}.
+
+	Priorities may be static or dynamic.  Static priorities are
+	assigned at the time of creation, while dynamic priorities are
+	based on the processes' behaviour while in the system.  For
+	example, the scheduler may favour {I/O}-intensive tasks so
+	that expensive requests can be issued as early as possible.
+
+	A danger of priority scheduling is {starvation}, in which
+	processes with lower priorities are not given the opportunity
+	to run.  In order to avoid starvation, in preemptive
+	scheduling, the priority of a process is gradually reduced
+	while it is running.  Eventually, the priority of the running
+	process will no longer be the highest, and the next process
+	will start running.  This method is called {aging}.
+
+PRISM
+
+	A distributed {logic language}.
+
+	["PRISM: A Parallel Inference System for Problem Solving",
+	S. Kasif et al, Proc 1983 Logic Prog Workshop, pp. 123-152].
+
+Prisoner of Bill
+
+	<humour> (PoB) A derisory term, in use generally among {Unix}
+	users, for anyone who uses {Microsoft} products either because
+	they don't know there is anything better (i.e. Unix) or
+	because they would be incapable of working anything more
+	complex (i.e. Unix).
+
+	The interesting and widespread presumption among users of the
+	term is that (at least at the time of writing, 1998) using
+	anything other than Unix or a Microsoft OS (whether {VMS},
+	{Macintosh}, {Amiga}) is so eccentric a choice as to be at
+	least somewhat praiseworthy.
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+privacy
+
+	<security> An attribute of a system's {security} that ensures
+	that only intended or desired people or bodies can read a
+	message or piece of stored data.  Privacy is often enforced by
+	some kind of {access control} or {encryption}.
+
+	(2011-06-03)
+
+Privacy Enhanced Mail
+
+	<messaging< (PEM) {Internet} {electronic mail} which provides
+	{confidentiality}, {authentication} and message {integrity}
+	using various {encryption} methods.
+
+	See also {Pretty Good Privacy}.
+
+	(2009-06-03)
+
+private
+
+	{privacy}
+
+Private Automatic Branch eXchange
+
+	<communications> (PABX) A telephone exchange operated within
+	an organisation, used for switching calls between internal
+	lines and between internal and {PSTN} lines.  In contrast to a
+	{PMBX}, a PABX can route calls without manual intervention,
+	based entirely on the number dialed.  Not all PABXs can route
+	external calls to internal numbers automatically however.
+
+	(1998-08-07)
+
+Private Branch Exchange
+
+	<communications> (PBX) A telephone exchange local to a
+	particular organisation who use, rather than provide,
+	telephone services.  The earliest PBXs were manual ({Private
+	Manual Branch EXchange}, PMBX) but are now more likely to be
+	automatic ({Private Automatic Branch eXchange}).
+
+	(1997-06-25)
+
+private key
+
+	<cryptography> A piece of data used in {private-key
+	cryptography} and {public-key cryptography}.  In the former
+	the private key is known by both sender and recipient whereas
+	in the latter it is known only to the sender.
+
+	(2008-02-07)
+
+private-key cryptography
+
+	<cryptography> As opposed to {public-key cryptography}, a
+	cryptographic method in which the same key is used to encrypt
+	and decrypt the message.  Private-key algorithms include the
+	obsolescent {Data Encryption Standard} (DES), triple-DES
+	(3DES), the {Advanced Encryption Standard} (AES), also known
+	as Rijndael, Blowfish, Twofish RC2, {RC4}, RC5 and RC6.
+
+	A problem with private-key cryptography is that the sender and
+	the recipient of the message must agree on a common key via
+	some alternative secure channel.
+
+	{Public-key cryptography} gives an answer to this problem.
+
+	(2008-02-07)
+
+Private Manual Branch eXchange
+
+	<communications> (PMBX) The original manual equivalent of a
+	{PABX}; a PMBX involves company employed operators manually
+	switching each call using a manual switchboard.
+
+	(1998-08-07)
+
+privileged instruction
+
+	A {machine code} instruction that may only be executed when
+	the processor is running in {supervisor mode}.  Privileged
+	instructions include operations such as I/O and {memory
+	management}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+PRL
+
+	Proof Refinement Logic.
+
+	Versions: {micro-PRL}, {lambda-PRL}, {nu-PRL}.
+
+	["PRL: Proof Refinement Logic Programmer's Manual", CS Dept,
+	Cornell, 1983].
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+PRMD
+
+	{primary management domain}
+
+PRML
+
+	{Partial Response Maximum Likelihood}
+
+probabilistic
+
+	<probability> Relating to, or governed by, probability. The
+	behaviour of a probabilistic system cannot be predicted
+	exactly but the probability of certain behaviours is known.
+	Such systems may be simulated using {pseudorandom} numbers.
+	{Evolutionary computation} uses probabilistic processes to
+	generate new (potential) solutions to a problem.
+
+	See also {deterministic}, {non-probabilistic}.
+
+	(1995-09-22)
+
+probabilistic automaton
+
+	{nondeterministic automaton}
+
+Probability of Failure on Demand
+
+	<systems> (POFOD) The likelihood that some system will fail
+	when a service request is made.
+
+	(2010-09-26)
+
+Probe
+
+	An {object-oriented} {logic language} based on {ObjVlisp}.
+
+	["Proposition d'une Extension Objet Minimale pour Prolog",
+	Actes du Sem Prog en Logique, Tregastel (May 1987),
+	pp. 483-506].
+
+problem state
+
+	{IBM} jargon for {user mode}, the opposite of "supervisor
+	state".
+
+	On IBM {System 360}, 370 and 390 {mainframes} {privileged
+	instructions} may only be executed in "supervisor state".
+	{Application programs} request the {operating system} to
+	perform these operations by using the Supervisor Call (SVC)
+	instruction.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Problem Statement Language/Problem Statement Analyser
+
+	<language> (PSL/PSA) A {CASE} system developed by
+	D. Teichroew that allows computer-based development
+	and analysis of a statement of {requirements},
+	and assistance during the design phase.
+
+	(2010-01-26)
+
+PROC
+
+	<language> The {job control language} used in the {Pick}
+	{operating system}.
+
+	["Exploring the Pick Operating System", J.E. Sisk et al,
+	Hayden 1986].
+
+	(1998-10-13)
+
+procedural
+
+	{procedural language}
+
+procedural language
+
+	<language> Any {programming language} in which the programmer
+	specifies an explicit sequences of steps to follow to produce
+	a result (an {algorithm}).
+
+	The term should not be confused with "{imperative language}" -
+	a language that specifies explicit manipulation of state.  An
+	example (non-imperative) procedural language is {LOGO}, which
+	specifies sequences of steps to perform but does not have an
+	internal state.
+
+	Other procedural languages include {Basic}, {Pascal}, {C}, and
+	{Modula-2}.
+
+	Both procedural and imperative languages are in contrast to
+	{declarative languages}, in which the programmer specifies
+	neither explicit steps nor explicit state manipulation.
+
+	(2004-05-17)
+
+Procedural Language/SQL
+
+	<language> (PL/SQL) {Oracle Corporation}'s proprietary
+	{procedural language} extension of industry-standard {SQL}.
+
+	[Features?  Reference?  Any relation to {PL/I}?]
+
+	(1999-09-14)
+
+procedure
+
+	{subroutine}
+
+proceedings
+
+	<publication> (Proc.) A printed collection of papers presented
+	at a conference or meeting, e.g. "The Proceedings of the Fifth
+	International Conference on Microelectronics for Neural
+	Networks and Fuzzy Systems".  Along with learned journals,
+	conference proceedings are a major repository of peer-reviewed
+	research results.
+
+	(2008-07-16)
+
+process
+
+	1. <operating system, software> The sequence of states of an
+	executing {program}.  A process consists of the program {code}
+	(which may be shared with other processes which are executing
+	the same program), private data, and the state of the
+	{processor}, particularly the values in its {registers}.  It
+	may have other associated resources such as a {process
+	identifier}, open files, {CPU time} limits, {shared memory},
+	{child processes}, and {signal handlers}.
+
+	One process may, on some {platforms}, consist of many
+	{threads}.  A {multitasking} {operating system} can run
+	multiple processes {concurrently} or in {parallel}, and allows
+	a process to spawn "child" processes.
+
+	(2001-06-16)
+
+	2. <business> The sequence of activities, people, and systems
+	involved in carrying out some business or achieving some
+	desired result.  E.g. software development process, project
+	management process, configuration management process.
+
+	(2001-06-16)
+
+Process and Experiment Automation Real-Time Language
+
+	<language> (PEARL) A {real-time} language for programming
+	{process control} systems, widely used in Europe.  Size and
+	complexity exceeds {Ada}.  Defined in {DIN} 66253 Teil 2.
+
+	["Programmiersprache PEARL", Beuth-Verlag, Nov 1980].
+
+	(2000-08-16)
+
+process data
+
+	{data processing}
+
+Process Design Language 2
+
+	<language> (PDL2) A language developed for the {Texas
+	Instruments} {ASC} computer.
+
+	["Texas Instruments Process Design Methodology - Design
+	Specification: Process Design Language", Volume I (Sep 1976)].
+
+	[Mentioned in "An Overview of Ada" J.G.P. Barnes, Soft Prac &
+	Exp 10:851-887 (1980)].
+
+	(1995-08-13)
+
+process ID
+
+	{process identifier}
+
+process identifier
+
+	<operating system> (PID) An integer used by the {Unix}
+	{kernel} to uniquely identify a process.  PIDs are returned by
+	the {fork} {system call} and can be passed to wait() or
+	kill() to perform actions on the given process.
+
+	(1996-12-09)
+
+processing
+
+	<data> Performing some predefined sequence of operations on an
+	input to produce an output or change of internal state; activity
+	specifically involving the computer's {CPU}.
+
+	The term is often qualified: "{data processing}" treats
+	{digital} data, "{signal processing}" treats {analog} data
+	(possibly in digital form), "{word processing}" takes in typed
+	human language input and produces digital documents, {image
+	processing} transforms digital {images}.
+
+	(2003-10-23)
+
+processor
+
+	{central processing unit}
+
+Processor Direct Slot
+
+	<hardware> (PDS) {Apple Computer}'s name for a {local bus}
+	connection.  Most {Macintosh}es have only one PDS connector.
+	Different Apple computers have different PDS specifications.
+
+	(1995-05-02)
+
+processor farm
+
+	<computer, parallel> A {parallel processor} where tasks are
+	distributed, or "farmed out", by one "farmer" processor to
+	several "worker" processors, and results are sent back to the
+	farmer.  This arrangement is suitable for {applications} which
+	can be partitioned into many separate, independent tasks, the
+	canonical examples being {ray tracing} and the {Mandelbrot
+	set}.  In order to be efficient, the extra time spent on
+	communications must be small compared to the time spent
+	processing each task.
+
+	(2001-05-28)
+
+Processor System Modeling Language
+
+	<language> (PSML) A language for simulating computer systems
+	designs, implemented as a {preprocessor} to {SIMSCRIPT}.
+
+	["Processor System Modeling - A Language and Simulation
+	System", F. Pfisterer, Proc Symp on Simulation of Computer
+	Systems, Aug 1976].
+
+	(2009-05-11)
+
+processor time
+
+	<software> The amount of time a {process} takes to run, given
+	that it has exclusive and uninterrupted use of the {CPU}.
+	Note that in a modern computer, this would be very unusual,
+	and so the processor time calculation for most processes
+	involves adding up all the small amounts of time the CPU
+	actually spends on the process.
+
+	Some systems break processor time down into {user time} and
+	{system time}.
+
+	Compare {wall clock time}.
+
+	(1998-03-13)
+
+process scheduling
+
+	{multitasking}
+
+process table
+
+	<operating system, process> A table containing all of the
+	information that must be saved when the {CPU} switches from
+	running one {process} to another in a {multitasking} system.
+
+	The information in the process table allows the suspended
+	process to be restarted at a later time as if it had never
+	been stopped.  Every process has an entry in the table.  These
+	entries are known as {process control blocks} and contain the
+	following information:
+
+	process state - information needed so that the process can be
+	loaded into memory and run, such as the {program counter}, the
+	{stack pointer}, and the values of {registers}.
+
+	memory state - details of the memory allocation such as
+	pointers to the various memory areas used by the program
+
+	resource state - information regarding the status of files
+	being used by the process such as {user ID}.
+
+	Accounting and scheduling information.
+
+	An example of a UNIX process table is shown below.
+
+	 SLOT  ST  PID  PGRP  UID  PRI  CPU  EVENT  NAME  FLAGS
+	  0    s    0     0     0   95   0  runout  sched load sys
+	  1    s    1     0     0   66   1    u     init  load
+	  2    s    2     0     0   95   0  10bbdc  vhand load sys
+
+	SLOT is the entry number of the process.
+
+	ST shows whether the process is paused or sleeping (s), ready
+	to run (r), or running on a {CPU} (o).
+
+	PID is the {process ID}.
+
+	PGRP is the {process Group}.
+
+	UID is the {user ID}.
+
+	PRI is the priority of the process from 127 (highest) to 0
+	(lowest).
+
+	EVENT is the {event} on which a process is paused or
+	sleeping.
+
+	NAME is the name of the process.
+
+	FLAGS are the process {flags}.
+
+	A process that has died but still has an entry in the process
+	table is called a {zombie process}.
+
+	(1998-04-24)
+
+PROCOL
+
+	<language> A parallel {object language} with {protocols},
+	{constraints} and distributed delegation by J. Van Den Bos of
+	Erasmus University, Rotterdam.
+
+	["PROCOL: A Parallel Object Language with Protocols", J. Van
+	Den Bos et al, SIGPLAN Notices 24(10):95-102 (OOPSLA '89), Oct
+	1989].
+
+	(1998-03-23)
+
+Procomm
+
+	<communications, product> A {terminal emulator} program,
+	originally from {Datastorm Technologies}, used for connection
+	to {BBS}es etc.
+
+	Procomm Plus for Windows incorporates automatic {modem}
+	detection, a custom log-on script generator and sophisticated
+	{off-line} message managers for {CompuServe} and {MCI Mail}.
+	It also has a fax send and receive capability.
+
+	Version 2.0 was chosen as the Editors Choice in PC Magazine
+	1995-03-14.
+
+	Procomm Plus is now distributed by {Symantec, Inc.}.
+
+	{Procomm Home (http://symantec.com/procomm/)}.
+
+	{Version 2.4.3 1989-01-01
+	(http://ftp.bauru.unesp.br/comunicacao/procomm/PRCM243.NEW)}.
+
+	Current Version: Procomm Plus 4.8, as of 2004-06-29.
+
+	(2004-06-29)
+
+Procrustean string
+
+	<programming> A fixed-length {string}.  If a string value is
+	too long for the allocated space, it is truncated to fit; and
+	if it is shorter, the empty space is padded, usually with
+	space characters.
+
+	This is an allusion to Procrustes, a legendary robber of ancient
+	Attica.  He bound his victims to a bed, and if they were shorter
+	than the bed, he stretched their limbs until they would fit; if
+	their limbs were longer, he lopped them off.
+
+	(1997-09-12)
+
+Prodigy
+
+	<networking> A commercial on-line conferencing service,
+	co-developed by {IBM} and Sears, Roebuck, Inc.
+
+	Prodigy's main competitors are {AOL} and {Compuserve}.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+ProDoc
+
+	<documentation> A set of tools for software {documentation}
+	from {SPC}.
+
+	(2006-10-12)
+
+product
+
+	<mathematics, programming> An {expression} in mathematics or
+	computer programming consisting of two other expressions
+	multiplied together.  In mathematics, multiplication is
+	usually represented by {juxtaposition}, e.g. "x y", whereas in
+	programming, "*" is used as an {infix} operator, e.g. "salary
+	* tax_rate.
+
+	In the most common type of product, each {operand} is a number
+	({integer}, {real number}, {fraction} or {imaginary number})
+	but the term extends naturally to cover more complex
+	operations like multiplying a string by an integer (e.g., in
+	{Perl}, "foo" x 2) or multiplying {vectors} and {matrices} or
+	more than two operands.
+
+	In {type systems}, a {tuple} is sometimes known as a "product
+	type".
+
+	(2006-10-12)
+
+production system
+
+	<programming> A production system consists of a collection of
+	productions (rules), a {working memory} of {facts} and an
+	{algorithm}, known as {forward chaining}, for producing new
+	facts from old.  A rule becomes eligible to "fire" when its
+	conditions match some set of elements currently in working
+	memory.  A {conflict resolution strategy} determines which of
+	several eligible rules (the {conflict set}) fires next.  A
+	condition is a list of symbols which represent constants,
+	which must be matched exactly; variables which bind to the
+	thing they match and "<> symbol" which matches a field not
+	equal to symbol.
+
+	Example production systems are {OPS5}, {CLIPS}, {flex}.
+
+	(2005-06-17)
+
+Professional Graphics Adapter
+
+	<graphics, specification> (PGA) A computer video {display
+	standard} produced by {IBM} for early {CAD} applications.  It
+	had a resolution of 640x400 {pixels}.
+
+	(1997-04-25)
+
+Professional Office System
+
+	<messaging> (PROFS) An office messaging system from {IBM},
+	used worldwide, mainly on IBM {mainframes}.
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+professional programming
+
+	{paranoid programming}
+
+professional services
+
+	<job> A department of a supplier providing consultancy and
+	programming manpower for the supplier's products.
+
+	(2004-03-09)
+
+PROFILE
+
+	Simple language for matching and scoring data.  "User's Manual
+	for the PROFILE System", Cambridge Computer Assoc (May 1974).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+profile
+
+	1. A control file for a program, especially a text file
+	automatically read from each user's home directory and
+	intended to be easily modified by the user in order to
+	customise the program's behaviour.  Used to avoid {hard-coded}
+	choices (see also {dot file}, {rc file}).
+
+	2. A report on the amounts of time spent in each routine of a
+	program, used to find and {tune} away the {hot spots} in it.
+	This sense is often verbed.  Some profiling modes report units
+	other than time (such as call counts) and/or report at
+	granularities other than per-routine, but the idea is similar.
+
+PROFS
+
+	{Professional Office System}
+
+PROGENY
+
+	1961.  Report generator for UNIVAX SS90.
+
+proglet
+
+	/prog'let/ [UK] A short extempore program written to meet an
+	immediate, transient need.  Often written in BASIC, rarely
+	more than a dozen lines long and containing no subroutines.
+	The largest amount of code that can be written off the top of
+	one's head, that does not need any editing, and that runs
+	correctly the first time (this amount varies significantly
+	according to one's skill and the language one is using).
+	Compare {toy program}, {noddy}, {one-liner wars}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+program
+
+	{software}
+
+Program Composition Notation
+
+	(PCN) A specification language for parallelism between {C} and
+	{Fortran} {modules}.  PCN provides a simple language for
+	specifying {concurrent} {algorithms}, interfaces to {Fortran}
+	and {C}, a portable toolkit that allows applications to be
+	developed on a {workstation} or small parallel computer and
+	run unchanged on {supercomputers} and integrated debugging and
+	performance analysis tools.  PCN was developed at {Argonne
+	National Laboratory} and the {California Institute of
+	Technology}.  It has been used to develop a wide variety of
+	applications, in areas such as climate modelling, fluid
+	dynamics, computational biology, chemistry, and circuit
+	simulation.
+
+	Version 2.0 runs on networks of workstations: {Sun-4}, {NeXT},
+	{RS/6000}, {SGI}; {multicomputers}: {iPSC}/860, {Touchstone
+	DELTA}; and {shared memory} multiprocessors:
+	{Symmetry}/{Dynix}.
+
+	{(ftp://info.mcs.anl.gov/pub/pcn)}.
+
+	E-mail: Ian Foster <pcn@mcs.anl.gov>, Steve Tuecke
+	<tuecke@mcs.anl.gov>.
+
+	["Productive Parallel Programming: The PCN Approach",
+	I. Foster et al, Sci Prog 1(1):51-66 (1992)].
+
+	(1993-02-12)
+
+program counter
+
+	<hardware> (PC) A {register} in the {central processing unit}
+	that contains the addresss of the next {instruction} to be
+	executed.  After each instruction is fetched, the PC is
+	automatically incremented to point to the following
+	instruction.  It is not normally manipulated like an ordinary
+	{register} but instead, special instructions are provided to
+	alter the {flow of control} by writing a new value to the PC,
+	e.g. JUMP, CALL, {RTS}.
+
+	{IBM} call it the {Instruction Address Register}.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+Program Design Language
+
+	Any of a large class of formal and profoundly useless
+	pseudo-languages in which {management} forces one to design
+	programs.  Too often, management expects PDL descriptions to
+	be maintained in parallel with the code, imposing massive
+	overhead of little or no benefit.
+
+	See also {flow chart}.
+
+	(1995-04-01)
+
+Program Evaluation and Review Technique
+
+	<programming> (PERT) A method used to size a software product
+	and calculate the Standard Deviation (SD) for risk assessment.
+	The PERT equation (beta distribution) estimates the Equivalent
+	{Delivered Source Instructions} (EDSIs) and the SD based on
+	the analyst's estimates of the lowest possible size, the most
+	likely size, and the highest possible size of each computer
+	program component (CPC).
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+Program Information File
+
+	<file format> Under {Windows}, a file providing information on
+	how a non-Windows {application program} should be run,
+	including how much {memory} should be allocated to it and what
+	graphics interface it requires.
+
+	{Filename extension}: .pif
+
+	(1997-10-11)
+
+Programmable Airline Reservation System
+
+	<application> (PARS) An {IBM} proprietary large scale airline
+	reservation application, executing under the control of IBM's
+	{ACP} (and later its successor, {TPF}).
+
+	In the early days of automated reservations systems in the
+	1960s and 1970s the combination of ACP and PARS provided
+	unprecendented scale and performance from an on-line
+	{real-time} system, and for a considerable period ranked among
+	the largest networks and systems of the era.
+
+	{IPARS} was the international version.
+
+	(1999-01-18)
+
+Programmable Array Logic
+
+	<hardware> (PAL) A family of fuse-programmable logic
+	{integrated circuits} originally developed by {MMI}.
+	Registered or {combinatorial} output functions are modelled in
+	a {sum of products} form.  Each output is a sum (logical or)
+	of a fixed number of products (logical and) of the input
+	signals.  This structure is well suited for automatic
+	generation of programming patterns by logic compilers.
+
+	PAL devices are programmed by blowing the fuses permanently
+	using overvoltage.
+
+	Today, more complex devices based on the same original
+	architecture are available (CPLD's for Complex PLD's) that
+	incorporate the equivalent of several original PAL chips.  PAL
+	chips are, however, still popular due to their high speed.
+
+	{Generic Array Logic} devices are reprogrammable and contain
+	more {logic gates}.
+
+	(1995-12-09)
+
+Programmable Interrupt Controller
+
+	<integrated circuit> {PIC} A special-purpose {integrated
+	circuit} that functions as an overall manager in an
+	{interrupt} driven system.  It accepts requests from the
+	{peripheral} equipment, determines which of the incoming
+	requests is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the
+	incoming request has a higher priority value than the level
+	currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the {CPU}
+	based on this determination.
+
+	PICs typically have eight interrupt lines, and two PICs are
+	often cascaded to provide 15 available interrupt lines.
+
+	See also: {Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller}.
+
+	(2003-03-18)
+
+Programmable Logic Controller
+
+	<hardware> (PLC) A device used to automate monitoring and
+	control of industrial plant.  Can be used stand-alone or in
+	conjunction with a {SCADA} or other system.
+
+	(1997-02-11)
+
+Programmable Read-Only Memory
+
+	<storage> (PROM) A kind of {ROM} which can be written using a
+	PROM programmer.  The contents of each bit is determined by a
+	{fuse} or {antifuse}.  The memory can be programmed once after
+	manufacturing by "blowing" the fuses, which is an irreversible
+	process.  Blowing a fuse opens a connection while blowing an
+	antifuse closes a connection (hence the name).  Programming is
+	done by applying high-voltage pulses which are not encountered
+	during normal operation.
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+Programmed Data Processor
+
+	<computer> (PDP) Early (1960's?) {Digital Equipment
+	Corporation} family of {minicomputers}.  The best known ranges
+	were the {PDP-10} and {PDP-11}.  {PAL} was the {assembly
+	language}.
+
+	(1997-11-21)
+
+PROgrammed Graph REwriting Systems
+
+	<language> (PROGRES) A very high level language based on
+	{graph grammars}, developed by Andy Scheurr
+	<andy@i3.informatik.rwth-aachen.de> and Albert Zuendorf
+	<albert@i3.informatik.rwth-aachen.de> of {RWTH}, Aachen in
+	1991.
+
+	PROGRES supports structurally {object-oriented specification}
+	of {attributed graph} structures with {multiple inheritance}
+	hierarchies and types of types (for {parametric
+	polymorphism}).  It also supports declarative/relational
+	specification of derived attributes, node sets, binary
+	relationships (directed edges) and {Boolean} {constraints},
+	rule-oriented/visual specification of parameterised graph
+	rewrite rules with complex application conditions,
+	{nondeterministic} and {imperative programming} of composite
+	graph transformations (with built-in {backtracking} and
+	cancelling arbitrary sequences of failing graph
+	modifications).
+
+	It is used for implementing {abstract data types} with
+	graph-like internal structure, as a visual language for the
+	{graph-oriented database} {GRAS}, and as a rule-oriented
+	language for prototyping {nondeterministic}ally specified
+	data/rule base transformations.
+
+	PROGRES has a formally defined {semantics} based on
+	"PROgrammed Graph Rewriting Systems".  It is an almost
+	{statically typed} language which additionally offers "down
+	casting" operators for run time checked type
+	casting/conversion (in order to avoid severe restrictions
+	concerning the language's expressiveness).
+
+	Version RWTH 5.10 includes an integrated environment.
+
+	[A. Scheurr, "Introduction to PROGRES, an Attribute Graph
+	Grammar Based Specification Language", in Proc WG89 Workshop
+	on Graphtheoretic Concepts in Computer Science", LNCS 411,
+	Springer 1991].
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/pub/Unix/PROGRES/)} for
+	{Sun-4}.
+
+	(1993-11-02)
+
+programmer
+
+	<job> (Or "computer programmer", "developer") Someone who
+	writes or debugs {computer programs}, for a living or for fun.
+	"Analyst/developer" is a common equivalent job title, implying
+	the added role of {system analysis}.  The term may be
+	qualified according to the type of software - "{application}
+	programmer", "{system programmer}", etc.
+
+	(2000-01-24)
+
+Programmer Brain Damage
+
+	<humour> (PBD) A classification of a {bug} which was obviously
+	introduced by an incompetent or short-sighted programmer.
+
+	Compare {UBD}.  See also {brain-damaged}.
+
+	(1996-10-13)
+
+Programmer's Cheer
+
+	<humour>
+
+	 "Shift to the left!
+	 Shift to the right!
+	 Pop up, push down!
+	 Byte!  Byte!  Byte!"
+
+	[Origin?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-10-13)
+
+Programmers Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System
+
+	(PHIGS) An {ANSI}/{ISO} {standard}.  Worked on by the
+	{ISO}/{IEC} group {JTC1/SC24}.
+
+	[More detail?]
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+PROgrammer's Microapplication Language
+
+	<language> (PROMAL) An interpreted {C}-like language from
+	{Systems Management Associates} for {MS-DOS}, {Commodore 64},
+	and {Apple II}.
+
+	[Computer Language, Mar 1986, pp. 128-134].
+
+	(1996-03-21)
+
+Programmer's Switch
+
+	<hardware> A button on the front of some {Apple Macintosh}
+	computers which, when pressed, causes a command line prompt to
+	appear.  This gives access to the built-in mini-{debugger},
+	which has commands to dump memory, return to the application
+	that was broken out, and others.  A more sophisticated
+	debugger must be installed in order to inspect {breakpoints},
+	etc.
+
+	(2000-11-01)
+
+programming
+
+	1. The art of debugging a blank sheet of paper (or, in these
+	days of on-line editing, the art of {debugging an empty
+	file}).
+
+	2. A pastime similar to banging one's head against a wall, but
+	with fewer opportunities for reward.
+
+	3. The most fun you can have with your clothes on (although
+	clothes are not mandatory).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-02-12)
+
+programming fluid
+
+	<jargon> (Or "{wirewater}") Coffee, unleaded coffee
+	(decaffeinated), Cola, or any caffeinacious stimulant.  Many
+	hackers consider these essential for those all-night {hacking
+	runs}.
+
+	(1996-05-01)
+
+programming language
+
+	<language> A formal language in which computer programs are
+	written.  The definition of a particular language consists of
+	both {syntax} (how the various symbols of the language may be
+	combined) and {semantics} (the meaning of the language
+	constructs).
+
+	Languages are classified as low level if they are close to
+	{machine code} and high level if each language statement
+	corresponds to many machine code instructions (though this
+	could also apply to a low level language with extensive use of
+	{macros}, in which case it would be debatable whether it still
+	counted as low level).  A roughly parallel classification is
+	the description as {first generation language} through to
+	{fifth generation language}.
+
+	The other major classification of languages distinguishes
+	between {imperative languages}, {procedural language} and
+	{declarative languages}.
+
+	{Programming languages in this dictionary
+	(/contents/language.html)}.
+
+	{Programming languages time-line/family tree
+	(http://levenez.com/lang/history.html)}.
+
+	(2004-05-17)
+
+Programming Language/Cornell
+
+	<language> (PL/C) A large subset of {PL/I} from {Cornell
+	University}, aimed at novice programmers.
+
+	["Introduction to PL/1 and PL/C programming", Kochenburger,
+	Ralph J., Santa Barbara, Hamilton, c1974].
+
+	["User's Guide to PL/C", S. Worona et al, Cornell, June 1974].
+
+	["PL/C - A High Performance Compiler" H.L. Morgan et al, Proc
+	SJCC, AFIPS 38:503-510 (1971)].
+
+	(1999-05-26)
+
+Programming Language/Systems
+
+	<language> (PL/S) An {IBM} machine-oriented language derived
+	from {PL/I}, in the late 1960s, for the {IBM 360} and {IBM
+	370}.  PL/S permitted {inline} {assembly language} and control
+	over {register} usage.
+
+	Previous IBM 360 operating systems such as {OS/MFT} and
+	{OS/MVT} had been written entirely in {assembly language}.
+	The first IBM OS that had any significant portion written in
+	PL/S was {MVS}, followed by {OS/VS1}, {OS/VS2} and {OS/SVS}.
+
+	PL/S was part of IBM's {OCO
+	(http://www.landley.net/history/mirror/ibm/oco.html)} (object
+	code only) effort, started in 1983.  PL/S was used internally
+	and never released to the public.  It is documented in various
+	IBM internal ZZ-? publications.
+
+	Versions: PLS1, PLSII.
+
+	["PL/S, Programming Language/Systems", W.R. Brittenham, Proc
+	GUIDE Intl, GUIDE 34, May 14, 1972, pp. 540-556].
+
+	(2012-01-20)
+
+Program Temporary Fix
+
+	<programming> (PTF) (Colloquially: Probably This Fixes) An
+	{IBM} sanctioned {patch}, often implemented using {ZAP} or
+	{SUPERZAP}.
+
+	(1998-07-08)
+
+program transformation
+
+	The systematic development of efficient programs from
+	high-level specifications by meaning-preserving program
+	manipulations.  Also known as optimisation.  See {fusion},
+	{loop combination}, {peephole optimisation}, {register
+	allocation}, {tupling}, {unfold/fold}.
+
+Prograph
+
+	<language>
+
+	A visual {dataflow} programming language and environment from
+	the {Technical University of Halifax}.
+
+	Prograph is an entirely graphical {visual programming}
+	language, other than for the text of {method} names, and
+	supports the program development process in a
+	highly-interactive fashion.  Operation icons are connected by
+	data links through which information flows.  It supports
+	{object orientation} via {class}-based {data abstraction} with
+	{single inheritance}.
+
+	Prograph is available for the {Macintosh}, and soon for
+	Windows and Unix, from {TGS Systems}.
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+PROGRES
+
+	<language> {PROgrammed Graph REwriting Systems}.
+
+progressive coding
+
+	<graphics, file format, algorithm> (Or "interlacing") An
+	aspect of a {graphics} storage format or transmission
+	{algorithm} that treats {bitmap} {image} data non-sequentially
+	in such a way that later data adds progressively greater
+	{resolution} to an already full-size image.  This contrasts
+	with {sequential coding}.
+
+	Progressive coding is useful when an image is being sent
+	across a slow communications channel, such as the {Internet},
+	as the low-resolution image may be sufficient to allow the
+	user to decide not to wait for the rest of the file to be
+	received.
+
+	In an interlaced {GIF89} image, the {pixels} in a row are
+	stored sequentially but the rows are stored in interlaced
+	order, e.g. 0, 8, 4, 12, 2, 6, 8, 10, 14, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,
+	13, 15.  Each vertical scan adds rows in the middle of the
+	gaps left by the previous one.
+
+	{PNG} interlaces both horizontally and vertically using the
+	"{Adam7}" method, a seven pass process named after Adam
+	M. Costello.
+
+	Interlacing is also supported by other formats.  {JPEG}
+	supports a functionally similar concept known as {Progressive
+	JPEG}.  [How does the algorithm differ?]
+
+	{JBIG} uses {progressive coding}.
+
+	See also {progressive/sequential coding}.
+
+	["Progressive Bi-level Image Compression, Revision 4.1",
+	ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG9, CD 11544, 1991-09-16].
+
+	(2000-09-12)
+
+Progressive JPEG
+
+	<graphics, file format> (PJPEG) An implementation of {JPEG}
+	that supports {progressive coding}.
+
+	[Standards documents?]
+
+	(1998-02-10)
+
+progressive/sequential coding
+
+	<compression, algorithm> The kind of image {compression}
+	{algorithm} used in {JBIG} where an image coded using
+	{progressive coding} can be decoded sequentially, and vice
+	versa.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+PROJECT
+
+	Subsystem of ICES.  Sammet 1969, p.616.
+
+project assurance
+
+	The process of specifying the support system: techniques,
+	internal standards, measurements, tools, and training for a
+	project; counselling the project team in the application of
+	these elements and monitoring the adherence to the standards.
+
+Project Athena
+
+	<project> A {distributed system} project for support of
+	educational and research computing at {MIT}.  Much of the
+	software developed is now in wider use, especially the {X
+	Window System}.
+
+	(2000-02-24)
+
+Project Guardian
+
+	<project, security> A project which grew out of the {ARPA}
+	support for {Multics} and the sale of Multics systems to the
+	US Air Force.  The USAF wanted a system that could be used to
+	handle more than one security classification of data at a
+	time.  They contracted with {Honeywell} and {MITRE
+	Corporation} to figure out how to do this.  Project Guardian
+	led to the creation of the {Access Isolation Mechanism}, the
+	forerunner of the {B2} labeling and star property support in
+	Multics.  The {DoD Orange Book} was influenced by the
+	experience in building secure systems gained in Project
+	Guardian.
+
+	(1997-01-29)
+
+projection
+
+	<theory> In domain theory, a {function}, f, which is (a)
+	{idempotent}, i.e.  f(f(x))=f(x) and (b) whose result is no
+	more defined than its argument.  E.g. F(x)=bottom or F(x)=x.
+
+	In {reduction} systems, a function which returns some
+	{component} of its argument.  E.g. head, tail, \ (x,y) . x.
+	In a {graph reduction} system the function can just return a
+	pointer to part of its argument and does not need to build any
+	new graph.
+
+	(1997-01-29)
+
+projective plane
+
+	<mathematics> The space of {equivalence classes} of {vectors}
+	under non-zero {scalar} multiplication.  Elements are sets of
+	the form
+
+		{kv: k != 0, k scalar, v != O, v a vector}
+
+	where O is the origin.  v is a representative member of this
+	equivalence class.
+
+	The projective plane of a {vector space} is the collection of
+	its 1-dimensional {subspaces}.  The properties of the vector
+	space induce a {topology} and notions of {smoothness} on the
+	projective plane.
+
+	A projective plane is in no meaningful sense a plane and would
+	therefore be (but isn't) better described as a "projective
+	space".
+
+	(1996-09-28)
+
+Project MAC
+
+	<project> A project suggested by J C R Licklider; its founding
+	director was {MIT} Prof. Robert M Fano.  MAC stood for
+	Multiple Access Computers on the 5th floor of Tech Square, and
+	Man and Computer on the 9th floor.  The major efforts were
+	Corbato's {Multics} development and {Marvin Minsky}'s
+	{Artificial Intelligence} Laboratory.  In 1963 Project MAC
+	hosted a summer study, which brought many well-known computer
+	scientists to Cambridge to use {CTSS} and to discuss the
+	future of computing.
+
+	Funding for Project MAC was provided by the Information
+	Processing Techniques Office of the {Advanced Research
+	Projects Agency} (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense.
+
+	See also {Early PL/I}, {MacLisp}, {MACSYMA}, {MDL},
+	{Multipop-68}, {OCAL}.
+
+	(1997-01-29)
+
+project management
+
+	<project, job> The process of planning, organising, staffing,
+	directing and controlling the production of a system.
+	Software tools are available to help with this, e.g. {PERT}
+	chart editors.
+
+	(1998-12-12)
+
+project planning
+
+	{project management}
+
+Prolog
+
+	<programming> Programming in Logic or (French) Programmation
+	en Logique.  The first of the huge family of {logic
+	programming} languages.
+
+	Prolog was invented by Alain Colmerauer and Phillipe Roussel
+	at the University of Aix-Marseille in 1971.  It was first
+	implemented 1972 in {ALGOL-W}.  It was designed originally for
+	{natural-language processing} but has become one of the most
+	widely used languages for {artificial intelligence}.
+
+	It is based on {LUSH} (or {SLD}) {resolution} {theorem
+	proving} and {unification}.  The first versions had no
+	user-defined functions and no control structure other than the
+	built-in {depth-first search} with {backtracking}.  Early
+	collaboration between Marseille and Robert Kowalski at
+	{University of Edinburgh} continued until about 1975.
+
+	Early implementations included {C-Prolog}, {ESLPDPRO},
+	{Frolic}, {LM-Prolog}, {Open Prolog}, {SB-Prolog}, {UPMAIL
+	Tricia Prolog}.  In 1998, the most common Prologs in use are
+	{Quintus Prolog}, {SICSTUS Prolog}, {LPA Prolog}, {SWI
+	Prolog}, {AMZI Prolog}, {SNI Prolog}.
+
+	{ISO} draft standard at {Darmstadt, Germany
+	(ftp://ftp.th-darmstadt.de/pub/programming/languages/prolog/standard/)}.
+	or {UGA, USA (ftp://ai.uga.edu/ai.prolog.standard)}.
+
+	See also {negation by failure}, {Kamin's interpreters},
+	{Paradigms of AI Programming}, {Aditi}.
+
+	A Prolog {interpreter} in {Scheme}.
+	{(ftp://cpsc.ucalgary.ca/pub/prolog1.1)}.
+
+	{A Prolog package
+	(ftp://cpsc.ucalgary.ca/pub/prolog1.1/prolog11.tar.Z)} from
+	the {University of Calgary} features {delayed goals} and
+	{interval arithmetic}.  It requires {Scheme} with
+	{continuations}.
+
+	["Programming in Prolog", W.F. Clocksin & C.S. Mellish,
+	Springer, 1985].
+
+	(2001-04-01)
+
+Prolog++
+
+	(After {C++}) {Prolog} with {object-oriented} features added
+	by Phil Vasey of {Logic Programming Associates}.  Prolog++ is
+	available for {MS-DOS} and the {X Window System}.  It is
+	distributed by {AI International} Ltd. in England and by
+	{Quintus}.
+
+Prolog-2
+
+	An implementation of Edinburgh Prolog by Nick Henfrey, {ESL}.
+
+	["An Advanced Logic Programming Language", Anthony Dodd].
+
+Prolog-D-Linda
+
+	Embeds the {Linda} parallel paradigm into {SISCtus Prolog}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.uwa.au/)}.  E-mail: <geoff@cs.uwa.edu.au>.
+
+Prolog-II
+
+	Prolog with two new predicates: "dif" for coroutines and
+	"freeze" for delayed evaluation.
+
+	Available from ExperIntelligence, Santa Barbara CA.
+
+	["Prolog II Reference Manual and Theoretical Model",
+	A. Colmerauer, Internal Report, GroupeIA, U Aix-Marseille (Oct
+	1982)].
+
+Prolog-III
+
+	A. Colmerauer, U Aix-Marseille, ca 1984.  Marseille Prolog,
+	with unification replaced by constraint resolution.  [deferred
+	goals too?]  (Not to be confused with Prolog 3, a commercial
+	product?)
+
+	Version 1.2 for MS-DOS.
+
+	["Opening the Prolog-III Universe", BYTE 12(9):177-182 (Aug
+	1987)].
+
+	["An Introduction to Prolog III", A. Colmerauer, CACM
+	33(7):69-90 (1990)].
+
+Prolog-Linda
+
+	1. Prolog extended with Linda-style parallelism.  Proc 4th
+	Australian Conf on Artif Intell.
+
+	{(ftp://bison.cs.uwa.oz.au/)}.
+
+	2. Neil MacDonald, U Edinburgh 1989.  Another Prolog extended
+	with Linda, implemented on a Computing Surface.
+
+Prolog/Mali
+
+	<language> (PM) {Lambda-Prolog} for the {MALI}-V06 abstract
+	memory system, developed by Pascal Brisset at IRISA, France.
+	There is a compiler which compiles to {C}, a linker,
+	libraries, {run-time system}, and documentation.  It runs
+	under {Unix}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.irisa.fr/pm/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: prolog-mali-request@irisa.fr.  E-mail:
+	<pm@irisa.fr>.
+
+	(1992-07-06)
+
+PROM
+
+	{Programmable Read-Only Memory}
+
+PROMAL
+
+	{PROgrammer's Microapplication Language}
+
+Prometheus
+
+	<language> A programmaing language geared for logic,
+	mathematics, {AI}, and string, list and database processing.
+	Prometheus runs on a variety of {platforms} from {Macintosh}
+	to {MS-DOS}
+
+	{(http://aard.tracor.com/Jason/Prometheus/)}.
+
+	(1996-03-04)
+
+promiscuous mode
+
+	<networking> Where a node on a network accepts all {packets},
+	regardless of their destination address.
+
+	(1996-03-04)
+
+PROM monitor
+
+	<operating system> a small program stored in {PROM} (or
+	{ROM}), responsible for both loading the {OS} and providing
+	some means to analyse OS {crashes}.  It may also have some
+	sort of {user interface} which can be used to examine and
+	change the contents of memory, control the boot process
+	(specifying arguments to the {kernel}, or changing where to
+	look for the it), and so forth.
+
+	The main difference between a PROM monitor and a {bootstrap
+	loader} is that the PROM monitor regains control when the OS
+	terminates.  This may enable a {wizard} to find out what went
+	wrong if the OS crashed, although it is usually of little help
+	for the average {sysadmin}.
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+pron
+
+	<jargon> (Or "pr0n") {B1FF}-speak for pornography.  Often seen
+	on {IRC} in such desperate cries for help as "I WNAT
+	PRON!!!!!"
+
+	(1997-09-14)
+
+Pronet
+
+	<language>
+
+	["The Design of a Programming Language Based on Connectivity
+	Networks", R. LeBlanc et al, Proc 3rd Intl Conf Distrib Comp
+	Sys, IEEE 1982, pp. 532-541].
+
+	(1997-09-14)
+
+Pronunciation
+
+	In this dictionary slashes (/../) bracket phonetic
+	pronunciations of words not found in a standard English
+	dictionary.  The notation, and many of the pronunciations,
+	were adapted from the Hacker's {Jargon File}.
+
+	Syllables are separated by {dash} or followed {single quote}
+	or {back quote}.  Single quote means the preceding syllable is
+	stressed (louder), back quote follows a syllable with
+	intermediate stress (slightly louder), otherwise all syllables
+	are equally stressed.
+
+	Consonants are pronounced as in English but note:
+
+		ch	soft, as in "church"
+		g	hard, as in "got"
+		gh	aspirated g+h of "bughouse" or "ragheap"
+		j	voiced, as in "judge"
+		kh	guttural of "loch" or "l'chaim"
+		s	unvoiced, as in "pass"
+		zh	as "s" in "pleasure"
+
+	Uppercase letters are pronounced as their English letter
+	names; thus (for example) /H-L-L/ is equivalent to /aych el
+	el/.  /Z/ is pronounced /zee/ in the US and /zed/ in the UK
+	(elsewhere?).
+
+	Vowels are represented as follows:
+
+		a	back, that
+		ah	father, palm (see note)
+		ar	far, mark
+		aw	flaw, caught
+		ay	bake, rain
+		e	less, men
+		ee	easy, ski
+		eir	their, software
+		i	trip, hit
+		i:	life, sky
+		o	block, stock (see note)
+		oh	flow, sew
+		oo	loot, through
+		or	more, door
+		ow	out, how
+		oy	boy, coin
+		uh	but, some
+		u	put, foot
+		*r      fur, insert (only in stressed
+			syllables; otherwise use just "r")
+		y	yet, young
+		yoo	few, chew
+		[y]oo	/oo/ with optional fronting as
+			in `news' (/nooz/ or /nyooz/)
+
+	A /*/ is used for the `schwa' sound of unstressed or occluded
+	vowels (often written with an upside-down `e').  The schwa
+	vowel is omitted in unstressed syllables containing vocalic l,
+	m, n or r; that is, "kitten" and "colour" would be rendered
+	/kit'n/ and /kuhl'r/, not /kit'*n/ and /kuhl'*r/.
+
+	The above table reflects mainly distinctions found in standard
+	American English (that is, the neutral dialect spoken by TV
+	network announcers and typical of educated speech in the Upper
+	Midwest, Chicago, Minneapolis/St.Paul and Philadelphia).
+	However, we separate /o/ from /ah/, which tend to merge in
+	standard American.  This may help readers accustomed to
+	accents resembling British Received Pronunciation.
+
+	Entries with a pronunciation of `//' are written-only.
+
+	(1997-12-10)
+
+proof
+
+	1. <logic> A {finite} sequence of {well-formed formulas}, F1,
+	F2, ... Fn, where each Fi either is an {axiom}, or follows by
+	some rule of inference from some of the previous F's, and Fn
+	is the statement being proved.
+
+	See also {proof theory}.
+
+	2. A left-associative {natural language} {parser} by Craig
+	R. Latta <latta@xcf.berkeley.edu>.  Ported to {Decstation
+	3100}, {Sun-4}.
+
+	{(ftp://scam.berkeley.edu/pub/src/local/proof/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <proof@xcf.berkeley.edu>.  Mailing list:
+	proof-requestf@xcf.berkeley.edu (Subject: add me).
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+PROOF/L
+
+	A {functional}, {object-oriented language} with {implicit
+	parallelism}.
+
+	[J Parallel Dist Comp 12:202-212 (1991)].
+
+	[Forthcoming Technical Report from {RADC}].
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+proof theory
+
+	<logic> The branch of {logic} describing procedures for
+	combining logical statements to show, by a series of
+	truth-preserving transformations, that one statement is a
+	consequence of some other statement or group of statements.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+propeller head
+
+	<jargon> Used by hackers, this is synonym with {computer
+	geek}.  Non-hackers sometimes use it to describe all techies.
+	Probably derives from SF fandom's tradition (originally
+	invented by old-time fan Ray Faraday Nelson) of propeller
+	beanies as fannish insignia (though nobody actually wears them
+	except as a joke).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+propeller key
+
+	{feature key}
+
+proportionally spaced font
+
+	{proportional font}
+
+Proposal Writing
+
+	Extension of {Fortran} for proposal writing.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 170].
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+proposition
+
+	<logic> A statement in {propositional logic} which may be
+	either true or false.  Each proposition is typically
+	represented by a letter in a {formula} such as "p => q",
+	meaning proposition p implies proposition q.
+
+	(2006-03-14)
+
+propositional calculus
+
+	{propositional logic}
+
+propositional logic
+
+	<logic> (or "propositional calculus") A system of {symbolic
+	logic} using symbols to stand for whole {propositions} and
+	{logical connectives}.  Propositional logic only considers
+	whether a proposition is true or false.  In contrast to
+	{predicate logic}, it does not consider the internal structure
+	of propositions.
+
+	(2002-05-21)
+
+Proposition of a Language Useable for Structured Specifications
+
+	<language> (PLUSS)
+	An {algebraic specification language}, built on top of {ASL}.
+
+	["A First Introduction to PLUSS", M.C. Gaudel, TR, U Paris
+	Sud, Orsay 1984].
+
+	(2006-03-14)
+
+proprietary
+
+	1. In {marketroid}-speak, superior; implies a product imbued
+	with exclusive magic by the unmatched brilliance of the
+	company's own hardware or software designers.
+
+	2. In the language of hackers and users, inferior; implies a
+	product not conforming to {open-systems} {standards}, and thus
+	one that puts the customer at the mercy of a vendor who can
+	inflate service and upgrade charges after the initial sale has
+	locked the customer in.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+PROSE
+
+	1. PROblem Solution Engineering.  Numerical problems including
+	differentiation and integration.  "Computing in Calculus",
+	J. Thames, Research/Development 26(5) (May 1975).
+
+	2. A constraints-and-sequencing system similar to
+	Kaleidoscope.  "Reflexive Constraints for Dynamic Knowledge
+	Bases", P. Berlandier et al in Proc First Intl CS Conf '88:
+	AI: Theory and Appls, Dec 1988.
+
+ProSet
+
+	A derivative of {SETL} with {Ada}-like {syntax} developed at
+	the {University of Essen} in 1990.  Formerly known as SETL/E.
+
+	["SETL/E, A Prototyping System Based on Sets", E.E. Doberkat
+	et al, in Tagungsband TOOL90, W. Zorn ed, pp. 109-118, U
+	Karlsruhe, Nov 1990].
+
+	["ProSet - A Language for Prototyping with Sets",
+	E.-E. Doberkat et al, in Proc Third Intl Workshop on Rapid
+	System Prototyping, N.  Kanopoulos ed, IEEE Comp Soc Press,
+	June 1992, pp. 235-248].
+
+PROSPER
+
+	["PROSPER: A Language for Specification by Prototyping", J.
+	Leszczylowski, Comp Langs 14(3):165-180 (1989)].
+
+Prospero
+
+	A tool for organising {Internet} resources.  Prospero allows
+	each user to organise the contents of remote file servers into
+	his own virtual file system with his own hierarchical name
+	space consisting of links to remote objects.  Remote indexing
+	services are made available by treating the results as a
+	virtual directory.  A "union link" allows the contents of the
+	link's target directory to appear as part of the directory
+	containing the link.  Arbitrary filters can be associated with
+	links to modify the representation of the target directory as
+	desired.  Prospero directories can be shared between users.
+	The Prospero protocol is used for communication between
+	clients and servers in the archie system.
+
+	A prototype of Prospero has been available since December
+	1990.  It interfaces with Sun {NFS}, the {Andrew File System}
+	and {FTP} (with local caching) and {Archie}.  Support for
+	{web} and {WAIS} is planned (1992).
+
+	E-mail: <info-prospero@isi.edu>.
+	{(ftp://prospero.isi.edu/pub/prospero)}.
+
+ProTalk
+
+	{Quintus}.  An {object-oriented} {Prolog}.
+
+protected mode
+
+	An operating mode of {Intel 80x86} processors.  The opposite
+	of real mode.  The {Intel 8088}, {Intel 8086}, {Intel 80188}
+	and {Intel 80186} had only real mode, processors beginning
+	with the {Intel 80286} feature a second mode called protected
+	mode.
+
+	In real mode, addresses are generated by adding an address
+	offset to the value of a {segment register} shifted left four
+	bits.  As the segment register and address offset are 16 bits
+	long this results in a 20-bit address.  This is the origin of
+	the one megabyte (2^20) limit in real mode.
+
+	There are 4 segment registers on processors before the {Intel
+	80386}.  The 80386 introduced two more segment registers.
+	Which segment register is used depends on the instruction, on
+	the {addressing mode} and of an optional instruction prefix
+	which selects the segment register explicitly.
+
+	In protected mode, the segment registers contain an index into
+	a table of {segment descriptors}.  Each segment descriptor
+	contains the start address of the segment, to which the offset
+	is added to generate the address.  In addition, the segment
+	descriptor contains {memory protection} information.  This
+	includes an offset limit and bits for write and read
+	permission.  This allows the processor to prevent memory
+	accesses to certain data.  The {operating system} can use this
+	to protect different processes' memory from each other, hence
+	the name "protected mode".
+
+	While the standard {register set} belongs to the {CPU}, the
+	segment registers lie "at the boundary" between the CPU and
+	MMU.  Each time a new value is loaded into a segment register
+	while in protected mode, the corresponding descriptor is
+	loaded into a descriptor cache in the (Segment-)MMU.  On
+	processors before the {Pentium} this takes longer than just
+	loading the segment register in real mode.  Addresses
+	generated by the CPU (which are segment offsets) are passed to
+	the MMU to be checked against the limit in the segment
+	descriptor and are there added to the segment base address in
+	the descriptor to form a {linear address}.
+
+	On a 80386 or later, the linear address is further processed
+	by the paged MMU before the result (the physical address)
+	appears on the chip's address pins.  The 80286 doesn't have a
+	paged MMU so the linear address is output directly as the
+	physical address.
+
+	The paged MMU allows for arbitrary remapping of four klilobyte
+	memory blocks ({pages}) through a translation table stored in
+	memory.  A few entries of this table are cached in the MMU's
+	{Translation Lookaside Buffer} to avoid excessive memory
+	accesses.
+
+	After processor reset, all processors start in real mode.
+	Protected mode has to be enabled by software.  On the 80286
+	there exists no documented way back to real mode apart from
+	resetting the processor.  Later processors allow switching
+	back to real mode by software.
+
+	Software which has been written or compiled to run in
+	protected mode must only use segment register values given to
+	it by the operating system.  Unfortunately, most application
+	code for {MS-DOS}, written before the 286, will fail in
+	protected mode because it assumes real mode addressing and
+	writes arbitrary values to segment registers, e.g. in order to
+	perform address calculations.
+
+	Such use of segment registers is only really necessary with
+	data structures that are larger than 64 kilobytes and thus
+	don't fit into a single segment.  This is usually dealt with
+	by the {huge memory model} in compilers.  In this model,
+	compilers generate address arithmetic involving segment
+	registers.  A solution which is portable to protected mode
+	with almost the same efficiency would involve using a table of
+	segments instead of calculating new segment register values ad
+	hoc.
+
+	To ease the transition to protected mode, {Intel 80386} and
+	later processors provide "{virtual 86 mode}".
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+PROTEUS
+
+	An extensible language, the core of {PARSEC}.
+
+	["The Design of a Minimal Expandable Computer Language",
+	J.R. Bell, PhD Thesis, CS, {Stanford University} (Dec 1968)].
+
+protocal
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{protocol}".
+
+protocol
+
+	A set of formal rules describing how to transmit data,
+	especially across a {network}.  Low level protocols define the
+	electrical and physical standards to be observed, bit- and
+	byte-ordering and the transmission and {error detection and
+	correction} of the bit stream.  High level protocols deal with
+	the data formatting, including the {syntax} of messages, the
+	terminal to computer dialogue, {character sets}, sequencing of
+	messages etc.
+
+	Many protocols are defined by {RFCs} or by {OSI}.
+
+	See also {handshaking}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+protocol analyser
+
+	<communications, hardware, networking, testing, tool> Any
+	device that captures and interprets the {network traffic}
+	between two or more connected computer systems.  The traffic
+	can then be {decoded} so that it is possible to see what
+	{processes} are occurring.
+
+	By examining the flow of traffic, protocol analysers can be
+	used to find out where problems (such as {bottlenecks} or the
+	failure of a network device) are on a {LAN}.
+
+	Advanced protocol analysers can also provide statistics on
+	the traffic that can help to identify trends that may in
+	future lead to further problems with the network.
+
+	(2000-07-24)
+
+protocol converter
+
+	<networking> A device or program to translate between
+	different {protocols} which serve similar functions
+	(e.g. {TCP} and {TP4}).
+
+	Some call this a "{gateway}", though others use that term for
+	other kinds of {internetworking} device.
+
+	(1996-03-07)
+
+Protocol Data Unit
+
+	(PDU) A {packet} of data passed across a {network}.  The term
+	implies a specific layer of the {OSI} seven layer model and a
+	specific {protocol}.
+
+	(1994-10-13)
+
+protocol layer
+
+	<networking> The {software} and/or {hardware} environment of
+	two or more communications devices or computers in which a
+	particular {network} {protocol} operates.  A network
+	connection may be thought of as a set of more or less
+	independent protocols, each in a different layer or level.
+	The lowest layer governs direct host-to-host communication
+	between the hardware at different hosts; the highest consists
+	of user {application programs}.  Each layer uses the layer
+	beneath it and provides a service for the layer above.  Each
+	networking component {hardware or software} on one host uses
+	{protocols} appropriate to its layer to communicate with the
+	corresponding component (its "peer") on another host.  Such
+	layered protocols are sometimes known as peer-to-peer
+	protocols.
+
+	The advantages of layered {protocols} is that the methods of
+	passing information from one layer to another are specified
+	clearly as part of the {protocol} suite, and changes within a
+	protocol layer are prevented from affecting the other layers.
+	This greatly simplifies the task of designing and maintaining
+	communication systems.
+
+	Examples of layered protocols are {TCP/IP}'s five layer
+	{protocol stack} and the {OSI} seven layer model.
+
+	(1997-05-05)
+
+protocol stack
+
+	<protocol> A layered set of {protocols} which work together to
+	provide a set of network functions.  Each intermediate
+	{protocol layer} uses the layer below it to provide a service
+	to the layer above.
+
+	The {OSI} seven layer model is an attempt to provide a
+	standard framework within which to describe protocol stacks.
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+PROTON
+
+	1. A home computer made by {Acorn Computers} under a contract
+	won from the {BBC} in April 1981.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	2. Something to do with {Microsoft} {SoftLib}?
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+Protosynthex
+
+	A query system for English text.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 669].
+
+prototype
+
+	1. <systems> An early version of a product, designed to
+	demonstrate feasability and elicit feedback.  A prototype
+	usually has some subset of the functions, behaviour and
+	appearance of the finished product.  It is usually made using
+	a method suitable for producing a one-off rather than mass
+	production.
+
+	2. <programming> In {prototype-based programming}, an {object}
+	that is intended to be cloned to create similar objects which
+	may then be modified independantly and/or cloned themselves.
+
+	(2010-03-02)
+
+Prototyper
+
+	An {interface builder} for the {Macintosh} from Smethers
+	Barnes.
+
+	(1994-11-28)
+
+prototyping
+
+	The creation of a model and the {simulation} of all aspects of
+	a product.  {CASE} tools support different degrees of
+	prototyping.  Some offer the end-user the ability to review
+	all aspects of the {user interface} and the structure of
+	documentation and reports before code is generated.
+
+provably difficult
+
+	The set or property of problems for which it can be proven
+	that no {polynomial-time} {algorithm} exists, only
+	{exponential-time} {algorithms}.
+
+provably unsolvable
+
+	The set or property of problems for which no {algorithm} at
+	all exists.  E.g. the {Halting Problem}.  See also {provably
+	difficult}.
+
+provider
+
+	{Internet Access Provider}
+
+provocative maintenance
+
+	[Common ironic mutation of "preventive maintenance"] Actions
+	performed upon a machine at regularly scheduled intervals to
+	ensure that the system remains in a usable state.  So called
+	because it is all too often performed by a {field servoid} who
+	doesn't know what he is doing; such "maintenance" often
+	*induces* problems, or otherwise results in the machine's
+	remaining in an *un*usable state for an indeterminate amount
+	of time.  See also {scratch monkey}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+prowler
+
+	({Unix}) A {daemon} that is run periodically (typically once a
+	week) to seek out and erase {core} files, truncate
+	administrative logfiles, nuke "lost+found" directories, and
+	otherwise clean up the {cruft} that tends to pile up in the
+	corners of a file system.
+
+	See also {GFR}, {reaper}, {skulker}.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+proxy
+
+	<networking> A process that accepts requests for some service
+	and passes them on to the real {server}.  A proxy may run on
+	dedicated {hardware} or may be purely {software}.  It may
+	transform the request in some way or provide some additional
+	layer of functionality such as {caching} or remote access.  A
+	proxy may be intended to increase security, e.g. a {web proxy}
+	that allows multiple clients inside an organisation to access
+	the {Internet} through a single secure, shared connection.
+
+	(2007-09-03)
+
+proxy ARP
+
+	<networking> The technique in which one {host}, usually a
+	{router}, answers {Address Resolution Protocol} (ARP) requests
+	intended for another machine.  By "faking" its identity, the
+	router accepts responsibility for routing {packets} to the
+	"real" destination.  Proxy ARP allows a site to use a single
+	{IP address} with two physical networks.  {Subnet}ting would
+	normally be a better solution.
+
+	(2007-09-03)
+
+proxy gateway
+
+	{proxy server}
+
+Proxy Server
+
+	<software, security> (Capitalised) {Microsoft}'s {proxy
+	server} and {proxy gateway}, designed to provide extensible
+	{firewall} and network security.  Proxy Server is part of
+	{BackOffice}.
+
+	(1999-09-17)
+
+proxy server
+
+	<networking> A {server} process that intercepts requests from
+	a client, passes them to an {origin server} and returns the
+	response to the client while performing various other
+	operations in the process.  An {HTTP proxy server} is a common
+	example.
+
+	A proxy may be used for purposes of {security}, performance
+	({caching}) or anonymity.  It may be purely software or may
+	run on its own hardware, either a standard {PC} or server
+	machine or a custom hardware appliance.  A software proxy may
+	be on the same computer as the client or the origin server,
+	separate hardware may be anywhere on the network in between.
+
+	The proxy may filter requests, rejecting some if the request
+	or response matches certain conditions (e.g. an {antivirus}
+	proxy).  It may cache requests and responses to reduce load on
+	the origin server or data volume on the network or to provide
+	quicker response to the client for common requests.  The proxy
+	may modify the request or response, e.g. to convert between
+	different protocols or interfaces.
+
+	Proxy servers are often used in large companies as part of a
+	{firewall} so that users within the company need have no
+	direct connection to the Internet (and can use a {private IP
+	address} range) but can still access the {web},
+	{instant messenger}, etc via the proxy.  Usually this requires
+	each client to be configured to use the proxy.
+
+	The term "proxy gateway" may more imply transparency (less
+	intervention) in the request-response process, though is often
+	used as a synonym for proxy server.
+
+	(2008-07-01)
+
+PS
+
+	1. <language, text, graphics> {PostScript}.
+
+	2. <file format> {Physical Sequential}.
+
+PS1
+
+	{Sony Playstation}
+
+PS2
+
+	{Sony Playstation}
+
+PS/2
+
+	<computer> {IBM}'s second generation of {personal computers}.
+	The PS/2 series introduced three advances over the PC series:
+	3.5" 1.44 megabyte {microfloppy} disks, {VGA} and {8514}
+	graphics {display standards}, and the {Micro Channel} bus
+	architecture.  The 3.5" disks and VGA can be easily installed
+	on other PCs and will become the standard for new compatible
+	computers.  The Micro Channel bus allows for multiprocessing
+	and less aggravation, but cannot be retrofitted to older PCs.
+
+	PS/2 models 25 and 30 are {ISA}, other models have Micro
+	Channel and {ESDI}.
+
+	(1995-11-27)
+
+PS 440
+
+	<language> The system implementation language for the
+	{Telefunken TR 440} computer, developed by K. Lagally in about
+	1974.
+
+	(2003-07-29)
+
+PSA
+
+	Problem Statement Analizer.  See {PSL/PSA}.
+
+PS-ALGOL
+
+	Persistent ALGOL.  ca 1981, released 1985.  A derivative of
+	S-ALGOL.  Database capability derived from the longevity of
+	data.  "The PS- Algol Reference Manual", TR PPR-12-85, CS
+	Dept, U Glasgow 1985.  IBM PC version available from CS Dept,
+	U Strathclyde, Glasgow.
+
+pSather
+
+	<language> A parallel extension of {Sather} for a clustered
+	{shared memory} model.  It features {threads} synchronised by
+	{monitor} objects ("gates"); {locality} {assertions} and
+	placement operators.
+
+	There is an implementation for the {CM-5}.
+
+	["pSather Monitors: Design, Tutorial, Rationale and
+	Implementation", J.A. Feldman et al, TR-91-031 and TR-93-028,
+	ICSI, Berkeley, CA].
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+PSD
+
+	<tool> {Portable Scheme Debugger}.
+
+PSDN
+
+	<communications> {Public Switched Data Network}.
+
+pseudo
+
+	<jargon> /soo'doh/ ({Usenet}) Pseudonym.
+
+	1. An {electronic-mail} or {Usenet} persona adopted by a human
+	for amusement value or as a means of avoiding negative
+	repercussions of one's net.behaviour; a "nom de {Usenet}",
+	often associated with forged postings designed to conceal
+	message origins.  Perhaps the best-known and funniest hoax of
+	this type is {BIFF}.
+
+	2. Notionally, a {flamage}-generating {AI} program simulating
+	a {Usenet} user.  Many flamers have been accused of actually
+	being such entities, despite the fact that no AI program of
+	the required sophistication yet exists.  However, in 1989
+	there was a famous series of forged postings that used a
+	phrase-frequency-based travesty generator to simulate the
+	styles of several well-known flamers; it was based on large
+	samples of their back postings (compare {Dissociated Press}).
+	A significant number of people were fooled by the forgeries,
+	and the debate over their authenticity was settled only when
+	the perpetrator came forward to publicly admit the hoax.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+pseudocode
+
+	<programming> A notation resembling a {programming language}
+	but not intended for actual {compilation}.  It usually
+	combines some of the structure of a programming language with
+	an informal {natural language} description of the computations
+	to be carried out.  Some {CASE} systems produce it as a basis
+	for later {hand coding}.
+
+	(2011-01-29)
+
+pseudoprime
+
+	A backgammon prime (six consecutive occupied points) with one
+	point missing.  This term is an esoteric pun derived from a
+	mathematical method that, rather than determining precisely
+	whether a number is prime (has no divisors), uses a
+	statistical technique to decide whether the number is
+	"probably" prime.  A number that passes this test is called a
+	pseudoprime.  The hacker backgammon usage stems from the idea
+	that a pseudoprime is almost as good as a prime: it does the
+	job of a prime until proven otherwise, and that probably won't
+	happen.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+pseudorandom number
+
+	<programming> One of a sequence of numbers generated by some
+	{algorithm} so as to have an even distribution over some range
+	of values and minimal {correlation} between successive
+	values.
+
+	Pseudorandom numbers are used in {simulation} and
+	{encryption}.  They are pseudorandom not random because the
+	sequence eventually repeats exactly and is entirely determined
+	by the initial conditions.
+
+	One of the simplest algorithms is
+
+		x[i+1] = (a * x[i] + c) mod m
+
+	but this repeats after at most m numbers and successive
+	numbers are closely related.  Better algorithms generally use
+	more previous numbers to calculate the next number.
+
+	{(http://random.mat.sbg.ac.at/)}.
+
+	(2007-06-29)
+
+PseudoScheme
+
+	A translator from {Scheme} to {Common Lisp} by Jonathan Rees
+	<jar@cs.cornell.edu>.  Version 2.8.  It conforms to all of
+	{R3RS} except {call/cc} and requires {Common Lisp}.  Runs on
+	{Lucid}, {Symbolics CL}, {VAX Lisp}, {Explorer CL}.
+
+	Mailing list: info-clscheme-request@mc.lcs.mit.edu.
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+pseudosuit
+
+	/soo'doh-s[y]oot"/ A {suit} wannabee; a hacker who has decided
+	that he wants to be in management or administration and begins
+	wearing ties, sport coats, and (shudder!) suits voluntarily.
+	It's his funeral.  See also {lobotomy}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+pseudo-tty
+
+	{Berkeley} {Unix} networking device which appears to an
+	{application program} as an ordinary terminal but which is in
+	fact connected via the network to a process running on a
+	different {host} or a windowing system.  Pseudo-ttys have a
+	slave half and a control half.  The slave tty (/dev/ttyp*) is
+	the device that user programs use and the control tty
+	(/dev/ptyp*) is used by {daemons} to talk to the net.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+PSF
+
+	{Print Services Facility}
+
+PSI
+
+	{Portable Scheme Interpreter}
+
+Psion
+
+	<company> The UK company that produced the {Psion Organiser}.
+	They also wrote software for the {Sinclair} {QL}.
+
+	{Psion Home (http://psionteklogix.com/)}.
+
+	(2009-05-27)
+
+Psion Organiser
+
+	<computer> A popular {pocket computer} from the UK Company
+	{Psion} plc.  The organiser uses a {graphical user interface}
+	with windows, menus, icons and {dialog box}es.  There have
+	been several versions so far: Series3a, Series3, HC, MC,
+	OrgII.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.sys.psion},
+	{news:comp.binaries.psion}.
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+PSK
+
+	1. <communications> {Phase-Shift Keying}.
+
+	2. <cryptography, networking> {Pre-Shared Key}.
+
+PSL
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. {Portable Standard Lisp}.
+
+	2. {Problem Statement Language}.
+
+PSL/PSA
+
+	{Problem Statement Language/Problem Statement Analyser}
+
+PSML
+
+	{Processor System Modeling Language}.
+
+PSN
+
+	{Packet Switch Node}
+
+PSO
+
+	{Oracle Parallel Server}
+
+PSPP
+
+	<statistics> A {GNU} version of {SPSS}.
+
+	[URL?  Features?]
+
+	(2010-03-21)
+
+PSTN
+
+	{Public Switched Telephone Network}
+
+PSU
+
+	{power supply unit}
+
+psychedelicware
+
+	/si:"k*-del"-ik-weir/ [UK] Synonym {display hack}.  See also
+	{smoking clover}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+psyton
+
+	<humour> /si:'ton/ (From {TMRC}) The elementary particle
+	carrying the sinister force.  The probability of a process
+	losing is proportional to the number of psytons falling on it.
+	Psytons are generated by observers, which is why demos are
+	more likely to fail when lots of people are watching.  This
+	term appears to have been largely superseded by {bogon}; see
+	also {quantum bogodynamics}.
+
+	(1997-04-26)
+
+pt
+
+	1. <text, unit> {point}.
+
+	2. <networking> The {country code} for Portugal.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+P-TAC
+
+	Parallel Three Address Code.
+
+	{Kid} is a refinement of {P-TAC}, used as an intermediate
+	language for {Id}.
+
+	["P-TAC: A Parallel Intermediate Language", Z. Ariola et al,
+	Fourth Intl Conf Func Prog Langs and Comp Arch, ACM Sept
+	1989].
+
+ptc
+
+	A {Pascal} to {C} translator.
+
+	{(ftp://uxc.sco.uiuc.edu/languages/ptc)}.
+
+PTF
+
+	{Program Temporary Fix}
+
+Pthreads
+
+	{POSIX Threads}
+
+PTI
+
+	{Portable Tool Interface}
+
+PTN
+
+	{Physical Transport Network}
+
+Ptolemy
+
+	A flexible foundation for the specification, simulation, and
+	rapid prototyping of systems.  It is an {object-oriented}
+	framework within which diverse models of computation can
+	co-exist and interact.  For example, using Ptolemy a
+	{data-flow} system can be easily connected to a hardware
+	simulator which in turn may be connected to a discrete-event
+	system.  Because of this, Ptolemy can be used to model entire
+	systems.  In addition, Ptolemy now has code generation
+	capabilities.  From a {flow graph} description, Ptolemy can
+	generate both {C} code and {DSP} {assembly code} for rapid
+	prototyping.  Note that code generation is not yet complete,
+	and is included in the current release for demonstration
+	purposes only.
+
+	Version 0.4.1 includes a graphical algorithm layout, code
+	generator and simulator.  It requires {C++}, {C} and has been
+	ported to {Sun-4}, {MIPS}/{Ultrix}; {DSP56001}, {DSP96002}.
+	Ptolemy is an active research project.
+
+	{(ftp://ptolemy.bekeley.edu/pub/ptolemy/)}.  Mailing list:
+	ptolemy-hackers-request@ohm.berkeley.edu.  E-mail:
+	<ptolemy@ohm.berkeley.edu>.
+
+	(1993-04-22)
+
+PTT
+
+	{Post, Telephone and Telegraph administration}
+
+PUB
+
+	1. PUBlishing.  A 1972 text-formatting language for {TOPS-10},
+	with syntax based on {SAIL}.  Influenced {TeX} and {Scribe}.
+	["PUB: The Document Compiler", Larry Tesler, Stanford AI Proj
+	Op Note, Sept 1972].
+
+	2. /pub, the top-level, publicly accessible directory on most
+	{anonymous FTP} archives.  This is usually where the
+	interesting files are.  See {pubic directory}.
+
+pubic directory
+
+	[NYU] (also "pube directory" /pyoob' d*-rek't*-ree/) The "pub"
+	(public) directory on a machine that allows {FTP} access.  So
+	called because it is the default location for {SEX} (software
+	exchange).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+public domain
+
+	(PD) The total absence of {copyright} protection.  If
+	something is "in the public domain" then anyone can copy it or
+	use it in any way they wish.  The author has none of the
+	exclusive rights which apply to a copyright work.
+
+	The phrase "public domain" is often used incorrectly to refer
+	to {freeware} or {shareware} (software which is copyrighted
+	but is distributed without (advance) payment).  Public domain
+	means no copyright -- no exclusive rights.  In fact the phrase
+	"public domain" has no legal status at all in the UK.
+
+	See also {archive site}, {careware}, {charityware},
+	{copyleft}, {crippleware}, {guiltware}, {postcardware} and
+	{-ware}.  Compare {payware}.
+
+public domain software
+
+	{public domain}
+
+public-key cryptography
+
+	{public-key encryption}
+
+Public-Key Cryptography Standards
+
+	<cryptography, standard> (PKCS) A set of {standards} for
+	{public-key cryptography}, developed by {RSA Data Security,
+	Inc.} in cooperation with an informal consortium, originally
+	including {Apple}, {Microsoft}, {DEC}, {Lotus}, {Sun} and
+	{MIT}.  The PKCS have been cited by the {OSI Implementers'
+	Workshop} (OIW) as a method for implementation of {OSI}
+	standards.
+
+	PKCS includes both {algorithm}-specific and
+	algorithm-independent implementation standards.  Many
+	algorithms are supported, including {RSA} and {Diffie-Hellman}
+	key exchange, however, only the latter two are specifically
+	detailed.  PKCS also defines an algorithm-independent {syntax}
+	for {digital signatures}, {digital envelopes}, and extended
+	{digital certificates}; this enables someone implementing any
+	cryptographic algorithm whatsoever to conform to a standard
+	syntax, and thus achieve interoperability.
+
+	E-mail: pkcs@rsa.com.
+
+	(1999-02-16)
+
+public-key encryption
+
+	<cryptography> (PKE, Or "public-key cryptography") An
+	{encryption} scheme, introduced by Diffie and Hellman in 1976,
+	where each person gets a pair of keys, called the public key
+	and the private key.  Each person's public key is published
+	while the private key is kept secret.  Messages are encrypted
+	using the intended recipient's public key and can only be
+	decrypted using his private key.  This is often used in
+	conjunction with a {digital signature}.
+
+	The need for sender and receiver to share secret information
+	(keys) via some secure channel is eliminated: all
+	communications involve only public keys, and no private key is
+	ever transmitted or shared.
+
+	Public-key encryption can be used for {authentication},
+	{confidentiality}, {integrity} and {non-repudiation}.
+
+	{RSA encryption} is an example of a public-key cryptosystem.
+
+	{alt.security FAQ
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/bngusenet/alt/security/top.html)}.
+
+	See also {knapsack problem}.
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+Public Key Infrastructure
+
+	<cryptography, communications> (PKI) A system of {public key
+	encryption} using {digital certificates} from {Certificate
+	Authorities} and other registration authorities that verify
+	and authenticate the validity of each party involved in an
+	electronic transaction.
+
+	PKIs are currently evolving and there is no single PKI nor
+	even a single agreed-upon standard for setting up a PKI.
+	However, nearly everyone agrees that reliable PKIs are
+	necessary before {electronic commerce} can become widespread.
+
+	{US DOD PKI (http://www-pki.itsi.disa.mil/)}.
+
+	{US NIST PKI (http://csrc.ncsl.nist.gov/pki/)}.
+
+	{IETF PKIX Working Group (http://imc.org/ietf-pkix/)}.
+
+	(1999-11-30)
+
+Public Switched Telephone Network
+
+	<communications> (PSTN, T.70) The collection of interconnected
+	systems operated by the various telephone companies and
+	administrations ({telcos} and {PTTs}) around the world.  Also
+	known as the Plain Old Telephone System (POTS) in contrast to
+	{xDSL} and {ISDN} (not to mention other forms of {PANS}).
+
+	The PSTN started as human-operated analogue circuit switching
+	systems (plugboards), progressed through electromechanical
+	switches.  By now this has almost completely been made
+	digital, except for the final connection to the subscriber
+	(the "last mile"): The signal coming out of the phone set is
+	analogue.  It is usually transmitted over a {twisted pair
+	cable} still as an analogue signal.  At the {telco} office
+	this analogue signal is usually digitised, using 8000 samples
+	per second and 8 bits per sample, yielding a 64 kb/s data
+	stream ({DS0}).  Several such data streams are usually
+	combined into a fatter stream: in the US 24 channels are
+	combined into a {T1}, in Europe 31 DS0 channels are combined
+	into an {E1} line.  This can later be further combined into
+	larger chunks for transmission over high-bandwidth core
+	trunks.  At the receiving end the channels are separated, the
+	digital signals are converted back to analogue and delivered
+	to the received phone.
+
+	While all these conversions are inaudible when voice is
+	transmitted over the phone lines it can make digital
+	communication difficult.  Items of interest include {A-law} to
+	{mu-law} conversion (and vice versa) on international calls;
+	{robbed bit} signalling in North America (56 kbps <--> 64
+	kbps); data {compression} to save {bandwidth} on long-haul
+	trunks; signal processing such as echo suppression and voice
+	signal enhancement such as AT&T TrueVoice.
+
+	(2000-07-09)
+
+puff
+
+	<algorithm> To decompress data that has been crunched by
+	{Huffman coding}.  At least one widely distributed Huffman
+	decoder program was actually *named* "PUFF", but these days it
+	is usually packaged with the encoder.
+
+	Opposite: {huff}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-10-16)
+
+PUFFT
+
+	["The Purdue University Fast Fortran Translator", Saul Rosen
+	et al, CACM 8(11):661-666 (Nov 1965)].
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+pull
+
+	{pull media}
+
+pull-down list
+
+	<operating system> (Or "drop-down list") A {graphical user
+	interface} component that allows the user to choose one (or
+	sometimes more than one) item from a list.  The current choice
+	is visible in a small rectangle and when the user clicks on
+	it, a list of items is revealed below it.  The user can then
+	click on one of these to make it the current choice and the
+	list disappears.  In some cases, by holding down a modifier
+	key such as Ctrl when clicking, the selection is added to (or
+	removed from) the set of current choices rather than replacing
+	it.
+
+	(1999-09-25)
+
+pull-down menu
+
+	<operating system> (Or "drop-down menu", "pop-down menu") A
+	{menu} in a {graphical user interface}, whose title is
+	normally visible but whose contents are revealed only when the
+	user activates it, normally by pressing the {mouse} button
+	while the {pointer} is over the title, whereupon the menu
+	items appear below the title.  The user may then select an
+	item from the menu or click elsewhere, in either case the menu
+	contents are hidden again.  A menu item is selected either by
+	dragging the mouse from the menu title to the item and
+	releasing or by clicking the title and then the item.
+
+	When a pull-down menu appears in the main area of a window, as
+	opposed to the {menu bar}, it may have a small,
+	downward-pointing triangle to the right.
+
+	Compare: {scrollable list}.
+
+	(1999-09-22)
+
+pull media
+
+	<messaging> A model of media distribution were the bits of
+	content have to be requested by the user, e.g. normal use of
+	{HTTP} on the {web}.
+
+	Opposite: "{push media}".
+
+	(1997-04-10)
+
+Pulse Code Modulation
+
+	<data> (PCM) A method by which an audio signal is represented
+	as digital data.
+
+	Virtually all digital audio systems use PCM, including, {CD},
+	{DAT}, F1 format, 1630 format, DASH, DCC, and MD.  Many people
+	get confused because "PCM" is also slang for Sony's F1 format
+	which stores PCM digital audio on videotape.
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+pumpkin
+
+	<jargon> A humourous term for the {token} - the object
+	(notional or real) that gives its possessor (the "pumpking" or
+	the "pumpkineer") exclusive access to something, e.g. applying
+	{patches} to a master copy of {source} (for which the pumpkin
+	is called a "patch pumpkin").
+
+	Chip Salzenberg <chip@perl.com> wrote:
+
+	David Croy once told me once that at a previous job, there was
+	one tape drive and multiple systems that used it for backups.
+	But instead of some high-tech exclusion software, they used a
+	low-tech method to prevent multiple simultaneous backups: a
+	stuffed pumpkin.  No one was allowed to make backups unless
+	they had the "backup pumpkin".
+
+	(1999-02-23)
+
+pumpkineer
+
+	{pumpkin}
+
+pumpking
+
+	{pumpkin}
+
+punch card
+
+	{punched card}
+
+punched card
+
+	<storage, history> (Or "punch card") The signature medium of
+	computing's Stone Age, now long obsolete outside of a few
+	{legacy systems}.  The punched card actually predates
+	computers considerably, originating in 1801 as a control
+	device for {Jacquard looms}.  {Charles Babbage} used them as a
+	data and program storage medium for his {Analytical Engine}:
+
+	"To those who are acquainted with the principles of the
+	Jacquard loom, and who are also familiar with analytical
+	formulæ, a general idea of the means by which the Engine
+	executes its operations may be obtained without much
+	difficulty.  In the Exhibition of 1862 there were many
+	splendid examples of such looms. [...] These patterns are then
+	sent to a peculiar artist, who, by means of a certain machine,
+	punches holes in a set of pasteboard cards in such a manner
+	that when those cards are placed in a Jacquard loom, it will
+	then weave upon its produce the exact pattern designed by the
+	artist.  [...]  The analogy of the Analytical Engine with this
+	well-known process is nearly perfect.  There are therefore two
+	sets of cards, the first to direct the nature of the
+	operations to be performed -- these are called operation
+	cards: the other to direct the particular variables on which
+	those cards are required to operate -- these latter are called
+	variable cards.  Now the symbol of each variable or constant,
+	is placed at the top of a column capable of containing any
+	required number of digits."
+
+	-- from Chapter 8 of Charles Babbage's "Passages from the Life
+	of a Philosopher", 1864.
+
+	The version patented by {Herman Hollerith} and used with
+	mechanical tabulating machines in the 1890 US Census was a
+	piece of cardboard about 90 mm by 215 mm.  There is a
+	widespread myth that it was designed to fit in the currency
+	trays used for that era's larger dollar bills, but recent
+	investigations have falsified this.
+
+	{IBM} (which originated as a tabulating-machine manufacturer)
+	married the punched card to computers, encoding binary
+	information as patterns of small rectangular holes; one
+	character per column, 80 columns per card.  Other coding
+	schemes, sizes of card, and hole shapes were tried at various
+	times.
+
+	The 80-column width of most character terminals is a legacy of
+	the IBM punched card; so is the size of the quick-reference
+	cards distributed with many varieties of computers even today.
+
+	See {chad}, {chad box}, {eighty-column mind}, {green card},
+	{dusty deck}, {lace card}, {card walloper}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-10-19)
+
+punt
+
+	(From the punch line of an old joke referring to American
+	football: "Drop back 15 yards and punt!") 1. To give up,
+	typically without any intention of retrying.  "Let's punt the
+	movie tonight."  "I was going to hack all night to get this
+	feature in, but I decided to punt" may mean that you've
+	decided not to stay up all night, and may also mean you're not
+	ever even going to put in the feature.
+
+	2. More specifically, to give up on figuring out what the
+	{Right Thing} is and resort to an inefficient hack.
+
+	3. A design decision to defer solving a problem, typically
+	because one cannot define what is desirable sufficiently well
+	to frame an algorithmic solution.  "No way to know what the
+	right form to dump the graph in is - we'll punt that for
+	now."
+
+	4. To hand a tricky implementation problem off to some other
+	section of the design.  "It's too hard to get the compiler to
+	do that; let's punt to the run-time system."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Purdue Compiler-Construction Tool Set
+
+	<tool> (PCCTS) A highly integrated {lexical analser generator}
+	and {parser generator} by Terence J. Parr <parrt@acm.org>,
+	Will E. Cohen and Henry G. Dietz <hankd@ecn.purdue.edu>, both
+	of {Purdue University}.
+
+	ANTLR (ANother Tool for Language Recognition) corresponds to
+	YACC and DLG (DFA-based Lexical analyser Generator) functions
+	like {LEX}.  PCCTS has many additional features which make it
+	easier to use for a wide range of translation problems.  PCCTS
+	{grammars} contain specifications for lexical and syntactic
+	analysis with selective {backtracking} ("infinite lookahead"),
+	{semantic predicates}, intermediate-form construction and
+	error reporting.  Rules may employ {Extended BNF} (EBNF)
+	grammar constructs and may define parameters, return values,
+	and have {local variables}.
+
+	Languages described in PCCTS are recognised via {LLk} parsers
+	constructed in pure, human-readable, {C} code.  Selective
+	backtracking is available to handle non-LL(k) constructs.
+	PCCTS {parsers} may be compiled with a {C++} compiler.  PCCTS
+	also includes the {SORCERER} tree parser generator.
+
+	Latest version: 1.10, runs under {Unix}, {MS-DOS}, {OS/2}, and
+	{Macintosh} and is very portable.
+
+	{(ftp://marvin.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/pccts/1.10)}.
+
+	{UK FTP (ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/
+	computing/programming/languages/tools/pccts/)}.  {Macintosh
+	FTP (ftp://maya.dei.unipd.it/pub/mac/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: pccts-users-request@ahpcrc.umn.edu ("subscribe
+	pccts-users your_name" in the message body).
+
+	E-mail: Terence J. Parr <parrt@acm.org>, Roberto Avanzi
+	<mocenigo@maya.dei.unipd.it> (Mac port).
+
+	(2000-10-30)
+
+Purdue University
+
+	{(http://purdue.edu/)}.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+pure functional language
+
+	{purely functional language}
+
+pure lambda-calculus
+
+	{Lambda-calculus} with no constants, only functions expressed
+	as {lambda abstractions}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+PureLink
+
+	An incremental linker from {Pure Software}.
+
+Pure Lisp
+
+	A {purely functional language} derived from {Lisp} by
+	excluding any feature which causes {side-effects}.
+
+purely functional language
+
+	<language> A language that supports only {functional
+	programming} and does not allow functions to have
+	{side-effects}.  Program execution consists of evaluation of
+	an expression and all subexpressions are {referentially
+	transparent}.
+
+	(2003-03-25)
+
+Purify
+
+	A debugging tool from Pure Software.
+
+Purple Book
+
+	1. <publication> The "System V Interface Definition".  The
+	covers of the first editions were an amazingly nauseating
+	shade of off-lavender.
+
+	2. <publication> The {Wizard Book}.
+
+	See also {book titles}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+purple wire
+
+	<jargon, hardware> Wire installed by {IBM} Field Engineers to
+	work around problems discovered during testing or debugging.
+	These are called "purple wires" even when (as is frequently
+	the case) they are yellow.
+
+	Compare {blue wire}, {yellow wire}, and {red wire}.
+
+	(1995-04-11)
+
+Purveyor
+
+	<web> A {web server} for {Windows NT}
+	and {Windows 95} (when available).
+
+	{(http://process.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <info@process.com>.
+
+	(1995-04-11)
+
+push
+
+	1. <programming> To put something onto a {stack} or {pdl}.
+
+	Opposite: "{pop}".
+
+	2. <communications> {push media}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-04-10)
+
+push-button
+
+	<electronics> A roughly fingertip-sized plastic cover attached
+	to a spring-loaded, normally-open switch, which, when pressed,
+	closes the switch.  Typical examples are the keys on a
+	computer or calculator keyboard and {mouse} buttons.
+
+	(1997-07-07)
+
+Push Down List
+
+	<programming> (PDL) In {ITS} days, the preferred {MIT}ism for
+	{stack}.
+
+	See {overflow pdl}.
+
+	(1995-12-21)
+
+push media
+
+	<messaging> A model of media distribution where items of
+	content are sent to the user (viewer, listener, etc.) in a
+	sequence, and at a rate, determined by a {server} to which the
+	user has connected.  This contrasts with {pull media} where
+	the user requests each item individually.  Push media usually
+	entail some notion of a "channel" which the user selects and
+	which delivers a particular kind of content.
+
+	Broadcast television is (for the most part) the prototypical
+	example of push media: you turn on the TV set, select a
+	channel and shows and commercials stream out until you turn
+	the set off.
+
+	By contrast, the {web} is (mostly) the prototypical
+	example of pull media: each "page", each bit of content, comes
+	to the user only if he requests it; put down the keyboard and
+	the mouse, and everything stops.
+
+	At the time of writing (April 1997), much effort is being put
+	into blurring the line between push media and pull media.
+	Most of this is aimed at bringing more push media to the
+	{Internet}, mainly as a way to disseminate advertising, since
+	telling people about products they didn't know they wanted is
+	very difficult in a strict pull media model.
+
+	These emergent forms of push media are generally variations on
+	targeted advertising mixed in with bits of useful content.
+	"At home on your computer, the same system will run soothing
+	{screensavers} underneath regular news flashes, all while
+	keeping track, in one corner, of press releases from companies
+	whose stocks you own.  With frequent commercial messages, of
+	course."  (Wired, March 1997, page 12).
+
+	{Pointcast (http://pointcast.com)} is probably the best
+	known push system on the Internet at the time of writing.
+
+	As part of the eternal desire to apply a fun new words to
+	boring old things, "push" is occasionally used to mean nothing
+	more than email {spam}.
+
+	(1997-04-10)
+
+PVC
+
+	1. <networking> {Permanent Virtual Circuit}.
+
+	2. <hardware> {polyvinyl chloride}.
+
+	(2001-03-26)
+
+PVM
+
+	{Parallel Virtual Machine}
+
+PV-WAVE
+
+	<graphics, tool> (Precision Visuals' Workstation Analysis and
+	Visualization Environment) Interactive scientific
+	{visualisation} software originally from Precision Visuals,
+	Inc., but now owned by Visual Numerics, Inc. (VNI).
+
+	(1999-07-18)
+
+pw
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Palau.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+PWM
+
+	{pulse width modulation}
+
+py
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Paraguay.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Pythagoras
+
+	<person> (Pythagoras of Samos, Ionia; about 569-475 BC) The
+	Greek mathematician who founded a philosophical and religious
+	school in Croton (now Crotone) in southern Italy.
+
+	Pythagoras is most famous for {Pythagoras's Theorem} but other
+	important postulates are attributed to him, e.g. the sum of
+	the angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles.
+
+	(2004-02-12)
+
+Pythagoras's Theorem
+
+	<mathematics> The theorem of geometry, named after
+	{Pythagoras}, of Samos, Ionia, stating that, for a
+	right-angled triangle, the square of the length of the
+	{hypotenuse} is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths
+	of the other two sides.  I.e. if the longest side has
+	length A and the other sides have lengths B and C (in any
+	units),
+
+		A^2 = B^2 + C^2
+
+	(2004-02-12)
+
+Pythagoras' Theorem
+
+	<spelling> It's {Pythagoras's Theorem}.
+
+	(2007-06-07)
+
+Pythagorean Theorem
+
+	{Pythagoras's Theorem}
+
+Python
+
+	1. <language> A simple, high-level interpreted language
+	invented by Guido van Rossum <guido@cwi.nl> in 1991.  Python
+	combines ideas from {ABC}, {C}, {Modula-3} and {Icon}.  It
+	bridges the gap between {C} and {shell} programming, making it
+	suitable for {rapid prototyping} or as an extension language
+	for C applications.  It is {object-oriented} and supports
+	packages, {modules}, {classes}, user-defined exceptions, a
+	good C interface, dynamic loading of C modules and has no
+	arbitrary restrictions.
+
+	Python is available for many {platforms}, including {Unix},
+	{Windows}, {DOS}, {OS/2}, {Macintosh} and {Amoeba}.
+
+	Latest version: 2.5, as of 2007-02-21.
+
+	{(http://python.org/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.python}.
+
+	(2007-02-21)
+
+	2. <compiler> A {compiler} for {CMU Common LISP}.  Python is
+	more sophisticated than other {Common Lisp} compilers.  It
+	produces better code and is easier to use.  The programming
+	environment based on the {Hemlock} editor is better integrated
+	than {GNU} {Emacs} based environments.
+
+	(1997-02-27)
+
+Q
+
+	<language> A very {high level language} by Per Bothner based
+	on {lazy} generalised sequences.  Q has {lexical scope}, and
+	some support for {logic programming}[?] and {constraint}
+	programming.  The language includes small subsets of {Common
+	Lisp} and {Scheme}.
+
+	Q was a test-bed for programming language ideas.  Where {APL}
+	uses {arrays} for looping, Q uses generalised sequences which
+	may be infinite and may be stored or calculated on demand.  It
+	has {macros}, {primitives} to run programs, and an
+	{interactive} command language.
+
+	Q is implemented in {C++}, and comes with an {interpreter},
+	{compiler} framework, libraries, and documentation.  It runs
+	on {Linux} and {SUN-4} and should work on any 32-bit {Unix}.
+
+	Latest version: 1, as of 1993-06-07.  Development stopped in
+	1994.
+
+	{(http://kelso.bothner.com/~per/software/#Q )}.
+
+	E-mail: Per Bothner <per@bothner.com>.
+
+	(2000-05-22)
+
+QA
+
+	{Quality Assurance}
+
+qa
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Qatar.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+QA4
+
+	Question-answering language.  A procedural calculus for
+	intuitive reasoning.  A LISP-based pattern-matching language
+	for theorem proving.  "QA4, A Language for Writing
+	Problem-Solving Programs", J.F. Rulifson et al, Proc IFIP
+	Congress 1968.
+
+QAM
+
+	1. {Quadrature Amplitude Modulation}.
+
+	2. {Quality Assurance Management}.
+
+Qbasic
+
+	<language> Quick basic.
+
+	A version of {BASIC} from {Microsoft}, later known as
+	{MS-BASIC}.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+QBE
+
+	{Query By Example}
+
+QCA
+
+	{Quantum-dot Cellular Automata}
+
+QCIF
+
+	{Quarter CIF}
+
+qdjanus
+
+	A {Janus}-to-{Prolog} compiler by Saumya Debray
+	<debray@cs.arizona.edu>.  It is meant to be used with {Sicstus
+	Prolog} and is mostly compliant with "Programming in Janus" by
+	Saraswat, Kahn, and Levy.
+
+	Latest version: 1.3.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.arizona.edu/janus/qdjanus/)}.
+
+	(1992-05-18)
+
+QDOS
+
+	<operating system> The Sinclair {QL}'s proprietary {operating
+	system}.  The origin of the name is uncertain (a weak pun on
+	kudos, perhaps, as {Unix} was on {Multics}).  There was
+	another OS around from the birth of personal computers called
+	Q.D.O.S. - Quick And Dirty Operating System.  QDOS might also
+	stand for QL Data/Disk/Drive/Device Operating System.
+
+	QDOS did the usual OS sorts of things, as well as
+	multitasking.  It was unusual in several ways.  It treated all
+	devices (serial ports, mouse ports, screen, {microdrive},
+	{disk drive}, keyboard, etc.) uniformly, so you could print a
+	text file direct to disk or save a binary to the screen for
+	example.
+
+	Also logical channels could be assigned to particular physical
+	devices.  Output directed to a channel would go to the
+	appropriate in/output.  This also meant you could have many
+	windows on screen (the QL booted up from internal ROMs with 3
+	windows - command line, output and program listing) all
+	independent to some extent.  Channels could be redirected
+	without affecting the way the process sent or received the
+	data.
+
+	(1996-07-22)
+
+QEMM386
+
+	<software, storage> A combined {expanded memory manager} and
+	{extended memory manager} for {IBM PCs} with an {Intel 80386}
+	or higher processor from {Quarterdeck Office Systems}.
+	QEMM386 can also act as an {UMB} provider and an {A20
+	handler}.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+QIC
+
+	{Quarter-Inch Cartridge}
+
+QL
+
+	<computer> (Quantum Leap) Sir {Clive Sinclair}'s first
+	{Motorola 68008}-based {personal computer}, developed from
+	around 1981 and released about 1983.  The QL ran Sinclair's
+	{QDOS} {operating system} which was the first {multitasking}
+	OS on a home computer, though few programmers used this
+	feature.  It had a structured, extended {BASIC} and a suite of
+	integrated {application programs} written by {Psion}.  It
+	featured innovative "{microdrives}" which were random-access
+	tape drives.  It was not a success.
+
+	The microdrives were innovative but probably a mistake.
+	Though reliable and quite quick, they sounded like they were
+	going to jam and explode, releasing a shower of plastic
+	shavings and tape into your face.
+
+	The QL and QDOS only supported two graphics modes - ominously
+	named high res and low res.  High res had four (fixed) colours
+	at a resolution of 512 by 256 {pixels}.  Low res had 8 colours
+	(black, blue, red, magenta, green, cyan, yellow, white) plus a
+	flash mode with 256 by 256 pixels.  The sound was next to
+	useless - single channel single oscillator with various
+	parameters for fuzz, pitch change.  There was one internal
+	{font}, scalable to 2 heights and 3 widths.
+
+	Peripherals and enhancements included a {GUI} on a plug-in
+	{ROM}, accelerator cards ({Motorola 68020}, 4 MB RAM), {floppy
+	disks} and {hard disks}.
+
+	In 1996 there is still some interest in the QL, spread by the
+	Internet of course.  {Emulation} software, {source code}, "The
+	QL Hackers Journal" and similar are still available, and many
+	QLs are on the net.
+
+	{(http://imaginet.fr/~godefroy/english)}.
+
+	(1996-08-01)
+
+Qlambda
+
+	<language> A {LISP} by {Richard Gabriel} and {John McCarthy}.
+
+	["Queue-based Multi-processing Lisp", R. Gabriel &
+	J. McCarthy, Proc 1984 Symp Lisp and Functional Prog,
+	pp. 25-44].
+
+	(1999-10-12)
+
+QLISP
+
+	1. SRI 1973.  General problem solving, influenced by PLANNER.
+	QA4 features merged with INTERLISP.
+
+	["QLISP - A Language for the Interactive Development of
+	Complex Systems", E. Sacerdoti et al, NCC 45:349-356, AFIPS,
+	1976].
+
+	2. A parallel LISP.
+
+	["Qlisp", R. Gabriel et al in Parallel Computation and
+	Computers for AI, J. Kowalik ed, 1988, pp.63-89].
+
+	(1999-10-12)
+
+QLOG
+
+	A version of {Prolog} implemented in {Lisp} which allows
+	Prolog programs to call Lisp and vice versa.
+
+	["QLOG - The Programming Environment for Prolog in LISP",
+	H.J. Komorowski in Logic Prgramming, K.L. Clark et al eds,
+	Academic Press 1982].
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+QMQP
+
+	{Quick Mail Queueing Protocol}
+
+QMTP
+
+	{Quick Mail Transfer Protocol}
+
+QMW
+
+	{Queen Mary and Westfield College}
+
+Q'NIAL
+
+	A portable {incremental compiler} for {NIAL}, written in {C}
+	at {Queen's University}, Canada.
+
+	There aree versions for {Unix} and {MS-DOS}, from {NIAL
+	Systems} Ltd.
+
+	["The Q'NIAL Reference Manual", M.A. Jenkins, Queen's U
+	Report, Dec 1983].
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+QNX
+
+	<operating system> A {realtime}, network distributed,
+	{POSIX}-certified, {microkernel}, multi-user, {multitasking},
+	{ROMable}, {fault-tolerant}, embeddable {operating system}
+	that supports {TCP/IP}, {NFS}, {FTP}, the {X Window System},
+	{Microsoft Windows} as a guest process, {Ethernet}, {Token
+	Ring}, {Arcnet} and {Watcom} {ANSI C}/{C++}.  Support for
+	{Pentium}, {486}, {386}, {286}, {80x87}.  Developed and
+	distributed by QNX Software Systems, Ltd.
+
+	Latest version: 6.1, as of 2001-09-02.
+
+	{QNX Home (http://qnx.com/)}.
+
+	{OpenQNX: The QNX community portal (http://openqnx.com)}.
+
+	{Papers (ftp://ftp.cse.ucsc.edu/pub/qnx/qnx-paper.ps.Z)}.
+	(128.114.134.19).
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.os.qnx}.
+
+	E-mail: <info@qnx.com>.
+
+	(2003-07-27)
+
+QoS
+
+	{Quality of service}
+
+QPE
+
+	<language> 1. A two-dimensional pictorial {query language}.
+
+	["Pictorial Information Systems", S.K. Chang et al eds,
+	Springer 1980].
+
+	[Q-systems.  A. Colmerauer, 1969].
+
+	2. A {rewrite system} with {one-way unification}, used for
+	English-French translation.  It led to {Prolog}.
+
+	["The Birth of Prolog" A. Colmerauer et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	28(3):37-52 March 1993].
+
+	(2003-12-25)
+
+QSAM
+
+	{Physical Sequential}
+
+QT-OBJECTS
+
+	A library by Michael Travers <mt@media.mit.edu> and others
+	providing an interface between {MCL} and {QuickTime}.
+
+	(1992-12-20)
+
+QTRADER
+
+	<application> Analytical software for stock and commodity
+	trading, released in July 1995 by {Caribou CodeWorks}.
+
+	QTRADER allows dynamic automated analysis of current trends
+	and features "Paper Trade" plotting, as well as "TradeSignal
+	Bands" and "StudyMatrix" filter to screen potential trades.
+	Projected ranges are handled with a "Tomorrow's Bar".
+
+	QTRADER version 3.0 runs on {IBM PC}-compatibles, a
+	{Macintosh} version is not available until late 1996.
+
+	{Demo copy (http://winternet.com/~jottis)}.
+	{(ftp://ftp.winternet.com/users/jottis)}.
+
+	(1995-11-05)
+
+quad
+
+	<character> The rectangle or box {glyph} used in the {APL}
+	language for various arcane purposes mostly related to {I/O}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-05-31)
+
+Quadralay Corporation
+
+	<company> The developers of {GWHIS}.
+
+	{(http://quadralay.com/)}.
+
+	Telephone: +1 512-346-9199.
+	Fax: +1 512-346-8990.
+
+	(2000-08-12)
+
+Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
+
+	(QAM) A method for encoding digital data in an analog signal
+	in which each combination of phase and amplitude represents
+	one of sixteen four bit patterns.  This is required for fax
+	transmission at 9600 bits per second.
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+quadruple bucky
+
+	Obsolete. 1. On an MIT {space-cadet keyboard}, use of all four
+	of the shifting keys (control, meta, hyper, and super) while
+	typing a character key.
+
+	2. On a Stanford or MIT keyboard in {raw mode}, use of four
+	shift keys while typing a fifth character, where the four
+	shift keys are the control and meta keys on *both* sides of
+	the keyboard.  This was very difficult to do!  One accepted
+	technique was to press the left-control and left-meta keys
+	with your left hand, the right-control and right-meta keys
+	with your right hand, and the fifth key with your nose.
+
+	Quadruple-bucky combinations were very seldom used in
+	practice, because when one invented a new command one usually
+	assigned it to some character that was easier to type.  If you
+	want to imply that a program has ridiculously many commands or
+	features, you can say something like: "Oh, the command that
+	makes it spin the tapes while whistling Beethoven's Fifth
+	Symphony is quadruple-bucky-cokebottle."  See {double bucky},
+	{bucky bits}, {cokebottle}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+quadruplex
+
+	<communications> A kind of telegraphy system developed by
+	Thomas A. Edison in the 1870s combining {diplex} and {duplex}
+	communications to support simultaneous transmission of two
+	messages in each direction.
+
+	(2000-04-02)
+
+Quake
+
+	A string-oriented language designed to support the
+	construction of {Modula-3} programs from {modules}, interfaces
+	and libraries.  Written by Stephen Harrison of DEC SRC, 1993.
+
+Qualcomm
+
+	<company> A California-based technology company; their primary
+	product is the {OMNITRACS} tractor-trailer-tracking system.
+	They also develop the free and commercial versions of
+	{Eudora} for {Macintosh} and {IBM PC}.
+
+	(1995-10-05)
+
+quality
+
+	The totality of features and characteristics of a product or
+	service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied
+	needs.  Not to be mistaken for "degree of excellence" or
+	"fitness for use" which meet only part of the definition.
+
+	[{ISO8402}].
+
+	(1995-11-10)
+
+quality assurance
+
+	<testing> (QA) A planned and systematic pattern of all actions
+	necessary to provide adequate confidence that the product
+	optimally fulfils customers' expectations, i.e. that it is
+	problem-free and well able to perform the task it was designed
+	for.
+
+	The QA of a commercial product usually involves {alpha
+	testing}, where an early version of the product is tested at
+	the developer's site, and is then improved accordingly.  Then,
+	an almost complete version of the product is made available
+	for {beta testing} by (selected) real users.  Faults
+	identified during beta testing should be fixed before the
+	product is released for full scale manufacturing and
+	distribution.
+
+	(2001-04-21)
+
+quality control
+
+	<testing> The assessment of product compliance with stated
+	requirements.  Quality control should be independent from
+	production.
+
+	(2001-05-20)
+
+quality of service
+
+	<communications, networking> (QoS) The performance properties
+	of a network service, possibly including {throughput},
+	{transit delay}, {priority}.  Some {protocols} allow {packets}
+	or {streams} to include QoS requirements.
+
+	(1998-07-30)
+
+Quality Systems & Software Ltd.
+
+	<company> The company which produced the {DOORS} requirements
+	engineering tool.  They also provide consultancy as
+	Requirements Engineering Ltd.
+
+	{(http://qss.co.uk/)}.
+
+	E-mail: Ian Alexander <iany@easynet.co.uk>, Amanda
+	Haisman-Baker <100023.44@compuserve.com>.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+quantifier
+
+	<logic> An operator in {predicate logic} specifying for which
+	values of a variable a formula is true.  Universally
+	quantified means "for all values" (written with an inverted A,
+	{LaTeX} \forall) and existentially quantified means "there
+	exists some value" (written with a reversed E, {LaTeX}
+	\exists).  To be unambiguous, the set to which the values of
+	the variable belong should be specified, though this is often
+	omitted when it is clear from the context (the "universe of
+	discourse").  E.g.
+
+		Forall x . P(x)  <=>  not (Exists x . not P(x))
+
+	meaning that any x (in some unspecified set) has property P
+	which is equivalent to saying that there does not exist any x
+	which does not have the property.
+
+	If a variable is not quantified then it is a {free variable}.
+	In {logic programming} this usually means that it is actually
+	universally quantified.
+
+	See also {first order logic}.
+
+	(2002-05-21)
+
+Quantify
+
+	A performance analysis tool from {Pure Software}.
+
+quantum
+
+	{time slice}
+
+quantum bogodynamics
+
+	/kwon'tm boh"goh-di:-nam"iks/ A theory that characterises the
+	universe in terms of {bogon} sources (such as politicians,
+	used-car salesmen, TV evangelists, and {suits} in general),
+	bogon sinks (such as taxpayers and computers), and bogosity
+	potential fields.  Bogon absorption causes human beings to
+	behave mindlessly and machines to fail (and may also cause
+	both to emit secondary bogons); however, the precise mechanics
+	of bogon-{computron} interaction are not yet understood.
+
+	Quantum bogodynamics is most often invoked to explain the
+	sharp increase in hardware and software failures in the
+	presence of suits; the latter emit bogons, which the former
+	absorb.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+quantum cell
+
+	<electronics, computing> (Or "quantum dot cell") A structure
+	comprising four {quantum dots} arranged in a square, with two
+	diagonally opposed dots containing electron charges.  One
+	diagonal containing charges is arbitrarily defined as
+	representing a value of '1', the other as '0'.  In a five-dot
+	cell, the fifth, central dot contains no charge.
+
+	See also: {quantum cell wire}, {quantum-dot cellular}
+	automata.
+
+	{(http://mitre.org/research/nanotech/quantum_dot_cell.html)}.
+
+	["Quantum Dot Heterostructures", D. Bimberg, et al, John Wiley
+	& Sons Ltd., Dec 1998].
+
+	[Implementations?]
+
+	(2001-07-17)
+
+quantum cell wire
+
+	<electronics, computing> (Or "quantum wire", "binary wire")
+	{Quantum cells} arranged in a line to carry signals.  Adjacent
+	cells with the same orientation are at a low energy state and
+	a change of orientation at one end of a quantum wire
+	propagates along the wire, transmitting a signal.  However,
+	unlike conventional wire, since only the orientation of charge
+	pairs changes, no current flows.
+
+	Circuits created using quantum cell wires are referred to as
+	Quantum-dot Wireless Digital Circuits, see {quantum dot},
+	{Quantum-dot Cellular Automata}.
+
+	{(http://mitre.org/research/nanotech/quantum_dot_cell.html)}.
+
+	["Quantum Dot Heterostructures", D. Bimberg, et al, John Wiley
+	& Sons Ltd., Dec 1998]
+
+	(2001-07-17)
+
+quantum computer
+
+	<computer> A type of computer which uses the ability of
+	quantum systems, such as a collection of atoms, to be in many
+	different states at once.  In theory, such superpositions
+	allow the computer to perform many different computations
+	simultaneously.  This capability is combined with interference
+	among the states to produce answers to some problems, such as
+	factoring integers, much more rapidly than is possible with
+	conventional computers.  In practice, such machines have not
+	yet been built due to their extreme sensitivity to noise.
+
+	{Oxford University (http://eve.physics.ox.ac.uk/QChome.html)},
+	{Stanford University (http://feynman.stanford.edu/qcomp/)}.
+
+	A {quantum search algorithm
+	(ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pub/dynamics/quantum.html)} for
+	{constraint satisfaction} problems exhibits the phase
+	transition for {NP-complete} problems.
+
+	(1997-02-11)
+
+quantum computing
+
+	{quantum computer}
+
+quantum dot
+
+	<physics> (Or "single-electron transistor") A location capable
+	of containing a single electrical charge; i.e., a single
+	electron of {Coulomb} charge.  Physically, quantum dots are
+	nanometer-size {semiconductor} structures in which the
+	presence or absence of a quantum electron can be used to store
+	information.
+
+	See also: {quantum cell}, {quantum cell wire}, {quantum-dot
+	cellular automata}.
+
+	{(http://www-mtl.mit.edu/MTL/bulletin/v6n2/Kumar.html)}.
+
+	["Quantum Dot Heterostructures", D. Bimberg, et al, John
+	Wiley & Sons Ltd., Dec 1998].
+
+	(2001-07-17)
+
+Quantum-dot Cellular Automata
+
+	<electronics, computing> (QCA) Quantum logic circuits created
+	by orientating pairs of {quantum cells} so that their relative
+	positions determine their affect on each other.  This is
+	functionally analogous but structurally different from how
+	individual {gates} in {integrated circuits} are combined to
+	create logical and memory circuitry.
+
+	The advantages of quantum-dot cellular automata over
+	conventional circuitry are extremely small size/high density,
+	low power requirements, and potentially high processing
+	speeds.  Disadvantages (in 2000) are difficulty of fabrication
+	and low yield.
+
+	See also: {quantum cell wire}.
+
+	{(http://nd.edu/~qcahome/)}.
+
+	{(http://mitre.org/research/nanotech/quantum_dot_cell.html)}.
+
+	["Quantum Dot Heterostructures", D. Bimberg, et al, John Wiley
+	& Sons Ltd., Dec 1998].
+
+	(2001-07-17)
+
+quarter
+
+	{crumb}
+
+Quarter CIF
+
+	<communications, standard> (QCIF), a {video} format standard
+	used in videoconferencing, that transfers one fourth as much
+	data as {Common Intermediate Format} (CIF).
+
+	QCIF is defined in ITU H.261 as having 144 lines and 176
+	pixels per line, with half as many {chrominance} pixels in
+	each direction.  QCIF is suitable for {videoconferencing}
+	systems that use telephone lines.  The {codec} standard
+	specifies that QCIF compatibility is mandatory, and CIF
+	compatibility is optional.
+
+	(1999-04-22)
+
+Quarter Inch Cartridge
+
+	<storage> /kwik/ (QIC) a type of {magnetic tape} and {tape
+	drive}.  Development standards for QIC make it possible for
+	tapes written on one QIC drive to be read on another.  QIC
+	drives are made to work with different lengths of tape.  The
+	model number of the drive consists of QIC followed by a number
+	which indicates the drives tape capacity in {megabytes} (MB).
+
+	(1996-12-09)
+
+Quay Financial Software
+
+	{CSK Software}
+
+QUEASY
+
+	An early system on the {IBM 701}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+Queen Mary and Westfield College
+
+	(QMW) One of the largest of the multi-faculty schools of the
+	{University of London}.  QMW has some 6000 students and over
+	600 teaching and research staff organised into seven
+	faculties.
+
+	QMW was one of the first colleges in the University of London
+	to develop fully the course-unit, or modular, approach to
+	degree programmes.  Cross faculty courses are encouraged and
+	the physical proximity of all the College buildings is a major
+	factor in enabling students to adopt an interdisciplinary
+	approach to their studies.
+
+	{(http://qmw.ac.uk/)}.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+Queens Problem
+
+	{Eight Queens Puzzle}
+
+Queens Puzzle
+
+	{Eight Queens Puzzle}
+
+Queen's University
+
+	A Canadian University.  Source of {GVL}, {NIAL}, {Pasqual},
+	{Q'NIAL} and {TXL}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.qucis.queensu.ca/pub/)}.
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+QUEL
+
+	The {query language} used by the {database management system}
+	{INGRES}.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+query
+
+	1. <database, information science> A user's (or {agent}'s)
+	request for information, generally as a formal request to a
+	{database} or {search engine}.
+
+	{SQL} is the most common {database query language}.
+
+	2. <character> {question mark}.
+
+	(1997-04-09)
+
+Query By Example
+
+	<database, language> (QBE) A {user-friendly} {query language}
+	developed by Moshé Zloof of {IBM} in 1975.
+
+	{(http://informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/z/Zloof:Mosh=eacute=_M=.html)}.
+
+	[Moshé M. Zloof, "Query By Example", AFIPS NCC 1975: 431-438].
+
+	[Moshé M. Zloof, "Query-by-Example: A Data Base Language", IBM
+	Systems Journal 16(4): 324-343, 1977].
+
+	["QBE/OBE: A Language for Office and Business Automation",
+	M.M. Zloof, Computer pp.13-22, May 1981].
+
+	(2001-03-25)
+
+query expansion
+
+	<information science> Adding {search terms} to a user's
+	search.  Query expansion is the process of a {search engine}
+	adding {search terms} to a user's {weighted search}.  The
+	intent is to improve {precision} and/or {recall}.  The
+	additional terms may be taken from a {thesaurus}.  For example
+	a search for "car" may be expanded to: car cars auto autos
+	automobile automobiles.
+
+	The additional terms may also be taken from documents
+	that the user has specified as being relevant; this is the
+	basis for the "more like this" feature of some search engines.
+
+	The extra terms can have positive or negative weights.
+
+	(1999-08-27)
+
+ques
+
+	{question mark}
+
+Quest
+
+	1. A language designed for its simple denotational semantics.
+	"The Denotational Semantics of Programming Languages",
+	R. Tennent, CACM 19(8):437-453 (Aug 1976).
+
+	2. QUantifiers and SubTypes.  Language with a sophisticated
+	type system.  Just as types classify values, "kinds" classify
+	types and type operators.  Explicit universal and existential
+	quantification over types, type operators, and subtypes.
+	Subtyping is defined inductively on all type constructions,
+	including higher-order functions and abstract types.
+	User-definable higher-order type operators.
+
+	"Typeful Programming", Luca Cardelli <luca@src.dec.com>, RR
+	45, DEC SRC 1989.
+
+	Implemented in Modula-3.
+
+	{(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/Quest/quest12A.tar.Z)}.
+
+	3. <tool, text> A {multimedia} {authoring} system.  Quest has
+	been available for {MS-DOS} for some time.  Version 3.5 for
+	{Microsoft Windows} was released around March 1995.  It
+	features an {Authorware}-style {flowchart} system with an
+	{ANSI-C} {script language}.
+
+	(1995-04-02)
+
+question mark
+
+	<character> "?", {ASCII} character 63.
+
+	Common names: query; {ITU-T}: question mark; {ques}.  Rare:
+	whatmark; {INTERCAL}: what; wildchar; huh; hook; buttonhook;
+	hunchback.
+
+	Question mark is used, along with {colon} for {C}'s {lazy}
+	triadic "if" {operator} (similar to the {IIF} function in
+	{Visual Basic}).  The expression x?y:z evaluates x, then if x
+	is true it returns y else it returns z.
+
+	In {Unix} {shell} file name patterns, question mark matches
+	any single character.
+
+	(2003-06-17)
+
+queue
+
+	<programming> A {first-in first-out} data structure used to
+	sequence objects.  Objects are added to the tail of the queue
+	("enqueued") and taken off the head ("dequeued").
+
+	For example, an {operating system} might use a queue to
+	serialise {concurrent} demands for a resource such as a
+	{printer}, {processor} or communications channel.  Users might
+	place files on a print queue and a {background} process or
+	"{demon}" would take them off and print them.  Another common
+	use is to pass data between an {interrupt handler} and a user
+	process.
+
+	(2007-05-18)
+
+Queued Sequential Access Method
+
+	{Physical Sequential}
+
+QUICK
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 701}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+quick-and-dirty
+
+	<jargon, programming> Describes a {crock} put together under
+	time or user pressure.  Used especially when you want to
+	convey that you think the fast way might lead to trouble
+	further down the road.  "I can have a quick-and-dirty fix in
+	place tonight, but I'll have to rewrite the whole module to
+	solve the underlying design problem."
+
+	See also {kluge}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+QuickDraw
+
+	<library, graphics> Part of the software in the {Apple
+	Macintosh}'s {ROM} that performs graphics operations.
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+Quick Mail Queueing Protocol
+
+	<communications> (QMQP) A {protocol} that provides a central
+	{e-mail} queue for a {cluster} of {hosts}.  QMOP is supposed
+	to provide fast transfers of messages with many recipients as
+	it can batch them up as a single transaction.  It listens on
+	port 628.
+
+	{(http://cr.yp.to/mail.html)}
+
+	(2007-05-25)
+
+Quick Mail Transfer Protocol
+
+	<communications> (QMTP) An {SMTP} replacement that works
+	better over high {latency} links as it doesn't require as much
+	interaction as SMTP.  QMTP listens on port 209 and is used by
+	{qmail}.
+
+	{(http://cr.yp.to/mail.html)}
+
+	(2007-05-25)
+
+Quicksilver
+
+	<database> A {dBASE}-like compiler for {MS-DOS} from
+	{WordTech}.
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+Quicksort
+
+	A sorting {algorithm} with O(n log n) average time
+	{complexity}.
+
+	One element, x of the list to be sorted is chosen and the
+	other elements are split into those elements less than x and
+	those greater than or equal to x.  These two lists are then
+	sorted {recursive}ly using the same algorithm until there is
+	only one element in each list, at which point the sublists are
+	recursively recombined in order yielding the sorted list.
+
+	This can be written in {Haskell}:
+
+		qsort               :: Ord a => [a] -> [a]
+		qsort []             = []
+		qsort (x:xs)         = qsort [ u | u<-xs, u<x ] ++
+				       [ x ] ++
+				       qsort [ u | u<-xs, u>=x ]
+
+	[Mark Jones, Gofer prelude.]
+
+QuickTime
+
+	<graphics, standard, file format, product> {Apple Computer}'s
+	software for playing {audio} and {video}.  The QuickTime
+	{application} is a free {media player}.  QuickTime Pro is a
+	paid-for version with editing ability.  QuickTime's native
+	format for audio and video is .mov but it can handle many
+	others.
+
+	{(http://apple.com/quicktime/what-is)}
+
+	(2011-01-04)
+
+quiesce
+
+	<networking> To render quiescent, i.e. temporarily inactive or
+	disabled.  For example to quiesce a device (such as a digital
+	modem).  It is also a system command in MAX TNT software which
+	is used to "Temporarily disable a modem or DS0 channel".
+
+	Also used as an adjective, in the expression "{quiesce time}".
+
+	(2000-03-05)
+
+quiesce time
+
+	<jargon> The length of time taken to {quiesce} a system (to
+	render it inactive), or the length of time between periods of
+	inactivity.
+
+	(2000-03-05)
+
+QUIKSCRIPT
+
+	Simulation language derived from {SIMSCRIPT}, based on
+	{20-GATE}.
+
+	["Quikscript - A Simpscript-like Language for the G-20",
+	F.M. Tonge et al, CACM 8(6):350-354 (June 1965)].
+
+QUIKTRAN
+
+	Fortran-like, interactive with debugging facilities.  Sammet
+	1969, p.226.
+
+QUIN
+
+	Pyle 1965.  Interactive language.  Sammet 1969, p.691.
+
+quine
+
+	<programming> /kwi:n/ (After the logician Willard V. Quine,
+	via Douglas Hofstadter) A program that generates a copy of its
+	own source text as its complete output.  Devising the shortest
+	possible quine in some given programming language is a common
+	hackish amusement.
+
+	In most interpreted languages, any constant, e.g. 42, is a
+	quine because it "evaluates to itself".  In certain {Lisp}
+	dialects (e.g. {Emacs Lisp}), the symbols "nil" and "t" are
+	"self-quoting", i.e. they are both a symbol and also the value
+	of that symbol.  In some dialects, the function-forming
+	function symbol, "lambda" is self-quoting so that, when
+	applied to some arguments, it returns itself applied to those
+	arguments.  Here is a quine in {Lisp} using this idea:
+
+	 ((lambda (x) (list x x)) (lambda (x) (list x x)))
+
+	Compare this to the {lambda expression}:
+
+		(\ x . x x) (\ x . x x)
+
+	which reproduces itself after one step of {beta reduction}.
+	This is simply the result of applying the {combinator} {fix}
+	to the {identity function}.  In fact any quine can be
+	considered as a {fixed point} of the language's evaluation
+	mechanism.
+
+	We can write this in {Lisp}:
+
+	 ((lambda (x) (funcall x x)) (lambda (x) (funcall x x)))
+
+	where "funcall" applies its first argument to the rest of its
+	arguments, but evaluation of this expression will never
+	terminate so it cannot be called a quine.
+
+	Here is a more complex version of the above Lisp quine, which
+	will work in Scheme and other Lisps where "lambda" is not
+	self-quoting:
+
+	 ((lambda (x)
+	   (list x (list (quote quote) x)))
+	  (quote
+	     (lambda (x)
+	       (list x (list (quote quote) x)))))
+
+	It's relatively easy to write quines in other languages such
+	as {PostScript} which readily handle programs as data; much
+	harder (and thus more challenging!) in languages like {C}
+	which do not.  Here is a classic {C} quine for {ASCII}
+	machines:
+
+	 char*f="char*f=%c%s%c;main() {printf(f,34,f,34,10);}%c";
+	 main(){printf(f,34,f,34,10);}
+
+	For excruciatingly exact quinishness, remove the interior line
+	break.  Some infamous {Obfuscated C Contest} entries have been
+	quines that reproduced in exotic ways.
+
+	{Ken Thompson}'s {back door} involved an interesting variant
+	of a quine - a compiler which reproduced part of itself when
+	compiling (a version of) itself.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-25)
+
+Quintec-Objects
+
+	Based on {Quintec Prolog} (not {Quintus}).  British.
+
+quintillion
+
+	10^30 in Europe (this is called a {nonillion} in the United
+	States and Canada).
+
+	10^18 in the United States and Canada (this is called a
+	trillion in Europe).
+
+	[Collins dictionary].
+
+Quintus Prolog
+
+	<language, product> A version of {Prolog} developed by
+	{Quintus}.  Development of Quintus Prolog had transferred to
+	the {Swedish Institute of Computer Science} by December 1998.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.quintus.com/)}.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (800) 542 1283.
+
+	[More details?  Features?]
+
+	(1998-12-12)
+
+quote chapter and verse
+
+	[by analogy with the mainstream phrase] To cite a relevant
+	excerpt from an appropriate {bible}.  "I don't care if "rn"
+	gets it wrong; "Followup-To: poster" is explicitly permitted
+	by {RFC} 1036.  I'll quote chapter and verse if you don't
+	believe me."  See also {legalese}, {language lawyer}, {RTFS}
+	(sense 2).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+quotient
+
+	The number obtained by dividing one number (the "numerator")
+	by another (the "denominator").  If both numbers are
+	{rational} then the result will also be rational.
+
+Qu-Prolog
+
+	An extension of {Prolog} which performs {meta-level
+	computations} over {object languages}, such as {predicate
+	calculi} and {lambda-calculi}, which have object-level
+	variables, and {quantifiers} that create local {scopes} for
+	those variables. Qu-Prolog is well suited as an implementation
+	language for {theorem provers} and support notations typically
+	found in texts on mathematics and logic.
+
+Quty
+
+	A functional plus logic language.  "Quty: A Functional
+	Language Based on Unification", M. Sato et al, in Conf. Fifth
+	Gen. Computer Systems, ICOT 1984, pp.157-165.
+
+quux
+
+	/kwuhks/ [Mythically, from the Latin semi-deponent verb quuxo,
+	quuxare, quuxandum iri; noun form variously "quux" (plural
+	"quuces", anglicised to "quuxes") and "quuxu" (genitive plural
+	is "quuxuum", for four u-letters out of seven in all, using up
+	all the "u" letters in Scrabble).]  1. Originally, a
+	{metasyntactic variable} like {foo} and {foobar}.  Invented by
+	{Guy Steele} for precisely this purpose when he was young and
+	naive and not yet interacting with the real computing
+	community.  Many people invent such words; this one seems
+	simply to have been lucky enough to have spread a little.  In
+	an eloquent display of poetic justice, it has returned to the
+	originator in the form of a nickname.
+
+	2. See {foo}; however, denotes very little disgust, and is
+	uttered mostly for the sake of the sound of it.
+
+	3. {Guy Steele} in his persona as "The Great Quux", which is
+	somewhat infamous for light verse and for the "Crunchly"
+	cartoons.
+
+	4. In some circles, used as a punning opposite of "crux".
+	"Ah, that's the quux of the matter!" implies that the point is
+	*not* crucial (compare {tip of the ice-cube}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+qux
+
+	/kwuhks/ The fourth of the standard {metasyntactic variable},
+	after {baz} and before the quu(u...)x series.  See {foo},
+	{bar}, {baz}, {quux}.  This appears to be a recent mutation
+	from {quux}, and many versions (especially older versions) of
+	the standard series just run {foo}, {bar}, {baz}, {quux}, ...
+
+QWERTY
+
+	<hardware> /kwer'tee/ (From the top left row of letter keys of
+	most keyboards) Pertaining to a standard English-language
+	typewriter keyboard (sometimes called the Sholes keyboard
+	after its inventor), as opposed to {Dvorak} or
+	foreign-language layouts (e.g. "keyboard AZERTY" in
+	french-speaking countries) or a {space-cadet keyboard} or {APL
+	keyboard}.
+
+	The QWERTY layout is a fine example of a {fossil}.  It is
+	sometimes said that it was designed to slow down the typist,
+	but this is wrong; it was designed to allow *faster* typing -
+	under a constraint now long obsolete.  In early typewriters,
+	fast typing using nearby type-bars jammed the mechanism.  So
+	Sholes fiddled the layout to separate the letters of many
+	common digraphs (he did a far from perfect job, though; "th",
+	"tr", "ed", and "er", for example, each use two nearby keys).
+	Also, putting the letters of "typewriter" on one line allowed
+	it to be typed with particular speed and accuracy for {demos}.
+	The jamming problem was essentially solved soon afterward by a
+	suitable use of springs, but the keyboard layout lives on.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-15)
+
+QX
+
+	(Meaning "OK", from E.E. Smith SF books) A language for
+	{digital signal processing} of digitised speech, by Richard
+	Gillmann of {SDC}, Santa Monica.  QX was part of SDC's {speech
+	recognition} project.
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+R2000
+
+	{MIPS R2000}
+
+R2RS
+
+	A revision of {RRS}, itself revised in {R3RS}.
+
+	["The Revised Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language
+	Scheme", Clinger, AI Memo 848, MIT Aug 1985].
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+R3.99RS
+
+	{R4RS} without the {macros}.
+
+R3RS
+
+	A revision of {R2RS}, revised in {R4RS}.
+
+	["The Revised^3 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme",
+	J. Rees et al, SIGPLAN Notices 21(12):37-79 (Dec 1986)].
+
+R4RS
+
+	A revision of {R3RS}, revised in {R3.99RS}.
+
+	{(ftp://altdorf.ai.mit.edu/)}.
+
+	["The Revised^4 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme", W.
+	Clinger et al, MIT (Nov 1991)].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+	[Later revisions?]
+
+rabbit job
+
+	(Cambridge) A batch job that does little, if any, real work,
+	but creates one or more copies of itself, breeding like
+	rabbits.
+
+	Compare {wabbit}, {fork bomb}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+RACE
+
+	<programming> {Requirements Acquisition and
+	Controlled Evolution}.
+
+	(1995-11-21)
+
+race condition
+
+	Anomalous behavior due to unexpected critical dependence on
+	the relative timing of events.
+
+	For example, if one process writes to a file while another is
+	reading from the same location then the data read may be the
+	old contents, the new contents or some mixture of the two
+	depending on the relative timing of the read and write
+	operations.
+
+	A common remedy in this kind of race condition is {file
+	locking}; a more cumbersome remedy is to reorganize the system
+	such that a certain processes (running a {daemon} or the like)
+	is the only process that has access to the file, and all other
+	processes that need to access the data in that file do so only
+	via interprocess communication with that one process.
+
+	As an example of a more subtle kind of race condition,
+	consider a {distributed} {chat} {network} like {IRC}, where a
+	{user} is granted channel-operator {privileges} in any channel
+	he starts.  If two users on different {servers}, on different
+	ends of the same network, try to start the same-named channel
+	at the same time, each user's respective server will grant
+	channel-operator privileges to each user, since neither will
+	yet have received the other's signal that that channel has
+	been started.
+
+	In this case of a race condition, the "shared resource" is the
+	conception of the {state} of the network (what channels exist,
+	as well as what users started them and therefore have what
+	privileges), which each server is free to change as long as it
+	signals the other servers on the network about the changes so
+	that they can update their conception of the state of the
+	network.  However, the {latency} across the network makes
+	possible the kind of race condition described.  In this case,
+	heading off race conditions by imposing a form of control over
+	access to the shared resource -- say, appointing one server to
+	be in charge of who holds what privileges -- would mean
+	turning the distributed network into a centralized one (at
+	least for that one part of the network operation).  Where this
+	is not acceptable, the more pragmatic solution is to have the
+	system recognize when a race condition has occurred and to
+	repair the ill effects.
+
+	Race conditions also affect electronic circuits where the
+	value output by a {logic gate} depends on the exact timing of
+	two or more input signals.  For example, consider a two input
+	AND gate fed with a logic signal X on input A and its
+	negation, NOT X, on input B.  In theory, the output (X AND NOT
+	X) should never be high.  However, if changes in the value of
+	X take longer to propagate to input B than to input A then
+	when X changes from false to true, there will be a brief
+	period during which both inputs are true, and so the gate's
+	output will also be true.  If this output is fed to an
+	edge-sensitive component such as a counter or flip-flop then
+	the temporary effect ("{glitch}") will become permanent.
+
+	(2002-08-03)
+
+RACF
+
+	{Resource Access Control Facility}
+
+RAD
+
+	<programming> {Rapid Application Development}.
+
+Raddle
+
+	<parallel>
+
+	["On the Design of Large Distributed Systems", I.R. Forman,
+	Proc 1st IEEE Intl Conf Comp Langs, pp.25-27 (Oct 1986)].
+
+	(2008-07-30)
+
+Radio-frequency identification
+
+	<hardware> (RFID) Small {radio} {transponders} or "tags"
+	designed to be attached to items like products in a
+	supermarket to allow the items to be identified and tracked by
+	a remote system.  Typically an RFID tag includes an
+	{integrated circuit} that stores data and interfaces to the
+	antenna, allowing the stored data to be retrieved by the
+	remote system.
+
+	(2008-07-30)
+
+Radio Frequency Interference
+
+	<hardware, testing> (RFI) Electromagnetic radiation which is
+	emitted by electrical circuits carrying rapidly changing
+	signals, as a by-product of their normal operation, and which
+	causes unwanted signals (interference or noise) to be induced
+	in other circuits.
+
+	The most important means of reducing RFI are: use of bypass or
+	"decoupling" {capacitors} on each active device (connected
+	across the power supply, as close to the device as possible),
+	risetime control of high speed signals using series resistors
+	and {VCC filtering}.  Shielding is usually a last resort after
+	other techniques have failed because of the added expense of
+	RF gaskets and the like.
+
+	The efficiency of the radiation is dependant on the height
+	above the ground or power plane (at RF one is as good as the
+	other) and the length of the conductor in relationship to the
+	wavelength of the signal component (fundamental, harmonic or
+	transient (overshoot, undershoot or ringing)).  At lower
+	frequencies, such as 133 MHz, radiation is almost exclusively
+	via I/O cables; RF noise gets onto the power planes and is
+	coupled to the line drivers via the VCC and ground pins.  The
+	Rf is then coupled to the cable through the line driver as
+	common node noise.  Since the noise is common mode, shielding
+	has very little effect, even with differential pairs.  The RF
+	energy is capacitively coupled from the signal pair to the
+	shield and the shield itself does the radiating.
+
+	At higher frequencies, usually above 500 Mhz, traces get
+	electrically longer and higher above the plane.  Two
+	techniques are used at these frequencies: wave shaping with
+	series resistors and embedding the traces between the two
+	planes.  If all these measures still leave too much RFI,
+	sheilding such as RF gaskets and copper tape can be used.
+	Most digital equipment is designed with metal, or coated
+	plastic, cases.
+
+	Switching power supplies can be a source of RFI, but have
+	become less of a problem as design techniques have improved.
+
+	Most countries have legal requirements that electronic and
+	electrical hardware must still work correctly when subjected
+	to certain amounts of RFI, and should not emit RFI which could
+	interfere with other equipment (such as radios).
+
+	See also {Electrostatic Discharge}, {Electromagnetic
+	Compatibility}.
+
+	(1998-01-26)
+
+radio in the loop
+
+	{Wireless Local Loop}
+
+radiosity
+
+	<graphics> A method for rendering a view of a
+	three-dimensional scene that provides realistic lighting
+	effects, such as interobject reflections and {color bleeding}.
+	Radiosity methods are computationally intense, due to the use
+	of linear systems of equations and the spatial complexity of
+	large scenes.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.graphics}.
+
+	[Is radiosity more accurate than {ray tracing}?  Does it take
+	more computing power?  How does compute time scale with scene
+	complexity?]
+
+	(2003-06-01)
+
+RADIUS
+
+	{Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service}
+
+radix
+
+	<mathematics> The ratio, R, between the weights of adjacent
+	digits in {positional representation} of numbers.  The
+	right-most digit has weight one, the digit to its left has
+	weight R, the next R^2, R^3, etc.  The radix also determines
+	the set of digits which is zero to R-1.  E.g. decimal (radix
+	ten) uses 0-9 and each digit is worth ten times as much as you
+	move left along the number.
+
+	(2006-11-10)
+
+RAID
+
+	{Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks}
+
+RAIL
+
+	<robotics> Automatix.  High-level language for industrial
+	robots.
+
+	(2006-11-10)
+
+rainbow series
+
+	<publication> Any of several series of technical manuals
+	distinguished by cover colour.  The original rainbow series
+	was the NCSC security manuals (see {Orange Book}, {crayola
+	books}); the term has also been commonly applied to the
+	PostScript reference set (see {Red Book}, {Green Book}, {Blue
+	Book}, {White Book}).  Which books are meant by ""the" rainbow
+	series" unqualified is thus dependent on one's local technical
+	culture.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+rain dance
+
+	1. Any ceremonial action taken to correct a hardware problem,
+	with the expectation that nothing will be accomplished.  This
+	especially applies to reseating {printed circuit boards},
+	reconnecting cables, etc.  "I can't boot up the machine.
+	We'll have to wait for Greg to do his rain dance."
+
+	2. Any arcane sequence of actions performed with computers or
+	software in order to achieve some goal; the term is usually
+	restricted to rituals that include both an {incantation} or
+	two and physical activity or motion.
+
+	Compare {magic}, {voodoo programming}, {black art}, {cargo
+	cult programming}, {wave a dead chicken}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-09)
+
+RAIS
+
+	{Redundant Array of Inexpensive Servers}
+
+RAISE
+
+	{Rigorous Approach to Industrial Software Engineering}
+
+RAISE Specification Language
+
+	<language> (RSL) (RAISE = Rigorous Approach to Industrial
+	Software Engineering).  A wide-spectrum specification and
+	design language developed by {ESPRIT} Project 315 at {CRI}
+	A/S, Denmark.  Systems may be modular, {concurrent} and
+	{nondeterministic}.  Specifications may be {applicative} or
+	{imperative}, explicit or implicit, abstract or concrete.
+
+	["The RAISE Specification Language", RAISE Language Group, P-H
+	1992, ISBN 0-13-752833-7].
+
+	(2007-10-02)
+
+RAL
+
+	1. Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK).
+
+	2. An {expert system}.
+
+RAM
+
+	{Random Access Memory}
+
+Rambus DRAM
+
+	<storage> (RDRAM) A high bandwidth {DRAM}, designed by
+	{Rambus, Inc.} of Mountain View, CA.
+
+	RDRAM is used mainly for {video accelerators}, and also in the
+	{Ultra 64} from {Nintendo}.  It offers sustained {transfer
+	rates} of around 1000 Mbps, compared to 200 Mbps for ordinary
+	DRAM.  Although it cannot be used as a direct replacement for
+	existing memory, it is likely that it will replace DRAM and
+	{SDRAM} as the main memory system in {personal computers} as
+	the {bus} speeds required by these machines increase.  SDRAM
+	can operate up to around 100MHz, but RDRAM has been
+	demonstrated by the manufacturers running at 600MHz.
+
+	The memory is also only 8 or 9 {bits} wide, so the bandwidth
+	would increase enormously if it were used in parallel to give
+	32 or 64-bit memory.
+
+	{RDRAM Installation
+	(http://www.cheapestrdram.com/rdram_install.php)}.
+
+	(2007-06-13)
+
+Rambus, Inc.
+
+	<company> The company which designed {Rambus DRAM}.
+
+	{(http://rambus.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Mountain View, CA., USA.
+
+	(1996-12-15)
+
+RAMDAC
+
+	{Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter}
+
+RAM disk
+
+	<operating system, storage> A memory-resident program which
+	mimics a {hard disk} drive.  It uses part of computer's {RAM}
+	to store data which can be accessed as files.  Unlike a real
+	disk drive, this drive forgets all stored data when the
+	computer is turned off.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+RAM drive
+
+	{RAM disk}
+
+RAMIS II
+
+	Rapid Access {Management Information System}.
+
+	A {database} from {On-Line Software International}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+RAMTRON
+
+	<company> The company which holds the patents for {FRAM} and
+	licenses the technology to other companies.
+
+	The licensees are currently (Feb 1997) {Hitachi}, {Rohm},
+	{Samsung}, {SGS-Thomson} and {Toshiba}, none of who offer FRAM
+	products of their own yet.
+
+	{(http://csn.net/ramtron/)}.
+
+	(1997-02-19)
+
+random
+
+	1. Unpredictable (closest to mathematical definition); weird.
+	"The system's been behaving pretty randomly."
+
+	2. Assorted; undistinguished.  "Who was at the conference?"
+	"Just a bunch of random business types."
+
+	3. (pejorative) Frivolous; unproductive; undirected.  "He's
+	just a random loser."
+
+	4. Incoherent or inelegant; poorly chosen; not well organised.
+	"The program has a random set of misfeatures."  "That's a
+	random name for that function."  "Well, all the names were
+	chosen pretty randomly."
+
+	5. In no particular order, though {deterministic}.  "The I/O
+	channels are in a pool, and when a file is opened one is
+	chosen randomly."
+
+	6. Arbitrary.  "It generates a random name for the scratch
+	file."
+
+	7. Gratuitously wrong, i.e. poorly done and for no good
+	apparent reason.  For example, a program that handles file
+	name defaulting in a particularly useless way, or an assembler
+	routine that could easily have been coded using only three
+	registers, but redundantly uses seven for values with
+	non-overlapping lifetimes, so that no one else can invoke it
+	without first saving four extra registers.  What {randomness}!
+
+	8.  A random hacker; used particularly of high-school students
+	who soak up computer time and generally get in the way.
+
+	9.  Anyone who is not a hacker (or, sometimes, anyone not
+	known to the hacker speaking).  "I went to the talk, but the
+	audience was full of randoms asking bogus questions".
+
+	10.  (occasional MIT usage) One who lives at Random Hall.  See
+	also {J. Random}, {some random X}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-12-05)
+
+random-access memory
+
+	<storage> (RAM) (Previously "direct-access memory").  A data
+	storage device for which the order of access to different
+	locations does not affect the speed of access.  This is in
+	contrast to, say, a {magnetic disk}, {magnetic tape} or a
+	{mercury delay line} where it is very much quicker to access
+	data sequentially because accessing a non-sequential location
+	requires physical movement of the storage medium rather than
+	just electronic switching.
+
+	In the 1970s {magnetic core} memory was used and some
+	old-timers still call RAM "core".  The most common form of RAM
+	in use today is {semiconductor} {integrated circuits}, which
+	can be either {static random-access memory} (SRAM) or {dynamic
+	random-access memory} (DRAM).
+
+	The term "RAM" has gained the additional meaning of
+	read-write.  Most kinds of semiconductor {read-only memory}
+	(ROM) are actually "random access" in the above sense but are
+	never referred to as RAM.  Furthermore, memory referred to as
+	RAM can usually be read and written equally quickly
+	(approximately), in contrast to the various kinds of
+	{programmable read-only memory}.  Finally, RAM is usually
+	volatile though {non-volatile random-access memory} is also
+	used.
+
+	Interestingly, some {DRAM} devices are not truly random access
+	because various kinds of "{page mode}" or "column mode" mean
+	that sequential access is faster than random access.
+
+	The humorous expansion "Rarely Adequate Memory" refers to the
+	fact that programs and data always seem to expand to fill the
+	memory available.
+
+	(2007-10-12)
+
+Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter
+
+	<hardware> (RAMDAC) A combination of three fast {DACs} with a
+	small {SRAM} used in graphics {display adapters} to store the
+	{colour palette} and to generate the analog signals to drive a
+	colour {monitor}.  The logical colour number from the display
+	memory is fed into the address inputs of the SRAM to select a
+	palette entry to appear on the output of the SRAM.  This entry
+	is composed of three separate values corresponding to the
+	three components (red, green, and blue) of the desired
+	physical colour.  Each component value is fed to a separate
+	DAC, whose analog output goes to the monitor, and ultimately
+	to one of its three {electron guns} (or equivalent in
+	non-{CRT} displays).
+
+	DAC word lengths range usually from 6 to 10 bits.  The SRAM's
+	wordlength is three times the DAC's word length.  The SRAM
+	acts as a {colour lookup table}.  It usually has 256 entries
+	(and thus an 8-bit address).  If the DAC's word length is also
+	8 bits, we have a 256 x 24-bit SRAM which allows a selection
+	of 256 out of 16777216 possible colours for the display.  The
+	contents of the SRAM can be changed while the display is not
+	active (during {display blanking} times).  The SRAM can
+	usually be bypassed and the DACs can be fed directly by
+	display data (for {true colour} modes).
+
+	(1996-03-24)
+
+randomness
+
+	1. An inexplicable misfeature; gratuitous inelegance.
+
+	2. A {hack} or {crock} that depends on a complex combination
+	of coincidences (or, possibly, the combination upon which the
+	crock depends for its accidental failure to malfunction).
+	"This hack can output characters 40--57 by putting the
+	character in the four bit accumulator field of an XCT and then
+	extracting six bits - the low 2 bits of the XCT opcode are
+	the right thing."  "What randomness!"
+
+	3. Of people, synonymous with "flakiness".  The connotation is
+	that the person so described is behaving weirdly,
+	incompetently, or inappropriately for reasons which are (a)
+	too tiresome to bother inquiring into, (b) are probably as
+	inscrutable as quantum phenomena anyway, and (c) are likely to
+	pass with time. "Maybe he has a real complaint, or maybe it's
+	just randomness.  See if he calls back."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+random number
+
+	{pseudorandom number}
+
+random testing
+
+	<programming, testing> A {black-box testing} approach in which
+	{software} is tested by choosing an arbitrary subset of all
+	possible input values.  Random testing helps to avoid the
+	problem of only testing what you know will work.
+
+	(2001-04-30)
+
+range
+
+	{image}
+
+Rapid Application Development
+
+	<programming> (RAD) A loose term for any {software life-cycle}
+	designed to give faster development and better results and to
+	take maximum advantage of recent advances in development
+	software.
+
+	RAD is associated with a wide range of approaches to software
+	development: from hacking away in a {GUI builder} with little
+	in the way of analysis and design to complete {methodologies}
+	expanding on an {information engineering} framework.
+
+	Some of the current RAD techniques are: {CASE} tools,
+	{iterative life-cycles}, {prototyping}, {workshops}, {SWAT
+	teams}, {timebox development}, and {Re-use} of applications,
+	templates and code.
+
+	{RAD at BSO/Den Haag
+	(http://riv.nl/origin/company/denhaag/RAD.HTM)}.
+
+	["Rapid Application Development", James Martin].
+
+	(1995-09-23)
+
+RapidCAD
+
+	<processor> A specially packaged {Intel 486DX} and a dummy
+	{floating point unit} (FPU) designed as pin-compatible
+	replacements for an {Intel 80386} processor and {80387} FPU.
+	Since the DX variant has a working on-chip FPU, a dummy FPU
+	package is supplied to go in the {387} FPU socket.
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+Rapidly Extensible Language, English
+
+	<language> (REL English) A {formal language} based on English.
+
+	["Practical Natural Language Processing: The REL System as
+	Prototype", Adv in Computers 13, Academic Press 1975].
+
+	(1997-04-09)
+
+rapid prototyping
+
+	<programming> The creation of a working model of a software module
+	to demonstrate the feasibility and suitability of the function.
+	The prototype is expected to be replaced or refined before
+	inclusion in the final product.
+
+	Rapid prototyping contrasts with a {DIRFT} approach which
+	emphasises careful design and implementation to avoid the
+	overheads of debugging and testing prototype code.  Rapid
+	prototyping is appropriate when the requirements are unclear or
+	likely to change (which is most of the time).
+
+	(2012-11-17)
+
+Rapidwrite
+
+	<language, tool> A method for translating set of abbreviations
+	into the much more verbose {COBOL} code.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 338].
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+RAPT
+
+	["An Interpreter for a Language for Describing Assemblies",
+	R.J. Popplestone et al, Artif Intell 14:79-107 (1980)].
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+RARE
+
+	{Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne}
+
+rare mode
+
+	<operating system> {Unix} CBREAK mode (character-by-character
+	with keyboard {interrupts} enabled).  Distinguished from {raw
+	mode} and {cooked mode}; the phrase "a sort of half-cooked
+	(rare?) mode" is used in the V7/BSD manuals to describe the
+	mode.  Usage: rare.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+RARP
+
+	{Reverse Address Resolution Protocol}
+
+RAS
+
+	1. <hardware, storage> {Row Address Strobe}.
+
+	2. <communications> {Remote Access Services}.
+
+	3. <systems> {Reliability, Availability, Serviceability}.
+
+	(2000-08-13)
+
+RASP
+
+	<language> ["RASP - A Language with Operations on Fuzzy Sets",
+	D.D. Djakovic, Comp Langs 13(3):143-148 (1988)].
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+raster
+
+	<hardware> The area of a video display that is covered by
+	sweeping the electron beam of the display in a series of
+	horizontal lines from top to bottom.  The beam then returns to
+	the top during the vertical flyback interval.
+
+	See also {CRT}, {frame buffer}.
+
+	(1995-03-22)
+
+raster blaster
+
+	<hardware, jargon> (Cambridge) Specialised hardware for
+	{bitblt} operations (a {blitter}).  Allegedly inspired by
+	"Rasta Blasta", British slang for the sort of portable stereo
+	Americans call a "boom box" or "ghetto blaster".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-22)
+
+raster burn
+
+	1. (Or terminal illness) Eyestrain brought on by too many
+	hours of looking at low-resolution, poorly tuned, or
+	glare-ridden monitors, especially graphics monitors.
+
+	2. The "burn-in" condition your {CRT} tends to get if you
+	don't use a {screen saver}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+raster font
+
+	{bitmap font}
+
+rastergram
+
+	{Single Image Random Dot Stereogram}
+
+raster graphics
+
+	<graphics> Computer graphics in which an {image} is composed
+	of an array of pixels arranged in rows and columns.
+
+	Opposite: {vector graphics}.
+
+	(1995-03-22)
+
+Raster Image Processor
+
+	<application, printer> (RIP) A device (usually {hardware} but
+	can be {software}) that takes a {Page Description Language}
+	description of a page and converts it into a {bitmap} for
+	printing.
+
+	(2003-09-10)
+
+rasterising
+
+	<algorithm> A transformation that can be applied to an image
+	to prepare it for printing.  Rasterising reduces resolution by
+	a factor of typically four to eight.  It also reduces
+	sensitivity to paper properties.  Rasterising can be combined
+	with {dithering}.
+
+	[How does it work?]
+
+	(2003-07-20)
+
+rasterizing
+
+	{rasterising}
+
+raster subsystem
+
+	<graphics> The part of a graphics system concerned with an
+	{image} after it has been transformed and scaled to screen
+	coordinates.  It includes scan conversion and display.
+
+	(1995-03-22)
+
+Ratatosk
+
+	An {SLR parser} generator written in {Gofer} (a {Haskell}
+	variant) by Torben AEgidius Mogensen <torbenm@diku.dk>.
+	Ratatosk generates {purely functional} {backtracking} {LR0
+	grammar} {parsers} (also in Gofer).
+
+	Even though the {sematic} value of a {production} is a
+	function of the attributes of its right-hand side (and thus
+	apparently purely synthesised), inherited attributes are
+	easily simulated by using {higher-order functions}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.diku.dk/pub/diku/dists/Ratatosk.tar.Z)}.
+
+rat belt
+
+	A cable tie, especially the sawtoothed, self-locking plastic
+	kind that you can remove only by cutting (as opposed to a
+	random twist of wire or a twist tie or one of those humongous
+	metal clip frobs).  Small cable ties are "mouse belts".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+RatC
+
+	{Rationalized C}
+
+RATEL
+
+	Raytheon Automatic Test Equipment Language.  For analog and
+	digital computer controlled test centres.  "Automatic Testing
+	via a Distributed Intelligence Processing System", S.J. Ring,
+	IEEE AUTOTESTCON 77 (Nov 1977).
+
+Rate monotonic scheduling
+
+	<algorithm> A means of {scheduling} the time allocated to
+	periodic {hard-deadline} {real-time} users of a resource.  The
+	users are assigned priorities such that a shorter fixed period
+	between deadlines is associated with a higher priority.
+
+	Rate monotonic scheduling provides a low-overhead, reasonably
+	resource-efficient means of guaranteeing that all users will
+	meet their deadlines provided that certain analytical
+	equations are satisfied during the system design.  It avoids
+	the design complexity of {time-line scheduling} and the
+	overhead of dynamic approaches such as {earliest-deadline
+	scheduling}.
+
+	[D. R. Wilcox, Naval Ocean Systems Center Technical Report
+	1310, August 1989, "Periodic Phase Adjustment Distributed
+	Clock Synchronization in the Hard Realtime Environment",
+	p. 9].
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+RATFIV
+
+	<language> An enhancement to the {RATFOR} programming
+	language, developed by Bill Wood while at the Institute for
+	Cancer Research (Philadelphia PA, now the Fox Chase Cancer
+	Center) in 1980-1981.  RATFIV was released on several {DECUS}
+	(Digital Equipment Corporation User's Group) tapes for
+	{VAX/VMS}.  Among its enhancements were: optional {Fortan 77}
+	output, an enhanced Format statement and enhanced {macros}.
+
+	(2007-05-16)
+
+RATFOR
+
+	{RATional Fortran}
+
+rational
+
+	[Mathematics] a fractional number n/d, where n and d are
+	integers, n is the numerator and d is the denominator.  The
+	set of all rational numbers is usually called Q.
+	Computers do not usually deal with rational numbers but
+	instead convert them to {real} numbers which are represented
+	(approximately in some cases) as {floating-point} numbers.
+	Compare {irrational}.
+
+RATional Fortran
+
+	<language> (RATFOR) {Brian Kernighan}'s {Fortran}
+	{preprocessor} that allows programming with {C}-like {control
+	flow}.  RATFOR is mainly of historical significance.
+
+	A translator from Ratfor to Fortran IV was posted to
+	comp.sources.Unix volume 13.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/mirrors/Unix-c/languages/ratfor.tar-z)}.
+
+	["Ratfor - A Preprocessor for a Rational Fortran",
+	B.W. Kernighan, Soft Prac & Exp 5:395-406, Oct 1975].
+
+	["Software Tools", B.W. Kernighan & P.J. Plauger, A-W, 1976].
+
+	(2001-07-31)
+
+Rationalized C
+
+	<language> (RatC, after "{RATFOR}") A version of Ron Cain's
+	original {Small-C} {compiler}.
+
+	["A Book on C", R.E. Berry and B.A. Meekings, 1984, ISBN
+	0-333-36821-5].
+
+	[In what way was it "rationalized"?]
+
+	(1999-06-28)
+
+rave
+
+	[WPI] 1. To persist in discussing a specific subject.
+
+	2. To speak authoritatively on a subject about which one knows
+	very little.
+
+	3. To complain to a person who is not in a position to correct
+	the difficulty.
+
+	4. To purposely annoy another person verbally.
+
+	5. To evangelise.  See {flame}.
+
+	6. Also used to describe a less negative form of blather, such
+	as friendly bullshitting.  "Rave" differs slightly from
+	{flame} in that "rave" implies that it is the persistence or
+	obliviousness of the person speaking that is annoying, while
+	{flame} implies somewhat more strongly that the tone or
+	content is offensive as well.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+rave on!
+
+	Sarcastic invitation to continue a {rave}, often by someone
+	who wishes the raver would get a clue but realises this is
+	unlikely.
+
+ravioli code
+
+	<jargon, humour> {Object-oriented} code consisting of a number of
+	small and {loosely-coupled} software components.  Presumably, the
+	term is a compliment, contrasting the code with {spaghetti code}.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2013-10-28)
+
+raw data
+
+	{data}
+
+raw mode
+
+	<operating system> A mode that allows a program to transfer
+	{bits} directly to or from an {I/O} device without any
+	processing, abstraction, or interpretation by the {operating
+	system}.
+
+	Systems that make this distinction for a disk file are
+	generally regarded as broken.
+
+	Compare {rare mode}, {cooked mode}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-04-14)
+
+RAWOOP-SNAP
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 1130}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+ray casting
+
+	<graphics> A simplified form of {ray tracing}.  A ray is fired
+	from each {pixel} in the view plane, and information is
+	accumulated from all the {voxels} in the volume data it
+	intersects.
+
+	Each voxel is first given an associated colour and opacity.
+	The ray is sampled at a fixed number of evenly spaced
+	locations and the colour and opacity are trilinearly
+	interpolated from the eight nearest voxels.  These are then
+	composed linearly back to front to give a single colour for
+	the pixel.
+
+	Ray casting was invented by John Carmack for the game
+	{Wolfenstein 3D}.  It is faster and lower quality than ray
+	tracing, and is ideal for interactive applications.  It
+	parallelises well, although random access is needed to the
+	voxels.
+
+	(2004-01-06)
+
+Rayleigh distribution
+
+	<mathematics> A curve that yields a good approximation to the
+	actual labour curves on software projects.
+
+	[Details?  Equation?]
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+Ray Tomlinson
+
+	<person> An engineer at {Bolt Beranek and Newman} who, in July
+	1972 while designing the first[?] {electronic mail} program,
+	chose the {commercial at} symbol "@" to separate the user name
+	from the computer name.
+
+	(2004-08-22)
+
+ray tracing
+
+	<graphics> A technique used in {computer graphics} to create
+	realistic {images} by calculating the paths taken by rays of
+	light entering the observer's eye at different angles.  The
+	paths are traced backward from the viewpoint, through a point
+	(a {pixel}) in the image plane until they hit some object in
+	the scene or go off to infinity.  Objects are modelled as
+	collections of abutting surfaces which may be rectangles,
+	triangles, or more complicated shapes such as 3D {splines}.
+	The optical properties of different surfaces (colour,
+	reflectance, transmitance, refraction, texture) also affect
+	how it will contribute to the colour and brightness of the
+	ray.  The position, colour, and brightness of light sources,
+	including ambient lighting, is also taken into account.
+
+	Ray tracing is an ideal application for {parallel processing}
+	since there are many pixels, each of whose values is
+	independent and can thus be calculated in parallel.
+
+	Compare: {radiosity}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.graphics.raytracing}.
+
+	{(http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Software/Graphics/3D/Ray_Tracing/)}.
+
+	(2003-09-11)
+
+R:BASE
+
+	<database> An {MS-DOS} {4GL} from {Microrim} based on the
+	{minicomputer} {DBMS} {RIM}.
+
+	[Was Wayne Erickson the author?]
+
+	(2004-09-01)
+
+RBASIC
+
+	Database language for Revelation, by Cosmos, Inc.  Combines
+	features of BASIC, Pascal and Fortran.
+
+RBCSP
+
+	Roper and Barter's CSP.
+
+	["A Communicating Sequential Process Language and
+	Implementation", T. Roper & J. Barter, Soft Prac & Exp
+	11(11):1215-1234 (Nov 1981)].
+
+RBOC
+
+	{Regional Bell Operating Company}
+
+rc
+
+	1. <filename extension> (run commands) The {filename
+	extension} common to many {Unix} configuration files, e.g.
+	{.newsrc}, {.cshrc}, {.twmrc}, elmrc, etc.
+
+	The suffix "rc" derives from a script-creation utility in
+	{CTSS} called "{runcom}" (for "run commands").
+
+	{Unix FAQ
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/unix-faq/faq/top.html)}.
+
+	2. A {shell} from {AT&T}'s {Plan 9}, by Tom Duff.  rc offers
+	much the same capabilities as a traditional {Bourne shell},
+	but with a much cleaner {syntax}.
+
+	An open source reimplementation was made by Byron Rakitzis,
+	and is now maintained by Tim Goodwin <tjg@star.le.ac.uk>.
+
+	Latest version: 1.6, as of 2000-06-15.
+
+	{(http://star.le.ac.uk/~tjg/rc)}.
+
+	(2000-06-17)
+
+RC4
+
+	<cryptography> A {cipher} designed by {RSA Data Security,
+	Inc.} which can accept {keys} of arbitrary length, and is
+	essentially a {pseudo random number generator} with the output
+	of the generator being {XOR}ed with the data stream to produce
+	the encrypted data.  For this reason, it is very important
+	that the same RC4 key never be used to encrypt two different
+	data streams.  The encryption mechanism used to be a trade
+	secret, until someone posted source code for an {algorithm}
+	onto {Usenet News}, claiming it to be equivalent to RC4.  The
+	algorithm is very fast, its security is unknown, but breaking
+	it does not seem trivial either.  There is very strong
+	evidence that the posted algorithm is indeed equivalent to
+	RC4.
+
+	The United States government routinely approves RC4 with
+	40-bit keys for export.  Keys this small can be easily broken
+	by governments, criminals, and amateurs.  The exportable
+	version of {Netscape}'s {Secure Socket Layer}, which uses
+	RC4-40, was broken by at least two independent groups.
+	Breaking it took about eight days; in many universities or
+	companies the same computing power is available to any
+	computer science student.
+
+	See also {Damien Doligez's SSL cracking page
+	(http://pauillac.inria.fr/~doligez/ssl/)}, {RC4 Source and
+	Information (http://cs.hut.fi/crypto/rc4)}, {SSLeay
+	(http://cs.hut.fi/crypto/software.html#ssleay)}, {Crypto++
+	(http://cs.hut.fi/crypto/software.html#crypto++)}, {Ssh
+	(http://cs.hut.fi/crypto/software.html#ssh)}, {A
+	collection of articles
+	(http://cs.hut.fi/crypto/rc4-breaking)}.
+
+	(1996-10-28)
+
+RCA 1802
+
+	<processor> An extremely simple {microprocessor} fabricated in
+	{CMOS}, running at 6.4 MHz at 10V (very fast for 1974).  It
+	could be suspended with the clock stopped.  It was an 8-bit
+	processor, with 16-bit addressing.  Simplicity was the primary
+	design goal, and in that sense it was one of the first {RISC}
+	chips.  It had sixteen 16-bit {registers}, which could be
+	accessed as thirty-two 8-bit registers, and an {accumulator} D
+	used for arithmetic and memory access - memory to D, then D to
+	registers and vice versa, using one 16-bit register as an
+	address.  This led to one person describing the 1802 as having
+	32 bytes of {RAM} and 65535 I/O ports.  A 4-bit control
+	register P selected any one general register as the {program
+	counter}, while control registers X and N selected registers
+	for I/O Index and the operand for the current instruction.
+	All instructions were 8 bits - a 4-bit {op code} (total of 16
+	operations) and 4-bit {operand register} stored in N.  There
+	was no real {conditional branching}, no {subroutine} support
+	and no actual {stack} but these could be implemented by clever
+	use of registers, e.g. changing P to another register allowed
+	jump to a subroutine.  Similarly, on an interrupt P and X were
+	saved, then R1 and R2 were selected for P and X until an {RTI}
+	restored them.
+
+	The {RCA 1805} was an enhanced version.
+
+	The 1802 was used in the {COSMAC} (VIP?) {microcomputer} kit,
+	some video games from {RCA} and {Radio Shack}, and the
+	{ETI-660} computer.  It was chosen for the Voyager, Viking and
+	Galileo space probes as it was also fabricated in {Silicon on
+	Sapphire}, giving radiation and static resistance, ideal for
+	space operation.
+
+	{More history (http://cosmacelf.com)}.
+
+	(2002-04-09)
+
+RCA 1805
+
+	A later, enhanced version of the {RCA 1802}.  It added several
+	{Forth} language primitives.
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+RCC
+
+	An extensible language.
+
+	[More detail?]
+
+rc file
+
+	/R C fi:l/ [Unix: from the startup script "/etc/rc", but this
+	is commonly believed to have been named after older scripts to
+	"run commands"] Script file containing startup instructions
+	for an application program (or an entire operating system),
+	usually a text file containing commands of the sort that might
+	have been invoked manually once the system was running but are
+	to be executed automatically each time the system starts up.
+	See also {dot file}, {profile} (sense 1).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+RCL
+
+	Reduced Control Language.  A simplified job control language
+	for OS360, translated to IBM JCL.  "Reduced Control Language
+	for Non- Professional Users", K. Appel in Command Languages,
+	C. Unger ed, N-H 1973.
+
+rcp
+
+	<networking, tool> (Remote copy) The {Unix} utility for
+	copying files over {Ethernet}.  Rcp is similar to {FTP} but
+	uses the {hosts.equiv} user authentication method.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: rcp(1).
+
+	(1997-01-12)
+
+RCS
+
+	{Revision Control System}
+
+Rdb
+
+	{Oracle Rdb}
+
+rdb
+
+	A roll-your-own {database}, created in the {Unix} toolkit
+	philosophy.  It appears to be written in the {awk} language,
+	and is very compatible with awk.  It uses awk's syntax and can
+	be combined with awk commands.
+
+	The definitive introduction is "Unix Relational Database
+	Management: Application Development in the Unix Environment",
+	by Rod Manis, Evan Schaeffer, and Robert Jorgensen, published
+	by Prentice Hall.  The book tells how to use rdb to create
+	database/spreadsheets in the awk tradition, only easier. It's
+	a good way to get into programming for novices.  It's also a
+	good way to learn DB theory and construction quite painlessly.
+
+RDBA
+
+	{Remote Database Access}
+
+RDBMS
+
+	{relational database}
+
+RDF
+
+	{Resource Description Framework}
+
+RDI
+
+	{Receiver Data Interface}
+
+RDL
+
+	Requirements and Development Language.
+
+	["RDL: A Language for Software Development", H.C. Heacox,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 14(9):71-79 (Sep 1979)].
+
+RDOS
+
+	{Realtime Disk Operating System}
+
+RDP
+
+	<protocol>
+
+	1. {Reliable Data Protocol}.
+
+	2. {Remote Desktop Protocol}.
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+RDRAM
+
+	{Rambus DRAM}
+
+RDS
+
+	{Random Dot Stereogram}
+
+RE
+
+	{regular expression}
+
+re
+
+	1. <networking> The {country code} for Reunion.
+
+	2. <chat> /re-/ (From "rehi") Hello again.  A greeting
+	originating in, and most often heard on, {Internet}
+	interactive conversation services.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-02-08)
+
+read-eval-print loop
+
+	<language, LISP, programming> (REPL) A programming {structure}
+	within {LISP} which repeatedly reads a {form} from the {user},
+	evaluates it, and displays the result.
+
+	A read-eval-print {loop} forms the basis of the {Top-Level}
+	{shell} that programmers of the LISP family of languages
+	interact with.
+
+	In many dialects of LISP a very simple REPL could be
+	implemented as:
+
+		(loop (print (eval (read)))).
+
+	(2003-06-23)
+
+README file
+
+	<convention, documentation> A {text file} traditionally included
+	in the top-level {directory} of a {software} distribution,
+	containing pointers to {documentation}, credits, revision history,
+	notes, etc.  Originally found in {Unix} source distributions, the
+	convention has spread to many other products.  The file may be
+	named README, READ.ME, ReadMe or readme.txt or some other variant.
+
+	In the {Macintosh} and {IBM PC} worlds, software is not
+	usually distributed in source form, and the README is more
+	likely to contain user-oriented material like last-minute
+	documentation changes, error workarounds, and restrictions.
+
+	The README convention probably follows the famous scene in Lewis
+	Carroll's "Alice's Adventures In Wonderland" in which Alice
+	confronts magic munchies labeled "Eat Me" and "Drink Me".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+Read-Only Memory
+
+	<storage> (ROM) A type of data storage device which is
+	manufactured with fixed contents.  In its most general sense,
+	the term might be used for any storage system whose contents
+	cannot be altered, such as a gramophone record or a printed
+	book; however, the term is most often applied to
+	{semiconductor} {integrated circuit} memories, of which there
+	are several types, and {CD-ROM}.
+
+	ROM is inherently {non-volatile storage} - it retains its
+	contents even when the power is switched off, in contrast to
+	{RAM}.
+
+	ROM is often used to hold programs for {embedded systems}
+	since these usually have a fixed purpose.  ROM is also used
+	for storage of the lowest level {bootstrap} software
+	(firmware) in a computer.
+
+	See also {Programmable Read-Only Memory}.
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+read-only user
+
+	<jargon> Describes a {luser} who uses computers almost
+	exclusively for reading {Usenet}, {bulletin boards}, and/or
+	{electronic mail}, rather than writing code or purveying
+	useful information.
+
+	See {twink}, {terminal junkie}, {lurker}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+real
+
+	1. Not simulated.  Often used as a specific antonym to
+	{virtual} in any of its jargon senses.
+
+	2. <mathematics> {real number}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-03-12)
+
+RealAudio
+
+	<tool, communications> A program from {Real Media} for playing
+	{audio} over the {Internet}, and the {lossy} audio compression
+	format it uses.
+
+	The system is implemented as a {client/server} architecture.
+	The RealAudio server incorporates an {encoder} which
+	compresses sound into RealAudio files.  The client side is a
+	{web browser} {plug-in} or {add-on} (a recent version of
+	{Internet Explorer} apparently has built-in support for
+	RealAudio) which allows the stream of data sent from the
+	server to be uncompressed and output using the normal sound
+	facilities of the computer, such as a {sound card}.
+
+	A 14.4 {KBps} or better {modem} is required, and a 28.8 KBps
+	connection is recommended for music-quality sound.
+
+	{(http://realaudio.com/)}.
+
+	(2001-12-13)
+
+real estate
+
+	<jargon> May be used for any critical resource measured in
+	units of area.  Most frequently used of "chip real estate",
+	the area available for logic on the surface of an {integrated
+	circuit} (see also {nanoacre}).  May also be used of floor
+	space in a {dinosaur pen}, or even space on a crowded desktop
+	(whether physical or electronic).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-11-06)
+
+real hack
+
+	A {crock}.  This is sometimes used affectionately; see {hack}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+reality check
+
+	<testing> The simplest kind of {functional test} of {software} or
+	{hardware}; doing the equivalent of asking it what 2 + 2 is and
+	seeing if it says four.  The software equivalent of a {smoke
+	test}.  A reality check may include letting a {real user} try out
+	{prototype} software.
+
+	A {sanity check} is even more basic, the equivalent of checking
+	that the above addition was implemented with an addition operator
+	rather than subtraction.
+
+	(2007-03-15)
+
+realization
+
+	<specification> A {UML} {semantic} relationship between a
+	{classifier} that specifies a contract and another classifier
+	that guarantees to carry it out.
+
+	[Handout by Mr. David Gillibrand].
+
+	(2007-03-15)
+
+Really Simple Syndication
+
+	{Rich Site Summary}
+
+real mode
+
+	An operating mode of {Intel 80x86} processors.  The opposite
+	of {protected mode}.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+real number
+
+	<mathematics> One of the infinitely divisible range of values
+	between positive and negative {infinity}, used to represent
+	continuous physical quantities such as distance, time and
+	temperature.
+
+	Between any two real numbers there are infinitely many more
+	real numbers.  The {integers} ("counting numbers") are real
+	numbers with no fractional part and real numbers ("measuring
+	numbers") are {complex numbers} with no imaginary part.  Real
+	numbers can be divided into {rational numbers} and {irrational
+	numbers}.
+
+	Real numbers are usually represented (approximately) by
+	computers as {floating point} numbers.
+
+	Strictly, real numbers are the {equivalence classes} of the
+	{Cauchy sequences} of {rationals} under the {equivalence
+	relation} "~", where a ~ b if and only if a-b is {Cauchy} with
+	limit 0.
+
+	The real numbers are the minimal {topologically closed}
+	{field} containing the rational field.
+
+	A sequence, r, of rationals (i.e. a function, r, from the
+	{natural numbers} to the rationals) is said to be Cauchy
+	precisely if, for any tolerance delta there is a size, N,
+	beyond which: for any n, m exceeding N,
+
+	 | r[n] - r[m] | < delta
+
+	A Cauchy sequence, r, has limit x precisely if, for any
+	tolerance delta there is a size, N, beyond which: for any n
+	exceeding N,
+
+	 | r[n] - x | < delta
+
+	(i.e. r would remain Cauchy if any of its elements, no matter
+	how late, were replaced by x).
+
+	It is possible to perform addition on the reals, because the
+	equivalence class of a sum of two sequences can be shown to be
+	the equivalence class of the sum of any two sequences
+	equivalent to the given originals: ie, a~b and c~d implies
+	a+c~b+d; likewise a.c~b.d so we can perform multiplication.
+	Indeed, there is a natural {embedding} of the rationals in the
+	reals (via, for any rational, the sequence which takes no
+	other value than that rational) which suffices, when extended
+	via continuity, to import most of the algebraic properties of
+	the rationals to the reals.
+
+	(1997-03-12)
+
+real operating system
+
+	<operating system, abuse> The sort the speaker is used to.
+	People from the {BSD}ophilic academic community are likely to
+	issue comments like "{System V}?  Why don't you use a *real*
+	operating system?", people from the commercial/industrial
+	{Unix} sector are known to complain "BSD?  Why don't you use a
+	*real* operating system?", and people from {IBM} object "Unix?
+	Why don't you use a *real* operating system?"
+
+	See {holy wars}, {religious issues}, {proprietary}, {Get a
+	real computer!}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-03-12)
+
+Real Programmer
+
+	<job, humour> (From the book "Real Men Don't Eat Quiche") A
+	variety of hacker possessed of a flippant attitude toward
+	complexity that is arrogant even when justified by experience.
+	The archetypal "Real Programmer" likes to program on the {bare
+	metal} and is very good at it, remembers the binary {op codes}
+	for every machine he has ever programmed, thinks that
+	{high-level languages} are sissy, and uses a {debugger} to
+	edit his code because full-screen editors are for wimps.  Real
+	Programmers aren't satisfied with code that hasn't been
+	{bum}med into a state of {tense}ness just short of rupture.
+
+	Real Programmers never use {comments} or write
+	{documentation}: "If it was hard to write", says the Real
+	Programmer, "it should be hard to understand."  Real
+	Programmers can make machines do things that were never in
+	their spec sheets; in fact, they are seldom really happy
+	unless doing so.  A Real Programmer's code can awe with its
+	fiendish brilliance, even as its crockishness appals.
+
+	Real Programmers live on junk food and coffee, hang
+	line-printer art on their walls, and terrify the crap out of
+	other programmers - because someday, somebody else might have
+	to try to understand their code in order to change it.  Their
+	successors generally consider it a {Good Thing} that there
+	aren't many Real Programmers around any more.
+
+	For a famous (and somewhat more positive) portrait of a Real
+	Programmer, see "{The Story of Mel}".  The term itself was
+	popularised by a 1983 Datamation article "{Real Programmers
+	Don't Use Pascal}" by Ed Post, still circulating on {Usenet}
+	and Internet in on-line form.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-08-29)
+
+Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal
+
+	<humour> Back in the good old days - the "Golden Era" of
+	computers, it was easy to separate the men from the boys
+	(sometimes called "Real Men" and "Quiche Eaters" in the
+	literature).  During this period, the Real Men were the ones
+	that understood computer programming, and the Quiche Eaters
+	were the ones that didn't.  A real computer programmer said
+	things like "DO 10 I=1,10" and "ABEND" (they actually talked
+	in capital letters, you understand), and the rest of the world
+	said things like "computers are too complicated for me" and "I
+	can't relate to computers - they're so impersonal".  (A
+	previous work [1] points out that Real Men don't "relate" to
+	anything, and aren't afraid of being impersonal.)
+
+	But, as usual, times change.  We are faced today with a world
+	in which little old ladies can get computers in their
+	microwave ovens, 12-year-old kids can blow Real Men out of the
+	water playing Asteroids and Pac-Man, and anyone can buy and
+	even understand their very own Personal Computer.  The Real
+	Programmer is in danger of becoming extinct, of being replaced
+	by high-school students with {TRASH-80s}.
+
+	There is a clear need to point out the differences between the
+	typical high-school junior Pac-Man player and a Real
+	Programmer.  If this difference is made clear, it will give
+	these kids something to aspire to -- a role model, a Father
+	Figure.  It will also help explain to the employers of Real
+	Programmers why it would be a mistake to replace the Real
+	Programmers on their staff with 12-year-old Pac-Man players
+	(at a considerable salary savings).
+
+	LANGUAGES
+
+	The easiest way to tell a Real Programmer from the crowd is by
+	the programming language he (or she) uses.  Real Programmers
+	use {Fortran}.  Quiche Eaters use {Pascal}.  Nicklaus Wirth,
+	the designer of Pascal, gave a talk once at which he was asked
+	how to pronounce his name.  He replied, "You can either call
+	me by name, pronouncing it 'Veert', or call me by value,
+	'Worth'."  One can tell immediately from this comment that
+	Nicklaus Wirth is a Quiche Eater.  The only parameter passing
+	mechanism endorsed by Real Programmers is
+	call-by-value-return, as implemented in the {IBM 370}
+	{Fortran-G} and H compilers.  Real programmers don't need all
+	these abstract concepts to get their jobs done - they are
+	perfectly happy with a {keypunch}, a {Fortran IV} {compiler},
+	and a beer.
+
+	Real Programmers do List Processing in Fortran.
+
+	Real Programmers do String Manipulation in Fortran.
+
+	Real Programmers do Accounting (if they do it at all) in
+	Fortran.
+
+	Real Programmers do {Artificial Intelligence} programs in
+	Fortran.
+
+	If you can't do it in Fortran, do it in {assembly language}.
+	If you can't do it in assembly language, it isn't worth doing.
+
+	STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
+
+	The academics in computer science have gotten into the
+	"structured programming" rut over the past several years.
+	They claim that programs are more easily understood if the
+	programmer uses some special language constructs and
+	techniques.  They don't all agree on exactly which constructs,
+	of course, and the examples they use to show their particular
+	point of view invariably fit on a single page of some obscure
+	journal or another - clearly not enough of an example to
+	convince anyone.  When I got out of school, I thought I was
+	the best programmer in the world.  I could write an unbeatable
+	tic-tac-toe program, use five different computer languages,
+	and create 1000-line programs that WORKED.  (Really!) Then I
+	got out into the Real World.  My first task in the Real World
+	was to read and understand a 200,000-line Fortran program,
+	then speed it up by a factor of two.  Any Real Programmer will
+	tell you that all the Structured Coding in the world won't
+	help you solve a problem like that - it takes actual talent.
+	Some quick observations on Real Programmers and Structured
+	Programming:
+
+	Real Programmers aren't afraid to use {GOTOs}.
+
+	Real Programmers can write five-page-long DO loops without
+	getting confused.
+
+	Real Programmers like Arithmetic IF statements - they make the
+	code more interesting.
+
+	Real Programmers write self-modifying code, especially if they
+	can save 20 {nanoseconds} in the middle of a tight loop.
+
+	Real Programmers don't need comments - the code is obvious.
+
+	Since Fortran doesn't have a structured IF, REPEAT ... UNTIL,
+	or CASE statement, Real Programmers don't have to worry about
+	not using them.  Besides, they can be simulated when necessary
+	using {assigned GOTOs}.
+
+	Data Structures have also gotten a lot of press lately.
+	Abstract Data Types, Structures, Pointers, Lists, and Strings
+	have become popular in certain circles.  Wirth (the
+	above-mentioned Quiche Eater) actually wrote an entire book
+	[2] contending that you could write a program based on data
+	structures, instead of the other way around.  As all Real
+	Programmers know, the only useful data structure is the Array.
+	Strings, lists, structures, sets - these are all special cases
+	of arrays and can be treated that way just as easily without
+	messing up your programing language with all sorts of
+	complications.  The worst thing about fancy data types is that
+	you have to declare them, and Real Programming Languages, as
+	we all know, have implicit typing based on the first letter of
+	the (six character) variable name.
+
+	OPERATING SYSTEMS
+
+	What kind of operating system is used by a Real Programmer?
+	CP/M?  God forbid - CP/M, after all, is basically a toy
+	operating system.  Even little old ladies and grade school
+	students can understand and use CP/M.
+
+	Unix is a lot more complicated of course - the typical Unix
+	hacker never can remember what the PRINT command is called
+	this week - but when it gets right down to it, Unix is a
+	glorified video game.  People don't do Serious Work on Unix
+	systems: they send jokes around the world on {UUCP}-net and
+	write adventure games and research papers.
+
+	No, your Real Programmer uses OS 370.  A good programmer can
+	find and understand the description of the IJK305I error he
+	just got in his JCL manual.  A great programmer can write JCL
+	without referring to the manual at all.  A truly outstanding
+	programmer can find bugs buried in a 6 megabyte {core dump}
+	without using a hex calculator.  (I have actually seen this
+	done.)
+
+	OS is a truly remarkable operating system.  It's possible to
+	destroy days of work with a single misplaced space, so
+	alertness in the programming staff is encouraged.  The best
+	way to approach the system is through a keypunch.  Some people
+	claim there is a Time Sharing system that runs on OS 370, but
+	after careful study I have come to the conclusion that they
+	were mistaken.
+
+	PROGRAMMING TOOLS
+
+	What kind of tools does a Real Programmer use?  In theory, a
+	Real Programmer could run his programs by keying them into the
+	front panel of the computer.  Back in the days when computers
+	had front panels, this was actually done occasionally.  Your
+	typical Real Programmer knew the entire bootstrap loader by
+	memory in hex, and toggled it in whenever it got destroyed by
+	his program.  (Back then, memory was memory - it didn't go
+	away when the power went off.  Today, memory either forgets
+	things when you don't want it to, or remembers things long
+	after they're better forgotten.)  Legend has it that {Seymore
+	Cray}, inventor of the Cray I supercomputer and most of
+	Control Data's computers, actually toggled the first operating
+	system for the CDC7600 in on the front panel from memory when
+	it was first powered on.  Seymore, needless to say, is a Real
+	Programmer.
+
+	One of my favorite Real Programmers was a systems programmer
+	for Texas Instruments.  One day he got a long distance call
+	from a user whose system had crashed in the middle of saving
+	some important work.  Jim was able to repair the damage over
+	the phone, getting the user to toggle in disk I/O instructions
+	at the front panel, repairing system tables in hex, reading
+	register contents back over the phone.  The moral of this
+	story: while a Real Programmer usually includes a keypunch and
+	lineprinter in his toolkit, he can get along with just a front
+	panel and a telephone in emergencies.
+
+	In some companies, text editing no longer consists of ten
+	engineers standing in line to use an 029 keypunch.  In fact,
+	the building I work in doesn't contain a single keypunch.  The
+	Real Programmer in this situation has to do his work with a
+	"text editor" program.  Most systems supply several text
+	editors to select from, and the Real Programmer must be
+	careful to pick one that reflects his personal style.  Many
+	people believe that the best text editors in the world were
+	written at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center for use on their
+	Alto and Dorado computers [3].  Unfortunately, no Real
+	Programmer would ever use a computer whose operating system is
+	called SmallTalk, and would certainly not talk to the computer
+	with a mouse.
+
+	Some of the concepts in these Xerox editors have been
+	incorporated into editors running on more reasonably named
+	operating systems - {Emacs} and {VI} being two.  The problem
+	with these editors is that Real Programmers consider "what you
+	see is what you get" to be just as bad a concept in Text
+	Editors as it is in women.  No the Real Programmer wants a
+	"you asked for it, you got it" text editor - complicated,
+	cryptic, powerful, unforgiving, dangerous.  TECO, to be
+	precise.
+
+	It has been observed that a TECO command sequence more closely
+	resembles transmission line noise than readable text [4].  One
+	of the more entertaining games to play with TECO is to type
+	your name in as a command line and try to guess what it does.
+	Just about any possible typing error while talking with TECO
+	will probably destroy your program, or even worse - introduce
+	subtle and mysterious bugs in a once working subroutine.
+
+	For this reason, Real Programmers are reluctant to actually
+	edit a program that is close to working.  They find it much
+	easier to just patch the binary {object code} directly, using
+	a wonderful program called SUPERZAP (or its equivalent on
+	non-IBM machines).  This works so well that many working
+	programs on IBM systems bear no relation to the original
+	Fortran code.  In many cases, the original source code is no
+	longer available.  When it comes time to fix a program like
+	this, no manager would even think of sending anything less
+	than a Real Programmer to do the job - no Quiche Eating
+	structured programmer would even know where to start.  This is
+	called "job security".
+
+	Some programming tools NOT used by Real Programmers:
+
+	Fortran preprocessors like {MORTRAN} and {RATFOR}.  The
+	Cuisinarts of programming - great for making Quiche.  See
+	comments above on structured programming.
+
+	Source language debuggers.  Real Programmers can read core
+	dumps.
+
+	Compilers with array bounds checking.  They stifle creativity,
+	destroy most of the interesting uses for EQUIVALENCE, and make
+	it impossible to modify the operating system code with
+	negative subscripts.  Worst of all, bounds checking is
+	inefficient.
+
+	Source code maintenance systems.  A Real Programmer keeps his
+	code locked up in a card file, because it implies that its
+	owner cannot leave his important programs unguarded [5].
+
+	THE REAL PROGRAMMER AT WORK
+
+	Where does the typical Real Programmer work?  What kind of
+	programs are worthy of the efforts of so talented an
+	individual?  You can be sure that no Real Programmer would be
+	caught dead writing accounts-receivable programs in {COBOL},
+	or sorting {mailing lists} for People magazine.  A Real
+	Programmer wants tasks of earth-shaking importance
+	(literally!).
+
+	Real Programmers work for Los Alamos National Laboratory,
+	writing atomic bomb simulations to run on Cray I
+	supercomputers.
+
+	Real Programmers work for the National Security Agency,
+	decoding Russian transmissions.
+
+	It was largely due to the efforts of thousands of Real
+	Programmers working for NASA that our boys got to the moon and
+	back before the Russkies.
+
+	Real Programmers are at work for Boeing designing the
+	operating systems for cruise missiles.
+
+	Some of the most awesome Real Programmers of all work at the
+	Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California.  Many of them know
+	the entire operating system of the Pioneer and Voyager
+	spacecraft by heart.  With a combination of large ground-based
+	Fortran programs and small spacecraft-based assembly language
+	programs, they are able to do incredible feats of navigation
+	and improvisation - hitting ten-kilometer wide windows at
+	Saturn after six years in space, repairing or bypassing
+	damaged sensor platforms, radios, and batteries.  Allegedly,
+	one Real Programmer managed to tuck a pattern-matching program
+	into a few hundred bytes of unused memory in a Voyager
+	spacecraft that searched for, located, and photographed a new
+	moon of Jupiter.
+
+	The current plan for the Galileo spacecraft is to use a
+	gravity assist trajectory past Mars on the way to Jupiter.
+	This trajectory passes within 80 +/-3 kilometers of the
+	surface of Mars.  Nobody is going to trust a Pascal program
+	(or a Pascal programmer) for navigation to these tolerances.
+
+	As you can tell, many of the world's Real Programmers work for
+	the U.S. Government - mainly the Defense Department.  This is
+	as it should be.  Recently, however, a black cloud has formed
+	on the Real Programmer horizon.  It seems that some highly
+	placed Quiche Eaters at the Defense Department decided that
+	all Defense programs should be written in some grand unified
+	language called "ADA" ((C), DoD).  For a while, it seemed that
+	ADA was destined to become a language that went against all
+	the precepts of Real Programming - a language with structure,
+	a language with data types, {strong typing}, and semicolons.
+	In short, a language designed to cripple the creativity of the
+	typical Real Programmer.  Fortunately, the language adopted by
+	DoD has enough interesting features to make it approachable --
+	it's incredibly complex, includes methods for messing with the
+	operating system and rearranging memory, and Edsgar Dijkstra
+	doesn't like it [6].  (Dijkstra, as I'm sure you know, was the
+	author of "GoTos Considered Harmful" - a landmark work in
+	programming methodology, applauded by Pascal programmers and
+	Quiche Eaters alike.)  Besides, the determined Real Programmer
+	can write Fortran programs in any language.
+
+	The Real Programmer might compromise his principles and work
+	on something slightly more trivial than the destruction of
+	life as we know it, providing there's enough money in it.
+	There are several Real Programmers building video games at
+	Atari, for example.  (But not playing them - a Real Programmer
+	knows how to beat the machine every time: no challenge in
+	that.)  Everyone working at LucasFilm is a Real Programmer.
+	(It would be crazy to turn down the money of fifty million
+	Star Trek fans.)  The proportion of Real Programmers in
+	Computer Graphics is somewhat lower than the norm, mostly
+	because nobody has found a use for computer graphics yet.  On
+	the other hand, all computer graphics is done in Fortran, so
+	there are a fair number of people doing graphics in order to
+	avoid having to write COBOL programs.
+
+	THE REAL PROGRAMMER AT PLAY
+
+	Generally, the Real Programmer plays the same way he works -
+	with computers.  He is constantly amazed that his employer
+	actually pays him to do what he would be doing for fun anyway
+	(although he is careful not to express this opinion out loud).
+	Occasionally, the Real Programmer does step out of the office
+	for a breath of fresh air and a beer or two.  Some tips on
+	recognizing Real Programmers away from the computer room:
+
+	At a party, the Real Programmers are the ones in the corner
+	talking about operating system security and how to get around
+	it.
+
+	At a football game, the Real Programmer is the one comparing
+	the plays against his simulations printed on 11 by 14 fanfold
+	paper.
+
+	At the beach, the Real Programmer is the one drawing
+	flowcharts in the sand.
+
+	At a funeral, the Real Programmer is the one saying "Poor
+	George, he almost had the sort routine working before the
+	coronary."
+
+	In a grocery store, the Real Programmer is the one who insists
+	on running the cans past the laser checkout scanner himself,
+	because he never could trust keypunch operators to get it
+	right the first time.
+
+	THE REAL PROGRAMMER'S NATURAL HABITAT
+
+	What sort of environment does the Real Programmer function
+	best in?  This is an important question for the managers of
+	Real Programmers.  Considering the amount of money it costs to
+	keep one on the staff, it's best to put him (or her) in an
+	environment where he can get his work done.
+
+	The typical Real Programmer lives in front of a computer
+	terminal.  Surrounding this terminal are:
+
+	Listings of all programs the Real Programmer has ever worked
+	on, piled in roughly chronological order on every flat surface
+	in the office.
+
+	Some half-dozen or so partly filled cups of cold coffee.
+	Occasionally, there will be cigarette butts floating in the
+	coffee.  In some cases, the cups will contain Orange Crush.
+
+	Unless he is very good, there will be copies of the OS JCL
+	manual and the Principles of Operation open to some
+	particularly interesting pages.
+
+	Taped to the wall is a line-printer Snoopy calendar for the
+	year 1969.
+
+	Strewn about the floor are several wrappers for peanut butter
+	filled cheese bars - the type that are made pre-stale at the
+	bakery so they can't get any worse while waiting in the
+	vending machine.
+
+	Hiding in the top left-hand drawer of the desk is a stash of
+	double-stuff Oreos for special occasions.
+
+	Underneath the Oreos is a flowcharting template, left there by
+	the previous occupant of the office.  (Real Programmers write
+	programs, not documentation.  Leave that to the maintenance
+	people.)
+
+	The Real Programmer is capable of working 30, 40, even 50
+	hours at a stretch, under intense pressure.  In fact, he
+	prefers it that way.  Bad response time doesn't bother the
+	Real Programmer - it gives him a chance to catch a little
+	sleep between compiles.  If there is not enough schedule
+	pressure on the Real Programmer, he tends to make things more
+	challenging by working on some small but interesting part of
+	the problem for the first nine weeks, then finishing the rest
+	in the last week, in two or three 50-hour marathons.  This not
+	only impresses the hell out of his manager, who was despairing
+	of ever getting the project done on time, but creates a
+	convenient excuse for not doing the documentation.  In
+	general:
+
+	No Real Programmer works 9 to 5 (unless it's the ones at
+	night).
+
+	Real Programmers don't wear neckties.
+
+	Real Programmers don't wear high-heeled shoes.
+
+	Real Programmers arrive at work in time for lunch [9].
+
+	A Real Programmer might or might not know his wife's name. He
+	does, however, know the entire {ASCII} (or EBCDIC) code table.
+
+	Real Programmers don't know how to cook.  Grocery stores
+	aren't open at three in the morning.  Real Programmers survive
+	on Twinkies and coffee.
+
+	THE FUTURE
+
+	What of the future?  It is a matter of some concern to Real
+	Programmers that the latest generation of computer programmers
+	are not being brought up with the same outlook on life as
+	their elders.  Many of them have never seen a computer with a
+	front panel.  Hardly anyone graduating from school these days
+	can do hex arithmetic without a calculator.  College graduates
+	these days are soft - protected from the realities of
+	programming by source level debuggers, text editors that count
+	parentheses, and "user friendly" operating systems.  Worst of
+	all, some of these alleged "computer scientists" manage to get
+	degrees without ever learning Fortran!  Are we destined to
+	become an industry of Unix hackers and Pascal programmers?
+
+	From my experience, I can only report that the future is
+	bright for Real Programmers everywhere.  Neither OS 370 nor
+	Fortran show any signs of dying out, despite all the efforts
+	of Pascal programmers the world over.  Even more subtle
+	tricks, like adding structured coding constructs to Fortran
+	have failed.  Oh sure, some computer vendors have come out
+	with Fortran 77 compilers, but every one of them has a way of
+	converting itself back into a Fortran 66 compiler at the drop
+	of an option card - to compile DO loops like God meant them to
+	be.
+
+	Even Unix might not be as bad on Real Programmers as it once
+	was.  The latest release of Unix has the potential of an
+	operating system worthy of any Real Programmer - two different
+	and subtly incompatible user interfaces, an arcane and
+	complicated teletype driver, virtual memory.  If you ignore
+	the fact that it's "structured", even 'C' programming can be
+	appreciated by the Real Programmer: after all, there's no type
+	checking, variable names are seven (ten?  eight?)  characters
+	long, and the added bonus of the Pointer data type is thrown
+	in - like having the best parts of Fortran and assembly
+	language in one place.  (Not to mention some of the more
+	creative uses for #define.)
+
+	No, the future isn't all that bad.  Why, in the past few
+	years, the popular press has even commented on the bright new
+	crop of {computer nerds} and hackers ([7] and [8]) leaving
+	places like Stanford and M.I.T. for the Real World.  From all
+	evidence, the spirit of Real Programming lives on in these
+	young men and women.  As long as there are ill-defined goals,
+	bizarre bugs, and unrealistic schedules, there will be Real
+	Programmers willing to jump in and Solve The Problem, saving
+	the documentation for later.  Long live Fortran!
+
+	ACKNOWLEGEMENT
+
+	I would like to thank Jan E., Dave S., Rich G., Rich E., for
+	their help in characterizing the Real Programmer, Heather
+	B. for the illustration, Kathy E. for putting up with it, and
+	atd!avsdS:mark for the initial inspiration.
+
+	REFERENCES
+
+	[1] Feirstein, B., "Real Men don't Eat Quiche", New York,
+	Pocket Books, 1982.
+
+	[2] Wirth, N., "Algorithms + Data Structures Programs",
+	Prentice Hall, 1976.
+
+	[3] Ilson, R., "Recent Research in Text Processing", IEEE
+	Trans. Prof. Commun., Vol.  PC-23, No. 4, Dec. 4, 1980.
+
+	[4] Finseth, C., "Theory and Practice of Text Editors - or - a
+	Cookbook for an EMACS", B.S. Thesis, MIT/LCS/TM-165,
+	Massachusetts Institute of Technology, May 1980.
+
+	[5] Weinberg, G., "The Psychology of Computer Programming",
+	New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1971, p.  110.
+
+	[6] Dijkstra, E., "On the GREEN language submitted to the
+	DoD", Sigplan notices, Vol. 3 No.  10, Oct 1978.
+
+	[7] Rose, Frank, "Joy of Hacking", Science 82, Vol. 3 No.  9,
+	Nov 82, pp.  58-66.
+
+	[8] "The Hacker Papers", Psychology Today, August 1980.
+
+	[9] sdcarl!lin, "Real Programmers", UUCP-net, Thu Oct 21
+	16:55:16 1982.
+
+	Ed Post, "Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal", DATAMATION, July
+	1983, pp. 263-265 (Readers' Forum).
+
+	(1997-08-29)
+
+Real Simple Syndication
+
+	<spelling> Illiterate form of {Really Simple Syndication}.
+
+	(2013-08-15)
+
+Real Soon Now
+
+	<jargon, humour> (RSN) A phrase used ironically when you believe
+	an event will take a long or unknown time to occur.  The term
+	originated in SF's fanzine community, popularised by Jerry
+	Pournelle's column in {BYTE}.
+
+	The phrase can be used, for example, when a manager asks how long
+	it will take you to {debug} some {software} and you have no idea.
+	"I'll have it working Real Soon Now."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2013-08-22)
+
+real-time
+
+	1. Describes an application which requires a program to
+	respond to stimuli within some small upper limit of response
+	time (typically milli- or microseconds).  Process control at a
+	chemical plant is the classic example.  Such applications
+	often require special operating systems (because everything
+	else must take a back seat to response time) and speed-tuned
+	hardware.
+
+	2. In jargon, refers to doing something while people are
+	watching or waiting.  "I asked her how to find the calling
+	procedure's program counter on the stack and she came up with
+	an algorithm in real time."
+
+	Used to describe a system that must guarantee a response to an
+	external event within a given time.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+Real-Time Common Design Language
+
+	<language> (RT-CDL) A {real-time} language for the design of
+	reliable {reactive systems}.
+
+	["RT-CDL: A Real-Time Description Language and Its Semantics",
+	L.Y. Lin et al, 11th World Computer Congress IFIP '89 pp.19-26
+	Sep 1989].
+
+	(2003-06-07)
+
+Realtime Disk Operating System
+
+	<operating system> A {Data General} {operating system}
+	developed in the 1970s or 1980s.  When used in conjuction with
+	a {BASIC} (e.g. {Business Basic}) it could support 16
+	concurrent users at the {record locking} level and two
+	printers all on 128K memory.
+
+	Reputedly {IBM} wanted to license this for the first {IBM PC}
+	but DG turned them down so they went to {Microsoft} instead.
+	How different the world could have been.
+
+	[Before or after IBM wanted {CP/M}?]
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+Real-Time Euclid
+
+	Real-time language, restriction to time-bounded constructs.
+	["Real-Time Euclid: A Language for Reliable Real-Time
+	Systems", E. Kligerman et al, IEEE Trans Software Eng
+	SE-12(9):941-1986-09-949].
+
+Real-Time Mentat
+
+	An extension of C++.  "Real-Time Mentat: A Data-Driven
+	Object-Oriented System", A.S. Grimshaw et al, Proc IEEE
+	Globecom, Nov 1989 pp.232-241.
+
+Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling
+
+	<programming> (ROOM Methodology)
+
+	{(http://objectime.on.ca/ROOM.HTML)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1997-02-17)
+
+Real-Time Operating System
+
+	<operating system> (RTOS) Any {operating system} where
+	interrupts are guaranteed to be handled within a certain
+	specified maximum time, thereby making it suitable for control
+	of hardware in {embedded systems} and other time-critical
+	applications.  RTOS is not a specific product but a class of
+	operating systems.
+
+	[Other criteria?]
+
+	(1998-02-27)
+
+Real-Time Operating System Nucleus
+
+	{The Real-Time Operating System Nucleus}
+
+Real-Time Pascal
+
+	<language> A later name for {Pascal-80} by {RC International},
+	Denmark.
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+Real Time Streaming Protocol
+
+	<multimedia, networking, protocol> (RTSP) An {application
+	layer} {protocol} for controlling delivery of a {stream} of
+	{real-time} {multimedia} content.  RTSP allows users to start
+	playing from a certain position.  It does not actually deliver
+	the data, but works alongside existing delivery channels such
+	as {UDP}, {TCP}, or IP {multicast}.
+
+	RTSP was developed by {RealNetworks}, {Netscape
+	Communications}, and {Columbia University}, and is described
+	in {RFC 2326}, April 1998.  RTSP is an {IETF} proposed
+	{standard}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://real.com/devzone/library/fireprot/rtsp/faq.html)}.
+
+	(1999-08-26)
+
+real-time structured analysis
+
+	<programming> (RTSA) Any version of {structured analysis}
+	capable of modelling {real-time} aspects of software.
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+Real-Time Transport Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (RTP) An {Internet} {protocol} for transmitting
+	{real-time} data such as {audio} and {video}.  RTP itself does
+	not guarantee real-time delivery of data, but it does provide
+	mechanisms for the sending and receiving applications to
+	support {streaming} data.  Typically, RTP runs on top of the
+	{UDP} protocol, although the specification is general enough
+	to support other {transport protocols}.
+
+	RTP has received wide industry support.  {Netscape} intends to
+	base its {LiveMedia} technology on RTP, and {Microsoft} claims
+	that its {NetMeeting} product supports RTP.
+
+	(2003-07-06)
+
+real user
+
+	1. A commercial user.  One who is paying *real* money for his
+	computer usage.
+
+	2. A non-hacker.  Someone using the system for an explicit
+	purpose (a research project, a course, etc.)  other than pure
+	exploration.  See {user}.  Hackers who are also students may
+	also be real users.  "I need this fixed so I can do a problem
+	set.  I'm not complaining out of randomness, but as a real
+	user."  See also {luser}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Real Video
+
+	<video, compression> A {lossy} video compression format from
+	{Real Media}.
+
+	(2001-12-13)
+
+Real World
+
+	1. Those institutions at which "programming" may be used in
+	the same sentence as "Fortran", "{COBOL}", "RPG", "{IBM}",
+	"DBASE", etc.  Places where programs do such commercially
+	necessary but intellectually uninspiring things as generating
+	payroll checks and invoices.
+
+	2. The location of non-programmers and activities not related
+	to programming.
+
+	3. A bizarre dimension in which the standard dress is shirt
+	and tie and in which a person's working hours are defined as 9
+	to 5 (see {code grinder}).
+
+	4. Anywhere outside a university.  "Poor fellow, he's left MIT
+	and gone into the Real World."  Used pejoratively by those not
+	in residence there.  In conversation, talking of someone who
+	has entered the Real World is not unlike speaking of a
+	deceased person.  It is also noteworthy that on the campus of
+	Cambridge University in England, there is a gaily-painted
+	lamp-post which bears the label "REALITY CHECKPOINT".  It
+	marks the boundary between university and the Real World;
+	check your notions of reality before passing.  This joke is
+	funnier because the Cambridge "campus" is actually coextensive
+	with the centre of Cambridge.
+
+	See also {fear and loathing}, {mundane}, {uninteresting}.
+
+reaper
+
+	A {prowler} that {GFRs} files.  A file removed in this way is
+	said to have been "reaped".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+reassembly
+
+	{segmentation}
+
+reboot
+
+	<operating system> (From {boot}) A {boot} with the implication
+	that the computer has not been down for long, or that the
+	{boot} is a {bounce} intended to clear some state of
+	{wedgitude}.
+
+	See {warm boot}.
+
+	(1995-11-27)
+
+REC
+
+	{CONVERT}
+
+recent changes
+
+	{Recent changes to FOLDOC (/new.html)}.
+
+recipe
+
+	{suspension}
+
+recipient
+
+	<communications> One who receives; receiver.  E.g. "No
+	recipient of the {e-mail} message will know about the other
+	{addressees} who were listed in the {BCC} header."
+
+	(2000-03-22)
+
+Recital
+
+	{dBASE}-like language and {DBMS} from Recital Corporation.
+	Versions include {Vax} {VMS}.
+
+RECOL
+
+	REtrieval COmmand Language.  CACM 6(3):117-122 (Mar 1963).
+
+Recommended Standard
+
+	<standard> (RS) A series of {EIA} {standards} including
+	{EIA-232}.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+record
+
+	<data, database, programming> An {ordered set} of {fields},
+	usually stored contiguously.  The term is used with similar
+	meaning in several different contexts.  In a file, a "record"
+	probably has some fixed length, in contrast to a "line" which
+	may have any length and is terminated by some {End Of Line}
+	sequence).  A {database} record is also called a "row".  In a
+	{spreadsheet} it is always called a "row".  Some programming
+	languages use the term to mean a type composed of fields of
+	several other types ({C} calls this a "{struct}").
+
+	In all these cases, a record represents an entity with certain
+	field values.
+
+	Fields may be of a fixed width ({bits} or {characters}) or
+	they may be separated by a {delimiter} character, often
+	{comma} ({CSV}) or {HT} ({TSV}).
+
+	In a database the list of values of a given field from all
+	records is called a column.
+
+	(2002-03-22)
+
+Record Management Services
+
+	<operating system> (RMS) Procedures in the {VMS} {operating
+	system} that {programs} call to process {files} and {records}
+	within files.  RMS allows programs to issue GET and PUT
+	requests at the record level (record I/O) as well as read and
+	write {blocks} (block I/O).  VMS RMS is an integral part of
+	the system software; its procedures run in {executive mode}.
+
+	(2003-11-11)
+
+records
+
+	{record}
+
+Record Separator
+
+	<character> (RS) {ASCII} character 30.
+
+rectangle slinger
+
+	{polygon pusher}
+
+recurrence relation
+
+	<mathematics> An {equation} that defines each element of a
+	{sequence} in terms of one or more earlier elements.  E.g. The
+	{Fibonacci sequence},
+
+	 X[1] = 1
+	 X[2] = 1
+	 X[n] = X[n-1] + X[n-2]
+
+	Some recurrence relations can be converted to "closed form"
+	where X[n] is defined purely in terms of n, without reference
+	to earlier elements.
+
+	(2008-01-14)
+
+recurse
+
+	{recursion}
+
+recursion
+
+	<mathematics, programming> When a {function} (or {procedure})
+	calls itself.  Such a function is called "recursive".  If the
+	call is via one or more other functions then this group of
+	functions are called "mutually recursive".
+
+	If a function will always call itself, however it is called,
+	then it will never terminate.  Usually however, it first
+	performs some test on its arguments to check for a "base case"
+	- a condition under which it can return a value without
+	calling itself.
+
+	The {canonical} example of a recursive function is
+	{factorial}:
+
+		factorial 0 = 1
+		factorial n = n * factorial (n-1)
+
+	{Functional programming languages} rely heavily on recursion,
+	using it where a {procedural language} would use {iteration}.
+
+	See also {recursion}, {recursive definition}, {tail recursion}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-11)
+
+recursion theory
+
+	<theory> The study of problems that, in principle, cannot be
+	solved by either computers or humans.
+
+	[Proper definition?]
+
+	(1999-03-01)
+
+recursive
+
+	{recursion}
+
+recursive acronym
+
+	<convention> A hackish (and especially {MIT}) tradition is to
+	choose acronyms and abbreviations that refer humorously to
+	themselves or to other acronyms or abbreviations.  The classic
+	examples were two MIT editors called {EINE} ("EINE Is Not
+	{Emacs}") and {ZWEI} ("ZWEI Was EINE Initially").  More
+	recently, there is a {Scheme} compiler called {LIAR} (Liar
+	Imitates Apply Recursively), and {GNU} stands for "GNU's Not
+	Unix!" - and a company with the name {CYGNUS}, which expands
+	to "Cygnus, Your GNU Support".
+
+	See also {mung}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+recursive definition
+
+	See {recursive definition}.
+
+recursive descent parser
+
+	<grammar> A "top-down" {parser} built from a set of
+	{mutually-recursive} procedures or a non-recursive equivalent
+	where each such procedure usually implements one of the
+	{productions} of the {grammar}.  Thus the structure of the
+	resulting program closely mirrors that of the grammar it
+	recognises.
+
+	["Recursive Programming Techniques", W.H. Burge, 1975, ISBN
+	0-201-14450-6].
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+Recursive Functional Algorithmic Language
+
+	<language> (REFAL) A language developed by V.F. Turchin (later
+	at {CUNY}?) in Moscow in about 1972.
+
+	See also {supercompilation}.
+
+	[V.F. Turchin, "An algorithm of generalisation in the
+	supercompiler", Workshop on partial evaluation and mixed
+	computations, Oct 1987, Denmark, Eds. D. Bjorner, A.P. Ershov,
+	N.D. Jones].
+
+	[V. Turchin, "Supercompiler System Based on the Language
+	Refal", V. Turchin, SIGPLAN Notices 14(2):46-54 (Feb 1979)].
+
+	(1998-06-29)
+
+Recursive Macro Actuated Generator
+
+	<tool> (RMAG) Robert A. Magnuson, NIH ca 1970.
+
+	A stand-alone macroprocessor for IBM 360/370 under VS or
+	OS. Many built-in features and a library of several hundred
+	macros.  Several large systems were written in RMAG to
+	generate source code for languages such as IBM JCL, IBM
+	assembly language, COBOL.
+
+	There was also a system (SLANG: Structured LANGuage compiler)
+	which would generate 370 assembly language from a
+	pseudo-structured-programming language, based on Michael
+	Kessler's structure programming macros developed at IBM.
+
+	["Project RMAG--RMAG22 User's Guide", R.A. Magnuson,
+	NIH-DCRT-DMB-SSS-UG103, NIH, DHEW, Bethesda, MD 20205 (1977)].
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+recursive type
+
+	A data type which contains itself.  The commonest example is
+	the list type, in {Haskell}:
+
+		data List a = Nil | Cons a (List a)
+
+	which says a list of a's is either an empty list or a {cons
+	cell} containing an 'a' (the "head" of the list) and another
+	list (the "tail").
+
+	Recursion is not allowed in {Miranda} or Haskell {synonym
+	types}, so the following {Haskell} types are illegal:
+
+		type Bad = (Int, Bad)
+		type Evil = Bool -> Evil
+
+	whereas the seeminly equivalent {algebraic data types} are
+	acceptable:
+
+		data Good = Pair Int Good
+		data Fine = Fun (Bool->Fine)
+
+Red
+
+	(Or "REDL") A language proposed by {Intermetrics} to meet the
+	{Ironman} requirements which led to {Ada}.
+
+	["On the RED Language Submitted to the DoD", E.W. Dijkstra,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 13(10):27 (Oct 1978)].
+
+	["RED Language Reference Manual", J. Nestor and M. van Deusen,
+	Intermetrics 1979].
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+Red Book
+
+	1.  <publication> Informal name for one of the four standard
+	references on {PostScript}.  The other three official guides
+	are known as the {Blue Book}, the {Green Book}, and the {White
+	Book}.
+
+	["PostScript Language Reference Manual", Adobe Systems,
+	Addison-Wesley, 1985 (ISBN 0-201-10174-2); second edition
+	1990 (ISBN 0-201-18127-4)].
+
+	2. <publication> Informal name for one of the three standard
+	references on Smalltalk.  This book also has blue and green
+	siblings.
+
+	["Smalltalk-80: The Interactive Programming Environment",
+	Adele Goldberg, Addison-Wesley, 1984; (ISBN 0-201-11372-4)].
+
+	3.  <publication> Any of the 1984 standards issued by the
+	{ITU-T} eighth plenary assembly.  These include, among other
+	things, the {X.400} {electronic mail} specification, the Group
+	1 through 4 fax standards, {ISDN}, the R2 signalling system
+	(Q.400 series recommendations), data communication via the
+	{PSTN} (the V series recommendations) and tariffs and metering
+	principles (the D series).
+
+	4.  <publication> The new version of the {Green Book} - IEEE
+	1003.1-1990, also known as ISO 9945-1 - is (because of the
+	colour and the fact that it is printed on A4 paper) known in
+	the USA. as "the Ugly Red Book That Won't Fit On The Shelf"
+	and in Europe as "the Ugly Red Book That's A Sensible Size".
+
+	5.  <publication> The NSA "Trusted Network Interpretation"
+	companion to the {Orange Book}.
+
+	See also {book titles}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Red Brick Intelligent SQL
+
+	<database> (RISQL) A vendor-specific extension to {SQL}
+	designed specifically for business managers.  It augments SQL
+	with a variety of operations appropriate to data analysis and
+	{decision support} applications such as ranking, moving
+	averages, comparisons, market share, this year vs. last year,
+	etc.  It was developed to simplify the creation of complex
+	business queries.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://redbrick.com/products/white/papers/risql/risql.html)}.
+
+	(1998-10-15)
+
+Redcode
+
+	<language> The {ICWS} standard language for {Core War} "battle
+	programs".
+
+	[Spec?]
+
+	(1998-10-30)
+
+redex
+
+	Reducible Expression.  An expression matching the left hand
+	side of a {reduction rule} or definition.
+
+Red Hat
+
+	<operating system> A distribution of {Linux}.
+
+	{(http://redhat.com/)}.
+
+	(1996-12-21)
+
+RediLisp
+
+	R.M. Keller, U Utah.  Dialect of Lisp used on the Rediflow
+	machine, a derivative of FEL.
+
+redirection
+
+	1. <operating system> {input/output redirection}.
+
+	2. <web> {URL redirection}.
+
+	(1997-07-15)
+
+redirector
+
+	{network redirector}
+
+RedNet Ltd.
+
+	<company> A systems integration company who also provide
+	"onLine", an {Internet} service aimed at both hobbyists and
+	corporate end-users.  The service offers {dial-in} with {slip}
+	or {PPP}, {POP3} {electronic mail}.
+
+	{(http://rednet.co.uk)}.
+
+	E-mail: <info@rednet.co.uk> (with INFO in the body).
+
+	{Snail mail}: RedNet Ltd., 6 Cliveden Office Village, Lancaser
+	Road, High Wycombe, Bucks, HP12 3YZ, UK.  Telephone: +44
+	(1494) 513 333.  Fax: +44 (494) 443 374.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+redocumentation
+
+	The creation or revision of a semantically equivalent
+	representation within the same relative abstraction level.
+	The resulting forms of representation are usually considered
+	alternate views intended for a human audience.
+
+REDUCE
+
+	<language, mathematics> A {symbolic mathematics} language with
+	{ALGOL}-like {syntax}, written in {Lisp} by Anthony Hearn in
+	1963.
+
+	Reduce 2 is a version based on {Portable Standard LISP}.
+
+	{(http://rrz.uni-koeln.de/REDUCE/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <reduce@rand.org>.
+
+	Server: reduce-netlib@rand.org.
+
+	["REDUCE, Software for Algebraic Computation", G. Rayna,
+	Springer 1987].
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+Reduced Instruction Set Computer
+
+	<processor> (RISC) A {processor} whose design is based on the
+	rapid execution of a sequence of simple instructions rather
+	than on the provision of a large variety of complex
+	instructions (as in a {Complex Instruction Set Computer}).
+
+	Features which are generally found in RISC designs are uniform
+	instruction encoding (e.g. the {op-code} is always in the same
+	bit positions in each instruction which is always one word
+	long), which allows faster decoding; a homogenous {register
+	set}, allowing any register to be used in any context and
+	simplifying {compiler} design; and simple {addressing modes}
+	with more complex modes replaced by sequences of simple
+	arithmetic instructions.
+
+	Examples of (more or less) RISC processors are the {Berkeley
+	RISC}, {HP-PA}, {Clipper}, {i960}, {AMD 29000}, {MIPS R2000}
+	and {DEC Alpha}.  {IBM}'s first RISC computer was the {RT/PC}
+	({IBM 801}), they now produce the RISC-based {RISC
+	System/6000} and {SP/2} lines.
+
+	Despite {Apple Computer}'s bogus claims for their
+	{PowerPC}-based {Macintosh}es, the first RISC processor used
+	in a {personal computer} was the {Advanced RISC Machine} (ARM)
+	used in the {Acorn} {Archimedes}.
+
+	(1997-06-03)
+
+reduction
+
+	(Or "contraction") The process of transforming an expression
+	according to certain reduction rules.  The most important
+	forms are {beta reduction} (application of a {lambda
+	abstraction} to one or more argument expressions) and {delta
+	reduction} (application of a mathematical function to the
+	required number of arguments).
+
+	An {evaluation strategy} (or {reduction strategy}), determines
+	which part of an expression (which redex) to reduce first.
+	There are many such strategies.
+
+	See {graph reduction}, {string reduction}, {normal order
+	reduction}, {applicative order reduction}, {parallel
+	reduction}, {alpha conversion}, {beta conversion}, {delta
+	conversion}, {eta conversion}.
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+reduction strategy
+
+	<theory> An {algorithm} for deciding which {redex}(es) to
+	reduce next.  Different strategies have different termination
+	properties in the presence of {recursive} functions or values.
+
+	See {string reduction}, {normal order reduction}, {applicative
+	order reduction}, {parallel reduction}
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+redundancy
+
+	1. <architecture, parallel> The provision of multiple
+	interchangeable components to perform a single function in
+	order to provide resilience (to cope with failures and
+	errors).  Redundancy normally applies primarily to hardware.
+	For example, a {cluster} may contain two or three computers
+	doing the same job.  They could all be active all the time
+	thus giving extra performance through {parallel processing}
+	and {load balancing}; one could be active and the others
+	simply monitoring its activity so as to be ready to take over
+	if it failed ("warm standby"); the "spares" could be kept
+	turned off and only switched on when needed ("cold standby").
+	Another common form of hardware redundancy is {disk
+	mirroring}.
+
+	2. <data, communications, storage> {data redundancy}.
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+Redundant Array of Independent Disks
+
+	<storage, architecture> (RAID) A standard naming convention
+	for various ways of using multiple disk drives to provide
+	redundancy and distributed I/O.
+
+	The original ("..Inexpensive..") term referred to the 3.5 and
+	5.25 inch disks used for the first RAID system but no longer
+	applies.  As {solid state drives} are becoming a practical
+	repacement for magnetic disks, "RAID" is sometimes expanded as
+	"Redundant Array of Independent Drives".
+
+	The following standard RAID specifications exist:
+
+	 RAID 0	Non-redundant striped array
+	 RAID 1	Mirrored arrays
+	 RAID 2	Parallel array with ECC
+	 RAID 3	Parallel array with parity
+	 RAID 4	Striped array with parity
+	 RAID 5	Striped array with rotating parity
+
+	RAID originated in a project at the computer science
+	department of the {University of California at Berkeley},
+	under the direction of Professor Katz, in conjunction with
+	Professor {John Ousterhout} and Professor {David Patterson}.
+	A prototype disk array file server with a capacity of 40
+	GBytes and a sustained bandwidth of 80 MBytes/second was
+	interfaced to a 1 Gb/s {local area network}.  It was planned
+	to extend the storage array to include automated {optical
+	disks} and {magnetic tapes}.
+
+	{(ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/doc/techreports/berkeley.edu/raid/raidPapers)}.
+	{(http://HTTP.CS.Berkeley.EDU/projects/parallel/research_summaries/14-Computer-Architecture/)}.
+
+	["A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)",
+	"D. A. Patterson and G. Gibson and R. H. Katz", Proc ACM
+	SIGMOD Conf, Chicago, IL, Jun 1988].
+
+	["Introduction to Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks
+	(RAID)", "D. A. Patterson and P. Chen and G. Gibson and
+	R. H. Katz", IEEE COMPCON 89, San Francisco, Feb-Mar 1989].
+
+	(2012-08-26)
+
+Redundant Array of Independent Drives
+
+	{Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks}
+
+Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
+
+	{Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks}
+
+Redundant Array of Inexpensive Servers
+
+	<architecture> (RAIS) The use of multiple {servers} to provide
+	the same service in such a way that service will still be
+	available if one or more of the servers fails.  The term may
+	or may not imply some kind of {load balancing} between the
+	servers.  See {cluster}.
+
+	The term "RAIS" follows {RAID}, which describes schemes for
+	resilient disk storage.
+
+	(2007-02-28)
+
+Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks
+
+	{Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks}
+
+red wire
+
+	<jargon, hardware> (IBM) Patch wires installed by programmers
+	who have no business mucking with the hardware.  It is said
+	that the only thing more dangerous than a hardware guy with a
+	code patch is a {softy} with a soldering iron.
+
+	Compare {blue wire}, {yellow wire}, {purple wire}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+red zone
+
+	<networking> An environment located between internal and
+	external {firewalls} where software and hardware are deployed
+	to enable access to {extranet} applications.
+
+	Compare {De-Militarised Zone}.
+
+	(1997-11-05)
+
+re-engineering
+
+	The examination and modification of a system to reconstitute
+	it in a new form and the subsequent implementation of the new
+	form.
+
+	{(http://erg.abdn.ac.uk/users/brant/sre)}.
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+re-entrant
+
+	<programming> Used to describe code which can have multiple
+	simultaneous, interleaved, or nested invocations which will
+	not interfere with each other.  This is important for
+	{parallel processing}, {recursive} functions or subroutines,
+	and {interrupt handling}.
+
+	It is usually easy to arrange for multiple invocations
+	(e.g. calls to a subroutine) to share one copy of the code and
+	any read-only data but, for the code to be re-entrant, each
+	invocation must use its own copy of any modifiable data (or
+	synchronised access to shared data).  This is most often
+	achieved using a {stack} and allocating local variables in a
+	new {stack frame} for each invocation.  Alternatively, the
+	caller may pass in a pointer to a block of memory which that
+	invocation can use (usually for outputting the result) or the
+	code may allocate some memory on a {heap}, especially if the
+	data must survive after the routine returns.
+
+	Re-entrant code is often found in system software, such as
+	{operating systems} and {teleprocessing monitors}.  It is also
+	a crucial component of {multithreaded} programs where the term
+	"thread-safe" is often used instead of "re-entrant".
+
+	(1996-12-21)
+
+refactoring
+
+	<object-oriented, programming> Improving a computer {program}
+	by reorganising its internal structure without altering its
+	external behaviour.
+
+	When software developers add new features to a program, the
+	code degrades because the original program was not designed
+	with the extra features in mind.
+
+	This problem could be solved by either rewriting the existing
+	code or working around the problems which arise when adding
+	the new features.  Redesigning a program is extra work, but
+	not doing so would create a program which is more complicated
+	than it needs to be.  Refactoring is a collection of
+	techniques which have been designed to provide an alternative
+	to the two situations mentioned above.
+
+	The techniques enable programmers to restructure code so
+	that the design of a program is clearer.  It also allows
+	programmers to extract {reusable components}, streamline a
+	program, and make additions to the program easier to
+	implement.
+
+	Refactoring is usually done by renaming {methods}, moving
+	{fields} from one {class} to another, and moving code into a
+	separate method.
+
+	Although it is done using small and simple steps,
+	refactoring a program will vastly improve its design and
+	structure, making it easier to maintain and leading to
+	more robust code.
+
+	{"Refactoring, Reuse & Reality" by Bill Opdyke
+	(http://st-www.cs.uiuc.edu/users/opdyke/wfo.990201.refac.html)}.
+
+	{"Refactoring, a first example" by Martin Fowler
+	(http://aw.com/cseng/titles/0-201-89542-0/vidrefact/vidrefact.html)}.
+
+	(2001-05-02)
+
+REFAL
+
+	{Recursive Functional Algorithmic Language}
+
+REF-ARF
+
+	["REF-ARF: A System for Solving Problems Stated as
+	Procedures", R.E. Fikes, Artif Intell J 1(1), Spring 1970].
+
+	(1998-06-29)
+
+reference
+
+	{pointer}
+
+reference counting
+
+	<programming> A {garbage collection} technique where each
+	{memory cell} contains a count of the number of other cells
+	which point to it.  If this count reaches zero the cell is
+	freed and its {pointers} to other cells are followed to
+	decrement their counts, and so on {recursively}.
+
+	This technique cannot cope with {circular data structures}.
+	Cells in such structures refer (indirectly) to themselves and
+	so will never have a zero reference count.  This means they
+	would never be reclaimed, even when there are no references
+	from outside the structure.
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+referential integrity
+
+	<database> A collection of properties which should be
+	possessed by data in a {relational database}.
+
+	For example, in a database of family members, if we enter A as
+	a spouse of B, we should also enter B as a spouse of A.
+	Similarly, if we remove one end of the relationship we should
+	also remove the other.
+
+	(1998-02-18)
+
+referentially transparent
+
+	{referential transparency}
+
+referential transparency
+
+	<programming> An expression E is referentially transparent if
+	any subexpression and its value (the result of evaluating it)
+	can be interchanged without changing the value of E.  This is
+	not the case if the value of an expression depends on global
+	state which can change value.  The most common example of
+	changing global state is assignment to a global variable.  For
+	example, if y is a global variable in:
+
+		f(x)
+		{ return x+y; }
+
+		g(z)
+		{
+		  a = f(1);
+		  y = y + z;
+		  return a + f(1);
+		}
+
+	function g has the "{side-effect}" that it alters the value of
+	y.  Since f's result depends on y, the two calls to f(1) will
+	return different results even though the argument is the same.
+	Thus f is not referentially transparent.  Changing the order
+	of evaluation of the statements in g will change its result.
+
+	{Pure functional languages} achieve referential transparency
+	by forbidding {assignment} to global variables.  Each
+	expression is a constant or a function application whose
+	evaluation has no side-effect, it only returns a value and
+	that value depends only on the definition of the function and
+	the values of its arguments.
+
+	We could make f above referentially transparent by passing in
+	y as an argument:
+
+		f(x, y) = x+y
+
+	Similarly, g would need to take y as an argument and return
+	its new value as part of the result:
+
+		g(z, y)
+		{
+		  a = f(1, y);
+		  y' = y+z;
+		  return (a + f(1, y'), y');
+		}
+
+	Referentially transparent programs are more amenable to
+	{formal methods} and easier to reason about because the
+	meaning of an expression depends only on the meaning of its
+	subexpressions and not on the order of evaluation or
+	side-effects of other expressions.
+
+	We can stretch the concept of referential transparency to
+	include input and output if we consider the whole program to
+	be a function from its input to its output.  The program as a
+	whole is referentially transparent because it will always
+	produce the same output when given the same input.  This is
+	stretching the concept because the program's input may include
+	what the user types, the content of certain files or even the
+	time of day.  If we do not consider global state like the
+	contents of files as input, then writing to a file and reading
+	what was written behaves just like assignment to a global
+	variable.  However, if we must consider the state of the
+	universe as an input rather than global state then any
+	{deterministic} system would be referentially transparent!
+
+	See also {extensional equality}, {observational equivalence}.
+
+	(1997-03-25)
+
+referer
+
+	<web> A misspelling of "referrer" which somehow
+	made it into the {HTTP} standard.  A given {web page}'s
+	referer (sic) is the {URL} of whatever web page contains the
+	link that the user followed to the current page.  Most
+	browsers pass this information as part of a request.
+
+	(1998-10-19)
+
+referrer
+
+	{referer}
+
+REFINE
+
+	1. "Research on Knowledge-Based Software Environments at
+	Kestrel Institute", D.R. Smith et al, IEEE Trans Soft Eng,
+	SE-11(11) (1985).  E-mail: <maria@kestrel.edu>.
+
+	2. Cordell Green et al, Stanford U.  Uses logic to specify and
+	evolve programs.  [same as 1?] Reasoning Systems, Inc.
+	E-mail: <help@reasoning.com>.
+
+Refined C
+
+	(RC) An extension of C to directly specify data access rights
+	so that flow analysis, and hence automatic parallelisation, is
+	more effective.  Research implementations only.  "Refining A
+	Conventional Language For Race-Free Specification Of Parallel
+	Algorithms," H.G. Dietz et al, Proc 1984 Intl Conf Parallel
+	Proc, pp.380-382.
+
+Refined Fortran
+
+	(RF) Similar to Refined C.  Research implementations only.
+	"Refined Fortran: Another Sequential Language for Parallel
+	Programming," H.G. Dietz et al, Proc 1986 Intl Conf Parallel
+	Proc, pp.184-191.
+
+reflexive
+
+	<theory> A {relation} R is reflexive if, for all x, x R x.
+
+	{Equivalence relations}, {pre-orders}, {partial orders} and
+	{total orders} are all reflexive.
+
+	(1999-01-28)
+
+reflexive domain
+
+	A domain satisfying a recursive domain equation.
+	E.g. D = D -> D.
+
+Reflexive transitive closure
+
+	Two elements, x and y, are related by the reflexive transitive
+	closure, R+, of a relation, R, if they are related by the
+	transitive closure, R*, or they are the same element.
+
+RefLisp
+
+	<language> A small {Lisp} {interpreter} written in {C++} by
+	Bill Birch of {Bull}, UK.  RefLisp has a built-in {web
+	server}, {Wiki}, {LISP server pages}, {SQL Databases}, {XML
+	parser}, {MD5} hashing, {regular expressions}, {reference
+	counting} and {mark-sweep garbage collection}.
+
+	RefLisp has {shallow-binding} and {dynamic scope} with
+	optional support for {lexical scope}, {Common Lisp}
+	compatibility and for {indefinite extent} {Scheme} programs.
+
+	RefLisp is distributed under the {GPL}.
+
+	Latest version: 5.0 Beta, as of 2005-01-19.
+
+	{RefLisp Home (http://sourceforge.net/projects/reflisp/)}.
+
+	(2005-02-08)
+
+refresh
+
+	1. <storage> {DRAM refresh}.
+
+	2. <hardware> {screen refresh}.
+
+	(1998-10-19)
+
+refreshable braille display
+
+	{braille display}
+
+refreshable display
+
+	{braille display}
+
+refresh rate
+
+	<hardware> (Or "vertical refresh rate", "vertical scan rate")
+	The maximum number of {frames} that can be displayed on a
+	{monitor} in a second, expressed in {Hertz}.
+
+	The scan rate is controlled by the vertical sync signal
+	generated by the {video controller}, ordering the monitor to
+	position the {electron gun} at the upper left corner of the
+	{raster}, ready to paint another frame.  It is limited by the
+	monitor's maximum {horizontal scan rate} and the {resolution},
+	since higher resolution means more {scan lines}.  Increasing
+	the refresh rate decreases flickering, reducing eye strain,
+	but few people notice any change above 60-72 Hz.
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+refuctoring
+
+	<humour, programming> Taking a well-designed piece of {code} and,
+	through a series of small, reversible changes, making it
+	completely unmaintainable by anyone except yourself.  The term is
+	a humourous play on the term {refactoring} and was coined by Jason
+	Gorman in a pub in 2002.
+
+	Refuctoring techniques include:
+
+	Using Pig Latin as a naming convention.
+
+	Stating The Bleeding Obvious - writing comments that paraphrase
+	the code (e.g., "declare an integer called I with an initial value
+	of zero").
+
+	Module Gravity Well - adding all new code to the biggest module.
+
+	Unique Modeling Language - inventing your own visual notation.
+
+	Treasure Hunt - Writing code consisting mostly of references to
+	other code and documents that reference other documents.
+
+	Rainy Day Module -  writing spare code just in case somebody needs
+	it later.
+
+	{Waterfall 2006 presentation
+	(http://www.waterfall2006.com/gorman.html)}.
+
+	(2013-12-01)
+
+refutable
+
+	<programming> In {lazy functional languages}, a refutable pattern
+	is one which may fail to match.  An expression being matched
+	against a refutable pattern is first evaluated to {head normal
+	form} (which may fail to terminate) and then the top-level
+	constructor of the result is compared with that of the pattern.
+	If they are the same then any arguments are matched against the
+	pattern's arguments otherwise the match fails.
+
+	An irrefutable pattern is one which always matches.  An attempt to
+	evaluate any {variable} in the pattern forces the pattern to be
+	matched as though it were refutable which may fail to match
+	(resulting in an error) or fail to terminate.
+
+	Patterns in {Haskell} are normally refutable but may be made
+	irrefutable by prefixing them with a tilde (~).  For example,
+
+		(\ (x,y) -> 1) undefined	==>	undefined
+		(\ ~(x,y) -> 1) undefined	==>	1
+
+	Patterns in {Miranda} are refutable, except for {tuples} which are
+	irrefutable.  Thus
+
+		g [x] = 2
+		g undefined			==>	undefined
+
+		f (x,y) = 1
+		f undefined			==>	1
+
+	Pattern bindings in local definitions are irrefutable in both
+	languages:
+
+		h = 1 where [x] = undefined	==>	1
+
+	Irrefutable patterns can be used to simulate {unlifted products}
+	because they effectively ignore the top-level constructor of the
+	expression being matched and consider only its components.
+
+	(2013-11-03)
+
+regex
+
+	The {GNU} {regular expression} matching library.  See also
+	{Rx}.
+
+regexp
+
+	1. {regular expression}.
+
+	2. Name of a well-known PD regexp-handling package in portable
+	C, written by revered {Usenet}ter Henry Spencer
+	<henry@zoo.toronto.edu>.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Regina
+
+	<standard> A widely-used {open source} {Rexx} {interpreter} by
+	Anders Christensen <anders@pvv.unit.no>, ported to many
+	{platforms} including {Unix}, {Windows 95}, {Windows NT},
+	{OS/2}.  Regina is currently maintained by Mark Hessling.
+
+	Regina conforms almost completely to Rexx Language Level 4.00,
+	with some Rexx SAA API extensions.  It is distributed under
+	the GNU {General Public License}.
+
+	Latest version: 2.0+, as of 2001-03-30.
+
+	{Home {http://lightlink.com/hessling/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.rexx}.
+
+	(2001-03-30)
+
+regional network
+
+	{mid-level network}
+
+register
+
+	1. One of a small number of high-speed memory locations in a
+	computer's {CPU}.  Registers differ from ordinary
+	{random-access memory} in several respects:
+
+	There are only a small number of registers (the "register
+	set"), typically 32 in a modern processor though some,
+	e.g. {SPARC}, have as many as 144.  A register may be directly
+	addressed with a few bits.  In contrast, there are usually
+	millions of words of main memory (RAM), requiring at least
+	twenty bits to specify a memory location.  Main memory
+	locations are often specified indirectly, using an {indirect
+	addressing} mode where the actual memory address is held in a
+	register.
+
+	Registers are fast; typically, two registers can be read and a
+	third written -- all in a single cycle.  Memory is slower; a
+	single access can require several cycles.
+
+	The limited size and high speed of the register set makes it
+	one of the critical resources in most computer architectures.
+	{Register allocation}, typically one phase of the {back-end},
+	controls the use of registers by a compiled program.
+
+	See also {accumulator}, {FUBAR}, {orthogonal}, {register
+	dancing}, {register allocation}, {register spilling}.
+
+	2. An addressable location in a {memory-mapped} peripheral
+	device.  E.g. the transmit data register in a {UART}.
+
+register allocation
+
+	<compiler, algorithm> The phase of a {compiler} that
+	determines which values will be placed in {registers}.
+	Register allocation may be combined with {register
+	assignment}.
+
+	This problem can be shown to be isomorphic to {graph
+	colouring} by relating values to nodes in the graph and
+	registers to colours.  Values (nodes) which must be valid
+	simultaneously are linked by edges and cannot be stored in the
+	same register (coloured the same).
+
+	See also {register dancing} and {register spilling}.
+
+	[Preston Briggs, PhD thesis, Rice University, April 1992
+	{"Register Allocation via Graph Coloring"
+	(ftp://ftp.cs.rice.edu/public/preston/thesis.ps.gz)}].
+
+	(2000-12-04)
+
+register assignment
+
+	<compiler, algorithm> The phase of a {compiler} that
+	determines which {register} to use for each program value
+	selected during {register allocation}.
+
+	(2000-12-04)
+
+register dancing
+
+	Many older processor architectures suffer from a serious
+	shortage of general-purpose registers.  This is especially a
+	problem for compiler-writers, because their generated code
+	needs places to store temporaries for things like intermediate
+	values in expression evaluation.  Some designs with this
+	problem, like the Intel 80x86, do have a handful of
+	special-purpose registers that can be pressed into service,
+	providing suitable care is taken to avoid unpleasant side
+	effects on the state of the processor: while the
+	special-purpose register is being used to hold an intermediate
+	value, a delicate minuet is required in which the previous
+	value of the register is saved and then restored just before
+	the official function (and value) of the special-purpose
+	register is again needed.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+registered port
+
+	<networking> Any {TCP} or {UDP} {port} with a number in the
+	range 1025 to 65535 (i.e. not a {well-known port}) that is
+	registered with {IANA}.
+
+register set
+
+	All a processor's {registers}.  The size and arrangement of a
+	processor's register set is one of the crucial factors in its
+	performance.
+
+register spilling
+
+	<programming, compiler> (By analogy with spilling the contents of
+	an overfull container) When a {compiler} is performing the
+	{register allocation} phase of generating {machine code} and there
+	are more {live variables} than the machine has {registers} and it
+	has to transfer or "spill" some variables from registers to
+	memory.
+
+	(2014-08-02)
+
+Register Transfer Language
+
+	(RTL) 1. A kind of {hardware description language} (HDL) used
+	in describing the {registers} of a computer or digital
+	electronic system, and the way in which data is transferred
+	between them.
+
+	2.  An intermediate code for a machine with an infinite number
+	of {registers}, used for machine-independent optimisation.
+	RTL was developed by Chris Fraser <cwf@research.att.com> and
+	J. Davidson <jwd@virginia.edu> at the {University of Arizona}
+	in the early 1980s.  RTL is used by the {GNU} C compiler,
+	{gcc} and by Davidson's {VPCC} (Very Portable C compiler).
+
+	["Quick Compilers Using Peephole Optimisation", Davidson et
+	al, Soft. Prac. & Exp. 19(1):79-97 (Jan 1989)].
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+registry
+
+	{Windows Registry}
+
+regression
+
+	1. <mathematics> A mathematical method where an {empirical
+	function} is derived from a set of experimental data.
+
+	2. {regression testing}.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+regression testing
+
+	<programming> Part of the test phase of software development
+	where, as new {modules} are integrated into the system and the
+	added functionality is tested, previously tested functionality
+	is re-tested to assure that no new module has corrupted the
+	system.
+
+	[Bennatan, E.M., "Software Project Management", 2nd edition,
+	McGraw-Hill International, 1992].
+
+	(1995-12-04)
+
+REG-SYMBOLIC
+
+	An early system on the {IBM 704}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+REGTRAL
+
+	Mentioned in Attribute Grammars, LNCS 323, p.108.
+
+	Relational Language.  Clark & Gregory.  First parallel logic
+	language to use the concept of committed choice.  Forerunner
+	of PARLOG.  "A Relational Language for Parallel Programming",
+	K.L. Clark et al, Proc ACM Conf on Functional Prog Langs and
+	Comp Arch, pp.171-178, ACM 1981.
+
+regular expression
+
+	1. <text, operating system> (regexp, RE) One of the {wild
+	card} patterns used by {Perl} and other languages, following
+	{Unix} utilities such as {grep}, {sed}, and {awk} and editors
+	such as {vi} and {Emacs}.  Regular expressions use conventions
+	similar to but more elaborate than those described under
+	{glob}.  A regular expression is a sequence of characters with
+	the following meanings (in Perl, other flavours vary):
+
+	An ordinary character (not one of the special characters
+	discussed below) matches that character.
+
+	A backslash (\) followed by any special character matches the
+	special character itself.  The special characters are:
+
+	"." matches any character except {newline}; "RE*" (where the
+	"*" is called the "{Kleene star}") matches zero or more
+	occurrences of RE.  If there is any choice, the longest
+	leftmost matching string is chosen.
+
+	"^" at the beginning of an RE matches the start of a line and
+	"$" at the end of an RE matches the end of a line.
+
+	[CHARS] matches any one of the characters in CHARS.  If the
+	first character of the string is a "^" it matches any
+	character except the remaining characters in the string (and
+	also usually excluding newline).  "-" may be used to indicate
+	a range of consecutive {ASCII} characters.
+
+	(RE) matches whatever RE matches and \N, where N is a digit,
+	matches whatever was matched by the RE between the Nth "(" and
+	its corresponding ")" earlier in the same RE.  Many flavours
+	use \(RE\) instead of just (RE).
+
+	The concatenation of REs is a RE that matches the
+	concatenation of the strings matched by each RE.  RE1 | RE2
+	matches whatever RE1 or RE2 matches.
+
+	\< matches the beginning of a word and \> matches the end of a
+	word.  Many flavours use "\b" instead as the special character
+	for "word boundary".
+
+	RE\{M\} matches M occurences of RE.  RE\{M,\} matches M or more
+	occurences of RE.  RE\{M,N\} matches between M and N occurences.
+	Other flavours use RE\\{M\\} etc.
+
+	Perl provides several "quote-like" {operators} for writing
+	REs, including the common // form and less common {??}.
+
+	A comprehensive survey of regexp flavours is found in Friedl
+	1997 (see below).
+
+	[Jeffrey E.F. Friedl, "{Mastering Regular Expressions
+	(http://enterprise.ic.gc.ca/~jfriedl/regex/index.html)},
+	O'Reilly, 1997].
+
+	2. Any description of a {pattern} composed from combinations
+	of {symbols} and the three {operators}:
+
+	Concatenation - pattern A concatenated with B matches a match
+	for A followed by a match for B.
+
+	Or - pattern A-or-B matches either a match for A or a match
+	for B.
+
+	Closure - zero or more matches for a pattern.
+
+	The earliest form of regular expressions (and the term itself)
+	were invented by mathematician {Stephen Cole Kleene} in the
+	mid-1950s, as a notation to easily manipulate "regular sets",
+	formal descriptions of the behaviour of {finite state
+	machines}, in {regular algebra}.
+
+	[S.C. Kleene, "Representation of events in nerve nets and
+	finite automata", 1956, Automata Studies. Princeton].
+
+	[J.H. Conway, "Regular algebra and finite machines", 1971, Eds
+	Chapman & Hall].
+
+	[Sedgewick, "Algorithms in C", page 294].
+
+	(2004-02-01)
+
+Regular Expression Converter
+
+	{CONVERT}
+
+regular graph
+
+	<mathematics> A {graph} in which all {nodes} have the same
+	{degree}.
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+rehi
+
+	<chat> Hello again.
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+Reid, Brian
+
+	{Brian Reid}
+
+reify
+
+	To regard (something abstract) as a material thing.
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+re-image
+
+	<system administration> To re-install a computer's {operating
+	system}, and possibly other software, by writing a {disk
+	image} to the {hard disk}, replacing the entire contents.
+	Re-imaging is quicker, easier and more reliable than going
+	through a complete install but it relies on having a disk
+	image available.
+
+	"Sometimes if your {PC} has a {virus}, the only cure is to
+	re-image it."
+
+	(2007-06-26)
+
+reincarnation, cycle of
+
+	{cycle of reincarnation}
+
+reinvent the wheel
+
+	<jargon> To design or implement a tool equivalent to an
+	existing one or part of one, with the implication that doing
+	so is silly or a waste of time.  This is often a valid
+	criticism.  On the other hand, automobiles don't use wooden
+	rollers, and some kinds of wheel have to be reinvented many
+	times before you get them right.  On the third hand, people
+	reinventing the wheel do tend to come up with the moral
+	equivalent of a trapezoid with an offset axle.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-04-12)
+
+relation
+
+	1. <mathematics> A subset of the {product} of two sets, R : A
+	x B.  If (a, b) is an element of R then we write a R b,
+	meaning a is related to b by R.  A relation may be:
+	{reflexive} (a R a), {symmetric} (a R b => b R a),
+	{transitive} (a R b & b R c => a R c), {antisymmetric} (a R b
+	& b R a => a = b) or {total} (a R b or b R a).
+
+	See {equivalence relation}, {partial ordering}, {pre-order},
+	{total ordering}.
+
+	2. <database> A {table} in a {relational database}.
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+relational algebra
+
+	<database, theory> A family of {algebra} with a {well-founded}
+	{semantics} used for modelling the data stored in {relational
+	databases}, and defining queries on it.  The main operations
+	of the relational algebra are the {set} operations (such as
+	{union}, {intersection}, and {cartesian product}), selection
+	(keeping only some lines of a {table}) and the {projection}
+	(keeping only some columns).
+
+	The {relational data model} describes how the data is
+	structured.
+
+	{Codd's reduction algorithm} can convert from {relational
+	calculus} to {relational algebra}.
+
+	(1997-02-17)
+
+relational calculus
+
+	<database> An operational methodolgy, founded on {predicate
+	calculus}, dealing with descripitive expressions that are
+	equivalent to the operations of {relational algebra}.  {Codd's
+	reduction algorithm} can convert from {relational calculus} to
+	{relational algebra}.
+
+	Two forms of the relational calculus exist: the {tuple
+	calculus} and the {domain calculus}.
+
+	["An Introduction To Database Systems" (6th ed), C. J. Date,
+	Addison Wesley].
+
+	(1998-10-05)
+
+relational database
+
+	<database> (RDBMS - relational database management system) A
+	{database} based on the {relational model} developed by
+	{E.F. Codd}.  A relational database allows the definition of
+	data structures, storage and retrieval operations and
+	{integrity constraints}.  In such a database the data and
+	relations between them are organised in {tables}.  A table is
+	a collection of rows or {records} and each row in a table
+	contains the same {fields}.  Certain fields may be designated
+	as {keys}, which means that searches for specific values of
+	that field will use indexing to speed them up.
+
+	Where fields in two different tables take values from the same
+	set, a {join} operation can be performed to select related
+	records in the two tables by matching values in those fields.
+	Often, but not always, the fields will have the same name in
+	both tables.  For example, an "orders" table might contain
+	(customer_id, product_code) pairs and a "products" table might
+	contain (product_code, price) pairs so to calculate a given
+	customer's bill you would sum the prices of all products
+	ordered by that customer by joining on the product-code fields
+	of the two tables.  This can be extended to joining multiple
+	tables on multiple fields.  Because these relationships are
+	only specified at retreival time, relational databases are
+	classed as {dynamic database management system}.
+
+	The first commercial RDBMS was the {Multics Relational Data
+	Store}, first sold in 1978.
+
+	{INGRES}, {Oracle}, {Sybase, Inc.}, {Microsoft Access}, and
+	{Microsoft SQL Server} are well-known database products and
+	companies.  Others include {PostgreSQL}, {SQL/DS}, and {RDB}.
+
+	["Managing Data Bases, Four Critical Factors" Michael
+	M. Gorman, QED Information Sciences, Inc.].
+
+	["An Introduction To Database Systems" (6th ed) C. J. Date,
+	Addison Wesley (an excellent source of detailed info)].
+
+	["An End-User's Guide to Data Base" James Martin, Prentice
+	Hall (excellent place to begin learning about DBMS)].
+
+	(2002-06-10)
+
+relational database management system
+
+	{relational database}
+
+relational data model
+
+	<database> (Or "relational model") A {data model} introduced
+	by {E.F. Codd} in 1970, particularly well suited for business
+	data management.  In this model, data are organised in
+	{tables}.  The set of names of the columns is called the
+	"schema" of the table.
+
+	Here is an example table with the schema (account number,
+	amount) and 3 lines.
+
+	 account number     amount
+	 --------------  ---------
+	 12343243546456  +30000.00
+	 23149875245824   +2345.33
+	 18479827492874    -123.25
+
+	The data can be manipulated using a {relational algebra}.
+	{SQL} is a standard language for talking to a database built
+	on the relational model (a "{relational database}").
+
+	["A relational model for large shared data banks"
+	Communications of ACM 13:6, pp 377-387].
+
+	(1998-10-05)
+
+relational DBMS
+
+	{relational database}
+
+relational language
+
+	<language> Any kind of {programming language} that specifies
+	output in terms of some property and some arguments.  For
+	example, if Tom has two brothers, Dick and Harry, a relational
+	language will respond to the query "Who is Tom's brother?"
+	with either Dick or Harry.  Notice that unlike {functional
+	languages}, relational languages do not require a unique
+	output for each {predicate}/argument pair.  {Prolog} is the
+	best known relational language.
+
+	(2004-05-17)
+
+relational model
+
+	{relational data model}
+
+RELATIVE
+
+	Early system on IBM 650.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+relatively prime
+
+	<mathematics> Having no common divisors (greater than 1).
+
+	Two numbers are said to be relativey prime if there is no
+	number greater than unity that divides both of them evenly.
+
+	For example, 10 and 33 are relativly prime.  15 and 33 are not
+	relatively prime, since 3 is a {divisor} of both.
+
+	(1997-03-11)
+
+relative pathname
+
+	<file system> A {path} relative to the {working directory}.
+	Its first character can be anything but the {pathname
+	separator}.
+
+	(1996-11-21)
+
+Relative Record Data Set
+
+	<database> (RRDS) One of the access methods used by {IBM}'s
+	{VSAM}.
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+	(1999-01-12)
+
+RELCODE
+
+	Early system on UNIVAC I or II.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May
+	1959).
+
+release
+
+	<programming> (Or "released version", "baseline") A version of
+	a piece of software which has been made public (as opposed to
+	a version that is in development, or otherwise unreleased).
+
+	A release is either a {major release}, a {revision}, or a
+	{bugfix}.
+
+	Pre-release versions may be called {alpha test}, or {beta
+	test} versions.
+
+	See {change management}.
+
+	(1996-08-04)
+
+released version
+
+	{release}
+
+REL English
+
+	{Rapidly Extensible Language, English}
+
+relevance
+
+	<information science> A measure of how closely a given object
+	(file, {web page}, database {record}, etc.) matches a user's
+	search for information.
+
+	The relevance {algorithms} used in most large web {search
+	engines} today are based on fairly simple word-occurence
+	measurement: if the word "daffodil" occurs on a given page,
+	then that page is considered relevant to a {query} on the word
+	"daffodil"; and its relevance is quantised as a factor of the
+	number of times the word occurs in the page, on whether
+	"daffodil" occurs in title of the page or in its META
+	keywords, in the first {N} words of the page, in a heading,
+	and so on; and similarly for words that a {stemmer} says are
+	based on "daffodil".
+
+	More elaborate (and resource-expensive) relevance algorithms
+	may involve thesaurus (or {synonym ring}) lookup; e.g. it
+	might rank a document about narcissuses (but which may not
+	mention the word "daffodil" anywhere) as relevant to a query
+	on "daffodil", since narcissuses and daffodils are basically
+	the same thing.  Ditto for queries on "jail" and "gaol", etc.
+
+	More elaborate forms of thesaurus lookup may involve
+	multilingual thesauri (e.g. knowing that documents in Japanese
+	which mention the Japanese word for "narcissus" are relevant
+	to your search on "narcissus"), or may involve thesauri (often
+	auto-generated) based not on equivalence of meaning, but on
+	word-proximity, such that "bulb" or "bloom" may be in the
+	thesaurus entry for "daffodil".
+
+	{Word spamming} essentially attempts to falsely increase a web
+	page's relevance to certain common searches.
+
+	See also {subject index}.
+
+	(1997-04-09)
+
+reliability
+
+	<systems> An attribute of any system that consistently produces
+	the same results, preferably meeting or exceeding its
+	specifications.  The term may be qualified, e.g {software
+	reliability}, {reliable communication}.
+
+	Reliability is one component of {RAS}.
+
+	(2000-08-13)
+
+Reliability, Availability, Serviceability
+
+	<systems, design, hardware, software> (RAS) Three key attributes
+	of a computing system design.  See {reliability}, {availability},
+	and {serviceability}.
+
+	The term "RAS" is fairly common in the computing industry
+	(particularly computers and storage) as computing becomes more
+	fundamental.  For example, a vehicle may depend on dozens of
+	computers, and the consequences of the failure can be
+	significant (e.g., an ambulance's engine won't start).
+
+	(2000-08-13)
+
+reliable communication
+
+	<communications> Communication where messages are guaranteed
+	to reach their destination complete and uncorrupted and in the
+	order they were sent.  This reliability can be built on top of
+	an unreliable {protocol} by adding sequencing information and
+	some kind of {checksum} or {cyclic redundancy check} to each
+	message or {packet}.  If the communication fails, the sender
+	will be notified.  {Transmission Control Protocol} is a
+	reliable protocol used on {Ethernet}.
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+Reliable Data Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (RDP) A {protocol} designed to provide a reliable
+	data transport service for {packet}-based applications such as
+	remote loading and {debugging}.  RDP is intended to be simple
+	to implement but still be efficient in environments where
+	there may be long transmission delays and loss or
+	non-sequential delivery of message segments.
+
+	RDP is defined in {RFC 908}.
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+religion of CHI
+
+	/ki:/ [Case Western Reserve University] Yet another hackish
+	parody religion (see also {Church of the SubGenius},
+	{Discordianism}).  In the mid-70s, the canonical "Introduction
+	to Programming" courses at CWRU were taught in {ALGOL}, and
+	student exercises were punched on cards and run on a Univac
+	1108 system using a homebrew operating system named CHI.  The
+	religion had no doctrines and but one ritual: whenever the
+	worshipper noted that a digital clock read 11:08, he or she
+	would recite the phrase "It is 11:08; ABS, ALPHABETIC, ARCSIN,
+	ARCCOS, ARCTAN."  The last five words were the first five
+	functions in the appropriate chapter of the ALGOL manual; note
+	the special pronunciations /obz/ and /ark'sin/ rather than the
+	more common /ahbz/ and /ark'si:n/.  Using an alarm clock to
+	warn of 11:08's arrival was {considered harmful}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+religious issues
+
+	Questions which seemingly cannot be raised without touching
+	off {holy wars}, such as "What is the best operating system
+	(or editor, language, architecture, shell, mail reader, news
+	reader)?", "What about that Heinlein guy, eh?", "What should
+	we add to the new Jargon File?"  See {holy wars}; see also
+	{theology}, {bigot}.
+
+	This term is a prime example of {ha ha only serious}.  People
+	actually develop the most amazing and religiously intense
+	attachments to their tools, even when the tools are
+	intangible.  The most constructive thing one can do when one
+	stumbles into the crossfire is mumble {Get a life!} and leave
+	- unless, of course, one's *own* unassailably rational and
+	obviously correct choices are being slammed.
+
+	(1996-08-16)
+
+REM
+
+	<programming> (From "remark") The {keyword} used in {BASIC} to
+	introduce a {comment} (which continues to the end of the
+	line).  {MS-DOS} probably borrowed it from {BASIC}.  Might be
+	used in the form "REM out" meaning to {comment out}.
+
+	(1998-04-27)
+
+remailer
+
+	{anonymous remailer}
+
+Remote Access Services
+
+	<communications> (RAS) A service provided by {Windows NT}
+	which allows most of the services which would be available on
+	a {network} to be accessed over a {modem} link.  The service
+	includes support for {dialup} and {logon}, and then presents
+	the same network interface as the normal network drivers
+	(albeit slightly slower!).  It is not necessary to run Windows
+	NT on the {client} - there are client versions for other
+	{Windows} {operating systems}.
+
+	[What services?]
+
+	(1996-08-14)
+
+Remote Database Access
+
+	<database, standard> (RDBA) A standard permitting the exchange
+	of information between different {DBMS} systems.
+
+	(1998-09-23)
+
+Remote Desktop Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (RDP) A {Microsoft} {protocol} that provides remote
+	display and input for {Windows}.
+
+	RDP's {video driver} renders display output by sending packets
+	to the client which translates them into corresponding
+	Microsoft Win32 graphics device interface API calls.  Client
+	mouse and keyboard events are redirected from the client to
+	virtual keyboard and mouse drivers on the server.
+
+	RDP 4.0 was introduced with {Windows NT} Server 4.0, Terminal
+	Server Edition.  Windows 2000 Terminal Services included RDP
+	5.0.  The Terminal Services Advanced Client (TSAC), an RDP
+	client based on an {ActiveX control}, also supports RDP 5.0.
+	RDP 5.0 provides enhanced performance over low-speed
+	connections.  Windows XP uses RDP 5.1 and includes Remote
+	Desktop Web Connection, which is an updated version of the
+	TSAC.
+
+	RDP extends the {ITU T.120} protocols, allowing separate
+	virtual channels for device communication and presentation
+	data from the server, as well as encrypted mouse and keyboard
+	data.
+
+	Compare: {VNC}.
+
+	{MSDN RDP
+	(http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/termserv/termserv/remote_desktop_protocol.asp)}.
+
+	{thinclient.net
+	(http://thinclient.net/technology/RDP_Features_and_Performance.htm)}.
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+remote echo
+
+	<communications> (Obsolete: "full-duplex") A mode of operation
+	of communicating programs or devices in which the sending
+	system does not display the characters the user enters, but
+	only sends them to the remote system which then "echoes" them
+	back to be displayed to the user.  This lets the operator see
+	not only typing errors, but also transmission errors.  This is
+	now the usual mode of most systems with remote users.
+
+	Contrast: {local echo}.
+
+	(2000-03-30)
+
+Remote Job Entry
+
+	<operating system> (RJE) A system, widely used in the mid/late
+	1960s, for submitting {jobs} to {mainframes} like the {IBM
+	360} under {OS/MFT}.  Communication with the {computer
+	operator} was via the keyboard and later via {CRTs}.
+
+	(1999-03-26)
+
+remote login
+
+	<networking> A {client-server} program and {protocol} that
+	provides an interactivel {command line interface} to a remote
+	computer, using a {protocol} over a computer network,
+	simulating a locally attached {terminal}.
+
+	{rlogin} is the {BSD Unix} program and protocol for this,
+	{telnet} is an earlier, more widely implemented protocol.
+
+	(1999-03-26)
+
+Remote Method Invocation
+
+	<programming> (RMI) Part of the {Java} {programming language}
+	{library} which enables a Java program running on one computer
+	to access the {objects} and {methods} of another Java program
+	running on a different computer.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/1.1/docs/guide/rmi/index.html)}.
+
+	(1997-09-04)
+
+remote monitoring
+
+	<protocol> (RMON) A {network management} {protocol} that
+	allows network information to be gathered at a single
+	computer.  Whereas {SNMP} gathers network data from a single
+	type of {Management Information Base} (MIB), RMON 1 defines
+	nine additional MIBs that provide a much richer set of data
+	about network usage.  For RMON to work, network devices, such
+	as {hubs} and {switches}, must be designed to support it.
+
+	The newest version of RMON, RMON 2, provides data about
+	{traffic} at the {network layer} in addition to the {physical
+	layer}.  This allows administrators to analyse traffic by
+	protocol.
+
+	(2003-09-15)
+
+Remote Operations Service Element
+
+	<networking> (ROSE) A sub-layer of {protocol layer} six
+	({presentation layer}) in the {OSI} seven layer model which
+	provides {SASE} for remote operations.
+
+	Documents: {ITU} Rec. X.229 ({ISO} 9072-2), ITU Rec. X.219
+	(ISO 9072-1).
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+Remote Procedure Call
+
+	<networking, programming> (RPC) A {protocol} which allows a
+	program running on one {host} to cause code to be executed on
+	another host without the programmer needing to explicitly code
+	for this.  RPC is an easy and popular paradigm for
+	implementing the {client-server} model of {distributed
+	computing}.  An RPC is initiated by the caller (client)
+	sending request message to a remote system (the server) to
+	execute a certain procedure using arguments supplied.  A
+	result message is returned to the caller.  There are many
+	variations and subtleties in various implementations,
+	resulting in a variety of different (incompatible) RPC
+	{protocols}.
+
+	{Sun} RPC is defined in {RFC 1057} and {ONC} RPC in {RFC
+	1831}.
+
+	(2003-06-04)
+
+Remote Reference Layer
+
+	<protocol> (RRL) Part of {Java}'s {Remote Method Invocation}
+	protocol.  RRL exists in both the RMI {client} and {server}.
+	It is used by the {stub} or {skeleton} {protocol layer} and
+	uses the {transport layer}.  RRL is reponsible for
+	transport-independent functioning of RMI, such as {connection
+	management} or {unicast}/{multicast} {object invocation}.
+
+	[Specification URL?]
+
+	(1997-12-03)
+
+Remote Spooling Communication Subsystem
+
+	<communications> (RSCS) A {networking} {protocol} used
+	primarily on {Bitnet}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1996-02-04)
+
+Remote Write Protocol
+
+	<chat, protocol> (RWP) A proposed {Internet} {protocol} for
+	exchanging short messages between terminals.
+
+	The RWP proposal is detailed in {RFC 1756}.
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+removable disk
+
+	{removable hard disk}
+
+removable hard disk
+
+	<storage> A type of {magnetic disk}, or possibly
+	{magneto-optical disk} which is not permanently attached to
+	the {disk drive} (not a {fixed disk}) but which can be taken
+	out and replaced, allowing many disks to be used in the same
+	drive.
+
+	The term "removable disk" would seem to be applicable to
+	{floppy disks} but is generally reserved for {hard disks} in
+	suitable cartridges such as those made by {Syquest}, {Iomega}
+	and others.
+
+	Removable disk packs were common on {minicomputers} such as
+	the {PDP-11} in use in the 1970s except that the drives were
+	the size of {washing machines} and the disk packs as big as
+	car wheels.  Removable disks became popular on
+	{microcomputers} in the 1990s as a cheap way of expanding disk
+	space, transporting large amounts of data between computers
+	and storing {backups}.  Large, cheap fixed hard disks and {USB
+	memory sticks} have made removable disks less attractive.
+
+	(2007-06-14)
+
+rendering
+
+	<graphics, text> The conversion of a high-level object-based
+	description into a graphical image for display.
+
+	For example, {ray-tracing} takes a mathematical model of a
+	three-dimensional object or scene and converts it into a
+	{bitmap} image.  Another example is the process of converting
+	{HTML} into an image for display to the user.
+
+	(2001-02-06)
+
+RenderMan Shading Language
+
+	["The RenderMan Companion", S. Upstill, A-W 1989, chaps
+	13-15].
+
+rendezvous
+
+	1. In {Ada}, the method of synchronising the activity of
+	different tasks.
+
+	2. Query language, close to natural English.
+
+	["Seven Steps to Rendezvous with the Casual User", E. Codd in
+	Data Base Management, J.W.  Klimbie et al eds, N-H 1974,
+	pp.179-199].
+
+REP
+
+	<programming> A directive used in {IBM} {object code} {card
+	decks} (and later {PTF Tapes}) to REPlace fragments of already
+	assembled or compiled object code prior to {link edit}.
+	Recompiling or reassembling the {source code} to produce a
+	whole new object module was only possible if the {source code}
+	was available, which it rarely was (if you had the object you
+	were lucky!)  It was also quicker to apply incremental changes
+	with REP cards and they also circumvented the {checksums} and
+	{card sequence numbers} present in the object code.
+
+	(1998-07-16)
+
+repeat
+
+	{repeat loop}
+
+repeater
+
+	<networking, communications> A network or communications
+	device which propagates electrical signals from one cable to
+	another, amplifying them to restore them to full strength in
+	the process.  Repeaters are used to counter the attenuation
+	which occurs when signals travel long distances (e.g. across
+	an ocean).
+
+	A network repeater is less intelligent than a {bridge},
+	{gateway} or {router} since it works at the {physical layer}.
+
+	(1998-07-16)
+
+repeating group
+
+	<database> Any {attribute} that can have multiple values
+	associated with a single instance of some {entity}.  For
+	example, a book might have multiple authors.
+
+	Such a "-to-many" relationship might be represented in an
+	unnormalised {relational database} as multiple author columns
+	in the book table or a single author(s) column containing a
+	string which was a list of authors.  Converting this to "first
+	normal form" is the first step in {database normalisation}.
+	Each author of the book would appear in a separate {row} along
+	with the book's {primary key}.  Later nomalisation stages
+	would move the book-author relationship into a separate table
+	to avoid repeating other book attibutes (e.g. title,
+	publisher) for each author.
+
+	(2005-07-28)
+
+repeat loop
+
+	<programming> (Or "do loop") A {loop} construct found in many
+	{procedural languages} which repeatedly executes some
+	instructions while a {condition} is true.
+
+	Repeat loops are found in {Perl}, {Pascal}, {BASIC} and {C}.
+	The initial {keyword} may be "repeat" or "do" and the
+	condition may be introduced with a "while" or "until" keyword.
+
+	In constrast to a {while} loop, the "loop body" is executed
+	once before the condition is tested.  This is useful when the
+	condition depends on the action of the loop body.  In the
+	following BASIC loop "Hello" is printed once despite the fact
+	that the condition is false;
+
+	 i = 2
+	 repeat
+	   print "Hello"
+	   i = i+1
+	 until i>0
+
+	See also {while loop} and {for loop}.
+
+	(1999-05-06)
+
+repetitive strain disorder
+
+	{overuse strain injury}
+
+repetitive strain injury
+
+	{overuse strain injury}
+
+REPL
+
+	1. <language, LISP, programming> {read-eval-print loop}.
+
+	2. <language> {Restricted EPL}.
+
+	(2003-06-23)
+
+replacement algorithm
+
+	The method used to determine which entry in an associative
+	{cache} to flush to main memory when it is desired to cache a
+	new block of data.  The "least recently used" algorithm
+	flushed the block which has not been accessed for the longest
+	time.  A random replacement algorithm picks any block with
+	equal probability.
+
+Replay
+
+	{Acorn Computers}' {full-motion video} system written by Roger
+	Wilson.  Video and sound information are stored in compressed
+	form.  Compression is relatively slow but decompression is
+	done in {real-time} with quality and {frame-rate} varying with
+	the processing power available, the size of the picture and
+	whether it appears in a {window} or uses the whole screen.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+replication
+
+	<database, networking> Creating and maintaining a duplicate
+	copy of a database or file system on a different computer,
+	typically a {server}.  The term usually implies the
+	intelligent copying of parts of the source database which have
+	changed since the last replication with the destination.
+
+	Replication may be one-way or two-way.  Two-way replication is
+	much more complicated because of the possibility that a
+	replicated object may have been updated differently in the two
+	locations in which case some method is needed to reconcile the
+	different versions.
+
+	For example, {Lotus Notes} can automatically distribute
+	document databases across telecommunications networks.  Notes
+	supports a wide range of network {protocols} including {X25}
+	and {Internet} {TCP/IP}.
+
+	Compare {mirror}.  See also {rdist}.
+
+	(1997-12-12)
+
+replicator
+
+	Any construct that acts to produce copies of itself; this
+	could be a living organism, an idea (see {meme}), a program
+	(see {quine}, {worm}, {wabbit}, {fork bomb}, and {virus}), a
+	pattern in a {cellular automaton} (see {life}), or
+	(speculatively) a robot or {nanobot}.  It is even claimed by
+	some that {Unix} and {C} are the symbiotic halves of an
+	extremely successful replicator; see {Unix conspiracy}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+reply
+
+	{followup}
+
+Repondez s'il vous plait
+
+	{Répondez s'il vous plait}
+
+Report Program Generator
+
+	<tool> (RPG) An {IBM} programming language developed by {Wilf
+	Hey} at {IBM} in 1965 for easy production of sophisticated
+	large system reports.
+
+	RPG is a {3GL} similar to {COBOL}, but more concise and
+	supposedly easier for non-programmers to use.  It processes
+	its input one line at a time and does not treat tables as
+	{conceptual entities}.
+
+	It was popular on {System 34}/36 {minicomputers}.
+
+	Versions: RPG II, RPG III, RPG/400 for IBM {AS/400}.  {MS-DOS}
+	versions by {California Software} and {Lattice}.  {Unix}
+	version by {Unibol}.  {Cross-platform} version by {J & C
+	Migrations} runs on {MS-DOS}, {Windows}, {AIX}, {HP-UX}, and
+	{OS/390}.
+
+	See also {CL}, {OCL}.
+
+	(2004-08-24)
+
+repository
+
+	1. <database> See {data dictionary}.
+
+	2. <programming> The core of a {CASE} tool, typically a {DBMS}
+	where all development documents are stored.
+
+	(1999-04-27)
+
+Representation Language Language
+
+	<language> (RLL) A {frame language}.
+
+	["A Representation Language Language", R. Greiner and
+	D.B. Lenat, Proc AAAI-80, 1980].
+
+	(2003-06-02)
+
+Request For Comments
+
+	<standard> (RFC) One of a series, begun in 1969, of numbered
+	{Internet} informational documents and {standards} widely
+	followed by commercial software and {freeware} in the
+	{Internet} and {Unix} communities.  Few RFCs are standards but
+	all Internet standards are recorded in RFCs.  Perhaps the
+	single most influential RFC has been {RFC 822}, the Internet
+	{electronic mail} format standard.
+
+	The RFCs are unusual in that they are floated by technical
+	experts acting on their own initiative and reviewed by the
+	Internet at large, rather than formally promulgated through an
+	institution such as {ANSI}.  For this reason, they remain
+	known as RFCs even once adopted as standards.
+
+	The RFC tradition of pragmatic, experience-driven,
+	after-the-fact standard writing done by individuals or small
+	working groups has important advantages over the more formal,
+	committee-driven process typical of {ANSI} or {ISO}.
+
+	Emblematic of some of these advantages is the existence of a
+	flourishing tradition of "joke" RFCs; usually at least one a
+	year is published, usually on April 1st.  Well-known joke RFCs
+	have included 527 ("ARPAWOCKY", R. Merryman, UCSD; 22 June
+	1973), 748 ("Telnet Randomly-Lose Option", Mark R. Crispin; 1
+	April 1978), and 1149 ("A Standard for the Transmission of IP
+	Datagrams on Avian Carriers", D. Waitzman, BBN STC; 1 April
+	1990).  The first was a Lewis Carroll pastiche; the second a
+	parody of the {TCP/IP} documentation style, and the third a
+	deadpan skewering of standards-document legalese, describing
+	protocols for transmitting Internet data packets by carrier
+	pigeon.
+
+	The RFCs are most remarkable for how well they work - they
+	manage to have neither the ambiguities that are usually rife
+	in informal specifications, nor the committee-perpetrated
+	{misfeatures} that often haunt formal standards, and they
+	define a network that has grown to truly worldwide
+	proportions.
+
+	{rfc.net (http://rfc.net/)}.
+	{W3
+	(http://w3.org/hypertext/DataSources/Archives/RFC_sites.html)}.
+	{JANET UK FTP (ftp://nic.ja.net/pub/newsfiles/JIPS/rfc)}.
+	{Imperial College, UK FTP (ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/rfc/)}.
+	{Nexor UK (http://nexor.com/public/rfc/index/rfc.html)}.
+	{Ohio State U
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/top.html)}.
+
+	See also {For Your Information}, {STD}.
+
+	(1997-11-10)
+
+request for proposal
+
+	<programming> (RFP) The publication by a prospective software
+	purchaser of details of the required system in order to
+	attract offers by software developers to supply it.  Software
+	development under contract starts with the selection of the
+	software developer by the customer.  A request for proposal
+	(also called in Britain an "invitation to tender") is the
+	beginning of the selection process.
+
+	[Bennatan, E.M., "Software Project Management", 2nd edition,
+	McGraw-Hill International, 1992].
+
+	(1995-12-04)
+
+Request For Technology
+
+	(RFT) The process established by the {OSF} to get proposals
+	for new standards.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Required-COBOL
+
+	A minimal subset of {COBOL} developed in 1961.  It was later
+	dropped entirely.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 339].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+requirements
+
+	<programming> The first stage of software development which
+	defines what the potential users want the system to do.  In
+	modern methods these requirements should be testable, and will
+	usually be traceable in later development stages.  A common
+	feature of nearly all software is that the requirements change
+	during its lifetime.
+
+	See {software life-cycle}.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+Requirements Acquisition and Controlled Evolution
+
+	<programming, project> (RACE) A "back to basics" approach to
+	{requirements engineering}.  The method, is being pieced
+	together through a series of intermediate research studies.
+	In essence, the approach has been to establish requirements
+	for RACE, identify individual techniques that meet those
+	requirements, experiment with the combined use of the
+	techniques, and finally assemble the method.  In practice,
+	RACE has been influenced significantly by Checkland and
+	Wilson's {Soft Systems Methodology} (SSM) and this forms the
+	core of the method.
+
+	(1995-11-21)
+
+requirements analysis
+
+	<project> The process of reviewing a business's processes to
+	determine the business needs and {functional requirements}
+	that a system must meet.
+
+	(1996-08-01)
+
+Requirements Engineering
+
+	<programming> The task of capturing, structuring, and
+	accurately representing the user's {requirements} so that they
+	can be correctly embodied in systems which meet those
+	requirements (i.e. are of good quality).
+
+	{DOORS} is one product to help with this task.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+Research Systems, Inc.
+
+	(RSI) Distributors of {Interactive Data Language} (IDL).
+
+	{(ftp://gateway.rs.inc.com/pub/)}.  E-mail: <info@rsinc.com>.
+
+	(1994-10-07)
+
+ResEdit
+
+	<programming, tool> A free {resource editor} for {Win32}
+	programs.  ResEdit can create {dialogs}, {icon}, {version
+	information} or other types of resources.  Output files can be
+	compiled by any Win32 {compiler} like {MinGW} and Microsoft
+	{Visual C++}.
+
+	Latest version: 1.3.5, as of 2007-03-24.
+
+	{(http://www.resedit.net/)}.
+
+	(2007-03-24)
+
+reserved memory
+
+	<storage> The address range 640-1024 {kilobytes} on an {IBM
+	PC}, reserved for {BIOS}, {video cards}, and add-on cards.
+	Depending on the configuration some of the address space may
+	be unused in which case it can be used by {EMS} or {UMB}.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+resolution
+
+	1. <hardware> the maximum number of {pixels} that can be
+	displayed on a {monitor}, expressed as (number of horizontal
+	pixels) x (number of vertical pixels), i.e., 1024x768.  The
+	ratio of horizontal to vertical resolution is usually 4:3, the
+	same as that of conventional television sets.
+
+	2. <logic> A mechanical method for proving statements of
+	{first order logic}, introduced by J. A. Robinson in 1965.
+	Resolution is applied to two {clauses} in a {sentence}.  It
+	eliminates, by {unification}, a {literal} that occurs
+	"positive" in one and "negative" in the other to produce a new
+	clause, the {resolvent}.
+
+	For example, given the sentence:
+
+		(man(X) => mortal(X))  AND  man(socrates).
+
+	The literal "man(X)" is "negative".  The literal
+	"man(socrates)" could be considered to be on the right hand
+	side of the degenerate implication
+
+		True => man(socrates)
+
+	and is therefore "positive".  The two literals can be unified
+	by the binding X = socrates.
+
+	The {truth table} for the implication function is
+
+		A | B | A => B
+		--+---+-------
+		F | F |   T
+		F | T |   T
+		T | F |   F
+		T | T |   T
+
+	(The implication only fails if its premise is true but its
+	conclusion is false).  From this we can see that
+
+		A => B   ==   (NOT A) OR B
+
+	Which is why the left hand side of the implication is said to
+	be negative and the right positive.  The sentence above could
+	thus be written
+
+		((NOT man(socrates)) OR mortal(socrates))
+		AND
+		man(socrates)
+
+	Distributing the AND over the OR gives
+
+		((NOT man(socrates)) AND man(socrates))
+		OR
+		mortal(socrates) AND man(socrates)
+
+	And since (NOT A) AND A == False, and False OR A == A we can
+	simplify to just
+
+		mortal(socrates) AND man(socrates)
+
+	So we have proved the new literal, mortal(socrates).
+
+	Resolution with {backtracking} is the basic control mechanism
+	of {Prolog}.
+
+	See also {modus ponens}, {SLD Resolution}.
+
+	3. <networking> {address resolution}.
+
+	(1996-02-09)
+
+resolver
+
+	<networking> The {TCP/IP} {protocol} library software that
+	formats requests to be sent to the {Domain Name Server} for
+	{hostname} to {IP address} conversion.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+Resource Access Control Facility
+
+	(RACF) {IBM}'s large system security product.  It originally
+	ran only under {MVS} but has since been ported to run under
+	{VM}.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+Resource Description Framework
+
+	<web, specification, data> (RDF) A specification
+	being developed in 2000 by the {W3C} as a foundation for
+	processing {meta-data} regarding resources on the {Internet},
+	including the {web}.
+
+	Resource Description Framework data consists of resources
+	({nodes}), and property/value pairs describing the resource.
+	A node is any object which can be pointed to by a {URI},
+	properties are attributes of the node, and values can be
+	either atomic values for the attribute, or other nodes.  For
+	example, information about a particular {web page} (a node),
+	might include the property "Author".  The value for the Author
+	property could be either a string giving the name of the
+	author, or a {link} to a resource describing the author.
+
+	Resource Description Framework only specifies a mechanism for
+	encoding and transferring meta-data.  It does not specify what
+	that meta-data should, or can be.  RDF does not, for example,
+	define an "Author" attribute.  Sets of properties are defined
+	within RDF Vocabularies (or Schemas).  Anynone can create an
+	RDF schema, describing a specialized set of properties, by
+	creating a resource, referenced by the Schema URI, which
+	provides a human- and machine-understandable definition of the
+	schema's properties.  The description of a node may include
+	properties defined in different schemas.  The properties
+	within a resource description are associated with a certain
+	schema definition using the {XML} {namespace} mechanism.
+	Schemas currently being developed include a content screening
+	system modeled after {PICS}, and a bibliographic vocabulary,
+	such as the {Dublin Core Initiative}.
+
+	{(http://w3c.org/RDF/)}.
+
+	{W3C Resource Description Framework-RDF Model and Syntax
+	Specification (http://w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/)}.
+
+	(2000-03-25)
+
+resource fork
+
+	{Macintosh file system}
+
+Resource Reservation Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (RSVP) A {protocol} that supports {quality of
+	service}.
+
+	{(http://zdnet.com/pcweek/stories/news/0,4153,389107,00.html)}.
+
+	(2001-03-18)
+
+Restricted EPL
+
+	<language> (REPL) The efficient {subset} of {EPL} used to
+	write the core of {Multics}.
+
+	(2003-06-23)
+
+restriction
+
+	A {bug} or design error that limits a program's capabilities,
+	and which is sufficiently egregious that nobody can quite work
+	up enough nerve to describe it as a {feature}.  Often used
+	(especially by {marketroid} types) to make it sound as though
+	some crippling bogosity had been intended by the designers all
+	along, or was forced upon them by arcane technical constraints
+	of a nature no mere user could possibly comprehend (these
+	claims are almost invariably false).
+
+	Old-time hacker Joseph M. Newcomer advises that whenever
+	choosing a quantifiable but arbitrary restriction, you should
+	make it either a power of 2 or a power of 2 minus 1.  If you
+	impose a limit of 17 items in a list, everyone will know it is
+	a random number - on the other hand, a limit of 15 or 16
+	suggests some deep reason (involving 0- or 1-based indexing in
+	binary) and you will get less {flamage} for it.  Limits which
+	are round numbers in base 10 are always especially suspect.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Restructured EXtended eXecutor
+
+	<language> (REXX, or "System Product Interpreter", originally
+	known as "REX") A {script}ing language for {IBM VM} and {MVS}
+	systems, developed by M. Cowlishaw at {IBM} ca. 1979,
+	replacing {EXEC2}.
+
+	Versions: PC-Rexx for {MS-DOS}, {AREXX} for the {Amiga}, the
+	{OS/2} implementation from IBM, WINREXX (Rexx for Windows,
+	from {Quercus systems}) and Personal Rexx (Rexx for MS-DOS,
+	from Quercus systems).
+
+	See also {Regina}, {freerexx}, {imc}.
+
+	{REXXWARE} is an implementation of {REXX} for {Novell
+	NetWare}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.rexx}.
+
+	["The REXX Language: A Practical Approach to Programming",
+	M.F. Cowlishaw, 1985].
+
+	(1992-05-13)
+
+restructuring
+
+	The transformation from one representation form to another at
+	the same relative abstraction level, while preserving the
+	subject system's external behaviour (functionality and
+	semantics).
+
+retcon
+
+	/ret'kon/ retroactive continuity.
+
+	The common situation in fiction where a new story "reveals"
+	things about events in previous stories, usually leaving the
+	"facts" the same (thus preserving continuity) while completely
+	changing their interpretation.  For example, revealing that a
+	whole season of "Dallas" was a dream was a retcon.
+
+	This term was once thought to have originated on the {Usenet}
+	newsgroup {news:rec.arts.comics} but is now believed to have
+	been used earlier in comic fandom.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+rete
+
+	<artificial intelligence> /Re'te/ (From Latin "net") A net or
+	network; a plexus; particularly, a network of blood vessels or
+	nerves, or a part resembling a network.
+
+	[How is it used in AI?  What is a "rete procedure "?]
+
+	(2002-03-14)
+
+RETI
+
+	{RTI}
+
+Retrieve
+
+	<language> A {query language} inspired {JPLDIS} which led to
+	{Vulcan} and then to {dBASE II}, developed by {Tymshare Corp}
+	in the 1960s.
+
+	(1998-04-29)
+
+retrocomputing
+
+	/ret'-roh-k*m-pyoo'ting/ Refers to emulations of
+	way-behind-the-state-of-the-art hardware or software, or
+	implementations of never-was-state-of-the-art; especially if
+	such implementations are elaborate practical jokes and/or
+	parodies, written mostly for {hack value}, of more "serious"
+	designs.  Perhaps the most widely distributed retrocomputing
+	utility was the "pnch(6)" or "bcd(6)" program on V7 and other
+	early Unix versions, which would accept up to 80 characters of
+	text argument and display the corresponding pattern in
+	{punched card} code.  Other well-known retrocomputing hacks
+	have included the programming language {INTERCAL}, a
+	{JCL}-emulating shell for Unix, the card-punch-emulating
+	editor named 029, and various elaborate {PDP-11} hardware
+	emulators and RT-11 OS emulators written just to keep an old,
+	sourceless {Zork} binary running.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+retronym
+
+	<jargon> A term invented to distinguish a subclass of things
+	from new members of the superclass, where the distinction was
+	previously not necessary, since the old subclass had been all
+	there was of the superclass.
+
+	For example, the retronyms "{snail mail}" and "{paper mail}"
+	were coined by those for who "mail" was likely to mean
+	{electronic mail}.
+
+	While the English language in general has a few retronyms
+	("whole milk", "snow skiing", "acoustic guitar"), hacker
+	jargon is necessarily (at points capriciously) rich in
+	retronyms, e.g. {plaintext}, {natural language}, {impact
+	printer}, {eyeball search}, biological {virus}.
+
+	[More examples?]
+
+	(2001-02-25)
+
+return from interrupt
+
+	<programming> (RTI) An instruction {mnemonic} on many
+	computers including the {6502} and {6800}.  The variant "RETI"
+	is found among former {Zilog Z80} hackers (almost nobody
+	programs these things in {assembly code} anymore).  The {Intel
+	80x86} equivalent is "IRET".
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+return from the dead
+
+	<jargon> To regain access to the net after a long absence.
+
+	Compare {person of no account}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-01-14)
+
+Return To Zero
+
+	<communications> A class of encoding methods for physical
+	circuits in which the carrier (current, voltage) returns to
+	zero after each transmitted bit, i.e. the data is carried in
+	pulse width or polarity, not in the level of the signal.
+
+	Contrast {NRZ}.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+reusability
+
+	{reuse}
+
+reuse
+
+	Using code developed for one {application program} in another
+	application.  Traditionally achieved using program libraries.
+	{Object-oriented programming} offers reusability of code via
+	its techniques of {inheritance} and {genericity}.  {Class}
+	libraries with {intelligent browsers} and {application
+	generators} are under development to help in this process.
+	{Polymorphic} {functional languages} also support reusability
+	while retaining the benefits of {strong typing}.
+
+	See also {DRAGOON}, {National Software Reuse Directory},
+	{RLF}.
+
+Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
+
+	<networking, protocol> (RARP) A {protocol} defined in {RFC
+	903} which provides the reverse function of {ARP}.  RARP maps
+	a hardware address ({MAC address}) to an {IP address}.
+	It is used primarily by {diskless nodes}, when they first
+	initialise, to find their {IP address}.
+
+	See also {BOOTP}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Reverse ARP
+
+	{Reverse Address Resolution Protocol}
+
+reverse engineering
+
+	<systems, product, design> The process of analysing an existing
+	system to identify its components and their interrelationships and
+	create representations of the system in another form or at a
+	higher level of {abstraction}.  Reverse engineering is usually
+	undertaken in order to redesign the system for better
+	maintainability or to produce a copy of a system without access to
+	the design from which it was originally produced.
+
+	For example, one might take the {executable code} of a computer
+	program, run it to study how it behaved with different inputs and
+	then attempt to write a program which behaved identically (or
+	better).  An {integrated circuit} might also be reverse engineered
+	by an unscrupulous company wishing to make unlicensed copies of a
+	popular chip.
+
+	(1995-10-06)
+
+Reverse Polish Notation
+
+	{postfix notation}
+
+reverse polish syntax
+
+	{postfix notation}
+
+Revised ALGOL 60
+
+	{ALGOL 60 Revised}
+
+revision
+
+	<programming> A {release} of a piece of software which is not
+	a {major release} or a {bugfix}, but only introduces small
+	changes or new features.
+
+	(1996-08-04)
+
+Revision Control System
+
+	<software, tool> (RCS) A {version control} system that
+	automates the storing, retrieval, logging, identification, and
+	merging of revisions.  RCS is useful for text that is revised
+	frequently, for example programs, documentation, graphics,
+	papers, and form letters.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: rcs(1).
+
+	["RCS -- A System for Version Control", Walter F. Tichy,
+	Software--Practice & Experience 15, 7, July 1985, 637-654].
+
+	[Features?  Availability?  URL?]
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+Revolutionary Surrealist Vandal Party
+
+	<body> (RSVP)
+	{(http://impropaganda.com/kultcha.html#bullet21)}.
+
+	(1996-12-01)
+
+revolutions per minute
+
+	<unit> (rpm, rarely: rotations per minute) A unit of {angular
+	velocity}.
+
+	(2004-04-18)
+
+REX
+
+	The original name for {Restructured EXtended eXecutor}.
+
+REXX
+
+	{Restructured EXtended eXecutor}
+
+REXXWARE
+
+	An implementation of {REXX} for {Novell NetWare} produced by
+	{Simware, Inc.} in January 1994.  It is used by {LAN} managers
+	to automate LAN administration chores on a Novell NetWare
+	{server}.
+
+	As a scripting language, REXXWARE is an NLM ({NetWare Loadable
+	Module}) that runs on {Novell NetWare} servers.  It includes
+	more than 275 NetWare-specific functions, plus the standard
+	{REXX} {keywords}, instructions, built-in functions,
+	{flow-control}, tracing, and error trapping and recovery
+	features.
+
+	REXXWARE is certified by Novell for use with NetWare.
+
+	E-mail: <rexxware@simware.com>.
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+RF
+
+	{radio frequency}
+
+RFC
+
+	{Request For Comments}
+
+RFC 1014
+
+	<programming, networking, standard> The {RFC} defining
+	{eXternal Data Representation}.
+
+	{(rfc:1014)}.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+RFC 1034
+
+	<networking, standard> One of the {RFCs} defining the {Domain
+	Name System}.
+
+	{(rfc:1034)}.
+
+	(1997-12-15)
+
+RFC 1035
+
+	<networking, standard> One of the {RFCs} defining the {Domain
+	Name System}.
+
+	{(rfc:1035)}.
+
+	(1997-12-15)
+
+RFC 1057
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Sun} {RPC}.
+
+	{(rfc:1057)}.
+
+	(2003-06-04)
+
+RFC 1058
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Routing Information
+	Protocol}.  Updated by {RFC 1388}.
+
+	{(rfc:1058)}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+RFC 1081
+
+	<messaging, standard> The {RFC} defining {POP3}, {Post Office
+	Protocol} version 3.
+
+	{(rfc:1081)}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+RFC 1094
+
+	<standard, networking, storage> The {RFC} defining {Sun
+	Microsystems}'s {Network File System} (NFS).
+
+	{(rfc:1094)}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+RFC 1112
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} describing {MBONE}.
+
+	{(rfc:1112)}.
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+RFC 1119
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Network Time
+	Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1119)}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+RFC 1123
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} "Requirements for Internet
+	Hosts Application and Support" which clarifies or changes the
+	specification of protocols given in earlier RFCs.
+
+	RFC 1123 defines the terms "MUST", "SHOULD", "MAY",
+	"unconditionally compliant", "conditionally compliant".
+	Capitals are used to emphasise that the official definition of
+	the word is being used.
+
+	MUST or REQUIRED means an absolute requirement for
+	conformance.
+
+	SHOULD or RECOMMENDED means the item can be ignored under
+	certain circumstances, although the full implications should
+	be understood.
+
+	MAY or OPTIONAL means the implementor can choose, usually
+	depending on whether it is needed or not.
+
+	Something "unconditionally compliant" meets all the MUST and
+	SHOULD requirements, "conditionally compliant" meets all the
+	MUST requirements and "not compliant" - does not meet some
+	MUST requirement.
+
+	For example, RFC 1123 amends RFC952 to say software MUST
+	handle either a letter or a digit as the first character of a
+	{hostname}.
+
+	{(rfc:1123)}.
+
+	(1996-01-13)
+
+RFC 1156
+
+	<standard> The {RFC} which established the MIB I {Management
+	Information Base} standard.
+
+	{(rfc:1156)}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+RFC 1157
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Simple Network
+	Management Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1157)}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+RFC 1171
+
+	<protocol, standard> The {RFC} defining the {Point-to-Point
+	Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1171)}.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+RFC 1208
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining many of the
+	network-related terms in this dictionary.
+
+	{(rfc:1208)}.
+
+	["A Glossary of Networking Terms", Jacobsen, O., and D. Lynch,
+	RFC 1208, Interop, Inc., March 1991.]
+
+	(1996-08-06)
+
+RFC 1213
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} which definied the MIB II
+	{Management Information Base}.
+
+	{(rfc:1213)}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+RFC 1267
+
+	<networking, standard> One of the {RFCs} describing {Border
+	Gateway Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1267)}.
+
+RFC 1268
+
+	<networking, standard> One of the {RFCs} describing {Border
+	Gateway Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1268)}.
+
+RFC 1304
+
+	<networking, standard> One of the {RFCs} describing {SMDS
+	Interface Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1304)}.
+
+	(2000-09-02)
+
+RFC 1321
+
+	<messaging, standard> The {RFC} defining the {Message Digest
+	5} {algorithm}.
+
+	{(rfc:1321)}.
+
+	(1996-08-04)
+
+RFC 1334
+
+	<networking, security, standard, protocol> The {RFC} defining
+	{Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol} and {Password
+	Authentication Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1334)}.
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+RFC 1341
+
+	<messaging, standard> The June 1992 {RFC} defining
+	{Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions} (MIME).  This {RFC}
+	has been obsoleted by {RFC 2045}, {RFC 2046}, {RFC 2047}, {RFC
+	2048}, {RFC 2049}, and {BCP0013}.
+
+	{(rfc:1341)}.
+
+	(1997-08-30)
+
+RFC 1347
+
+	<networking, protocol> One of the {RFCs} describing the {TUBA}
+	{protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1347)}.
+
+	(1997-08-30)
+
+RFC 1350
+
+	<networking, protocol> The {RFC} defining {TFTP}.
+
+	{(rfc:1350)}.
+
+	(1997-08-30)
+
+RFC 1388
+
+	<networking, standard> An update to {RFC 1058}, the {RFC}
+	defining {Routing Information Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1388)}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+RFC 1436
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining the {Internet}
+	{Gopher} {protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1436)}.
+
+	(1995-11-16)
+
+RFC 1441
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} introducing {SNMP v2}.
+
+	{(rfc:1441)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1442
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {SMI} for {SNMP v2}.
+
+	{(rfc:1442)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1443
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining textual conventions
+	for {SNMP v2}.
+
+	{(rfc:1443)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1444
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining conformance
+	statements for {SNMP v2}.
+
+	{(rfc:1444)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1445
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining the administrative
+	model for {SNMP v2}.
+
+	{(rfc:1445)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1446
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining security protocols
+	for {SNMP v2}.
+
+	{(rfc:1446)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1447
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Party MIB} for
+	{SNMP v2}.
+
+	{(rfc:1447)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1448
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining protocol operations
+	for {SNMP v2}.
+
+	{(rfc:1448)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1449
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {transport mappings}
+	for {SNMP v2}.
+
+	{(rfc:1449)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1450
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {MIB} for {SNMP v2}.
+
+	{(rfc:1450)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1451
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Manager to Manger
+	MIB}.
+
+	{(rfc:1451)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1452
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} describing coexistance
+	between {SNMP} v1 and {SNMP v2}.
+
+	{(rfc:1452)}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+RFC 1475
+
+	<networking, protocol> The {RFC} describing the {TP/IX}
+	{protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1475)}.
+
+	(1995-04-03)
+
+RFC 1508
+
+	<security, standard> One of the {RFCs} defining {GSS-API}.
+
+	{(rfc:1508)}.
+
+	(1996-05-19)
+
+RFC 1509
+
+	<security, standard> One of the {RFCs} defining {GSS-API}.
+
+	{(rfc:1509)}.
+
+	(1996-05-19)
+
+RFC 1520
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Classless
+	Inter-Domain Routing}.
+
+	{(rfc:1520)}.
+
+	(1996-10-01)
+
+RFC 1521
+
+	<messaging, standard> An {RFC} defining {Multipurpose Internet
+	Mail Extensions} (MIME).  This {RFC} has been obsoleted by
+	{RFC 2045}, {RFC 2046}, {RFC 2047}, {RFC 2048}, {RFC 2049},
+	and {BCP0013}.
+
+	{(rfc:1521)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1526
+
+	<networking, protocol> One of the {RFCs} describing the {TUBA}
+	{protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1526)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1531
+
+	<networking, protocol> The original {RFC} defining {DHCP},
+	obsoleted by {RFC 2131}.
+
+	{(rfc:1531)}.
+
+	(1998-11-20)
+
+RFC 1550
+
+	<networking, protocol> An {RFC} {white paper} on {IPng}.
+
+	{(rfc:1550)}.
+
+	(1995-04-03)
+
+RFC 1561
+
+	<networking, protocol> One of the {RFCs} describing the {TUBA}
+	{protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1561)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 1568
+
+	<messaging, standard> An {RFC} defining the {Simple Network
+	Paging Protocol} (SNPP) which is designed to support
+	{Internet} access to {paging} services such as those based on
+	the {Telocator Alphanumeric Protocol}.  See also {RFC 1861}.
+
+	{(rfc:1568)}.
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+RFC 1591
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining the {Domain Name
+	System}.  Written by J. Postel in March 1994.
+
+	(2001-05-14)
+
+RFC 1630
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining the {Universal
+	Resource Identifier}.
+
+	{(rfc:1630)}.
+
+	(1995-01-13)
+
+RFC 1661
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Point-to-Point
+	Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1661)}.
+
+	(1997-02-05)
+
+RFC 1700
+
+	<networking, standard> The original {RFC} defining "Assigned
+	Numbers" such as standard "well-known" {TCP} and {UDP} {port}
+	numbers, now superseded by {RFC 3232}.
+
+	{(rfc:1700)}.
+
+	(2001-04-08)
+
+RFC 1701
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Generic Routing
+	Encapsulation}.
+
+	See also {RFC 1702}.
+
+	{(rfc:1701)}.
+
+	(1997-04-02)
+
+RFC 1702
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Generic Routing
+	Encapsulation} over {IP}.
+
+	{(rfc:1702)}.
+
+	(1997-04-02)
+
+RFC 1707
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {CATNIP}.
+
+	{(rfc:1707)}.
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+RFC 1730
+
+	<messaging, standard> An old {RFC} defining {IMAP}, obsoleted
+	by {RFC 2060}, {RFC 2061} and others.
+
+	{(rfc:1730)}.
+
+	(1996-03-11)
+
+RFC 1756
+
+	<messaging> The {RFC} describing {Remote Write Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1756)}.
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+RFC 1760
+
+	<security> The {RFC} describing the S/KEY {One-Time Password}
+	system.
+
+	{(rfc:1760)}.
+
+	(2000-01-31)
+
+RFC 1777
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Lightweight
+	Directory Access Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1777)}.
+
+	(1996-08-23)
+
+RFC 1778
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} that defines the requirements
+	that must be satisfied by encoding rules used to render {X.500}
+	Directory attribute syntaxes into a form suitable for use in
+	{LDAP}.
+
+	{(rfc:1778)}.
+
+	(2002-03-02)
+
+RFC 1795
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} that defines {Data Link
+	Switching}.
+
+	{(rfc:1795)}.
+
+	(2008-01-11)
+
+RFC 1823
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining the {C} language
+	{application program interface} to the {Lightweight Directory
+	Access Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1823)}.
+
+	(1996-11-28)
+
+RFC 1825
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} describing security
+	mechanisms for {Internet Protocol} version 4 and {IP version
+	6} and the services that they provide.
+
+	{(rfc:1825)}.
+
+	(1997-07-09)
+
+RFC 1831
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} describing {ONC} {RPC}.
+
+	(2003-06-04)
+
+RFC 1861
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Simple Network
+	Paging Protocol}.  See also {RFC 1568}.
+
+	{(rfc:1861)}.
+
+	(1997-04-25)
+
+RFC 1938
+
+	<security, standard> The {RFC} describing a proposed
+	{standard} for a {One-Time Password} system, obsoleted by {RFC
+	2289}.
+
+	["A One-Time Password System.", N. Haller & C. Metz].
+
+	{(rfc:1938)}.
+
+	(2000-03-05)
+
+RFC 1951
+
+	<standard> The {RFC} describing {deflate} {compression}.
+
+	{(rfc:1951)}.
+
+	(1997-06-21)
+
+RFC 1959
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining a {URL} format for
+	the {Lightweight Directory Access Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1959)}.
+
+	(1996-11-28)
+
+RFC 1960
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining the human-readable
+	format of search filters used with the {Lightweight Directory
+	Access Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:1960)}.
+
+	(2002-03-02)
+
+RFC 2045
+
+	<messaging, standard> One of the {RFCs} defining {MIME}.
+
+	{(rfc:2045)}.
+
+	(1999-10-29)
+
+RFC 2046
+
+	<messaging, standard> One of the {RFCs} defining {MIME}.
+
+	{(rfc:2046)}.
+
+	(1999-10-29)
+
+RFC 2047
+
+	<messaging, standard> One of the {RFCs} defining {MIME}.
+
+	{(rfc:2047)}.
+
+	(1999-10-29)
+
+RFC 2048
+
+	<messaging, file format, standard> The {RFC} explaining
+	registration of {MIME types}.
+
+	{(rfc:2048)}.
+
+	(1998-02-11)
+
+RFC 2049
+
+	<messaging, standard> One of the {RFCs} defining {MIME}.
+
+	{(rfc:2049)}.
+
+	(1999-10-29)
+
+RFC 2060
+
+	<messaging> One of the {RFCs} describing {IMAP}.
+
+	{(rfc:2060)}.
+
+	(1999-03-14)
+
+RFC 2061
+
+	<messaging> One of the {RFCs} describing {IMAP}.
+
+	{(rfc:2061)}.
+
+	(1999-03-14)
+
+RFC 2068
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {HTTP} version 1.1.
+
+	{(rfc:2068)}.
+
+	(1997-05-03)
+
+RFC 2093
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} specifying the {Inverse
+	Address Resolution Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:2093)}.
+
+	(2000-01-15)
+
+RFC 2131
+
+	<networking, protocol> The {RFC} defining {DHCP}.  Obsoletes
+	{RFC 1531}.
+
+	{(rfc:2131)}.
+
+	(1998-11-22)
+
+RFC 2234
+
+	<standard> The {RFC} defining {Augmented Backus-Naur Form}.
+
+	{(rfc:2234)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+RFC 2236
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} describing {IGMP} version 2.
+
+	{(rfc:2236)}.
+
+	(1999-11-08)
+
+RFC 2246
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} that defines {TLS} protocol
+	Version 1.0.  Written by T. Dierks and C. Allen in January
+	1999.
+
+	{(rfc:2246)}.
+
+	(2003-10-25)
+
+RFC 2279
+
+	<standard> The {RFC} defining {UTF-8}.
+
+	{(rfc:2279)}.
+
+	(1998-07-29)
+
+RFC 2281
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} describing {CISCO} {Hot
+	Standby Routing Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:2281)}.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+RFC 2298
+
+	<security, standard> The {RFC} proposing a {standard}
+	{One-Time Password} system.
+
+	{(rfc:2298)}.
+
+	(2000-03-05)
+
+RFC 2326
+
+	<standard> The {RFC} defining {RTSP}.
+
+	{(rfc:2326)}.
+
+	(1999-10-12)
+
+RFC 2364
+
+	The {RFC} defining {PPPoA}.
+
+	{(rfc:2364)}.
+
+	(2007-06-15)
+
+RFC 2408
+
+	<standard, security> The {RFC} proposing {ISAKMP}.
+
+	{(rfc:2408)}.
+
+	(2000-02-08)
+
+RFC 2516
+
+	<standard, security> The {RFC} defining {Point-to-Point
+	Protocol over Ethernet} (PPPoE).
+
+	{(rfc:2516)}.
+
+	(2006-09-20)
+
+RFC 2543
+
+	<networking, standard> One of the {RFCs} describing {Session
+	Initiation Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:2543)}.
+
+	(2000-07-08)
+
+RFC 2795
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} describing The {Infinite
+	Monkey Protocol Suite }.
+
+	{(rfc:2795)}.
+
+RFC 2821
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} describing {SMTP}.  RFC 2821
+	supersedes {RFC 821}.
+
+	{(rfc:2821)}.
+
+	(2007-06-01)
+
+RFC 3232
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} describing {TCP} {port}
+	numbers.  RFC 3232 supersedes RFC 1700.
+
+	{(rfc:3232)}.
+
+	See also {IANA}, {STD 2}.
+
+	(2004-12-30)
+
+RFC 4213
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining mechanisms for
+	transitioning to {IPv6}, such as {dual-stack} versus {tunnelling}.
+
+	{(rfc:4213)}.
+
+	(2013-11-12)
+
+RFC 792
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Internet Control
+	Message Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:792)}.
+
+	(1996-08-23)
+
+RFC 821
+
+	<messaging, standard> The original {RFC} defining {SMTP}.
+	Updated by {RFC 2821}.
+
+	{(rfc:821)}.
+
+	(2007-06-01)
+
+RFC 822
+
+	<messaging, standard> The {RFC} defining the {Internet}
+	standard format for {electronic mail} message headers.  Also
+	{STD 11}, evolved from RFC 733.
+
+	{(rfc:822)}.
+
+	(1997-03-08)
+
+RFC 826
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining the {Address
+	Resolution Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:826)}.
+
+	(1997-11-21)
+
+RFC 854
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining the {telnet}
+	protocol.
+
+	["Telnet Protocol specification", J. Postel, J.K. Reynolds,
+	1983-05-01].
+
+	{(rfc:854)}.
+
+	(2000-03-18)
+
+RFC 903
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} defining {Reverse Address
+	Resolution Protocol}.
+
+	{(rfc:903)}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+RFC 908
+
+	<networking, standard> The July 1984 {RFC} defining {Reliable
+	Data Protocol} (RDP).
+
+	{(rfc:908)}.
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+RFC 959
+
+	<networking, standard> The {RFC} containing the official
+	specification of {File Transfer Protocol} (FTP).
+
+	{(rfc:959)}.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+RFCOMM
+
+	<protocol> (RS232 Serial Cable Emulation Profile) A
+	{Bluetooth} transport {protocol} in the {Core Protocol Stack}
+	based on the {ETSI} standard.
+
+	{RFCOMM Layer Tutorial
+	(http://palowireless.com/infotooth/tutorial/rfcomm.asp)}.
+
+	(2002-06-28)
+
+RFE
+
+	1. {Request For Enhancement} (compare {RFC}).
+
+	2. (From "Radio Free Europe", {Bellcore} and {Sun}) Radio Free
+	Ethernet.
+
+	A system originated by Peter Langston for broadcasting audio
+	among Sun {SPARCstations} over the {Ethernet}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+RFI
+
+	{radio frequency interference}
+
+RFID
+
+	{Radio-frequency identification}
+
+RFP
+
+	1. <business> {Request for Proposal}.
+
+	2. <Debian> {Request for Package}.
+
+	(2001-01-15)
+
+RFT
+
+	{Request For Technology}
+
+RG58
+
+	<networking, hardware> A common, low-impedance (52 ohm),
+	quarter-inch diameter {coaxial cable} with {BNC} connectors,
+	used for {10base2} {Ethernet} wiring, sometimes called
+	"{cheapernet}" in comparison with "full spec" {RG8} cabling.
+	A member of the "Radio Guide" series.
+
+	(2002-06-17)
+
+RG8
+
+	<networking, hardware> The original "full spec" cable used for
+	{10base5} {Ethernet} networks.  RG8 is stiff, large diameter
+	{coaxial} cable with an {impedance} of 50 ohms, a member of the
+	"Radio Guide" series.  The outer sheath is usually yellow, to
+	indicate double shielding, so it is often just called "yellow
+	cable".
+
+	10base5 cable is designed to allow transceivers to be added
+	while existing connections are live.  This is achieved using a
+	"{vampire tap}".
+
+	RG8 is sometimes called "thicknet" or "thick Ethernet" in contrast
+	to {RG58}, a cheaper, thinner, more flexible alternative.
+
+	(2014-09-06)
+
+RGB
+
+	Red, Green, Blue.  The three colours of light which can be
+	mixed to produce any other colour.  Coloured images are often
+	stored as a sequence of RGB triplets or as separate red, green
+	and blue overlays though this is not the only possible
+	representation (see {CMYK} and {HSV}).  These colours
+	correspond to the three "guns" in a colour {cathode ray tube}
+	and to the colour receptors in the human eye.
+
+	Often used as a synonym for colour, as in "RGB monitor" as
+	opposed to {monochrome} (black and white).
+
+Rhapsody
+
+	<operating system> {Apple Computer, Inc.}'s next-generation
+	{operating system} for {PowerPC} processor-based systems
+	capable of running {Mac OS}.  Rhapsody includes four
+	components: the Core OS, the {Blue Box} (the implementation of
+	the Mac OS within Rhapsody), the {Yellow Box}, and the Advanced
+	Mac Look and Feel.
+
+	"Rhapsody for Intel" runs on {Intel} processors [which ones?].
+	It includes the Core OS, the {Yellow Box}, and the Advanced
+	Mac Look and Feel, but lacks the {Blue Box} and therefore is
+	unable to run Mac OS software.
+
+	"Rhapsody Developer Release" is a developer-only release of
+	{Rhapsody}, scheduled for release in late 1997.  It will go to
+	all members of the Macintosh Developer Program and the Apple
+	Media Program worldwide who have signed nondisclosure
+	agreements.
+
+	"Rhapsody Premier Release" will be the second release of
+	{Rhapsody}, scheduled for early 1998.  It is meant for early
+	adopters and will include a partially finished human interface
+	and a partial implementation of the {Blue Box}.
+
+	"Rhapsody Unified Release" will be the third release,
+	scheduled for mid-1998.  It will be the first public release,
+	and it will include the first full implementation of the
+	{Rhapsody} human interface and the {Blue Box}.
+
+	{FAQ (http://devworld.euro.apple.com/rhapsody/faqsec1.html)}.
+
+	(1997-10-15)
+
+ribbon cable
+
+	<hardware> A type of flat multicore cable with cores
+	positioned side-by-side, making it quick and relatively easy
+	to clamp an {Insulation Displacement Connector} (IDC) across
+	all cores.
+
+	Ribbon cables typically have grey insulation with cores on a
+	0.050" pitch and a red stripe marking Pin 1.  They are less
+	resilient than screened, multicore cable and are usually used
+	inside equipment where little movement or plugging and
+	unplugging are expected.  A common use is connecting a {disk
+	drive} to the {motherboard} in a {PC}.
+
+	(2007-07-21)
+
+rib site
+
+	<networking> (By analogy with {backbone site}) A {host} with
+	an on-demand high-speed link to a {backbone site} that serves
+	as a regional distribution point for lots of third-party
+	traffic in {electronic mail} and {Usenet} news.
+
+	Compare {leaf site}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+rice box
+
+	<jargon> (From ham radio slang) Any Asian-made commodity
+	computer, especially an {80x86}-based machine built to {IBM
+	PC}-compatible {ISA} or {EISA}-bus standards.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Richard Gabriel
+
+	<person> (Dick, RPG) Dr. Richard P. Gabriel.  A noted {SAIL}
+	{LISP} {hacker} and volleyball fanatic.
+
+	Consulting Professor of Computer Science at {Stanford
+	University}.  Richard Gabriel is a leader in the {Lisp} and
+	{OOP} community, with years of contributions to
+	{standardisation}.  He founded the successful company, {Lucid
+	Technologies, Inc.}.
+
+	In 1996 he was Distinguished Computer Scientist at
+	ParcPlace-Digitalk, Inc. (later renamed {ObjectShare, Inc.}).
+
+	See also {gabriel}, {Qlambda}, {QLISP}, {saga}.
+
+	(1999-10-12)
+
+Richard Hamming
+
+	<person> Professor Richard Wesley Hamming (1915-02-11 -
+	1998-01-07).  An American mathematician known for his work in
+	{information theory} (notably {error detection and
+	correction}), having invented the concepts of {Hamming code},
+	{Hamming distance}, and {Hamming window}.
+
+	Richard Hamming received his B.S. from the University of
+	Chicago in 1937, his M.A. from the University of Nebraska in
+	1939, and his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of
+	Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1942.  In 1945 Hamming joined
+	the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos.
+
+	In 1946, after World War II, Hamming joined the {Bell
+	Telephone Laboratories} where he worked with both {Shannon}
+	and {John Tukey}.  He worked there until 1976 when he accepted
+	a chair of computer science at the Naval Postgraduate School
+	at Monterey, California.
+
+	Hamming's fundamental paper on error-detecting and
+	error-correcting codes ("{Hamming codes}") appeared in 1950.
+
+	His work on the {IBM 650} leading to the development in 1956
+	of the {L2} programming language.  This never displaced the
+	workhorse language {L1} devised by Michael V Wolontis.  By
+	1958 the 650 had been elbowed aside by the 704.
+
+	Although best known for error-correcting codes, Hamming was
+	primarily a numerical analyst, working on integrating
+	{differential equations} and the {Hamming spectral window}
+	used for smoothing data before {Fourier analysis}.  He wrote
+	textbooks, propounded aphorisms ("the purpose of computing is
+	insight, not numbers"), and was a founder of the {ACM} and a
+	proponent of {open-shop} computing ("better to solve the right
+	problem the wrong way than the wrong problem the right way.").
+
+	In 1968 he was made a fellow of the {Institute of Electrical
+	and Electronics Engineers} and awarded the {Turing Prize} from
+	the {Association for Computing Machinery}.  The Institute of
+	Electrical and Electronics Engineers awarded Hamming the
+	Emanuel R Piore Award in 1979 and a medal in 1988.
+
+	{(http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hamming.html)}.
+
+	{(http://zapata.seas.smu.edu/~gorsak/hamming.html)}.
+
+	{(http://webtechniques.com/archives/1998/03/homepage/)}.
+
+	[Richard Hamming.  Coding and Information Theory.
+	Prentice-Hall, 1980.  ISBN 0-13-139139-9].
+
+	(2003-06-07)
+
+Richard Korf
+
+	<person> A Professor of computer science at the University of
+	California, Los Angeles.  Richard Korf received his B.S. from
+	{MIT} in 1977, and his M.S. and Ph.D. in computer science from
+	Carnegie-Mellon University in 1980 and 1983.  From 1983 to
+	1985 he served as Herbert M. Singer Assistant Professor of
+	Computer Science at Columbia University.
+
+	Dr. Korf studies problem-solving, {heuristic search} and
+	{planning} in {artificial intelligence}.  He wrote "Learning
+	to Solve Problems by Searching for Macro-Operators" (Pitman,
+	1985).  He serves on the editorial boards of Artificial
+	Intelligence, and the Journal of Applied Intelligence.
+	Dr. Korf is the recipient of several awards and is a Fellow of
+	the {American Association for Artificial Intelligence}.
+
+	{Richard Korf home page (http://www.cs.ucla.edu/~korf/)}.
+
+	(2007-05-01)
+
+Richard P. Feynman
+
+	<person, computing, architecture> /fayn'mn/ 1918-1988.  A US
+	physicist, computer scientist and author who graduated from
+	{Massachusetts Institute of Technology} and {Princeton}.
+	Feynmane was a key figure in helping Oppenheimer and team
+	develop atomic bomb.  In 1950 he became a professor at
+	{Caltech} and in 1965 became Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics
+	for QED (quantum electrodynamics).  He was a primary figure in
+	"solving" the Challenger disaster O-ring problem.  He
+	"rediscovered" the former Soviet Socialist Republic of Tuva.
+	The 2001 film "Infinity" about Feynman's early life featured
+	Matthew Broderick and Patricia Arquette.  In 2001, "QED", a
+	play about Feynman's life featuring Alan Alda opened.
+
+	{(http://www.feynman.com/)}.
+
+	(2008-01-14)
+
+Richard P. Gabriel
+
+	{Richard Gabriel}
+
+Richard Stallman
+
+	<person> Richard M. Stallman.  Founder of the {GNU} project.
+	He resigned from the {AI lab} at {MIT} so he would be free to
+	produce {free software} which he could then distribute on his
+	own terms.  He went on to establish the {Free Software
+	Foundation} to support the production of free software and
+	ensure its free distribution.
+
+	E-mail: <rms@gnu.ai.mit.edu>.
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+rich object
+
+	In {artificial intelligence}, an object which cannot be
+	completely described or represented but about which assertions
+	can be made.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+Rich Site Summary
+
+	<web, standard> (RSS, blog, feed) A family of
+	{standard} {web} document types containing regularly
+	updated, short articles or news items.
+
+	RSS documents (generally called "RSS feeds", "news feeds" or just
+	"feeds") can be read with an RSS reader like {BottomFeeder} or
+	{Feedly}.  These are sometimes called "{aggregators}" because they
+	combine multiple RSS feeds which the user can browse as a single
+	list.  The RSS reader tracks which articles the use has read, and
+	is typically set to show only new articles, hence the idea of a
+	"feed" or flow of new items.
+
+	Most RSS feeds are based on {RDF}.  {RDF} is a structured document
+	format for describing textual resources such as news articles
+	available on the web.  RSS originally stood for "RDF Site Summary"
+	as it was designed to provide short descriptions of (changes to) a
+	{website}.
+
+	Because it provides a standard way to deliver, or "syndicate",
+	news or updates from one site to another, RSS is sometimes
+	expanded as "Really Simple Syndication".  It is closely associated
+	with {blogs}, most of which provide an RSS feed of articles.
+
+	(2013-08-15)
+
+Rich Text Format
+
+	(RTF) An interchange format from {Microsoft} for exchange of
+	documents between {Word} and other document preparation
+	systems.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+RIFF
+
+	<file format> {Microsoft}'s equivalent to the {Amiga}'s {IFF}
+	files format.  RIFF is used for {WAV} and {AVI} files.
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+RIGAL
+
+	A language for compiler writing.  Data strucures are atoms,
+	lists/trees.  Control is based on {pattern matching}.
+
+	["Programming Language RIGAL as a Compiler Writing Tool",
+	M.I. Augustson, Inst of Math and CS of Latvia U, 1987].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+Rigel
+
+	A {database} language?  Based on {Pascal}.  Listed by
+	M.P. Atkinson & J.W. Schmidt in a tutorial presented in
+	Zurich, 1989.
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+right brace
+
+	<character> "}".  {ASCII} character 125.
+
+	Common names: close brace; right brace; right squiggly; right
+	squiggly bracket/brace; right curly bracket/brace; {ITU-T}:
+	closing brace.  Rare: unbrace; uncurly; rytit ("{" = leftit);
+	right squirrelly; {INTERCAL}: bracelet ("{" = embrace).
+
+	Paired with {left brace}
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+right bracket
+
+	<character> "]".  {ASCII} character 93.
+
+	Common names: right square bracket; {ITU-T}: closing bracket;
+	unbracket.  Rare: unsquare; {INTERCAL}: U turn back.
+
+	Paired with {left bracket}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+right-click
+
+	<hardware> To {click} the right-most {mouse} button on a mouse
+	with more than one button.  This usually performs a different
+	function from the left button, e.g. displaying a
+	{context-sensitive menu} ({Microsoft Windows}), extending the
+	{selection} ({X}).
+
+	When used as a verb it is often written as two words with a
+	space instead of a hyphen.
+
+	(2006-07-09)
+
+right join
+
+	{outer join}
+
+right outer join
+
+	{outer join}
+
+right parenthesis
+
+	<character> ")".  {ASCII} character 41.
+
+	Common names: right paren; right parenthesis; right; close;
+	thesis ("(" = paren); close paren; close parenthesis; right
+	parenthesis; right banana.  Rare: already ("(" = so); rparen;
+	{ITU-T}: closing parenthesis; close round bracket, right round
+	bracket, {INTERCAL}: wane ("(" = wax); unparenthisey ("(" =
+	parenthisey); right ear.
+
+	Paired with {left parenthesis}.
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+Right Thing
+
+	That which is *compellingly* the correct or appropriate thing
+	to use, do, say, etc.  Always capitalised, always emphasised
+	in speech as though capitalised.  Use of this term often
+	implies that in fact reasonable people may disagree.  "What's
+	the Right Thing for {Lisp} to do when it sees "(mod a 0)"?
+	Should it return "a", or give a divide-by-0 error?"
+
+	Opposite: {Wrong Thing}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+Rijndael
+
+	{Advanced Encryption Standard}
+
+ring network
+
+	<networking, topology> A network topology in which all {nodes}
+	are connected to a single wire in a ring or {point-to-point}.
+	There are no endpoints.  This topology is used by {token ring}
+	networks.
+
+	Compare: {bus network}, {star network}.
+
+	(2000-11-16)
+
+ring topology
+
+	{ring network}
+
+Riordan's Internet Privacy Enhanced Mail
+
+	<messaging> (RIPEM) A (not yet complete, but useful)
+	implementation of {Privacy Enhanced Mail} (PEM).  RIPEM allows
+	your {electronic mail} to have the four security facilities
+	provided by PEM: {disclosure protection} (optional),
+	originator authenticity, message {integrity} measures and
+	{non-repudiation} of origin (always).
+
+	RIPEM was written primarily by Mark Riordan
+	<mrr@scss3.cl.msu.edu>.  Most of the code is in the {public
+	domain}, except for the {RSA} routines, which are a library
+	called RSAREF licensed from {RSA Data Security, Inc}.
+
+	The current (November 1993) version of RIPEM is 1.1a; the
+	current version of the {Macintosh} {port} of RIPEM is 0.8b1.
+
+	(1998-07-03)
+
+RIP
+
+	1. <networking> {Routing Information Protocol}.
+
+	2. <application, printer> {Raster Image Processor}.
+
+	(2003-09-10)
+
+rip
+
+	<audio, video, legal> (From "rip off" - to steal) To copy
+	audio or video, typically from a {compact disc} or {DVD}, to a
+	{file} on a {computer} {hard disk}.  A dedicated program to do
+	this is called a "ripper" though it is often a function of
+	player software.
+
+	Ripping usually includes converting the data to a format that
+	is more suitable for computer playback, e.g. {MP3} {digital
+	audio} or {DivX} video.  The process is entirely digital so it
+	is possible to make a perfect copy of the data.  However the
+	resulting files are large (a few {megabytes} for an audio
+	track, a few {gigabytes} for a film) so the conversion often
+	includes {compression} to reduce the file size at the cost of
+	some loss of quality.
+
+	While it may be legal to do this for personal use,
+	distributing a ripped copyright work to others could result in
+	prosecution.
+
+	See also {ripcording}.
+
+	(2008-01-21)
+
+ripcording
+
+	<audio> (From "{ripping}" and "recording") Encoding
+	{streaming} {digital audio} from the {Internet} to an {MP3}
+	file or similar.  Ripcording is commononly used to copy
+	commercial music from a free stream instead of paying to
+	download.
+
+	(2006-01-27)
+
+RIPE
+
+	{Réseaux IP Européens}
+
+RIPEM
+
+	{Riordan's Internet Privacy Enhanced Mail}
+
+ripper
+
+	{rip}
+
+RISC
+
+	{Reduced Instruction Set Computer}
+
+RISCiX
+
+	<operating system> /risk-icks/ (Or "RISC iX") {BSD}-based
+	{Unix} developed by {Acorn Computers Ltd.} (Cambridge, UK) to
+	run on 32-bit {ARM} {RISC} processors.
+
+	RISCiX was launched circa 1989 for three production machines -
+	the R140, R260, the discless R225; and other prototypes.
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+RISC OS
+
+	<operating system> (Reduced Instruction Set Computer Operating
+	System) The {operating system} originally developed by {Acorn
+	Computers} for their {Archimedes} family of {personal
+	computers}.
+
+	RISC OS replaced the {Arthur} operating system used on the
+	first Archimedeses.
+
+	It is written in {ARM} {assembly code} and distributed on
+	{ROM} so it takes up no disk space and takes no time to load.
+	It supports {cooperative multitasking} with memory management
+	and includes a {graphical user interface} or "WIMP".  It is
+	written in a highly modular style and makes extensive use of
+	{vectors} so it is easy to modify and extend by loading new
+	modules in {RAM}.  Many {system calls} (called "SWIs" -
+	software interrupts) are available to application programmers
+	and some of these are available as user comands via a built-in
+	{command-line interpreter}.  RISC OS also supported {outline
+	fonts} when only {bitmap fonts} were available on most other
+	{platforms}.
+
+	Following the virtual demise of Acorn, development of RISC OS
+	4 was taken over by {RISCOS Ltd} on 1999-03-05 and released on
+	1999-07-01.
+
+	Latest version: 4.39, as of 2004-09-21.
+
+	(2004-09-21)
+
+RiscPC
+
+	<computer> The final addition to {Acorn}'s {Archimedes} family
+	of {personal computers}, released in April 1994.  The RiscPC
+	allowed a second processor, e.g. an {Intel 486} or a second
+	{ARM}, to share the {bus}, memory and {peripherals} with the
+	main processor.  It also had full 24-bit colour graphics
+	support.
+
+	The Risc PC 600 (the first to be launched) had the new
+	{ARM600} processor and {RISC OS} 3.5.  The RiscPC 700 had an
+	{ARM710} processor and RISC OS 3.6, and the SA had the
+	{StrongARM} processor and RISC OS 3.7.
+
+	{Castle Technology Ltd} later introduced the {IYONIX pc} with
+	the 32-bit {X-Scale} processor and {USB} sockets.  USB and
+	StrongArm can also be retrofitted to earlier RiscPCs.
+
+	RiscPCs are among the most energy efficient home computers.
+
+	{Acorn Computer Museum
+	(http://pages.zoom.co.uk/acorn.computer/riscpc.html)}.
+
+	(2004-09-21)
+
+RISC System/6000
+
+	<computer> (Or "RS/6000") {IBM}'s current {RISC}-based {Unix}
+	computer.  The RS/6000, announced in 1990, replaced the
+	{RT-PC}.  It runs {AIX} 3.x and 4.x.  Most models have an
+	{MCA} bus.  A wide range of models are available.
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+Risk Based Testing
+
+	<testing> Testing based on identification of potential risks
+	(or "candidate risks"), which should be analysed by the
+	project stakeholder or which might appear during the project's
+	development.
+
+	(2006-09-07)
+
+RISQL
+
+	{Red Brick Intelligent SQL}
+
+RITL
+
+	{Wireless Local Loop}
+
+RJ-11
+
+	<hardware, communications> An American-style telephone jack
+	with six possible connections.  A telephone normally uses two
+	pairs of wires.  Often found on the back of US-manufactured
+	{modems} or for connection to a {leased line}.
+
+	(1998-06-30)
+
+RJ-45
+
+	<hardware> A {serial} connector which looks very much like a
+	standard telephone connector, except it houses eight wires
+	instead of four.
+
+	RJ-45s are typically found on {computers} either integrated
+	into the {mother board} or on a {NIC}.  Because they are so
+	small they are often used on devices such as {terminal
+	servers} that have many {ports}.
+
+	{Ethernet} ({10baseT}) and {Token Ring} sometimes use four
+	wires of an RJ-45 plug, {100baseVG} uses all eight.
+	{100BaseTX} uses the same four wires of the RJ-45 connector as
+	10baseT but the wire must be {category 5} instead of {category
+	3}.
+
+	[Would the cable normally be {shielded twisted pair} or
+	{unshielded twisted pair}?]
+
+	(2004-05-22)
+
+RJE
+
+	{Remote Job Entry}
+
+RKM
+
+	{Rom Kernel Manual}
+
+RL
+
+	(MUD community) Real Life.
+
+	"Firiss laughs in RL" means that Firiss's player is laughing.
+
+	Opposite: {VR}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+rl
+
+	Kent Wittenburg <kentw@bellcore.com>.
+
+	The RL files contain code for defining {relational grammars}
+	and using them in a bottom-up parser to recognise and/or parse
+	expressions in Relational Languages.
+
+	The approach is a simplification of that described in
+	Wittenburg, Weitzman, and Talley (1991), Unification-Based
+	Grammars and Tabular Parsing for Graphical Languages, Journal
+	of Visual Languages and Computing 2:347-370.  This code is
+	designed to support the definition and parsing of Relational
+	Languages, which are characterised as sets of objects standing
+	in user-defined relations.
+
+	Correctness and completeness is independent of the order in
+	which the input is given to the parser.  Data to be parsed can
+	be in many forms as long as an interface is supported for
+	queries and predicates for the relations used in grammar
+	productions.
+
+	To date, this software has been used to parse recursive
+	pen-based input such as math expressions and {flow charts}; to
+	check for {data integrity} and design conformance in
+	databases; to automatically generate constraints in
+	drag-and-drop style graphical interfaces; and to generate
+	graphical displays by parsing relational data and generating
+	output code.
+
+	requires:	Common Lisp
+
+	ports: Allegro Common Lisp 4.1, Macintosh Common Lisp 2.0
+
+	{(ftp://flash.bellcore.com/rl/)}.
+
+	(1992-10-31)
+
+RLaB
+
+	A {MATLAB}-like matrix-oriented programming language/toolbox.
+	RLaB focusses on creating a good experimental environment (or
+	laboratory) in which to do matrix mathematics.  Currently RLaB
+	has numeric scalars and matrices (real and complex), and
+	string scalars, and matrices.  RLaB also contains a list
+	variable type, which is a heterogeneous associative array.
+
+	Version 0.95 includes an interpreter, libraries and
+	documentation.  E-mail: Ian Searle <ians@eskimo.com>.
+	{(ftp://evans.ee.adfa.oz.au)}.  Requires {GNUPLOT},
+	lib[IF]77.a (from f2c).  Ported to many {platforms} including
+	{Unix}, {OS/2},	{Amiga}.
+
+	(1993-10-27)
+
+RLDRAM
+
+	<storage> (Reduced Latency DRAM) A kind of {dynamic random
+	access memory}.  RLDRAM comes in "common IO" and "separate IO"
+	configurations.  It supports {broadside addressing}.  It is
+	typically used in networking gear and set-top boxes that
+	require high {bandwidth} memory.
+
+	[What is the latency, and how does it compare to ordinary DRAM?]
+
+	(2007-03-20)
+
+RLE
+
+	{run-length encoding}
+
+RLF
+
+	{Reuse Library Framework} of the {DoD}.
+
+RLL
+
+	1. <language> {Representation Language Language}.
+
+	2. <storage> {Run Length Limited}.
+
+	(2003-07-24)
+
+rlogin
+
+	<networking, tool> (Remote login) The {4.2BSD} {Unix} utility
+	to allow a user to log in on another {host} via a network.
+	Rlogin communicates with a {daemon} on the remote host.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: rlogin(1).
+
+	See also {telnet}.
+
+	(1997-01-12)
+
+RMAG
+
+	{Recursive Macro Actuated Generator}
+
+RMAIL
+
+	<messaging> A {MUA} written in {Emacs Lisp} to run within
+	{Emacs}.
+
+	(1996-03-21)
+
+RMI
+
+	{Remote Method Invocation}
+
+RM-ODP
+
+	<programming> The {ISO Reference Model} for {Open
+	Distributed Environments}.
+
+	{(http://pepper.open.ac.uk/~armsarms/sa.html)}.
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+RMON
+
+	1. <networking> {remote monitoring}.
+
+	2. {Remote Monitor}.
+
+	(2003-09-15)
+
+RMS
+
+	1. {Record Management Services}.
+
+	2. {Richard Stallman}.
+
+RNF
+
+	{root normal form}
+
+ro
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Romania.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+roach
+
+	<jargon> A {Bell Labs} term meaning destroy, especially of a
+	data structure.  Hardware gets {toast}ed or {fried}, software
+	gets roached.
+
+	[Why?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-02-08)
+
+ROADS
+
+	Subsystem of ICES.  Sammet 1969, p.616.
+
+Robert T. Morris
+
+	The creator of the "{Internet Worm}" that wreaked havoc on
+	many {Internet} systems for a day or two.
+
+	Morris, the son of an NSA spook, did some jail time for
+	releasing the worm.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+ROBEX
+
+	ROBot EXapt.  Aachen Tech College.  Based on EXAPT.  Version:
+	ROBEX-M for micros.
+
+RoboHELP
+
+	<tool> A {Microsoft} {Windows} Help authoring tool from {Blue
+	Sky Software}.  Used with {Microsoft Word} to create Help
+	files for inclusion in a Windows application or for stand
+	alone use.
+
+	(1997-01-19)
+
+robot
+
+	1. <robotics> A mechanical device for performing a task which
+	might otherwise be done by a human, e.g. spraying paint on
+	cars.
+
+	See also {cybernetics}.
+
+	2. <chat> An {IRC} or {MUD} user who is actually a program.
+	On IRC, typically the robot provides some useful service.
+	Examples are {NickServ}, which tries to prevent random users
+	from adopting {nicks} already claimed by others, and MsgServ,
+	which allows one to send {asynchronous} messages to be
+	delivered when the recipient signs on.  Also common are
+	"annoybots", such as KissServ, which perform no useful
+	function except to send cute messages to other people.
+	Service robots are less common on {MUDs}; but some others,
+	such as the "Julia" robot active in 1990--91, have been
+	remarkably impressive {Turing test} experiments, able to pass
+	as human for as long as ten or fifteen minutes of
+	conversation.
+
+	3. <web> {spider}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+robot exclusion standard
+
+	{standard for robot exclusion}
+
+robots.txt
+
+	{standard for robot exclusion}
+
+robust
+
+	Said of a system that has demonstrated an ability to recover
+	gracefully from the whole range of exceptional inputs and
+	situations in a given environment.  One step below
+	{bulletproof}.  Carries the additional connotation of elegance
+	in addition to just careful attention to detail.  Compare
+	{smart}, opposite: {brittle}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Rockwell Protocol Interface
+
+	(RPI) A cost-cutting feature of some {modems} allowing data
+	{compression} and {error correction} (e.g. {ITU-T} {V.42bis},
+	{V.42}) to be provided in software instead of hardware.
+
+	Usually an RPI modem comes with RPI-aware software (e.g. the
+	low-end RPI models of Supra come with the {COMit} which
+	supports RPI, providing {MNP} 2,4,5,7, V.42 and V.42bis).  RPI
+	is not supported by many commercial packages nor by current
+	releases of popular {shareware} communication programs
+	({Telix} v3.22 and {Telemate} v4.12).  {ProComm Plus} for
+	{Windows 2.0} will support RPI.
+
+	Currently {Rockwell} produce two classes of RPI chip set.  The
+	original is capable of 2400 bit/s data, 9600 bit/s class
+	1-only fax.  The newer one is capable of 14400 bit/s data/fax.
+	Currently there are no RPI chipset from Rockwell supporting
+	speeds higher than 14400 bit/s.
+
+	(1994-07-01)
+
+Rocky Mountain Basic
+
+	<language> The {BASIC} language used by {Hewlett Packard} on
+	their {680x0}-based computers.  Rocky Mountain Basic is good
+	for interfaces to {IEEE 488} controls and contains many
+	mathematical and matrix functions.  It has about 600 commands.
+	Typical applications include automatic test stations.
+
+	(1996-04-28)
+
+rococo
+
+	<jargon, abuse> {Baroque} in the extreme.  Used to imply that
+	a program has become so encrusted with the software equivalent
+	of gold leaf and curlicues that they have completely swamped
+	the underlying design.  Called after the later and more
+	extreme forms of Baroque architecture and decoration prevalent
+	during the mid-1700s in Europe.  Alan Perlis said: "Every
+	program eventually becomes rococo, and then rubble."
+
+	Compare {critical mass}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-04-06)
+
+ROCOF
+
+	{Rate of Occurrence of Failures}
+
+roff
+
+	<text, tool> A text formatting language associated with
+	{Unix}.  See {groff}, {nroff}, {troff}.
+
+	[Was roff the original?  Platform(s)?]
+
+	(1998-11-14)
+
+ROFL
+
+	{ROTFL}
+
+ROFLMAO
+
+	{ROTFLMAO}
+
+rogue
+
+	<games> [Unix] A Dungeons-and-Dragons-like game using
+	character graphics, written under BSD Unix and subsequently
+	ported to other Unix systems.  The original BSD "curses(3)"
+	screen-handling package was hacked together by Ken Arnold to
+	support "rogue(6)" and has since become one of Unix's most
+	important and heavily used application libraries.  Nethack,
+	Omega, Larn, and an entire subgenre of computer dungeon games
+	all took off from the inspiration provided by "rogue(6)".  See
+	also {nethack}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+rollback
+
+	<database> Reverting data in a {database} to an earlier state,
+	usually in response to an error or aborted operation.
+
+	In a {transaction} based database system, transactions are
+	considered {atomic}.  If an error occurs while performing a
+	transaction, the database is automatically rolled back
+	to the state at the previous {commit}.
+
+	Rollback may also be performed by an explicit rollback
+	transaction.
+
+	(2000-01-15)
+
+ROM
+
+	{Read-Only Memory}
+
+ROM BIOS
+
+	{Basic Input/Output System}
+
+ROME
+
+	An experimental {object-oriented} language.
+
+	["The Point of View Notion for {Multiple Inheritance}",
+	B. Carre et al, SIGPLAN Notices 25(10):312-321 (OOPSLA/ECOOP
+	'90) (Oct 1990)].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Rom Kernel Manual
+
+	<publication> (RKM) A series of books or files for developers
+	for the {Amiga} computer, containing information about the
+	{operating system} {kernel} stored in {ROM}.
+
+	(1996-04-06)
+
+room
+
+	{channel}
+
+ROOM Methodology
+
+	{Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling}
+
+room-temperature IQ
+
+	<abuse> (IBM) 80 or below.  Used in describing the expected
+	intelligence range of the {luser}.  "Well, but how's this
+	interface going to play with the room-temperature IQ crowd?"
+	This is a much more insulting phrase in countries that use
+	Celsius thermometers.
+
+	See {drool-proof paper}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-04-06)
+
+root
+
+	1. <operating system> The {Unix} {superuser} account (with
+	user name "root" and user ID 0) that overrides file
+	permissions.  The term {avatar} is also used.  By extension,
+	the privileged system-maintenance login on any {operating
+	system}.
+
+	See {root mode}, {go root}, {wheel}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+	2. <operating system> {root directory}.
+
+	(1996-11-21)
+
+	3. <data> {root node}.
+
+	(1998-11-14)
+
+root bridge
+
+	<communications, hardware, networking> A {bridge} which
+	continuously transmits {network} {topology} information to
+	other bridges, using the {spanning tree protocol}, in order to
+	notify all other bridges on the network when topology changes
+	are required.
+
+	This means that a network is able to reconfigure itself
+	whenever a network link (e.g. another bridge) fails, so an
+	alternative path can be found.  The presence of a root
+	bridge also prevents {loops} from forming in the network.
+
+	The root bridge is where the paths that {frames} take through
+	the network they are assigned.  It should be located centrally
+	on the network to provide the shortest path to other links on
+	the network.  Unlike other bridges, the root bridge always
+	forwards frames out over all of its {ports}.
+
+	Every network should only have one root bridge.  It should
+	have the lowest bridge ID number.
+
+	(2000-11-26)
+
+root directory
+
+	<file system> The topmost node of a {hierarchical file
+	system}.
+
+	(1996-11-21)
+
+root mode
+
+	Synonym with {wizard mode} or "wheel mode".  Like these, it is
+	often generalised to describe privileged states in systems
+	other than {operating systems}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+root node
+
+	<mathematics, data> In a {tree}, a node with no {parents}, but
+	which typically has {daughters}.
+
+	(1998-11-14)
+
+Root Normal Form
+
+	(RNF) {Head Normal Form} in {graph rewriting}.
+
+root version
+
+	The initial value of an object in a {change management}
+	system.
+
+ROSE
+
+	{Remote Operations Service Element}
+
+Rosette
+
+	<language> A {concurrent} {object-oriented language} from
+	{MCC}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1997-11-26)
+
+Roskind grammars
+
+	<tool> {Yacc}-based {parsers} for {C} and {C++} by Jim
+	Roskind.  It does not use the %prec and %assoc YACC features
+	so conflicts are never hidden.  The C {grammar} has only one
+	{shift-reduce conflict}, the C++ grammar has a few more.  With
+	{byacc} it can produce graphical {parse trees} automatically.
+	The C grammar conforms to {ANSI C} and the C++ grammar
+	supports {cfront} 2.0 constructs.
+
+	Latest version: cpp5 (cf2.0).
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.infoseek.com/pub/c++grammar/)}.
+
+	(2003-10-09)
+
+rot13
+
+	/rot ther'teen/ [{Usenet}: from "rotate alphabet 13 places"],
+	v. The simple Caesar-cypher encryption that replaces each
+	English letter with the one 13 places forward or back along
+	the alphabet, so that "The butler did it!" becomes "Gur ohgyre
+	qvq vg!"  Most {Usenet} news reading and posting programs
+	include a rot13 feature.  It is used to enclose the text in a
+	sealed wrapper that the reader must choose to open - e.g. for
+	posting things that might offend some readers, or {spoilers}.
+	A major advantage of rot13 over rot(N) for other N is that it
+	is self-inverse, so the same code can be used for encoding and
+	decoding.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+rotary debugger
+
+	(Commodore) Essential equipment for those late-night or
+	early-morning debugging sessions.  Mainly used as sustenance
+	for the hacker.  Comes in many decorator colours, such as
+	Sausage, Pepperoni, and Garbage.
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+rotational latency
+
+	<storage, hardware> The time for the start of the required
+	{sector} on a {disk} to appear underneath the {read/write
+	head}.  The worst case is where it has just passed the head
+	when the request is received.  For a {disk drive} with N heads
+	per surface, rotating at R revolutions per minute, the average
+	rotational latency will be
+
+		L = 30/NR seconds.
+
+	Rotational latency is one component of {access time}.
+
+	(2009-11-06)
+
+rotations per minute
+
+	{revolutions per minute}
+
+ROTFL
+
+	<chat> (Or "ROFL") Rolling on the floor laughing (or rolls...).
+
+	Used in {chat}, {MUD}, {news}.
+
+	See also {ROTFLMAO}, {ROTFLOL}.
+
+	(1996-02-22)
+
+ROTFLMAO
+
+	<chat> Rolling on the floor laughing my ass (arse) off.  An
+	extreme form of {ROTFL}.
+
+	(2000-11-12)
+
+ROTFLMAOASTC
+
+	<chat> Rolling on the floor laughing my ass (or arse) off and scaring
+	the cat.  The superlative form of {ROTFL}.
+
+	(2004-04-06)
+
+ROTFLOL
+
+	<chat> Rolling on the floor laughing out loud.  See {ROTFL}.
+
+	(1997-03-06)
+
+round-robin
+
+	<algorithm> A {scheduling} {algorithm} in which processes are
+	activated in a fixed cyclic order.  Those which cannot proceed
+	because they are waiting for some event (e.g. termination of a
+	{child process} or an input/output operation) simply return
+	control to the scheduler.  The virtue of round-robin
+	scheduling is its simplicity - only the processes themselves
+	need to know what they are waiting for or how to tell if it
+	has happened.  However, if a process goes back to sleep just
+	before the event for which it is waiting occurs then the event
+	will not get handled until all the other processes have been
+	activated.
+
+	Compare {priority scheduling}.
+
+	(1996-02-10)
+
+round tape
+
+	<storage, jargon> Industry-standard 1/2-inch {magnetic tape}
+	(7- or 9-track) on traditional circular reels.
+
+	See {macrotape}, opposite: {square tape}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-02-03)
+
+round-trip time
+
+	(RTT) A measure of the current delay on a network, found by
+	timing a packet bounced off some remote host.  This can be
+	done with {ping} -s.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+route
+
+	<networking> /root/ The sequence of {hosts}, {routers},
+	{bridges}, {gateways}, and other devices that network traffic
+	takes, or could take, from its source to its destination.  As
+	a verb, to determine the link down which to send a {packet},
+	that will minimise its total journey time according to some
+	{routeing algorithm}.
+
+	You can find the route from your computer to another using the
+	program {traceroute} on {Unix} or tracert on {Microsoft
+	Windows}.
+
+	(2001-05-26)
+
+routed
+
+	<networking> /root dee/ Route Daemon.  A program which runs
+	under {4.2BSD} {Unix} systems and derivatives to propagate
+	routes among machines on a {local area network}, using the
+	{Routing Information Protocol}.  See also {gated}.
+
+	(2002-07-31)
+
+route flapping
+
+	{flapping router}
+
+routeing
+
+	<networking> (US "routing") /roo'ting/ The process, performed
+	by a {router}, of selecting the correct interface and next
+	{hop} for a {packet} being forwarded.
+
+	This is the British and international standard spelling.
+
+	See also {Exterior Gateway Protocol}, {Interior Gateway
+	Protocol}.
+
+	(2001-05-28)
+
+routeing domain
+
+	<networking> (US "routing") A set of {routers} that exchange
+	routeing information within an {administrative domain}.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+router
+
+	<networking> /roo't*/ A device which forwards {packets}
+	between {networks}.  The forwarding decision is based on
+	{network layer} information and routing tables, often
+	constructed by routing {protocols}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: route(8).
+
+	See also {bridge}, {gateway}, {Exterior Gateway Protocol},
+	{Interior Gateway Protocol}, {flapping router}.
+
+	(1999-08-24)
+
+routine
+
+	{subroutine}
+
+routing
+
+	<tool> /row'ting/ Using a kind of rotating cutting tool called
+	a router, pronounced /row't*/.  In the USA a {router},
+	pronounced /row't*/, is also a network device that performs
+	"routing".  In the UK, the network device is pronounced
+	/roo't*/ and what it does is spelled "{routeing}".
+
+	(2002-07-31)
+
+Routing Information Protocol
+
+	1. <networking> (RIP) A {distance vector}, as opposed to {link
+	state}, {routing} {protocol}.  RIP is an {Internet} {standard}
+	{Interior Gateway Protocol} defined in {STD} 34, {RFC 1058}
+	and updated by {RFC 1388}.
+
+	See also {Open Shortest Path First}.
+
+	2. <networking> (RIP) A companion {protocol} to {IPX} for
+	exchange of {routing} information in a {Novell} {network}.
+	RIP has been partly superseded by {NLSP}.  It is not related
+	to the {Internet} protocol of the same name.
+
+	(1997-03-04)
+
+routing policy
+
+	<networking> Rules implemented on a {router} or other network
+	device to select routes from peers, customers, and upstream
+	providers; select and modify routes you send to peers,
+	customers and upstream providers and identify routes within
+	your own {Autonomous System}.
+
+	{(http://www.nanog.org/mtg-0202/ppt/golding/sld005.htm)}.
+
+	(2008-12-12)
+
+Routing Table Maintenance Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (RTMP) A {protocol} used by {AppleTalk} to ensure
+	that all {routers} on the network have consistent routing
+	information.
+
+	(1997-05-11)
+
+row
+
+	{record}
+
+Row Address Strobe
+
+	<storage> (RAS) An input to a {dynamic random-access memory}
+	(DRAM) to indicate that the row address lines are valid.
+
+	(2004-02-15)
+
+row-level locking
+
+	<database> A technique used in {database management systems},
+	where a {row} is locked for writing to prevent other users
+	from accessing data being while it is being updated.
+
+	Other techniques are {table locking} and {MVCC}.
+
+	(1999-06-18)
+
+Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University
+
+	Address: Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+RPC
+
+	{Remote Procedure Call}
+
+RPG
+
+	1. <games> {Role-Playing Game}.
+
+	2. <tool> {Report Program Generator}.
+
+	3. <person> {Richard Gabriel}.
+
+	(1999-10-12)
+
+RPG-II
+
+	{Report Program Generator}
+
+RPI
+
+	{Rockwell Protocol Interface}
+
+RPL
+
+	Reverse Polish LISP.  Language used by HP-28 and HP-48
+	calculators.
+
+RPL-1
+
+	Data reduction language.  Proc SJCC 30:571-575, AFIPS (Spring
+	1967).
+
+RPM
+
+	<operating system, tool> A {Unix} {package}-management system
+	that helps installation of software packages; similar to an
+	install program.
+
+	[More details?  Reference?  Expansion?]
+
+	(1996-03-07)
+
+rpm
+
+	{rotation per minute}
+
+RPN
+
+	{postfix notation}
+
+Répondez s'il vous plait
+
+	<chat> (RSVP) French for "please reply", commonly found
+	(abbreviated) on invitations.
+
+	(1996-12-02)
+
+RPT
+
+	Unify.  Report Writer Language.
+
+RRL
+
+	{Remote Reference Layer}
+
+RRS
+
+	An early definition of {Scheme}.  Revised in {R2RS}.
+
+	["The Revised Report on Scheme", G.L. Steele et al, AI Memo
+	452, MIT, Jan 1978].
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+	[Was the original "Report on Scheme" published?]
+
+RS
+
+	1. <character> {Record Separator}
+
+	2. <standard> Recommended Standard, a series of {EIA}
+	{standards} including {EIA-232}.
+
+RS-232
+
+	{EIA-232}
+
+RS-232C
+
+	Renamed {EIA-232C}
+
+	(2004-08-02)
+
+RS-232D
+
+	<communications, standard> The {EIA} equivalent of {ITU-T}
+	{standard} {V.28}.
+
+	[Difference from EIA-232/EIA-232C?]
+
+	(1995-03-02)
+
+RS-422
+
+	{EIA-422}
+
+RS-423
+
+	{EIA-423}
+
+RS-449
+
+	{EIA-449}
+
+RS-485
+
+	{EIA-485}
+
+RS6000
+
+	{RISC System/6000}
+
+RS/6000
+
+	{RISC System/6000}
+
+RS6K
+
+	{RISC System/6000}
+
+RSA
+
+	<cryptography, company> (The initials of the authors)
+
+	1. {RSA Data Security, Inc.}
+
+	2. Their {cryptography} systems, especially {RSA encryption}.
+
+	The RSA {algorithm} was first described in the paper:
+
+	[R. Rivest, A. Shamir, L. Adleman, "A Method for Obtaining
+	Digital Signatures and Public-key Cryptosystems". CACM 21,2;
+	1978]
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+RSA Data Security, Inc.
+
+	<cryptography, company> (After Rivest, Shamir, Adleman - see
+	{RSA}) A recognised world leader in {cryptography}, with
+	millions of copies of its software encryption and
+	authentication installed and in use worldwide.  RSA's
+	technologies are the global {de facto standard} for {public
+	key cryptography} and {digital signatures}, and are part of
+	existing and proposed {standards} for the {Internet}, {ITU-T},
+	{ISO}, {ANSI}, {PKCS}, {IEEE} and business and financial
+	networks around the world.
+
+	{(http://rsa.com/)}.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+RSA encryption
+
+	<cryptography, algorithm> A {public-key cryptosystem} for both
+	{encryption} and {authentication}, invented in 1977 by Ron
+	Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman.  Its name comes from
+	their initials.
+
+	The RSA {algorithm} works as follows.  Take two large {prime
+	numbers}, p and q, and find their product n = pq; n is called
+	the modulus.  Choose a number, e, less than n and {relatively
+	prime} to (p-1)(q-1), and find its reciprocal mod (p-1)(q-1),
+	and call this d.  Thus ed = 1 mod (p-1)(q-1); e and d are
+	called the public and private exponents, respectively.  The
+	public key is the pair (n, e); the private key is d.  The
+	factors p and q must be kept secret, or destroyed.  It is
+	difficult (presumably) to obtain the private key d from the
+	public key (n, e).  If one could factor n into p and q,
+	however, then one could obtain the private key d.  Thus the
+	entire security of RSA depends on the difficulty of factoring;
+	an easy method for factoring products of large prime numbers
+	would break RSA.
+
+	{RSA FAQ (http://rsa.com/rsalabs/faq/faq_home.html)}.
+
+	(2004-07-14)
+
+RSCS
+
+	<communications> {Remote Spooling Communication
+	Subsystem}.
+
+	(1996-02-04)
+
+Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne
+
+	(RARE) An association of national and international European
+	networks and users.
+
+	See also {CCIRN}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Réseaux IP Européens
+
+	(RIPE) A collaboration between European networks which use the
+	{TCP/IP} {protocol} suite to provide {Internet} services.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+RS flip-flop
+
+	{SR flip-flop}
+
+rsh
+
+	Remote shell.
+
+	A {Berkeley Unix} networking command to execute a given
+	command on a remote {host}, passing it input and receiving its
+	output.  Rsh communicates with a {daemon} on the remote host.
+	It is sometimes called remsh to avoid confusion with the
+	{restricted shell}, also called "rsh".
+
+	{Unix manual page}: rsh(1).
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+RSI
+
+	1. <medical> {overuse strain injury}.
+
+	2. <company> {Research Systems, Inc.}.
+
+	(1999-01-08)
+
+RSL
+
+	{RAISE Specification Language}
+
+RSN
+
+	{Real Soon Now}
+
+RSS
+
+	{Rich Site Summary}
+
+RSS feed
+
+	{Rich Site Summary}
+
+rstat
+
+	{netstat}
+
+RSTS/E
+
+	<operating system> A {multi-user}, general purpose
+	{timesharing} {operating system} produced by {Mentec, Inc.}
+	and licensed bu {Digital Equipment Corporation}.
+
+	RSTS/E can be used for interactive timesharing, {batch
+	processing}, indirect command file processing, program
+	development using a variety of languages and tools, and a wide
+	variety of special purpose applications.  Up to 127 concurrent
+	{terminal} users in both local and remote locations through
+	multi-terminal services can interact with application tasks.
+	Without multi-terminal services, 63 users are the maximum.
+	Tasks can share computational, storage, and input/output
+	services provided by the RSTS/E system.
+
+	{Full description
+	(http://pyrfect.ico.olivetti.com/SPD/13-01-37.txt)}.
+
+	(1996-06-04)
+
+RSVP
+
+	1. <chat> {Répondez s'il vous plait}.
+
+	2. <protocol> {Resource Reservation Protocol}.
+
+	3. <body> {Revolutionary Surrealist Vandal Party}.
+
+	(2001-03-18)
+
+RT-11
+
+	<operating system> A {real time} {operating system} for the
+	{DEC} {PDP-11} computers, used in the early 1980s and still in
+	2005 found occasionally in old {embedded systems}.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+RTBM
+
+	({Unix}) Read The Bloody Manual.
+
+	{Commonwealth Hackish} variant of {RTFM}.  RTBM is often the
+	entire text of the first reply to a question from a {newbie};
+	the *second* would escalate to "RTFM".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+RTC++
+
+	A {real-time} extension of {C++}.
+
+	["Object-Oriented Real-Time Language Design: Constructs for
+	Timing Constraints", Y. Ishikawa et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	25(10):289-298 (OOPSLA/ECOOP '90) (Oct 1990)].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+RT-CDL
+
+	{Real-Time Common Design Language}
+
+RTEE
+
+	Real Time Engineering Environment: a set of CASE tools
+	produced by Westmount Technology B.V.
+
+RTF
+
+	{Rich Text Format}
+
+RTFAQ
+
+	({Usenet}, primarily written, by analogy with {RTFM}) Read the
+	FAQ!
+
+	An exhortation that the person addressed ought to read the
+	newsgroup's {FAQ list} before posting questions.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+RTFB
+
+	<jargon> (By analogy with {RTFM}) Read The Fucking
+	Binary.
+
+	Used when neither {documentation} nor {source} for the problem
+	at hand exists, and the only thing to do is use some
+	{debugger} or {monitor} and directly analyse the {assembler}
+	or even the {machine code}.
+
+	"RTFB" is the least pejorative of the RTF? forms, the anger is
+	directed at the absence of both source *and* adequate
+	documentation rather than at the person asking a question.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-08-20)
+
+RTFM
+
+	<jargon> /R T F M/ Read The Fucking Manual (always
+	abbreviated, sometimes bowdlerised to "Fine" or "Friendly") An
+	(unhelpful) {guru}'s traditional response when someone asks a
+	question in a {newsgroup} or {mailing list} which he could
+	have easily answered for himself had he bothered to RTFM.
+
+	The term may also be used to indicate that you couldn't find
+	the answer in the manual.  E.g. "How do I interface Unix to my
+	toaster?  And yes, I did RTFM but the {FM} didn't help and I
+	can't {RTFS}."
+
+	Other derived forms include {RTFAQ}, {RTFB}, {RTM}, {RYFM}
+	and, more recently, {STFW}.  Compare: {UTSL}.
+
+	[Earliest use?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-06-07)
+
+RTFS
+
+	<jargon> 1. Read The Fucking Source.  Variant form of {RTFM},
+	used when the problem at hand is not necessarily obvious and
+	not answerable from the manuals - or the manuals are not yet
+	written and maybe never will be.  For even trickier
+	situations, see {RTFB}.  Unlike RTFM, the anger inherent in
+	RTFS is not usually directed at the person asking the
+	question, but rather at the people who failed to provide
+	adequate documentation.
+
+	2. Read The Fucking Standard; this oath can only be used when
+	the problem area (e.g. a language or operating system
+	interface) has actually been codified in a ratified standards
+	document.  The existence of these standards documents (and the
+	technically inappropriate but politically mandated compromises
+	that they inevitably contain, and the impenetrable {legalese}
+	in which they are invariably written, and the unbelievably
+	tedious bureaucratic process by which they are produced) can
+	be unnerving to hackers, who are used to a certain amount of
+	ambiguity in the specifications of the systems they use.
+	(Hackers feel that such ambiguities are acceptable as long as
+	the {Right Thing} to do is obvious to any thinking observer;
+	sadly, this casual attitude toward specifications becomes
+	unworkable when a system becomes popular in the {Real World}.)
+	Since a hacker is likely to feel that a standards document is
+	both unnecessary and technically deficient, the deprecation
+	inherent in this term may be directed as much against the
+	standard as against the person who ought to read it.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+RTI
+
+	{Return from interrupt}
+
+RTL
+
+	1. <hardware> {Resistor-Transistor Logic}.
+
+	2. <language> {Register Transfer Language}.
+
+RTL/1
+
+	<language> Real Time Language.
+
+	A {real-time} language written by J.G.P. Barnes of {ICI} in
+	1971.  It was the predecessor of {RTL/2}.
+
+	["Real Time Languages for Process Control", J.G.P. Barnes,
+	Computer J 15(1):15-17, Feb 1972].
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+RTL/2
+
+	Real Time Language.
+
+	A small {real-time} language based on {ALGOL 68}, with
+	{separate compilation} designed by J.G.P. Barnes of ICI in
+	1972 as a successor to {RTL/1}.
+
+	A program is composed of separately compilable modules called
+	"bricks" which may be datablocks, procedures or stack.  A
+	stack is a storage area for use as a workspace by a task.  The
+	language is {block-structured} and {weakly typed}.  Simple
+	types are byte, int, frac and real.  There are no {Booleans}.
+	Compound types may be formed from {arrays}, {records} and
+	{refs} (pointers).  There are no user-defined types.  Control
+	statements are if-then-elseif-else-end, for-to-by-do-rep,
+	block-endblock, switch, goto, and label variables.
+
+	["RTL/2: Design and Philosophy", J.G.P. Barnes, Hayden & Son,
+	1976].
+
+RTM
+
+	1. [{Usenet}] Read The Manual.  Politer variant of {RTFM}.
+
+	2. Robert T. Morris Jr.
+
+	The perpetrator of the great Internet worm of 1988 (see {Great
+	Worm}); villain to many, naive hacker gone wrong to a few.
+	Morris claimed that the worm that brought the Internet to its
+	knees was a benign experiment that got out of control as the
+	result of a coding error.  After the storm of negative
+	publicity that followed this blunder, Morris's user name on ITS
+	was hacked from RTM to {RTFM}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+RTMP
+
+	{Routing Table Maintenance Protocol}
+
+RTOS
+
+	{Real-Time Operating System}
+
+RTP
+
+	{Real-Time Transport Protocol}
+
+RT-PC
+
+	<computer> RISC Technology Personal Computer.
+
+	(Commonly, but incorrectly, known as the "PC-RT", later
+	changed to just "RT") {IBM}'s first {RISC}-based {Unix}
+	computer.  The RT-PC was the predecessor to IBM's {RS/6000}.
+	It ran {AIX} 1.x and 2.x and had a {PC-AT} bus and IBM's
+	{ROMP} {microprocessor}.  It was withdrawn from the marketing
+	around 1989 or 1990.
+
+	(1995-04-06)
+
+RTS
+
+	1. <operating system> {run-time system}.
+
+	2. <programming> {return from subroutine}.
+
+	(1999-07-26)
+
+RTSA
+
+	{real-time structured analysis}
+
+RTSP
+
+	{Real Time Streaming Protocol}
+
+RTT
+
+	{Round-Trip Time}
+
+RTTI
+
+	{Run Time Type Information}
+
+RTTY
+
+	{radio teletypewriter}
+
+ru
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Russian Federation.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+rubi
+
+	{furigana}
+
+Ruby
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. A {relational language} designed by Jones and M. Sheeran in
+	1986 for describing and designing circuits (a {hardware
+	description language}).  Ruby programs denote {binary
+	relations} and programs are built-up inductively from
+	primitive relations using a pre-defined set of {relational
+	operators}.  Ruby programs also have a geometric
+	interpretation as networks of primitive relations connected by
+	wires, which is important when layout is considered in circuit
+	design.
+
+	Ruby has been continually developed since 1986, and has been
+	used to design many different kinds of circuits, including
+	{systolic arrays}, {butterfly networks} and arithmetic
+	circuits.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.chalmers.se/pub/misc/ruby/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <graham@cs.chalmers.se>.
+
+	["Ruby - A Language of Relations and Higher-Order Functions",
+	M. Sheeran, Proc 3rd Banff Workshop on Hardware Verification,
+	Springer 1990].
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+	2. One of five pedagogical languages based on {Markov
+	algorithms}, used in Higman's report (below).  The other
+	languages are {Brilliant}, {Diamond}, {Nonpareil}, and
+	{Pearl}.
+
+	["Nonpareil, a Machine Level Machine Independent Language for
+	the Study of Semantics", B. Higman, ULICS Intl Report No ICSI
+	170, U London (1968)].
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+	3. A fully {object oriented} {interpreted} {scripting
+	language} by Yukihiro Matsumoto <matz@netlab.co.jp>.
+
+	Similar in scope to {Perl} and {Python}, Ruby has high-level
+	{data types}, automatic {memory management}, {dynamic typing},
+	a {module} system, {exceptions}, and a rich standard library.
+	Other features are {CLU}-style {iterators} for {loop
+	abstraction}, {singleton classes}/{methods} and {lexical
+	closures}.
+
+	In Ruby, everything is an {object}, including the basic data
+	types.  For example, the number 1 is an instance of {class}
+	Fixnum.
+
+	Current version (stable): 1.6.7, as of 2002-03-01.
+
+	{Ruby Home (http://ruby-lang.org/)}.
+
+	{Ruby Central (http://rubycentral.com/)}.
+
+	["Programming Ruby - The Pragmatic Programmer's Guide", David
+	Thomas, Andrew Hunt, Yukihiro Matsumoto pub. Addison Wesley
+	2000].
+
+	(2002-06-19)
+
+rude
+
+	[WPI] 1. Badly written or functionally poor, e.g. a program
+	that is very difficult to use because of gratuitously poor
+	design decisions.  Opposite: {cuspy}.
+
+	2. Anything that manipulates a shared resource without regard
+	for its other users in such a way as to cause a (non-fatal)
+	problem.  Examples: programs that change tty modes without
+	resetting them on exit, or windowing programs that keep
+	forcing themselves to the top of the window stack.  Compare
+	{all-elbows}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+RUFL
+
+	Rhodes University Functional Language.  A {Miranda}-like
+	functional language from Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South
+	Africa with a {SPARC} {code generator}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+run
+
+	{execution}
+
+RUNCIBLE
+
+	Early system for mathematics on {IBM 650}.
+
+	See also {FORTRUNCIBLE}, {IT}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+runes
+
+	1. Anything that requires {heavy wizardry} or {black art} to
+	{parse}: core dumps, {JCL} commands, {APL} or code in a
+	language you haven't a clue how to read.  Not quite as bad as
+	{line noise}, but close.
+
+	Compare {casting the runes}, {Great Runes}.
+
+	2. Special display characters (for example, the high-half
+	graphics on an {IBM PC}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+runic
+
+	<jargon> Obscure, consisting of {runes}.
+
+	{VMS} fans sometimes refer to {Unix} as "RUnix".  Unix fans
+	return the compliment by expanding VMS to "Very Messy Syntax"
+	or "Vachement Mauvais Systeme" (French; literally "Cowlike Bad
+	System", idiomatically "Bitchy Bad System").
+
+	(1996-09-17)
+
+run-length encoding
+
+	A kind of {compression} {algorithm} which replaces sequences
+	("runs") of consecutive repeated characters (or other units of
+	data) with a single character and the length of the run.  This
+	can either be applied to all input characters, including runs
+	of length one, or a special character can be used to introduce
+	a run-length encoded group.  The longer and more frequent the
+	runs are, the greater the compression that will be achieved.
+	This technique is particularly useful for encoding black and
+	white {images} where the data units would be single bit
+	{pixels}.
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+Run Length Limited
+
+	<storage> (RLL) The most popular scheme for encoding data on
+	{magnetic disks}.  RLL packs up to 50% more data on a disk
+	than {MFM}.
+
+	{IBM} invented RLL encoding and used it in {mainframe} disk
+	drives.  During the late 1980s, {PC} hard disks began using
+	RLL.  Today, virtually every drive on the market uses some
+	form of RLL.
+
+	Groups of bits are mapped to specific patterns of flux.  The
+	density of flux transitions is limited by the spatial
+	resolution of the disk and frequency response of the head and
+	electronics.  However, transitions must be close enough to
+	allow reliable {clock recovery}.  RLL implementations vary
+	according to the minimum and maximum allowed numbers of
+	{transition cells} between transitions.  For example, the most
+	common variant today, RLL 1,7, can have a transition in every
+	other cell and must have at least one transition every seven
+	cells.  The exact mapping from bits to transitions is
+	essentially arbitrary.
+
+	Other schemes include {GCR}, {FM}, {Modified Frequency
+	Modulation} (MFM).  See also: {PRML}.
+
+	{(http://cma.zdnet.com/book/upgraderepair/ch14/ch14.htm)}.
+
+	(2003-08-12)
+
+run time
+
+	1. The elapsed time to perform a computation on a particular
+	computer.
+
+	2. The amount of time a processor actually spent on a
+	particular process and not on other processes or overhead (see
+	{time-sharing}).
+
+	3. The period of time during which a program is being
+	executed, as opposed to {compile-time} or load time.  The term
+	should be hyphenated when used as an adjective.
+
+	4. {run-time support}.
+
+	(2001-09-14)
+
+run-time environment
+
+	<operating system> A collection of subroutines and
+	{environment variables} that provide commonly used functions
+	and data for a program while it is running.
+
+	Compare {run-time support}.
+
+	(1995-03-22)
+
+run-time error
+
+	<programming> An {error} in the execution of a program which
+	occurs at {run time}, as opposed to a {compile-time error}.
+
+	A good programming language should, among other things, aim to
+	replace run-time errors by compile-time errors.  Language
+	features such as {strong typing} help.
+
+	A good program should attempt to avoid run-time errors by, for
+	example, checking that their input data is sensible.  Where
+	this is not possible, the program should attempt to detect the
+	error and handle it gracefully rather than just exiting via
+	the language or operating system's default handler.  Here
+	again, a good language will make this easy to do (or at least
+	possible).
+
+	See also {abort}, {core dump}, {GPF}.
+
+	(1997-01-13)
+
+run-time library
+
+	<operating system, programming, library> A file containing
+	routines which are linked with a program at {run time} rather
+	than at {compile-time}.  The advantage of such {dynamic
+	linking} is that only one copy of the library needs to be
+	stored, rather than a copy being included with each
+	{executable} that refers to it.  This can greatly reduce the
+	disk space occupied by programs.  Furthermore, it means that
+	all programs immediately benefit from changes (e.g. {bug}
+	fixes) to the single copy of the library without requiring
+	recompilation.  Since the library code is normally classified
+	as read-only to the {memory management} system, it is possible
+	for a single copy of the library to be loaded into memory and
+	shared by all active programs, thus reducing {RAM} and
+	{virtual memory} requirements and program load time.
+
+	(1997-07-16)
+
+run-time support
+
+	{run-time system}
+
+run-time system
+
+	<programming> (RTS, run-time support, run-time) Library code
+	and processes which support software written in a particular
+	language running on a particular {platform}.  The RTS
+	typically deals with details of the interface between the
+	program and the {operating system} such as {system calls},
+	program start-up and termination, and {memory management}.
+
+	(1999-07-26)
+
+Run-Time Type Information
+
+	<compiler> (RTTI) Facilities included in {C++} {compilers} to
+	allow the {type} of an object to be determined at {run time}.
+
+	This facility, found in good C++ compilers and some other
+	{high level languages}, adds type information to memory
+	resident objects (i.e. type name or unique type-id).  This
+	allows the {run-time system} to determine if an object is of a
+	specific type, for example, to ensure that a {cast} of an
+	object is valid.
+
+	(1996-04-15)
+
+ruptime
+
+	{Unix} {Berkeley networking} command to report the status of
+	all hosts on the net.  See also rwho.  See ruptime(1N).
+
+RUSH
+
+	1. <language> An interactive dialect of {PL/I}, related to
+	{CPS}, dated about 1966.  The name is the abbreviation of
+	"Remote Use of Shared Hardware".
+
+	["Introduction to RUSH", Allen-Babcock Computing 1969.  Sammet
+	1969, p.309.]
+
+	2. <language> A {high-level language} that closely resembles
+	{Tcl} but aimed to provide substantially faster execution.
+	See {An Introduction to the Rush Language
+	(ftp://ginsberg.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/papers/asah/rush-tcl94.ps.gz)}.
+	by Adam Sah, Jon Blow, and Brian Dennis (1994).
+
+	(1996-12-17)
+
+Russell
+
+	<language> (After {Bertrand Russell}) A compact,
+	{polymorphical}ly typed {functional language} by A. Demers &
+	J. Donahue with {bignums} and {continuations}.  {Types} are
+	themselves {first-class} values and may be passed as
+	{arguments}.
+
+	{(ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pub/russell/russell.tar.Z)}.
+
+	["An Informal Description of Russell", H. Boehm et al, Cornell
+	CS TR 80-430, 1980].
+
+	["Understanding Russell: A First Attempt", J.G. Hook in LNCS
+	173, Springer].
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+Russell, Bertrand
+
+	{Bertrand Russell}
+
+Russell's Attic
+
+	<mathematics> An imaginary room containing {countably many}
+	pairs of shoes (i.e. a pair for each {natural number}), and
+	countably many pairs of socks.  How many shoes are there?
+	Answer: countably many (map the left shoes to even numbers and
+	the right shoes to odd numbers, say).  How many socks are
+	there?  Also countably many, we want to say, but we can't
+	prove it without the {Axiom of Choice}, because in each pair,
+	the socks are indistinguishable (there's no such thing as a
+	left sock).  Although for any single pair it is easy to select
+	one, we cannot specify a general method for doing this.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+Russell's Paradox
+
+	<mathematics> A {paradox} (logical contradiction) in {set
+	theory} discovered by {Bertrand Russell}.  If R is the set of
+	all sets which don't contain themselves, does R contain
+	itself?  If it does then it doesn't and vice versa.
+
+	The paradox stems from the acceptance of the following
+	{axiom}: If P(x) is a property then
+
+		{x : P}
+
+	is a set.  This is the {Axiom of Comprehension} (actually an
+	{axiom schema}).  By applying it in the case where P is the
+	property "x is not an element of x", we generate the paradox,
+	i.e. something clearly false.  Thus any theory built on this
+	axiom must be inconsistent.
+
+	In {lambda-calculus} Russell's Paradox can be formulated by
+	representing each set by its {characteristic function} - the
+	property which is true for members and false for non-members.
+	The set R becomes a function r which is the negation of its
+	argument applied to itself:
+
+		r = \ x . not (x x)
+
+	If we now apply r to itself,
+
+		r r = (\ x . not (x x)) (\ x . not (x x))
+		    = not ((\ x . not (x x))(\ x . not (x x)))
+		    = not (r r)
+
+	So if (r r) is true then it is false and vice versa.
+
+	An alternative formulation is: "if the barber of Seville is a
+	man who shaves all men in Seville who don't shave themselves,
+	and only those men, who shaves the barber?"  This can be taken
+	simply as a proof that no such barber can exist whereas
+	seemingly obvious axioms of {set theory} suggest the existence
+	of the paradoxical set R.
+
+	{Zermelo Fränkel set theory} is one "solution" to this
+	paradox.  Another, {type theory}, restricts sets to contain
+	only elements of a single type, (e.g. {integers} or sets of
+	integers) and no type is allowed to refer to itself so no set
+	can contain itself.
+
+	A message from Russell induced {Frege} to put a note in his
+	life's work, just before it went to press, to the effect that
+	he now knew it was inconsistent but he hoped it would be
+	useful anyway.
+
+	(2000-11-01)
+
+rusty iron
+
+	<jargon, hardware> Synonym {tired iron}.  It has been claimed
+	that this is the inevitable fate of {water MIPS}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+rusty memory
+
+	<storage, humour> {Mass-storage} that uses iron-oxide-based
+	magnetic media (especially {magnetic tape} and the
+	pre-{Winchester} {removable disk packs} used in {washing
+	machines}).
+
+	Compare {donuts}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-20)
+
+RUTH
+
+	D.A. Harrison at Newcastle University.  Real-time language
+	based on LispKit.  Uses timestamps and real-time clocks.
+
+	["RUTH: A Functional Language for Real-Time Programming",
+	D. Harrison in PARLE: Parallel Architectures and Languages
+	Europe, LNCS 259, Springer 1987, pp.297-314].
+
+rw
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Rwanda.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+rwho
+
+	<networking> The {Berkeley Unix} networking command to report
+	who is logged in on all {hosts} on the local {network
+	segment}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: rwho(1).
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+RWP
+
+	{Remote Write Protocol}
+
+Rx
+
+	A pattern matcher compatible with {GNU} {regex}, but generally
+	faster.
+
+	Version 0.05, released 1994-05-18, contained substantial
+	changes from the version last distributed with GNU {sed}.
+	These changes provide low-level support for searching across
+	arbitrarily fragmented strings and suspendable searches.
+
+RYFM
+
+	<abuse> 1. "Read Your Fucking Manual".  Uncommon variant of
+	{RTFM}.
+
+	2. "Read Your Fucking Mail".  A gentle reminder to someone to
+	check their corresponence and, who knows, maybe even respond.
+
+	(2012-10-27)
+
+S
+
+	<language> A statistical analysis language from {AT&T}.
+
+	["S: An Interactive Environment for Data Analysis and
+	Graphics", Richard A. Becker, Wadsworth 1984].
+
+	(1997-01-21)
+
+s///
+
+	<chat> s/{foo}/{bar}/ is an idiom which means "I didn't mean
+	to type 'foo', I meant to type 'bar'".
+
+	Its use in {talk} systems, especially {irc}, comes from the
+	use of s/// as a substitution operator in {Perl}, {sed} and
+	{ed}.  In these languages and tools, s/foo/bar/ would replace
+	any substring matching the {regular expression} "foo" with the
+	string "bar".
+
+	(1997-03-16)
+
+S3
+
+	1. <language> An {ALGOL 68}-like system language for the {ICL
+	2900} computer.
+
+	2. <graphics, hardware> A video chipset.
+
+	3. <graphics> An {X Window System} {screen server}.
+
+	(2003-02-28)
+
+SA
+
+	{Structured Analysis}
+
+sa
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Saudi Arabia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SA-110
+
+	<processor> The first member of the {StrongARM} family
+	resulting from the architecture license agreement between
+	{Digital Equipment Corporation} and {Advanced RISC Machines}
+	Ltd. (ARM), developer of the {ARM} 32-bit {RISC} architecture.
+
+	The SA-110 combines ARM's low-power architecture with
+	Digital's processor design and {CMOS} process expertise, and
+	is targetted at {embedded} consumer electronics products.
+
+	(1996-02-06)
+
+SAA
+
+	{Systems Application Architecture}
+
+Saber-C
+
+	Renamed to {CodeCenter}.
+
+Saber-C++
+
+	Renamed to {ObjectCenter}.
+
+SAC
+
+	1. An early system on the {Datatron 200} series.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+	2. {Service Access Controller}.
+
+	(2002-12-30)
+
+SAC-1
+
+	<mathematics, tool> An early {symbolic mathematics} system,
+	written in {Fortran} by G.E. Collins.
+
+	[Proc 2nd Symp Symb Alg Manip pp.144-152 (1971)].
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+SAC2
+
+	<mathematics, tool> A {symbolic mathematics} system which
+	compiles to {Fortran} or {Common Lisp}.
+
+	E-mail: <jma@poly.polytechnique.fr>.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+sacadm
+
+	<operating system> (Service Access Controller Administration)
+	A {Unix} (Solaris?) command for administering both {ttymon}
+	and {listen}.  It can be used to add and remove, start and
+	stop, and enable and disable {port monitors}.
+
+	(2002-12-30)
+
+sacred
+
+	<jargon> Reserved for exclusive use by something.  The term
+	might mean only writable by whatever it is sacred to.
+
+	For example, "Register 7 is sacred to the interrupt handler"
+	would mean that if any other code changed the contents of
+	register 7, dire consequences would ensue.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-12-30)
+
+SAD
+
+	{Systems Analysis Definition}
+
+SAD SAM
+
+	Query language by Lindsay.  Sammet 1969, p.669.
+
+SADT
+
+	{Structured Analysis and Design Technique}
+
+SAFARI
+
+	ON-line text editing system by {MITRE Corporation}.
+
+	Sammet 1969, p.685.
+
+safe
+
+	A safe program analysis is one which will not reach invalid
+	conclusions about the behaviour of the program.  This may
+	involve making safe approximations to properties of parts of
+	the program.  A safe approximation is one which gives less
+	information.
+
+	For example, strictness analysis aims to answer the question
+	"will this function evaluate its argument"?.  The two possible
+	results are "definitely" and "don't know".  A safe
+	approximation for "definitely" is "don't know".  The two
+	possible results correspond to the two sets: "the set of all
+	functions which evaluate their argument" and "all functions".
+	A set can be safely approximated by another which contains it.
+
+safe mode
+
+	<operating system> An alternative way to start {Microsoft
+	Windows} such that only a minimal set of software components
+	({drivers} and {background processes}) are loaded, making it
+	easier to diagnose problems.  Safe mode loads a standard low
+	{resolution} {video driver} and does not support connection to
+	the {Internet}.
+
+	Windows will sometimes restart in safe mode automatically
+	following a {crash}.  All Windows versions except {Windows
+	3.1} can be started in safe mode, usually by holding the Ctrl
+	or F8 key while the computer is restarting.  To start {Windows
+	NT} in safe mode you need to edit C:\boot.ini.
+
+	Once the problem is fixed you need to restart Windows normally
+	to load all the installed components.
+
+	(2004-12-31)
+
+safety
+
+	See {safe}, {safety-critical system}.
+
+safety-critical system
+
+	A computer, electronic or electromechanical system whose
+	failure may cause injury or death to human beings.  E.g. an
+	aircraft or nuclear power station control system.  Common
+	tools used in the design of safety-critical systems are
+	{redundancy} and {formal methods}.
+
+	See also {aeroplane rule}.
+
+saga
+
+	<jargon> (WPI) A {cuspy} but bogus raving story about N
+	{random} broken people.
+
+	Here is a classic example of the saga form, as told by {Guy
+	Steele} (GLS):
+
+	Jon L. White (login name JONL) and I (GLS) were office mates
+	at {MIT} for many years.  One April, we both flew from Boston
+	to California for a week on research business, to consult
+	face-to-face with some people at {Stanford}, particularly our
+	mutual friend {Richard Gabriel} (RPG).
+
+	RPG picked us up at the San Francisco airport and drove us
+	back to {Palo Alto} (going {logical} south on route 101,
+	parallel to {El Camino Bignum}).  Palo Alto is adjacent to
+	Stanford University and about 40 miles south of San Francisco.
+	We ate at The Good Earth, a "health food" restaurant, very
+	popular, the sort whose milkshakes all contain honey and
+	protein powder.  JONL ordered such a shake - the waitress
+	claimed the flavour of the day was "lalaberry".  I still have
+	no idea what that might be, but it became a running joke.  It
+	was the colour of raspberry, and JONL said it tasted rather
+	bitter.  I ate a better tostada there than I have ever had in
+	a Mexican restaurant.
+
+	After this we went to the local Uncle Gaylord's Old Fashioned
+	Ice Cream Parlor.  They make ice cream fresh daily, in a
+	variety of intriguing flavours.  It's a chain, and they have a
+	slogan: "If you don't live near an Uncle Gaylord's - MOVE!"
+	Also, Uncle Gaylord (a real person) wages a constant battle to
+	force big-name ice cream makers to print their ingredients on
+	the package (like air and plastic and other non-natural
+	garbage).  JONL and I had first discovered Uncle Gaylord's the
+	previous August, when we had flown to a computer-science
+	conference in {Berkeley}, California, the first time either of
+	us had been on the West Coast.  When not in the conference
+	sessions, we had spent our time wandering the length of
+	Telegraph Avenue, which (like Harvard Square in Cambridge) was
+	lined with picturesque street vendors and interesting little
+	shops.  On that street we discovered Uncle Gaylord's Berkeley
+	store.  The ice cream there was very good.  During that August
+	visit JONL went absolutely bananas (so to speak) over one
+	particular flavour, ginger honey.
+
+	Therefore, after eating at The Good Earth - indeed, after
+	every lunch and dinner and before bed during our April visit
+	--- a trip to Uncle Gaylord's (the one in Palo Alto) was
+	mandatory.  We had arrived on a Wednesday, and by Thursday
+	evening we had been there at least four times.  Each time,
+	JONL would get ginger honey ice cream, and proclaim to all
+	bystanders that "Ginger was the spice that drove the Europeans
+	mad!  That's why they sought a route to the East!  They used
+	it to preserve their otherwise off-taste meat."  After the
+	third or fourth repetition RPG and I were getting a little
+	tired of this spiel, and began to paraphrase him: "Wow!
+	Ginger!  The spice that makes rotten meat taste good!"  "Say!
+	Why don't we find some dog that's been run over and sat in the
+	sun for a week and put some *ginger* on it for dinner?!"
+	"Right!  With a lalaberry shake!"  And so on.  This failed to
+	faze JONL; he took it in good humour, as long as we kept
+	returning to Uncle Gaylord's.  He loves ginger honey ice
+	cream.
+
+	Now RPG and his then-wife KBT (Kathy Tracy) were putting us up
+	(putting up with us?) in their home for our visit, so to thank
+	them JONL and I took them out to a nice French restaurant of
+	their choosing.  I unadventurously chose the filet mignon, and
+	KBT had je ne sais quoi du jour, but RPG and JONL had lapin
+	(rabbit).  (Waitress: "Oui, we have fresh rabbit, fresh
+	today."  RPG: "Well, JONL, I guess we won't need any
+	*ginger*!")
+
+	We finished the meal late, about 11 P.M., which is 2 A.M
+	Boston time, so JONL and I were rather droopy.  But it wasn't
+	yet midnight.  Off to Uncle Gaylord's!
+
+	Now the French restaurant was in Redwood City, north of Palo
+	Alto.  In leaving Redwood City, we somehow got onto route 101
+	going north instead of south.  JONL and I wouldn't have known
+	the difference had RPG not mentioned it.  We still knew very
+	little of the local geography.  I did figure out, however,
+	that we were headed in the direction of Berkeley, and
+	half-jokingly suggested that we continue north and go to Uncle
+	Gaylord's in Berkeley.
+
+	RPG said "Fine!" and we drove on for a while and talked.  I
+	was drowsy, and JONL actually dropped off to sleep for 5
+	minutes.  When he awoke, RPG said, "Gee, JONL, you must have
+	slept all the way over the bridge!", referring to the one
+	spanning San Francisco Bay.  Just then we came to a sign that
+	said "University Avenue".  I mumbled something about working
+	our way over to Telegraph Avenue; RPG said "Right!" and
+	maneuvered some more.  Eventually we pulled up in front of an
+	Uncle Gaylord's.
+
+	Now, I hadn't really been paying attention because I was so
+	sleepy, and I didn't really understand what was happening
+	until RPG let me in on it a few moments later, but I was just
+	alert enough to notice that we had somehow come to the Palo
+	Alto Uncle Gaylord's after all.
+
+	JONL noticed the resemblance to the Palo Alto store, but
+	hadn't caught on.  (The place is lit with red and yellow
+	lights at night, and looks much different from the way it does
+	in daylight.)  He said, "This isn't the Uncle Gaylord's I went
+	to in Berkeley!  It looked like a barn!  But this place looks
+	*just like* the one back in Palo Alto!"
+
+	RPG deadpanned, "Well, this is the one *I* always come to when
+	I'm in Berkeley.  They've got two in San Francisco, too.
+	Remember, they're a chain."
+
+	JONL accepted this bit of wisdom.  And he was not totally
+	ignorant - he knew perfectly well that University Avenue was
+	in Berkeley, not far from Telegraph Avenue.  What he didn't
+	know was that there is a completely different University
+	Avenue in Palo Alto.
+
+	JONL went up to the counter and asked for ginger honey.  The
+	guy at the counter asked whether JONL would like to taste it
+	first, evidently their standard procedure with that flavour,
+	as not too many people like it.
+
+	JONL said, "I'm sure I like it.  Just give me a cone."  The
+	guy behind the counter insisted that JONL try just a taste
+	first.  "Some people think it tastes like soap."  JONL
+	insisted, "Look, I *love* ginger.  I eat Chinese food.  I eat
+	raw ginger roots.  I already went through this hassle with the
+	guy back in Palo Alto.  I *know* I like that flavour!"
+
+	At the words "back in Palo Alto" the guy behind the counter
+	got a very strange look on his face, but said nothing.  KBT
+	caught his eye and winked.  Through my stupor I still hadn't
+	quite grasped what was going on, and thought RPG was rolling
+	on the floor laughing and clutching his stomach just because
+	JONL had launched into his spiel ("makes rotten meat a dish
+	for princes") for the forty-third time.  At this point, RPG
+	clued me in fully.
+
+	RPG, KBT, and I retreated to a table, trying to stifle our
+	chuckles.  JONL remained at the counter, talking about ice
+	cream with the guy b.t.c., comparing Uncle Gaylord's to other
+	ice cream shops and generally having a good old time.
+
+	At length the g.b.t.c. said, "How's the ginger honey?"  JONL
+	said, "Fine!  I wonder what exactly is in it?"  Now Uncle
+	Gaylord publishes all his recipes and even teaches classes on
+	how to make his ice cream at home.  So the g.b.t.c. got out
+	the recipe, and he and JONL pored over it for a while.  But
+	the g.b.t.c. could contain his curiosity no longer, and asked
+	again, "You really like that stuff, huh?"  JONL said, "Yeah,
+	I've been eating it constantly back in Palo Alto for the past
+	two days.  In fact, I think this batch is about as good as the
+	cones I got back in Palo Alto!"
+
+	G.b.t.c. looked him straight in the eye and said, "You're *in*
+	Palo Alto!"
+
+	JONL turned slowly around, and saw the three of us collapse in
+	a fit of giggles.  He clapped a hand to his forehead and
+	exclaimed, "I've been hacked!"
+
+	[My spies on the West Coast inform me that there is a close
+	relative of the raspberry found out there called an
+	"ollalieberry" - ESR]
+
+	[Ironic footnote: it appears that the {meme} about ginger vs.
+	rotting meat may be an urban legend.  It's not borne out by an
+	examination of mediaeval recipes or period purchase records
+	for spices, and appears full-blown in the works of Samuel
+	Pegge, a gourmand and notorious flake case who originated
+	numerous food myths. - ESR]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+sagan
+
+	<jargon> /say'gn/ (From Carl Sagan's TV series "Cosmos")
+	Billions and billions.  A large quantity of anything.
+
+	"There's a sagan different ways to tweak Emacs."  "The US
+	Government spends sagans on bombs and welfare - hard to say
+	which is more destructive."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-10-12)
+
+SAGE
+
+	1. <body, job> {Systems Administrators Guild}.
+
+	2. <project> {Semi-Automatic Ground Environment}.
+
+	(2001-01-27)
+
+SAIC
+
+	{(http://saic.com)}.
+
+	(1996-03-21)
+
+SAID
+
+	{Security Association ID}
+
+SAIL
+
+	1. <body, education> {Stanford Artificial Intelligence
+	Laboratory}.
+
+	2. <language> {Stanford Artificial Intelligence Language}.
+
+	3. <language> An early system on the {Larc} computer.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-06-22)
+
+SAINT
+
+	1. <language> {Symbolic Automatic INTegrator}.
+
+	2. <networking, security, tool> {Security Administrator's
+	Integrated Network Tool}.
+
+Saint Andrews Static Language
+
+	{St Andrews Static Language}
+
+SAL
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. {Simple Actor Language}.
+
+	2. {SPARK Annotation Language}.
+
+SALEM
+
+	["SALEM - A Programming System for the Simulation of Systems
+	Described by Partial Differential Equations", S.M. Morris et
+	al, Proc SJCC 33(1), 1968].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Sales Automation
+
+	{Sales Force Automation}
+
+salescritter
+
+	/sayls'kri"tr/ Pejorative hackerism for a computer
+	salesperson.  Hackers tell the following joke:
+
+	Q. What's the difference between a used-car dealer and a
+	computer salesman?
+
+	A. The used-car dealer knows he's lying.  [Some versions add:
+	...and probably knows how to drive.]
+
+	This reflects the widespread hacker belief that salescritters
+	are self-selected for stupidity (after all, if they had brains
+	and the inclination to use them, they'd be in programming).
+	The terms "salesthing" and "salesdroid" are also common.
+
+	Compare {marketroid}, {suit}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Sales Force Automation
+
+	<business> (Sales Automation, SFA, SFFA, Sales & Field Force
+	Automation) Software to support sales reps.  The software
+	gives sales representitives access to contacts, appointments
+	and e-mail.  It is likely to be integrated with {Customer
+	Relationship Management} systems and {Opportunity Management
+	Systems}.
+
+	(1999-08-20)
+
+S-ALGOL
+
+	Orthogonal data structures on ALGOL 60.  "S-Algol Language
+	Reference Manual", R. Morrison, TR CS/79/1 U St Andrews, 1979.
+	"An Introduction to Programming with S-Algol", A.J. Cole &
+	R. Morrison, Cambridge U Press 1982.
+
+SALT
+
+	1. Symbolic Assembly Language Trainer.  Assembly-like language
+	implemented in BASIC by Kevin Stock, now at Encore in France.
+
+	2. Sam And Lincoln Threaded language.  A threaded extensible
+	variant of BASIC.  "SALT", S.D. Fenster et al, BYTE (Jun 1985)
+	p.147.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+salt
+
+	A tiny bit of near-random data inserted where too much
+	regularity would be undesirable; a data {frob} (sense 1).  For
+	example, the Unix crypt(3) manual page mentions that "the salt
+	string is used to perturb the DES algorithm in one of 4096
+	different ways."
+
+salt mines
+
+	Dense quarters housing large numbers of programmers working
+	long hours on grungy projects, with some hope of seeing the
+	end of the tunnel in N years.  Noted for their absence of
+	sunshine.  Compare {playpen}, {sandbox}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+salt substrate
+
+	[MIT] Collective noun used to refer to potato chips, pretzels,
+	saltines, or any other form of snack food designed primarily
+	as a carrier for sodium chloride.  From the technical term
+	"chip substrate", used to refer to the silicon on the top of
+	which the active parts of integrated circuits are deposited.
+
+SAM
+
+	{System Account Manager}
+
+sam
+
+	<tool> A multi-file {screen editor} with structural {regular
+	expressions}.  Sam runs under the {X Window System}.
+
+	(2000-07-16)
+
+SAM76
+
+	A {macro} language by Claude Kagan descended from {TRAC}.
+	There is a version for {CP/M}.
+
+	[Dr Dobbs J ca 1977].
+
+Samba
+
+	<networking> A free suite of programs which implement the
+	{Server Message Block} (SMB) protocol.
+
+	Originally developed for {Unix} by Andrew Tridgell at the
+	{Australian National University}, the Samba {server} allows
+	files and printers on the {host} {operating system} to be
+	shared with {clients} such as {Windows for Workgroups}, {DOS},
+	{OS/2}, {Windows NT} and others.
+
+	For example, instead of using {telnet} to log in to a Unix
+	machine to edit a file there, a {Windows 95} user might
+	connect a drive in the Windows {Explorer} to a Samba server on
+	the Unix machine and edit the file in a Windows editor.
+
+	A Unix client called smbclient, built from the same {source
+	code}, allows {ftp}-like access to SMB resources.
+
+	Samba is available for many Unix variants, OS/2, and {VMS}.
+	Porting to {Novell Netware} is in progress (August 1996).
+
+	smblib is a {portable} generic library for making SMB calls
+	for implementing {client/server} functions from within any
+	program.  {Linux} implements a complete file system (based on
+	smbclient) so by default Linux users have full access to
+	resources on {LAN Server}, Windows NT and {LAN Manager}
+	networks.
+
+	{(http://samba.org/samba/samba.html)}.
+
+	(1998-11-22)
+
+SAME
+
+	1. {Standard ANSI Module language with Extensions}.
+
+	2. <architecture> {Stripe And Mirror Everything}.
+
+same-day service
+
+	<humour, operating system> An ironic term used to describe
+	long response time, particularly with respect to {MS-DOS}
+	{system calls} (which ought to require only a tiny fraction of
+	a second to execute).  Such response time is a major incentive
+	for programmers to write programs that are not {well-behaved}.
+
+	See also {PC-ism}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-17)
+
+SAMeDL
+
+	{SQL} {Ada} Module Description Language.  Used to interface
+	{Ada} {application programs} to {SQL}-based {DBMSs}.
+
+	E-mail: Marc Graham <marc@sei.cmu.edu>.
+	{(ftp://ajpo.sei.cmu.edu/public/atip/samedl/)}.
+
+	["Rationale for SQL Ada Module Description Language SAMeDL",
+	SEI-92-TR-016].
+
+samizdat
+
+	<publication> (Russian, literally "self publishing") The
+	process of disseminating documentation via underground
+	channels.  Originally referred to photocopy duplication and
+	distribution of banned books in the former Soviet Union; now
+	refers by obvious extension to any less-than-official
+	promulgation of textual material, especially rare, obsolete,
+	or never-formally-published computer documentation.  Samizdat
+	is obviously much easier when one has access to
+	high-{bandwidth} {networks} and high-quality {laser printers}.
+
+	Strictly, "samizdat" only applies to distribution of needed
+	documents that are otherwise unavailable, and not to
+	duplication of material that is available for sale under
+	{copyright}.
+
+	See {Lions Book} for a historical example.
+
+	See also: {hacker ethic}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-03-23)
+
+SAML
+
+	<security> An {XML} framework for communicating user
+	{authentication}, {entitlement}, and attribute information,
+	developed by the Security Services Technical Committee of
+	{OASIS}.
+
+	SAML supports {federation}, allowing business entities to make
+	assertions regarding the identity, attributes and entitlements
+	of a subject (an entity that is often a human user) to other
+	entities, such as a partner company or another enterprise
+	application.
+
+	(2011-05-12)
+
+Sammet, Jean E.
+
+	{Jean E. Sammet}
+
+sample
+
+	<digital signal processing> The result of measuring the
+	amplitude of an analog signal at a specified time.  In
+	{digital signal processing} a sample is a signed or unsigned
+	number and the number of samples per second is called the
+	{sample rate}.
+
+	(2001-06-06)
+
+sample rate
+
+	<digital signal processing> The number of times an analog
+	signal is measured (sampled) per second.  The unit of sample
+	rate is "samples per second".  This is often expressed in
+	{kiloHertz} (kHz).  For example, "CD quality" sound has a
+	sample rate of 44 kHz.
+
+	Compare {data rate}.  See {Nyquist frequency}.
+
+	[Is it correct to use Hertz for things other than the
+	frequency of a sine wave?]
+
+	(2001-06-06)
+
+sampling
+
+	<DSP> The process of taking a {sample} of a signal at evenly
+	spaced intervals of time.  This is the first step in {Digital
+	Signal Processing}.
+
+	(2001-06-06)
+
+sampling frequency
+
+	{sample rate}
+
+samurai
+
+	A hacker who hires out for legal cracking jobs, snooping for
+	factions in corporate political fights, lawyers pursuing
+	privacy-rights and First Amendment cases, and other parties
+	with legitimate reasons to need an electronic locksmith.  In
+	1991, mainstream media reported the existence of a loose-knit
+	culture of samurai that meets electronically on BBS systems,
+	mostly bright teenagers with personal micros; they have
+	modelled themselves explicitly on the historical samurai of
+	Japan and on the "net cowboys" of William Gibson's {cyberpunk}
+	novels.  Those interviewed claim to adhere to a rigid ethic of
+	loyalty to their employers and to disdain the vandalism and
+	theft practiced by criminal crackers as beneath them and
+	contrary to the hacker ethic; some quote Miyamoto Musashi's
+	"Book of Five Rings", a classic of historical samurai
+	doctrine, in support of these principles.
+
+	See also {Stupids}, {social engineering}, {cracker}, {hacker
+	ethic}, and {dark-side hacker}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+SAN
+
+	{Storage Area Network}
+
+sandbender
+
+	[IBM] A person involved with silicon lithography and the
+	physical design of {integrated circuits}.  Compare
+	{ironmonger}, {polygon pusher}.
+
+sandbox
+
+	(UK: "sandpit")
+
+	1. <operating system> A protected, limited environment where
+	applications (e.g. {Java} programs downloaded from the
+	{Internet}) are allowed to "play" without risking damage to
+	the rest of the system.
+
+	2. <jargon> A term for the R&D department at many software and
+	computer companies (where hackers in commercial environments
+	are likely to be found).  The term is half-derisive, but
+	reflects the truth that research is a form of creative play.
+
+	Compare {playpen}.
+
+	3. <operating system> {link farm}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-02-08)
+
+Sandman
+
+	The {DoD} requirements that led to {APSE}.
+
+San Francisco
+
+	<project, library> {IBM}'s {Java} component {framework}
+	application template.
+
+	The San Francisco Project, started in 1998(?), aims to create
+	a generic set of {java} building blocks to provide the core
+	functions of general business processes such as sales order
+	processing, general ledger, inventory management and product
+	distribution.
+
+	The project aims to use component based design allowing easy
+	vendor customisation and Java code generation allowing
+	applications to be built and run across multiple platforms.
+	It also aims to be compatible with third party development
+	tools.
+
+	{(http://ibm.com/Java/Sanfrancisco/)}.
+
+	(1998-08-16)
+
+sanity check
+
+	<programming> 1. Checking {code} (or anything else, e.g. a
+	{Usenet} posting) for completely stupid mistakes.  Implies
+	that the check is to make sure the author was sane when it was
+	written; e.g. if a piece of scientific software relied on a
+	particular formula and was giving unexpected results, one
+	might first look at the nesting of parentheses or the coding
+	of the formula, as a "sanity check", before looking at the
+	more complex I/O or data structure manipulation routines, much
+	less the {algorithm} itself.
+
+	Compare {reality check}.
+
+	2. A run-time test, either validating input or ensuring that
+	the program hasn't screwed up internally (producing an
+	inconsistent value or state).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-08-29)
+
+Santa Cruz Operation
+
+	(SCO) A supplier of {Unix} systems for {Intel}
+	{microprocessors}.  They supply {Xenix} and {Open Desktop}.
+
+	Founded in 1979, SCO became a public company in May, 1993 and
+	trades on the Nasdaq National Market System under the symbol
+	SCOC.  SCO maintains its world headquarters in Santa Cruz,
+	California, USA; a European headquarters in Watford, England;
+	a Government Systems Group in Reston, Virginia; and offices in
+	Asia, Australia, Canada, Latin America, and throughout Europe
+	and the United States.  In February 1993, SCO acquired {IXI}
+	Limited of Cambridge, England, the leading supplier of {Unix}
+	System windowing software.
+
+	{(http://websco.sco.com/)}.
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+	[Addresses?]
+
+SAP
+
+	1. <company> {SAP AG} (Systems, Applications and Products in
+	Data Processing).
+
+	2. <protocol> {Service Advertising Protocol}.
+
+	3. <networking> {Service Access Point}.
+
+	4. <language> {Symbolic Assembler Program}.
+
+	(1999-05-26)
+
+SAP AG
+
+	<company> (Systeme, Anwendungen, Produkte in der
+	Datenverarbeitung - German for "Systems, Applications and
+	Products in Data Processing") A company from Germany that
+	sells the leading suite of {client-server} business software.
+	The US branch is called SAP America.
+
+	{(http://sap.com/)}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1998-07-28)
+
+SAPI
+
+	1. <programming> {Speech Application Programming Interface}.
+
+	2. <programming> {Scheduling Application Programming
+	Interface}.
+
+	3. <networking> {Service Access Point Identifier}.
+
+	(1996-10-03)
+
+SAR
+
+	{segmentation and reassembly}
+
+SAS
+
+	1. <language> {Statistical Analysis System}.
+
+	2. <tool> {SAS System}.
+
+	(1998-11-06)
+
+SASD
+
+	{Structured Analysis, Structured Design}
+
+SASE
+
+	{Specific Application Service Element}.  Opposite: {CASE}.
+
+SASI
+
+	{Small Computer System Interface}
+
+SASL
+
+	1. <language> {St Andrews Static Language}.
+
+	2. <networking> {Simple Authentication and Security Layer}.
+
+SASL+LV
+
+	Unifies logic and functional programming.  A more complete
+	version of FGL+LV, in SASL syntax.  "Combinator Evaluations of
+	Functional Programs with Logical Variables", G. Bage et al, TR
+	UUCS-87-027, U Utah, Oct 1987.
+
+SASL-YACC
+
+	A version of {Yacc} written in {SASL} by Simon Peyton-Jones.
+
+SAS System
+
+	<tool> (SAS) Integrated software to access, manage, analyze,
+	and present data.  The SAS System can be used to perform data
+	entry, retrieval and management; report writing and graphics
+	design; statistical and mathematical analysis; business
+	forecasting and decision support; operations research; project
+	management and applications development.
+
+	(1998-11-06)
+
+SATA
+
+	{Serial Advanced Technology Attachment}
+
+SATAN
+
+	{Security Administrator's Integrated Network Tool}
+
+Sather
+
+	<language> /Say-ther/ (Named after the Sather Tower at {UCB},
+	as opposed to the Eiffel Tower).
+
+	An interactive {object-oriented} language designed by Steve
+	M. Omohundro at {ICSI} in 1991.  Sather has simple {syntax},
+	similar to {Eiffel}, but it is non-proprietary and faster.
+
+	Sather 0.2 was nearly a subset of Eiffel 2.0, but Sather 1.0
+	adds many distinctive features: parameterised {class}es,
+	{multiple inheritance}, statically-checked {strong typing},
+	{garbage collection}.  The compiler generates {C} as an
+	{intermediate language}.  There are versions for most
+	{workstations}.
+
+	Sather attempts to retain much of {Eiffel}'s theoretical
+	cleanliness and simplicity while achieving the efficiency of
+	{C++}.  The compiler generates efficient and portable C code
+	which is easily integrated with existing code.
+
+	A variety of development tools including a debugger and
+	{browser} based on {gdb} and a {GNU Emacs} development
+	environment have also been written.  There is also a {class
+	library} with several hundred classes that implement a variety
+	of basic data structures and numerical, geometric,
+	connectionist, statistical, and graphical abstractions.  The
+	authors would like to encourage contributions to the library
+	and hope to build a large collection of efficient,
+	well-written, well-tested classes in a variety of areas of
+	computer science.
+
+	Sather runs on {Sun-4}, {HP9000}/300, {Decstation} 5000,
+	{MIPS}, {Sony News} 3000, {Sequent}/{Dynix}, {SCO} {SysV}R3.2,
+	{NeXT}, {Linux}.
+
+	See also {dpSather}, {pSather}, {Sather-K}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.icsi.berkeley.edu/pub/sather)}.
+
+	E-mail: <sather-admin@icsi.berkeley.edu>.
+
+	Mailing list: sather-request@icsi.berkeley.edu.
+
+	(1995-04-26)
+
+Sather-K
+
+	<language> Karlsruhe Sather.
+
+	A sublanguage of {Sather} used for introductory courses in
+	{object-oriented design} and {typesafe programming}.
+
+	E-mail: <trapp@karlsruhe.gmd.de>.
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+satisfiability problem
+
+	A problem used as an example in {complexity theory}.  It can
+	be stated thus:
+
+	 Given a Boolean expression E, decide if there is some
+	 assignment to the variables in E such that E is true.
+
+	A {Boolean} expression is composed of Boolean variables,
+	(logical) negation (NOT), (logical) {conjunction} (AND) and
+	parentheses for grouping.  The satisfiability problem was the
+	first problem to be proved to be {NP-complete} (by Cook).
+
+	["Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation"
+	by Hopcroft and Ullman, pub. Addison-Wesley].
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+saturation
+
+	1. <graphics> In colour theory, the "colourfulness" of a
+	stimulus relative to its {brightness}, the amount of the
+	dominant wavelength relative to other wavelengths in the
+	colour, one of the three coordinates in the {hue, saturation,
+	value} (HSV) and {hue, saturation, brightness} (HSB) {colour
+	models}.
+
+	White, black and grey contain equal amounts of red, green and
+	blue light and are completely unsaturated.  A pure colour with
+	very little gray in it is highly saturated.  The amount of
+	saturation does not affect the {hue} of a colour and is
+	unrelated to the {value} (total amount of light in a colour).
+
+	There are several competing mathematical definitions of
+	saturation.
+
+	{(http://www.ncsu.edu/scivis/lessons/colormodels/color_models2.html#saturation)}.
+
+	{(http://www.pomona.edu/academics/courserelated/classprojects/visual-lit/saturation/saturation.html)}.
+
+	2. The state of any system that is operating at its maximum
+	capacity, e.g. a network connection that is carry a continuous
+	stream of data with no idle time.  {Capacity planning} aims to
+	monitor load and increase resources before saturation is
+	reached.
+
+	(2008-05-09)
+
+Saturday-night special
+
+	<jargon> (From police slang for a cheap handgun) A
+	{quick-and-dirty} program or feature {kluge}d together during off
+	hours, under a deadline, and in response to pressure from a
+	{salescritter}.  Such hacks are dangerously unreliable, but all
+	too often sneak into a production release after insufficient
+	review.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+sausage code
+
+	<humour, programming> Code which, once you know the details of how
+	it's made, you'll never want to use again.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2013-11-22)
+
+SAVE
+
+	An {assembler} for the {Burroughs 220} by Melvin Conway (see
+	{Conway's Law}).  The name "SAVE" didn't stand for anything,
+	it was just that you lost fewer card decks and listings
+	because they all had SAVE written on them.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+save
+
+	<editor, programming, storage> To copy {data} to a more
+	permanent form of storage.  The term is commonly used for when
+	some kind of document editing {application program} writes the
+	current document from {RAM} to a {file} on {hard disk} at the
+	request of the user.  The implication is that the user might
+	later {load} the file back into the editor again to view it,
+	print it, or continue editing it.  Saving a document makes it
+	safe from the effects of power failure.
+
+	The "document" might actually be anything, e.g. a {word
+	processor} document, the current state of a game, a piece of
+	music, a {website}, or a memory image of some program being
+	executed (though the term "dump" would probably be more common
+	here).
+
+	Data can be saved to any kind of (writable) storage: hard
+	disk, {floppy disk}, {CD-R}; either locally or via a
+	{network}.
+
+	A program might save its data without any explicit user
+	request, e.g. periodically as a precaution ("auto save"), or
+	if it forms part of a {pipeline} of processes which pass data
+	via intermediate files.  In the latter case the term suggests
+	all data is written in a single operation whereas "output"
+	might be a continuous flow, in true pipeline fashion.
+
+	When copying several files from one storage medium to another,
+	the terms "backup", "dump", or "archive" would be used rather
+	than "save".  The term "store" is similar to "save" but
+	typically applies to copying a single item of data, e.g. a
+	number, from a {processor}'s {register} to {RAM}.
+
+	A "save" operation saves the document in its native format,
+	e.g. a proprietary word processor format, whereas "save as"
+	(or "export") saves the same data in a different format,
+	e.g. a {plain text} file.
+
+	(2002-06-07)
+
+save as
+
+	<editor, programming, storage> A variant of {save} that saves
+	the current document in an alternative format.
+
+	(2005-02-15)
+
+say
+
+	A human may "say" things to a computer by typing them on a
+	terminal.  "To list a directory verbosely, say "ls -l"."
+	Tends to imply a {newline}-terminated command (a "sentence").
+
+	A computer may "say" things to you, even if it doesn't have a
+	speech synthesiser, by displaying them on a terminal in
+	response to your commands.  This usage often confuses
+	{mundanes}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+sb
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Solomon Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SB AWE32
+
+	<multimedia, music, hardware> A standard {SB16 MultiCD} {sound
+	card} with the {EMU8000} "Advanced WavEffect" music
+	synthesizer {integrated circuit}.  The card includes all the
+	standard SB16 features as well as the {Advanced Signal
+	Processor} and multiple interfaces supporting {Creative},
+	{Mitsumi} and {Sony} {CD-ROM} drives.
+
+	The EMU8000 comes integrated with 1MB of {General MIDI}
+	samples and 512kB of {DRAM} for additional sample downloading.
+	It can address up to 28 MB of external DRAM.  The SB AWE32
+	supports General MIDI, Roland GS, and Sound Canvas MT-32
+	{emulation}.
+
+	(1996-12-16)
+
+SBCS
+
+	<character> (IBM) single-byte character set.
+
+	A {character set} that uses 8 bits to represent a character.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+SBD
+
+	{Smart Battery Data}
+
+SBE
+
+	{Microsoft Office Small Business Edition}
+
+SBM
+
+	{Solution Based Modelling}
+
+SB-Prolog
+
+	Stony Brook Prolog.  A {public domain} {Prolog} {interpreter}
+	for {Unix}.  Version 3.1.  Distributed under the {GNU}
+	{General Public License}.
+
+	{(ftp://sbcs.sunysb.edu/pub/sbprolog/)}.
+
+	{Amiga version 2.3.2
+	(ftp://ftp.cso.uiuc.edu/amiga/fish/f1/ff140)} and
+	{(ftp://ftp.cso.uiuc.edu/amiga/fish/f1/ff141)}.
+
+	E-mail: <warren@sbcs.sunysb.edu>.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+SBR
+
+	{Spectral Band Replication}
+
+SBus
+
+	<hardware> The hardware interface for add-in boards in later
+	{Sun-3} (and {Sun-4}?) {workstations}.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(2001-09-07)
+
+SC
+
+	<body> Subcommittee (of {ISO}, {JTC}?).
+
+sc
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Seychelles.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SCA
+
+	{Single Connection Attach}
+
+SCADA
+
+	{Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition}
+
+scag
+
+	To destroy the data on a disk, either by corrupting the
+	file system or by causing media damage.
+
+	Compare {scrog}, {roach}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+scalability
+
+	How well a solution to some problem will work when the size of
+	the problem increases.
+
+	For example, a central {server} of some kind with ten
+	{clients} may perform adequately but with a thousand clients
+	it might fail to meet response time requirements.  In this
+	case, the average response time probably scales linearly with
+	the number of clients, we say it has a {complexity} of O(N)
+	("order N") but there are problems with other complexities.
+	E.g. if we want N nodes in a network to be able to communicate
+	with each other, we could connect each one to a central
+	exchange, requiring O(N) wires or we could provide a direct
+	connection between each pair, requiring O(N^2) wires (the
+	exact number or formula is not usually so important as the
+	highest power of N involved).
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+Scalable Coherent Interface
+
+	<hardware, protocol> (SCI) The {ANSI}/{IEEE} 1596-1992
+	{standard} that defines a point-to-point {interface} and a set
+	of {packet} {protocols}.  The SCI protocols use packets with a
+	16-byte {header} and 16, 64, or 256 data bytes.  Each packet
+	is protected by a 16-bit {CRC} code.
+
+	The standard defines 1 Gbit/second {serial} {fiber-optic}
+	links and 1 Gbyte/second {parallel} copper links.  SCI has two
+	unidirectional links that operate concurrently.
+
+	The SCI protocols support {shared memory} by encapsulating
+	{bus} requests and responses into SCI request and response
+	packets.  Packet-based {handshake} protocols guarantee
+	reliable data delivery.  A set of {cache coherence} protocols
+	are defined to maintain cache coherence in a {shared memory
+	system}.
+
+	{Message passing} is supported by a compatible subset of the
+	SCI protocols.  This protocol subset does not invoke SCI cache
+	coherency protocols.
+
+	SCI uses 64-bit {addressing} and the most significant 16 bits
+	are used for addressing up to 64K {nodes}.
+
+	{http://uni-paderborn.de/pc2/systems/sci/}.
+
+	[Applications?]
+
+	(1999-03-22)
+
+Scalable Processor ARChitecture
+
+	<computer> (SPARC) An {instruction set architecture} designed
+	by {Sun Microsystems} for their own use in 1985.  Sun was a
+	maker of {680x0}-based {Unix} {workstations}.  Research
+	versions of {RISC} processors had promised a major step
+	forward in speed but existing manufacturers were slow to
+	introduce a RISC type processor, so Sun went ahead and
+	developed its own, based on the {University of California at
+	Berkley}'s {RISC I} and {RISC II} 1980-2.  In keeping with
+	their open philosophy, they licenced it to other companies,
+	rather than manufacture it themselves.  The evolution and
+	standardisation of SPARC is now directed by the non-profit
+	consortium {SPARC International, Inc.}
+
+	SPARC was not the first {RISC} processor.  The {AMD 29000}
+	came before it, as did the {MIPS R2000} (based on {Stanford}'s
+	design) and {Hewlett-Packard} {Precision Architecture} {CPU},
+	among others.  The SPARC design was radical at the time, even
+	omitting multiple cycle multiply and divide instructions (like
+	a few others), while most RISC CPUs are more conventional.
+
+	SPARC implementations usually contain 128 or 144 {registers},
+	({CISC} designs typically had 16 or less).  At each time 32
+	registers are available - 8 are global, the rest are allocated
+	in a "window" from a stack of registers.  The window is moved
+	16 registers down the stack during a function call, so that
+	the upper and lower 8 registers are shared between functions,
+	to pass and return values, and 8 are local.  The window is
+	moved up on return, so registers are loaded or saved only at
+	the top or bottom of the register stack.  This allows
+	functions to be called in as little as 1 cycle.  Like some
+	other RISC processors, reading global register zero always
+	returns zero and writing it has no effect.  SPARC is
+	{pipelined} for performance, and like previous processors, a
+	dedicated {condition code register} holds comparison results.
+
+	SPARC is "scalable" mainly because the register stack can be
+	expanded (up to 512, or 32 windows), to reduce loads and saves
+	between functions, or scaled down to reduce {interrupt} or
+	{context switch} time, when the entire register set has to be
+	saved.  Function calls are usually much more frequent, so the
+	large register set is usually a plus.
+
+	SPARC is not a chip, but a specification, and so there are
+	various implementations of it.  It has undergone revisions,
+	and now has multiply and divide instructions.  Most versions
+	are 32 bits, but there are designs for 64-bit and
+	{superscalar} versions.  SPARC was submitted to the {IEEE}
+	society to be considered for the {P1754} microprocessor
+	standard.
+
+	SPARC(R) is a registered trademark of SPARC International,
+	Inc. in the United States and other countries.
+
+	[The SPARC Architecture Manual, v8, ISBN 0-13-825001-4].
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+Scalable Sampling Rate
+
+	<compression, standard, algorithm> (SSR) See, e.g., {MPEG-4
+	AAC SSR}.
+
+	(2001-12-08)
+
+Scalable Vector Graphics
+
+	<graphics, web> A {W3C} standard for {vector
+	graphics}, based on {XML}.
+
+	{(http://w3.org/Graphics/SVG/)}.
+
+	(2001-02-06)
+
+scalar
+
+	1. <mathematics> A single number, as opposed to a {vector} or
+	{matrix} of numbers.  Thus, for example, "scalar
+	multiplication" refers to the operation of multiplying one
+	number (one scalar) by another and is used to contrast this
+	with "matrix multiplication" etc.
+
+	2. <architecture> In a {parallel processor} or {vector
+	processor}, the "scalar processor" handles all the sequential
+	operations - those which cannot be parallelised or vectorised.
+
+	See also {superscalar}.
+
+	3. <programming> Any data type that stores a single value
+	(e.g. a number or {Boolean}), as opposed to an {aggregate}
+	data type that has many elements.  A {string} is regarded as a
+	scalar in some languages (e.g. {Perl}) and a vector of
+	{characters} in others (e.g. {C}).
+
+	(2002-06-12)
+
+SCALLOP
+
+	<language, history> A medium-level language for {CDC}
+	computers, used to {bootstrap} the first {Pascal} {compiler}.
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+SCAN
+
+	1. ["A Parallel Implementation of the SCAN Language",
+	N.G. Bourbakis, Comp Langs 14(4):239-254 (1989)].
+
+	2. A {real-time} language from {DEC}.
+
+	[Are these the same language?]
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+scan
+
+	1. (computer peripheral) See {scanner}.
+
+	2. (circuit design) See {scan design}.
+
+	3. ({functional programming}) See {scanl}, {scanr}.
+
+	4. <storage, algorithm> An algorithm for scheduling multiple
+	accesses to a disk.  A number of requests are ordered
+	according to the data's position on the storage device.  This
+	reduces the disk arm movement to one "scan" or sweep across
+	the whole disk in the worst case.  The serivce time can be
+	estimated from the disk's track-to-track {seek} time, maximum
+	seek time (one scan), and maximum {rotational latency}.
+
+	{Scan-EDF} is a variation on this.
+
+	(1995-11-15)
+
+scan design
+
+	<electronics> (Or "Scan-In, Scan-Out") A electronic circuit
+	design technique which aims to increase the controllability
+	and observability of a digital {logic circuit} by
+	incorporating special "{scan registers}" into the circuit so
+	that they form a {scan path}.
+
+	Some of the more common types of scan design include the
+	{multiplexed register} designs and {level-sensitive scan
+	design} (LSSD) used extensively by {IBM}.  {Boundary scan} can
+	be used alone or in combination with either of the above
+	techniques.
+
+	["Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design" by Abramovici,
+	Breuer, and Friedman, ISBN 0-7167-8179-4].
+
+	["Design of Testable Logic Circuits" by R.G. Bennetts,
+	(Brunel/Southhampton Universities), ISBN 0-201-14403-4].
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+SCANDISK
+
+	<operating system, storage> An {MS-DOS} command to check for
+	faults on a disk and provide a graphical representation the
+	results.  Scandisk was introduced with MS-DOS version 6 to
+	replace CHKDSK.
+
+	[What kinds of disk?  What faults?]
+
+	(1997-07-16)
+
+Scan-EDF
+
+	<storage, algorithm> A variation of the {Scan} disk aceess
+	algorithm for use in a {real-time} environment where, in
+	general, requests are served according to {Earliest Deadline
+	First}.  If two requests share the same deadline, they may be
+	reorganised according to Scan.
+
+	A typical example is a video server that retrieves video data
+	from a hard disk.  The playback of a video impose tight
+	real-time constraints but if the server retrieves data once
+	every second for each video channel, Scan-EDF can be applied,
+	reducing the {seek} {overhead}.
+
+	(1995-11-15)
+
+scanf
+
+	The {C} library routine that reads data from the {standard
+	input} {stream} {stdin} into the locations given by each entry
+	in its argument list.  The first argument is a format string
+	which controls interpretation of the input and each subsequent
+	argument points to a variable with a type that corresponds to
+	a type specifier in the format-string.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: scanf(3).
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+Scan-In, Scan-Out
+
+	{scan design}
+
+scan line
+
+	<hardware> A horizontal line of {pixels} generated by a single
+	horizontal sweep of the beam from a {monitor}'s {electron
+	gun}.  The number of scanlines that make up a {frame} is the
+	vertical {resolution}.
+
+	(1996-02-09)
+
+scanner
+
+	1. An input device that takes in an optical image and
+	digitises it into an electronic image represented as binary
+	data.  This can be used to create a computerised version of a
+	photo or illustration.
+
+	A scanner may be linked to {optical character recognition}
+	software allowing printed documents to be converted to
+	electronic text without having to type them in at a keyboard.
+
+	2. {lexical analyser}.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+scanno
+
+	/skan'oh/ An error in a document caused by a {scanner} glitch,
+	analogous to a typo or {thinko}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+scan path
+
+	(circuit design) A technique used to increase the
+	controllability and observability of a {logic circuit} by
+	incorporating "{scan registers}" into the circuit.  Normally
+	these act like {flip-flops} but they can be switched into a
+	"test" mode where they all become one long {shift register}.
+	This allows data to be clocked serially through all the scan
+	registers and out of an output pin at the same time as new
+	data is clocked in from an input pin.
+
+	Using this technique, the state of certain points in the
+	circuit can be examined and modified at any time by suspending
+	normal operation and switching to test mode.  If the scan path
+	is placed adjacent to the circuit's input and output pins then
+	this is known as "{boundary scan}".
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+scan register
+
+	<electronics, testing> A {digital logic} circuit which can
+	act either as a {flip-flop} or as a serial {shift register}
+	and which is used to form a {scan path} for testing.
+
+	The most common design is a multiplexed {flip-flop}:
+
+		      ___	  ____
+	 normal in --|	 \	 |    |
+		     |mux |------|D  Q|---- normal/scan
+	 scan in ----|___/    	 |    |     output
+		       |	 |flip|
+	 test mode ----+         |flop|
+			         |    |
+	 clk --------------------|>   |
+				 |____|
+
+	The addition of a {multiplexor} (mux) to each {flip-flop}'s
+	input allows operation in either normal or test mode.  The
+	output of each flip-flop goes to the normal functional logic
+	as well as to the scan input of the next multiplexor in the
+	scan path.
+
+	The other common design is {level-sensitive scan design}
+	(LSSD).
+
+	(2011-12-16)
+
+scar tissue code
+
+	<humour, programming> Old {code} that is {commented out} but still
+	included in the current {release}.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2014-01-04)
+
+SCC
+
+	{strongly connected component}
+
+SCCS
+
+	<software> Source Code Control System: a popular {source code
+	management} system found on {Unix} since early versions.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: sccs(1).
+
+	(2011-12-16)
+
+SCEPTRE
+
+	Designing and analysing circuits.
+
+	["SCEPTRE: A Computer Program for Circuit and Systems
+	Analysis", J.C. Bowers et al, P-H 1971].
+
+Schachter's Hypothesis
+
+	<web> The observation that "Given two unrelated
+	technical terms, an {Internet} {search engine} will retrieve
+	only résumés".  This was first formulated by {Joshua Eli
+	Schachter (http://burri.to/~joshua/)} in about 1998, while
+	poring over the uniformly irrelevant pages that resulted from
+	a search he'd run on "+{Perl} +{MAPI}" in {Altavista}.
+
+	(2002-02-04)
+
+scheduler
+
+	{scheduling}
+
+scheduling
+
+	<algorithm> The arrangement of a number of related operations
+	in time.
+
+	There are several kinds of scheduling related to computers:
+
+	{instruction scheduling} - sequencing the instructions
+	executed by the {CPU}
+
+	{multitasking} ("process scheduling") - sharing a CPU between
+	several processes
+
+	{application} {software} to help organise your daily meetings
+	etc.
+
+	{task scheduling} - {algorithms} to solve the general problem
+	of satisfying time and resource {constraints} between a number
+	of tasks.
+
+	Compare {planning}.
+
+	(1998-04-25)
+
+Scheduling API
+
+	{Scheduling Application Programming Interface}
+
+Scheduling Application Programming Interface
+
+	(SAPI, Scheduling API) An {API} aimed at {software} which aids
+	humans in arranging their (business) activities.
+
+	{Microsoft} has defined a SAPI for its {Schedule+}
+	application.
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+Schelog
+
+	<language, Scheme, Prolog> (Previously "slog"?) A {Prolog} to
+	{Chez Scheme} {macro} translator by <dorai@cs.rice.edu>.
+	Schelog relies on continuations.
+
+	{(http://cs.rice.edu/CS/PLT/packages/schelog)}.
+
+	(2000-11-20)
+
+schema
+
+	1. <database> {database schema}.
+
+	2. <logic> {axiom schema}.
+
+	3. <data> {XML schema}.
+
+Schema Definition Set
+
+	(SDS) Something in {Portable Common Tool Environment}.
+
+	[What?]
+
+	(2001-03-03)
+
+Schema Representation language
+
+	(SRL)
+
+	["SRL/2 Users Manual", J.M. Wright et al, Robotics Inst, CMU,
+	1984].
+
+schematic capture
+
+	The process of entering the logical design of an electronic
+	circuit into a CAE system by creating a schematic
+	representation of components and interconnections.
+
+schematic type variable
+
+	{generic type variable}
+
+Schematik
+
+	A {NeXT} front-end to {MIT Scheme} for the NeXT by Chris Kane
+	and Max Hailperin <max@nic.gac.edu>.  Schematik provides
+	syntax-knowledgeable text editing, graphics windows and a
+	user-interface to an underlying MIT Scheme process.  It comes
+	with MIT Scheme 7.1.3 ready to install on the NeXT and
+	requires {NEXTSTEP}.
+
+	Version: 1.1.5.2.
+
+	{USA FTP (ftp://ftp.gac.edu/pub/next/scheme/)}.  {Germany
+	(ftp://ftp.informatik.uni-muenchen.de/pub/next/ProgLang)}.
+
+	 E-mail: <schematik@gac.edu>.
+
+	 (1993-03-11)
+
+Scheme
+
+	<programming> (Originally "Schemer", by analogy with {Planner}
+	and {Conniver}).  A small, uniform {Lisp} dialect with clean
+	{semantics}, developed initially by {Guy Steele} and {Gerald
+	Sussman} in 1975.  Scheme uses {applicative order reduction}
+	and {lexical scope}.  It treats both {functions} and
+	{continuations} as {first-class} objects.
+
+	One of the most used implementations is {DrScheme}, others
+	include {Bigloo}, {Elk}, {Liar}, {Orbit}, {Scheme86} (Indiana
+	U), {SCM}, {MacScheme} (Semantic Microsystems), {PC Scheme}
+	(TI), {MIT Scheme}, and {T}.
+
+	See also {Kamin's interpreters}, {PSD}, {PseudoScheme},
+	{Schematik}, {Scheme Repository}, {STk}, {syntax-case}, {Tiny
+	Clos}, {Paradigms of AI Programming}.
+
+	There have been a series of revisions of the report defining
+	Scheme, known as {RRS} (Revised Report on Scheme), {R2RS}
+	(Revised Revised Report ..), {R3RS}, {R3.99RS}, {R4RS}.
+
+	{Scheme resources (http://schemers.org/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: scheme@mc.lcs.mit.edu.
+
+	[IEEE P1178-1990, "IEEE Standard for the Scheme Programming
+	Language", ISBN 1-55937-125-0].
+
+	(2003-09-14)
+
+Scheme84
+
+	{Scheme} from {Indiana University}.  It requires {Franz Lisp}
+	on a {VAX} under {VMS} or {BSD}.
+
+	E-mail: Nancy Garrett <nlg@indiana.edu>.
+
+	Send a tape with return postage to Scheme84 Distribution,
+	Nancy Garrett, c/o Dan Friedman, Department of Computer
+	Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.  Telephone:
+	+1 (812) 335 9770.
+
+Scheme88
+
+	{(ftp://nexus.yorku.ca/pub/scheme/)}.
+
+	[Description?]
+
+Scheme->C
+
+	{Scheme-to-C}
+
+Scheme Library
+
+	<library> (SLIB) A portable {Scheme} library providing
+	compatibiliy and utility functions for all standard Scheme
+	implementations.
+
+	Version 2c5 supports {Bigloo}, {Chez}, {ELK}, {GAMBIT},
+	{MacScheme}, {MITScheme}, {PocketScheme}, {RScheme},
+	{Scheme->C}, {Scheme48}, {SCM}, {SCSH}, {T3.1}, {UMB-Scheme},
+	and {VSCM}.
+
+	{(http://swissnet.ai.mit.edu/~jaffer/SLIB.html)}.
+
+	(1999-06-07)
+
+Scheme-Linda
+
+	A {Scheme} interface to {Linda} written by Ulf Dahlen of
+	{University of Edinburgh} in 1990.  It runs on the {Computing
+	Surface} and the {Symmetry}.
+
+	["Scheme-Linda", U. Dahlen et al, EPCC-TN-90-01 Edinburgh
+	1990].
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+Scheme Object System
+
+	(SOS) Chris Hanson?
+
+	{(ftp://altdorf.ai.mit.edu/archive/cph/sos.tar.gz)}.
+
+	[Description?]
+
+Scheme Repository
+
+	A collection of free {Scheme} programs.
+
+	{(ftp://nexus.yorku.ca/pub/scheme/)}.
+
+Scheme-to-C
+
+	<language> A {Scheme} {compiler} written in {C} that emits C
+	and is embeddable in C.  Scheme-to-C was written by Joel
+	Bartlett of {Digital Western Research Laboratory}.  Version
+	15mar93 translates a superset of Revised**4 Scheme to C that
+	is then compiled by the {native} {C} compiler for the {target
+	machine}.  This design results in a portable system that
+	allows either stand-alone Scheme programs or programs written
+	in both compiled and interpreted Scheme and other languages.
+	It supports "{expansion passing style}" {macros}, {foreign
+	function} calls, {records}, and interfaces to {Xlib} ({Ezd}
+	and {Scix}).
+
+	Scheme-to-C runs on {VAX}, {ULTRIX}, {DECstation}, {Alpha AXP}
+	{OSF}/1, {Windows 3.1}, {Apple Macintosh} 7.1, {HP 9000/300},
+	{HP 9000/700}, {Sony News}, {SGI} {Iris} and {Harris}
+	{Nighthawk}, and other {Unix}-like {88000} systems.  The
+	earlier 01nov91 version runs on {Amiga}, {SunOS}, {NeXT}, and
+	{Apollo} systems.
+
+	{(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/DEC/Scheme-to-C/)}.
+
+	(2000-05-24)
+
+Schlaer-Mellor
+
+	An {object-oriented analysis} (OOA), design and modelling
+	method that addresses the integration of structural and
+	behavioural properties.  It also allows an animation of the
+	design.
+
+	{I-OOA} is a tool that supports the Schlaer Mellor Design
+	Method.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+Schoonschip
+
+	<mathematics, tool> (From the Dutch for "beautiful ship" or
+	"clean ship") A program for {symbolic mathematics}, especially
+	High Energy Physics, written by M. Veltman of CERN in 1964.
+	Schoonschip only does algebra, no derivatives.  It was
+	implemented originally in {CDC 6600} and {CDC 7600} {assembly
+	language} and currently in {680x0} {assembly language}.
+	Latest versions run on {Amiga}, {Atari ST}, {Sun-3} and
+	{NeXT}.
+
+	It was once maintained by David Williams at the {University of
+	Michigan} Physics Department.
+
+	{(ftp://archive.umich.edu/physics/schip)}.
+
+	(2000-11-14)
+
+schrödinbug
+
+	<jargon, programming> /shroh'din-buhg/ ({MIT}, from the
+	Schrödinger's Cat thought-experiment in quantum physics) A design
+	or implementation {bug} that doesn't manifest until someone
+	reading the {source code} or using the program in an unusual way
+	notices that it never should have worked, at which point it stops
+	working until fixed.
+
+	Though (like {bit rot}) this sounds impossible, it happens; some
+	programs have harboured schrödinbugs for years.
+
+	Compare {heisenbug}, {Bohr bug}, {mandelbug}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+SCI
+
+	<hardware> 1. {Scalable Coherent Interface}.
+
+	2. {UART}.
+
+	(1998-02-14)
+
+Science and Engineering Research Council
+
+	<body> (SERC) Formerly the largest of the five research
+	councils funded by the British Government through the Office
+	of Science and Technology.  SERC funded higher education
+	research in science and engineering, including computing and
+	was responsible for the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, near
+	Oxford; the Daresbury Laboratory, near Warrington; the Royal
+	Greenwich Observatory at Cambridge and the Royal Observatory,
+	Edinburgh.
+
+	In April 1994 SERC was split into the Engineering and Physical
+	Sciences Research Council and the Particle Physics and
+	Astronomy Research Council.  SERC's remote sensing efforts
+	have been transferred to the Natural Environment RC and its
+	biotechnology efforts merged with the Agriculture and Food RC
+	to make the new Biotechnology and Biological Sciences RC.  The
+	two major SERC laboratories - {Rutherford Appleton Laboratory}
+	and Daresbury Laboratory are now independent.
+
+	{(http://unixfe.rl.ac.uk/serc/serc.html)}.
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+Scientific Data Systems
+
+	<company> (SDS) The company that produced the SDS 940 (later
+	renamed {XDS 940}).  Around 1968 {Xerox} bought out SDS and
+	renamed the SDS machines to XDS.
+
+	[What else?]
+
+	(2001-03-03)
+
+SCL
+
+	<language> 1. {System Control Language}.
+
+	2. Symbolic Communication Language.  Designed primarily for
+	the manipulation of symbolic formulas.  Featured pattern
+	matching (which was partly the inspiration for SNOBOL), string
+	operations in buffers, and automatic storage management.  "A
+	Language for Symbolic Communication", C.Y. Lee et al, Tech Mem
+	62-3344-4, Bell Labs, Sept 1962.
+
+SCM
+
+	1. <business> {Supply Chain Management}.
+
+	(2003-10-09)
+
+	2. <language> A {Scheme} {interpreter} in {C} by Aubrey Jaffer
+	and others.  SCM conforms to {R4RS} and {IEEE} {P1178} and
+	includes a {conformance test}.  It is distributed under {GPL}.
+	Version 5d0 runs under {Amiga}, {Atari-ST}, {MacOS}, {MS-DOS},
+	{OS/2}, {NOS/VE}, {Unicos}, {VMS}, {Unix}, and similar
+	systems.
+
+	{x-scm} provides an {X Window System} interface for SCM
+	programs.
+
+	{(http://swissnet.ai.mit.edu/~jaffer/SCM.html)}.
+
+	(1999-06-07)
+
+SC/MP
+
+	<processor> (Nicknamed "Scamp") A typical 8-bit
+	{microprocessor} from {National Semiconductor} released in
+	April 1976.  It was intended for control applications (a
+	simple {BASIC} in a 2.5K {ROM} was added to one version).  It
+	featured 16 bit addressing, with 12 address lines and 4 lines
+	borrowed from the data bus (it was common to borrow lines from
+	the data bus for addressing).  Internally, it included three
+	{index registers} (P1 to P3) and two 8-bit general-purpose
+	{registers}.  It had a {PC}, but no {stack pointer} or
+	{subroutine} instructions (though they could be emulated with
+	index registers).  During {interrupts}, the {PC} was saved in
+	P3.  It was meant for embedded control, and these features
+	were omitted for cost reasons.  It was also {bit serial}
+	internally to keep it cheap.
+
+	The unique feature was the ability to completely share a
+	system bus with other processors.  Most processors of the time
+	assumed they were the only ones accessing memory or I/O
+	devices.  Multiple SC/MPs could be hooked up to the bus, as
+	well as other intelligent devices, such as {DMA controllers}.
+	A control line (ENOUT (Enable Out) to ENIN) could be chained
+	along the processors to allow cooperative processing.  This
+	was very advanced for the time, compared to other {CPUs}.
+
+	In addition to I/O ports like the {Intel 8080}, the SC/MP also
+	had instructions and one pin for serial input and one for
+	output.
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+SCO
+
+	{Santa Cruz Operation}
+
+Scode
+
+	The internal representation used by the {Liar} compiler for
+	{MIT Scheme}.
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+SCOOP
+
+	Structured Concurrent Object-Oriented Prolog.
+
+	["SCOOP, Structured Concurrent Object-Oriented Prolog",
+	J. Vaucher et al, in ECOOP '88, S. Gjessing et al eds, LNCS
+	322, Springer 1988, pp.191-211].
+
+SCOOPS
+
+	Scheme Object-Oriented Programming System.  Developed at
+	{Texas Instruments} in 1986.  It supports {multiple
+	inheritance} and {class variables}.
+
+	{(ftp://altdorf.ai.mit.edu/archive/scheme-library/unsupported/CScheme)}.
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+SCOPE
+
+	<project> Software Evaluation and Certification Programme
+	Europe.
+
+	An {ESPRIT} project.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+scope
+
+	<programming> The scope of an identifier is the region of a
+	program source within which it represents a certain thing.
+	This usually extends from the place where it is declared to
+	the end of the smallest enclosing block (begin/end or
+	procedure/function body).  An inner block may contain a
+	redeclaration of the same identifier in which case the scope
+	of the outer declaration does not include (is "shadowed" or
+	"{occlude}d" by) the scope of the inner.
+
+	See also {activation record}, {dynamic scope}, {lexical
+	scope}.
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+Scorpion
+
+	Twenty tools that can be used to construct specialised
+	programming environments.  The Scorpion Project was started by
+	Prof. Richard Snodgrass <rts@cs.arizona.edu> as an outgrowth
+	of the {SoftLab} Project (which produced the {IDL Toolkit})
+	that he started when he was at the {University of North
+	Carolina}.  The Scorpion Project is directed by him at the
+	{University of Arizona} and by Karen Shannon at the
+	{University of North Carolina} at Chapel Hill.
+
+	Version 6.0 runs on {Sun-3}, {Sun-4}, {VAX}, {Decstation},
+	{Iris}, {Sequent}, {HP9000}.
+
+	See also {Candle}.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.arizona.edu/scorpion/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: info-scorpion-request@cs.arizona.edu.
+
+	E-mail: <scorpion-project@cs.arizona.edu>.
+
+	(1993-11-04)
+
+Scott-closed
+
+	A set S, a subset of D, is Scott-closed if
+
+	(1) If Y is a subset of S and Y is {directed} then lub Y is in
+	S and
+
+	(2) If y <= s in S then y is in S.
+
+	I.e. a Scott-closed set contains the {lubs} of its {directed}
+	subsets and anything less than any element.  (2) says that S
+	is downward {closed} (or left closed).
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\sqsubseteq}).
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Scott domain
+
+	An {algebraic}, {boundedly complete}, {complete partial
+	order}.  Often simply called a {domain}.
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+SCPI
+
+	{Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments}
+
+SCPI Consortium
+
+	<body> A body established to promote {Standard Commands for
+	Programmable Instruments}.
+
+	Address: 8380 Hercules Drive, Suite P3, La Mesa, CA 91942,
+	USA.
+
+	{SCPI in Europe
+	(http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/acea/scpi_uk.htm)}.
+	Address: ACEA, P.O. Box 134, 7640 AC Wierden The Netherlands.
+	Telephone: +31 546 577 994.  E-mail: <ACEA@compuserve.com>.
+
+	(1999-01-05)
+
+scram switch
+
+	<jargon> (From the nuclear power industry) An emergency
+	power-off switch (see {Big Red Switch}), especially one
+	positioned to be easily hit by evacuating personnel.  In
+	general, this is *not* something you {frob} lightly; these
+	often initiate expensive events (such as Halon dumps) and are
+	installed in a {dinosaur pen} for use in case of electrical
+	fire or in case some luckless {field servoid} should put 120
+	volts across himself while {Easter egging}.
+
+	SCRAM stands for Safety Control Rod Ax Man.  In the early days
+	of nuclear power, boron moderator rods were raised and lowered
+	on ropes.  In the event of a runaway chain reaction, a man
+	with an axe would chop the rope and drop the rods into the
+	nuclear pile to stop the reaction.
+
+	See also {molly-guard}, {TMRC}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-05-17)
+
+SCRAP
+
+	Something written at {CSIR}, Pretoria, South Africa in the
+	late 1970s.  It ran on {Interdata} and {Perkin-Elmer}
+	computers and was in use until the late 1980s.
+
+	[But what was it?]
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+scratch
+
+	1. (From "scratchpad") Describes a data structure or recording
+	medium attached to a machine for testing or temporary-use
+	purposes; one that can be {scribble}d on without loss.
+	Usually in the combining forms "scratch memory", "scratch
+	register", "scratch disk", "scratch tape", "scratch volume".
+
+	See also {scratch monkey}.
+
+	2. (primarily {IBM}) To delete (as in a file).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+scratch disk
+
+	1. <storage> See {scratch}.
+
+	2. <operating system> Unallocated space on {Windows 95}'s
+	primary {hard disk} {partition}, used for {virtual memory}.
+
+	Shortage of space on this partition can result in the error
+	"scratch disk full".
+
+	(2000-03-07)
+
+scratch monkey
+
+	<humour> As in "Before testing or reconfiguring, always mount
+	a {scratch monkey}", a proverb used to advise caution when
+	dealing with irreplaceable data or devices.  Used to refer to
+	any scratch volume hooked to a computer during any risky
+	operation as a replacement for some precious resource or data
+	that might otherwise get trashed.
+
+	This term preserves the memory of Mabel, the Swimming Wonder
+	Monkey, star of a biological research program at the
+	University of Toronto.  Mabel was not (so the legend goes)
+	your ordinary monkey; the university had spent years teaching
+	her how to swim, breathing through a regulator, in order to
+	study the effects of different gas mixtures on her physiology.
+	Mabel suffered an untimely demise one day when a DEC engineer
+	troubleshooting a crash on the program's VAX inadvertently
+	interfered with some custom hardware that was wired to Mabel.
+
+	It is reported that, after calming down an understandably
+	irate customer sufficiently to ascertain the facts of the
+	matter, a DEC troubleshooter called up the {field circus}
+	manager responsible and asked him sweetly, "Can you swim?"
+
+	Not all the consequences to humans were so amusing; the sysop
+	of the machine in question was nearly thrown in jail at the
+	behest of certain clueless droids at the local "humane"
+	society.  The moral is clear: When in doubt, always mount a
+	scratch monkey.
+
+	{ESR} notes: There is a version of this story, complete with
+	reported dialogue between one of the project people and DEC
+	field service, that has been circulating on Internet since
+	1986.  It is hilarious and mythic, but gets some facts wrong.
+	For example, it reports the machine as a {PDP-11} and alleges
+	that Mabel's demise occurred when DEC {PM}ed the machine.
+	Earlier versions of this entry were based on that story; this
+	one has been corrected from an interview with the hapless
+	sysop.
+
+	A corespondent adds: The details you give are somewhat
+	consistent with the version I recall from the Digital "War
+	Stories" notesfile, but the name "Mabel" and the swimming bit
+	were not mentioned, IIRC.  Also, there's {a very detailed
+	account (http://mv.com/ipusers/arcade/monkey.htm)} that
+	claims that three monkies died in the incident, not just one.
+	I believe Eric Postpischil wrote the original story at DEC, so
+	his coming back with a different version leads me to wonder
+	whether there ever was a real Scratch Monkey incident.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-08-22)
+
+Scratchpad I
+
+	<language> A general-purpose language originally for
+	interactive {symbolic mathematics} by Richard Jenks, Barry
+	Trager, Stephen M. Watt and Robert S. Sutor of {IBM Research},
+	ca 1971.  It features abstract parametrised data types,
+	{multiple inheritance} and {polymorphism}.  There were
+	implementations for {VM/CMS} and {AIX}.
+
+	["Scratchpad User's Manual", RA 70, IBM (June 1975)].
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+Scratchpad II
+
+	See {Scratchpad I}, {AXIOM}.
+
+	["Scratchpad II Programming Language Manual", R.D. Jenks et
+	al, IBM, 1985].
+
+	[Scratchpad II Newsletter: Computer Algebra Group, TJWRC, Box
+	218, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598].
+
+scream and die
+
+	Synonym {cough and die}, but connotes that an error message
+	was printed or displayed before the program crashed.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Screamer
+
+	An extension of {Common Lisp} providing {nondeterministic}
+	{backtracking} and {constraint} programming.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.ai.mit.edu/pub/screamer.tar.Z)}.
+
+	[Isn't all backtracking nondeterministic by definition?]
+
+screaming tty
+
+	[Unix] A terminal line which spews an infinite number of
+	random characters at the operating system.  This can happen if
+	the terminal is either disconnected or connected to a
+	powered-off terminal but still enabled for login;
+	misconfiguration, misimplementation, or simple bad luck can
+	start such a terminal screaming.  A screaming tty or two can
+	seriously degrade the performance of a vanilla Unix system;
+	the arriving "characters" are treated as userid/password pairs
+	and tested as such.  The Unix password encryption algorithm is
+	designed to be computationally intensive in order to foil
+	brute-force crack attacks, so although none of the logins
+	succeeds; the overhead of rejecting them all can be
+	substantial.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+screen
+
+	1. <hardware> A generic term for a {display device} that shows
+	text and/or images on a roughly flat rectangular surface.  The
+	most common type is usually refered to as a "{monitor}" and is
+	based on a {cathode-ray tube}, though {flat panel} displays
+	have, since around 2000, become increasingly competitive in
+	price and performance.
+
+	(2005-07-28)
+
+	2. A {screen multiplexer} utility which lets you run multiple
+	{interactive} {terminal sessions} (and {curses} programs)
+	through a single terminal connection (on one {virtual
+	console}, one terminal, through one {modem} link, {telnet}
+	session or {xterm}).
+
+	Screen can detach processes from one terminal and attach them
+	to another.  "Auto-detach" lets you continue working after
+	being disconnected and reconnected.  It supports keyboard
+	driven cut and paste from any text and/or curses application
+	(like {Lynx}) to any other (like {xemacs}).
+
+	Screen comes with many {Linux} distributions and is available
+	(free) on many other {Unix} {platforms}.
+
+	(2005-07-29)
+
+screen blanker
+
+	{screen saver}
+
+screen dump
+
+	<graphics> (Or "screen shot") An {image}, often stored in a
+	file, of what was displayed on a computer's screen at some
+	time.  Sending someone a screen dump can be very useful for
+	remote support and diagnosis because it may show important
+	details that the user didn't realise were significant,
+	e.g. which {web browser} they were using.
+
+	(2009-01-05)
+
+Screen Peace
+
+	<tool> A {screen saver} for {Microsoft Windows} by Anthony
+	Andersen.  Released as {charityware}.  It can load extension
+	modules with {filename extension} ".SPX".
+
+	{Some modules
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/systems/ibmpc/windows3/desktop/spx2.zip)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+screen popping
+
+	<communications> The use of {CTI} to make customer data appear
+	on a call centre terminal at the same time as the customer
+	call is transferred.
+
+	(2003-12-04)
+
+screen reader
+
+	<application> A {text-to-speech} system, intended for use by
+	blind or low-vision users, that speaks the text content of a
+	computer display.
+
+	(1998-10-19)
+
+screen refresh
+
+	{refresh rate}
+
+screen saver
+
+	<tool> A program which displays either a completely black
+	image or a constantly changing image on a computer monitor to
+	prevent a stationary image from "burning" into the phosphor of
+	the screen.  Screen savers usually start automatically after
+	the computer has had no user input for a preset time.  Some
+	screen savers come with many different modules, each giving a
+	different effect.
+
+	Approximately pre-1990, many {cathode ray tubes}, in TVs,
+	computer {monitors} or elsewhere, were prone to "burn-in";
+	that is, if the same pattern (e.g., the {WordPerfect} status
+	line; the {Pong} score readout; or a TV channel-number
+	display) were shown at the same position on the screen for
+	very long periods of time, the phosphor on the screen would
+	"fatigue" and that part of the screen would seem greyed out,
+	even when the CRT was off.
+
+	Eventually CRTs were developed which were resistant to burn-in
+	(and which sometimes went into {sleep} mode after a period of
+	inactivity); but in the meantime, solutions were developed:
+	home video game systems of the era (e.g., Atari 2600s) would,
+	when not being played, change the screen every few seconds, to
+	avoid burn-in; and computer screen saver programs were
+	developed.
+
+	The first screen savers were simple screen blankers - they
+	just set the screen to all black, but, in the best case of
+	{creeping featurism} ever recorded, these tiny (often under 1K
+	long) programs grew without regard to efficiency or even basic
+	usefulness.  At first, small, innocuous {display hacks}
+	(generally on an almost-black screen) were added.  Later, more
+	complex effects appeared, including {animations} (often with
+	sound effects!) of arbitrary length and complexity.
+
+	Along the way, avoiding repetitive patterns and burn-in was
+	completely forgotten and "screen savers" such as {Pointcast}
+	were developed, which make no claim to save your monitor, but
+	are simply bloated {browsers} for {push media} which
+	self-start after the machine has been inactive for a few
+	minutes.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+screen scraper
+
+	<tool> A piece of software used to automate interaction
+	between two computer systems through the terminal interface
+	(designed for human use) of one of those systems.
+
+	Typically, the screen scraper interacts with {terminal
+	emulation} software to generate input to and process output
+	from the "host" system through terminal screens.  Screen
+	scrapers are advantageous when modifications to the host
+	system are undesireable, when it is desireable to make use of
+	the existing business and data integrity logic on the host,
+	and when no other (peer-to-peer) interface method is
+	available.
+
+	Some products employ screen scraping combined with additional
+	functionality which provides a {DBMS}-like or other
+	specialised interface to the host.  The host system is often
+	called a "{legacy} system" because it usually the older of the
+	systems involved and based on older technology.
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+screen server
+
+	<spelling> Do you mean "{screen saver}"?
+
+	(2004-08-21)
+
+screen sharing
+
+	{Audiographic Teleconferencing}
+
+Screenwrite
+
+	<language> A columnar format {third generation programming
+	language} similar in layout to {assembler} and used for
+	{transaction processing}, solely on the {Honeywell} {Bull}
+	{TPS6} {database}/transaction management system on their Level
+	6 {DPS6} {minicomputers} running under the {GCOS6} {operating
+	system}.  In the UK it was mainly used by local authorities
+	and the Ministry of Defense.  Being proprietary technology,
+	its popularity waned with the introduction of {open systems}
+	standards, {relational databases} and {fourth generation
+	languages} but it is believed that some systems made it
+	through {Y2K}.
+
+	[Dates?]
+
+	(2003-05-15)
+
+screw
+
+	<jargon> (MIT) A failure, usually in software.  Especially
+	used for user-visible misbehaviour caused by a {bug} or
+	{misfeature}.  This use has become quite widespread outside
+	{MIT}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+screwage
+
+	/skroo'*j/ Like {lossage} but connotes that the failure is due
+	to a designed-in misfeature rather than a simple inadequacy or
+	a mere bug.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+scribble
+
+	To modify a data structure in a random and unintentionally
+	destructive way.  "Bletch! Somebody's disk-compactor program
+	went berserk and scribbled on the i-node table."  "It was
+	working fine until one of the allocation routines scribbled on
+	low core."  Synonymous with {trash}; compare {mung}, which
+	conveys a bit more intention, and {mangle}, which is more
+	violent and final.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Scribe
+
+	A text-formatting language by Brian Reid.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+SCRIPT
+
+	1. An early system on the {IBM 702}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	2. A {real-time} language.
+
+	["A Communication Abstraction Mechanism and its Verification",
+	N. Francez et al, Sci Comp Prog 6(1):35-88 (1986)].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+script
+
+	<language> A program written in a {scripting language}, but
+	see {Ousterhout's dichotomy}.
+
+	(1999-02-22)
+
+Scriptics
+
+	<company> {John Ousterhout}'s company that is the home of
+	{Tcl} development and the {TclPro} tool suite.
+
+	{(http://scriptics.com/)}.
+
+	(1998-11-27)
+
+scripting language
+
+	<language> (Or "glue language") A loose term for any language
+	that is {weakly typed} or {untyped} and has little or no
+	provision for complex {data structures}.  A program in a
+	scripting language (a "{script}") is often {interpreted} (but
+	see {Ousterhout's dichotomy}).
+
+	Scripts typically interact either with other programs (often
+	as {glue}) or with a set of functions provided by the
+	interpreter, as with the {file system} functions provided in a
+	{UNIX shell} and with {Tcl}'s {GUI} functions.  Prototypical
+	scripting languages are {AppleScript}, {C Shell}, {MS-DOS}
+	{batch files} and {Tcl}.
+
+	(2001-03-06)
+
+scrog
+
+	/skrog/ [Bell Labs] To damage, trash, or corrupt a data
+	structure.  "The list header got scrogged."  Also reported as
+	"skrog", and ascribed to the comic strip "The Wizard of Id".
+	Compare {scag}; possibly the two are related.  Equivalent to
+	{scribble} or {mangle}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+SCROLL
+
+	String and Character Recording Oriented Logogrammatic
+	Language.
+
+	["SCROLL - A Pattern Recording Language", M. Sargent, Proc
+	SJCC 36 (1970)].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+scroll
+
+	<interface> (From a scroll of paper) To change the portion of
+	a document displayed in a window or on a {VDU} screen.  In a
+	{graphical user interface}, scrolling is usually controlled by
+	the user via {scroll bars}, whereas on a VDU the text scrolls
+	up automatically as lines of data are output at the bottom of
+	the screen.
+
+	(2001-04-27)
+
+scrollable list
+
+	<operating system> A list of information in a {graphical user
+	interface} with a {scroll bar}, often used to present a list
+	of choices.
+
+	(1999-10-03)
+
+scroll bar
+
+	<graphics> A {widget} found in {graphical user interfaces} and
+	used to show and control ("scroll") which portion of a
+	document is currently visible in a window.  A window may have
+	a horizontal or, most often, vertical scroll bar or both.
+
+	A vertical scroll bar is a narrow strip drawn up the side of
+	the window containing a "bubble" whose position in the scroll
+	bar represents the position of the visible part within the
+	whole document.  By dragging the bubble with the mouse the
+	user can scroll the view over the entire document.  Arrow
+	buttons are usually provided at the end(s) of the scroll bar
+	to allow the window to be scrolled by a small amount, e.g. one
+	line of text, in either direction by clicking them with the
+	mouse.  Some programs provide a second pair of buttons for
+	scrolling a page at a time or some other unit.  Clicking on
+	the scroll bar outside the bubble will either, depending on
+	the particular {WIMP}, move the bubble to that point or move
+	it some amount (typically a screenful) in that direction.
+
+	Different {WIMP} systems define different standards for
+	whether scroll bars appear on the left or right, top or bottom
+	of the window, and for their behaviour.
+
+	To reduce mouse movement, the up and down scroll buttons
+	should either be next to each other at one end of the scroll
+	bar (as in {NEXTSTEP}) or should reverse their effect when
+	clicked with the right-hand mouse button (as in the {X Window
+	System} and {RISC OS}).  The fraction of the scroll bar filled
+	by the bubble should indicate the fraction of the document
+	visible in the window.
+
+	(1998-06-26)
+
+scrolling
+
+	<chat, games> To flood a {chat room} or {Internet game} with
+	text or {macros} in an attempt to annoy the occupants.  This
+	can often cause the chat room to be "uninhabitable" due to the
+	"noise" created by the scroller.  Compare {spam}.
+
+	(2001-03-27)
+
+scrool
+
+	/skrool/ [The pioneering Roundtable chat system in Houston
+	ca. 1984; probably originated as a typo for "scroll"] The log
+	of old messages, available for later perusal or to help one
+	get back in synch with the conversation.  It was originally
+	called the "scrool monster", because an early version of the
+	roundtable software had a bug where it would dump all 8K of
+	scrool on a user's terminal.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+scrozzle
+
+	/skroz'l/ Used when a {self-modifying code} segment runs
+	incorrectly and corrupts the running program or vital data.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+scruffies
+
+	{neats vs. scruffies}
+
+SCSI
+
+	{Small Computer System Interface}
+
+SCSI-1
+
+	<hardware> The original {SCSI}, as opposed to
+	{SCSI-2} or {SCSI-3}.
+
+	(1995-04-20)
+
+SCSI-2
+
+	<hardware> A version of the {SCSI} command
+	specification.
+
+	SCSI-2 shares the original SCSI's {asynchronous} and
+	{synchronous} modes and adds a "{Fast SCSI}" mode (<10MB/s)
+	and "{Wide SCSI}" (16 bit, <20MB/s or rarely 32 bit).
+
+	Another major enhancement was the definition of command sets
+	for different device classes.  SCSI-1 was rather minimalistic
+	in this respect which led to various incompatibilities
+	especially for devices other than {hard-disks}.  SCSI-2
+	addresses that problem. allowing {scanners}, {hard disk
+	drives}, {CD-ROM} drives, tapes and many other devices to be
+	connected.
+
+	Normal SCSI-2 equipment (not wide or {differential}) can be
+	connected to a SCSI-1 bus and vice versa.
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+SCSI-3
+
+	<hardware> An ongoing standardisation effort to
+	extend the capabilities of {SCSI-2}.  SCSI-3's goals are more
+	devices on a bus (up to 32); faster data transfer; greater
+	distances between devices (longer cables); more device classes
+	and command sets; structured documentation; and a structured
+	{protocol} model.
+
+	In SCSI-2, data transmission is parallel (8, 16 or 32 bit
+	wide).  This gets increasingly difficult with higher data
+	rates and longer cables because of varying signal delays on
+	different wires.  Furthermore, wiring cost and drive power
+	increases with wider data words and higher speed.  This has
+	triggered the move to serial interfacing in SCSI-3.  By
+	embedding clock information into a serial data stream signal
+	delay problems are eliminated.  Driving a single signal also
+	consumes less driving power and reduces connector cost and
+	size.
+
+	To allow for backward compatibility and for added flexibility
+	SCSI-3 allows the use of several different transport
+	mechanisms, some serial and some parallel.  The software
+	{protocol} and command set is the same for each transport.
+	This leads to a layered protocol definition similar to
+	definitions found in networking.
+
+	SCSI-3 is therefore in fact the sum of a number of separate
+	standards which are defined by separate groups.  These
+	standards and groups are currently:
+
+	 X3T9.2/91-13R2   SCSI-3 Generic Packetized Protocol
+	 X3T9.2/92-141    SCSI-3 Queuing Model
+	 X3T9.2/92-079    SCSI-3 Architecture Model
+	 IEEE P1394       High Performance Serial Bus
+	 X3T9.2/92-106    SCSI-3 Block Commands
+	 X3T9.2/91-189    SCSI-3 Serial Bus Protocol
+	 X3T9.2/92-105    SCSI-3 SCSI-3 Core Commands
+			  SCSI-3 Common Command Set
+	 X3T9.2/92-108    SCSI-3 Graphic Commands
+	 X3T9.2/92-109    SCSI-3 Medium Changer Commands
+	 X3T9.2/91-11     SCSI-3 Interlocked Protocol
+	 X3T9.2/91-10     SCSI-3 Parallel Interface
+	 X3T9.2/92-107    SCSI-3 Stream Commands
+			  SCSI-3 Scanner Commands
+
+	Additional Documents for the Fibre Channel are also meant to
+	be included in the SCSI-3 framework, i.e.:
+
+			  Fibre Channel SCSI Mapping
+			  Fibre Channel Fabric Requirements
+			  Fibre Channel Low Cost Topologies
+	 X3T9.3/92-007    Fibre Channel Physical and Signalling Interface
+			  Fibre Channel Single Byte Commands
+			  Fibre Channel Cross Point Switch Topology
+	 X3T9.2/92-103    SCSI-3 Fibre Channel Protocol (GPP & SBP)
+
+	As all of this is an ongoing effort of considerable
+	complexity, document structure and workgroups may change.  No
+	final standard is issued yet.
+
+	In the meantime a group of manufacturers have proposed an
+	extension of {SCSI-2} called {Ultra-SCSI} which doubles the
+	transfer speed of {Fast-SCSI} to give 20MByte/s on an 8 bit
+	connection and 40MByte/s on a 16-bit connection.
+
+	[Hermann Strass: "SCSI-Bus erfolgreich anwenden",
+	Franzis-Verlag Muenchen 1993].
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+SCSI adaptor
+
+	<hardware> (Or "host adaptor") A device that communicates
+	between a computer and its {SCSI} {peripherals}.  The SCSI
+	adaptor is usually assigned {SCSI ID} 7.  It is often a
+	separate card that is connected to the computer's {bus}
+	(e.g. {PCI}, {ISA}, {PCMCIA}) though increasinly, SCSI
+	adaptors are built in to the {motherboard}.  Apart from being
+	cheaper, busses like PCI are too slow to keep up with the
+	newer SCSI standards like {Ultra SCSI} and {Ultra-Wide SCSI}.
+
+	There are several varieties of SCSI (and their connectors) and
+	an adaptor will not support them all.
+
+	The performance of SCSI devices is limited by the speed of the
+	SCSI adaptor and its connection to the computer.  An adaptor
+	that plugs into a parallel port is unlikely to be as fast as
+	one incorporated into a motherboard.  Fast adaptors use {DMA}
+	or {bus mastering}.
+
+	Some SCSI adaptors include a {BIOS} to allow PCs to {boot}
+	from a SCSI hard disk, if their own BIOS supports it.
+
+	{Adaptec} make the majority of SCSI {chipsets} and many of the
+	best-selling adaptors.
+
+	Note that it is not a "SCSI controller" - it does not control
+	the devices, and "SCSI interface" is redundant - the "I" of
+	"SCSI" stands for "interface".
+
+	(1999-11-24)
+
+SCSI controller
+
+	{SCSI adaptor}
+
+SCSI ID
+
+	<hardware> The unique address of a {SCSI} device.  SCSI IDs
+	range from 0 to 7 for 8-bit SCSI systems, 0 to 15 for 16-bit
+	and 0 to 31 for 32-bit systems.  The {SCSI adaptor} is
+	usually assigned ID 7.  A device's SCSI ID is often set by
+	switches on the device.
+
+	(1999-09-01)
+
+SCSI initiator
+
+	<hardware> A device that begins a {SCSI} transaction by
+	issuing a command to another device (the {SCSI target}),
+	giving it a task to perform.  Typically a SCSI host adapter is
+	the initiator but targets may also become initiators.
+
+	(1999-02-10)
+
+SCSI interface
+
+	{SCSI adaptor}
+
+SCSI reconnect
+
+	<hardware> The ability of a {SCSI initiator} to initiate new
+	transactions before earlier ones have completed.  A target or
+	initiator can disconnect from the bus when it experiences a
+	delay in completing a task so that another device can use the
+	bus.  It can reconnect later and complete the task.
+
+	(1999-02-16)
+
+SCSI target
+
+	<hardware> A {SCSI} device that executes a command from a
+	{SCSI initiator} to perform some task.  Typically the target
+	is a SCSI peripheral device but the {host adapter} can also be
+	a target.
+
+	(1999-02-10)
+
+ScumOS
+
+	<abuse, operating system> /skuhm'os/ or /skuhm'O-S/ An
+	Unflattering hackerism for {SunOS}, the {Unix} variant once
+	supported on {Sun Microsystems}'s Unix {workstations}.
+
+	Despite what this term might suggest, Sun was founded by
+	hackers and still enjoys excellent relations with hackerdom;
+	usage is more often in exasperation than outright loathing.
+
+	See also {sun-stools}.  Compare {AIDX}, {Macintrash}, {Nominal
+	Semidestructor}, {Open DeathTrap}, {HP-SUX}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+scuzzy
+
+	The usual pronunciation of {SCSI}.
+
+SD
+
+	{Structured Design}
+
+sd
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Sudan.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SDDI
+
+	{Sony Digital Data Interface}
+
+SDE
+
+	Software Development Environment: equivalent to SEE.
+
+SDF
+
+	Syntax Definition Formalism.  A language for lexical and
+	syntactic specification.
+
+	["The Syntax Definition Formalism SDF - Reference Manual",
+	J. Heering et al, Centre for Math & CS, Amsterdam].
+
+	["Algebraic Specification", J.A. Bergstra et al eds, ACM Press
+	1989, Chap 6.  To appear].
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+SDH
+
+	{Synchronous Digital Hierarchy}
+
+SDI
+
+	1. <library> {Selective Dissemination of Information}.
+
+	2. <programming> {Single Document Interface}.
+
+	(1999-03-30)
+
+SDK
+
+	{Software Developers Kit} (or "Software Development Kit").
+
+SDL
+
+	Specification and Design Language.
+
+	Defined by the {ITU-T} (recommendation Z100) to provide a tool
+	for unambiguous specification and description of the behaviour
+	of telecommunications systems.  The area of application also
+	includes process control and real-time applications.  SDL
+	provides a Graphic Representation (SDL/GR) and a textual
+	Phrase Representation (SDL/PR), which are equivalent
+	representations of the same semantics.  A system is specified
+	as a set of interconnected {abstract machines} which are
+	extensions of the {Finite State Machine} (FSM).
+
+	1. System Software Development Language.  System software for
+	the B1700.  "System Software Development Language Reference
+	Manual", 1081346, Burroughs Corp (Dec 1974).
+
+	2. Specification and Description Language.  {ITU-T}.
+	Specification language with both graphical and character-based
+	syntaxes for defining interacting extended finite state
+	machines.  Used to specify discrete interactive systems such
+	as industrial process control, traffic control, and
+	telecommunication systems.  Proc Plenary Assembly, Melbourne
+	14-1988-11-25, Fasc X.1, CCITT.  "Telecommunications Systems
+	Engineering Using SDL", R. Saracco et al, N-H 1989.  Available
+	from Verilog, MD.  (See XDL).
+
+	3. Shared Dataspace Language.  "A Shared Dataspace Language
+	Supporting Large-Scale Concurrency", G. Roman et al, Proc 8th
+	Intl Conf Distrib Comp Sys, IEEE 1988, pp.265-272.
+
+	4. Structure Definition Language.  Used internally by DEC to
+	define and generate the symbols used for VAX/VMS internal data
+	structures in various languages.
+
+	5. System Description Language.  language used by the Eiffel/S
+	implementation of Eiffel to assemble clusters into a system.
+	(see Lace).
+
+SDL 92
+
+	SDL[2] with object-orientation.
+
+SDLC
+
+	1. <communications> {Synchronous Data Link Control}.
+
+	2. <programming> {Systems Development Life Cycle}.
+
+	(2000-12-24)
+
+SDM
+
+	{Schematic Data Model}
+
+SDMS
+
+	A {query language}.
+
+SDP
+
+	{Service Discovery Protocol}
+
+SDRAM
+
+	{Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory}
+
+SDRC
+
+	<company> The company behind {VGX}.
+
+	{(http://sdrc.com/)}.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	(1998-02-06)
+
+SDR-RAM
+
+	{Single Data Rate Random Access Memory}
+
+SDR-SDRAM
+
+	{Single Data Rate Random Access Memory}
+
+SDS
+
+	1. <company> {Scientific Data Systems}.
+
+	2. <tool> {Schema Definition Set}.
+
+	(2001-03-03)
+
+SDS 92
+
+	<computer> A 12-bit computer from {Scientific Data Systems}
+	which preceded the {Xerox Data Systems Model 940}.
+
+	(2001-03-03)
+
+SDS 940
+
+	{Xerox Data Systems Model 940}
+
+SDSL
+
+	{Single-line Digital Subscriber Line}
+
+SE
+
+	1. <software> {software engineering}.
+
+	2. {IBM Systems Engineer}.
+
+	(1998-07-08)
+
+se
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Sweden.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SEA
+
+	{Self Extracting Archive}
+
+Seagate Technology
+
+	<company> A major manufacturer of {hard disk drives}, founded
+	in 1979 as "Shugart Technology" by {Alan F. Shugart} and
+	{Finis Conner}.  That name is on the original patents for the
+	5.25" hard disk drive.  They changed the name to Seagate
+	Technology soon after to avoid confusion, and also to avoid
+	friction with {Xerox}, which had since purchased Alan's
+	earlier company, {Shugart Associates}.
+
+	{(http://seagate.com/)}.
+
+	{Technical information at Impediment
+	(http://impediment.com/seagate/)}.
+
+	Address: 920 Disc Drive, Scotts Valley, CA 95066, USA.
+
+	Fax: +1 (408) 438 3320.
+
+	(2000-02-09)
+
+SEAL
+
+	Semantics-directed Environment Adaptation Language.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/gipe/0092b.ps.Z)}.
+
+search
+
+	1. <web> {web search}.
+
+	2. <computability> {search problem}.
+
+	3. <theory> {search algorithm}.
+
+search algorithm
+
+	<theory> Any {algorithm} for identifying a solution to a
+	problem (a {search problem}) out of a {space} of potential
+	solutions by considering several potential solutions until one
+	is found that meets certain criteria.
+
+	See {A* search}, {beam search}, {best-first search},
+	{breadth-first search}, {depth-first search}.
+
+	(2007-11-03)
+
+search-and-destroy mode
+
+	Hackerism for a noninteractive search-and-replace facility in
+	an editor, so called because an incautiously chosen match
+	pattern can cause {infinite} damage.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+search engine
+
+	<web, tool, information science> A remotely
+	accessible program that lets you do keyword searches for
+	information on the {Internet}.  There are several types of
+	search engine; the search may cover titles of documents,
+	{URLs}, headers, or the {full text}.
+
+	{A list of search engines
+	(http://cuiwww.unige.ch/meta-index.html#MISC)}, Centre
+	Universitaire d'Informatique at the University of Geneva
+
+	(1995-11-28)
+
+search problem
+
+	<computability> A computational problem that requires
+	identifying a solution from some, possibly infinite, solution
+	{space} (set of possible solutions).  E.g. "What is the
+	millionth {prime number}?".  This contrasts with a {decision
+	problem} which merely asks whether a given answer is a
+	solution or not.
+
+	(1999-02-15)
+
+search term
+
+	<information science> An element of a search or query.  A
+	search term is the basic building block of a {boolean search}
+	or a {weighted search}.  In a search engine a search term is
+	typically a word, phrase, or pattern match expression.  For
+	example: cosmonaut or "space travel" or astronaut*
+
+	In a {database} a term is typically the comparison of a column
+	with a constant or with another column.  For example:
+	last_name like 'Smith%'
+
+	(1999-08-27)
+
+{searchTerms}
+
+	<web> The placeholder or {variable} used in the <Url> element of
+	an {OpenSearchDescription} {XML} file to show where the user's
+	actual {search terms} should go.  For example, this dictionary's
+	Open Search description (published in file {(/search.xml)})
+	includes the following element:
+
+	 <Url type="text/html" template="http://foldoc.org/{searchTerms}" />
+
+	meaning that to search for, say, "foo", you should go to
+	http://foldoc.org/foo.
+
+	You may have reached this page because you were trying to use some
+	system based on {Open Search} and failed to supply any search term
+	to substitute into the URL.
+
+	{Open Search reference (http://www.opensearch.org/Specifications/OpenSearch/1.1#The_.22Url.22_element)}.
+
+	(2014-08-22)
+
+Search The Fucking Web
+
+	<web, jargon> (Always abbreviated STFW) A response implying that
+	an inquirer could have easily found an answer to his question
+	using {Google} or some other {web} {search engine}.  It
+	is now often quicker and more productive to search the {World-Wide
+	Web} than to {RTFM}.
+
+	{JFGI}, {GIYF} and {lmgtfy.com} convey the same message.
+
+	(2014-05-23)
+
+SEC
+
+	{Single Edge Contact Cartridge}
+
+SECC
+
+	{Single Edge Contact Cartridge}
+
+SECD machine
+
+	{Stack Environment Control Dump machine}
+
+secondary cache
+
+	<memory management> (Or "second level cache", "level two
+	cache", "L2 cache") A larger, slower {cache} between the
+	{primary cache} and main memory.  Whereas the {primary cache}
+	is often on the same {integrated circuit} as the {central
+	processing unit} (CPU), a secondary cache is usually external.
+
+	(1997-06-25)
+
+secondary damage
+
+	When a fatal error occurs (especially a {segfault}) the
+	immediate cause may be that a pointer has been trashed due to
+	a previous {fandango on core}.  However, this fandango may
+	have been due to an *earlier* fandango, so no amount of
+	analysis will reveal (directly) how the damage occurred.  "The
+	data structure was clobbered, but it was secondary damage."
+
+	By extension, the corruption resulting from N cascaded
+	fandangoes on core is "Nth-level damage".  There is at least
+	one case on record in which 17 hours of {grovel}ling with
+	"adb" actually dug up the underlying bug behind an instance of
+	seventh-level damage!  The hacker who accomplished this
+	near-superhuman feat was presented with an award by his
+	fellows.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+secondary key
+
+	<database> A {candidate key} which is not selected as a
+	{primary key}.
+
+	(1997-04-26)
+
+secondary storage
+
+	<storage> Any {non-volatile} storage medium that is not
+	directly accessible to the {processor}.  Memory directly
+	accessible to the processor includes {main memory}, {cache}
+	and the {CPU} {registers}.  Secondary storage includes {hard
+	drives}, {magnetic tape}, {CD-ROM}, {DVD drives}, {floppy
+	disks}, {punch cards} and {paper tape}.
+
+	Secondary storage devices are usually accessed via some kind
+	of controller.  This contains registers that can be directly
+	accessed by the CPU like main memory ("{memory mapped}").
+	Reading and writing these registers can cause the device to
+	perform actions like reading a block of data off a disk or
+	rewinding a tape.  See also {DMA}.
+
+	Programs and data stored in secondary storage must first be
+	loaded into main memory before the processor can use them.
+
+	(1997-11-05)
+
+second generation
+
+	1. <language> {second generation language}.
+
+	2. <architecture> {second generation computer}.
+
+second generation computer
+
+	<architecture> A computer built from {transistors}, designed
+	between the mid-1950s and mid-1960s.
+
+	{Ferrite core memory} and {magnetic drums} replaced {cathode
+	ray tubes} and {delay-line storage} for main {memory}.  {Index
+	registers} and {floating point} arithmetic hardware became
+	widespread.  Machine-independent {high level programming
+	languages} such as {ALGOL}, {COBOL} and {Fortran} were
+	introduced to simplify programming.
+
+	{I/O processors} were introduced to supervise input-output
+	operations independently of the {CPU} thus freeing the CPU
+	from time-consuming housekeeping functions.  The CPU would
+	send the I/O processor an initial instruction to start
+	operating and the I/O processor would then continue
+	independently of the CPU.  When completed, or in the event of
+	an error, the I/O processor sent an {interrupt} to the CPU.
+
+	{Batch} processing became feasible with the improvement in I/O
+	and storage technology in that a batch of jobs could be
+	prepared in advance, stored on magnetic tape and processed on
+	the computer in one continuous operation placing the results
+	on another magnetic tape.  It became commonplace for
+	auxiliary, small computers to be used to process the input and
+	output tapes off-line thus leaving the main computer free to
+	process user programs.  Computer manufacturers began to
+	provide system software such as {compilers}, {subroutine}
+	libraries and batch monitors.
+
+	With the advent of second generation computers it became
+	necessary to talk about computer systems, since the number of
+	memory units, processors, I/O devices, and other system
+	components could vary between different installations, even
+	though the same basic computer was used.
+
+	The instruction repertoire of the {IBM 7094} (a typical second
+	generation machine) had over 200 instructions including data
+	transfer instructions for transferring a {word} of information
+	between the CPU and memory or between two CPU registers;
+	fixed-point and floating point arithmetic instructions;
+	{logic} instructions (AND, OR etc.); instructions for
+	modifying {index registers}; conditional and unconditional
+	branching; {subroutines}; input-output operations for
+	transferring data between I/O devices and main memory.
+
+	(1996-11-25)
+
+second generation language
+
+	{assembly language}
+
+	See also {first generation language}, {third generation
+	language}.
+
+second level cache
+
+	{secondary cache}
+
+second normal form
+
+	{database normalisation}
+
+Second-Order Lambda-calculus
+
+	<language> (SOL) A {typed lambda-calculus}.
+
+	["Abstract Types have Existential Type", J. Mitchell et al,
+	12th POPL, ACM 1985, pp. 37-51].
+
+	(1995-07-29)
+
+second-system effect
+
+	(Sometimes, more euphoniously, "second-system syndrome") When
+	one is designing the successor to a relatively small, elegant,
+	and successful system, there is a tendency to become grandiose
+	in one's success and design an {elephantine} feature-laden
+	monstrosity.  The term was first used by Fred Brooks in his
+	classic "{The Mythical Man-Month}.  It described the jump from
+	a set of nice, simple operating systems on the {IBM 70xx}
+	series to {OS/360} on the 360 series.  A similar effect can
+	also happen in an evolving system; see {Brooks's Law},
+	{creeping elegance}, {creeping featurism}.  See also
+	{Multics}, {OS/2}, {X}, {software bloat}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+sector interleave
+
+	(Or sector map) The mapping from logical to physical sector
+	numbers on a {magnetic disk} designed to optimise sequential
+	reads and writes.  Data is usually transferred to and from the
+	disk in {blocks} or {sectors} where one sector lies within a
+	continuous range of rotational angle of the disk.  If logical
+	sectors are assigned sequentially to physical sectors
+	(0,1,2,...) then by the time one sector has been read and
+	processed (e.g. writen to main memory) the start of the next
+	logical sector will have passed the read/write head and will
+	not be accessible until the disk's rotation brings it back
+	under the head.
+
+	Staggering the physical sectors (e.g. 0,3,6,1,4,7,2,5,8) aims
+	to allow just enough time deal with one sector before the next
+	is accessible.  This obviously depends on the relative speed
+	of the rotation of the disk, sector size, sectors per track
+	and the speed of transfer of sectors to main memory.
+
+sector interleaving
+
+	{sector interleave}
+
+sector map
+
+	{sector interleave}
+
+sector mapping
+
+	In this scheme the memory and {cache} are divided into blocks
+	of 2^m bytes (the {cache line} size).  A sector consists of
+	2^n consecutive blocks.
+
+	When a block is cached, it is read into the correct position
+	in any sector of the cache, given by discarding the bottom m
+	address bits and taking the next n as the block number within
+	the sector.
+
+	That whole sector is then tagged with the remaining upper
+	address bits and the other blocks in the sector are marked as
+	invalid.  This scheme takes advantage of locality of reference
+	to consecutive blocks and needs fewer tags thus reducing the
+	cost of associative access to the tags.
+
+Secure File Transfer Protocol
+
+	{SSH File Transfer Protocol}
+
+Secure Hash Algorithm
+
+	<algorithm, cryptography} (SHA)	A {one-way hash function}
+	developped by {NIST} and defined in standard {FIPS} 180.
+	SHA-1 is a revision published in 1994; it is also described
+	in {ANSI} standard X9.30 (part 2).
+
+	(2003-04-12)
+
+Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
+
+	<messaging, standard> (S-MIME) A specification for secure
+	{electronic mail}.  S-MIME was designed to add security to
+	e-mail messages in {MIME} format.  The security services
+	offered are {authentication} (using {digital signatures}) and
+	{privacy} (using {encryption}).
+
+	{(http://rsa.com/rsa/S-MIME/)}.
+
+	(1997-05-10)
+
+Secure Shell
+
+	<operating system> (ssh) A {Unix} {shell} program for logging
+	into, and executing commands on, a remote computer.  ssh is
+	intended to replace {rlogin} and {rsh}, and provide secure
+	encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an
+	insecure network.  {X11} connections and arbitrary {TCP/IP}
+	{ports} can also be forwarded over the secure channel.
+
+	{(http://cs.hut.fi/ssh/)}.
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+Secure Sockets Layer
+
+	<networking, security> (SSL) A {protocol} designed by
+	{Netscape Communications Corporation} to provide secure
+	communications over the {Internet} using {asymmetric key
+	encryption}.  SSL is layered beneath application {protocols}
+	such as {HTTP}, {SMTP}, {Telnet}, {FTP}, {Gopher} and {NNTP}
+	and is layered above the connection protocol {TCP/IP}.  It is
+	used by the {HTTPS} {access method}.
+
+	(2007-05-25)
+
+security
+
+	<security> Protection against unauthorized access to, or
+	alteration of, information and system resources including
+	{CPUs}, {storage devices} and programs.
+
+	Security includes:
+
+	* {confidentiality} - preventing unauthorized access;
+	{integrity} - preventing or detecting unauthorized
+	modification of information.
+
+	* {authentication} - determining whether a user is who they
+	claim to be.
+
+	* {access control} - ensuring that users can access the
+	resources, and only the resources, that they are authorised
+	to.
+
+	* {nonrepudiation} - proof that a message came from a certain
+	source.
+
+	* availability - ensuring that a system is operational and
+	accessible to authorised users despite hardware or software
+	failures or attack.
+
+	* privacy - allowing people to know and control how
+	information is collected about them and how it is used.
+
+	Security can also be considered in the following terms:
+
+	* physical security - who can touch the system to operate or
+	modify it, protection against the physical environment - heat,
+	earthquake, etc.
+
+	* operational/procedural security - who is authorised to do or
+	responsible for doing what and when, who can authorise others
+	to do what and who has to report what to who.
+
+	* personnel security - hiring employees, background screening,
+	training, security briefings, monitoring and handling
+	departures.
+
+	* System security - User access and authentication controls,
+	assignment of privilege, maintaining file and {filesystem}
+	integrity, {backup}, monitoring processes, log-keeping, and
+	{auditing}.
+
+	* {network security} - protecting network and
+	telecommunications equipment, protecting network servers and
+	transmissions, combatting eavesdropping, controlling access
+	from untrusted networks, firewalls, and intrusion detection.
+
+	{Encryption} is one important technique used to improve data
+	security.
+
+	{OWASP} is the {free} and {open} application security
+	community.
+
+	(2007-10-05)
+
+Security Administrator's Integrated Network Tool
+
+	<networking, security, tool> (SAINT, originally "Security
+	Administrator Tool for Analyzing Networks", SATAN) A tool
+	written by Dan Farmer and Wietse Venema which remotely probes
+	systems via the {network} and stores its findings in a
+	{database}.  The results can be viewed with an {web browser}.
+	SAINT requires {Perl} 5.000 or better.
+
+	In its simplest mode, SAINT gathers as much information about
+	remote hosts and networks as possible by examining such
+	network services as {finger}, {NFS}, {NIS}, {FTP}, {TFTP},
+	{rexd}, and other services.  The information gathered includes
+	the presence of various network information services as well
+	as potential security flaws - usually in the form of
+	incorrectly setup or configured network services, well-known
+	{bugs} in system or network utilities, or poor or ignorant
+	policy decisions.  It can then either report on this data or
+	use a simple rule-based system to investigate any potential
+	security problems.  Users can then examine, query, and analyze
+	the output with a {web browser}.  While the program is
+	primarily geared toward analysing the security implications
+	of the results, a great deal of general network information
+	can be gained when using the tool - network topology, network
+	services running, and types of hardware and software being
+	used on the network.
+
+	SAINT can also be used in exploratory mode.  Based on the
+	initial data collection and a user configurable ruleset, it
+	will examine the avenues of trust and dependency and iterate
+	further data collection runs over secondary hosts.  This not
+	only allows the user to analyse his own network, but also to
+	examine the real implications inherent in network trust and
+	services and help them make reasonably educated decisions
+	about the security level of the systems involved.
+
+	{(http://wwdsi.com/saint/)}.
+
+	{Old SATAN page (http://fish.com/satan/)}.
+
+	{Mailing list (http://wwdsi.com/saint/list_server.html)}.
+
+	(2000-08-12)
+
+Security Association
+
+	<networking> The relationship between two or more entities
+	(typically, a computer, but could be a user on a computer, or
+	software component) which describes how the entities will use
+	security services, such as {encryption}, to communicate.
+
+	See {RFC 1825}.
+
+	(1997-07-09)
+
+Security Association ID
+
+	<networking> (SAID) A 32-bit field added to {packet} headers
+	for {encryption} and {authentication} in the proposed
+	{Internet Protocol Version 6}.
+
+	(1997-07-09)
+
+security through obscurity
+
+	<security> Or "security by obscurity".  A term applied by
+	hackers to most {operating system} vendors' favourite way of
+	coping with security holes - namely, ignoring them,
+	documenting neither any known holes nor the underlying
+	security {algorithms}, trusting that nobody will find out
+	about them and that people who do find out about them won't
+	exploit them.  This never works for long and occasionally sets
+	the world up for debacles like the {RTM} worm of 1988 (see
+	{Great Worm}), but once the brief moments of panic created by
+	such events subside most vendors are all too willing to turn
+	over and go back to sleep.  After all, actually fixing the
+	bugs would siphon off the resources needed to implement the
+	next user-interface frill on marketing's wish list - and
+	besides, if they started fixing security bugs customers might
+	begin to *expect* it and imagine that their warranties of
+	merchantability gave them some sort of rights.
+
+	Historical note: There are conflicting stories about the
+	origin of this term.  It has been claimed that it was first
+	used in the {Usenet} newsgroup in {news:comp.sys.apollo}
+	during a campaign to get {HP}/{Apollo} to fix security
+	problems in its {Unix}-{clone} {Aegis}/{DomainOS} (they didn't
+	change a thing).  {ITS} fans, on the other hand, say it was
+	coined years earlier in opposition to the incredibly paranoid
+	{Multics} people down the hall, for whom security was
+	everything.  In the ITS culture it referred to (1) the fact
+	that by the time a {tourist} figured out how to make trouble
+	he'd generally got over the urge to make it, because he felt
+	part of the community; and (2) (self-mockingly) the poor
+	coverage of the documentation and obscurity of many commands.
+	One instance of *deliberate* security through obscurity is
+	recorded; the command to allow patching the running ITS system
+	({altmode} altmode control-R) echoed as $$^D.  If you actually
+	typed alt alt ^D, that set a flag that would prevent patching
+	the system even if you later got it right.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+SED
+
+	{smoke-emitting diode}
+
+Sed
+
+	<tool, text> Stream editor.
+
+	The {Unix} stream editor.  It has a powerful but cryptic
+	command language and is based on {regular expressions}.
+
+	There is a {GNU} version called {GNU Sed}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+SEE
+
+	1. {Simultaneous Engineering Environment}.
+
+	2. {Software Engineering Environment}.
+
+	(1999-04-26)
+
+seed
+
+	{BitTorrent}
+
+seek
+
+	1. <storage> To move the head of a {disk drive} radially,
+	i.e., to move from one {track} to another.
+
+	2. <storage> To wind the {tape} to a given location.
+
+	3. <programming> To move the pointer that marks the next {byte}
+	to be read from or written to a {file}.
+
+	(1997-07-15)
+
+seeking
+
+	{seek}
+
+seek time
+
+	<storage> The time it takes for a {disk drive} to move its
+	head(s) from one {track} to another.  The seek time depends on
+	the power of the servo, the mass of the heads, the number of
+	tracks traversed and the time taken to position the heads over
+	the target track accurately enough to start data transfer.
+
+	See also: {average seek time}, {minimum seek time}, {maximum
+	seek time}.
+
+	(1997-07-15)
+
+SEESAW
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 701}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+see u see me
+
+	{CU-SeeMe}
+
+SEGA
+
+	<company, games> manufacturer of video game hardware and
+	software.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:rec.games.video.sega}.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+Sega Genesis/MegaDrive
+
+	<games> A {games console} made by {SEGA}.
+
+	The Genesis used a {Zilog Z80} for its sound generator.  This
+	made the Genesis compatible with {Sega Master System} games
+	through a device called a "Power Base Converter" which
+	basically shut down the Genesis/MegaDrive's {68000} {CPU} and
+	made the Z80 the CPU.
+
+	(2008-07-28)
+
+segfault
+
+	{segmentation fault}
+
+seggie
+
+	/seg'ee/ British shorthand for a {Unix} {segmentation fault}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+segment
+
+	/seg'ment/ 1. <architecture> A collection of {pages} in a
+	{memory management} system.
+
+	2. <programming> A separately relocatable section of an
+	executable program.  {Unix} executables have a {text segment}
+	(executable {machine instructions}), a {data segment}
+	(initialised data) and a {bss segment} (uninitialised data).
+
+	3. <networking> {network segment}.
+
+	4. To experience a {segmentation fault}.  Confusingly, the stress
+	is often put on the first syllable, like the noun "segment",
+	rather than the second like mainstream verb "segment".  This
+	is because it is actually a noun shorthand that has been
+	verbed.
+
+	5. A block of memory in a {segmented address space}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-02-27)
+
+segmentation
+
+	<networking> (Or "segmentation and reassembly", SAR) Breaking
+	an arbitrary size {packet} into smaller pieces at the
+	transmitter.  This may be necessary because of restrictions in
+	the communications channel or to reduce {latency}.  The pieces
+	are joined back together in the right order at the receiver
+	("reassembly").  Segmentation may be performed by a {router}
+	when routing a packet to a network with a smaller maximum
+	packet size.
+
+	The term "segmentation" is used in {ATM}, in {TCP/IP}, it is
+	called "fragmentation" an is performed at the {IP} layer
+	before the "fragments" are passed to the {transport layer}.
+
+	See for example {ATM forum} {UNI} 4.0 specification.
+
+	[Better reasons?]
+
+	(1999-06-14)
+
+segmentation and reassembly
+
+	{segmentation}
+
+segmentation fault
+
+	An error in which a running {Unix} program attempts to access
+	memory not allocated to it and terminates with a segmentation
+	violation error and usually a {core dump}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+segmented address space
+
+	<architecture> An addressing scheme where all memory
+	references are formed by adding an offset to a base address
+	held in a segment {register}.
+
+	The effect is to segment memory into blocks, which may overlap
+	either partially or completely, depending on the contents of
+	the segment registers but normally they would be distinct to
+	give access to the maximum total range of addresses.  In this
+	case the scheme does provide some degree of {memory
+	protection} within a single process since, for example, a data
+	reference cannot affect an area of memory containing code.
+	However, compilers must either generate slower code or code
+	with artificial limits on the size of {data structures}.
+
+	The best known implementation is that used on the {Intel 8086}
+	and later Intel {microprocessors}, where a 16-bit {offset} is
+	added to a 16-bit base address held in one of four segment
+	base registers.  Each instruction has a default segment (code
+	(CS), data (DS), stack (SS), ? (ES)) which determines which
+	segment register is used.  Special prefix instructions allow
+	this default to be overridden.
+
+	Other computers, such as {GE-645}/{Honeywell Multics},
+	{Burroughs} large systems ({B-5500}, {B-6600}), and others,
+	have used segmentation to good effect.
+
+	Opposite: {flat address space}.  See also {addressing mode}.
+
+	[In what way were the others better than Intel's {brain
+	damaged} implementation?].
+
+	(2004-06-01)
+
+segv
+
+	/seg'vee/ segmentation violation.
+
+	{segmentation fault}
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+SEI
+
+	Software Engineering Institute.
+
+	(Carnegie Mellon University).
+
+Seiko RC-4000
+
+	A wristwatch with an {EIA-232} interface.  A clip fitted round
+	the watch and made electrical contact.  This clip had a socket
+	for a stereo style jack lead the other end of which was a
+	25-way {D-type} connector.  The lead allowed you to enter
+	phone numbers etc. into the watch without having to play with
+	tiny buttons.  It also meant if the battery on your watch ran
+	out you could restore the data without having to type it all
+	in again.
+
+	It was around the era of the 8-bit home computers like the
+	{Spectrum}, {BBC Microcomputer}, {Apple II}, {C64} - the
+	1980s.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+SEL
+
+	1. {Self-Extensible Language}.
+
+	2. {Subset-Equational Language}.
+
+Selective Dissemination of Information
+
+	<library> (SDI) (From Library Science) SDI is a current
+	awareness system which alerts you to the latest publications
+	in your specified field(s) of interest.
+
+	A user registers at such a system with keywords representing
+	his or her fields of interest, called a search profile.  When
+	new publications matching the search profile appear, the
+	system informs the user of them instantly, periodically or
+	upon request.  Some systems may also be able to inform the
+	user if changes in already notified publications occur.
+
+	{Health Science Library SDI
+	(http://www-hsl.mcmaster.ca/sdi.html)}.  {FIZ Karlsruhe
+	Scientific Service Institution
+	(http://fiz-karlsruhe.de/mc-sdi.html)}.
+
+	(1997-03-10)
+
+selector
+
+	<programming> 1. In {Smalltalk} or {Objective C}, the {syntax}
+	of a message which selects a particular {method} in the target
+	{object}.
+
+	2. An operation that returns the state of an object but does
+	not alter that state.  Selector {functions} or {methods} often
+	have names which begin with "get" and corresponding {modifier}
+	methods or {procedures} whose names begin with "set".
+
+	(1998-01-12)
+
+Self
+
+	<language> A small, {dynamically typed} {object-oriented
+	language}, based purely on {prototypes} and {delegation}.
+	Self was developed by the Self Group at {Sun Microsystems
+	Laboratories, Inc.} and {Stanford University}.  It is an
+	experimental {exploratory programming} language.
+
+	Release 2.0 introduces full {source-level debugging} of
+	optimised code, adaptive optimisation to shorten compile
+	pauses, {lightweight threads} within Self, support for
+	dynamically linking {foreign functions}, changing programs
+	within Self and the ability to run the experimental Self
+	graphical browser under {OpenWindows}.  Designed for
+	expressive power and malleability, Self combines a pure,
+	{prototype}-based object model with uniform access to state
+	and behaviour.  Unlike other languages, Self allows objects to
+	inherit state and to change their patterns of inheritance
+	dynamically.  Self's customising compiler can generate very
+	efficient code compared to other dynamically-typed
+	object-oriented languages.
+
+	Version: 3.0 runs on {Sun-3} (no optimiser) and {Sun-4}.
+
+	{(http://sunlabs.com/research/self/)}.
+
+	["Self: The Power of Simplicity", David Ungar
+	<ungar@sun.eng.com> et al, SIGPLAN Notices 22(12):227-242,
+	OOPSLA '87, Dec 1987].
+
+	(1999-06-09)
+
+Self-Extensible Language
+
+	["SEL - A Self-Extensible Programming Language", G. Molnar,
+	Computer J 14(3):238-242 (Aug 1971)].
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+Self Extracting Archive
+
+	<file format> (SEA) An {archive} format used on the {Apple
+	Macintosh}.  {Double-click}ing a file of this type should
+	extract its contents.
+
+	(1995-05-02)
+
+self-reference
+
+	See {self-reference}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+selvage
+
+	{chad}
+
+SEM
+
+	The semantic specification language for {COPS}.
+
+	["Metalanguages of the Compiler Production System COPS",
+	J. Borowiec, in GI Fachgesprach "Compiler-Compiler", ed
+	W. Henhapl, Tech Hochs Darmstadt 1978, pp. 122-159].
+
+semantic gap
+
+	The difference between the complex operations performed by
+	{high-level language} constructs and the simple ones provided
+	by computer {instruction sets}.  It was in an attempt to try
+	to close this gap that computer architects designed
+	increasingly {complex instruction set computers}.
+
+	(1994-10-10)
+
+semantic network
+
+	<data> A {graph} consisting of {nodes} that represent physical
+	or conceptual objects and arcs that describe the relationship
+	between the nodes, resulting in something like a data flow
+	diagram.  Semantic nets are an effective way to represent data
+	as they incorporate the inheritance mechanism that prevents
+	duplication of data.  That is, the meaning of a concept comes
+	from its relationship to other concepts and the information is
+	stored by interconnecting nodes with labelled arcs.
+
+	(1999-01-07)
+
+semantics
+
+	<theory> The meaning of a string in some language, as opposed
+	to {syntax} which describes how symbols may be combined
+	independent of their meaning.
+
+	The semantics of a programming language is a function from
+	programs to answers.  A program is a {closed term} and, in
+	practical languages, an answer is a member of the syntactic
+	category of values.  The two main kinds are {denotational
+	semantics} and {operational semantics}.
+
+	(1995-06-21)
+
+semaphore
+
+	<programming, operating system> The classic method for
+	restricting access to shared resources (e.g. storage) in a
+	{multi-processing} environment.  They were invented by
+	{Dijkstra} and first used in {T.H.E} {operating system}.
+
+	A semaphore is a {protected variable} (or {abstract data
+	type}) which can only be accessed using the following
+	operations:
+
+		P(s)
+		Semaphore s;
+		{
+		  while (s == 0) ;	/* wait until s>0 */
+		  s = s-1;
+		}
+
+		V(s)
+		Semaphore s;
+		{
+		  s = s+1;
+		}
+
+		Init(s, v)
+		Semaphore s;
+		Int v;
+		{
+		  s = v;
+		}
+
+	P and V stand for Dutch "Proberen", to test, and "Verhogen",
+	to increment.  The value of a semaphore is the number of units
+	of the resource which are free (if there is only one resource
+	a "binary semaphore" with values 0 or 1 is used).  The P
+	operation {busy-waits} (or maybe {sleeps}) until a resource is
+	available whereupon it immediately claims one.  V is the
+	inverse, it simply makes a resource available again after the
+	process has finished using it.  Init is only used to
+	initialise the semaphore before any requests are made.  The P
+	and V operations must be {indivisible}, i.e. no other process
+	can access the semaphore during the their execution.
+
+	To avoid {busy-wait}ing, a semaphore may have an associated
+	{queue} of processes (usually a {FIFO}).  If a process does a
+	P on a semaphore which is zero the process is added to the
+	semaphore's queue.  When another process increments the
+	semaphore by doing a V and there are tasks on the queue, one
+	is taken off and resumed.
+
+	(1995-02-01)
+
+semi
+
+	/se'mee/ or /se'mi:/ A spoken abbreviation for semicolon.
+
+	"Commands to {grind} are prefixed by semi semi star" means
+	that the prefix is ";;*", not 1/4 of a star.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+Semi-Automatic Ground Environment
+
+	<project> (SAGE) The computer system of the old US Norad air
+	defence system.  SAGE was ground-breaking in many ways, such
+	as being one of the first very large software projects and the
+	first {real-time} system.
+
+	{MIT Lincoln Laboratory} developed SAGE and {MITRE
+	Corporation} was responsible for system engineering and
+	implementation oversight.
+
+	{(http://togger.com/)},
+	{(http://jps.net/ethelen/sage.html)},
+	{(http://eskimo.com/%7Ewow-ray/sage28.html)}.
+
+	[Confirm?  Dates?  Connection with MIT Research Laboratory for
+	Electronics?]
+
+	(1999-12-16)
+
+semicolon
+
+	;
+
+	Common: {ITU-T}: semicolon; {semi}.  Rare: weenie; {INTERCAL}:
+	hybrid, pit-thwong.
+
+semiconductor
+
+	<electronics> A material, typically crystaline, which allows
+	{current} to flow under certain circumstances.  Common
+	semiconductors are silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide.
+	Semiconductors are used to make {diodes}, {transistors} and
+	other basic "solid state" electronic components.
+
+	As crystals of these materials are grown, they are "doped"
+	with traces of other elements called {donors} or {acceptors}
+	to make regions which are n- or p-type respectively for the
+	{electron model} or p- or n-type under the {hole model}.
+	Where n and p type regions adjoin, a junction is formed which
+	will pass {current} in one direction (from p to n) but not the
+	other, giving a {diode}.
+
+	One {model} of semiconductor behaviour describes the doping
+	elements as having either {free electrons} or {holes} dangling
+	at the points in the crystal lattice where the doping elements
+	replace one of the atoms of the foundation material.  When
+	external electrons are applied to n-type material (which
+	already has free electrons present) the repulsive force of
+	like charges causes the free electrons to migrate toward the
+	junction, where they are attracted to the holes in the p-type
+	material.  Thus the junction conducts current.
+
+	In contrast, when external electrons are applied to p-type
+	material, the attraction of unlike charges causes the holes to
+	migrate away from the junction and toward the source of
+	external electrons.  The junction thus becomes "depleted" of
+	its charge carriers and is non-conducting.
+
+	(1995-10-04)
+
+Semidetached Mode
+
+	<programming> A term used by {COCOMO} to describe a project
+	development somewhere between organic and embedded.  The team
+	members have a mixture of experienced and inexperienced
+	personnel.  The software to be developed has some
+	characteristics of both organic and embedded modes.
+	Semidetached software can be as large as 300K {DSIs}.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+SENDIT
+
+	Systems Engineering for Network Debugging, Integration and
+	Test.  A two-year European Commission funded project to
+	produce software tools for distributed applications running on
+	networks of microcontrollers.
+
+	(1994-07-21)
+
+sendmail
+
+	<messaging> The {BSD} Unix {Message Transfer Agent} supporting
+	mail transport via {TCP/IP} using {SMTP}.  Sendmail is
+	normally invoked in the {background} via a {Mail User Agent}
+	such as the {mail} command.
+
+	Sendmail was written by {Eric Allman} at the {University of
+	California at Berkeley} during the late 1970s.  He now has his
+	own company, {Sendmail Inc.}
+
+	Sendmail was one of the first programs to route messages
+	between {networks} and today is still the dominant e-mail
+	transfer software.  It thrived despite the awkward {ARPAnet}
+	transition between {NCP} to TCP protocols in the early 1980s
+	and the adoption of the new SMTP Simple Mail Transport
+	Protocol, all of which made the business of mail routing a
+	complex challenge of backward and forward compatibility for
+	several years.  There are now over one million copies of
+	Sendmail installed, representing over 75% of all Internet mail
+	servers.
+
+	Simultaneously with the announcement of the company in
+	November 1997, Sendmail 8.9 was launched, featuring new tools
+	designed to limit {junk e-mail}.  SendMail 8.9 is still
+	distributed as {source code} with the rights to modify and
+	distribute.
+
+	Latest version: 8.9.1, as of 1998-08-25.
+
+	The command
+
+		sendmail -bv ADDRESS
+
+	can be used to learn what the local mail system thinks of
+	ADDRESS.  You can also talk to the Sendmail {daemon} on a
+	remote host FOO with the command
+
+		telnet FOO 25
+
+	(1998-08-25)
+
+sendmail.cf
+
+	<messaging> {sendmail}'s configuration file, which it reads
+	once when starting up, usually found in the /etc directory.
+
+	Only real {Unix Gurus} can understand, let alone modify, this
+	file since it consists moslty of {header} {rewrite rules}
+	written as {M4} {macros}, as well as various other one- or
+	two-character commands.
+
+	(1996-12-09)
+
+Sendmail Inc.
+
+	<company> The company, announced in November 1997 and launched
+	in March 1998, created by {Eric Allman}, the original author
+	of {Sendmail}.  Allman is Chief Technology Officer, {Greg
+	Olson} is President and CEO.
+
+	Sendmail Inc. will sell commercial upgrades, service and
+	support to {Internet Service Providers} and corporations
+	running critical {e-mail} applications, while still continuing
+	{freeware} development.
+
+	{Sun Microsystems} founders {Bill Joy} and Andy Bechtolscheim
+	are among the investors in the company, along with Tim
+	O'Reilly of publishers O'Reilly & Associates and John Funk of
+	e-mail company {InfoBeat Inc.}.
+
+	Allman said that he devoted the fist six months of the life of
+	Sendmail Inc. to finalising the freeware release.  A
+	commercial version was due in summer 1998, at around $1000 per
+	server.  The company is expected to reach $40m annual sales
+	within three years.  Funding is in the region of $1.25m.
+
+	{(http://sendmail.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Emeryville, California, USA.
+
+	(1998-08-25)
+
+Seneca
+
+	{Oberon-V}
+
+senior bit
+
+	[IBM]  Synonym {meta bit}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+sense
+
+	<human language> A meaning of a word.
+
+	(2007-05-03)
+
+sensor
+
+	<hardware> An electronic device used to measure a physical
+	quantity such as temperature, pressure or loudness and convert
+	it into an electronic signal of some kind (e.g a voltage).
+	Sensors are normally components of some larger electronic
+	system such as a computer control and/or measurement system.
+
+	Analog sensors most often produce a voltage proportional to
+	the measured quantity.  The signal must be converted to
+	digital form with a {ADC} before the CPU can process it.
+
+	Digital sensors most often use serial communication such as
+	{EIA-232} to return information directly to the controller or
+	computer through a {serial port}.
+
+	(1997-04-15)
+
+sentence
+
+	<logic> A collection of {clauses}.
+
+	See also {definite sentence}.
+
+	(2003-12-04)
+
+SE-ODP
+
+	Support Environment for Open Distributed Processing.  An
+	{ECMA} {standard}.
+
+SEP
+
+	1. Someone Else's Problem.
+
+	2. <tool> A {SASD} tool from {IDE}.
+
+	(1995-10-12)
+
+separate compilation
+
+	<programming> A feature of most modern programming languages
+	that allows each program {module} to be compiled on its own to
+	produce an {object file} which the {linker} can later combine
+	with other object files and {libraries} to produce the final
+	{executable}.  Separate compilation avoids processing all the
+	source code every time the program is built, thus saving
+	development time.  The object files are designed to require
+	minimal processing at {link time}.  They can also be collected
+	together into {libraries} and distributed commercially without
+	giving away source code (though they can be disassembled).
+
+	Examples of the output of separate compilation are {C} object
+	files (extension ".o") and {Java} ".class" files.
+
+	(2005-02-19)
+
+SEPIA
+
+	Standard ECRC Prolog Integrating Applications.  Prolog with
+	many extensions including attributed variables ("metaterms")
+	and declarative coroutining.  "SEPIA", Micha Meier
+	<micha@ecrc.de> et al, TR-LP-36 ECRC, March 1988.  Version 3.1
+	available for Suns and VAX.  (See ECRC-Prolog).  E-mail:
+	<sepia-request@ecrc.de>.
+
+SEPP
+
+	{Single Edge Processor Package}
+
+Seque
+
+	"Seque: A Programming Language for Manipulating Sequences",
+	R.E.  Griswold et al, Comp Langs 13(1):13-22 (1988).
+
+Sequel
+
+	1. Precursor to SQL.
+
+	["System R: Relational Approach to Database Management", IBM
+	Res Lab, San Jose, reprinted in Readings in Database Systems].
+
+	2. U Leeds.  Theorem prover specification language.  Pattern
+	matching notation similar to Prolog.  Compiled into Lisp.
+
+	[Proc ICJAI 13].
+
+	{(ftp://agora.leeds.ac.uk/scs/logic/)}.
+
+Sequenced Packet Exchange
+
+	<networking, protocol> (SPX) A {transport layer} {protocol}
+	built on top of {IPX}.  SPX is used in {Novell NetWare}
+	systems for communications in {client/server} {application
+	programs}, e.g. {BTRIEVE} ({ISAM} manager).
+
+	SPX is not used for connections to the {file server} itself;
+	this uses {NCP}.  It has been extended as SPX-II.  SPX/IPX
+	perform equivalent functions to {TCP/IP}.
+
+	{(http://developer.novell.com/research/appnotes/1995/december/03/04.htm)}.
+
+	[Better reference?]
+
+	(1999-05-27)
+
+sequencer
+
+	<music> Any system for recording and/or playback of music via
+	a programmable memory which stores music not as audio data,
+	but as some representation of notes.  The most common modern
+	usage of "sequencer" is to refer to systems (whether in
+	software, or as a feature of devices like synthesizers or drum
+	machines) that deal with {MIDI} data.
+
+	(1999-06-04)
+
+Sequent
+
+	<company> A computer manufacturer.
+
+	Quarterly sales $109M, profits $7M (Aug 1994).
+
+	Sequent computers was acquired by {IBM} in 1999.
+
+	[History?]
+
+	(2003-10-21)
+
+sequential coding
+
+	<graphics, file format, algorithm> The usual {bitmap} {image}
+	data storage format or transmission {algorithm} where the
+	resoluton is constant and later data adds only more area.
+	This contrasts with {progressive coding}.
+
+	(2000-09-12)
+
+sequential file matching
+
+	A programming technique that matches records in one sequential
+	file with records in another sequential file.  The records are
+	accessed in the physical order in which they are stored.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Sequential Parlog Machine
+
+	(SPM) The {virtual machine} (and its machine code) for the
+	{Parlog} {logic programming} language.
+
+	{(ftp://nuri.inria.fr/lang/Parlog.tar.Z)}.
+
+	["Parallel Logic Programming in PARLOG", Steve Gregory,
+	Addison-Wesely, UK, 1987].
+
+sequential processing
+
+	<architecture> (Or "serial processing") Running a single
+	{task} to completion on a single {processor}, in contrast to
+	{parallel processing} or {multitasking}.
+
+	(1995-04-23)
+
+SERC
+
+	{Science and Engineering Research Council}
+
+SERCOS
+
+	{serial real-time communications system}
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+	["More choices link motors and drives to controls", by
+	L. Langnau.  Power Transmission Design, vol. 37, no. 7,
+	pp. 33-36].
+
+	(1996-01-23)
+
+serial
+
+	1. <communications> {serial communications}
+
+	2. <architecture> {serial processor}.
+
+Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
+
+	<storage> (SATA, Serial ATA) A computer {bus} technology
+	primarily designed for transfer of data to and from a {hard
+	disk}.  SATA is the successor to {Advanced Technology
+	Attachment} (ATA), which was given the {retronym} Parallel ATA
+	(PATA) to distinguish it from Serial ATA.
+
+	Serial ATA is designed to be scalable.  The original SATA/150
+	or "SATA 1" can transfer up to 150 {MBps} and "SATA 3.0
+	Gbit/s" has a maximum data rate of 300 {MBps}.
+
+	Both SATA and PATA drives have built-in low level control
+	electronics but the term {IDE} is usually restricted to
+	parallel ATA drives.
+
+	{(http://www.serialata.org/)}.
+
+	(2007-02-23)
+
+Serial ATA
+
+	{Serial Advanced Technology Attachment}
+
+serial communications
+
+	<communications> Communication via a single channel that
+	delivers one bit of data at a time, in contrast to {parallel}
+	communications where multiple serial channels are combined,
+	either physically (e.g. multiple cores in a cable) or by
+	{multiplexing}.
+
+Serial Communications Interface
+
+	{UART}
+
+Serial Interface Adaptor
+
+	(SIA) The {Ethernet} driver chip used on a {Filtabyte}
+	Ethernet card.
+
+serial IO chip
+
+	{UART}
+
+serialise
+
+	<programming> To represent an arbitrarily complex {data
+	structure} in a location-independent way so that it can be
+	communicated or stored elsewhere.
+
+	For example, an {object} representing a time, with
+	{attributes} for year, month, timezone, etc., could be
+	serialised as the {string} "2002-02-24T14:33:52-0800", or an
+	{XML} element "<dateobj year='2002' month='02' day='24'
+	hour='14' minute='33' second='52' timezone='-0800' />", or as
+	a {binary} string.
+
+	As well as providing an external data representation
+	(e.g. representing an {integer} as a string of {ASCII}
+	digits) and {marshalling} components into a single block of
+	data, a serialisation {algorithm} needs to follow {pointers}
+	to include objects referred to by the initial object.  This is
+	further complicated by the possible presence of cycles in the
+	{object graph}.
+
+	It should be possible to store the serialised representation
+	on disk, or transmit it across a network, and then restore it
+	as an object (graph) that is the same as the original.
+
+	(2001-09-28)
+
+serialize
+
+	{serialise}
+
+serial line
+
+	<communications> Wires which connect two {serial ports}
+	carrying serial data consisting of sequential bits represented
+	by one of two voltages.
+
+	A common electrical specification for the signals on a serial
+	line is {RS-423}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.acorn.co.uk/pub/documents/appnotes/231-245/234.ps)}.
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+Serial Line Internet Protocol
+
+	<communications, protocol> (SLIP) Software allowing the
+	{Internet Protocol} (IP), normally used on {Ethernet}, to be
+	used over a {serial line}, e.g. an {EIA-232} {serial port}
+	connected to a {modem}.  It is defined in {RFC} 1055.
+
+	SLIP modifies a standard {Internet} {datagram} by appending a
+	special SLIP END character to it, which allows datagrams to be
+	distinguished as separate.  SLIP requires a port configuration
+	of 8 data bits, no {parity}, and {EIA} or {hardware flow
+	control}.  SLIP does not provide {error detection}, being
+	reliant on other high-layer protocols for this.  Over a
+	particularly error-prone {dial-up} link therefore, SLIP on its
+	own would not be satisfactory.
+
+	A SLIP connection needs to have its {IP address} configuration
+	set each time before it is established whereas {Point-to-Point
+	Protocol} (PPP) can determine it automatically once it has
+	started.
+
+	See also {SLiRP}.
+
+	(1995-04-30)
+
+Serial Line IP
+
+	(SLIP) {Serial Line Internet Protocol}.
+
+Serial Peripheral Interface
+
+	<communications, hardware> (SPI) A {serial interface} in which
+	a master device supplies {clock} pulses to exchanges data
+	serially with a slave over two data wires (Master-Slave and
+	Slave-Master).  This term probably originated with Motorola in
+	about 1979 with their first all-in-one {microcontroller}.
+
+	(2003-07-13)
+
+serial port
+
+	<hardware, communications> (Or "com port") A connector on a
+	computer to which you can attach a {serial line} connected to
+	peripherals which communicate using a serial (bit-stream)
+	{protocol}.  The most common type of serial port is a 25-pin
+	D-type connector carrying {EIA-232} signals.  Smaller
+	connectors (e.g. 9-pin {D-type}) carrying a subset of EIA-232
+	are often used on {personal computers}.  The serial port is
+	usually connected to an {integrated circuit} called a {UART}
+	which handles the conversion between serial and parallel data.
+
+	In the days before bit-mapped displays, and today on
+	{multi-user} systems, the serial port was used to connect one
+	or more terminals ({teletypewriters} or {VDUs}), printers,
+	{modems} and other serial peripherals.  Two computers
+	connected together via their serial ports, possibly via
+	{modems}, can communicate using a {protocol} such as {UUCP} or
+	{CU} or {SLIP}.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+Serial Presence Detect
+
+	{presence detect}
+
+serial processing
+
+	{sequential processing}
+
+serial processor
+
+	<architecture> A computer whose {central processing unit}
+	performs a single machine-level operation at a time.  This
+	term would be used mostly in contrast to a {parallel
+	processor}.
+
+	(2008-03-14)
+
+Serial Storage Architecture
+
+	<storage> (SSA) IBM's proposed ANSI standard for a standard
+	high-speed interface to disk clusters and arrays.  SSA allows
+	{full-duplex} {packet multiplexed} serial data transfers at
+	rates of 20Mb/sec in each direction.
+
+	According to John Taylor, programme manager at IBM's Storage
+	Division at Havant, SSA will be used in arrays of discs
+	working with high-end computers ranging from mainframes down
+	to LAN servers.  Taylor said that SSA differs from the {IEEE}
+	proposed {P1394} serial interface specification in its ability
+	to offer simultaneous multiplexed transfers from more than one
+	disk or array.  IBM also supports the P1394 standard which
+	will be used primarily by desktop PCs for {multimedia}
+	applications.
+
+	SSA has received backing from a number of companies including
+	connector makers Molex, ITT Cannon and AMP, disk drive makers
+	Conner and Western Digital and RAID array suppliers like
+	Dynatech and NCR.  IBM expects to see the first SSA products
+	released at Comdex in Autumn 1994 but it will be 1995 before
+	the products ship in volume.
+
+	Under an agreement signed with {ASIC} maker and {ARM} licencee
+	{VLSI Technology}, IBM will use ARM-based chips made by VLSI
+	to implement the SSA interface and VLSI will make these cores
+	available to third parties as one of its Functional System
+	Blocks.
+
+serve
+
+	<networking> To be a {server}, to provide a {service}.
+
+	E.g., "The {shttpd} serves requested documents to clients over
+	a secure link."
+
+	(1997-09-11)
+
+servelet
+
+	{Java servlet}
+
+server
+
+	1. A program which provides some service to other ({client})
+	programs.  The connection between client and server is
+	normally by means of {message passing}, often over a
+	{network}, and uses some {protocol} to encode the client's
+	requests and the server's responses.  The server may run
+	continuously (as a {daemon}), waiting for requests to arrive
+	or it may be invoked by some higher level daemon which
+	controls a number of specific servers ({inetd} on {Unix}).
+
+	There are many servers associated with the {Internet}, such as
+	those for {HTTP}, {Network File System}, {Network Information
+	Service} (NIS), {Domain Name System} (DNS), {FTP}, {news},
+	{finger}, {Network Time Protocol}.  On Unix, a long list can
+	be found in /etc/services or in the {NIS} database "services".
+	See {client-server}.
+
+	2. A computer which provides some service for other computers
+	connected to it via a network.  The most common example is a
+	{file server} which has a local disk and services requests
+	from remote clients to read and write files on that disk,
+	often using {Sun}'s {Network File System} (NFS) {protocol} or
+	{Novell Netware} on {PCs}.  Another common example is a {web
+	server}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-12-29)
+
+serverlet
+
+	{Java Servlet}
+
+Server Message Block
+
+	<protocol> (SMB) A {client/server} {protocol} that provides
+	file and printer sharing between computers.  In addition SMB
+	can share {serial ports} and communications abstractions such
+	as {named pipes} and {mail slots}.  SMB is similar to {remote
+	procedure call} (RPC) specialised for file system access.
+
+	SMB was developed by {Intel}, {Microsoft}, and {IBM} in the
+	early 1980s.  It has also had input from {Xerox} and {3Com}.
+	It is the native method of file and print sharing for
+	Microsoft {operating systems}; where it is called {Microsoft
+	Networking}.  {Windows for Workgroups}, {Windows 95}, and
+	{Windows NT} all include SMB clients and servers.  SMB is also
+	used by {OS/2}, {Lan Manager} and {Banyan} {Vines}.  There are
+	SMB servers and clients for {Unix}, for example {Samba} and
+	{smbclient}.
+
+	SMB is a {presentation layer} protocol structured as a large
+	set of commands (Server Message Blocks).  There are commands
+	to support file sharing, printer sharing, {user
+	authentication}, resource browsing, and other miscellaneous
+	functions.  As clients and servers may implement different
+	versions ("dialects") of the protocol they negotiate before
+	starting a session.
+
+	The {redirector} packages SMB requests into a {network control
+	block} (NBC) structure that can be sent across the network to
+	a remote device.
+
+	SMB originally ran on top of the lower level protocols
+	{NetBEUI} and {NetBIOS}, but now typically runs over {TCP/IP}.
+
+	Microsoft have developed an extended version of SMB for the
+	{Internet}, the {Common Internet File System} (CIFS), which in
+	most cases replaces SMB.  {CIFS} runs only runs over TCP/IP.
+
+	{Just what is SMB?
+	(http://samba.anu.edu.au/cifs/docs/what-is-smb.html)}.
+
+	{IBM protocols
+	(http://protocols.com/pbook/ibm.htm)}.
+
+	{Microsoft SMB/CIFS documents
+	(ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/developr/drg/CIFS/)}.
+
+	(1999-08-08)
+
+server-parsed HTML
+
+	<file format, web> (SPML, SHTML) A kind of {HTML}
+	file containing server-specific, non-standard commands which
+	are interpreted by the {HTTP server} and replaced by standard
+	HTML or text before the data is returned to the client.
+
+	Different servers use different command syntax and support
+	different sets of commands.  The most common example is a
+	{server-side include} command which simply expands to the
+	contents of some given file and allows bits of HTML or text to
+	be shared between pages for ease of updating.  Other commands
+	insert the value of an {environment variable} or the output of
+	a {shell command}.  These allow pages to be different each
+	time they are served without requiring a {CGI} script.
+
+	Some servers distinguish SPML from HTML with a different
+	{filename extension}, others use the execute bit of the file's
+	{permissions}.
+
+	(1996-09-29)
+
+server room
+
+	<hardware> The room where all the {server} computers are
+	housed.  The {workstations} at which people sit and program
+	are usually located elsewhere.
+
+	Compare: {sun lounge}, {dinosaur pen}, {play pen}, {salt
+	mines}, {disk farm}.
+
+	(1998-07-06)
+
+servers
+
+	{server}
+
+server-side
+
+	<web> Processing or content generation that is done
+	on the {web server} or other server, as opposed to on the
+	{client} computer where the {web browser} is running.
+
+	An example is {server-side include} where one file is inserted
+	in another before it is served, rather than, say, having the
+	browser request the files separately and combine them using an
+	{iframe}.  A very common kind of server-side processing is the
+	inclusion of data from a {database} in a web page.
+
+	There are many software environments and technologies designed
+	for server-side processing, e.g. {CGI}, {ISAPI}, {WebObjects}
+	and {ASP}.
+
+	The greatest advantage of server-side processing is that it is
+	independent of the many different client software environments
+	that exist on the {Internet}, chiefly different {web browsers}
+	and {operating systems}.  The disadvantage is that the user
+	must wait for a response from the server which is a much
+	slower form of interaction than is possible with client-side
+	processing using, e.g., {JavaScript}.
+
+	(2003-12-29)
+
+server-side include
+
+	<web> (SSI) The facility provided by most {web
+	servers}, e.g. {NCSA httpd}, to replace special {tags} in an
+	{HTML} file with the contents of another file before the file
+	is sent out by the server, i.e. an {HTML} {macro}.
+
+	{NCSA httpd tutorial
+	(http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/docs/tutorials/includes.html)}.
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+service
+
+	<networking, programming> Work performed (or offered) by a
+	{server}.  This may mean simply serving simple requests for
+	data to be sent or stored (as with {file servers}, {gopher} or
+	{http} servers, {e-mail} servers, {finger} servers, {SQL}
+	servers, etc.); or it may be more complex work, such as that
+	of {irc} servers, print servers, {X Windows} servers, or
+	process servers.
+
+	E.g. "Access to the finger {service} is restricted to the
+	local {subnet}, for security reasons".
+
+	(1997-09-11)
+
+serviceability
+
+	<systems> The ease with which {corrective maintenance} or
+	{preventative maintenance} can be performed on a system (e.g. by a
+	{hardware} service technician).  Higher serviceability improves
+	{availability} and reduces service cost.
+
+	Serviceability is one component of {RAS}.
+
+	(2000-08-13)
+
+Service Access Point
+
+	<networking> (SAP) The {OSI} term for the component of a
+	network address which identifies the individual application on
+	a host which is sending or receiving a {packet}.
+
+	{TCP/IP}'s equivalent term is "{port}".
+
+	Different SAPs distinguish between different services or
+	applications on a host, e.g. {electronic mail}, {FTP}, {HTTP}.
+
+	(1996-12-23)
+
+Service Advertising Protocol
+
+	<networking> (SAP) A {Novell NetWare} {protocol}.  SAP follows
+	the spirit of the {Xerox} {Clearinghouse} protocol, it permits
+	file, print, and gateway servers to advertise their services
+	and addresses.
+
+	(1996-01-13)
+
+Service Discovery Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (SDP) A {Bluetooth} {protocol} in the {Core
+	Protocol Stack} that allows {devices} to connect to
+	other {services}.
+
+	{Bluetooth SDP
+	(http://bluetooth.org/assigned-numbers/sdp.htm)}.
+
+	(2002-06-28)
+
+service-oriented architecture
+
+	<software, architecture> (SOA) Systems built from
+	loosely-coupled {software} modules deployed as {services},
+	typically communicating via a {network}.  This allows
+	different modules to be implemented and deployed in different
+	ways, e.g. owned by different organisations, developed by
+	different teams, written in different {programming languages},
+	running on different {hardware} and {operating systems}.  The
+	key to making it work is {interoperability} and {standards} so
+	that modules can exchange data.
+
+	SOAs often support {service discovery}, allowing a service to
+	be changed without having to explicitly reconnect all its
+	clients.
+
+	Many different frameworks have been developed for SOA,
+	including {SOAP}, {REST}, {RPC}, {DCOM}, {CORBA}, {web
+	services} and {WCF}.
+
+	(2009-01-23)
+
+service provider
+
+	<communications> An organisation that provides a service by
+	telephone, such as an 0800 (toll free) number.  The service
+	provider buys the services of a telecom supplier (e.g. BT) but
+	advertises the service and deals with the calls itself.
+	Increasingly, service providers are now also managing their
+	advanced {call-routing}.
+
+	(1996-08-27)
+
+Service Set Identifier
+
+	<networking> (SSID) A 32-{character} unique identifier that
+	distinguishes one wireless network from another.  All devices
+	attempting to connect to a specific network use the same SSID,
+	which appears in the header of {packets}.  Because an SSID can
+	be intercepted, it does not supply any security to the
+	network.
+
+	(2009-01-23)
+
+servlet
+
+	{Java servlet}
+
+session
+
+	<networking> 1. A lasting connection between a user (or user
+	agent) and a {peer}, typically a {server}, usually involving
+	the exchange of many packets between the user's computer and
+	the server.  A session is typically implemented as a layer in
+	a network {protocol} (e.g. {telnet}, {FTP}).
+
+	In the case of protocols where there is no concept of a
+	session layer (e.g. {UDP}) or where sessions at the {session
+	layer} are generally very short-lived (e.g. {HTTP}), {virtual}
+	sessions are implemented by having each exchange between the
+	user and the remote host include some form of {cookie} which
+	stores state (e.g. a unique session ID, information about the
+	user's preferences or authorisation level, etc.).
+
+	See also {login}.
+
+	2. A lasting connection using the {session layer} of a
+	networking protocol.
+
+	(1997-08-03)
+
+Session Initiation Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (SIP) A very simple text-based application-layer
+	control {protocol}.  It creates, modifies, and terminates
+	{sessions} with one or more participants.  Such sessions
+	include {Internet telephony} and {multimedia} conferences.
+
+	It is described in {RFC 2543}.
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+session layer
+
+	<networking> The third highest {protocol layer} (layer 5) in the {OSI}
+	seven layer model.  The session layer uses the {transport
+	layer} to establish a {connection} between processes on
+	different {hosts}.  It handles {security} and creation of the
+	session.  It is used by the {presentation layer}.
+
+	Documents: {ITU} Rec. X.225 ({ISO} 8327), ITU Rec. X.215 (ISO
+	8326).
+
+	[Examples?]
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+SES/workbench
+
+	<tool, simulation> An iconic {simulation} and design tool,
+	linked to some of the major {CASE} systems now available or in
+	development.
+
+	(1996-03-28)
+
+SET
+
+	1. <security> {Secure Electronic Transaction}.
+
+	2. <electronics> {Single Electron Tunneling}.
+
+	3. <standard> {Standard d'Echange et de Transfert}.
+
+	(1999-03-26)
+
+set
+
+	A collection of objects, known as the elements of the set,
+	specified in such a way that we can tell in principle whether
+	or not a given object belongs to it.  E.g. the set of all prime
+	numbers, the set of zeros of the cosine function.
+
+	For each set there is a {predicate} (or property) which is
+	true for (possessed by) exactly those objects which are
+	elements of the set.  The predicate may be defined by the set
+	or vice versa.  Order and repetition of elements within the
+	set are irrelevant so, for example, {1, 2, 3} = {3, 2, 1} =
+	{1, 3, 1, 2, 2}.
+
+	Some common set of numbers are given the following names:
+
+	N = the {natural numbers} 0, 1, 2, ...
+
+	Z = the {integers} ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...
+
+	Q = the {rational numbers} p/q where p, q are in Z and q /= 0.
+
+	R = the {real numbers}
+
+	C = the {complex numbers}.
+
+	The empty set is the set with no elements.  The intersection
+	of two sets X and Y is the set containing all the elements x
+	such that x is in X and x is in Y.  The union of two sets is
+	the set containing all the elements x such that x is in X or x
+	is in Y.
+
+	See also {set complement}.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+set abstraction
+
+	{list comprehension}
+
+set associative cache
+
+	<architecture> A compromise between a {direct mapped cache}
+	and a {fully associative cache} where each address is mapped
+	to a certain set of cache locations.  The address space is
+	divided into blocks of 2^m bytes (the {cache line} size),
+	discarding the bottom m address bits.  An "n-way set
+	associative" cache with S sets has n cache locations in each
+	set.  Block b is mapped to set "b mod S" and may be stored in
+	any of the n locations in that set with its upper address bits
+	as a tag.  To determine whether block b is in the cache, set
+	"b mod S" is searched associatively for the tag.
+
+	A direct mapped cache could be described as "one-way set
+	associative", i.e. one location in each set whereas a fully
+	associative cache is N-way associative (where N is the total
+	number of blocks in the cache).  Performance studies have
+	shown that it is generally more effective to increase the
+	number of entries rather than associativity and that 2- to
+	16-way set associative caches perform almost as well as fully
+	associative caches at little extra cost over direct mapping.
+
+	(2004-10-18)
+
+set complement
+
+	<theory> The complement of set A in set U is all elements of U
+	which are not elements of A.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+set comprehension
+
+	{list comprehension}
+
+Setext
+
+	A markup scheme intended for documents that are both human-
+	and computer-readable.
+
+SETL
+
+	SET Language.  A very high level language based on sets,
+	designed by Jack Schwartz at the {Courant Institute} in the
+	early 1970s.  It was possibly the first use of {list
+	comprehension} notation.
+
+	Data types include sets (unordered collections), {tuples}
+	(ordered collections) and maps (collections of ordered pairs).
+	Expressions may include {quantifiers} ('for each' and
+	'exists').  The first {Ada} translator was written in SETL.
+
+	See also {ISETL}, {ProSet}, {SETL2}.
+
+	["Programming With Sets - An Introduction to SETL", Jacob
+	T. Schwartz et al, Springer 1986].
+
+SETL2
+
+	{SETL} with more conventional {Ada}-like syntax, {lexical
+	scope}, full block structure, {first-class functions} and a
+	package and library system.  Ported to {OS/2}, {MS-DOS} (3.1
+	up), Extended {MS-DOS} (80286 and higher processors with
+	extended memory), {Macintosh} (with the {MPW} environment),
+	Sun-3 (SunOS 4), Sun-4 (SunOS 4), IBM RS/6000 (AIX 3.1), DEC
+	RISC product line (Ultrix 4.0), DEC Vaxen (Mt. Xinu Unix or
+	VMS).
+
+	{(ftp://cs.nyu.edu/pub/languages/setl2)}.  Please e-mail Kirk
+	Snyder <snyder@spunky.cs.nyu.edu> if you take a copy.
+
+	["The SETL2 Programming Language", W. Kirk Snyder, Courant
+	Inst TR 490, Jan 1990].
+
+SETL/E
+
+	{ProSet}
+
+Set Priority Level
+
+	(SPL) The way traditional {Unix} {kernels} implement {mutual
+	exclusion} by running code at high {interrupt priority levels}
+	and thus blocking lower level interrupts.
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+SETS
+
+	Set Equation Transformation System.
+
+	Symbolic manipulation of Boolean equations.  "Efficient
+	Ordering of Set Expressions for Symbolic Expansion",
+	R.G. Worrell et al, J ACM 20(3):482-488 (Jul 1973).
+
+set theory
+
+	<mathematics> A mathematical formalisation of the theory of
+	"sets" (aggregates or collections) of objects ("elements" or
+	"members").  Many mathematicians use set theory as the basis
+	for all other mathematics.
+
+	Mathematicians began to realise toward the end of the 19th
+	century that just doing "the obvious thing" with sets led to
+	embarrassing {paradox}es, the most famous being {Russell's
+	Paradox}.  As a result, they acknowledged the need for a
+	suitable {axiomatisation} for talking about sets.  Numerous
+	such axiomatisations exist; the most popular among ordinary
+	mathematicians is {Zermelo Fränkel set theory}.
+
+	{The beginnings of set theory
+	(http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistoryTopics.html)}.
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+set-top box
+
+	<communications, networking> (STB) Any electronic device
+	designed to produce output on a conventional televesion set
+	(on top of which it nominally sits) and connected to some
+	other communications channels such as telephone, {ISDN},
+	{optical fibre} or cable.  The STB usually runs software to
+	allow the user to interact with the programmes shown on the
+	television in some way.
+
+	{Online Media} are one STB manufacturer.
+
+	(1997-05-16)
+
+SEUS
+
+	R. Weyrauch et al.  Language allowing functions to return
+	multiple values.  Implemented but never published.  Mentioned
+	in "Evolution of Lisp", G.L. Steele et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	28(3):231-270 (March 1993).
+
+seven layer model
+
+	{Open Systems Interconnect}
+
+Seven-Segment Display
+
+	<electronics> (SSD) A kind of display element consisting of seven
+	independently controllable lines arranged as a rectangular figure
+	eight. A seven-segment display is the simplest device that can
+	display any of the digits zero to nine (and some other characters)
+	by lighting different combinations of lines.  They are often seen
+	in electronic calculators or measuring equipment.
+
+	(2013-04-27)
+
+SEX
+
+	/seks/ [Sun Users' Group & elsewhere] 1. Software EXchange.  A
+	technique invented by the blue-green algae hundreds of
+	millions of years ago to speed up their evolution, which had
+	been terribly slow up until then.  Today, SEX parties are
+	popular among hackers and others (of course, these are no
+	longer limited to exchanges of genetic software).  In general,
+	SEX parties are a {Good Thing}, but unprotected SEX can
+	propagate a {virus}.  See also {pubic directory}.
+
+	2. The {mnemonic} often used for Sign EXtend, a machine
+	instruction found in the {PDP-11} and many other
+	architectures.  The {RCA 1802} chip used in the early {Elf}
+	and SuperElf {personal computers} had a "SEt X register" SEX
+	instruction, but this seems to have had little folkloric
+	impact.
+
+	DEC's engineers nearly got a {PDP-11} {assembler} that used
+	the "SEX" mnemonic out the door at one time, but (for once)
+	marketing wasn't asleep and forced a change.  That wasn't the
+	last time this happened, either.  The author of "The Intel
+	8086 Primer", who was one of the original designers of the
+	{Intel 8086}, noted that there was originally a "SEX"
+	instruction on that processor, too.  He says that Intel
+	management got cold feet and decreed that it be changed, and
+	thus the instruction was renamed "CBW" and "CWD" (depending on
+	what was being extended).  The {Intel 8048} (the
+	{microcontroller} used in {IBM PC} keyboards) is also missing
+	straight "SEX" but has logical-or and logical-and instructions
+	"ORL" and "ANL".
+
+	The {Motorola 6809}, used in the UK's "{Dragon 32}" {personal
+	computer}, actually had an official "SEX" instruction; the
+	{6502} in the {Apple II} with which it competed did not.
+	British hackers thought this made perfect mythic sense; after
+	all, it was commonly observed, you could (on some theoretical
+	level) have sex with a dragon, but you can't have sex with an
+	apple.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-03-03)
+
+sexadecimal
+
+	{hexadecimal}
+
+sex changer
+
+	{gender mender}
+
+SEXI
+
+	{SNOBOL}
+
+Seymour Cray
+
+	<person> The founder of {Cray Research} and designer of
+	several of their {supercomputers}.
+
+	Cray has been a charismatic yet somewhat reclusive figure.  He
+	began Cray Research in Minnesota in 1972.  In 1988, Cray moved
+	his {Cray-3} project to Colorado Springs.  The next year, Cray
+	Research spun it off to create {Cray Computer}.  In 1989, Cray
+	left Cray Research and started Cray Computer Corporation in Colorado
+	Springs.
+
+	His quest to build a faster computer using new-generation
+	materials failed in 1995, and his bankruptcy cost half a
+	billion dollars and more than 400 jobs.  The company was
+	unable to raise $20 million needed to finish the {Cray-4} and
+	filed for bankruptcy in March 1995.
+
+	In the summer of 1996, Cray started a Colorado Springs-based
+	company called {SRC Computers, Inc.}  "We think we'll build
+	computers, but who knows what kind or how," Cray said at the
+	time.  "We'll talk it over and see if we can come up with a
+	plan."
+
+	On 1996-09-22, aged 70, Cray broke his neck in a car
+	accident.  Surgery for massive head injuries and swelling of
+	the brain leaving him in a critical and unstable condition.
+
+	(1997-03-02)
+
+SFA
+
+	{Sales Force Automation}
+
+SFBI
+
+	Shared Frame Buffer Interconnect (Intel)
+
+SFD-ALGOL
+
+	System Function Description-ALGOL.  Extension of ALGOL for
+	synchronous systems.  Sammet 1969, p.625.
+
+SFFA
+
+	{Sales Force Automation}
+
+SFL
+
+	System Function Language.  Assembly language for the ICL2900.
+	"SFL Language Definition Manual", TR 6413, Intl Computers Ltd.
+
+SFLV
+
+	Unifies logic and functional programming.  SASL+LV with
+	unification moved from actual/formal parameter matching to
+	equational clauses.  "Static Analysis of Functional Programs
+	with Logical Variables", G. Lindstrom in Programming Languages
+	Implementation and Logic Programming, P. Deransart et al eds,
+	LNCS 348, Springer 1988.
+
+sFTP
+
+	{Secure File Transfer Protocol}
+
+sg
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Singapore.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SGCP
+
+	{Simple Gateway Control Protocol}
+
+SGI
+
+	{Silicon Graphics, Inc.}
+
+SGML
+
+	{Standard Generalized Markup Language}
+
+sgmls
+
+	<language, tool> Sgmls is an {SGML} {parser} derived from the
+	{ARCSGML} parser materials which were written by Charles
+	Goldfarb.  It outputs a simple, easily parsed, line oriented,
+	{ASCII} representation of an SGML document's Element Structure
+	Information Set (see pp 588-593 of "The SGML Handbook").  It
+	is intended to be used as the front end for
+	structure-controlled SGML {application programs}.
+
+	Version 1.1 for {Unix} and {MS-DOS} by James J. Clark
+	<jjc@jclark.com> and Charles Goldfarb.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.uu.net/pub/text-processing/sgml/sgmls-1.0.tar.Z)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.jclark.com/sgmls/sgmls-1.1.tar.Z)}.
+
+	E-mail: James Clark <jjc@jclark.com>.
+
+	(1993-02-22)
+
+SGML Tagger
+
+	<tool> A tool to assist with adding {SGML} to a piece of text.
+	The Tagger only lets the user insert a mark-up tag which is
+	correct in that particular context.
+
+	{(http://www1.oup.co.uk/cite/oup/E-P/Humanities/The_SGML_Tagger/)}.
+
+	(1997-03-18)
+
+SGRAM
+
+	{Synchronous Graphics Random Access Memory}
+
+sh
+
+	1. <operating system> {Bourne shell}.
+
+	2. <networking> The {country code} for St. Helena.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SHA
+
+	{Secure Hash Algorithm}
+
+SHACO
+
+	An early system on the {IBM 701}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):1959-05-16].
+
+	(1995-10-25)
+
+SHADOW
+
+	<language> A {syntax}-directed {compiler} written by Barnett
+	and Futrelle in 1962.  It was the predecessor to {SNOBOL}(?)
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 448, 605].
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+shadowing
+
+	{aliasing}
+
+shadow ram
+
+	<operating system> A memory area in {PC-AT} compatibles used
+	to store frequently accessed {ROM} code to speed up operation.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+shallow binding
+
+	A method of storing variable bindings where the current value
+	of a variable can be found at a known location rather than by
+	searching an environment or association list.  When a new
+	binding is made, the old value is copied into the environment.
+
+shambolic link
+
+	/sham-bol'ik link/ A Unix symbolic link, particularly when it
+	confuses you, points to nothing at all, or results in your
+	ending up in some completely unexpected part of the
+	file system.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Shape_VC
+
+	A {code management} system which offers version control
+	functionality similar to systems like {RCS} or {SCCS} with
+	some extensions and a more {Unix}-like command interface.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+ShapeTools
+
+	<tool, programming> A {code management} system for {Unix} from
+	The {Technical University of Berlin}.
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+shar
+
+	<tool, file format> ("Shell archive", after {ar} and {tar})
+	Any of the many {Unix} programs that creates a {flatten}ed
+	representation of one or more files, with the unique property
+	that it can be unflattened (the original files extracted)
+	merely by feeding it through a standard {Unix} {shell}.  The
+	output of shar, known as a "shar file" or "sharchive", can be
+	distributed to anyone running {Unix}, and no special unpacking
+	software is required.
+
+	Sharchives are intriguing in that they are typically created
+	by shell scripts; the script that produces sharchives is thus
+	a script which produces self-unpacking scripts, which may
+	themselves contain scripts.  The disadvantage of sharchives
+	are that they are an ideal venue for {Trojan horse} attacks
+	and that, for recipients not running Unix, no simple
+	un-sharchiving program is possible; sharchives can and do make
+	use of arbitrarily-powerful shell features and other Unix
+	commands.
+
+	Different implementations of shar vary in sophistication.
+	Some just {uuencode} each input file and output commands to
+	{uudecode} the result, others include extensive checking to
+	make sure the files have been transferred without corruption
+	and that all parts of a multi-file sharchive have been
+	unpacked.
+
+	The {unshar} utility strips off mail and news headers before
+	passing the remainder of its input to sh.
+
+	(1996-10-18)
+
+sharchive
+
+	{shar}
+
+sharding
+
+	<database> A form of {data partitioning} in which a large
+	{database} {table} is split over multiple {servers} in order
+	to {balance load (load balancing)}.  Some property of the data
+	is used to select which server should handle a given row,
+	e.g. the {primary id} {modulo} the number of servers.
+
+	Sharding should be a last resort in database performance
+	optimisation because of the difficulty of changing the
+	allocation of data to servers, e.g. if the number of servers
+	changes or the distribution is found to be uneven.
+
+	{Sharding Your Database, Ovid, perl.org
+	(http://blogs.perl.org/users/ovid/2010/05/sharding-your-database.html)}.
+
+	(2010-05-16)
+
+Share and enjoy!
+
+	1. Commonly found at the end of software release announcements
+	and {README files}, this phrase indicates allegiance to the
+	hacker ethic of free information sharing (see {hacker ethic}).
+
+	2. The motto of the Sirius Cybernetics Corporation (the
+	ultimate gaggle of incompetent {suits}) in Douglas Adams's
+	"Hitch Hiker's Guide to the Galaxy".  The irony of using this
+	as a cultural recognition signal appeals to {freeware}
+	hackers.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+shared memory
+
+	1. Memory in a {parallel computer}, usually {RAM}, which can
+	be accessed by more than one processor, usually via a shared
+	{bus} or network.
+
+	It usually takes longer for a processor to access shared
+	memory than to access its own private memory because of
+	contention for the processor-to-memory connections and because
+	of other overheads associated with ensuring synchronised
+	access.  Computers using shared memory usually have some kind
+	of local {cache} on each processor to reduce the number of
+	accesses to shared memory.  This requires a {cache
+	consistency} {protocol} to ensure that one processor's cached
+	copy of a shared memory location is invalidated when another
+	processor writes to that location.
+
+	The alternative to shared memory is {message passing} where
+	all memory is private to some particular processor and
+	processors communicate by sending messages down special
+	links.  This is usually slower than shared memory but it
+	avoids the problems of contention for memory and can be
+	implemented more cheaply.
+
+	2. Memory which can be access by more than one process in a
+	{multitasking} {operating system} with memory protection.
+	Some {Unix} variants, e.g. {SunOS} provide this kind of shared
+	memory.
+
+	{Unix manual pages}: shmop(2), shmctl(2), shmget(2).
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+Shared Time Repair of Big Electronic Systems
+
+	<language> (STROBES) A language for computer testing.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 699].
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+shareware
+
+	<software> /sheir'weir/ {Software} that, like {freeware}, can
+	be usually obtained ({download}ed) and redistributed for free,
+	but most often is under {copyright} and does legally require a
+	payment in the {EULA}, at least beyond the {evaluation} period
+	or for commercial applications.  This payment, as well as
+	fulfilling the {user}'s legal obligations, may buy additional
+	support, documentation, or functionality.  Generally, {source
+	code} for shareware programs is not available.  Shareware is
+	sometimes also {nagware} and/or {crippleware}, which muddles
+	the term and is frowned upon in the community.
+
+	See also {careware}, {charityware}, {guiltware},
+	{postcardware}, and {-ware}; compare {payware}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-01-30)
+
+shar file
+
+	{shar}
+
+sharp
+
+	<character> {hash}.
+
+Sharp APL
+
+	<language> (Or "Dictionary APL")
+
+	["A Dictionary of the APL Language", K. Iverson, Pub 0402,
+	Sharp Assocs, Toronto, 1985].
+
+	{(ftp://watserv1.waterloo.edu/languages/apl/sharp.apl)}.
+
+	(1997-09-02)
+
+S-HDSL
+
+	{Single-pair High Speed Digital Subscriber Line}
+
+shebang
+
+	<operating system> (Or "shebang line", "{bang path}")
+	/sh*-bang'/ (From "{sharp}" and "{bang}") The {magic cookie}
+	"#!" used in {Unix} to mark the start of a {script}, e.g. a
+	{shell script} or {Perl script}.
+
+	Under {Unix}, if the first two bytes of an {executable} file
+	are "#!", the {kernel} treats the file as a script rather than
+	a {machine code} program.  The word following the "!" (i.e.,
+	everything up to the first {whitespace}) is used as the
+	{pathname} of the {interpreter}.  For example, if the first
+	line of an executable is
+
+	 #!/usr/local/bin/perl
+
+	the script will be treated as a {Perl} script and passed as an
+	argument to /usr/local/bin/perl to be interpreted.  Some
+	variants of Unix also allow one or more parameters to be
+	passed to the interpreter, for example, you can write
+
+	 #!/usr/bin/perl -w
+
+	and the script will be started as if you typed
+
+	 /usr/bin/perl -w <filename>
+
+	on the command line.  Also, most modern kernels ignore any
+	whitespace between the "!" and the interpreter pathname.  Even
+	some modern kernels have fairly small limits (e.g. 32) on the
+	length of line they will accept, making long pathnames and
+	arguments somewhat unportable.
+
+	[Does anyone call this a "magic string"?]
+
+	(1998-05-06)
+
+SHEEP
+
+	<mathematics, tool> A package for {symbolic mathematics},
+	especially {tensor analysis} and General Relativity, developed
+	by Inge Frick in Stockholm in the late 1970s to early 1980s.
+	SHEEP was implemented in {DEC-10} {assembly language}, then in
+	several {LISPs}.  The current version runs on {Sun}-3 and is
+	based on {Portable Standard LISP}.
+
+	["Sheep, a Computer Algebra System for General Relativity",
+	J.E.F. Skea et al in Proc First Brazilian School on Comp Alg,
+	W. Roque et al eds, Oxford U Press 1993, v2].
+
+	{(http://riaca.win.tue.nl/archive/can/SystemsOverview/Special/Tensoranalysis/SHEEP/index.html)}.
+
+	(2002-12-28)
+
+shelf
+
+	A public library of {class}es for the {Eiffel} language.
+
+shelfware
+
+	<jargon> /shelfweir/ {Software} which is never used and so
+	ends up on the shelf.  Shelfware may be purchased on a whim by
+	an individual, or in accordance with corporate policy, but not
+	actually required for any particular use.  Alternatively, it
+	may be software that has been developed (unlike {vaporware}),
+	but is never released as a product -- a common occurrence at
+	{DEC}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-20)
+
+SHELL
+
+	<language> An early system on the {Datatron 200} series.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+shell
+
+	1. <operating system> (Originally from {Multics}, widely
+	propagated via {Unix}) The {command interpreter} used to pass
+	commands to an {operating system}; so called because it is the
+	part of the operating system that interfaces with the outside
+	world.
+
+	The commonest Unix shells are the c shell ({csh}) and the
+	Bourne shell ({sh}).
+
+	2. (Or "wrapper") Any interface program that mediates access
+	to a special resource or {server} for convenience, efficiency,
+	or security reasons; for this meaning, the usage is usually "a
+	shell around" whatever.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+shell out
+
+	[Unix] To spawn an interactive subshell from within a program
+	(e.g. a mailer or editor).  "Bang foo runs foo in a subshell,
+	while bang alone shells out."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+shell script
+
+	<programming, operating system> A {program} written to be
+	interpreted by the {shell} of an {operating system},
+	especially {Unix}.
+
+	Compare: {script}, {glue language}.
+
+	(1999-02-22)
+
+shell variable
+
+	<programming, operating system> One of the {variables}
+	accessible to a {Unix} {shell} process, including {environment
+	variables} (e.g. $HOME), {command line arguments} (e.g. $1)
+	and local variables (e.g. $input_file).  Other {operating
+	systems} have similar variables.
+
+	(1999-01-26)
+
+shielded twisted pair
+
+	<hardware> (STP) A kind of cable {used} for most {Ethernet}
+	cabling, especially fast ethernet connections such as 100
+	{Mbps}.
+
+	Compare: {unshielded twisted pair}.
+
+	(1999-11-15)
+
+SHIFT
+
+	Scalable Heterogeneous Integrated Facility Testbed.  A
+	parallel processing project at CERN.
+
+Shift In
+
+	<character> (SI, Control-O, {ASCII} 15) The character used on
+	some ancient {teletypes} to start using an alternative
+	{character set}.
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+shift left logical
+
+	{logical shift}
+
+Shift Out
+
+	<character> (SO, Control-N, {ASCII} 14) The character which
+	was used to "shift out" of an alternate character set on some
+	ancient {teletypes}, reversing the effect of the {Shift In}
+	(SI, ASCII 15) character.
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+shift right logical
+
+	{logical shift}
+
+shim
+
+	<jargon, memory management> A small piece of data inserted in
+	order to achieve a desired {memory alignment} or other
+	addressing property.
+
+	For example, the {PDP-11} {Unix} {linker}, in split I&D
+	(instructions and data) mode, inserts a two-{byte} shim at
+	location 0 in data space so that no data object will have an
+	address of 0 (and be confused with the {C} null pointer).
+
+	See also {loose bytes}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+shit hit the fan
+
+	<chat> (SHTF) A slang expression for a chaotic or otherwise
+	unfavourable outcome.
+
+	(2000-11-07)
+
+shitogram
+
+	/shit'oh-gram/ A *really* nasty piece of e-mail.
+
+	Compare {nastygram}, {flame}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+Shockwave
+
+	<tool> A program from {Macromedia} for viewing files created
+	with {Macromedia Director}.  Shockwave is freely available as
+	a {plug-in} for the {Netscape Navigator} web {browser}.
+
+	"Shocked" pages that incorporate documents created in Director
+	can usually only be enjoyed by users with an {ISDN} or faster
+	connection.
+
+	{(http://macromedia.com/shockwave/)}.
+
+	[Filetypes?  More detail?]
+
+	(1998-07-07)
+
+shockwave
+
+	<networking> The propagation of failure, shutdown, {meltdown},
+	net overload, or a {virus} from one network node to another,
+	resulting in a wave of inactivity across the net.
+
+	(1997-05-16)
+
+Shockwave Flash
+
+	{Flash}
+
+shopbot
+
+	<web> A kind of {bot} that searches the {World-Wide
+	Web} to find the best price for a product you're looking for.
+
+	[Examples?]
+
+	(1999-06-19)
+
+short card
+
+	<hardware> A half-length {IBM PC expansion card} or adaptor
+	that will fit in one of the two short slots located toward
+	the right rear of a standard chassis (tucked behind the
+	{floppy disk} drives).
+
+	See also: {tall card}.
+
+	[What bus?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-07-08)
+
+Short Code
+
+	<language> (SHORTCODE) A {pseudocode} {interpreter} for
+	mathematics problems, designed by {John Mauchly} in 1949 to
+	execute on Eckert and Mauchly's {BINAC} and later on {UNIVAC
+	I} and II.  Short Code was possibly the first attempt at a
+	{high level language}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 129].
+
+	(1996-11-01)
+
+shortcut
+
+	<file system> {Microsoft Corporation}'s term for a {symbolic
+	link}, stored as a file with extension ".lnk".  Shortcuts
+	first appeared in 1996 in the {Windows 95} {operating system}.
+	Windows shortcuts can link to any file or directory
+	("folder"), including those on remote computers, using {UNC}
+	paths.  Each shortcut can also have its own {icon}.  A
+	shortcut that links to an executable file can pass {arguments}
+	and specify the directory in which the command should run.
+	Unlike a {Unix} {symbolic link}, a shortcut does not always
+	behave exactly like the target file or directory.
+
+	Compare {pif}.
+
+	(2001-12-18)
+
+Shorten
+
+	<audio, compression> A form of {lossless} {audio}
+	{compression}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2001-12-17)
+
+shortest job first
+
+	<algorithm> A scheduling {algorithm} used in {multitasking}
+	{operating systems} that favours processes with the shortest
+	estimated running time.
+
+	(1998-04-25)
+
+Short Message Service
+
+	<messaging> (SMS) A message service offered by the {GSM}
+	digital {cellular telephone} system.
+
+	Using SMS, a short alphanumeric message (160 alphanumeric
+	characters) can be sent to a mobile phone to be displayed
+	there, much like in an {alphanumeric pager} system.  The
+	message is buffered by the GSM network until the phone becomes
+	active.
+
+	(1996-02-18)
+
+shotgun debugging
+
+	The software equivalent of {Easter egging}; the making of
+	relatively undirected changes to software in the hope that a
+	bug will be perturbed out of existence.  This almost never
+	works, and usually introduces more bugs.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+shoulder surfing
+
+	<security> Secretly watching someone perform some supposedly
+	secure action; looking over their shoulder.  The canonical example
+	is watching what keys someone presses when they enter a password.
+	Other examples include using binoculars to watch someone across
+	the street enter their PIN in a cash machine or simply reading
+	sensitive information off somebody's screen without them
+	realising.
+
+	(2013-11-06)
+
+shovelware
+
+	/shuh'v*l-weir"/ Extra software dumped onto a CD-ROM or tape
+	to fill up the remaining space on the medium after the
+	software distribution it's intended to carry, but not
+	integrated with the distribution.
+
+Show-And-Tell
+
+	A visual {dataflow} language designed for use by elementary
+	school children.
+
+	["A Visual Language for Keyboardless Programming", T. Kimura
+	et al, TR WUCS-86-6, CS Dept Washington U, Mar 1986].
+
+	["Show and Tell: A Visual Language", T.D. Kimura et al in
+	Visual Programming Environments: Paradigms and Systems,
+	E.P. Glinert ed, IEEE Comp Sci Press, 1990, pp. 397-404].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+showstopper
+
+	A hardware or (especially) software {bug} that makes an
+	implementation effectively unusable; one that absolutely has
+	to be fixed before development can go on.  Opposite in
+	connotation from its original theatrical use, which refers to
+	something stunningly *good*.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+shriek
+
+	{exclamation mark}
+
+shrug report
+
+	<humour> A {bug report} with no error message or reproduction
+	steps and only a vague description of the problem.  Usually
+	contains the phrase "doesn't work."
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}]
+
+	(2012-02-04)
+
+sht
+
+	{server-parsed HTML}
+
+SHTF
+
+	{shit hit the fan}
+
+shtml
+
+	{server-parsed HTML}
+
+Shub-Internet
+
+	/shuhb in't*r-net/ (MUD, from H. P. Lovecraft's evil fictional
+	deity "Shub-Niggurath", the Black Goat with a Thousand Young)
+	The harsh personification of the {Internet}, Beast of a
+	Thousand Processes, Eater of Characters, Avatar of Line Noise,
+	and Imp of Call Waiting; the hideous multi-tendriled entity
+	formed of all the manifold connections of the net.  A sect of
+	{MUD}ders worships Shub-Internet, sacrificing objects and
+	praying for good connections.  To no avail - its purpose is
+	malign and evil, and is the cause of all network slowdown.
+	Often heard as in "Freela casts a tac nuke at Shub-Internet
+	for slowing her down."  (A forged response often follows along
+	the lines of: "Shub-Internet gulps down the tac nuke and burps
+	happily.")  Also cursed by users of {FTP} and {telnet} when
+	the system slows down.  The dread name of Shub-Internet is
+	seldom spoken aloud, as it is said that repeating it three
+	times will cause the being to wake, deep within its lair
+	beneath the Pentagon.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+SHUG
+
+	{Scottish Hypermedia Users' Group}
+
+Shugart, Alan F.
+
+	{Alan F. Shugart}
+
+Shugart Associates
+
+	<company> The {disk drive} company, founded by Alan
+	F. Shugart, which developed {SCSI}.  Alan left Shugart
+	Associates in 1974 [did he quit or was he fired?].  Shugart
+	Associates was bought, and eventually shut down by {Xerox}.
+
+	(2000-02-09)
+
+Shugart Technology
+
+	{Seagate Technology}
+
+SI
+
+	1. <unit> {Système International}.
+
+	2. <character> {Shift In}.
+
+si
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Slovenia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SIA
+
+	{Serial Interface Adaptor}
+
+SIBO
+
+	{SIxteen Bit Organisers}
+
+SICL
+
+	{Standard Instrument Control Library}
+
+SICS
+
+	{Swedish Institute for Computer Science}
+
+SICStus Prolog
+
+	A {Prolog} from the SICS (Swedish Inst of Comp Sci).
+
+	E-mail: <sicstus-request@sics.se>.
+	Mailing list: sicstus-users@sics.se.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+sidecar
+
+	1. Synonym {slap on the side}.  Especially used of add-ons for
+	the late and unlamented {IBM PCjr}.
+
+	2. The {IBM PC} compatibility box that could be bolted onto
+	the side of an {Amiga}.  Designed and produced by {Commodore},
+	it broke all of the company's own design rules.  If it worked
+	with any other peripherals, it was by {magic}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+side-effect
+
+	A language construct that modifies the state of the system.
+	The most common side-effects are {assignment}, input and
+	output.  A language without side-effects is
+	{purely-functional} - execution consists of the evaluation of
+	an expression and all subexpressions are {referentially
+	transparent}.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Siemens
+
+	A German semiconductor and electronics manufacturer.
+
+	{(http://siemens.de/)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1995-07-26)
+
+Siemens Nixdorf Informationssteme, AG
+
+	<company> (SNI) A separate company within {Siemens}, the
+	largest {IT} company in Europe.  SNI sells the {BS2000}
+	{operating system}, a wide variety of {databases}, {servers}
+	and other products.
+
+	(1997-06-13)
+
+Sierra
+
+	<company, games> (Or "Sierra On-Line") A computer game
+	developer founded in the early 1980s by Ken and Roberta
+	Willams in the small mountain town of Oakhurst California.
+	Sierra was named after the local mountian range, 15 miles from
+	the famous Yosemite National Park.
+
+	In 1997 Sierra was purchased by {CUC} and its main office is
+	now in Seattle, WA, USA.
+
+	Products include Kings Quest, Space Quest, Police Quest, Quest
+	for Glory, Robin Hood, Phantasmagoria, Leisure Suit Larry, Eco
+	Quest and many more.
+
+	{(http://sierra.com /)}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+SIFT
+
+	SHARE Internal Fortran Translator.  Translation utility
+	designed for converting Fortran II to Fortran IV.  The word
+	"sift" was often used as a verb to describe converting code
+	from one language to another.  Sammet 1969, p.153.
+
+SIG
+
+	{Special Interest Group}
+
+Sig
+
+	Signal Processing, Analysis, and Display program.  An
+	environment with an associated programming language by Jan
+	Carter of {Argonne National Lab}.  Telephone +1 (312) 972
+	7250.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+sig
+
+	{signature}
+
+sig block
+
+	/sig blok/ [Unix; often written ".sig" there].  See
+	{signature}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+SIGBUS
+
+	{bus error}
+
+SIGhyper
+
+	Special Interest Group on Hypertext and Multimedia of the
+	{SGML} Users' Group.
+
+SIGLA
+
+	<robotics> SIGma LAnguage.  A language for industrial robots
+	from {Olivetti}.
+
+	["SIGLA: The Olivetti Sigma Robot Programming Language",
+	M. Salmon, Proc 8th Intl Symp on Industrial Robots, 1978,
+	pp. 358-363].
+
+SIGMA
+
+	A scientific {visual programming} environment from NASA.
+
+	{(http://fi-www.arc.nasa.gov/fia/projects/sigma/)}.
+
+SIGNAL
+
+	<language> A synchronous language by Le Guernic et al of
+	{INRIA}.
+
+	["SIGNAL - A Data Flow-Oriented Language for Signal
+	Processing," P. le Guernic, IEEE Trans Acoustics Speech &
+	Signal Proc, ASSP-34(2):362-1986-04-374].
+
+	(1996-12-10)
+
+signal
+
+	<operating system> A predefined message sent between two
+	{Unix} {processes} or from the {kernel} to a process.  Signals
+	communicate the occurrence of unexpected external events such
+	as the forced termination of a process by the user.  Each
+	signal has a unique number associated with it and each process
+	has a signal handler set for each signal.  Signals can be sent
+	using the {kill} {system call}.
+
+	(1996-12-10)
+
+signalling rate
+
+	<communications> The number of times per second the
+	{amplitude}, {frequency} or {phase} of the signal transmitted
+	down a communications channel changes each second.  The
+	signalling rate is measured in {baud}.
+
+	(1998-02-14)
+
+Signalling System 7
+
+	<protocol> (SS7) A {protocol} suite used for communication
+	with, and control of, telephone central office switches and
+	their attached processors.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+signal-to-noise ratio
+
+	1. <communications> (SNR, "s/n ratio", "s:n ratio") "Signal"
+	refers to useful information conveyed by some communications
+	medium, and "noise" to anything else on that medium.  The
+	ratio of these is usually expressed logarithmically, in
+	{decibels}.
+
+	2. <networking> The term is often applied to {Usenet}
+	newsgroups though figures are never given.  Here it is quite
+	common to have more noise (inappropriate postings which
+	contribute nothing) than signal (relevant, useful or
+	interesting postings).  The signal gets {lost in the noise}
+	when it becomes too much effort to try to find interesting
+	articles among all the crud.  Posting "noise" is probably the
+	worst breach of {netiquette} and is a waste of {bandwidth}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-29)
+
+signature
+
+	1. A set of function symbols with {arities}.
+
+	2. <messaging> (Or sig) A few lines of information about the
+	sender of an {electronic mail} message or {news} {posting}.
+	Most {Unix} mail and news software will {automagically} append
+	a signature from a file called .signature in the user's {home
+	directory} to outgoing mail and news.
+
+	A signature should give your real name and your {e-mail
+	address} since, though these appear in the {headers} of your
+	messages, they may be {munged} by intervening software.  It is
+	currently (1994) hip to include the {URL} of your {home page}
+	on the {web} in your sig.
+
+	The composition of one's sig can be quite an art form,
+	including an {ASCII} logo or one's choice of witty sayings
+	(see {sig quote}, {fool file}).  However, large sigs are a
+	waste of {bandwidth}, and it has been observed that the size
+	of one's sig block is usually inversely proportional to one's
+	prestige on the net.
+
+	See also {doubled sig}, {sig virus}.
+
+	2. <programming> A concept very similar to {abstract base
+	classes} except that they have their own {hierarchy} and can
+	be applied to compiled {classes}.  Signatures provide a means
+	of separating {subtyping} and {inheritance}.  They are
+	implemented in {C++} as patches to {GCC} 2.5.2 by Gerald
+	Baumgartner <gb@cs.purdue.edu>.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.purdue.edu/pub/gb/)}.
+
+	(2001-01-05)
+
+sig quote
+
+	<messaging> /sig kwoht/ A maxim, quote, proverb, joke, or slogan
+	embedded in one's {sig block} (as used in {Usenet} news) and
+	intended to convey something of one's philosophical stance,
+	pet peeves, or sense of humour.  "Calm down, it's only ones
+	and zeroes."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+sig virus
+
+	A parasitic {meme} embedded in a {sig block}.  There was a
+	{meme plague} or fad for these on {Usenet} in late 1991.  Most
+	were equivalents of "I am a .sig virus.  Please reproduce me
+	in your .sig block.".  Of course, the .sig virus's memetic
+	hook is the giggle value of going along with the gag; this,
+	however, was a self-limiting phenomenon as more and more
+	people picked up on the idea.  There were creative variants on
+	it; some people stuck "sig virus antibody" texts in their
+	sigs, and there was at least one instance of a sig virus
+	eater.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+SIL
+
+	1. "SIL - A Simulation Language", N. Houbak, LNCS 426,
+	Springer 1990.
+
+	2. SNOBOL Implementation Language.  Intermediate language
+	forming a virtual machine for the implementation of portable
+	interpreters.
+
+	["The Design of Transportable Interpreters", F. Druseikis,
+	SNOBOL4 Project Document S4D49, U Arizona (Feb 1975)].
+
+	Version 3.11.  {(ftp://cs.arizona.edu/snobol4/)}.  E-mail:
+	<snobol4@arizona.edu>.
+
+	(1986-07-29)
+
+Silage
+
+	Synchronous DSP specification language.
+
+	["Silage Reference Manual, Draft 1.0", D.R. Genin &
+	P.N. Hilfinger, Silvar-Lisco, Leuven 1989].
+
+silicon
+
+	1. <electronics> The material used as the base (or
+	"substrate") for most {integrated circuits}.
+
+	2. <jargon> {Hardware}, especially {integrated circuits} or
+	{microprocessor}-based computer systems (compare {iron}).
+
+	Contrast: {software}.  See also {sandbender}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+silicon chip
+
+	{integrated circuit}
+
+Silicon Graphics, Inc.
+
+	<company> (SGI) Manufacturer of {workstations} and {software}
+	for {graphics} and {image processing}.  SGI was founded by
+	{Dr. James H.  Clark}, who left some time before May 1994 to
+	head {Mosaic Communications Corporation}.
+
+	Quarterly sales $433M, profits $44M (Aug 1994).
+
+	{(http://sgi.com/)}.
+
+	(1994-09-26)
+
+Siliwood
+
+	<jargon> (Or "Hollywired") The coming convergence of film,
+	{interactive TV} and computers.
+
+	(1999-01-15)
+
+silly walk
+
+	[Monty Python's Flying Circus] 1. A ridiculous procedure
+	required to accomplish a task.  Like {grovel}, but more
+	{random} and humorous.  "I had to silly-walk through half the
+	/usr directories to find the maps file."
+
+	2. Synonym {fandango on core}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+silo
+
+	The {FIFO} input-character buffer in an {EIA-232} serial line
+	card.  So called from {DEC} terminology used on DH and DZ line
+	cards for the {VAX} and {PDP-11}, presumably because it was a
+	storage space for fungible stuff that went in at the top and
+	came out at the bottom.
+
+Silver Book
+
+	<publication> Jensen and Wirth's infamous "Pascal User Manual
+	and Report", so called because of the silver cover of the
+	widely distributed Springer-Verlag second edition of 1978
+	(ISBN 0-387-90144-2).
+
+	See also {book titles}, {Pascal}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+silver bullet
+
+	{magic bullet}
+
+SIM
+
+	{Subscriber Identity Module}
+
+SIMAN
+
+	{SIMulation ANalysis}
+
+SimCity
+
+	<games> {Maxis Software}'s simulation game which lets you
+	design and build your own city, which must be administered
+	well if it is to thrive.  Land must be zoned, transportation
+	systems built, and police and fire protection provided.  Once
+	you've zoned some land, and provided electrical power, the
+	simulation takes over, and simcitizens move in.  If you
+	perform your mayoral duties poorly, however, they will move
+	out again.  If you don't provide enough police, crime will
+	rise and sims will vote with their feet.  Try to save money on
+	fire protection, and your city may burn to the ground.  There
+	is no predefined way to win the game, building the largest
+	city you can is just one possible strategy.
+
+	SimCity runs on {Archimedes}, {Amiga}, {Atari ST}, {IBM PC}
+	and {Macintosh}.  There was also a {NeWS} version for {Sun}
+	{SPARC} {workstations} running {OpenWindows}.
+
+	{SimCity 2000} is an upgrade of SimCity.
+
+	(1995-06-11)
+
+SimCity 2000
+
+	<games> An upgraded version of the game/simulation {SimCity}
+	by {Maxis Software}.  In the new version you can raise, lower
+	and level terrain; build roads and railways at 45-degree
+	angles; name things in your city by planting "signs"; build
+	raised highways, subways, and train and bus stations, schools,
+	colleges, hospitals, electricity, water, recreational marinas
+	and zoos.
+
+	There are three levels of zoom, and the view may be rotated to
+	look at your city from any of the four directions.  A query
+	feature which will tell you the zoning, land value, etc. of
+	any square.  You get newspapers, advice from council members,
+	graphs, and charts.
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+SIMD
+
+	{Single Instruction/Multiple Data}
+
+Similix
+
+	An autoprojector (self-applicable partial evaluator) for a
+	higher order subset of the strict functional language Scheme.
+	Similix handles programs with user defined primitive abstract
+	data type operators which may process global variables (such
+	as input/output operators).
+
+	Version 5.0.
+
+	Anders Bondorf <anders@diku.dk>
+
+	conformance: extension of large subset of R4RS Scheme.
+
+	requires: Scheme
+
+	ports: Scm, Chez Scheme
+
+	portability: high
+
+	E-mail: Anders Bondorf <anders@diku.dk>
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.diku.dk/pub/diku/dists/Similix.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1993-05-18)
+
+SIML/I
+
+	Simulation language, descendant of ASPOL.
+
+	["The Simulation Language SIML/I", M.H. MacDougall, Proc NCC
+	1979, pp. 39-44].
+
+SIMM
+
+	{Single in-line memory module}
+
+Simone
+
+	<language> A {simulation} language by A. Hoare et al. based on
+	{Pascal}.
+
+	["Quasiparallel Programming", W.H. Kaubisch et al, Soft Prac &
+	Exp 6:341-356 1976].
+
+	[C.A.R. Hoare?]
+
+	(1996-01-18)
+
+Simonyi, Charles
+
+	{Charles Simonyi}
+
+SIMPAC
+
+	Early simulation language with fixed time steps.
+
+	"Simpac User's Manual", R.P. Bennett et al, TM-602/000/000,
+	Sys Devel Corp, Apr 1962.
+
+SIMPAS
+
+	Event scheduling language, implemented as Pascal preprocessor.
+
+	"SIMPAS - A Simulation Language Based on Pascal", R.M. Bryant
+	in Proc 1980 Winter Sim Conf, T.I Oren et al eds, pp.559-572.
+
+SIMPL
+
+	Simulation language, descendant of OPS-4, compiled into PL/I
+	on Multics.
+
+	"The SIMPL Primer", M.W. Jones et al, Oct 1971.
+
+SIMPLE
+
+	1. Early system on Datatron 200 series.  Listed in CACM
+	2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+	2. Simulation of Industrial Management Problems with Lots of
+	Equations.  R.K. Bennett, 1958.  Predecessor to DYNAMO, for
+	IBM 704.
+
+Simple Actor Language
+
+	<language> (SAL) A minimal {actor language}, used for teaching
+	in:
+
+	["Actors, A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed
+	Systems", G. Agha, MIT Press 1986].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+Simple Authentication and Security Layer
+
+	<networking> (SASL)
+
+	{(http://asg2.web.cmu.edu/sasl/)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(2001-08-24)
+
+Simple Gateway Control Protocol
+
+	<communications, protocol> (SGCP) An {IETF} work in progress,
+	superseded by {MGCP}.
+
+	(1999-04-26)
+
+Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
+
+	<messaging> (SMTP) A {protocol} defined in {STD} 10, {RFC}
+	821, used to transfer {electronic mail} between computers,
+	usually over {Ethernet}.  It is a server to server protocol,
+	so other protocols are used to access the messages.  The SMTP
+	dialog usually happens in the background under the control of
+	the {message transfer agent}, e.g. {sendmail} but it is
+	possible to interact with an SMTP server using {telnet} to
+	connect to the normal SMTP {port}, 25.  E.g.
+
+		telnet mhs-relay.ac.uk 25
+
+	You should normally start by identifying the local {host}:
+
+		HELO wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk
+
+	You can then issue commands to verify an address or expand an
+	alias:
+
+		VRFY fred@doc.ic.ac.uk
+		VRFY postmaster
+
+	or expand a {mailing list}:
+
+		EXPN c-help
+
+	You can even send a message:
+
+		MAIL From:<fred@doc.ic.ac.uk>
+		RCPT To:<fred@mailway.doc.ic.ac.uk>
+		DATA
+		What is the point?
+		.
+		QUIT
+
+	This is useful if you want to find out exactly what is
+	happening to your message at a certain point.
+
+	See also {Post Office Protocol}, {RFC 822}, {sendmail}.
+
+	(1995-10-17)
+
+simple multicast protocol
+
+	<communications, protocol> A proposed {mulitcast} {protocol}
+	that would ease the requirements for {IP} Multicast, such as
+	no longer mandating that routers be able to calculate the
+	source of a multicast stream.  This has not been adopted by
+	the {IETF}.
+
+	{(http://infoworld.com/cgi-bin/displayStory.pl?981125.whmulti.htm)}.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(2001-07-02)
+
+Simple Network Management Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (SNMP) The {Internet} {standard} {protocol},
+	defined in {STD 15}, {RFC 1157}, developed to manage {nodes}
+	on an {IP} {network}.  SNMP is not limited to {TCP/IP}.  It
+	can be used to manage and monitor all sorts of equipment
+	including computers, {routers}, {wiring hubs}, {toasters} and
+	{jukeboxes}.
+
+	See also {Management Information Base}, {Simple Network
+	Management Protocol version 2}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Simple Network Management Protocol version 2
+
+	<protocol> (SNMP v2) A revision of {Simple Network Management
+	Protocol} (not just a new {MIB}) which includes improvements
+	in the areas of performance, security, confidentiality, and
+	manager-to-manager communications.
+
+	The major components of SNMPv2 are defined in the following
+	{RFCs}:
+
+	 {RFC 1089} - SNMP over Ethernet
+	 {RFC 1140} - IAB Official Protocol Standards
+	 {RFC 1155} - Structure and Identification of Management
+		      Information for TCP/IP based internets
+	 {RFC 1156} (H) - Management Information Base Network
+			  Management of TCP/IP based internets
+	 {RFC 1157} - A Simple Network Management Protocol
+	 {RFC 1158} - Management Information Base Network
+		      Management of TCP/IP based internets: MIB-II
+	 {RFC 1161} (H) - SNMP over OSI
+	 {RFC 1187} - Bulk Table Retrieval with the SNMP
+	 {RFC 1212} - Concise MIB Definitions
+	 {RFC 1213} - Management Information Base for Network
+		      Management of TCP/IP-based internets: MIB-II
+	 {RFC 1215} (I) - A Convention for Defining
+			  Traps for use with the SNMP
+	 {RFC 1224} - Techniques for Managing
+		      Asynchronously Generated Alerts
+	 {RFC 1270} (I) - SNMP Communication Services
+	 {RFC 1303} (I) - A Convention for Describing
+			  SNMP-based Agents
+	 {RFC 1470} (I) - A Network Management Tool Catalog
+	 {RFC 1298} - SNMP over IPX
+	 {RFC 1418} - SNMP over OSI
+	 {RFC 1419} - SNMP over IPX
+	 {RFC 1441} - Introduction to SNMP v2
+	 {RFC 1442} - SMI For SNMP v2
+	 {RFC 1443} - Textual Conventions for SNMP v2
+	 {RFC 1444} - Conformance Statements for SNMP v2
+	 {RFC 1445} - Administrative Model for SNMP v2
+	 {RFC 1446} - Security Protocols for SNMP v2
+	 {RFC 1447} - Party MIB for SNMP v2
+	 {RFC 1448} - Protocol Operations for SNMP v2
+	 {RFC 1449} - Transport Mappings for SNMP v2
+	 {RFC 1450} - {MIB} for SNMP v2
+	 {RFC 1451} - Manager to Manger MIB
+	 {RFC 1452} - Coexistance between SNMP v1 and SNMP v2
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/snmp-faq)}.
+
+	{Introduction
+	(http://gt-er.cg.org.br/documentacao/buffer/gerencia/faq1.html)}.
+
+	{Cisco
+	(http://cisco.com/cpropub/univ-src/ccdcp/data/doc/software/11_1/mib/mover.htm)}.
+
+	(1997-12-02)
+
+Simple Network Paging Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (SNPP) A standard for sending one- and two-way
+	wireless messages to {pagers}.  In its simplest form, SNPP
+	provides a simple way to make a link between the {Internet}
+	and a {Telocator Alphanumeric input Protocol} (TAP) paging
+	terminal.  SNPP is defined in {RFC 1861}.
+
+	(1997-04-25)
+
+Simple Object Access Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (SOAP) A minimal set of conventions for invoking
+	{code} using {XML} over {HTTP}.
+
+	{DevelopMentor}, {Microsoft Corporation}, and {UserLand
+	Software} submitted SOAP to the {IETF} as an internal draft in
+	December 1999.
+
+	Latest version: SOAP 1.1 defined by {World Wide Web
+	Consortium}.
+
+	{(http://w3.org/TR/SOAP/)}.
+
+	(2000-01-08)
+
+simplex
+
+	1. <communications> Used to describe a communications channel
+	that can only ever carry a signal in one direction, like a
+	one-way street.  Television is an example of ({broadcast})
+	simplex communication.
+
+	Opposite: {duplex}.
+
+	2. <algorithm> The {simplex method}.
+
+	(2001-07-21)
+
+simplex method
+
+	<algorithm> An {algorithm} for solving the classical {linear
+	programming} problem; developed by George B. Dantzig in 1947.
+
+	The simplex method is an {iterative} procedure, solving a
+	system of {linear equations} in each of its steps, and
+	stopping when either the optimum is reached, or the solution
+	proves infeasible.  The basic method remained pretty much the
+	same over the years, though there were many refinements
+	targeted at improving performance (eg. using {sparse matrix}
+	techniques), numerical {accuracy} and stability, as well as
+	solving special classes of problems, such as {mixed-integer}
+	programming.
+
+	(2003-07-09)
+
+simplex printer
+
+	<communications> A term applied by Western Union Telegraph
+	Company to {teletypewriters} that are not part of a
+	{multiplex} system.  They usually provided for alternate
+	transmission in both directions.  If working {simplex} or
+	{half-duplex}, what was keyed in at the keyboard would be
+	typed out at the printing portion.  If working {full-duplex},
+	sending would be blind as the printing portion was being used
+	only for reception.
+
+	(2000-04-02)
+
+SIMPL/I
+
+	A {simulation} language implemented as a {PL/I}
+	{preprocessor}.
+
+	["SIMPL/I (Simulation Language Based on PL/I).  Program
+	Reference Manual", IBM SH19- 5060-0 (June 1972)].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+Simplified Multicast Routing Protocol
+
+	<communications, protocol> (SMRP) A {transport-layer}
+	{protocol} to route {multimedia} data streams over {AppleTalk}
+	networks.  SMRP supports {Apple}'s {QuickTime Conferencing}
+	(QTC).
+
+	{Documentation
+	(http://cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/smrp.htm)}.
+
+	(2001-07-02)
+
+SIMPL-T
+
+	The base language for a family of languages and compilers.
+
+	["SIMPL-T, A Structured Programming Language", V.R. Basili,
+	Paladin House 1976].
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+SIMSCRIPT
+
+	A free-form, English-like general-purpose {simulation}
+	language produced by Harry Markowitz et al of {Rand} Corp in
+	1963.  It was implemented as a {Fortran} {preprocessor} on
+	{IBM 7090} and was designed for large discrete simulations.
+	It influenced {Simula}.  Later versions included {SIMSCRIPT
+	I.5} and {SIMSCRIPT II.5}.
+
+SIMSCRIPT I.5
+
+	A version of {SIMSCRIPT} developed at {CACI} in 1965.  It
+	produced {assembly language}.
+
+SIMSCRIPT II.5
+
+	Another version of {SIMSCRIPT} from {CACI}.
+
+	["SIMSCRIPT: A Simulation Programming Language", P.J. Kiviat
+	et al, CACI, 1973].
+
+simship
+
+	{simultaneous shipment}
+
+SIMULA
+
+	<language> SIMUlation LAnguage.
+
+	See {Lund Simula}, {SIMULA 67}, {SIMULA I}.  See also
+	{Association for SIMULA Users}, {C++SIM}, {FLEX}, {MODSIM},
+	{SIMSCRIPT}.
+
+	A simula-to-{C} {compiler} project is underway.  E-mail:
+	Harald Thingelstad <harald.thingelstad@basalmed.uio.no>.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:bit.listserv.simula}.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+SIMULA 67
+
+	<language> A version of {SIMULA I}?
+
+	{Association for SIMULA Users}
+
+	Simula a.s., Postboks 4403 - Torshov, N-0402 Oslo 4, Norway,
+	versions for almost every computer.
+
+	E-mail: Henry Islo <hio@helios.sunet.se>.
+
+	{(ftp:/lund.se:/mac/misc/simula/)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.fenk.wau.nl/pub/simula/compilers)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.ifi.uio.no/cim/)}.
+
+	["Object-Oriented Programming with SIMULA", Bjorn Kirkerud,
+	A-W 1989].
+
+	["Data Processing - Programming Languages - SIMULA", Swedish
+	Standard SS 63 61 14 (1987), available through ANSI].
+
+	[Difference from SIMULA I?]
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+SIMULA I
+
+	<language> SIMUlation LAnguage.
+
+	An extension to {ALGOL 60} for the {Univac 1107} designed in
+	1962 by Kristen Nygaard and Ole-Johan Dahl and implemented in
+	1964.  SIMULA I was designed for {discrete simulation}.  It
+	introduced the {record} {class}, leading the way to {data
+	abstraction} and {object-oriented programming} languages like
+	{Smalltalk}.  It also featured {coroutines}.
+
+	SIMULA's philosophy was the result of addressing the problems
+	of describing complex systems for the purpose of simulating
+	them.  This philosophy proved to be applicable for describing
+	complex systems generally (not just for simulation) and so
+	SIMULA is a general-purpose object-oriented application
+	programming language which also has very good discrete event
+	simulation capability.  Virtually all OOP products are derived
+	in some manner from SIMULA.
+
+	For a description of the evolution of SIMULA and therefore the
+	fundamental concepts of OOP, see Dahl and Nygaard in ["History
+	of Programming Languages".  Ed. R. W. Wexelblat.
+	Addison-Wesley, 1981].
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+simulate
+
+	{simulation}
+
+simulated annealing
+
+	A technique which can be applied to any minimisation or
+	learning process based on successive update steps (either
+	random or {deterministic}) where the update step length is
+	proportional to an arbitrarily set parameter which can play
+	the role of a temperature.  Then, in analogy with the
+	annealing of metals, the temperature is made high in the early
+	stages of the process for faster minimisation or learning,
+	then is reduced for greater stability.
+
+Simulating Digital Systems
+
+	Fortran-like language for describing computer
+	logic design.  Sammet 1969, p.622.
+
+simulation
+
+	<simulation, systems> Attempting to predict aspects of the
+	behaviour of some system by creating an approximate (mathematical)
+	model of it.  This can be done by physical modelling, by writing a
+	special-purpose computer program or using a more general
+	simulation package, probably still aimed at a particular kind of
+	simulation (e.g. structural engineering, fluid flow).  Typical
+	examples are aircraft flight simlators or electronic circuit
+	simulators.
+
+	A great many {simulation languages} exist, e.g. {Simula}.
+
+	See also {emulation}, {Markov chain}.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+SIMulation ANalysis
+
+	<language, simulation> (SIMAN) A {simulation} language,
+	especially for manufacturing systems, developed by C. Dennis
+	Pegden in 1983.
+
+	["Introduction to Simulation using SIMAN", C.D. Pegden et al,
+	McGraw-Hill 1990].
+
+	(1999-01-13)
+
+Simulation Language for Alternative Modeling
+
+	<language> (SLAM) A {simulation} language descended from
+	{GASP}.  Implemented as a {Fortran} {preprocessor}.
+
+Simulation Oriented Language
+
+	<language> (SOL) An {ALGOL} extension for {discrete
+	simulation} by {Donald Knuth} and McNeley.
+
+	["SOL - A Symbolic Language for General Purpose System
+	Simulation", D.E. Knuth et al, IEEE Trans Elec Comp,
+	EC-13(4):401-408 (Aug 1964)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 656].
+
+	(1995-07-26)
+
+Simultaneous Engineering Environment
+
+	(SEE) A {CAE} framework from {DAZIX}.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line
+
+	<operating system, history> (SPOOL) Accessing {peripheral}
+	devices with the help of an {off-line} {tape drive}.  The term
+	was derived by {IBM} for use with the {IBM 360} {operating
+	systems}.
+
+	In the early days of computing (early 1960s), before
+	{multitasking} was invented, computers (e.g. {IBM 704}) could
+	run only one job at a time.  As peripheral devices such as
+	{printers} or {card readers} were much slower than the {CPU},
+	devoting the computer (the only computer in many cases) to
+	controlling such devices was impractical.
+
+	To free the CPU for useful work, the output was sent to a
+	{magnetic tape} drive, which was much faster than a printer
+	and much cheaper than a computer.  After the job was finished
+	the tape was removed from the tape drive attached to the
+	computer and mounted on a tape drive connected to a printer
+	(such as the {IBM 1403}).  The printer could then print the
+	data without holding up the computer.  Similarly, instead of
+	inputting the program from the card reader it was first copied
+	to a tape and the tape was read by the computer.
+
+	(1999-01-12)
+
+simultaneous shipment
+
+	<programming> (simship) The release of international,
+	{localised} versions of software at the same time, or within a
+	short period of time of the original release.
+
+	Major software publishers can release as many as 30 different
+	localised versions within a month or two of the original
+	version.  These products may have thousands of pages of
+	{documentation}.
+
+	(1999-06-09)
+
+Simware, Inc.
+
+	<company> The producers of {REXXWARE}.
+
+	E-mail: <rexxware@simware.com>.
+
+	Address: Ottawa, Canada.
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+SINA
+
+	["An Implementation of the Object-Oriented Concurrent
+	Programming Language SINA", A. Tripathi et al, Soft Prac & Exp
+	19(3):235-256 (1989)].
+
+since time T equals minus infinity
+
+	A long time ago; for as long as anyone can remember; at the
+	time that some particular frob was first designed.  Usually
+	the word "time" is omitted.  See also {time T}; contrast
+	{epoch}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Sinclair, Clive
+
+	{Clive Sinclair}
+
+Sinclair PC200
+
+	<computer>
+
+	{(http://nonowt.demon.co.uk/magfold/articfol/the_miss.htm)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	1998-07-28
+
+Sinclair Radionics
+
+	{Sinclair Research}
+
+Sinclair Research
+
+	<company> A British microelectronics developer and
+	manufacturer.  Evolving from Sinclair Radionics in 1979,
+	Sinclair Research was owned by Sir {Clive Sinclair}.  Sinclair
+	Radionics produced electronic components and devices (such as
+	calculators and pocket radios and televisions), but Sinclair
+	Research began by producing some of the first {8-bit} home
+	{microcomputers}.
+
+	Sinclair produced five microcomputers from 1980 to 1987, all
+	based on the {Zilog Z80} {microprocessor} (except for the
+	{QL}, which used the {Motorola 68008} - a variant on the
+	{68000}).  The 1K kit-build {ZX80}, introduced in 1980, was
+	followed by the 1K {ZX81} (expandable to 16K) in 1981, the 16K
+	(expandable to 48K) {ZX Spectrum} in 1982 (then superseded by
+	two distinct 48K models and a 128K model in 1986) and the {QL}
+	(Quantum Leap) in 1984.  A portable {laptop computer}, the
+	{Z88}, was released in 1987 under the {Cambridge Computers}
+	banner.
+
+	Of them all, the ZX Spectrum was the best known, and it went
+	on to become the most popular microcomputer of its time in the
+	United Kingdom and in many other territories.  This was partly
+	due to its ease of use, and also due to its enormous
+	{software} catalogue, covering games, {word processing},
+	music, {programming} and {graphics}.  Glorious
+	"mine's-better-than-yours" battles were fought (and still are
+	today) between owners of Spectrums and {Commodore 64s} over
+	who had the best machine.
+
+	Sir Clive's financial problems in the mid-80s led him to sell
+	the rights to the Sinclair brand to {Amstrad} in April 1986.
+	This led to further models of the Spectrum being released from
+	1986 to 1988 and also an {IBM} {PC}-compatible based
+	internally on Amstrad's own PC range.  Sir Clive was not
+	involved with the production of these computers, and no
+	computer with the Sinclair name has been produced since.
+
+	{(http://sinclair-research.co.uk/)}.
+	{Planet Sinclair (http://nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/)}.
+	{comp.sys.sinclair FAQ
+	(http://kendalls.demon.co.uk/cssfaq/)}.
+
+	(1998-12-09)
+
+sine wave
+
+	<mathematics> A waveform of a single constant frequency and
+	amplitude that continues for all time.
+
+	Compare {wavelet}.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+single assignment
+
+	<programming> A property of {variables} in a {functional
+	language}.  If a {variable} is only assigned a value once then
+	an instance of that variable is thereafter semantically
+	equivalent to the value.  {SISAL} is an example of a language
+	with this property.
+
+	See also {zero assignment}.
+
+	(2003-12-22)
+
+single assignment language
+
+	<language> Any programming language with the {single
+	assignment} property.
+
+	(2007-03-21)
+
+single-attached
+
+	Connected to only one of the two rings of an {FDDI} network.
+	This is the kind of connection normally used for a {host}
+	computer, as opposed to {routers} and {concentrators} which
+	are normally "{dual-attached}".
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+Single Connection Attach
+
+	<hardware> (SCA, "Single Connector Attachment") A non-standard
+	type of {SCSI} connector, used mostly by {OEMs}, which carries
+	both power and data on one 80-pin connector.  SCA SCSI drives
+	tend to be cheaper but use with standard SCSI cables requires
+	an adaptor and external termination.
+
+	{(http://pcmech.com/show/harddrive/152/)}.
+
+	(2003-06-21)
+
+Single Connector Attachment
+
+	{Single Connection Attach}
+
+Single Data Rate Random Access Memory
+
+	<storage> (SDR-RAM, SDR-SDRAM, Single Data Rate Synchronous
+	Dynamic Random Access Memory) {RAM} or {SDRAM} that transfers
+	data on only one {clock} transition (0-1 or 1-0), in contrast
+	to {DDR-RAM}.
+
+	(2001-05-24)
+
+Single Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
+
+	{Single Data Rate Random Access Memory}
+
+Single Document Interface
+
+	<programming> (SDI) A limitation applying to an {application
+	program} that only shows a single windows giving a view of one
+	document at a time.
+
+	The opposite is {Multiple Document Interface} (MDI).
+
+	(1999-03-30)
+
+single-duplex
+
+	<communications> (From {telegraphy}) A {full-duplex} link with
+	one telegrapher at each end, transmitting alternately in each
+	direction.
+
+	(2000-03-30)
+
+Single Edge Contact
+
+	<hardware> (SEC) The type of cartridge in which a {Pentium II}
+	is packaged.
+
+	[Other uses?]
+
+	(1999-02-15)
+
+Single Edge Contact Cartridge
+
+	<hardware> (SEC, SECC) The cased {daughterboard} housing
+	{Intel}'s {Pentium II}, {Pentium III}, and {Xeon}
+	{microprocessors}.
+
+	A SECC fits into a {Slot 1} or {Slot 2} connector.
+
+	[SECC 2?]
+
+	(1999-08-05)
+
+Single Edge Processor Package
+
+	<hardware> (SEPP) The caseless {daughterboard} containing
+	{Intel}'s {Celeron} {processor}.  A SEPP fits into a {Slot 1}
+	connector.
+
+	(1999-08-04)
+
+single-electron transistor
+
+	{quantum dot}
+
+Single Electron Tunneling
+
+	<electronics> (SET) A New electrical standard for capacitance.
+
+	SET devices can be used to construct circuits which process
+	information by manipulating individual electrons.  SET devices
+	are small, dissipate little power, and can detect exquisitely
+	small quantities of charge.  The small size and low power
+	dissipation of SET circuits makes them potentially useful for
+	the {Information Technology} industry.
+
+	(1999-01-06)
+
+Single Electron Tunneling Technology
+
+	<hardware> A {neural network} hardware concept based on
+	{single electron tunneling}.  {Single electron tunneling
+	transistors} have some properties which make them attractive
+	for neural networks, among which their small size, low power
+	consumption and potentially high speed.
+
+	Simulations have been performed on some small circuits of SET
+	transistors that exhibit functional properties similar to
+	those required for neural networks.
+
+	{(http://computer.org/conferen/proceed/mn96/ABSTRACT.HTM#125)}.
+
+	[Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on
+	Microelectronics for Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems
+	(MicroNeuro '96).  Martijn J. Goossens, Chris J.M. Verhoeven,
+	and Arthur H.M. van Roermund].
+
+	(1999-01-06)
+
+single ended
+
+	<hardware> An electrical connection where one wire carries the
+	signal and another wire or shield is connected to electrical
+	ground.  This is in contrast to a {differential} connection
+	where the second wire carries an inverted signal.
+
+Single Image Random Dot Stereogram
+
+	<graphics> (SIRDS, originally "autostereogram") A {stereogram}
+	composed of (coloured) dots which when viewed correctly
+	appears three-dimensional.  SIRDs were invented by
+	Dr. Christoper Tyler, Associate Director of the
+	Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute in San Francisco
+	(1999).
+
+	{FAQ (http://cs.waikato.ac.nz/~singlis/sirds.html)}.
+	{Nice pictures
+	(http://eleves.ens.fr:8080/home/massimin/index.ang.html)}.
+	{Picture Gallery (http://h2.ph.man.ac.uk/gareth/sirds.html)}.
+	{Vern Hart's SIRDS Gallery (http://vern.com/)}.  {SGI
+	Gallery (http://sgi.com/free/gallery.html)}.
+
+	(1996-11-06)
+
+single inheritance
+
+	<programming> In {object-oriented programming}, the restriction
+	that a {class} can have only one superclass in the {class
+	hierarchy}.
+
+	The opposite is {multiple inheritance}.
+
+	(2014-09-06)
+
+Single In-line Memory Module
+
+	<storage> (SIMM) A small circuit board or substrate, typically
+	about 10cm x 2cm, with {RAM} {integrated circuits} or die on
+	one or both sides and a single row of pins along one long
+	edge.  Several SIMMs are mounted with their substrates at
+	right-angles to the main circuit board (the {motherboard}).
+	This configuration allows greater packing density than direct
+	mounting of, e.g. DIL ({dual in-line}) RAM packages on the
+	motherboard.  In 1993 one SIMM typically held one or four
+	megabytes, by early 1997 one could hold 8, 16, or 32 MB.
+
+	(1997-01-05)
+
+Single Inline Pin Package
+
+	<hardware> (SIPP) An {integrated circuit} package with a
+	single line of pins.
+
+	Compare {Dual Inline Package}, {Single In-line Memory Module}.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+Single Instruction Multiple Data
+
+	{Single Instruction/Multiple Data}
+
+Single Instruction/Multiple Data
+
+	(SIMD) (Or "data parallel") The classification under {Flynn's
+	taxonomy} for a {parallel processor} where many processing
+	elements ({functional units}) perform the same operations on
+	different data.  There is often a central controller which
+	broadcasts the instruction stream to all the processing
+	elements.
+
+	Contrast {Multiple Instruction/Multiple Data}.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Single-line Digital Subscriber Line
+
+	<communications, protocol> (SDSL, or Single-pair High Speed
+	Digital Subscriber Line, S-HDSL) A form of {Digital Subscriber
+	Line} similar to {HDSL} but providing {T1} or {E1} connections
+	over a single {twisted-pair} copper line.
+
+	(1998-05-18)
+
+Single-pair High Speed Digital Subscriber Line
+
+	{Single-line Digital Subscriber Line}
+
+single program/multiple data
+
+	<parallel, architecture> (SPMD) A kind of {parallel
+	processing} where the same program is run on multiple
+	processors.  Every instance of the program knows which part of
+	the computation it should perform and the results of the
+	computation are combined somehow.
+
+	(2002-04-21)
+
+single quote
+
+	<character> "'" {ASCII} character 39.
+
+	Common names include single quote; quote; {ITU-T}: apostrophe.
+	Rare: prime; glitch; tick; irk; pop; {INTERCAL}: spark;
+	{ITU-T}: closing single quotation mark; {ITU-T}: acute accent.
+
+	Single quote is used in {C} and derived languages to introduce
+	a single character {literal value} which is represented
+	internally by its ASCII code.  In the {Unix} {shells} and
+	{Perl} single quote is used to delimit strings in which
+	variable substitution is not performed (in contrast to
+	{double-quote}-delimited strings).
+
+	Single quote is often used in text for both open and close
+	single quotation mark and apostrophe.  Typesetters use two
+	different symbols - open has a tail going up, close and
+	apostrophe have tails hanging down (like a raised {comma}).
+	Some people use {back quote} (`) for open single quotation
+	mark.
+
+	(1998-04-04)
+
+single sign-on
+
+	<security> (SSO) Any user authentication system permiting
+	users to access multiple data sources through a single point
+	of entry.  Part of an integrated access management framework.
+
+	(2003-12-31)
+
+single sourcing
+
+	<publication> Using a single original document set to generate
+	{dead tree} and on-line {documentation}, and usually also
+	on-line help.  In practice, it most often refers to a
+	{FrameMaker} file set with {conditional text} which, when the
+	conditions are set appropriately, allows you to create
+	variants of the original document (e.g., for a product that
+	runs on different {Unix} {platforms}) as well as for different
+	media -- typically task-oriented on-line help to be accessed
+	under {Microsoft Windows} or from a {web browser}, linear
+	printed document, and {HTML} delivered via the {WWW} and/or
+	{CD-ROM}.
+
+single static assignment
+
+	<compiler> (Also known as SSA form) A special form of code
+	where each variable has only one single definition in the
+	program code. "Static" comes from the fact that the definition
+	site may be in a loop, thus dynamically executed several
+	times.
+
+	SSA form is used for program optimization or {static analysis}
+	and {optimisation}.
+
+	(2003-04-12)
+
+singleton variable
+
+	<programming> A {variable} which is only referred to once in a
+	piece of code, probably because of a programming mistake.  To
+	be useful, a variable must be set and read from, in that
+	order.  If it is only referred to once then it cannot be both
+	set and read.
+
+	There are various exceptions.  {C}-like {assignment
+	operators}, e.g. "x += y", read and set x and return its new
+	value (they are abbreviations for "x = x+y", etc).  A
+	{function} {argument} may be passed only for the sake of
+	uniformity or to support future enhancements.  A good
+	{compiler} or a {syntax} checker like {lint} should report
+	singleton variables but also allow specific instances to be
+	marked as deliberate by the programmer.
+
+	(1997-12-20)
+
+Single Virtual Storage
+
+	{OS/VS2}
+
+siod
+
+	<language> (Scheme In One Defun or Scheme In One Day)
+	A small {Scheme} implementation in {C} by George Carrette
+	<gjc@world.std.com>, <gjc@mitech.com>.  SIOD is arranged as a
+	set of subroutines that can be called from any main program
+	for the purpose of introducing an interpreted extension
+	language.  It compiles to 20 kbytes of executable
+	({VAX}/{VMS}).  {Lisp} calls {C} and C calls Lisp
+	transparently.
+
+	SIOD supports symbols, strings, {arrays}, {hash coding}, file
+	i/o (binary, text, seek), data save/restore in binary and
+	text, interface to commercial {databases} such {Oracle} and
+	{Digital} {RDB}.
+
+	Version 3.0 runs on {VAX}/{VMS},{Unix}, {Sun-3}, {Sun-4},
+	{Amiga}, {Macintosh}, {MIPS}, {Cray}, {ALPHA}/{VMS}, {Windows
+	NT} and {OS/2}.  It can be compiled by most {ANSI C} compilers
+	and {C++} compilers, e.g. {gcc} -Wall.
+
+	{(ftp://world.std.com/pub/gjc/)},
+	{(ftp://world.std.com/src/lisp/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.scheme}.
+
+	(1994-02-18)
+
+SIP
+
+	1. <protocol> {Session Initiation Protocol}.
+
+	2. <text, standard> {Supplementary Ideographic Plane}.
+
+	(2003-12-26)
+
+SIPB
+
+	Student Information Processing Board, {MIT}.
+
+	{(http://mit.edu:8001/afs/athena.mit.edu/user/r/e/rei/WWW/GAME/sipbroom.html)}.
+
+SIPLAN
+
+	SIte PLANning computer language.  Interactive language for
+	space planning.  "Formal Languages for Site Planning",
+	C.I. Yessios in Spatial Synthesis for Computer-Aided Design,
+	C. Eastman ed, Applied Science Publ 1976.
+
+SIPP
+
+	{Single Inline Pin Package}
+
+SI prefix
+
+	<unit, standard> The {standard} metric prefixes used in the
+	{Système International d'Unités} (SI) conventions for
+	scientific measurement.
+
+	Here are the SI magnifying prefixes, along with the
+	corresponding binary interpretations in common use:
+
+	 prefix abr decimal  binary
+
+	 yocto-     1000^-8
+	 zepto-     1000^-7
+	 atto-      1000^-6
+	 femto-  f  1000^-5
+	 pico-   p  1000^-4
+	 nano-   n  1000^-3
+	 micro-  *  1000^-2          * Abbreviation: Greek mu
+	 milli-  m  1000^-1
+
+	 kilo- 	 k  1000^1  1024^1 = 2^10 = 1,024
+	 mega- 	 M  1000^2  1024^2 = 2^20 = 1,048,576
+	 giga- 	 G  1000^3  1024^3 = 2^30 = 1,073,741,824
+	 tera- 	 T  1000^4  1024^4 = 2^40 = 1,099,511,627,776
+	 peta- 	    1000^5  1024^5 = 2^50 = 1,125,899,906,842,624
+	 exa-  	    1000^6  1024^6 = 2^60 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976
+	 zetta-     1000^7  1024^7 = 2^70 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
+	 yotta-     1000^8  1024^8 = 2^80 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176
+
+	"Femto" and "atto" derive not from Greek but from Danish.
+
+	The abbreviated forms of these prefixes are common in
+	electronics and physics.
+
+	When used with bytes of storage, these prefixes usually denote
+	multiplication by powers of 1024 = 2^10 (K, M, G and T are
+	common in computing).  Thus "MB" stands for megabytes (2^20
+	bytes).  This common practice goes against the edicts of the
+	{BIPM} who deprecate the use of these prefixes for powers of
+	two.  The formal SI prefix for 1000 is lower case "k"; some,
+	including this dictionary, use this strictly, reserving upper
+	case "K" for multiplication by 1024 (KB is thus "kilobytes").
+
+	Also, in data transfer rates the prefixes stand for powers of
+	ten so, for example, 28.8 kb/s means 28,800 bits per second.
+
+	The unit is often dropped so one may talk of "a 40K salary"
+	(40000 dollars) or "2 meg of disk space" (2*2^20 bytes).
+
+	The accepted pronunciation of the initial G of "giga-" is
+	hard, /gi'ga/.
+
+	Confusing 1000 and 1024 (or other powers of 2 and 10 close in
+	magnitude) - for example, describing a memory in units of 500K
+	or 524K instead of 512K - is a sure sign of the {marketroid}.
+	For example, 3.5" {microfloppies} are often described as
+	storing "1.44 MB".  In fact, this is completely specious.  The
+	correct size is 1440 KB = 1440 * 1024 = 1474560 bytes.  Alas,
+	this point is probably lost on the world forever.
+
+	In 1993, hacker Morgan Burke proposed, to general approval on
+	{Usenet}, the following additional prefixes: groucho (10^-30),
+	harpo (10^-27), harpi (10^27), grouchi (10^30).  This would
+	leave the prefixes zeppo-, gummo-, and chico- available for
+	future expansion.  Sadly, there is little immediate prospect
+	that Mr. Burke's eminently sensible proposal will be ratified.
+
+	(2009-09-01)
+
+Siprol
+
+	Signal Processing Language.  A DSP language.
+
+	["SIPROL: A High Level Language for Digital Signal
+	Processing", H. Gethoffer, Proc ICASSP-80, 1980,
+	pp.1056-1059].
+
+SIR
+
+	1. <language> An early system on the {IBM 650}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	2. <standard> Serial Infrared.  An {infrared} {standard} from
+	{IrDA}, part of {IrDA Data}.  SIR supports {asynchronous}
+	communications at 9600 bps - 115.2 Kbps, at a distance of up
+	to 1 metre.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(1999-10-14)
+
+SIRDS
+
+	{Single Image Random Dot Stereogram}
+
+Siri
+
+	An {object-oriented} {constraint language} using a single
+	abstraction mechanism developed by Bruce Horn of {CMU} in
+	1991.  Siri is a conceptual blend of {BETA} and {Bertrand}.
+	It is similar to {Kaleidoscope}.
+
+	["Constraint Patterns as a Basis for Object-Oriented
+	Constraint Programming", B. Horn, OOPSLA '92 (Sept 1992)].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+SIRTS
+
+	{Single Image Random Text Stereogram}.  (Or {ASCII}
+	{stereogram}).
+
+SISAL
+
+	<language> (Streams and Iteration in a Single Assignment
+	Language) A general-purpose {single assignment} {functional
+	programming language} with {strict} semantics, automatic
+	parallelisation and efficient {arrays}.  Outputs a dataflow
+	graph in {IF1} (Intermediary Form 1).  Derived from {VAL},
+	adds {recursion} and finite {streams}.  {Pascal}-like syntax.
+	Designed to be a common high-level language for numerical
+	programs on a variety of {multiprocessors}.
+
+	Implementations exist for {Cray X-MP}, {Cray Y-MP}, {Cray-2},
+	{Sequent}, {Encore Alliant}, {dataflow} architectures,
+	{transputers} and {systolic arrays}.
+
+	Defined in 1983 by James McGraw et al, {Manchester
+	University}, {Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory},
+	{Colorado State University} and {DEC}.  Revised in 1985.
+	First compiled implementation in 1986.  Performance superior
+	to {C} and competitive with {Fortran}, combined with efficient
+	and automatic parallelisation.
+
+	Not to be confused with {SASL}.
+
+	E-mail: John Feo <feo@llnl.gov>, Rod Oldehoeft
+	<rro@cs.colostate.edu>.
+
+	David C. Cann has written an {Optimising SISAL Compiler
+	(ftp://sisal.llnl.gov/pub/sisal)} (OSC) which attempts to make
+	efficient use of {parallel processors} such as {Crays}.
+
+	Latest version: 12.0, SISAL 1.2.
+
+	["A Report on the SISAL Language Project", J.T. Feo et al, J
+	Parallel and Distrib Computing 10(4):349-366 (Dec 1990)].
+
+	(2000-07-07)
+
+sit
+
+	{Stuffit}
+
+SITBOL
+
+	<language> A {SNOBOL4} {interpreter} for the {PDP-10}.
+
+	["SITBOL Version 3.0", J.F. Gimpel, TRS4D30b, Bell Labs,
+	1973].
+
+	(1997-09-14)
+
+site map
+
+	<web> A {web page} listing the other main pages on
+	a {website} to help users find pages they want and see what
+	areas are available.
+
+	FOLDOC doesn't really have a site map but it does have a
+	{contents page (/contents.html)}.
+
+	(2009-03-07)
+
+sitename
+
+	{hostname}
+
+SIxteen Bit Organisers
+
+	<communications> (SIBO) {Psion}'s family of {PDA}s running
+	{EPOC}, including the MC200, MC400, Series 3 (1991-1998),
+	Series 3a, Series 3c, Series 3mx, Siena, Workabout and
+	Workabout mx.
+
+	(2009-05-26)
+
+sj
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Svalbard and Jan Mayen
+	Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+sk
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Slovakia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Skel-ML
+
+	A parallel variant of {ML} using {skeletons} being developed
+	(April 1994) as part of Tore Bratvold's PhD in the Department
+	of Computing and Electronic Engineering, Heriot-Watt
+	University, Edinburgh, UK.  Programs are written in a subset
+	of {Standard ML}, and parallelism is extracted from the use of
+	certain {higher-order functions}.  The SkelML compiler uses
+	profiling information together with skeleton performance
+	models to distinguish useful from non-useful parallelism.  An
+	important feature is the ability to perform transformations
+	between skeletons to improve performance.  Skeletons currently
+	supported are map, filter, fold, pipe (implicitly extracted
+	from function application) and various combinations of these.
+
+	See also {paraML}.
+
+	E-mail: Tore A Bratvold <tore@cee.hw.ac.uk>.
+
+Sketchpad
+
+	A program that allowed users to draw on a screen with a {light
+	pen}.  It supported constraints (e.g. drawing a constrained
+	ellipse produced a circle).  It also had some {computer aided
+	design} features (e.g. computing loads on beams).
+
+	Sketchpad was the subject of {Ivan E. Sutherland}'s 1963 {MIT}
+	PhD thesis, which opened the field of {computer graphics}.  It
+	was the progenitor of computer drawing packages like {MacDraw}
+	or {Adobe Illustrator}.  There is a film of Sketchpad in
+	action.
+
+	It solved {constraints} using {value inference} and introduced
+	the "{ring}" list structure.
+
+	["Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System",
+	I.e. Sutherland, MIT Lincoln Lab, TR 296 (Jan 1963)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 678].
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+S/Key
+
+	{One-Time Password}
+
+Skill
+
+	A somewhat peculiar blend between {Franz-Lisp} and {C}, with a
+	large set of various {CAD} primitives.  It is owned by
+	{Cadence Design Systems} and has been used in their CAD
+	frameworks since 1985.  It's an {extension language} to the
+	CAD framework (in the same way that {Emacs-Lisp} extends {GNU
+	Emacs}), enabling you to automate virtually everything that
+	you can do manually in for example the graphic editor.  Skill
+	accepts {C}-syntax, fun(a b), as well as {Lisp} syntax, (fun a
+	b), but most users (including Cadence themselves) use the
+	C-style.
+
+	[Jonas Jarnestrom <etxjojm@eua.ericsson.se>].
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+Skim
+
+	<language> A {Scheme} implementation with {packages} and other
+	enhancements, by Alain Deutsch et al, France.
+
+	(2000-11-02)
+
+SkipJack
+
+	<cryptography> An {encryption} {algorithm} created by the NSA
+	(National Security Agency) which encrypts 64-bit blocks of
+	data with an 80-bit key.  It is used in the {Clipper} chip, a
+	{VLSI} device with an {ARM} processor core, which is intended
+	to perform cryptographic operations while allowing the
+	security agencies listen in.
+
+	There are (apparently) two agencies, both of whom have to
+	agree that there is a valid reason to decode a message.  Don't
+	laugh, they are serious.
+
+	[Algorithm?]
+
+	(1995-12-07)
+
+SKOL
+
+	{Fortran} pre-processor for {COS} (Cray Operating System).
+
+skolemisation
+
+	A means of removing {quantifiers} from {first order logic}
+	formulas.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+S-K reduction machine
+
+	An {abstract machine} defined by Professor {David Turner} to
+	evaluate {combinator} expressions represented as {binary
+	graphs}.  Named after the two basic combinators, S and K.
+
+skrog
+
+	{scrog}
+
+SKsh
+
+	Steve Koren/Korn shell.  A {Unix} {ksh}-like {shell} which
+	runs under {AmigaDos} by Steve Koren
+	<koren@hpfcogv.fc.hp.com>.  SKsh provides a {Unix}-like
+	environment but supports many {AmigaDos} features such as
+	{resident commands} and {ARexx}.  Scripts can be written to
+	run under either {ksh} or SKsh and many of the useful {Unix}
+	commands such as {xargs}, {grep} and {find} are provided.
+
+	Latest version: 2.1.
+
+	{(ftp://hubcap.clemson.edu/pub/amiga/incom*/utils/SKsh021.lzh)}.
+
+	(1992-12-16)
+
+SKU
+
+	{stock-keeping unit}
+
+skulker
+
+	{prowler}
+
+SL
+
+	<processor> Features of some {Intel} processors, including the
+	{Pentium}, for reducing power consumption.  These features
+	operate at two levels: the {microprocessor} and the system.
+	The processor can enter a low power state during
+	non-{processor intensive} tasks (such as {word processing}),
+	or a very low-power state when the computer is not in use
+	("sleep" mode).  At the system level, {system management mode}
+	can slow down, suspend, or completely shut down various system
+	components to save energy.
+
+	(1995-05-06)
+
+sl
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Sierra Leone.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SL5
+
+	String and list processing language with expression-oriented
+	syntax.  Coroutines.
+
+	["An Overview of SL5", Ralph E. Griswold, SIGPLAN Notices
+	12(4):40-50 (Apr 1977)].
+
+slack
+
+	1. <operating system> Internal fragmentation.  Space allocated
+	to a disk file but not actually used to store useful
+	information.
+
+	2. <jargon> In the theology of the {Church of the SubGenius},
+	a mystical substance or quality that is the prerequisite of
+	all human happiness.
+
+	Since {Unix} files are stored compactly, except for the
+	unavoidable wastage in the last block or fragment, it might be
+	said that "Unix has no slack".
+
+	See {ha ha only serious}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+slackware
+
+	<operating system> A distribution of the {Linux} {operating
+	system} by Patrick Volkerding
+	<volkerdi@mhd1.moorhead.msus.edu>, <volkerdi@ftp.cdrom.com>.
+
+	{cdrom.com (ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/linux/)}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware/SLAKWARE.FAQ)}.
+
+	{Sunsite Linux archives
+	(http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware/)}.
+
+	{Sunsite mirrors
+	(http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/MIRRORS.html)}.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+SLAM
+
+	1. <language> {Simulation Language for Alternative
+	Modeling}.
+
+	2. A continuous simulation language.
+
+	["SLAM - A New Continuous Simulation Language",
+	N.A. Wallington et al, in SCS Simulation Council Proc Series:
+	Toward Real-Time Simulation (Languages, Models and Systems),
+	R.E. Crosbie et al eds, 6(1):85-89 (Dec 1976)].
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+SLANG
+
+	1. R.A. Sibley.  CACM 4(1):75-84 (Jan 1961).
+
+	2. Set LANGuage.  Jastrzebowski, ca 1990.  C extension with
+	set-theoretic data types and garbage collection.  "The SLANG
+	Programming Language Reference Manual, Version 3.3",
+	W. Jastrzebowski <wojtek@loml.math.yale.edu>, 1990.
+
+	3. Structured LANGuage.  Michael Kessler, IBM.  A language
+	based on structured programming macros for IBM 370 assembly
+	language.  "Project RMAG: SLANG (Structured Language)
+	Compiler", R.A. Magnuson, NIH-DCRT-DMB-SSS-UG105, NIH, DHEW,
+	Bethesda, MD 20205 (1980).
+
+	4. "SLANG: A Problem Solving Language for Continuous-Model
+	Simulation and Optimisation", J.M. Thames, Proc 24th ACM Natl
+	Conf 1969.
+
+S-Lang
+
+	<language> A small but highly functional {embedded}
+	{interpreter}.  S-Lang was a stack-based {postfix} language
+	resembling {Forth} and {BC}/{DC} with limited support for
+	{infix notation}.  Now it has a {C}-like infix syntax.
+	{Arrays}, stings, integers, {floating-point} and {autoloading}
+	are all suported.  The editor {JED} embeds S-lang.
+
+	S-Lang is available under the {GNU Library General Public
+	License}.  It runs on {MS-DOS}, {Unix}, and {VMS}.
+
+	Latest version: 0.94, as of 1993-06-12.
+
+	{(ftp://amy.tch.harvard.edu/)}.
+
+	E-mail: John E. Davis <davis@tch.harvard.edu>.
+
+	(2000-10-30)
+
+slap on the side
+
+	(Also called a {sidecar}, or abbreviated "SOTS").  A type of
+	external expansion hardware marketed by computer manufacturers
+	(e.g. {Commodore} for the {Amiga} 500/1000 series and {IBM} for
+	the hideous failure called {IBM PCjr}).  Various SOTS boxes
+	provided necessities such as memory, hard drive controllers,
+	and conventional expansion slots.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+slash
+
+	{oblique stroke}
+
+slashdot effect
+
+	<jargon> An effect where a document on a {WWW} {server} is
+	linked to from another, popular, site, with the resultant
+	traffic overloading the server so that a connection cannot be
+	made to it.  This is especially likely if the server is
+	running {Microsoft IIS}.
+
+	The term was coined by readers of the {Unix} advocacy {web
+	site} {slashdot.org (http://slashdot.org/)}.
+
+	(1998-10-24)
+
+slave tty
+
+	(/dev/ttyp*) The half of a {pseudo-tty} which programs
+	(e.g. getty) read from and write to as though it was an
+	ordinary {serial line}.
+
+SLD resolution
+
+	<logic, programming> (Selected, Linear, Definite) {Linear
+	resolution} with a {selection function} for {definite
+	sentences}.
+
+	A definite sentence has exactly one {positive literal} in each
+	{clause} and this literal is selected to be resolved upon,
+	i.e. replaced in the {goal} clause by the {conjunction} of
+	{negative literals} which form the body of the clause.
+
+	[Why is SLD resolution important?]
+
+	(2003-12-04)
+
+sleep
+
+	1. <operating system, multitasking> (Or "{block}") When a
+	{process} on a {multitasking} system asks the {scheduler} to
+	deactivate it until some given external event (e.g. an
+	{interrupt} or a specified time delay) occurs.
+
+	The alternative is to {poll} or "{busy wait}" for the event
+	but this uses processing power.
+
+	Also used in the phrase "sleep on" (or "block on") some
+	external event, meaning to wait for it.
+
+	E.g. the {Unix} command of the same name which pauses the
+	current process for a given number of seconds.
+
+	2. <hardware> To go into partial deactivation to save power.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-09-25)
+
+SLIB
+
+	{Scheme Library}
+
+Slide
+
+	<project> A now-retired {Jakarta} project to develop a
+	repository for content management.  Slide is no longer in
+	development.  It featured {WebDAV}, DeltaV WebDAV versioning,
+	different databases and file system storage, transactions and
+	locking, flexible permissions per file and more.
+
+	{Slide home (http://jakarta.apache.org/slide/)}.
+
+	(2008-06-04)
+
+sliding-window
+
+	<networking> A method of {flow control} in which a {receiver}
+	gives a {transmitter} permission to transmit {data} until a
+	{window} is full.  When the window is full, the transmitter
+	must stop transmitting until the receiver advertises a larger
+	window.
+
+	{TCP}, other transport {protocols}, and several {link-layer
+	protocols} use this method of flow control.
+
+	(2002-12-02)
+
+SLIM
+
+	A VLSI language for translating DFA's into circuits.
+	J.L. Hennessy, "SLIM: A Simulation and Implementation Language
+	for VLSI Microcode", Lambda, Apr 1981, pp.20-28.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+slim
+
+	<jargon> A small, derivative change (e.g. to code).
+
+	(2003-05-13)
+
+Slingshot
+
+	<networking, business, tool, product, protocol> {CSK
+	Software}'s {real time} financial server for the {Internet}.
+
+	Slingshot allows the delivery of real time market data across
+	the {Internet} and private {intranets} quickly, cheaply and
+	securely.  The first beta-test version was released free to
+	the Internet on 6 August 1996.  Slingshot allows any financial
+	institution, regardless of size, to publish their rates and
+	associated information to a global audience using standard
+	Internet protocols and software.  The {real-time} data can be
+	seamlessly integrated into any standard {web}
+	application and thus combined with static text, database
+	queries and even audio and video objects, to create services.
+
+	The Slingshot protocol enables the delivery of other forms of
+	real time data over the Internet, thus making Slingshot useful
+	in industries as varied as manufacturing, betting, telemetry,
+	weather, transport and medicine.
+
+	Version 2's improved protocol minimises the required
+	{bandwidth} and can go through {firewalls}, {proxies}, and
+	{virus scanners}, making Slingshot real-time data accessible
+	everywhere where normal web access is possible.
+
+	(2003-05-13)
+
+SLIP
+
+	1. {Serial Line Internet Protocol}.
+
+	2. Symmetric LIst Processsor.  Early 1960's list processing
+	subroutine package for {Fortran} by J. Weizenbaum.  Later also
+	embedded in {MAD} and {ALGOL}.  ["Symmetric List Processor",
+	J. Weizenbaum CACM 6:524-544(1963).  Sammet 1969, p.387].
+
+SlipKnot
+
+	<web> A graphical {web browser} specifically
+	designed for {Microsoft Windows} users who have {Unix} {shell
+	accounts} with their service providers.  Its primary feature
+	is that it does not require {SLIP} or {PPP} or {TCP/IP}
+	services.  SlipKnot is distributed as restricted shareware.
+
+	Version: 1.0.
+
+	{SlipKnot home (http://micromind.com/slipknot.htm)}.
+
+	E-mail: <slipknot@micromind.com>.
+
+	(2003-03-25)
+
+SLIPS
+
+	"An Interpreter for SLIPS - An Applicative Language Based on
+	Lambda-Calculus", V. Gehot et al, Comp Langs 11(1):1-14
+	(1986).
+
+SLiRP
+
+	<networking, tool> A {SLIP emulator} by Danny Gasparovski,
+	faster than {TIA}.
+
+	Version: 0.95H 12 Sep 95.
+
+	{(http://webcom.com/~llarrow/slirp.html)}.
+
+	(1995-09-15)
+
+SLLIC
+
+	<language> An intermediate language developed at {HP}.  An
+	infinite-register version of the {Precision Architecture}
+	{instruction set}?
+
+	(1995-05-28)
+
+slog
+
+	{Schelog}
+
+Sloop
+
+	"Parallel Programming in a Virtual Object Space", S. Lucco,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 22(12):26-34 (OOPSLA '87) (Dec 1987).
+
+slop
+
+	<jargon> 1. A one-sided {fudge factor}, that is, an allowance
+	for error but in only one of two directions.  For example, if
+	you need a piece of wire 10 feet long and have to guess when
+	you cut it, you make very sure to cut it too long, by a large
+	amount if necessary, rather than too short by even a little
+	bit, because you can always cut off the slop but you can't
+	paste it back on again.  When discrete quantities are
+	involved, slop is often introduced to avoid the possibility of
+	being on the losing side of a {fencepost error}.
+
+	2. The percentage of "extra" code generated by a compiler over
+	the size of equivalent {assembly code} produced by
+	{hand-hacking}; i.e. the space (or maybe time) you lose because
+	you didn't do it yourself.  This number is often used as a
+	measure of the quality of a compiler; slop below 5% is very
+	good, and 10% is usually acceptable.  Modern compilers,
+	especially on {RISCs}, may actually have *negative* slop; that
+	is, they may generate better code than humans.  This is one of
+	the reasons assembler programming is becoming less common.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-28)
+
+slopsucker
+
+	/slop'suhk-r/ A lowest-{priority} task that only runs when the
+	computer would otherwise be idle.  Also called a "hungry
+	puppy" or "bottom feeder" (after the fishermen's and
+	naturalists' term for finny creatures who subsist on the
+	primordial ooze).
+
+	One common variety of slopsucker hunts for large {prime
+	numbers}.
+
+	Compare {background}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-09-29)
+
+slosh
+
+	{backslash}
+
+Slot 1
+
+	<hardware, standard> The physical and electrical specification
+	for the connector used by some of {Intel}'s {microprocessor}
+	cards, currently (August 1999) the {SEPP} {Celeron} and the
+	{SECC} {Pentium II}.
+
+	Slot 1 is a departure from the square {ZIF} {PGA}/{SPGA}
+	sockets used by {Pentium} and earlier processors, the
+	processor being mounted on a card, with a 242-lead
+	edge-connector.
+
+	The Slot 1 specification allows for higher {bus rates} than
+	{Socket 7}.  Slot 1 motherboards use the {GTL+} {bus
+	protocol}.
+
+	See also {Slot 2}, {Slot A}.
+
+	[bus rates?]
+
+	(1999-08-04)
+
+Slot 2
+
+	<hardware, standard> A physical and electrical specification
+	for the 330-lead edge-connector used by some of {Intel}'s
+	{microprocessor} cards, currently (August 1999) the {SECC}
+	{Pentium III}/{Xeon}.
+
+	Slot 2 is intended for use in high end multi-processor
+	{workstations} and {servers}.
+
+	See also {Slot A}, {Slot 1}.
+
+	[Multi processor support?]
+
+	(1999-08-04)
+
+Slot A
+
+	<hardware> The physical and electrical specification for the
+	edge-connector used by {AMD}'s {Athlon} processor.
+
+	The connector allows for a higher {bus rate} than {Socket 7}
+	or {Super 7}.  Slot A motherboards use {Compaq}'s {EV6} {bus
+	protocol}.  Slot A is mechanically compatible but electrically
+	incompatible with {Intel}'s {Slot 1}.
+
+	(1999-08-05)
+
+slurp
+
+	To read a large data file entirely into {core} before working
+	on it.  This may be contrasted with the strategy of reading a
+	small piece at a time, processing it, and then reading the
+	next piece.  "This program slurps in a 1K-by-1K matrix and
+	does an FFT."  See also {sponge}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+sm
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for San Marino.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+smail
+
+	{snail-mail}
+
+SMALGOL
+
+	SMall ALGOL.
+
+	A subset of {ALGOL 60}.
+
+	["SMALGOL-61", G.A. Bachelor et al CACM 4(11):499-502 (Nov
+	1961)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+SMALL
+
+	1. Functional, lazy, untyped.
+
+	["SMALL - A Small Interactive Functional System",
+	L. Augustsson, TR 28, U Goteborg and Chalmers U, 1986].
+
+	2. A {toy language} used to illustrate {denotational
+	semantics}.
+
+	["The Denotational Description of Programming Languages",
+	M.J.C. Gordon, Springer 1979].
+
+Small Business Edition
+
+	{Microsoft Office Small Business Edition}
+
+Small-C
+
+	A subset of {C}.  The original compiler, written in {C} by Ron
+	Cain, appeared in Dr. Dobb's Journal.  James E. Hendrix
+	improved and extended the original compiler and published "The
+	Small-C Handbook".  Both these compilers produced {8080}
+	{assembly code}.
+
+	A Small-C compiler based on {RatC} produced {6502} {assembly
+	code} for the {BBC Microcomputer}.  It was written in Small-C
+	and {bootstrap}ped using {Zorland C} on an {Amstrad PC1512}
+	under {MS-DOS} 3.2, then transferred onto a {BBC Micro} using
+	{Kermit}.  The compiler can be used to cross-compile {6502}
+	code from an {MS-DOS} host, or as a {resident} Small-C
+	compiler on a BBC Micro.  It runs on {68000}, {6809}, {VAX},
+	{8080}, {BBC Micro} and {Zilog Z80}.
+
+	Posted to comp.sources.unix volume 5.
+
+	{(ftp://apple.com/ArchiveVol1/Unix_lang)}.
+
+	["Small-C"?, Ron Cain, Dr. Dobb's Journal, May 1980, Dec
+	1982?]
+
+	["The Small-C Handbook," James Hendrix, Reston 1984, ISBN
+	0-8359-7012-4].
+
+	(1989-01-05)
+
+Small Computer System Interface
+
+	<hardware, standard> (SCSI) /skuh'zee/, /sek'si/ The most
+	popular processor-independent standard, via a parallel bus,
+	for system-level interfacing between a computer and
+	intelligent devices including {hard disks}, {floppy disks},
+	{CD-ROM}, {printers}, {scanners}, and many more.
+
+	SCSI can connect multiple devices to a single {SCSI adaptor}
+	(or "host adaptor") on the computer's bus. SCSI transfers bits
+	in parallel and can operate in either {asynchronous} or
+	{synchronous} modes.  The synchronous transfer rate is up to
+	5MB/s.  There must be at least one {target} and one
+	{initiator} on the SCSI {bus}.
+
+	SCSI connections normally use "{single ended}" drivers as
+	opposed to {differential drivers}.  Single ended SCSI can
+	suport up to six metres of cable.  Differential ended SCSI can
+	support up to 25 metres of cable.
+
+	SCSI was developed by {Shugart Associates}, which later became
+	{Seagate}.  SCSI was originally called SASI for "Shugart
+	Associates System Interface" before it became a standard.
+
+	Due to SCSI's inherent protocol flexibility, large support
+	infrastructure, continued speed increases and the acceptance
+	of SCSI Expanders in applications it is expected to hold its
+	market.
+
+	The original standard is now called "SCSI-1" to distinguish it
+	from {SCSI-2} and {SCSI-3} which include specifications of
+	{Wide SCSI} (a 16-bit bus) and {Fast SCSI} (10 MB/s transfer).
+
+	SCSI-1 has been standardised as {ANSI} X3.131-1986 and
+	{ISO}/{IEC} 9316.
+
+	A problem with SCSI is the large number of different
+	connectors allowed.  Nowadays the trend is toward a 68-pin
+	{miniature D-type} or "high density" connector (HD68) for
+	{Wide SCSI} and a 50-pin version of the same connector (HD50)
+	for 8-bit SCSI (Type 1-4, pin pitch 1.27 mm x 2.45 mm).
+	50-pin {ribbon cable} connectors are also popular for internal
+	wiring (Type 5, pin pitch 2.54 mm x 2.54 mm).  {Apple
+	Computer} used a 25-pin connector on the {Macintosh} computer
+	but this connector causes problems with high-speed equipment.
+	Original SCSI implementations were highly incompatible with
+	each other.
+
+	{ASPI} is a standard {Microsoft Windows} interface to SCSI
+	devices.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.periphs.scsi}.
+
+	{(news:comp.periphs.scsi)}.
+	SCSI Trade Association & FAQ {(http://scsita.org/)}.
+
+	["System" or "Systems"?]
+
+	(1999-03-30)
+
+small-office/home-office
+
+	(SoHo) A term describing the market for certain computer goods.
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+Small Outline DIMM
+
+	<storage> (SO-DIMM) A smaller kind of {DIMM} with 72 pins
+	(supporting 32-bit transfers) or 144 pins (64-bit transfers).
+	Regular DIMMs have 168 pins and support 64-bit transfers.
+	Being roughly half the size of the regular DIMM, SO-DIMMs are
+	often used in {notebook computers}.
+
+	{Kingston Memory Guide
+	(http://kingston.com/tools/umg/newumg05a.asp)}.
+
+	(2001-02-16)
+
+Smalltalk
+
+	<language> The pioneering {object-oriented programming} system
+	developed in 1972 by the Software Concepts Group, led by {Alan
+	Kay}, at {Xerox PARC} between 1971 and 1983.  It includes a
+	language, a programming environment, and an extensive object
+	library.
+
+	Smalltalk took the concepts of {class} and {message} from
+	{Simula-67} and made them all-pervasive.  Innovations included
+	the {bitmap display}, windowing system, and use of a {mouse}.
+
+	The {syntax} is very simple.  The fundamental construction is
+	to send a message to an {object}:
+
+		object message
+
+	or with extra parameters
+
+		object message: param1 secondArg: param2 .. nthArg: paramN
+
+	where "secondArg:" etc. are considered to be part of the
+	message name.
+
+	Five pseudo-variables are defined: "self", "super", "nil",
+	"true", "false".  "self" is the receiver of the current
+	message.  "super" is used to delegate processing of a message
+	to the {superclass} of the receiver.  "nil" is a reference to
+	"nothing" (an instance of UndefinedObject).  All variables
+	initially contain a reference to nil.  "true" and "false" are
+	{Booleans}.
+
+	In Smalltalk, any message can be sent to any object.  The
+	recipient object itself decides (based on the message name,
+	also called the "message selector") how to respond to the
+	message.  Because of that, the {multiple inheritance} system
+	included in the early versions of Smalltalk-80 appeared to be
+	unused in practice.  All modern implementations have single
+	inheritance, so each class can have at most one superclass.
+
+	Early implementations were {interpreted} but all modern ones
+	use {dynamic translation} (JIT).
+
+	Early versions were Smalltalk-72, Smalltalk-74, Smalltalk-76
+	(inheritance taken from Simula, and concurrency), and
+	Smalltalk-78, {Smalltalk-80}.  Other versions include {Little
+	Smalltalk}, {Smalltalk/V}, {Kamin's interpreters}.  Current
+	versions are {VisualWorks}, {Squeak}, {VisualAge}, {Dolphin
+	Smalltalk}, {Object Studio}, {GNU Smalltalk}.
+
+	See also: {International Smalltalk Association}.
+
+	{UIUC Smalltalk archive (http://st-www.cs.uiuc.edu/)}.
+	{FAQ (http://XCF.Berkeley.EDU/pub/misc/smalltalk/FAQ/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.smalltalk}.
+
+	["The Smalltalk-76 Programming System Design and
+	Implementation", D.H. Ingalls, 5th POPL, ACM 1978, pp. 9-16].
+
+	(2001-09-11)
+
+Smalltalk-80
+
+	<language> The classic standard {Smalltalk} dialect, described
+	in Adele's book, cited below, commonly known as "The Blue
+	Book".
+
+	["Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its Implementation", Adele
+	Goldberg et al, A-W 1983].
+
+	[BYTE 6(8), Aug 1981].
+
+	{(ftp://st.cs.uiuc.edu/pub/ISA)},
+	{(ftp://st.cs.uiuc.edu/pub/Smalltalk/MANCHESTER)},
+	{(ftp://gnu.org/pub/gnu)}.
+
+	Mail server: goodies-lib@r5.cs.man.ac.uk.
+
+	(2004-12-14)
+
+Smalltalk/V
+
+	The first widely available version of {Smalltalk}, developed
+	by {Digitalk} in 1986 for {IBM PC} and {Macintosh}.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+SmallVDM
+
+	<tool>
+
+	["SmallVDM: An Environment for Formal Specification and
+	Prototyping in Smalltalk", in Object Oriented Specification
+	Case Studies, K. Lano et al eds, P-H 1993].
+
+	(1996-04-20)
+
+SMALLWORLD
+
+	<legal> A trademark of {Smallworldwide
+	Plc. (http://smallworld.co.uk/)}.
+
+	(1999-08-26)
+
+SmallWorld
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} language.
+
+	["SW 2 - An Object-based Programming Environment", M.R. Laff
+	et al, IBM TJWRC, 1985].
+
+	(1996-04-20)
+
+Smarandache logic
+
+	{neutrosophic logic}
+
+SMART
+
+	For {MS-DOS}?
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+smart
+
+	1. <programming> Said of a program that does the {Right Thing}
+	in a wide variety of complicated circumstances.  There is a
+	difference between calling a program smart and calling it
+	intelligent; in particular, there do not exist any intelligent
+	programs (yet - see {AI-complete}).
+
+	Compare {robust} (smart programs can be {brittle}).
+
+	2. <hardware> Incorporating some kind of digital electronics.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+Smart Battery Data
+
+	<hardware, protocol> (SBD) A method to monitor a rechargeable
+	battery pack, initiated by {Duracell} and {Intel}.  An special
+	{IC} in the battery pack monitors the battery and reports
+	information to the {SMBus}.  This information might include:
+	type, model number, manufacturer, characteristics, discharge
+	rate, predicted remaining capacity, almost-discharged alarm so
+	that the PC can shut down gracefully; temperature and voltage
+	to provide safe fast-charging.
+
+	{Smart Battery System Implementers Forum
+	(http://sbs-forum.org/)}.
+
+	(1999-08-08)
+
+smart card
+
+	Any plastic card (like a credit card) with an embedded
+	{integrated circuit} for storing information.
+
+	Smart cards are being incorporated into soldier's dog-tags and
+	used to store hospital patients' medical records.  This way
+	they are always instantly accessible.
+
+	Other uses are as a form of token in banking systems.  You
+	could store electronic money on the card or less valuable
+	tokens such as those given away by petrol companies which you
+	collect to exchange for free gifts at a later date.  The idea
+	being that one smart card is easier to carry around than a
+	multitude of paper tokens.
+
+	{news:alt.technology.smartcards}
+
+	(1995-01-06)
+
+Smartdrive
+
+	<storage, product> A {Microsoft} {MS DOS} {disk cache} program
+	to speed up disk access.
+
+	For most users, a 1MB cache is sufficient.  Devoting more
+	memory to the cache offers diminishing returns, since the
+	additional cache hits become fewer (and the extra memory could
+	be better used to reduce {swapping}).
+
+	Typing SMARTDRV /S at a DOS prompt shows the cache size, a
+	hit-and-miss report, and information about which drives are
+	being cached.  The hit-and-miss statistics are crucial for
+	gauging the effectiveness of SmartDrive settings.  A score in
+	the high 80s shows that SmartDrive is well configured.  Run
+	SMARTDRV /S several times during a Windows session and note
+	the-hit-and-miss figures each time.  If your percentage
+	usually falls below 80 percent, you should consider increasing
+	the cache size.  You can edit the SMARTDRV line in your
+	{AUTOEXEC.BAT} file to increase both the InitCacheSize and the
+	WinCacheSize parameters.
+
+	SmartDrive Monitor is an undocumented Windows program that
+	comes with DOS 6.0 for logging and controling the cache.
+
+	(1995-11-22)
+
+SMARTdrv
+
+	{Smartdrive}
+
+smart terminal
+
+	{intelligent terminal}
+
+smash case
+
+	{case sensitivity}
+
+smash sum
+
+	{coalesced sum}
+
+smash the stack
+
+	<jargon> In {C} programming, to corrupt the execution stack by
+	writing past the end of a local array or other data structure.
+	Code that smashes the stack can cause a return from the
+	routine to jump to a random address, resulting in insidious
+	data-dependent {bugs}.
+
+	Variants include "trash" the stack, {scribble} the stack,
+	{mangle} the stack.
+
+	See {spam}; see also {aliasing bug}, {fandango on core},
+	{memory leak}, {memory smash}, {precedence lossage}, {overrun
+	screw}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+SMB
+
+	1. <protocol> {Server Message Block}.
+
+	2. <hardware, protocol> {System Management Bus}.
+
+	(1999-08-08)
+
+smbclient
+
+	{Samba}
+
+smblib
+
+	{Samba}
+
+SMBus
+
+	{System Management Bus}
+
+SMCC
+
+	{Sun Microsystems} Computer Corporation.
+
+SMDS
+
+	{Switched Multimegabit Data Service}
+
+SMG
+
+	Screen Management Guidelines.  A {VMS} package of run-time
+	library routines providing windows on {DEC} {VT100} terminals.
+
+SMI
+
+	{Structure of Management Information}
+
+SMIL
+
+	1. <language> The {machine language} for a Swedish computer.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/mirrors/info-mac/lang/smil-emulator.hqx)}.
+
+	2. <hypertext, language, multimedia, text, web>
+	{Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language}.
+
+	(2000-04-21)
+
+smiley
+
+	{emoticon}
+
+smilies
+
+	{emoticon}
+
+S-MIME
+
+	{Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions}
+
+SML
+
+	1. {Standard ML}.
+
+	2. Small Machine Language.  Barnes, ICI 1969.  Real-time
+	language, an ALGOL variant, and the predecessor of RTL.  "SML
+	User's Guide", J.G.P.  Barnes, ICI, TR JGPB/69/35 (1969).
+
+SML#
+
+	An extension of SML/NJ with polymorphic field selection and
+	nondestructive field update.  "A Compilation Method for
+	ML-style Polymorphic Record Calculi", A. Ohori, POPL 1992.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cis.upenn.edu/pub/sml#/)}.
+
+sml2c
+
+	A Standard ML to C compiler.  sml2c is a batch compiler and
+	compiles only module-level declarations, i.e. signatures,
+	structures and functors.  It provides the same pervasive
+	environment for the compilation of these programs as SML/NJ.
+	As a result, module-level programs that run on SML/NJ can be
+	compiled by sml2c without any changes.  Based on SML/NJ
+	version 0.67 and shares front end and most of its run-time
+	system, but does not support SML/NJ style debugging and
+	profiling.
+
+	School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University
+
+	{(ftp://dravido.soar.cs.cmu.edu/usr/nemo/sml2c/sml2c.tar.Z)}.
+	{Linux
+	(ftp://ftp.dcs.glasgow.ac.uk/pub/linux/smlnj-0.82-linux.tar.Z)}.
+
+	conformance:	superset
+		+ first-class continuations,
+		+ asynchronous signal handling
+		+ separate compilation
+		+ freeze and restart programs
+
+	ports: IBM-RT Decstation3100 Omron-Luna-88k Sun-3 Sun-4
+	386(Mach)
+
+	portability:	easy, easier than SML/NJ
+
+	E-mail: <david.tarditi@cs.cmu.edu>, <peter.lee@cs.cmu.edu>
+
+	(1991-06-27)
+
+SML/NJ
+
+	{Standard ML of New Jersey}
+
+SMM
+
+	{System Management Mode}
+
+SMNP
+
+	Do you mean "{SNMP}"?  If not, please tell me.
+
+smoke
+
+	1. To {crash} or blow up, usually spectacularly. "The new
+	version smoked, just like the last one."  Used for both
+	hardware (where it often describes an actual physical event),
+	and software (where it's merely colourful).
+
+	2. [Automotive slang] To be conspicuously fast.  "That
+	processor really smokes."  Compare {magic smoke}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+smoke and mirrors
+
+	Marketing deceptions.  The term is mainstream in this general
+	sense.  Among hackers it's strongly associated with bogus
+	demos and crocked {benchmarks} (see also {MIPS},
+	{machoflops}).  "They claim their new box cranks 50 MIPS for
+	under $5000, but didn't specify the instruction mix - sounds
+	like smoke and mirrors to me."  The phrase has been said to
+	derive from carnie slang for magic acts and "freak show"
+	displays that depend on "trompe l"oeil' effects, but also
+	calls to mind the fierce Aztec god Tezcatlipoca (lit. "Smoking
+	Mirror") for whom the hearts of huge numbers of human
+	sacrificial victims were regularly cut out.  Upon hearing
+	about a rigged demo or yet another round of fantasy-based
+	marketing promises, hackers often feel analogously
+	disheartened.
+
+smoke-emitting diode
+
+	<humour, electronics> (From "{light-emitting diode}") An
+	incorrectly connected {diode}, probably a {light-emitting
+	diode}, in the process of losing its {magic smoke} and
+	becoming a {friode}.
+
+	See also {LER}.
+
+	(1996-04-28)
+
+smoke test
+
+	1. A rudimentary form of testing applied to electronic
+	equipment following repair or reconfiguration, in which power
+	is applied and the tester checks for sparks, smoke, or other
+	dramatic signs of fundamental failure.  See {magic smoke}.
+
+	2. By extension, the first run of a piece of software after
+	construction or a critical change.  See and compare {reality
+	check}.
+
+	There is an interesting semi-parallel to this term among
+	typographers and printers: When new typefaces are being
+	punch-cut by hand, a "smoke test" (hold the letter in candle
+	smoke, then press it onto paper) is used to check out new
+	dies.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+smoking clover
+
+	[ITS] A {display hack} originally due to Bill Gosper.  Many
+	convergent lines are drawn on a colour monitor in {AOS} mode
+	(so that every pixel struck has its colour incremented).  The
+	lines all have one endpoint in the middle of the screen; the
+	other endpoints are spaced one pixel apart around the
+	perimeter of a large square.  The colour map is then
+	repeatedly rotated.  This results in a striking, rainbow-hued,
+	shimmering four-leaf clover.  Gosper joked about keeping it
+	hidden from the FDA (the US's Food and Drug Administration)
+	lest its hallucinogenic properties cause it to be banned.
+
+SMoLCS
+
+	Specification metalanguage used for a formal definition of
+	Ada.  "An Introduction to the SMoLCS Methodology",
+	E. Astesiano, U Genova 1986.
+
+SMOP
+
+	/S-M-O-P/ [Simple (or Small) Matter of Programming] 1. A piece
+	of code, not yet written, whose anticipated length is
+	significantly greater than its complexity.  Used to refer to a
+	program that could obviously be written, but is not worth the
+	trouble.  Also used ironically to imply that a difficult
+	problem can be easily solved because a program can be written
+	to do it; the irony is that it is very clear that writing such
+	a program will be a great deal of work.  "It's easy to enhance
+	a Fortran compiler to compile COBOL as well; it's just an
+	SMOP."  2. Often used ironically by the intended victim when a
+	suggestion for a program is made which seems easy to the
+	suggester, but is obviously (to the victim) a lot of work.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+SMP
+
+	1. {Symbol Manipulation Program}.
+
+	2. <computer, parallel> {symmetric multiprocessing}.
+
+	(1995-03-19)
+SMPS
+
+	{switch mode power supply}
+
+SMPT
+
+	<spelling> Do you mean {SMTP}?
+
+	(2003-11-24)
+
+SMRP
+
+	{Simplified Multicast Routing Protocol}
+
+SMS
+
+	1. <messaging> {Short Message Service}.
+
+	2. <storage> {Storage Management Services}.
+
+	3. <operating system> {System Management Server}.
+
+	(1999-05-02)
+
+SMT
+
+	{Station Management}
+
+SMTP
+
+	{Simple Mail Transfer Protocol}
+
+smug report
+
+	<humour> A {bug report} submitted by a user who thinks he
+	knows more about the system's design than he really does,
+	filled with irrelevant technical details and (incorrect)
+	suggestions about the cause and solution of the problem.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2011-11-30)
+
+smurf
+
+	<jargon> /smerf/ (From the {news:soc.motss} {Usenet}
+	newsgroup, after some obnoxiously gooey cartoon characters) A
+	newsgroup regular with a habitual style that is irreverent,
+	silly, and cute.  Like many other hackish terms for people,
+	this one may be praise or insult depending on who uses it.  In
+	general, being referred to as a smurf is probably not going to
+	make your day unless you've previously adopted the label
+	yourself in a spirit of irony.
+
+	Compare {old fart}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-10-25)
+
+sn
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Senegal.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SNA
+
+	{Systems Network Architecture}
+
+snacc
+
+	<tool> (Sample Neufeld {ASN.1} to {C/C++} Compiler) A program
+	by Mike Sample <msample@opentext.com> which compiles 1990
+	{ASN.1} data structures (including some {macros}) into {C},
+	{C++} or type tables.  The generated {C/C++} includes a .h
+	file with the equivalent data struct and a .c/.C file for the
+	{BER} encode and decode, print and free routines.
+
+	snacc includes the compiler, run-time BER libraries, and
+	utility programs.  snacc is compiled under {GNU} {General
+	Public License}.  It requires {yacc} or {bison}, {lex} or
+	{flex}, and {cc} (ANSI or non-ANSI).
+
+	ITU TS X.208/ISO 8824.
+
+	Latest version: 1.1, as of 1993-07-12.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://fokus.gmd.de/ovma/freeware/snacc/entry.html)}.
+
+	E-mail: <snacc-bugs@cs.ubc.ca>.
+
+	[Michael Sample and Gerald Neufeld, "Implementing Efficient
+	Encoders and Decoders for Network Data Representations", IEEE
+	INFOCOM '93 Proceedings, Vol 3, pp. 1143-1153, Mar 1993].
+
+	[Michael Sample, "How Fast Can ASN.1 Encoding Rules Go?",
+	M.Sc. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Apr 1993].
+
+	(1998-08-09)
+
+snaf
+
+	{chad}
+
+SNAFU principle
+
+	/sna'foo prin'si-pl/ [WWII Army acronym for "Situation Normal:
+	All Fucked Up"] "True communication is possible only between
+	equals, because inferiors are more consistently rewarded for
+	telling their superiors pleasant lies than for telling the
+	truth." - a central tenet of {Discordianism}, often invoked
+	by hackers to explain why authoritarian hierarchies screw up
+	so reliably and systematically.  The effect of the SNAFU
+	principle is a progressive disconnection of decision-makers
+	from reality.  This lightly adapted version of a fable dating
+	back to the early 1960s illustrates the phenomenon perfectly:
+
+	 In the beginning was the plan,
+	       and then the specification;
+	 And the plan was without form,
+	       and the specification was void.
+
+	 And darkness
+	       was on the faces of the implementors thereof;
+	 And they spake unto their leader,
+	       saying:
+	 "It is a crock of shit,
+	       and smells as of a sewer."
+
+	 And the leader took pity on them,
+	       and spoke to the project leader:
+	 "It is a crock of excrement,
+	       and none may abide the odor thereof."
+
+	 And the project leader
+	       spake unto his section head, saying:
+	 "It is a container of excrement,
+	       and it is very strong, such that none may abide it."
+
+	 The section head then hurried to his department manager,
+	       and informed him thus:
+	 "It is a vessel of fertilizer,
+	       and none may abide its strength."
+
+	 The department manager carried these words
+	      to his general manager,
+	 and spoke unto him
+	      saying:
+	 "It containeth that which aideth the growth of plants,
+	      and it is very strong."
+
+	 And so it was that the general manager rejoiced
+	      and delivered the good news unto the Vice President.
+	 "It promoteth growth,
+	      and it is very powerful."
+
+	 The Vice President rushed to the President's side,
+	      and joyously exclaimed:
+	 "This powerful new software product
+	      will promote the growth of the company!"
+
+	 And the President looked upon the product,
+	      and saw that it was very good.
+
+	After the subsequent disaster, the {suits} protect themselves
+	by saying "I was misinformed!", and the implementors are
+	demoted or fired.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+snag
+
+	{bug}
+
+snail mail
+
+	<messaging> (Or "snailmail", "smail" from "US Mail" via
+	"USnail"; "paper mail").  Bits of {dead tree} sent via the
+	postal service as opposed to {electronic mail}.  One's postal
+	address is, correspondingly, a "snail (mail) address".  There
+	have even been parody USnail posters and stamps made.
+
+	The variant "paper-net" is a hackish way of referring to the
+	postal service, comparing it to a very slow, low-reliability
+	{network}.  {Sig blocks} sometimes include a "Paper-Net:"
+	header just before the sender's postal address; common
+	variants of this are "Papernet" and "P-Net".  Note that the
+	standard {netiquette} guidelines discourage this practice as a
+	waste of bandwidth, since netters are quite unlikely to
+	casually use postal addresses and if they really wanted your
+	{snail mail} address they could always ask for it by e-mail.
+
+	Compare {voice-net}, {sneakernet}, {P-mail}.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+SNAP
+
+	<language> 1. An early ({IBM 360}?) interpreted
+	text-processing language for beginners, close to basic
+	English.
+
+	["Computer Programming in English", M.P. Barnett, Harcourt
+	Brace 1969].
+
+	2. ["Some Proposals for SNAP, A Language with Formal Macro
+	Facilities", R.B. Napper, Computer J 10(3):231-243, 1967].
+
+	[Same as 1?]
+
+	(2006-05-27)
+
+snap
+
+	1. <programming> To remove indirection, e.g. by replacing a
+	{pointer} to a pointer with a pointer to the final target (see
+	{chase pointers}).
+
+	The underlying metaphor may be a rubber band stretched through
+	a number of points; if you release it from the intermediate
+	points, it snaps to a straight line from first to last.
+
+	Often a {trampoline} performs an error check once and then
+	snaps the pointer that invoked it so subsequent calls will
+	bypass the trampoline (and its one-shot error check).  In this
+	context one also speaks of "snapping links".  For example, in
+	a {Lisp} implementation, a function interface trampoline might
+	check to make sure that the caller is passing the correct
+	number of arguments; if it is, and if the caller and the
+	callee are both compiled, then snapping the link allows that
+	particular path to use a direct procedure-call instruction
+	with no further overhead.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-05-27)
+
+	2. <operating system> {snap dump}.
+
+	(2006-05-27)
+
+snap dump
+
+	<operating system> A {memory dump}, often partial, requested
+	by a program to display its current status for debugging.
+	Program execution often continues normally following a snap
+	dump, as opposed to a {crash dump}.
+
+	[Short for "snapshot"?]
+
+	(2006-05-27)
+
+Snappy
+
+	{Snappy Video Snapshot}
+
+Snappy Video Snapshot
+
+	<hardware> (registered trademark) A {frame grabber} for the
+	{IBM PC} designed and marketed by {Play, Inc.}.
+
+	(1997-07-11)
+
+snarf
+
+	/snarf/ 1. To grab, especially to grab a large document or
+	file for the purpose of using it with or without the author's
+	permission.
+
+	See also {BLT}.
+
+	2. ({Unix}) To fetch a file or set of files across a network.
+
+	See also {blast}.
+
+	3. To acquire, with little concern for legal forms or
+	politesse (but not quite by stealing).  "They were giving away
+	samples, so I snarfed a bunch of them."
+
+	4. Synonym for {slurp}.  "This program starts by snarfing the
+	entire database into core."
+
+	5. ({GEnie}) To spray food or {programming fluids} due to
+	laughing at the wrong moment.  This sense appears to be
+	widespread among mundane teenagers - ESR.
+
+	6. This term was mainstream in the late 1960s, meaning "to eat
+	piggishly".  It may still have this connotation in context.
+
+	7. A creature on the Thundercats, fond of eating, usually
+	covertly.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+snarf & barf
+
+	/snarf'n-barf`/ Under a {WIMP} environment, the act of
+	grabbing a region of text and then stuffing the contents of
+	that region into another region (or the same one) to avoid
+	retyping a command line.  In the late 1960s, this was a
+	mainstream expression for an "eat now, regret it later" cheap
+	restaurant expedition.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+snarf down
+
+	To {snarf}, with the connotation of absorbing, processing, or
+	understanding.  "I'll snarf down the latest version of the
+	{nethack} user's guide - it's been a while since I last
+	played."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+snark
+
+	[Lewis Carroll, via the Michigan Terminal System] 1. A system
+	failure.  When a user's process bombed, the operator would get
+	the message "Help, Help, Snark in MTS!"
+
+	2. More generally, any kind of unexplained or threatening
+	event on a computer (especially if it might be a boojum).
+	Often used to refer to an event or a log file entry that might
+	indicate an attempted security violation.  See {snivitz}.
+
+	3. UUCP name of snark.thyrsus.com, home site of the Hacker
+	{Jargon File} versions 2.*.*.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+sneakernet
+
+	/snee'ker-net/ Term used (generally with ironic intent) for
+	transfer of electronic information by physically carrying
+	tape, disks, or other media from one machine to another.
+
+	"Never underestimate the bandwidth of a station wagon filled
+	with magtape, or a 747 filled with CD-ROMs."
+
+	Also called tennis-net, armpit-net, floppy-net, shoe-net,
+	walk-net, foot-net.
+
+	(2003-07-02)
+
+sneck
+
+	<jargon> The sound made by {deboursification}, according to
+	Sam Spade anti-{spam} software.
+
+	(1999-09-15)
+
+snert
+
+	<abuse> A derogatory term commonly used on the {Internet}
+	{ECHO} {BBS}, echonyc.com, meaning to "make overtures of a
+	sexual nature".  It implies terminal cluelessness.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+SNI
+
+	{Siemens Nixdorf Informationssteme, AG}
+
+Sniff
+
+	A {C++}/{C} programming environment providing browsing,
+	cross-referencing, design visualisation, documentation and
+	editing support.  Developed by UBS Switzerland and marketed by
+	takeFive Salzburg.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+sniff
+
+	{poll}
+
+sniffer
+
+	{packet sniffer}
+
+snivitz
+
+	<jargon> /sniv'itz/ A hiccup in hardware or software; a small,
+	transient problem of unknown origin (less serious than a
+	{snark}).
+
+	Compare {glitch}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+SNMP
+
+	{Simple Network Management Protocol}
+
+SNMP agent
+
+	<networking> A software process that responds to queries using
+	the {Simple Network Management Protocol} to provide status and
+	statistics about a network {node}.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+SNMPv2
+
+	{Simple Network Management Protocol version 2}
+
+SNOBOL
+
+	{String Oriented Symbolic Language}
+
+SNOBOL2
+
+	A {SNOBOL} variant which existed only briefly.  It featured
+	built-in functions, but not programmer-defined ones.
+
+	["SNOBOL2", D.J. Farber, R.E. Griswold and I.P. Polonsky, TR
+	Bell Labs, Apr 1964].
+
+SNOBOL3
+
+	{SNOBOL} with user-defined functions.  Written in 1965.  The
+	SNOBOL 6.3 compiler for the {PDP-6} and {PDP-10} was written
+	in SNOBOL.
+
+	["The SNOBOL3 Programming Language", D.J. Farber et al, Bell
+	Sys Tech J 45(6):895-944 (Jul 1966)].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+SNOBOL4
+
+	<language> A quite distinct descendant of {SNOBOL}, developed
+	by Griswold et al in 1967.  SNOBOL4 is {declarative} with
+	{dynamic scope}.  Patterns are {first-class} data objects that
+	can be constructed by concatenation and alternation.  Success
+	and failure are used for {flow control}.  Delayed
+	(unevaluated) expressions can be used to implement
+	{recursion}.  It has a table data type.  Strings generated at
+	run time can be treated as programs and executed.
+
+	See also {vanilla}.
+
+	{SNOBOL 4 (http://snobol4.org/)}.
+
+	{(ftp://apple.com/ArchiveVol1/Unix_lang)}.
+
+	{A FOLDOC parser in SNOBOL4
+	(http://www.topcat.hypermart.net/foldoc.html)}!
+
+	["The SNOBOL4 Programming Language", Ralph E. Griswold et al,
+	P-H 1971].
+
+	(2011-01-05)
+
+SNOOPS
+
+	Craske, 1988.  An extension of SCOOPS with meta-objects that
+	can redirect messages to other objects.  "SNOOPS: An
+	Object-Oriented language Enhancement Supporting Dynamic
+	Program Reeconfiguration", N. Craske, SIGPLAN Notices 26(10):
+	53-62 (Oct 1991).
+
+'Snooze
+
+	/snooz/ [FidoNet] Fidonews, the weekly official on-line
+	newsletter of FidoNet.  As the editorial policy of Fidonews is
+	"anything that arrives, we print", there are often large
+	articles completely unrelated to FidoNet, which in turn tend
+	to elicit {flamage} in subsequent issues.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+SNPP
+
+	{Simple Network Paging Protocol}
+
+SNR
+
+	{signal-to-noise ratio}
+
+S/N ratio
+
+	{signal-to-noise ratio}
+
+SNR bandwidth product
+
+	<communications> The {integral} of the {SNR} over {frequency}.
+	The SNR bandwidth product is an important limit in the
+	capacity of a communication channel.
+
+	(2003-07-20)
+
+SO
+
+	1. <character> {Shift Out}
+
+	2. Significant Other, almost invariably written abbreviated
+	and pronounced /S-O/ by hackers.  Used to refer to one's
+	primary relationship, especially a live-in to whom one is not
+	married.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+so
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Somalia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SO 2
+
+	An early system on {IBM 701}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+SOA
+
+	1. <architecture> {service-oriented architecture}.
+
+	2. <networking> {start of authority}.
+
+SOAP
+
+	1. <protocol> {Simple Object Access Protocol}.
+
+	2. <language> {Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program}.
+
+	(2001-03-23)
+
+SOAR
+
+	1. State, Operator And Result.  A general problem-solving
+	{production system} architecture, intended as a model of human
+	intelligence.  Developed by A. Newell in the early 1980s.
+	SOAR was originally implemented in {Lisp} and {OPS5} and is
+	currently implemented in {Common Lisp}.  Version: Soar6.
+
+	E-mail: <soar@cs.cmu.edu>.
+
+	["The SOAR Papers", P.S. Rosenbloom et al eds, MIT Press
+	1993].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+	2. Smalltalk On A RISC.  A {RISC} {microprocessor} designed by
+	David Patterson's at Berekeley.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+social engineering
+
+	<jargon, security> A term used among {crackers} and {samurai}
+	for cracking techniques that rely on weaknesses in {wetware}
+	rather than software; the aim is to trick people into
+	revealing passwords or other information that compromises a
+	target system's security.  Classic scams include phoning up a
+	mark who has the required information and posing as a field
+	service tech or a fellow employee with an urgent access
+	problem.  See also the {tiger team} story in the {patch}
+	entry.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-11-22)
+
+social network
+
+	<communications> Any {website} designed to allow multiple
+	users to publish content themselves.  The information may be
+	on any subject and may be for consumption by (potential)
+	friends, mates, employers, employees, etc.  The sites
+	typically allow users to create a "profile" describing
+	themselves and to exchange public or private messages and list
+	other users or groups they are connected to in some way.
+	There may be editorial content or the site may be entirely
+	user-driven.  Content may include text, images
+	(e.g. {(http://flickr.com/)}), video
+	(e.g. {(http://youtube.com/)}) or any other media.
+
+	Social networks on the the web are a natural extension of
+	{mailing lists} and {buletin boards}.  They are related to
+	{wikis} like {(http://wikipedia.org/)} but typically do not
+	allow users to modify content once it has been submitted,
+	though usually you can publish comments on others'
+	submissions.
+
+	Different sites have different emphasis.  For example,
+	{(http://friendsreunited.co.uk/)} (one of the earliest such
+	sites) focusses on listing former acquaintances;
+	{(http://myspace.com/)} is music-oriented;
+	{(http://linkedin.com/)} aims to connect business partners;
+	{(http://del.icio.us/)}, {(http://stumbleupon.com/)} and
+	{(http://digg.com/)} are for exchanging links to favouirite
+	websites.  There are many more.
+
+	Sometimes the social aspects are a side-effect of bringing
+	together people with shared interests,
+	e.g. {(http://slashdot.org/)} (IT), other times they become
+	more important than the original purpose,
+	e.g. {(http://worldofwarcraft.com/)} (fantasy gaming).
+
+	(2006-12-05)
+
+social networking
+
+	{social network}
+
+social science number
+
+	(IBM) A statistic that is {content-free}, or nearly so.  A
+	measure derived via methods of questionable validity from data
+	of a dubious and vague nature.  Predictively, having a social
+	science number in hand is seldom much better than nothing, and
+	can be considerably worse.  {Management} loves them.
+
+	See also {numbers}, {math-out}, {pretty pictures}.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+socket
+
+	<networking> The {Berkeley Unix} mechansim for creating a
+	virtual connection between processes.  Sockets interface
+	{Unix}'s {standard I/O} with its {network} communication
+	facilities.  They can be of two types, stream (bi-directional)
+	or {datagram} (fixed length destination-addressed messages).
+	The socket library function socket() creates a communications
+	end-point or socket and returns a {file descriptor} with which
+	to access that socket.  The socket has associated with it a
+	socket address, consisting of a {port} number and the local
+	host's network address.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: socket(2).
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+Socket 1
+
+	{x86 processor socket}
+
+Socket 2
+
+	{x86 processor socket}
+
+Socket 3
+
+	{x86 processor socket}
+
+Socket 370
+
+	<hardware, standard, processor> (PGA370) A physical and
+	electrical specification for a {motherboard} {processor}
+	socket.  Socket 370 uses a square {SPGA} {ZIF} socket with 370
+	pins, arranged 37x37 (sometimes described as 19x19).
+
+	{Intel} originally designed Socket 370 for {PPGA} Celeron
+	processors.  Newer Socket 370 motherboards additionally
+	support {FC-PGA} Celeron and {Pentium III} processors.
+
+	The difference between the two versions is electrical;
+	some pins are used differently and voltage requirements have
+	been changed from Intel's {VRM 8.2} to {VRM 8.4}.  In
+	addition, Celeron processors require a 66 MHz front side bus
+	({FSB}), and Pentium III processors require a 100/133 MHz FSB.
+
+	Some older Socket 370 motherboards support VRM 8.4 and
+	variable bus speeds, so adapters are available that convert
+	the socket pinout to allow FC-PGA processors to work.
+
+	{VIA}'s {Cyrix III} processor was designed to work with
+	Socket 370 motherboards.
+
+	{Intel Celeron Processor in PPGA form factor - Integration
+	(http://pentium.com/design/quality/celeron/ppga/integration.htm)}.
+
+	{Pentium III Processors - Design Guidelines
+	(http://intel.com/design/PentiumIII/designgd/)}.
+
+	(2000-08-26)
+
+Socket 4
+
+	{x86 processor socket}
+
+Socket 5
+
+	{x86 processor socket}
+
+Socket 6
+
+	{x86 processor socket}
+
+Socket 7
+
+	<hardware, standard> A physical and electrical specification
+	for the {x86 processor socket} matching the pins on {Pentium}
+	{microprocessors} manufactured by {Intel}, and compatibles
+	made by {Cyrix}, {AMD} and others.  Any {CPU} chip conforming
+	to this specification can be plugged into any conforming
+	{motherboard}.
+
+	Supported processors include: 2.5V - 3.5V {Pentiums} 75-233
+	MHz, AMD {K5} through {K6}, Cyrix {6x86} (and MX) P120 - P233.
+
+	Socket 7 uses a {SPGA} socket, either a 296 pin {LIF} or a 321
+	pin {ZIF} arranged as 37x37 or 19x19 (depending on who you
+	speak to!).
+
+	See also {Super 7}.
+
+	Intel's {Pentium II} processor uses {Slot 1} mounting.
+
+	[Pin-out?]
+
+	(1999-08-29)
+
+Socket 8
+
+	<hardware, standard> A physical and electrical specification
+	for the {x86 processor socket} matching the pins on a {Pentium
+	Pro} {microprocessor}.
+
+	Socket 8 uses a {dual pattern} {PGA}/{SPGA} {LIF}/{ZIF} socket
+	with 387 pins, arranged 24x26.
+
+	(1999-08-04)
+
+SOCKS
+
+	<security> A security package that allows a {host} behind a
+	{firewall} to use {finger}, {FTP}, {telnet}, {Gopher}, and
+	{Mosaic} to access resources outside the firewall while
+	maintaining the security requirements.
+
+	[The Security FAQ, {Usenet} newsgroups
+	{news:comp.security.misc}, {news:comp.security.unix},
+	{news:alt.security}].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+SOCRATIC
+
+	An early interactive learning system (not a language(?))
+	developed at {Bolt, Beranek & Newman}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 702].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+SODA
+
+	{Symbolic Optimum DEUCE Assembly Program}
+
+SODAS
+
+	[D.L. Parnas & J.A. Darringer.  Proc FJCC 31:449-474, AFIPS
+	(Fall 1967)].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+SO-DIMM
+
+	{Small Outline DIMM}
+
+Sod's Law
+
+	<humour> {Murphy's Law}.
+
+	[Or is it "Sodd"?]
+
+	(1995-12-29)
+
+SOE
+
+	{Standard Operating Environment}
+
+SoftBench
+
+	An {IPSE} from {Hewlett-Packard}.
+
+soft boot
+
+	<operating system> A {boot} which resets only part of the
+	{system}.
+
+	For example, "If you're running the {mess-dos} {emulator},
+	control-alt-insert will cause a soft boot of the emulator,
+	while leaving the rest of the system running".
+
+	Contrast {hard boot}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-11-27)
+
+softcopy
+
+	/soft'kop-ee/ (by analogy with "hardcopy") A machine-readable
+	("{machinable}") form of corresponding {hardcopy}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Softlab
+
+	<company> A {software engineering} company strong in the UK
+	and Germany.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+soft link
+
+	{symbolic link}
+
+SoftModem
+
+	The integration of {modem} controller and {data pump}
+	{algorithms} into a single {RAM}-based {DSP} hardware
+	architecture.  These integrated algorithms are stored on the
+	computer's hard disk, from which they are downloaded into the
+	DSP board's random-access memory (RAM).  This downloading, or
+	"booting" process of the PC-installed software algorithms
+	occurs as part of the computer's power-up initialisation
+	process in less than 100 milliseconds, making it transparent
+	to the user.
+
+	[Digicom Modem FAQ version 2.03].
+
+SoftVelocity Inc.
+
+	<company> The distributors of the {Clarion} family of
+	application development systems.
+
+	{SoftVelocity, Inc. (http://softvelocity.com)}.
+
+	(2003-10-15)
+
+software
+
+	<programming> (Or "computer program", "program", "code") The
+	instructions executed by a computer, as opposed to the
+	physical device on which they run (the "{hardware}").
+
+	The term was coined by the eminent statistician, {John Tukey}.
+
+	Programs stored on {non-volatile storage} built from
+	{integrated circuits} (e.g. {ROM} or {PROM}) are usually
+	called {firmware}.
+
+	Software can be split into two main types - {system software}
+	and application software or {application programs}.  System
+	software is any software required to support the production or
+	execution of application programs but which is not specific to
+	any particular application.  Examples of system software would
+	include the {operating system}, {compilers}, editors and
+	sorting programs.
+
+	Examples of application programs would include an accounts
+	package or a {CAD} program.  Other broad classes of
+	application software include {real-time} software, {business
+	software}, scientific and engineering software, {embedded
+	software}, personal computer software and {artificial
+	intelligence} software.
+
+	Software includes both {source code} written by humans and
+	executable {machine code} produced by {assemblers} or
+	{compilers}.  It does not usually include the data processed
+	by programs unless this is in a format such as {multimedia}
+	which depends on the use of computers for its presentation.
+	This distinction becomes unclear in cases such as {spread
+	sheets} which can contain both instructions (formulae and
+	{macros}) and data.  There are also various intermediate
+	compiled or {semi-compiled}, forms of software such as
+	{library} files and {byte-code}.
+
+	Some claim that {documentation} (both paper and electronic) is
+	also software.  Others go further and define software to be
+	programs plus documentation though this does not correspond
+	with common usage.
+
+	The noun "program" describes a single, complete and
+	more-or-less self-contained list of instructions, often stored
+	in a single {file}, whereas "code" and "software" are
+	uncountable nouns describing some number of instructions which
+	may constitute one or more programs or part thereof.  Most
+	programs, however, rely heavily on various kinds of {operating
+	system} software for their execution.  The nounds "code" and
+	"software" both refer to the same thing but "code" tends to
+	suggest an interest in the implementation details whereas
+	"software" is more of a user's term.
+
+	(2002-07-21)
+
+Software AG
+
+	<company> A German {software engineering} company that started
+	with the {ADABAS} {database}.  {Natural} is their {4GL}
+	development environment, {EntireX} is their {DCOM} for {Unix}
+	and {IBM}.  {BOLERO}, is an {object-oriented} development
+	environment and {application server} specially made for
+	Electronic Business applications.
+
+	{(http://softwareag.com/)}.
+
+	Mailing-list: <sag-l@uafsysb.uark.edu>.
+
+	(1999-03-06)
+
+software audit
+
+	<legal> A regular investigation of the software installed on
+	all computers in an organisation to ensure that it is
+	authorised or licensed.
+
+	Software audits minimise the risk of prosecution for {software
+	theft}, minimise the risk of {viruses} through uncontrolled
+	software copying, and ensure technical support is available to
+	all users.
+
+	The {Business Software Alliance} {Guide To Software Management
+	(http://bsa.org/bsa)}.
+
+	(1996-05-19)
+
+Software BackPlane
+
+	<programming, tool> A {CASE} framework from {Atherton}.
+
+	(1996-05-19)
+
+software bloat
+
+	<jargon, abuse> The result of adding new features to a program
+	or system to the point where the benefit of the new features
+	is outweighed by the extra resources consumed ({RAM}, disk
+	space or performance) and complexity of use.  Software bloat
+	is an instance of Parkinson's Law: resource requirements
+	expand to consume the resources available.  Causes of software
+	bloat include {second-system effect} and {creeping
+	featuritis}.  Commonly cited examples include Unix's "{ls}(1)"
+	command, the {X Window System}, {BSD}, {Missed'em-five},
+	{OS/2} and any {Microsoft} product.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-10-16)
+
+Software bus
+
+	A support environment for heterogeneous distributed
+	processing, such as the ANSA Testbench.
+
+software copyright
+
+	<legal> {Copyright} on a piece of {software}.  Software raises
+	interesting questions in relation to copyright, such as what
+	constitutes a "performance" of a piece of software and which
+	aspects of software are restricted.
+
+	(2008-05-22)
+
+Software Description Database
+
+	<networking> {Archie}'s database of names and short
+	descriptions of many of the software packages, documents (like
+	{RFCs} and educational material), and data files that are
+	available via the {Internet}.
+
+	(1995-11-12)
+
+Software Developers Kit
+
+	<jargon, product> (SDK, or "Software Development Kit")
+	Software provided by a software vendor to allow their products
+	to be used with those of other software vendors.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+software development life cycle
+
+	{software life cycle}
+
+software enabling
+
+	<programming> (Or "enabling") Modification of the design or
+	implementation of software to allow {internationalisation} to
+	take place.
+
+	In particular, enabling may refer to the modification of
+	software to support double-byte character sets, hence
+	"{Unicode} enabling" and "double-byte enabling".
+
+	(1999-06-28)
+
+software engineering
+
+	<programming> (SE) A systematic approach to the analysis,
+	design, implementation and maintenance of {software}.  It
+	often involves the use of {CASE} tools.  There are various
+	models of the {software life-cycle}, and many {methodologies}
+	for the different phases.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+Software Engineering Environment
+
+	(SEE) A set of management and technical tools to support
+	software development, usually integrated in a coherent
+	framework; equivalent to an {IPSE}.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+software handshaking
+
+	<communications> The transmission of extra data on a channel
+	in order to control the device sending data in the other
+	direction on that channel.  For an {EIA-232} connection, this
+	means sending {Control-S} and {Control-Q} characters to stop
+	and start transmission.
+
+	Since software handshaking requires the transmission and
+	processing of extra data it can be less efficient than
+	{hardware handshaking}.
+
+	(1996-10-16)
+
+software interrupt
+
+	An {interrupt} caused by a specific {machine language}
+	operation code (e.g. the {Motorola 68000}'s TRAP, the {IBM
+	System/390}'s SVC or the {ARM}'s SWI) rather than by a
+	hardware event.
+
+	As with a hardware interrupt, this causes the processor to
+	store the current state, store identifying information about
+	the particular interrupt, and pass control to a first level
+	{interrupt handler}.
+
+	A {trap} is similar except that it is caused by an unexpected
+	software condition or error (e.g. divide by zero, undefined
+	instruction) rather than a deliberate instruction.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+Software in the Public Interest, Inc.
+
+	<company> (SPI) A non-profit corporation which helps
+	organisations develop and distribute {open hardware} and {open
+	software}.  SPI's goals are:
+
+	* to create, form and establish an organization to formulate
+	and provide software systems for use by the general public
+	without charge;
+
+	* to teach and train individuals regarding the use and
+	application of such systems;
+
+	* to hold classes, seminars and workshops concerning the
+	proper use and application of computers and computer systems;
+
+	* to endeavor to monitor and improve the quality of currently
+	existing publicly available software;
+
+	* to support, encourage and promote the creation and
+	development of software available to the general public;
+
+	* to provide information and education regarding the proper
+	use of the Internet;
+
+	* to organize, hold and conduct meetings, discussions and
+	forums on contemporary issues concerning the use of computers
+	and computer software;
+
+	* to foster, promote and increase access to software systems
+	available to the general public;
+
+	* to solicit, collect and otherwise raise money and to expend
+	such funds in furtherance of the goals and activities of the
+	corporation;
+
+	* to aid, assist, cooperate, co-sponsor and otherwise
+	engage in concerted action with private, educational and
+	governmental organisations and associations on all issues
+	and matters concerning the use of computers and computer
+	software and;
+
+	* generally to endeavor to promote, foster and advance
+	interest in computers and computer software by all available
+	means and methods.
+
+	SPI currently supports {Berlin}, {Debian}, {GNOME}, {LSB},
+	{Open Source}.
+
+	{SPI Home (http://spi-inc.org/)}.
+
+	(2002-04-14)
+
+software laser
+
+	An optical laser works by bouncing photons back and forth
+	between two mirrors, one totally reflective and one partially
+	reflective.  If the lasing material (usually a crystal) has
+	the right properties, photons scattering off the atoms in the
+	crystal will excite cascades of more photons, all in lockstep.
+	Eventually the beam will escape through the partially
+	reflective mirror.
+
+	One kind of {sorcerer's apprentice mode} involving {bounce
+	messages} can produce closely analogous results, with a
+	{cascade} of messages escaping to flood nearby systems.  By
+	mid-1993 there had been at least two publicised incidents of
+	this kind.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+software law
+
+	<legal> Software may, under various circumstances and in
+	various countries, be restricted by patent or {copyright} or
+	both.  Most commercial software is sold under some kind of
+	{software license}.
+
+	A patent normally covers the design of something with a
+	function such as a machine or process.  Copyright restricts
+	the right to make and distribute copies of something written
+	or recorded, such as a song or a book of recipies.  Software
+	has both these aspects - it embodies functional design in the
+	{algorithms} and data structures it uses and it could also be
+	considered as a recording which can be copied and "performed"
+	(run).
+
+	"{Look and feel}" lawsuits attempt to monopolize well-known
+	command languages; some have succeeded.  {Copyrights} on
+	command languages enforce gratuitous incompatibility, close
+	opportunities for competition, and stifle incremental
+	improvements.
+
+	{Software patents} are even more dangerous; they make every
+	design decision in the development of a program carry a risk
+	of a lawsuit, with draconian pretrial seizure.  It is
+	difficult and expensive to find out whether the techniques you
+	consider using are patented; it is impossible to find out
+	whether they will be patented in the future.
+
+	The proper use of {copyright} is to prevent {software piracy}
+	- unauthorised duplication of software.  This is completely
+	different from copying the idea behind the program in the same
+	way that photocopying a book differs from writing another book
+	on the same subject.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:misc.legal.computing}.
+
+	["The Software Developer's and Marketer's Legal Companion",
+	Gene K. Landy, 1993, AW, 0-201-62276-9].
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+software life-cycle
+
+	<programming> The phases a software product goes through
+	between when it is conceived and when it is no longer
+	available for use.  The software life-cycle typically includes
+	the following: {requirements analysis}, {design},
+	construction, testing ({validation}), installation, operation,
+	maintenance, and retirement.
+
+	The development process tends to run iteratively through these
+	phases rather than linearly; several models (spiral, waterfall
+	etc.) have been proposed to describe this process.
+
+	Other processes associated with a software product are:
+	quality assurance, marketing, sales and support.
+
+	(1996-12-27)
+
+Software Method
+
+	{Software Methodology}
+
+Software Methodology
+
+	<programming> The study of how to navigate through each phase
+	of the software process model (determining data, control, or
+	uses hierarchies, partitioning functions, and allocating
+	requirements) and how to represent phase products (structure
+	charts, stimulus-response threads, and {state transition
+	diagrams}).
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+software metric
+
+	<programming> A measure of software quality which indicates
+	the complexity, understandability, testability, description
+	and intricacy of code.
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+software patent
+
+	<legal> A patent intended to prevent others from using some
+	programming technique.
+
+	There have been several infamous patents for software
+	techniques which most experienced programmers would consider
+	fundamental or trivial, such as the idea of using
+	{exclusive-or} to plot a cursor on a {bitmap display}.  The
+	spread of software patents could stifle innovation and make
+	programming much harder because programmers would have to
+	worry about patents when designing or choosing {algorithms}.
+
+	There are over ten thousand software patents in the US, and
+	several thousand more are issued each year.  Each one may be
+	owned by, or could be bought by, a grasping company whose
+	lawyers carefully plan to attack people at their most
+	vulnerable moments.  Of course, they couch the threat as a
+	"reasonable offer" to save you miserable years in court.
+	"Divide and conquer" is the watchword: pursue one group at a
+	time, while advising the rest of us to relax because we are in
+	no danger today.
+
+	Compuserve developed the {GIF} format for graphical images
+	many years ago, not knowing about {Unisys}'s 1985 patent
+	covering the {LZW} data compression {algorithm} used in GIF.
+	GIF was subsequently adopted widely on the {Internet}.  In
+	1994 Unisys threatened to sue Compuserve, forcing them to
+	impose a sublicensing agreement for GIF on their users.
+	Compuserve users can accept this agreement now, or face Unisys
+	later on their own.  The rest of us don't have a choice -- we
+	get to face Unisys when they decide it's our turn.  So much
+	trouble from just one software patent.
+
+	Patents in the UK can't describe {algorithms} or mathematical
+	methods.
+
+	See also {LPF}, {software law}.
+
+	{patent search
+	(http://sunsite.unc.edu/patents/intropat.html)}.
+
+	(1995-01-06)
+
+software piracy
+
+	<software> Making or distributing unauthorised copies of
+	{software}, either for kudos or for profit.  See {software
+	theft}.
+
+	(2010-02-03)
+
+software pirate
+
+	<software, legal> Someone engaged in {software piracy}.
+
+	(2010-02-03)
+
+Software Practice and Experience
+
+	<publication> (SPE) A journal about {software}.
+
+	{(http://columbus.cs.nott.ac.uk/compsci/spe/)}.
+
+	[Publisher?  UK?]
+
+	(1997-12-12)
+
+Software Productivity Centre
+
+	<body> (SPC) A non-profit organisation based in Vancouver, BC,
+	Canada with the mandate to assist software developers to
+	improve their {software engineering} process.
+
+	(1998-10-13)
+
+Software Publishing Certificate
+
+	<security> (SPC) A {public key certification standard} (PKCS)
+	#7 signed data object containing {X.509} {certificates}.  SPCs
+	are used for {digital signatures} as applicable to computer
+	software.
+
+	(2007-05-16)
+
+Software Publishing Corporation
+
+	<company> (SPC) The company that produces {Harvard Graphics}.
+
+	{(http://spco.com/)}.
+
+	(1998-10-13)
+
+software reliability
+
+	See also {formal methods}, {safety-critical system}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.sei.cmu.edu/pub/depend-sw)}.  Mailing list:
+	depend-sw@sei.cmu.edu.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+software rot
+
+	<programming> The tendency of software that has not been used
+	in a while to fail; such failure may be semi-humorously
+	ascribed to {bit rot}.  More commonly, "software rot" strikes
+	when a program's assumptions become out of date.  If the
+	design was insufficiently {robust}, this may cause it to fail
+	in mysterious ways.
+
+	For example, owing to shortsightedness in the design of some
+	COBOL programs, many would have succumbed to software rot when
+	their 2-digit year counters wrapped around at the beginning of
+	the year 2000.  A related incident made the news in 1990, when
+	a gentleman born in 1889 applied for a driver's licence
+	renewal in Raleigh, North Carolina.  The system refused to
+	issue the card, probably because with 2-digit years the ages
+	101 and 1 cannot be distinguished.
+
+	Historical note: Software rot in an even funnier sense than
+	the mythical one was a real problem on early research
+	computers (e.g. the {R1}; see {grind crank}).  If a program
+	that depended on a peculiar instruction hadn't been run in
+	quite a while, the user might discover that the {opcodes} no
+	longer did the same things they once did.  ("Hey, so-and-so
+	needs an instruction to do such-and-such.  We can {snarf} this
+	opcode, right?  No one uses it.")
+
+	Another classic example of this sprang from the time an {MIT}
+	hacker found a simple way to double the speed of the
+	unconditional jump instruction on a {PDP-6}, so he patched the
+	hardware.  Unfortunately, this broke some fragile timing
+	software in a music-playing program, throwing its output out
+	of tune.  This was fixed by adding a defensive initialisation
+	routine to compare the speed of a timing loop with the
+	real-time clock; in other words, it figured out how fast the
+	PDP-6 was that day, and corrected appropriately.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2002-02-22)
+
+software theft
+
+	<legal> Unauthorised duplication and/or use of computer
+	{software}.  This usually means unauthorised copying, either
+	by individuals for use by themselves or their friends or by
+	companies who then sell the illegal copies to users.  Many
+	kinds of {software protection} have been invented to try to
+	reduce software theft but, with sufficient effort, it is
+	always possible to bypass or "crack" the protection, and
+	{software protection} is often annoying for legitimate users.
+
+	Software theft in 1994 was estimated to have cost $15 billion
+	in worldwide lost revenues to software publishers.  It is an
+	offence in the UK under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
+	1988, which states that "The owner of the copyright has the
+	exclusive right to copy the work."
+
+	It is estimated that European software houses alone lose $6
+	billion per year through the unlawful copying and distribution
+	of software, with much of this loss being through business
+	users rather than "basement hackers".  One Italian pirating
+	operation employed over 100 staff and had a turnover of $10M.
+
+	It is illegal to: 1. Copy or distribute software or its
+	documentation without the permission or licence of the
+	copyright owner.  2. Run purchased software on two or more
+	computers simultaneously unless the licence specifically
+	allows it.  3. Knowingly or unknowingly allow, encourage or
+	pressure employees to make or use illegal copies sources
+	within the organisation.  4. Infringe laws against
+	unauthorised software copying because someone compels or
+	requests it.  5. Loan software in order that a copy be made of
+	it.
+
+	When software is upgraded it is generally the case that the
+	licence accompanying the new version revokes the old version.
+	This means that it is illegal to run both the old and new
+	versions as only the new version is licensed.
+
+	Both individuals and companies may be convicted of piracy
+	offences.  Officers of a company are also liable to conviction
+	if the offences were carried out by the company with their
+	consent.  On conviction, the guilty party can face
+	imprisonment for up to two years (five in USA), an unlimited
+	fine or both as well as being sued for copyright infringement
+	(with no limit) by the copyright owner.
+
+	Because copying software is easy, some think that it is less
+	wrong than, say, stealing it from a shop.  In fact, both
+	deprive software producers of income.
+
+	Software theft should be reported to the {Federation Against
+	Software Theft} (FAST).
+
+	See also {Business Software Alliance}, {software audit},
+	{software law}.
+
+	(2003-06-17)
+
+Software through Pictures
+
+	<programming, tool> (StP) A set of {CASE} tools distributed by
+	{Aonix (http://aonix.com/)}.
+
+	(1999-05-21)
+
+software tool
+
+	<programming> A program that aids in the development of other
+	programs.  It may assist the programmer in the design, code,
+	compile, link, edit, or debug phases.
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+Software Verification Research Centre
+
+	<body> (SVRC) A Special Research Centre of the Australian
+	Research Council.  Its mission is to create improved methods
+	and tools, of industrial significance, for developing
+	{verified software}.  Two of the SVRC's core projects are the
+	{Cogito} methodology and the {Ergo} {proof tool}.
+
+	(1995-11-14)
+
+Software Writer's Language
+
+	<language> (SWL) /swil/ An industrial strength dialect of
+	{Pascal} that allowed multiple {source code} files, originally
+	developed at {Control Data Corporation} (CDC) prior to 1973.
+	Development continued at the {Integrated Systems Laboratory}.
+	SWL was adopted by NCR as its corporate {operating system} and
+	{compiler} implementation language (1978-1982+).  The NCR SWL
+	dialect was renamed NCRL (NCR Language) in 1981 and continued
+	development [until ?].
+
+	(2003-12-31)
+
+softwarily
+
+	/soft-weir'i-lee/ In a way pertaining to software.  "The
+	system is softwarily unreliable."  The adjective "softwary" is
+	*not* used.  See {hardwarily}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+softy
+
+	(IBM) {Hardware} hackers' term for a {software} expert who is
+	largely ignorant of the mysteries of hardware.
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+SOH
+
+	{Start Of Header}
+
+SOHIO
+
+	An early system on the {IBM 705}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+SoHo
+
+	{small-office/home-office.}
+
+SOIF
+
+	{Summary Object Interchange Format}
+
+SOJ
+
+	{Small Outline J}
+
+SOL
+
+	1. <language> {Simulation Oriented Language}.
+
+	2. {Second-Order lambda-calculus}.
+
+	3. Semantic Operating Language.  Language for manipulating
+	semantic networks for building cognitive models, particularly
+	for natural language understanding.  "Explorations in
+	Cognition", D.A. Norman et al, W.H.  Freeman 1974.
+
+	4. Shit Outta Luck.
+
+Solaris
+
+	<operating system> {Sun Microsystems, Inc.}'s version of the
+	{Unix} {operating system}.  As well as the core operating
+	system, Solaris inludes networking software, the {Java Virtual
+	Machine}, the {CDE}/Desktop that includes an {X11}-based
+	{windowing environment} and {graphical user interface}.
+
+	Sun claim that Solaris is not just an operating system but an
+	"operating environment".
+
+	Solaris 1.x was a retroactive (marketing?) name for {SunOS}
+	4.1.x (where x>=1).
+
+	Solaris 2.x (which is the first version most people call
+	"Solaris") includes SunOS5.x, which is an SVR4-derived Unix,
+	{OpenWindows} 3.x, and {tooltalk}.
+
+	Version 2.7 ("Solaris 7") was around in 1999-03-02.  Version
+	2.8 was released in June 2000.  Latest version: 9, as of
+	2002-07-15.
+
+	{(http://sun.com/solaris/)}.
+
+	(2002-07-15)
+
+solid state
+
+	<electronics> (Often hyphenated when used as an adjective) A
+	term describing any device that uses {semiconductor}
+	components rather than {electron tubes} or {relays}.
+	Semiconductors are "solid" in that they contain no gas
+	("vacuum" tubes contain a small amount as the vacuum is not
+	perfect) or moving parts (like relays), but probably more
+	important is the connotation of reliability and durability
+	that made possible things like portable radios.
+
+	(2007-09-21)
+
+Solid State Disk
+
+	(SSD) <storage> Any kind of {solid-state storage device} that
+	appears to the system as a disk drive.  SSDs are more expensive
+	that the same capacity of magnetic disk but have much shorter
+	{access time}.
+
+	(2013-04-27)
+
+solid-state storage device
+
+	<storage> Any memory component with no moving parts, typically
+	built around some kind of semiconductor {integrated circuit}.
+	An example is {bubble memory}.
+
+	See also: {RAM disk}.
+
+	(2001-12-31)
+
+SOLO
+
+	[SOL (Semantic Operating Language) + LOGO].  A variant of
+	{LOGO} with primitives for dealing with {semantic networks}
+	and {pattern matching} rather than lists.
+
+	["A User-Friendly Software Environment for the Novice
+	Programmer", M. Eisenstadt <marc@open.ac.uk>, CACM
+	27(12):1056-1064 (1983)].
+
+solution
+
+	<jargon> A {marketroid} term for something he wants to sell
+	you without bothering you with the often dizzying distinctions
+	between {hardware}, {software}, {services}, {applications},
+	{file formats}, companies, brand names and {operating
+	systems}.
+
+	"{Flash} is a perfect image-streaming solution."  "What is
+	it?"  "Um...  about a thousand dollars."
+
+	See also: {technology}.
+
+	(1998-07-07)
+
+Solution Based Modelling
+
+	(SBM) A software development process described in the book
+	"Developing Object-Oriented Software for the Macintosh"
+	written by Neal Goldstein and Jeff Alger, published by Addison
+	Wesley in 1992.
+
+Solve
+
+	Parallel object-oriented language.  "Message Pattern
+	Specifications: A New Technique for Handling Errors in
+	Parallel Object- Oriented Systems", J.A. Purchase et al,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 25(10):116-125 (OOPSLA/ECOOP '90) (Oct 1990).
+
+SOM
+
+	System Object Model.  An implementation of CORBA by IBM.
+
+Somar DumpAcl
+
+	<tool> A utilty which provides a concise report of {Windows
+	NT} file system permissions, to help find holes in system
+	security.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+Somar Software
+
+	<company> The distributors of {Somar DumpAcl} and other
+	utilities for {Windows NT}.
+
+	{(http://somar.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Washington, DC, USA.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+some random X
+
+	<jargon> Used to indicate a member of class X, with the
+	implication that Xs are interchangeable.  "I think some random
+	cracker tripped over the guest timeout last night."
+
+	See also {J. Random}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+Sonata
+
+	<operating system> The code name for the major {Mac OS}
+	release due in mid-1999.
+
+	{(http://devworld.apple.com/mkt/informed/appledirections/mar97/roadmap.html)}.
+
+	(1997-10-15)
+
+SONET
+
+	{Synchronous Optical NETwork}
+
+Sony Playstation
+
+	{Playstation}
+
+SORCERER
+
+	<tool> A simple tree {parser generator} by Terence Parr
+	<parrt@s1.arc.umn.edu>.
+
+	SORCERER is suitable for translation problems lying between
+	those solved by {code generator} generators and by full
+	source-to-source translator generators.  SORCERER generates
+	simple, flexible, top-down, tree {parsers} that, in contrast
+	to code generators, may execute actions at any point during a
+	tree walk.  SORCERER accepts {extended BNF} notation, allows
+	{predicates} to direct the tree walk with {semantic} and
+	{syntactic} context information, and does not rely on any
+	particular intermediate form, parser generator, or other
+	pre-existing application.
+
+	SORCERER is included in the {Purdue Compiler-Construction Tool
+	Set}.
+
+	Version: 1.00B
+
+	{(ftp://marvin.ecn.purdue.edu/pub/pccts/sorcerer/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <parrt@acm.org> ("e-mail sor.tar.Z.uu" in subject).
+
+	Mailing list: pccts-users-request@ahpcrc.umn.edu (message
+	body: "subscribe pccts-users YOUR-NAME", where YOUR-NAME can
+	be your name or e-mail address).
+
+	(1994-02-15)
+
+sorcerer's apprentice mode
+
+	<networking> (From Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's "Der
+	Zauberlehrling", via the Walt Disney film "Fantasia") A {bug}
+	in a {protocol} where, under some circumstances, the receipt
+	of a message causes multiple messages to be sent, each of
+	which, when received, triggers the same bug.  Used especially
+	of such behaviour caused by {bounce message} loops in
+	{electronic mail} software.
+
+	Compare {broadcast storm}, {network meltdown}, {software
+	laser}, {ARMM}.
+
+	{Der Zauberlehrling
+	(http://unix-ag.uni-kl.de/~conrad/lyrics/zauber.html)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-10-08)
+
+sort
+
+	1. <application, algorithm> To arrange a collection of items
+	in some specified order.  The items - {records} in a file or
+	data structures in memory - consist of one or more {fields} or
+	members.  One of these fields is designated as the "sort key"
+	which means the records will be ordered according to the value
+	of that field.  Sometimes a sequence of key fields is
+	specified such that if all earlier keys are equal then the
+	later keys will be compared.  Within each field some ordering
+	is imposed, e.g. ascending or descending numerical, {lexical
+	ordering}, or date.
+
+	Sorting is the subject of a great deal of study since it is a
+	common operation which can consume a lot of computer time.
+	There are many well-known sorting {algorithms} with different
+	time and space behaviour and programming {complexity}.
+
+	Examples are {quicksort}, {insertion sort}, {bubble sort},
+	{heap sort}, and {tree sort}.  These employ many different
+	data structures to store sorted data, such as {arrays},
+	{linked lists}, and {binary trees}.
+
+	2. <tool> The {Unix} utility program for sorting lines of
+	files.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: sort(1).
+
+	(1997-02-12)
+
+sorting
+
+	{sort}
+
+SOS
+
+	1. {Scheme Object System}.
+
+	2. An infamously {losing} text editor.  Once, back in the
+	1960s, when a text editor was needed for the {PDP-6}, a hacker
+	{crufted} together a {quick-and-dirty} "stopgap editor" to be
+	used until a better one was written.  Unfortunately, the old
+	one was never really discarded when new ones (in particular,
+	{TECO}) came along.  SOS is a descendant ("Son of Stopgap") of
+	that editor, and many {PDP-10} users gained the dubious
+	pleasure of its acquaintance.  Since then other programs
+	similar in style to SOS have been written, notably the early
+	font editor BILOS /bye'lohs/, the Brother-In-Law Of Stopgap
+	(the alternate expansion "Bastard Issue, Loins of Stopgap" has
+	been proposed).
+
+	3. The {PDP-10} instruction to decrease a value.  Oppose
+	{AOS}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+sound
+
+	1. {audio}.
+
+	2. <logic> An {inference system} A is sound with respect to
+	another system B if A can only reach conclusions which are
+	true in B.  A {type inference} system is considered sound with
+	respect to a {semantics} if the type inferred for an
+	expression is the same as the type inferred for the meaning of
+	that expression under the semantics.
+
+	The dual to soundness is {complete}ness.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+Sound Blaster
+
+	<hardware> The best known family of {sound cards} for the {IBM
+	PC} from {Creative Labs}.
+
+	[Features?  Models?  Reference?]
+
+	(1998-04-28)
+
+sound card
+
+	A plug-in optional circuit card for an {IBM PC}.  It provides
+	high-quality stereo sound output under program control.  A
+	"{multimedia}" PC usually includes a sound card.  One of the
+	best known is the {Sound Blaster}.
+
+	[Other kinds?]
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+soundex
+
+	<algorithm, text> An {algorithm} for encoding a word so that
+	similar sounding words encode the same.  The first letter is
+	copied unchanged then subsequent letters are encoded as
+	follows:
+
+		bfpv	 -> "1"
+		cgjkqsxz -> "2"
+		dt	  	 -> "3"
+		l	  	 -> "4"
+		mn	  	 -> "5"
+		r	  	 -> "6"
+
+	Other characters are ignored and repeated characters are
+	encoded as though they were a single character.  Encoding
+	stops when the resulting string is four characters long,
+	adding trailing "0"s if it is shorter.  For example, "SMITH"
+	or "SMYTHE" would both be encoded as "S530".
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+soundness
+
+	The quality of being {sound} (2).
+
+source
+
+	{source code}
+
+source code
+
+	<language, programming> (Or "source", or rarely "source language")
+	The form in which a {computer program} ({software}) is written by
+	the {programmer}.  Source code is written in some formal
+	{programming language} which can be {compiled} automatically into
+	{object code} or {machine code} or executed by an {interpreter}.
+
+	Source code might be stored in a {source code management} system.
+
+	If you have the source code for a program rather than just its
+	compiled, executable form, then you can, with the right tools,
+	modify it to fix {bugs} or add new {features}.  This is the basis
+	of the {open source} philosophy - empowering people to improve the
+	software they use for the benefit of themselves and others.
+
+	The {Jargon File} would have us believe that an old-time hacker
+	might refer to source code informally as "English", with the
+	implication that to him his favourite {programming language} is at
+	least as readable as English.
+
+	(2014-06-27)
+
+source code control
+
+	{source code management}
+
+source code escrow
+
+	<software> An arrangement where some {source code} is held in
+	{escrow} by a third party as long as it is supported by the
+	vendors, but should they cease to support it, it becomes the
+	property of the purchasers so that they can arrange for its
+	continued maintenance.
+
+	(1999-12-14)
+
+source code management
+
+	<software> The use of software systems to help program
+	developers keep track of version history of {source code}
+	{modules} as well as {releases}, parallel versions ({code
+	branches}), etc.  The free {CVS} was an early example, mostly
+	replaced by {Subversion} and {git}.  {Perforce} is a powerful
+	commercial product.  {SCCS} was once popular on {Unix} and
+	{VSS} is {Microsoft}'s offering.
+
+	(2011-12-16)
+
+source language
+
+	{source code}
+
+source-level debugger
+
+	<programming, tool> A {debugger} that shows the programmer the
+	line or {expression} in the {source code} that resulted in a
+	particular {machine code} instruction of a running program
+	loaded in memory.  This helps the programmer to analyse a
+	program's behaviour in the high-level terms like source-level
+	{flow control} constructs, {procedure} calls, named
+	{variables}, etc instead of {machine instructions} and memory
+	locations.  Source-level debugging also makes it possible to
+	step through execution a line at a time and set source-level
+	{breakpoints}.
+
+	In order to support source-level debugging, the program must
+	be compiled with this option enabled so that extra information
+	is included in the executable code to identify the
+	corresponding positions in the source code.
+
+	A {symbolic debugger} is one level lower - it displays symbols
+	(procedure and variable names) stored in the executable but
+	not individual source code lines.
+
+	{GDB} is a widely used example of a source-level debugger.
+
+	(2007-04-03)
+
+source of all good bits
+
+	<jargon, job> A person from whom (or a place from which)
+	useful information may be obtained.  If you need to know about
+	a program, a {guru} might be the source of all good bits.  The
+	title is often applied to a particularly competent secretary.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-01-27)
+
+source package
+
+	<software> A collection (usually an {archive} file) containing
+	all the files necessary to build and modify a piece of
+	software.
+
+	A {Debian} source package includes the original source archive
+	(.orig.tar.gz), Debianisation diffs
+	(-<debian-version>.diff.gz) and a Debian source control file
+	(-<debian-version>.dsc).
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+source route
+
+	<messaging> An {electronic mail address} which specifies the
+	route the message should take as a sequence of {hostnames}.
+	It is called a source route because the route is determined at
+	the source of the message rather than at each stage as is now
+	more common.  The most common kind of source route is a {UUCP}
+	style {bang path}, "foo!bar!baz!fred'.  The {RFC 822} syntax,
+	"@foo:@bar:fred@baz", is seldom seen because most systems
+	which understand RFC 822 also perform automatic routing based
+	on the destination hostname.  A third, intermediate, form is
+	sometimes seen: "fred%baz%bar@foo.com".
+
+source routing
+
+	{source route}
+
+southbridge
+
+	<architecture> The {integrated circuit} in a {core logic}
+	{chip set} that controls the {IDE} bus, {USB}, {plug-n-play}
+	support, the {PCI}-{ISA} bridge, keyboard/mouse controller,
+	{power management}, and various other features.  One brand
+	provides {sound card} functions.
+
+	Other functions are provided by the {northbridge} chip.
+
+	{(http://maximumpc.com/terminator/terminator_s.html)}.
+
+	(2000-01-15)
+
+SP
+
+	Simplicity and Power.
+
+	A {Prolog}-like language.
+
+	["Simplicity and Power - Simplifying Ideas in Computing",
+	J.G. Wolff, Computer J 33(6):518-534 (Dec 1990)].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+SP2
+
+	{SP/2}
+
+	[Which is correct?]
+
+SP/2
+
+	Scalable POWERparallel 2.
+
+	A line of {RISC}-based processors from {IBM} using {symmetric
+	multi-processing}.  SP/2 replaced SP/1.
+
+	The SP2 is a classical {MPP} design, based on a {Shared
+	Nothing} architecture.  The SP2 is an example of the
+	{Distributed Memory Processor} (DMP) parallel model, with
+	individual nodes interconnected over a {LAN}, or a
+	High-Performance Switch (HPS).  SP2 systems can have from 2 to
+	512 nodes.  Each node is a {RISC system/6000} running {IBM}'s
+	{AIX} {operating system}.
+
+	The SP2 supports applications in both technical and commercial
+	environments.  In terms of commercial applications, the SP2 is
+	typically being used in support of, {MIS}/{DSS} including
+	{data mining}, {business applications} e.g. {SAP}, {Alternative
+	Mainframe}/{Mainframe Offload}, {LAN Server Consolidation}.
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+space
+
+	<character> The space character, {ASCII} 32.
+
+	See {octal forty}.
+
+	(2007-01-29)
+
+space bar
+
+	<hardware> (Or "space key") The extra-wide {key} at the near
+	edge of every {keyboard} that is used to enter a {space}
+	character.
+
+	In some {Graphical User Interfaces}, the space bar can be used
+	to select the current item where the context does not allow
+	text entry, e.g. when the {input focus} is on a {push button}
+	or {tick box}.
+
+	(2007-01-29)
+
+space-cadet keyboard
+
+	A now-legendary device used on {MIT} {Lisp} machines, which
+	inspired several still-current jargon terms and influenced the
+	design of {Emacs}.  It was equipped with no fewer than *seven*
+	shift keys: four keys for {bucky bits} ("control", "meta",
+	"hyper", and "super") and three like regular shift keys,
+	called "shift", "top", and "front".  Many keys had three
+	symbols on them: a letter and a symbol on the top, and a Greek
+	letter on the front.  For example, the "L" key had an "L" and
+	a two-way arrow on the top, and the Greek letter lambda on the
+	front.  By pressing this key with the right hand while playing
+	an appropriate "chord" with the left hand on the shift keys,
+	you could get the following results:
+
+	 L		lowercase l
+
+	 shift-L	uppercase L
+
+	 front-L	lowercase lambda
+
+	 front-shift-L	uppercase lambda
+
+	 top-L		two-way arrow
+
+	(front and shift are ignored) And of course each of these
+	might also be typed with any combination of the control, meta,
+	hyper, and super keys.  On this keyboard, you could type over
+	8000 different characters!  This allowed the user to type very
+	complicated mathematical text, and also to have thousands of
+	single-character commands at his disposal.  Many hackers were
+	actually willing to memorise the command meanings of that many
+	characters if it reduced typing time (this attitude obviously
+	shaped the interface of {Emacs}).  Other hackers, however,
+	thought that many {bucky bits} was overkill, and objected that
+	such a keyboard can require three or four hands to operate.
+
+	See {cokebottle}, {double bucky}, {meta bit}, {quadruple
+	bucky}.
+
+	Note: early versions of this entry incorrectly identified the
+	space-cadet keyboard with the "Knight keyboard".  Though both
+	were designed by Tom Knight, the latter term was properly
+	applied only to a keyboard used for {ITS} on the {PDP-10} and
+	modelled on the Stanford keyboard (as described under {bucky
+	bits}).  The true space-cadet keyboard evolved from the Knight
+	keyboard.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+space complexity
+
+	<complexity> The way in which the amount of storage space
+	required by an {algorithm} varies with the size of the problem
+	it is solving.  Space complexity is normally expressed as an
+	order of magnitude, e.g. O(N^2) means that if the size of the
+	problem (N) doubles then four times as much working storage
+	will be needed.
+
+	See also {computational complexity}, {time complexity}.
+
+	(1996-05-08)
+
+space key
+
+	{space bar}
+
+space leak
+
+	A data structure which grows bigger, or lives longer, than
+	might be expected.  Such unexpected memory use can cause a
+	program to require more {garbage collections} or to run out of
+	{heap}.  Space leaks in {functional programs} usually result
+	from excessive laziness.  For example, the {Haskell} function
+
+		sum []     = 0
+		sum (x:xs) = x + sum xs
+
+	when applied to a list will build a chain of closures for the
+	additions and only when it reaches the end of the list will it
+	perform the additions and free the storage.  Another example
+	is the function
+
+		mean l = sum l / length l
+
+	The sum function forces the entire list l to be evaluated and
+	built in the heap.  None of it can be garbage collected until
+	the length function has consumed it.
+
+SPACEWAR
+
+	<games> A space-combat simulation game for the {PDP-1} written
+	in 1960-61 by Steve Russell, an employee at {MIT}.  SPACEWAR
+	was inspired by E. E. "Doc" Smith's "Lensman" books, in which
+	two spaceships duel around a central sun, shooting torpedoes
+	at each other and jumping through hyperspace.  MIT were
+	wondering what to do with a new {vector video display} so
+	Steve wrote the world's first video game.  Steve now lives in
+	California and still writes software for {HC12} {emulators}.
+
+	SPACEWAR aficionados formed the core of the early hacker
+	culture at {MIT}.  Nine years later, a descendant of the game
+	motivated {Ken Thompson} to build, in his spare time on a
+	scavenged {PDP-7}, the {operating system} that became {Unix}.
+	Less than nine years after that, SPACEWAR was commercialised
+	as one of the first video games; descendants are still
+	{feep}ing in video arcades everywhere.
+
+	["SPACEWAR" or "Space Travel"?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-07-19)
+
+SPADE
+
+	Specification Processing And Dependency Extraction.
+	Specification language.  G.S. Boddy, ICL Mainframes Div,
+	FLAG/UD/3DR.003
+
+spaghetti code
+
+	<programming> A pejorative term for code with a complex and
+	tangled {control structure}, especially one using many
+	{GOTOs}, {exceptions}, or other "unstructured" branching
+	constructs.  The synonym "kangaroo code" has been reported,
+	doubtless because such code has so many jumps in it.
+
+	{Object-oriented programming} may also feature {spaghetti
+	inheritance} or {spaghetti with meatballs code}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2013-07-31)
+
+spaghetti inheritance
+
+	<humour, programming> A term used by users of {object-oriented}
+	languages with inheritance, such as {Smalltalk} for a convoluted
+	{class}-subclass graph, often resulting from carelessly deriving
+	subclasses from other classes just for the sake of reusing their
+	code.  Coined to discourage such practice, through
+	guilt-by-association with {spaghetti code}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2013-07-31)
+
+spaghetti with meatballs code
+
+	<humour, programming> {Object-oriented code} that depends on messy
+	procedural {spaghetti code}.  May also feature {spaghetti
+	inheritance}.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2013-07-31)
+
+spam
+
+	1. <messaging> (From Hormel's Spiced Ham, via the Monty Python
+	"Spam" song) To post irrelevant or inappropriate messages to
+	one or more {Usenet} {newsgroups}, {mailing lists}, or other
+	messaging system in deliberate or accidental violation of
+	{netiquette}.
+
+	It is possible to spam a newsgroup with one well- (or ill-)
+	planned message, e.g. asking "What do you think of abortion?"
+	on soc.women.  This can be done by {cross-post}ing, e.g. any
+	message which is crossposted to alt.rush-limbaugh and
+	alt.politics.homosexuality will almost inevitably spam both
+	groups.  (Compare {troll} and {flame bait}).
+
+	Posting a message to a significant proportion of all
+	newsgroups is a sure way to spam Usenet and become an object
+	of almost universal hatred.  Canter and Siegel spammed the net
+	with their Green card post.
+
+	If you see an article which you think is a deliberate spam, DO
+	NOT post a {follow-up} - doing so will only contribute to the
+	general annoyance.  Send a polite message to the poster by
+	private e-mail and CC it to "postmaster" at the same address.
+	Bear in mind that the posting's origin might have been forged
+	or the apparent sender's account might have been used by
+	someone else without his permission.
+
+	The word was coined as the winning entry in a 1937 competition
+	to choose a name for Hormel Foods Corporation's "spiced meat"
+	(now officially known as "SPAM luncheon meat").  Correspondant
+	Bob White claims the modern use of the term predates Monty
+	Python by at least ten years.  He cites an editor for the
+	Dallas Times Herald describing Public Relations as "throwing a
+	can of spam into an electric fan just to see if any of it
+	would stick to the unwary passersby."
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:news.admin.net-abuse}.
+
+	See also {netiquette}.
+
+	2. (A narrowing of sense 1, above) To indiscriminately send
+	large amounts of unsolicited {e-mail} meant to promote a
+	product or service.  Spam in this sense is sort of like the
+	electronic equivalent of junk mail sent to "Occupant".
+
+	In the 1990s, with the rise in commercial awareness of the
+	net, there are actually scumbags who offer spamming as a
+	"service" to companies wishing to advertise on the net.  They
+	do this by mailing to collections of {e-mail} addresses,
+	Usenet news, or mailing lists.  Such practises have caused
+	outrage and aggressive reaction by many net users against the
+	individuals concerned.
+
+	3. (Apparently a generalisation of sense 2, above) To abuse
+	any network service or tool by for promotional purposes.
+
+	"AltaVista is an {index}, not a promotional tool.  Attempts to
+	fill it with promotional material lower the value of the index
+	for everyone.  [...] We will disallow {URL} submissions from
+	those who spam the index.  In extreme cases, we will exclude
+	all their pages from the index." -- {Altavista}.
+
+	4. <jargon, programming> To crash a program by overrunning a
+	fixed-size {buffer} with excessively large input data.
+
+	See also {buffer overflow}, {overrun screw}, {smash the stack}.
+
+	5. <chat, games> (A narrowing of sense 1, above) To flood any
+	{chat} forum or {Internet game} with purposefully annoying
+	text or macros.  Compare {Scrolling}.
+
+	(2003-09-21)
+
+spamdex
+
+	<web> (Presumably from "{spam}", "index") {word
+	spamming}.
+
+	"Spamdexing has come a long way from the halcyon days of the
+	summer of 1995.  Back then, all one needed to do was add the
+	word 'sex' a thousand times at the end of a Web page to
+	attract attention from the likes of Lycos.  The search-engine
+	operators caught on fast" -- {Andrew Leonard, Hotwired 1996
+	(http://packet.com/packet/leonard/96/32/index3a.html)}.
+
+	(1997-04-09)
+
+spamming
+
+	{spam}
+
+spanning tree algorithm
+
+	<networking, standard> An {IEEE 802.1} standard providing
+	distributed {routing} over multiple {LAN}s connected by
+	{bridges}.
+
+	(2010-09-26)
+
+SPAR
+
+	Early system on Datatron 200 series.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16
+	(May 1959).
+
+SPARC
+
+	1. <processor> {Scalable Processor ARChitecture}.
+
+	2. <database> {ANSI/SPARC Architecture}.
+
+	(1999-02-27)
+
+SPARC International, Inc.
+
+	<body> An organisation established to promote the {Scalable
+	Processor ARChitecture} (SPARC).  Their main service is
+	conformance testing.  They also produce the "SPARC flash"
+	newsletter and publish lists of SPARC compliant machines
+	tested by SPARC International to be {binary compatible} with
+	other compliant machines.
+
+	{(http://sparc.com/)}.
+
+	SPARC(R) is a registered trademark of SPARC International,
+	Inc. in the United States and other countries.
+
+	(1995-01-04)
+
+SPARCStation
+
+	<computer> A family of {workstations} from {Sun Microsystems}
+	based on the {SPARC} architecture.  Models include the
+	{SPARCStation 1}, 1+, SLC, {SPARCStation ELC}, IPX,
+	{SPARCStation 5}, {SPARCStation 10} and {SPARCStation 20}.
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+SPARCstation 10
+
+	<computer> A {SPARCStation} with a 4-way associative {data
+	cache} and a five-way associative {instruction cache}.  The
+	10/31, 10/41 and 10/51 also have a {secondary cache} not
+	present on earlier {SPARCStations}.
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+SPARCstation 20
+
+	<computer> A {SPARCStation} based on the {HyperSPARC}
+	processor.  The 20 is compatible with the earlier
+	{SPARCstation 10}.  It has a {clock rate} of 100MHz and
+	delivers a {SPECfp92} of 127.6.
+
+	The SPARCstation 20 Model 71 and 712MP uses the 75MHz
+	{SuperSPARC} processors that give a 35% and 14% boost to
+	SPECint92 and SPECfp92 respectively compared to the 61/612MP.
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+SPARCsystem 4
+
+	<computer> A computer built with the {MicroSPARC ii} 70MHz
+	{CPU} as used in the {SPARC 5} Model 70.  The SPARCsystem 4 is
+	basically a cheaper, cut-down SPARC 5.  It has an 8-bit {pixel
+	accelerator} instead of the SBus Turbo GX card.  Memory
+	expansion is limited to 160 MB.  Availability was planned for
+	March/April 1995.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+SPARC Xterminal 1
+
+	<computer> {Sun}'s lowest cost networked {Unix} desktop, it is
+	board-upgradeable to a {SPARC 4}.  It comes with a choice of
+	{frame buffers}: 8-bit colour, {Turbo GX}, or Turbo GX plus.
+	This product was expected to replace the {SPARCclassic X}.  UK
+	availability was planned for March 1995.
+
+	(1995-02-08)
+
+SPARK
+
+	<language> An annotated subset of {Ada} supported by tools
+	supplied by {Praxis Critical Systems} (originally by PVL).
+
+	{(http://sparkada.com)}.
+
+	(2001-07-12)
+
+SPARK Annotation Language
+
+	<language> (SAL) {ICL}, Ltd.  Used in the verification of
+	{SPARK} programs against {Z} specifications.
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+SPARKS
+
+	<language> Fortran superset, used in Fundamentals of Data
+	Structures, E.  Horowitz & S. Sahni, Computer Science Press
+	1976.
+
+	(2007-03-21)
+
+sparse
+
+	A sparse {matrix} (or {vector}, or {array}) is one in which
+	most of the elements are zero.  If storage space is more
+	important than access speed, it may be preferable to store a
+	sparse matrix as a list of (index, value) pairs or use some
+	kind of {hash} scheme or {associative memory}.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+Spatial Technologies
+
+	<company> Distributors of the {ACIS} {solid modelling} engine.
+
+	[More info?]
+
+	(1999-06-29)
+
+spawn
+
+	<operating system> To create a {child process} in a
+	{multitasking} {operating system}.  E.g. {Unix}'s {fork}
+	{system call} or one of the spawn() library routines provided
+	by most {MS-DOS}, {Novell NetWare} and {OS/2} {C} compilers -
+	spawnl(), spawnle(), etc.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+SPC
+
+	1. <business> {Statistical Process Control}.  Something to do
+	with {quality management}.
+
+	[What is it?]
+
+	2. <body> {Software Productivity Centre}.
+
+	3. <company> {Software Publishing Corporation}.
+
+	4. <security> {Software Publishing Certificate}.
+
+SPD
+
+	{Serial Presence Detect}
+
+SPDL
+
+	Standard Page Description Language
+
+	A draft within the ODA standard.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+SPE
+
+	{Software Practice and Experience}
+
+Speakeasy
+
+	Simple array-oriented language with numerical integration and
+	differentiation, graphical output, aimed at statistical
+	analysis.
+
+	["Speakeasy", S. Cohen, SIGPLAN Notices 9(4), (Apr 1974)].
+
+	["Speakeasy-3 Reference Manual", S. Cohen et al. 1976].
+
+speaker
+
+	1. <audio, hardware> {loudspeaker}.
+
+	2. The person who is (assumed to be) talking.
+
+	(1996-12-01)
+
+SPEC
+
+	<benchmark, body> Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation.
+
+	A non-profit corporation registered in California formed to
+	"establish, maintain and endorse a standardized set of
+	relevant {benchmarks} that can be applied to the newest
+	generation of high-performance computers" (from SPEC's
+	bylaws).  The founders believe that the user community will
+	benefit greatly from an objective series of
+	applications-oriented tests, which can serve as common
+	reference points and be considered during the evaluation
+	process.
+
+	SPEC develops suites of {benchmarks} intended to measure
+	computer performance.  These are available to the public for a
+	fee covering development and administration costs.
+
+	The current (14 Nov 94) SPEC benchmark suites are: {CINT92}
+	(CPU intensive integer benchmarks); {CFP92} (CPU intensive
+	floating-point benchmarks); SDM (UNIX Software Development
+	Workloads); SFS (System level file server (NFS) workload).
+
+	{Results (ftp://ftp.cdf.toronto.edu/pub/spectable)}.
+
+	SPEC also publishes a quarterly report of SPEC news and
+	results, The SPEC Newsletter.  Some issues are {here
+	(http://performance.netlib.org/performance/html/spec.html)}.
+
+	There is a {FAQ} about SPEC {here
+	(http://performance.netlib.org/performance/html/specfaq.html)}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+Spec
+
+	A specification language.  It expresses {black box} interface
+	specifications for large distributed systems with {real-time}
+	constraints.  It incorporates conceptual models, {inheritance}
+	and the event model.  It is a descendant of {MSG.84}.
+
+	["An Introduction to the Specification Language Spec",
+	V. Berzins et al, IEEE Software 7(2):74-84 (Mar 1990)].
+
+spec
+
+	{specification}
+
+SPECbase_fp92
+
+	A variant of {SPECfp92} that reports "baseline" results, using
+	stricter run rules.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+SPECbase_int92
+
+	A variant of {SPECint92} that reports "baseline" results,
+	using stricter run rules.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+SPECbaserate
+
+	A variant of {SPECrate} that reports "baseline" results, using
+	stricter run rules.
+
+	See {SPECrate_base_fp92}, {SPECrate_base_int92}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+SPEC CFP92
+
+	<benchmark> A {benchmark} suite from {SPEC} containing 14
+	programs performing {floating-point} computations.  12 are
+	written in {Fortran} and two in {C}.  They can be used to
+	estimate the performance of CPU, memory system, and compiler
+	code generation.
+
+	The individual programs are Circuit Design, Simulation (2x),
+	Quantum Chemistry (3x), Electromagnetism, Geometric
+	Translation, Optics, Robotics, Medical Simulation, Quantum
+	Physics, Astrophysics, NASA Kernels.
+
+	The benchmark suite can be used either for speed measurement,
+	resulting in {SPEC ratios}, or for throughput measurement,
+	resulting in {SPEC rates}
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+SPEC CINT92
+
+	<benchmark> A {benchmark} suite from {SPEC}, which contains
+	six benchmarks in {C} performing integer computations. They
+	can be used to estimate the performance of CPU, memory system,
+	and compiler code generation.
+
+	The individual programs are Logic Design (2x), Interpreter,
+	Data Compression, Spreadsheet.  The approximate size of the
+	suite is 85500 lines of source code without comments.
+
+	The benchmark suite can be used either for speed measurement,
+	resulting in {SPEC ratios}, or for throughput measurement,
+	resulting in {SPEC rates}
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+SPECfp92
+
+	<benchmark> A {benchmark} result derived from the results of a
+	set of CPU intensive floating-point benchmarks from {SPEC}
+	(the {geometric mean} of the 14 {SPEC ratios} of {CFP92}).
+	SPECfp92 can be used to estimate a machine's single-tasking
+	performance on {floating-point} code.
+
+	{Results (ftp://ftp.nosc.mil/pub/aburto/specfp92.tbl)}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+SPECIAL
+
+	<language, specification> A specification language, developed
+	at {SRI} around 1976, used to specify the {abstract machines}
+	in {Hierarchical Design Methodology} (HDM).
+
+	["SPECIAL - A Specification and Assertion Language",
+	L. Robinson et al, TR CSL-46, SRI, Jan 1977].
+
+	(2012-07-08)
+
+special-case
+
+	To write unique code to handle input to or situations arising
+	in a program that are somehow distinguished from normal
+	processing.  This would be used for processing of mode
+	switches or interrupt characters in an interactive interface
+	(as opposed, say, to text entry or normal commands), or for
+	processing of {hidden flags} in the input of a batch program
+	or {filter}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Special Interest Group
+
+	(SIG) One of several technical areas, sponsored by the
+	{Association for Computing Machinery}.  Well-known SIGs
+	include SIGPLAN (the Special Interest Group on Programming
+	Languages), SIGARCH (the Special Interest Group for Computer
+	Architecture) and SIGGRAPH (the Special Interest Group for
+	Computer Graphics).
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+specialisation
+
+	A reduction in generality, usually for the sake of increased
+	efficiency.  If a piece of code is specialised for certain
+	values of certain variables (usually function arguments), this
+	is known as "{partial evaluation}".  In a language with
+	{overloading} (e.g. {Haskell}), an overloaded function might be
+	specialised to a non-overloaded instance at compile-time if
+	the types of its arguments are known.
+
+specification
+
+	<jargon> (spec) A document describing how some system should
+	work.
+
+	(2001-02-06)
+
+specific markup
+
+	In computerised document preparation, a method of adding
+	formatting commands to the text to control layout, such as new
+	line, new page, centre text etc.
+
+	Compare {generic markup}.
+
+	(2001-02-06)
+
+SPECint92
+
+	<benchmark> A {benchmark} result derived from the results of a
+	set of integer benchmarks from {SPEC} (geometric mean of the 6
+	{SPEC ratios} of {CINT92}) which can be used to estimate a
+	machine's single-tasking performance on integer code.
+
+	SPECint92 obsoletes SPECint89.
+
+	{Results (ftp://ftp.nosc.mil/pub/aburto/specin92.tbl)}.
+
+	See also {SPECbase_int92}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+SPECmark
+
+	<benchmark> The average of a set of {floating-point} and
+	integer {SPEC} {benchmark} results.
+
+	While the old average {SPECmark89} has been popular with the
+	industry and the press, {SPEC} has intentionally *not* defined
+	an average "SPECmark92" over all {CPU} {benchmarks} of the
+	1992 suites ({CINT92} and {CFP92}), for the following reasons:
+	With 6 integer ({CINT92}) and 14 {floating-point} ({CFP92})
+	benchmarks, the average would be biased too much toward
+	floating-point.  Customers' workloads are different, some
+	integer-only, some floating-point intensive, some mixed.
+	Current processors have developed their strengths in a more
+	diverse way (some more emphasizing integer performance, some
+	more floating-point performance) than in 1989.
+
+	Some SPECmark results are available {here
+	(ftp://ftp.cdf.toronto.edu/pub/spectable)}.
+
+	See also {SPECint92}, {SPECfp92}, {SPECrate_int92},
+	{SPECrate_fp92}.
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+SPECmark89
+
+	<benchmark> An old {SPECmark} {benchmark} result derived from
+	a set of {floating-point} and integer {benchmarks}.  It is the
+	{geometric mean} of ten {SPEC ratios} of the outdated 1989
+	{SPEC} benchmark suite.  The use of SPECmark89 is strongly
+	discouraged, having been superseded by {CINT92} and {CFP92}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+SPECOL
+
+	["SPECOL - A Computer Enquiry Language for the
+	Non-Programmer", B.T. Smith, Computer J 11:121 (1968)].
+
+SPEC rate
+
+	<benchmark> Results of the throughput measurement using {SPEC}
+	{benchmark} suites {CINT92} and {CFP92}.  With the throughput
+	measurement method, several copies of a given benchmark are
+	executed.  The method is particularly suitable for
+	{multiprocessor} systems.
+
+	The results, called SPEC rate, express how many jobs of a
+	particular type (characterised by the individual benchmark)
+	can be executed in a given time (The SPEC reference time
+	happens to be a week, the execution times are normalized with
+	respect to a {VAX 11/780}).  The SPEC rates therefore
+	characterise the capacity of a system for compute-intensive
+	jobs of similar characteristics.
+
+	See also {SPEC ratio}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+SPECrate_base_fp92
+
+	<benchmark> A variant of {SPECrate_fp92} that reports
+	"baseline" results, using stricter run rules.
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+SPECrate_fp92
+
+	<benchmark> A {benchmark} result derived from the results of a
+	set of {floating-point} benchmarks (the {geometric mean} of 14
+	{SPEC rates} from {CFP92}) run multiple times simultaneously,
+	which can be used to estimate a machine's overall
+	{multi-tasking} throughput for {floating-point} code.  It is
+	typically used on {multiprocessor} machines.
+
+	SPECrate_fp92 obsoletes SPECfpThruput89.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+SPECrate_int92
+
+	<benchmark> The integer {SPECrate} derived from the results of
+	a set of integer benchmarks (the {geometric mean} of six {SPEC
+	rates} from {CINT92}) run multiple times simultaneously, and
+	can be used to estimate a machine's overall {multi-tasking}
+	throughput for integer code.  It is typically used on
+	{multiprocessor} machines.
+
+	SPECrate_int92 obsoletes SPECintThruput89.
+
+	See also {SPECbaserate}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+SPEC ratio
+
+	<benchmark> Results for each individual {benchmark} of the
+	{SPEC} benchmark suites, for example {CINT92} and {CFP92},
+	expressed as the ratio of the wall clock time to execute one
+	single copy of the benchmark, compared to a fixed "SPEC
+	reference time", which was chosen early-on as the execution
+	time on a {VAX 11/780}.
+
+	See also {SPEC rate}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+Spectral Band Replication
+
+	<audio, compression> (SBR) Guessing the nontransmitted higher
+	frequency range of a compressed audio file by some helper bits
+	(transmiited with the stream) and the transmitted base band.
+	SBR allows a restoration (not reconstruction) of the upper
+	frequency range without lots of bits.  It was developed by
+	{Coding Technology (http://codingtechnology.com/)}, and is
+	useful for medium and high quality coding at low and medium
+	data rates.  It is used by {Digital Radio Mondiale} and {MP3
+	Pro}.
+
+	(2004-12-10)
+
+Spectrum
+
+	{ZX Spectrum}
+
+speculative evaluation
+
+	<parallel> A technique used in {parallel processing} where
+	some evaluation may be started before it is known whether it
+	is needed (Eager evaluation).  This may result in some wasted
+	processing and may introduce unnecessary non-terminating
+	processes but it can reduce the overall run time by making
+	some needed results available earlier than they would be
+	otherwise.
+
+	Opposite: {conservative evaluation}.
+
+	(1995-05-05)
+
+speculative execution
+
+	<processor> A technique allows a {superscalar} processor to
+	keep its {functional units} as busy as possible by executing
+	instructions before it is known that they will be needed.
+
+	The {Intel P6} uses speculative execution.
+
+	Compare {branch prediction}, {speculative evaluation}.
+
+	(1995-05-05)
+
+Speech Application Programming Interface
+
+	<programming, standard> (SAPI) {Microsoft}'s standard {API}
+	for speech synthesis and {speech recognition} in {Windows 95}.
+	The idea is to let developers try out and use various
+	low-level speech software from any number of verndors, while
+	retaining the same API.
+
+	Mike Rozak is the lead of the SAPI project at Microsoft.
+	Numerous major speech vendors have announced SAPI-support
+	plans.  {SRAPI}, the competing speech recognition API by
+	{Lotus}/WordPerfect, is fast becoming obsolete.
+
+	(1996-03-04)
+
+speech recognition
+
+	<application> (Or voice recognition) The identification of
+	spoken words by a machine.  The spoken words are digitised
+	(turned into sequence of numbers) and matched against coded
+	dictionaries in order to identify the words.
+
+	Most systems must be "trained," requiring samples of all the
+	actual words that will be spoken by the user of the system.
+	The sample words are digitised, stored in the computer and
+	used to match against future words.  More sophisticated
+	systems require voice samples, but not of every word.  The
+	system uses the voice samples in conjunction with dictionaries
+	of larger vocabularies to match the incoming words.  Yet other
+	systems aim to be "speaker-independent", i.e. they will
+	recognise words in their vocabulary from any speaker without
+	training.
+
+	Another variation is the degree with which systems can cope
+	with connected speech.  People tend to run words together,
+	e.g. "next week" becomes "neksweek" (the "t" is dropped).  For
+	a voice recognition system to identify words in connected
+	speech it must take into account the way words are modified by
+	the preceding and following words.
+
+	It has been said (in 1994) that computers will need to be
+	something like 1000 times faster before large vocabulary (a
+	few thousand words), speaker-independent, connected speech
+	voice recognition will be feasible.
+
+	(1995-05-05)
+
+Speech Recognition Application Program Interface
+
+	<programming> (SRAPI) {Novell, Inc.}'s high level {API} for
+	{speech recognition} which will be rolled out with
+	{WordPerfect} 7.0 and {Perfect Office} 7.0.  SRAPI is in
+	competition with {SAPI} from {Microsoft}, a high level API
+	which currently addresses command and control (but not yet
+	dictation).
+
+	[Byte; March 1996; page 30; "Battle of the Dictaion APIs"].
+
+	(1996-03-12)
+
+speech synthesis
+
+	The generation of an sound waveform of human speech from a
+	textual or phonetic description.  See also {speech
+	recognition}.
+
+	There are demonstrations which {say a number
+	(http://cs.yale.edu/cgi-bin/saynumber.au)} or {say a
+	phrase (http://wwwtios.cs.utwente.nl/say/form/)}.
+
+SPEED
+
+	Early system on LGP-30.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+Speedcoding
+
+	<language> A {pseudocode} {interpreter} for mathematics on
+	{IBM 701} and {IBM 650} written by John Backus in 1953.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 130].
+
+	(2000-03-27)
+
+Speedcoding 3
+
+	<language> [Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(2000-03-27)
+
+SPEEDEX
+
+	Early system on {IBM 701}.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959).
+
+speedometer
+
+	A pattern of lights displayed on a linear set of LEDs (today)
+	or nixie tubes (yesterday, on ancient mainframes).  The
+	pattern is shifted left every N times the operating system
+	goes through its {main loop}.  A swiftly moving pattern
+	indicates that the system is mostly idle; the speedometer
+	slows down as the system becomes overloaded.  The speedometer
+	on Sun Microsystems hardware bounces back and forth like the
+	eyes on one of the Cylons from the wretched "Battlestar
+	Galactica" TV series.
+
+	Historical note: One computer, the GE 600 (later Honeywell
+	6000) actually had an *analog* speedometer on the front panel,
+	calibrated in instructions executed per second.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+spell
+
+	{incantation}
+
+spelling flame
+
+	<messaging> A {Usenet} posting ostentatiously correcting a
+	previous article's spelling, possibly as a way of casting
+	scorn on the point the article was trying to make, instead of
+	actually responding to that point (compare {dictionary
+	flame}).  Of course, people who are more than usually slovenly
+	spellers are prone to think *any* correction is a spelling
+	flame.  It's an amusing comment on human nature that spelling
+	flames themselves often contain spelling errors.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+Sperry Corporation
+
+	<company> The company which merged with the {Burroughs
+	Corporation} to form {Unisys Corporation}.  Divisions included
+	{Sperry Univac}, Sperry Flight Systems, and others.  Some of
+	these were sold off after the merger.
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+Sperry Univac
+
+	<company> One of the divisions of {Sperry Corporation} at the
+	time that company merged with the {Burroughs Corporation} to
+	form {Unisys Corporation}.
+
+	[Connection with the {Univac} computer?]
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+SPG
+
+	System Program Generator.  A compiler-writing language.
+
+	["A System Program Generator", D. Morris et al, Computer J
+	13(3) (1970)].
+
+SPGA
+
+	{Staggered Pin Grid Array}
+
+SPI
+
+	1. <company> {Software in the Public Interest, Inc.}.
+
+	2. <hardware> {Serial Peripheral Interface}.
+
+	(2003-07-13)
+
+Spice Lisp
+
+	<language> A flavour of {Lisp}, the sources of which (in Lisp)
+	are available from {CMU}.
+
+	(1998-03-14)
+
+SPID
+
+	Service Provider ID
+
+spider
+
+	<web> (Or "robot", "crawler") A program that
+	automatically explores the {web} by retrieving a
+	document and recursively retrieving some or all the documents
+	that are referenced in it.  This is in contrast with a normal
+	{web browser} operated by a human that doesn't automatically
+	follow links other than {inline images} and {URL redirection}.
+
+	The {algorithm} used to pick which references to follow
+	strongly depends on the program's purpose.  {Index}-building
+	spiders usually retrieve a significant proportion of the
+	references.  The other extreme is spiders that try to validate
+	the references in a set of documents; these usually do not
+	retrieve any of the links apart from redirections.
+
+	The {standard for robot exclusion} is designed to avoid some
+	problems with spiders.
+
+	Early examples were {Lycos} and {WebCrawler}.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://info.webcrawler.com/mak/projects/robots/robots.html)}.
+
+	(2001-04-30)
+
+Spiderweb
+
+	<tool> A program for creating versions of {Knuth}'s {WEB}
+	self-documenting programs ("{literate programming}").
+
+	{(ftp://princeton.edu/)}.
+
+	(1999-08-26)
+
+spiffy
+
+	/spi'fee/ 1. Said of programs having a pretty, clever, or
+	exceptionally well-designed interface. "Have you seen the
+	spiffy {X} version of {empire} yet?"  This was common
+	mainstream slang during the 1940s.
+
+	2. Said sarcastically of a program that is perceived to have
+	little more than a flashy interface going for it.  Which
+	meaning should be drawn depends delicately on tone of voice
+	and context.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+spike
+
+	<jargon> To defeat a selection mechanism by introducing a
+	(sometimes temporary) device that forces a specific result.
+	The word is used in several industries; telephone engineers
+	refer to spiking a relay by inserting a pin to hold the relay
+	in either the closed or open state, and railroaders refer to
+	spiking a track switch so that it cannot be moved.  In
+	programming environments it normally refers to a temporary
+	change, usually for testing purposes (as opposed to a
+	permanent change, which would be called {hard-coded}).
+
+	(1999-10-18)
+
+spill
+
+	{register spilling}
+
+spim
+
+	<messaging> (From {spam} and {IM}) Unsolicited commercial
+	messages sent via an {instant messaging} system, instant
+	messenger spam.
+
+	(2008-01-21)
+
+spin
+
+	<programming, jargon> Equivalent to {buzz}.  More common among
+	{C} and {Unix} programmers.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2008-01-21)
+
+spin control
+
+	<interface> A type of input {control} available on most {graphical
+	user interfaces}, consisting of a {text box} or {list control}
+	with associated up and down {buttons}.  The user can either type
+	in the text box or select an item from the list by clicking on it
+	directly, or they can repeatedly select the next or previous value
+	by clicking the up or down button.
+
+	(2008-09-26)
+
+spinner
+
+	{spin control}
+
+spiral model
+
+	<programming> A {software life-cycle} model which supposes
+	incremental development, using the {waterfall model} for each
+	step, with the aim of managing risk.  In the spiral model,
+	developers define and implement features in order of
+	decreasing priority.
+
+	[Barry Boehm, "A Spiral Model of Software Development and
+	Enhancement", ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, August
+	1986].
+
+	[Barry Boehm "A Spiral Model of Software Development and
+	Enhancement" IEEE Computer, vol.21, #5, May 1988, pp 61-72].
+
+	[Better explanation?]
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+SPIT
+
+	Language for IBM 650.  (See IT).
+
+SPITBOL
+
+	SPeedy ImplemenTation of snoBOL.  "Macro SPITBOL - A SNOBOL4
+	Compiler", R.B.K. Dewar et al, Soft Prac & Exp 7:95-113, 1971.
+
+	Current versions: SPITBOL-68000, Sparc SPITBOL from Catspaw
+	Inc, (719)539-3884.
+
+spiware
+
+	<spelling> Misspelling of {spyware}.
+
+	(2008-10-07)
+
+SP/k
+
+	<language> (Subset PL/I, k=1..8) A series of {PL/I} subsets,
+	simplified for student use.
+
+	["SP/k: A System for Teaching Computer Programming", R.C. Holt
+	et al, CACM 20(5):301-309, May 1977].
+
+	(1997-12-27)
+
+SPL
+
+	1. Synchronous Programming Language.  A DSP language.
+	"Introduction to the SPL Compiler", Computalker Consultants,
+	1986.
+
+	2. Space Programming Language.  Realtime language used by the
+	US Air Force for aerospace software.  Aka SPL/J6.  Similar to
+	JOVIAL.  "Space Programming Language Development", SAMSO TP
+	70-325, System Development Corp (Sep 1970).  (See CLASP).
+
+	3. System Programming Language.  HP, 1977.  An ALGOL-like
+	language for the HP3000 computer allowing inline assembly
+	code.  MPE, the OS for the HP3000 was written in SPL.
+	Pub.No.30000-90024, HP.  See also {SPLash!}.
+
+	4. Systems Programming Language.
+
+	PRIME Computer, 80's.  A variant of PL/I used on PRIME
+	computers.  PL/I subset G, less I/O plus a few extensions.
+	SPL User's Reference Guide, Prime.  (See PL/P.)
+
+	5. Systems Programming Language.
+
+	A PL/I subset/extension for the P1000.
+
+	D.B. Wortman, U Toronto.
+
+	Philips Data Sys, Netherlands, 1971.
+
+	Symbolic constants, pointer arithmetic, inline assembly code.
+	Used to implement compilers, operating systems, and database.
+
+	["Experiences With SPL", J. Klunder in Machine Oriented Higher
+	Level Languages, W. van der Poel, N-H 1974, pp. 385-393].
+
+	[Can 4 and 5 be the same?]
+
+	6. Student Programming Language.
+
+	A translator-interpreter for a dialect of {PL/I}.
+
+	7. {Set Priority Level}
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+SPL/1
+
+	{SPL/I}
+
+SPLash!
+
+	1. Software Research Northwest, 1987.  Compiler for SPL[3].
+
+	2. Systems Programming LAnguage for Software Hackers.
+	Mentioned in TeX for the Impatient, Paul W. Abrahams, A-W
+	1990.
+
+splash screen
+
+	<programming> An initial screen displayed by interactive
+	software, usually containing a logo, version information,
+	author credits and/or a {copyright} notice.
+
+	The term originated among {Macintosh} users and spread, the
+	synonym {banner} was once also used.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-04-28)
+
+splat
+
+	1. Name used in many places (DEC, IBM, and others) for the
+	asterisk ("*") character (ASCII 0101010).  This may derive
+	from the "squashed-bug" appearance of the asterisk on many
+	early line printers.
+
+	2. Name used by some {MIT} people for the "#" character (ASCII
+	35).
+
+	3. (Rochester Institute of Technology) The {feature key} on a
+	Mac (same as {alt}).
+
+	4. An obsolete name used by some people for the
+	{Stanford}/{ITS} {extended ASCII} circle-x character.  This
+	character is also called "blobby" and "frob", among other
+	names; it is sometimes used by mathematicians as a notation
+	for "tensor product".
+
+	5. An obsolete name for the semi-mythical {Stanford} {extended
+	ASCII} circle-plus character.
+
+	See also {ASCII}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+SPL/I
+
+	Signal Processing Language One.
+
+	(Or "SPL/1") A language designed by {Intermetrics} for
+	acoustic {signal processing}.  It has graphics and
+	multiprocessing features.
+
+	["SPL/I Language Reference Manual", M.S. Kosinski,
+	Intermetrics Report 172-1 (July 1976)].
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+SPLINTER
+
+	A {PL/I} {interpreter} with debugging features.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.600].
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+split
+
+	{chunker}
+
+Split-C
+
+	Parallel extension of {C} for distributed memory
+	multiprocessors.  Aims to provide efficient low-level access
+	to the underlying machine.
+
+	{CM5 (ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/ucb/CASTLE/Split-C)}.
+	Mail-list: split-c@boing.cs.berkeley.edu.
+
+splot
+
+	<graphics, tool> A graph plotting package from {Stanford
+	University} which produces {encapsulated PostScript}.
+
+	splot is more flexible than {gnuplot} in producing histograms,
+	and you can set {font} and symbol sizes individually.
+
+	(1997-09-26)
+
+SPLX
+
+	<language> Specification Language for Parallel cross-product
+	of processes and sequential modules.
+
+	["Parallel Module Specification on SPLX", C.F. Nourani,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 27(1):114-115, Jan 1992].
+
+	(1997-09-26)
+
+SPM
+
+	{Sequential Parlog Machine}
+
+SPMD
+
+	{single processor/multiple data}
+
+SPML
+
+	{server-parsed HTML}
+
+spod
+
+	<chat> (Great Britain) A lower form of life found on {chat}
+	systems and {MUDs}.  The spod has few friends in {RL} and uses
+	chat instead, finding communication easier and preferable over
+	the {net}.  He has all the negative traits of the {computer
+	geek} without having any interest in computers per se.
+	Lacking any knowledge of, or interest in, how networks work,
+	and considering his access a God-given right, he is a major
+	irritant to {sysadmins}, clogging up lines in order to reach
+	new {MUDs}, following passed-on instructions on how to sneak
+	his way onto {Internet} ("Wow!  It's in America!") and
+	complaining when he is not allowed to use busy routes.  A true
+	spod will start any conversation with "Are you male or
+	female?" (and follow it up with "Got any good
+	numbers/IDs/passwords?") and will not talk to someone
+	physically present in the same terminal room until they log
+	onto the same computer that he is using and enter {chat}.
+
+	Compare {newbie}, {tourist}, {weenie}, {twink}, {terminal
+	junkie}, {dweeb}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-18)
+
+spoiler
+
+	1. A remark which reveals important plot elements
+	from books or movies, thus denying the reader (of the article)
+	the proper suspense when reading the book or watching the
+	movie.
+
+	2. Any remark which telegraphs the solution of a problem or
+	puzzle, thus denying the reader the pleasure of working out
+	the correct answer (see also {interesting}).  Either sense
+	readily forms compounds like "total spoiler", "quasi-spoiler"
+	and even "pseudo-spoiler".
+
+	By convention, {Usenet} news articles which are spoilers in
+	either sense should contain the word "spoiler" in the Subject:
+	line, or guarantee via various tricks that the answer appears
+	only after several screens-full of warning, or conceal the
+	sensitive information via {rot13}, or some combination of
+	these techniques.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+sponge
+
+	<tool> A kind of {Unix} {filter} that reads its entire input
+	before writing any output, e.g. {sort}.  Unlike most filters, a
+	sponge can safely overwrite the input file with the output data.
+
+	On a file system with {file versioning} (like {ITS} or {VMS}) the
+	distinction is less significant because output would be written to
+	a new version of the input file anyway.
+
+	See also {slurp}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2014-06-21)
+
+spoo
+
+	Variant of {spooge}, sense 1.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+spoof
+
+	{spoofing}
+
+spoofing
+
+	A technique used to reduce network overhead, especially in
+	{wide area networks} (WAN).
+
+	Some network {protocols} send frequent packets for management
+	purposes.  These can be {routing} updates or {keep-alive}
+	messages.  In a {WAN} this can introduce significant overhead,
+	due to the typically smaller {bandwidth} of WAN connections.
+
+	Spoofing reduces the required bandwidth by having devices,
+	such as {bridges} or {routers}, answer for the remote devices.
+	This fools (spoofs) the {LAN} device into thinking the remote
+	LAN is still connected, even though it's not.  The spoofing
+	saves the WAN bandwidth, because no packet is ever sent out on
+	the WAN.
+
+	LAN {protocols} today do not yet accommodate spoofing easily.
+
+	["Network Spoofing" by Jeffrey Fritz, BYTE, December 1994,
+	pages 221 - 224].
+
+	(1995-01-13)
+
+spooge
+
+	/spooj/ Inexplicable or arcane code, or random and probably
+	incorrect output from a computer program.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+SPOOL
+
+	<operating system> Acronym for {Simultaneous Peripheral
+	Operation On-Line}; but see also {spool}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-20)
+
+Spool
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} {logic programming} language.
+
+	["An Experience with a Prolog Based Language", K. Fukunaga et
+	al, SIGPLAN Notices 21(11):224-231 (Nov 1986) (OOPSLA '86)].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+spool
+
+	<operating system> To send files to some device or program (a
+	"{spooler}" or {demon}) that puts them in a {queue} for later
+	processing of some kind.  Without qualification, the spooler
+	is the "print spooler" controlling output of jobs to a
+	{printer}; but the term has been used in connection with other
+	{peripherals} (especially {plotters} and graphics devices) and
+	occasionally even for input devices.
+
+	The term "SPOOL" has been attributed to {IBM} as an acronym
+	for {Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On-Line} but it's
+	widely thought to have been contrived for effect.
+
+	[No connection with "spool of magnetic tape"?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-20)
+
+spooler
+
+	<operating system, tool> Software or hardware to which data is
+	{spool}ed and which processes that data (e.g. prints it) in the
+	{background}.
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+spool file
+
+	Any file to which data is {spool}ed to await the next stage of
+	processing.  Especially used in circumstances where spooling
+	the data copes with a mismatch between speeds in two devices
+	or pieces of software.  For example, when you send mail under
+	Unix, it's typically copied to a spool file to await a
+	transport {demon}'s attentions.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+SpoolView
+
+	<tool> A printing system for {Unix}.  SpoolView can control
+	several {printers} connected to a {TCP/IP} network.  Different
+	printers can be loaded with different paper and forms.
+
+	After submitting a print request, the user can change the
+	printer, form, number of copies or priority.
+
+	Administrators can register new printers, change paper forms
+	on printers, cancel requests, suspend printers.
+
+	{Light Infocon S.A. (http://light.com.br/)}.
+
+	(1998-12-21)
+
+spray
+
+	<networking> A {Unix} command that sends {packets} to a {host}
+	and reports performance statistics.  The number of packets,
+	delay between packets and packet length can all be specified.
+	The spray command uses the {Remote Procedure Call} (RPC)
+	{protocol} to send a one-way stream of packets to the sprayd
+	{daemon} on the given host.  With the "-i" option, spray uses
+	the {Internet Control Message Protocol} (ICMP) instead of RPC.
+	Normally these will be echoed automatically, creating a return
+	stream.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: spray(1M).
+
+	(2007-03-12)
+
+spreadsheet
+
+	<application, tool> (Or rarely "worksheet") A type of
+	{application program} which manipulates numerical and string
+	data in rows and columns of cells.  The value in a cell can be
+	calculated from a formula which can involve other cells.  A
+	value is recalculated automatically whenever a value on which
+	it depends changes.  Different cells may be displayed with
+	different formats.
+
+	Some spreadsheet support three-dimensional matrices and cyclic
+	references which lead to iterative calculation.
+
+	An essential feature of a spreadsheet is the copy function
+	(often using {drag-and-drop}).  A rectangular area may be
+	copied to another which is a multiple of its size.  References
+	between cells may be either absolute or relative in either
+	their horizontal or vertical index.  All copies of an absolute
+	reference will refer to the same row, column or cell whereas a
+	relative reference refers to a cell with a given offset from
+	the current cell.
+
+	Many spreadsheets have a "What-if" feature.  The user gives
+	desired end conditions and assigns several input cells to be
+	automatically varied.  An area of the spreadsheet is assigned
+	to show the result of various combinations of input values.
+
+	Spreadsheets usually incorporate a {macro language}, which
+	enables third-party writing of worksheet applications for
+	commercial purposes.
+
+	In the 1970s, a {screen editor} based calculation program
+	called {Visi-Calc} was introduced.  It was probably the first
+	commercial spreadsheet program.  Soon {Lotus Development
+	Corporation} released the more sophisticated {Lotus 1-2-3}.
+	Clones appeared, (for example {VP-Planner} from {Paperback
+	Software} with {CGA} graphics, {Quattro} from {Borland}) but
+	Lotus maintained its position with world-wide marketing and
+	support - and lawyers!  For example, Borland was forced to
+	abandon its Lotus-like {pop-up menu}.
+
+	While still developing 1-2-3, Lotus introduced {Symphony},
+	which had simultaneously active windows for the spreadsheet,
+	graphs and a {word processor}.
+
+	{Microsoft} produced {MultiPlan} for the {Macintosh}, which
+	was followed by {Excel} for Macintosh, long before {Microsoft
+	Windows} was developed.
+
+	When {Microsoft Windows} arrived Lotus was still producing the
+	{text-based} 1-2-3 and Symphony.  Meanwhile, {Microsoft}
+	launched its {Excel} spreadsheet with interactive graphics,
+	graphic charcters, mouse support and {cut-and-paste} to and
+	from other Windows applications.  To compete with Windows
+	spreadsheets, Lotus launched its {Allways} add-on for 1-2-3 -
+	a post-processor that produced Windows-quality graphic
+	characters on screen and printer.  The release of Lotus 1-2-3
+	for Windows was late, slow and buggy.
+
+	Today, Microsoft, Lotus, Borland and many other companies offer
+	Windows-based spreadsheet programs.
+
+	The main end-users of spreadsheets are business and science.
+
+	Spreadsheets are an example of a non-algorithmic programming
+	language.
+
+	[Dates?]
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+spread spectrum communications
+
+	<communications> (Or "spread spectrum") A technique by which a
+	signal to be transmitted is modulated onto a {pseudorandom},
+	noise-like, wideband {carrier signal}, producing a
+	transmission with a much larger {bandwidth} than that of the
+	data {modulation}.
+
+	Reception is accomplished by {cross correlation} of the
+	received wide band signal with a synchronously generated
+	replica of the carrier.
+
+	Spread-spectrum communications offers many important benefits:
+
+	Low probability of detection, interception or determination of
+	the transmitter's location.  To an observer who does not
+	possess information about the carrier, the transmission is
+	indistinguishable from other sources of noise.
+
+	High immunity against interference and jamming (intentional
+	interference).  The presence of (narrowband) interference
+	signals only decreases the channel's {signal-to noise ratio}
+	and therefore its {error rate}, which can be dealt with by
+	using {error correcting codes}.  A jammer would have to use
+	wideband interference signals, which would require very high
+	power (again assuming that the jammer does not know the
+	characteristics of the carrier).
+
+	High immunity against adverse effects of multipath
+	transmission.  In the presence of multiple paths between
+	transmitter and receiver (e.g. by reflected signals), signals
+	of certain frequencies can be cancelled at certain locations
+	when the difference in path delays between multiple
+	propagation paths cause the signals to arrive out of phase.
+	This effect is particularly troublesome in narrowband mobile
+	communications, where it causes "blind spots" - locations
+	where no signal can be received.
+
+	Transmitter/receiver pairs using independent random carriers
+	can operate in the same frequency range with minimal
+	interference.  These are called {Code Division Multiple
+	Access} (CDMA) systems.  Increasing the number of T/R pairs
+	again only gradually increases each channel's error rate.  In
+	contrast, narrowband systems can only accomodate a fixed
+	number of channels determined by available bandwidth and
+	channel width (data rate).
+
+	When the data modulation cannot be distinguished from the
+	carrier modulation, and the carrier modulation is random to an
+	unwanted observer, the spread spectrum system assumes
+	cryptographic capabilities, with the carrier modulation taking
+	on the function of a key in a {cipher} system.
+
+	The most important practical modes of spread spectrum coding
+	are Direct Sequence (DS) and {Frequency-Hopping Spread
+	Spectrum} (FH).
+
+	In DS, a pseudo random sequence is phase-shift-keyed (PSK)
+	onto the carrier.
+
+	Spread Spectrum development began during World War II, with
+	the earliest studies dating from the 1920s.  Most papers
+	remained classified until the 1980s.
+
+	Direct sequence spread spectrum was invented by Paul Kotowski
+	and Kurt Dannehl at Telefunken.
+
+	The technique is used extensively in military communications
+	today.  Commercial applications include {cellular telephony}
+	and mobile networking.
+
+	["Spread Spectrum Communications", Charles E. Cook et al
+	(Ed.), IEEE Press, New York, 1983. ISBN 0-87942-170-3].
+
+	{Hedy Lamarr (http://sirius.be/lamarr.htm)},
+	{(http://ncafe.com/chris/pat2/)}.
+
+	(2001-08-08)
+
+SPRING
+
+	{String PRocessING language}
+
+SPRINT
+
+	List processing language involving stack operations.  "SPRINT
+	- A Direct Approach to List Processing Languages", C.A. Kapps,
+	Proc SJCC 30 (1967).  Sammet 1969, p 462.
+
+Sprintnet
+
+	A public {packet-switched} network using the {ITU-T} {X.25}
+	{protocols}, that provides {dial-up} access to services like
+	{Delphi}, {Portal}, {GEnie} and {Compuserve}.
+
+	(1994-10-17)
+
+Sprite
+
+	<operating system> An {operating system} from {Berkeley}
+	supporting {multiprocessing} and distributed files.
+
+	[Details?  References?]
+
+	(1994-10-17)
+
+sprite
+
+	<graphics, file format> A small {bitmap} image, often used in
+	animated games but also sometimes used as a synonym for
+	{icon}.
+
+	(1997-06-29)
+
+sprocket feed
+
+	<printer> (Or "tractor feed", "pin feed") A method some
+	{printers} use to move paper by rotating wheels with pins or
+	studs (tractors) that engage holes along the sides of the
+	(usually fanfold) paper.  A sprocket feed printer does not
+	slip unless the paper jams, but cannot feed standard typing
+	paper or work with a {sheet feeder} like {friction feed}.
+
+	Some paper for sprocket feed printers has the edge strips with
+	the holes in detachable from the rest of the paper.  These
+	strips are known as {chad} (and other names).
+
+	(1997-06-29)
+
+SPS
+
+	Symbolic Programming System.  Assembly language for IBM 1620.
+
+SPSS
+
+	{Statistical Package for the Social Sciences}
+
+SPSS, Inc.
+
+	<company> A company selling a variety of {software} under the
+	general description of "Statistical Product and Service
+	Solutions".
+
+	The company was founded to distribute and support the
+	{Statistical Package for the Social Sciences}, but now
+	supplies software or four broad markets: {data mining},
+	survey/market research, quality improvement, and scientific
+	research.
+
+	{(http://spss.com/)}.
+
+	(1999-07-20)
+
+SPUR
+
+	An early system on the {IBM 650}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+SPX
+
+	1. <networking> {Sequenced Packet Exchange}.
+
+	2. <application> A graphics program for the {Atari} microcomputer.
+
+	{(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/systems/atari/umich/Graphics/spx_v18.lzh)}.
+
+	3. {Simplex}.
+
+	(1997-03-04)
+
+spx
+
+	<filename extension> The {filename extension} for {Screen
+	Peace} eXtension files.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+spyware
+
+	<software> (Or "adware") Any type of software that transmits
+	information without the user's knowledge.
+
+	Information is sent via the {Internet} to a server somewhere,
+	normally as a hidden side effect of using a program.
+	Gathering this information may benefit the user indirectly,
+	e.g. by helping to improve the software he is using.  It may
+	be collected for advertising purposes or, worst of all, to
+	steal security information such as passwords to online
+	accounts or credit card details.
+
+	Spyware may be installed along with other software or as the
+	result of a {virus} infection.  There are many tools available
+	to locate and remove various forms of spyware from a computer.
+
+	Some {HTTP cookies} could be considered as spyware as their
+	use is generally not made explicit to users.  It is however
+	possible to disallow them, either totally or individually, and
+	some are actually useful, e.g. recording the fact that a user
+	has logged in.
+
+	{(http://spychecker.com/spyware.html)}.
+
+	(2004-05-23)
+
+\sqcap
+
+	{LaTeX} inverted square U.  The symbol for {greatest lower
+	bound}.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+\sqcup
+
+	{LaTeX} square U.  The symbol for {least upper bound}.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+SQE
+
+	{Signal Quality Error}
+
+	{IEEE 802.3}, {Ethernet}.  Equivalent to {D/I/X} "{Collision
+	Presence Test}".
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+SQL
+
+	<language, database, standard> /S Q L/ An industry-standard
+	language for creating, updating and, querying {relational
+	database management systems}.
+
+	SQL was developed by {IBM} in the 1970s for use in {System R}.
+	It is the {de facto standard} as well as being an {ISO} and
+	{ANSI} {standard}.  It is often embedded in general purpose
+	programming languages.
+
+	The first SQL standard, in 1986, provided basic language
+	constructs for defining and manipulating {tables} of data; a
+	revision in 1989 added language extensions for {referential
+	integrity} and generalised {integrity} {constraints}.  Another
+	revision in 1992 provided facilities for {schema} manipulation
+	and {data administration}, as well as substantial enhancements
+	for data definition and data manipulation.
+
+	Development is currently underway to enhance SQL into a
+	computationally complete language for the definition and
+	management of {persistent}, complex objects.  This includes:
+	generalisation and specialisation hierarchies, {multiple
+	inheritance}, user defined {data types}, {triggers} and
+	{assertions}, support for {knowledge based systems},
+	{recursive query expressions}, and additional data
+	administration tools.  It also includes the specification of
+	{abstract data types} (ADTs), object identifiers, {methods},
+	{inheritance}, {polymorphism}, {encapsulation}, and all of the
+	other facilities normally associated with object data
+	management.
+
+	The emerging {SQL3} standard is expected to be complete in
+	1998.
+
+	According to Allen G. Taylor, SQL does __not__ stand for
+	"Structured Query Language".  That, like "SEQUEL" (and its
+	pronunciation /see'kw*l/), was just another unofficial name
+	for a precursor of SQL.  However, the IBM SQL Reference manual
+	for DB2 and Craig Mullins's "DB2 Developer's Guide" say SQL
+	__does__ stand for "Structured Query Language".
+
+	{SQL Standards (http://jcc.com/sql_stnd.html)}.
+
+	{An SQL parser
+	(ftp://ftp.ora.com/published/oreilly/nutshell/lexyacc/)} is
+	described in "Lex & Yacc", by Levine, Mason & Brown published
+	by O'Reilly.
+
+	{The 1995 SQL Reunion: People, Projects, and Politics
+	(http://mcjones.org/System_R/SQL_Reunion_95/)}.
+
+	["A Guide to the SQL Standard", C.J. Date, A-W 1987].
+
+	["SQL for Dummies", Allen G. Taylor, IDG Books Worldwide].
+
+	(2005-11-17)
+
+SQL2
+
+	<database, standard, language> An extended version of the
+	{SQL} {standard}.
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+SQL3
+
+	<database, standard, language> A draft {standard} for another
+	extension of {SQL}.  The latest SQL3 Working Draft addresses
+	the requirement for {objects} and "object identifiers" in SQL
+	and also specifies supporting features such as
+	{encapsulation}, {subtypes}, {inheritance}, and
+	{polymorphism}.
+
+	In the USA, SQL3 is being processed as both an {ANSI} Domestic
+	("D") project and as an {ISO} project.  It is expected to be
+	complete in 1998.
+
+	{November 1992 paper
+	(ftp://speckle.ncsl.nist.gov/isowg3/dbl/BASEdocs/sql3overview.txt)}.
+
+	{Working draft (ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/standards/sql/)}.
+
+	[ISO/IEC SQL Revision.  ISO-ANSI Working Draft Database
+	Language SQL (SQL3), Jim Melton - Editor, document ISO/IEC
+	JTC1/SC21 N6931, {ANSI}, July 1992].
+
+	[Current Status?]
+
+	(2002-04-21)
+
+SQL Access Group
+
+	<body> The origanisaton which defined {Call-Level Interface},
+	on which {ODBC} is based.  It is now part of {X/Open}.
+
+	[Address, details?]
+
+	(1995-11-05)
+
+SQL/DS
+
+	A database package from IBM including a relational DBMS.
+
+SQL Module Language
+
+	A language used to interface other languages ({Ada}, {C},
+	{COBOL}) to {SQL}-based {DBMS}es.  It is an {ANSI} {standard}.
+
+	Version: Ada/{SAME} by {Informix}.
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+SQL Server
+
+	<database> (Note capitalised)
+
+	1. Sybase {Adaptive Server Enterprise}.
+
+	2. {Microsoft SQL Server}.
+
+	(2003-07-02)
+
+SQL server
+
+	<database> (Note not capitalised) Any {database management
+	system} (DBMS) that can respond to queries from {clients}
+	formatted in the {SQL} language.
+
+	Two popular examples are {Microsoft SQL Server} and {Sybase
+	SQL Server}.
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+SQLWindows
+
+	<programming, product> A package used to graphically develop
+	{MS-Windows} {client-server} applications.  Sold by {Gupta}
+	Corporation.
+
+	{(http://wji.com/gupta/w1000030.html)}.
+	{Demos FTP (ftp://wji.com/gupta/sqlw.demodisk/)}.
+
+	(1995-07-05)
+
+SQR
+
+	<database, language> A {fourth generation language} for the
+	creation of reports from {databases}.  SQR is interpreted to
+	dynamically generate {SQL} queries and format the results.
+
+	Originally a {Sybase} product, it was then sold to MITI, who
+	subsequently changed their name to {SQRIBE}.
+
+	SQR Server supports {native} database access for all major
+	{DBMSs} and the use of {platform} independent {Java} code.
+
+	(1998-09-19)
+
+SQRIBE
+
+	<company> The company formerly known as MITI which bought
+	{SQR} from {Sybase}.
+
+	{(http://sqribe.com/)}.
+
+	(1998-09-24)
+
+\sqsubseteq
+
+	{LaTeX} name for a symbol like a capital E without the bottom
+	half of its vertical line.
+
+	In {domain theory},
+
+		x \sqsubseteq y
+
+	means x is no more defined that y.  This expression only has
+	meaning if x and y are {comparable} elements of some
+	{partially ordered set}.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+Square
+
+	<language> A {query language}, a precursor to {SQL}.
+
+	["Specifying Queries as Relational Expressions: The SQUARE
+	Data Sublanguage", R.E. Boyce et al, CACM 18(11):621-628 (Nov
+	1975)].
+
+	(1995-05-02)
+
+square-headed boyfriend
+
+	{square-headed girlfriend}
+
+square-headed girlfriend
+
+	<humour> A computer.
+
+	(1999-01-15)
+
+square tape
+
+	<storage> {Mainframe} magnetic tape cartridges for use with
+	{IBM 3480} or compatible tape drives; or {QIC} tapes used on
+	{workstations} and {microcomputers}.  The term comes from the
+	square (actually rectangular) shape of the cartridges;
+	contrast {round tape}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Squeak
+
+	<language> 1. <graphics>
+
+	["Squeak: A Language for Communicating with Mice", L. Cardelli
+	et al, Comp Graphics 19(3):199-204, July 1985].
+
+	See {Newsqueak}.
+
+	2. A {Smalltalk} implementation and a media {authoring} tool
+	by members of the original {Xerox PARC} team which created
+	Smalltalk ({Alan Kay}, Dan Ingalls, et al).  Squeak is an
+	{open-source} implementation, with a highly portable {virtual
+	machine} implemented in a subset of Smalltalk (translated into
+	{C} and compiled by a C {compiler} of the target {platform}).
+
+	{Squeak Home (http://squeak.org/)}.
+
+	{SqueakCentral (http://squeakland.org/)}.
+
+	(2002-11-03)
+
+Squiggol
+
+	{Bird-Meertens Formalism}
+
+squirt the bird
+
+	<jargon, communications> To transmit a signal up to a
+	satellite.  "Crew and talent are ready, what time do we squirt
+	the bird?"
+
+	(1997-04-29)
+
+SR
+
+	<language> Synchronizing Resources.
+
+	A language for concurrent programming.
+
+	"Resources" encapsulate processes and variables they share.
+	Each Resource can be separately compiled.  "Operations"
+	provide the primary mechanism for process interaction.
+
+	SR provides a novel integration of the mechanisms for invoking
+	and servicing operations.  Consequently, it supports local and
+	{remote procedure call}, {rendezvous}, {message passing},
+	{dynamic process creation}, {multicast}, {semaphores} and
+	{shared memory}.
+
+	Version 2.2 has been ported to {Sun-3}, {Sun-4}, {Decstation},
+	{SGI Iris}, {HP PA}, {HP 9000/300}, {NeXT}, {Sequent
+	Symmetry}, {DG AViiON}, {RS/6000}, {Multimax}, {Apollo} and
+	others.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.arizona.edu/sr/sr.tar.Z)}.
+
+	E-mail: <sr-project@cs.arizona.edu>.  Mailing list:
+	info-sr-request@cs.arizona.edu.
+
+	["An Overview of the SR Language and Implementation", G.
+	Andrews, ACM TOPLAS 10:51-86 (Jan 1988)].
+
+	["The SR Programming Language: Concurrency in Practice",
+	G.R. Andrews et al, Benjamin/Cummings 1993, ISBN
+	0-8053-0088-0].
+
+	(1992-09-01)
+
+sr
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Suriname.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SRAM
+
+	{static random-access memory}
+
+SRAPI
+
+	{Speech Recognition Application Program Interface}
+
+SRC Modula-3
+
+	Version 2.11
+
+	compiler(->C), run-time, library, documentation
+
+	The goal of Modula-3 is to be as simple and safe as it
+		can be while meeting the needs of modern systems
+		programmers.  Instead of exploring new features, we
+		studied the features of the Modula family of languages
+		that have proven themselves in practice and tried to
+		simplify them into a harmonious language.  We found
+		that most of the successful features were aimed at one
+		of two main goals: greater robustness, and a simpler,
+		more systematic type system.  Modula-3 retains one of
+		Modula-2's most successful features, the provision for
+		explicit interfaces between modules.  It adds objects
+		and classes, exception handling, garbage collection,
+		lightweight processes (or threads), and the isolation
+		of unsafe features.
+
+	conformance:	implements the language defined in SPwM3.
+
+	ports: i386/AIX 68020/DomainOS Acorn/RISCiX MIPS/Ultrix
+	68020/HP-UX RS/6000/AIX IBMRT/4.3 68000/NEXTSTEP i860/SVR4
+	SPARC/SunOS 68020/SunOS sun386/SunOS Multimax/4.3 VAX/Ultrix
+
+	Mailing list:	comp.lang.modula3
+
+	E-mail: Bill Kalsow <kalsow@src.dec.com>
+
+	From DEC/SRC, Palo Alto, CA.  "Modula-3 Report (revised)"
+	Luca Cardelli et al.
+
+	{(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/DEC/Modula-3/)}.
+
+	(1992-02-09)
+
+SRDL
+
+	Small {algebraic specification language}, allows {distfix
+	operators}.
+
+	["A Constructive Method for Abstract Algebraic Software
+	Specification", H.  Klaeren, Theor Computer Sci 30,
+	pp.134-204, 1984].
+
+SR flip-flop
+
+	<hardware> (Or "RS flip-flop") A "set/reset" {flip-flop} in
+	which activating the "S" input will switch it to one stable
+	state and activating the "R" input will switch it to the other
+	state.
+
+	The outputs of a basic SR flip-flop change whenever its R or S
+	inputs change appropriately.  A clocked SR flip-flop has an
+	extra clock input which enables or disables the other two
+	inputs.  When they are disabled the outputs remain constant.
+
+	If we connect two clocked SR flip-flops so that the Q and /Q
+	outputs of the first, "master" flip-flop drive the S and R
+	inputs of the second, "slave" flip-flop, and we drive the
+	slave's clock input with an inverted version of the master's
+	clock, then we have an {edge-triggered} RS flip-flop.  The
+	external R and S inputs of this device are latched on one edge
+	(transition) of the clock (e.g. the falling edge) and the
+	outputs will only change on the next opposite (rising) edge.
+
+	If both R and S inputs are active (when enabled), a {race
+	condition} occurs and the outputs will be in an indeterminate
+	state.  A {JK flip-flop} avoids this possibility.
+
+	{(http://play-hookey.com/digital/logic4.html)}.
+
+	(1997-05-15)
+
+SRI
+
+	{SRI International}
+
+SRI International
+
+	<company> One of the world's largest contract research firms.
+	Founded in 1946 in conjuction with {Stanford University} as
+	the Stanford Research Institute, they later became fully
+	independent and were incorporated as a non-profit organisation
+	under U.S. and California laws.
+
+	SRI does research and development in many areas, independently
+	and for hire.  They produce and sell reports on the
+	independent research.
+
+	{(http://sri.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Menlo Park, California, USA; Cambridge, UK.
+
+	(2003-04-12)
+
+SRL
+
+	1. Bharat Jayaraman.
+
+	["Towards a Broader Basis for Logic Programming",
+	B. Jayaraman, TR CS Dept, SUNY Buffalo, 1990].
+
+	2. {Schema Representation language}.
+
+	3. {Structured Robot Language}.
+
+	C. Blume & W. Jacob, U Karlsruhe.
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+SRP
+
+	A {data link layer} {protocol}.
+
+SS7
+
+	{Signalling System 7}
+
+SSA
+
+	{Single Static Assignment}
+	{Serial Storage Architecture}
+
+SSADM
+
+	A software engineering method and toolset required by some UK
+	government agencies.
+
+SSBA
+
+	{Suite Synthetique des Benchmarks de l'AFUU}
+
+SSD
+
+	1. {Solid State Disk}
+
+	2. {Seven-Segment Display}
+
+SSE
+
+	{Streaming SIMD Extensions}
+
+SSE-2
+
+	<architecture> {Intel Corporation}'s extention of their {SSE}
+	{floating point} {SIMD} instructions to handle 64-bit floating
+	point numbers.  SSE-2 was introduced with the {Pentium 4}.
+
+	(2001-12-23)
+
+ssh
+
+	<operating system> 1. {Steve's Shell}.
+
+	2. {Secure Shell}.
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+SSH File Transfer Protocol
+
+	<networking> (SFTP) A version of {File Transfer Protocol}
+	(FTP) using an {encrypted} network connection provided by
+	{Secure Shell} (SSH), usually SSH 2.
+
+	The SFTP {protocol} allows for a range of operations on remote
+	files, making it more like a {remote file system} protocol.
+	SFTP clients can resume interrupted transfers, get directory
+	listings and remove remote files.  SFTP has largely replaced
+	{Secure Copy} (SCP).
+
+	{IETF spec
+	(http://ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13.txt)}.
+
+	(2006-09-28)
+
+SSI
+
+	1. <electronics> {small scale integration}.
+
+	2. <computer> A kind of {PDP-11}(?).
+
+	[What kind?]
+
+	3. <web> {server-side include}.
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+SSID
+
+	{Service Set Identifier}
+
+SSII
+
+	{Societe de Service en Ingenierie Informatique}
+
+SSL
+
+	1. <language> {Synthesizer Specification Language}.
+
+	2. <language> {Syntax/Semantic Language} (S/SL).
+
+	3. <networking, web> {Secure Sockets Layer}.
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+S/SL
+
+	{Syntax/Semantic Language}
+
+SSLeay
+
+	<networking, security, protocol> A free implementation of
+	{Netscape}'s {Secure Socket Layer} {protocol}, coded from
+	scratch, using only the publically available documentation of
+	the various protocols, by Eric Young in Australia.
+
+	SSLeay supports the {DES}, {RSA}, {RC4}, and {IDEA}
+	{encryption} {algorithms}.
+
+	[Home?]
+
+	(2000-12-07)
+
+SSMA
+
+	<chat> some such meaningless acronym.
+
+	(1998-10-30)
+
+SSO
+
+	{single sign-on}
+
+SSR
+
+	{Scalable Sampling Rate}
+
+st
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Sao Tome and Principe.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+ST-506
+
+	<storage> The first full-height 5.25 inch {hard disk drive}
+	for {personal computers}, introduced in 1980 by Shugart
+	Technology (now {Seagate Technology}).  The ST-506 stored up
+	to 5 {megabtyes} after {formatting} using {MFM encoding}.  It
+	transferred data at 625 {kilobytes per second}.
+
+	The ST-506 (like the {ST-412}) was interfaced to a computer
+	via a {disk controller}.  The interface was a faster version
+	of the Shugart Associates {SA1000} interface, which was in
+	turn based upon the {floppy disk drive} interface.  Two cables
+	connected the controller to the disk.  The 34-pin control
+	cable controlled mechanical motion and data was read or
+	written serially using two pins of the 20-pin data cable.
+
+	Other companies copied the interface, creating a universal {de
+	facto standard} that was further strengthened by its revision
+	to support Seagate's 10 MB ST-412 drive that was adopted for
+	the {IBM PC XT}.
+
+	Around 1990, {SCSI} and {ATA} superseded ST-506.  These
+	eliminated the problems of matching controllers to drives by
+	physically integrating a controller with the drive, allowing
+	{interleave ratios} and other disk parameters to be optimised
+	by the manufacturer rather than the system integrator.
+
+	{Connector pin-out (http://www.gamesx.com/hwb/co_ST506.html)}.
+
+	(2007-03-06)
+
+STAB
+
+	<language> A descendent of {BCPL}.
+
+	(1996-08-25)
+
+STAB-11
+
+	["The Translation and Interpretation of STAB-11", A.J.T. Colin
+	et al, Soft Prac & Exp 5(2):123-138, Apr 1975].
+
+	(1996-08-25)
+
+STAC
+
+	1. <language> {Storage Allocation and Coding Program}.
+
+	2. <company> The company responsible for {Stacker} and {stac
+	compression}.
+
+	{(http://stac.com/)}.
+
+	(1998-06-08)
+
+stac compression
+
+	<communications> A {data compression} technique from {STAC},
+	used with {modems}.  Stac compression is capable of
+	compressing data by a factor of about four.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1998-06-08)
+
+stack
+
+	<programming> (See below for synonyms) A data structure for
+	storing items which are to be accessed in last-in first-out
+	order.
+
+	The operations on a stack are to create a new stack, to "push"
+	a new item onto the top of a stack and to "pop" the top item
+	off.  Error conditions are raised by attempts to pop an empty
+	stack or to push an item onto a stack which has no room for
+	further items (because of its implementation).
+
+	Most processors include support for stacks in their
+	{instruction set architectures}.  Perhaps the most common use
+	of stacks is to store {subroutine} arguments and return
+	addresses.  This is usually supported at the {machine code}
+	level either directly by "jump to subroutine" and "return from
+	subroutine" instructions or by {auto-increment} and
+	auto-decrement {addressing modes}, or both.  These allow a
+	contiguous area of memory to be set aside for use as a stack
+	and use either a special-purpose {register} or a general
+	purpose register, chosen by the user, as a {stack pointer}.
+
+	The use of a stack allows subroutines to be {recursive} since
+	each call can have its own calling context, represented by a
+	stack frame or {activation record}.  There are many other
+	uses.  The programming language {Forth} uses a data stack in
+	place of variables when possible.
+
+	Although a stack may be considered an {object} by users,
+	implementations of the object and its access details differ.
+	For example, a stack may be either ascending (top of stack is
+	at highest address) or descending.  It may also be "full" (the
+	stack pointer points at the top of stack) or "empty" (the
+	stack pointer points just past the top of stack, where the
+	next element would be pushed).  The full/empty terminology is
+	used in the {Acorn Risc Machine} and possibly elsewhere.
+
+	In a list-based or {functional language}, a stack might be
+	implemented as a {linked list} where a new stack is an empty
+	list, push adds a new element to the head of the list and pop
+	splits the list into its head (the popped element) and tail
+	(the stack in its modified form).
+
+	At {MIT}, {pdl} used to be a more common synonym for stack,
+	and this may still be true.  {Knuth} ("The Art of Computer
+	Programming", second edition, vol. 1, p. 236) says:
+
+	  Many people who realised the importance of stacks and queues
+	  independently have given other names to these structures:
+	  stacks have been called push-down lists, reversion storages,
+	  cellars, dumps, nesting stores, piles, last-in first-out
+	  ("LIFO") lists, and even yo-yo lists!
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+Stack Environment Control Dump machine
+
+	(SECD machine) The first {abstract machine} for reducing
+	{lambda-calculus} expressions, invented by P. J. Landin.  The
+	machine has four {registers} holding pointers to {linked
+	lists} operated as push-down {stacks} which hold the
+	information required for the evaluation of an expression.  The
+	registers point to (1) Stack which holds the arguments of
+	partially evaluated expressions and results of completely
+	evaluated ones, (2) Environment where the current expression
+	being evaluated is stored, (3) Control which holds the machine
+	instructions that manipulate the contents of the four
+	registers that represent the expression being evaluated, (4)
+	Dump on which the state of the machine is temporarily saved
+	during the evaluation of expressions.  See also {Lispkit}.
+
+stack frame
+
+	{activation record}
+
+stacking order
+
+	<graphics> The relationship between {windows} that (partially)
+	obscure each other.  A {window manager} will include commands
+	to alter the stacking order by bringing a chosen window to the
+	front (top) or back (bottom) of the stack.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+stack loader
+
+	<hardware, storage> (Or "autoloader") A {magnetic tape} drive
+	that can automatically fetch tapes from a stack and load them.
+
+	Compare {jukebox}.
+
+	[Sequential or random access?]
+
+	(1996-12-12)
+
+stack overflow
+
+	<programming> An error condition which results from attempting
+	to {push} more items onto a {stack} than space has been
+	allocated for.  Often, this will simply overwrite the adjacent
+	memory locations causing hard-to-trace {bugs}.
+
+	Stack overflow can result, for example, from an insufficient
+	number of stack frames to handle hardware {interrupts}.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+stack pointer
+
+	<architecture, programming> (SP) A {register} or {variable}
+	pointing to the top of a {stack}.
+
+	(2004-11-08)
+
+stack puke
+
+	Some processor architectures are said to "puke their guts onto
+	the stack" to save their internal state during {exception}
+	processing.  The {Motorola 68020}, for example, regurgitates
+	up to 92 bytes on a {bus fault}.  On a {pipeline}d machine,
+	this can take a while.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+stack traceback
+
+	<programming> (The results of) determining the sequence of
+	nested procedure calls a program has made up to a certain
+	point in its execution.  A traceback may also show values of
+	procedure arguments and {local variables} stored on the stack.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+STAGE2
+
+	A {macro} language.
+
+	["The Mobile Programming System: STAGE2", W.M.  Waite, CACM
+	13:415 (1970)].
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+Staggered Pin Grid Array
+
+	<hardware> (SPGA) A style of {integrated circuit} socket or
+	pin-out with a staggered grid of pins around the edge of the
+	socket, positioned as several squares, one inside the other.
+
+	SPGA is commonly used on {motherboards} for {processors},
+	e.g. {Socket 5}, {Socket 7} and {Socket 8}.
+
+	See also {PGA}.
+
+	[Better description?]
+
+	(1999-08-04)
+
+staircase
+
+	{jaggies}
+
+staircasing
+
+	{jaggies}
+
+@stake
+
+	<security, software> A computer security development group and
+	consultancy dedicated to researching and documenting security
+	flaws that exist in {operating systems}, {network}
+	{protocols}, or software.
+
+	@stake publishes information about security flaws through
+	advisories, research reports, and tools.  They release the
+	information and tools to help system administrators, users,
+	and software and hardware vendors better secure their
+	systems.
+
+	L0pht merged with @stake in January 2000.
+
+	{@stake home (http://atstake.com/research/redirect.html)}.
+
+	(2003-06-12)
+
+stale pointer bug
+
+	<programming> (Or "aliasing bug") A class of subtle
+	programming errors that can arise in code that does {dynamic
+	allocation}, especially via {malloc} or equivalent.
+
+	If several {pointers} address (are "aliases for") a given hunk
+	of storage, it may happen that the storage is freed or
+	reallocated (and thus moved) through one alias and then
+	referenced through another, which may lead to subtle (and
+	possibly intermittent) lossage depending on the state and the
+	allocation history of the malloc {arena}.  This bug can be
+	avoided by never creating aliases for allocated memory, or by
+	use of a {higher-level language}, such as {Lisp}, which
+	employs a {garbage collector}.
+
+	The term "aliasing bug" is nowadays associated with {C}
+	programming, it was already in use in a very similar sense in
+	the {ALGOL 60} and {Fortran} communities in the 1960s.
+
+	See also {smash the stack}, {fandango on core}, {memory leak},
+	{memory smash}, {spam}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+Stallman, Richard M.
+
+	{Richard Stallman}
+
+stand-alone
+
+	<jargon> Capable of operating without other programs,
+	libraries, computers, hardware, networks, etc.  Exactly what
+	is absent is presumed to be obvious from context.
+
+	"We only run Windows on stand-alone PCs because it's too
+	dangerous to run it on networked ones."
+
+	(1998-02-11)
+
+standard
+
+	<standard> Standards are necessary for {interworking},
+	{portability}, and {reusability}.  They may be {de facto
+	standards} for various communities, or officially recognised
+	national or international standards.
+
+	{Andrew Tanenbaum}, in his Computer Networks book, once said,
+	"The nice thing about standards is that there are so many of
+	them to choose from", a reference to the fact that competing
+	standards become a source of confusion, division,
+	obsolescence, and duplication of effort instead of an
+	enhancement to the usefulness of products.
+
+	Some bodies concerned in one way or another with computing
+	standards are {IAB} ({RFC} and {STD}), {ISO}, {ANSI}, {DoD},
+	{ECMA}, {IEEE}, {IETF}, {OSF}, {W3C}.
+
+	(1999-07-06)
+
+Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments
+
+	<standard> (SCPI) A standard complementing {IEEE 488},
+	developed by {Hewlett-Packard} and promoted by the {SCPI
+	Consortium}.
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+Standard d'Echange et de Transfert
+
+	<standard> (SET) A French {standard} for exchange of {CAD}
+	data.
+
+	(1998-03-07)
+
+standard deviation
+
+	<statistics> (SD) A measure of the range of values in a set of
+	numbers.  Standard deviation is a statistic used as a measure
+	of the dispersion or variation in a distribution, equal to the
+	square root of the {arithmetic mean} of the squares of the
+	deviations from the arithmetic mean.
+
+	The standard deviation of a random variable or list of numbers
+	(the lowercase greek sigma) is the square of the {variance}.
+	The standard deviation of the list x1, x2, x3...xn is given by
+	the formula:
+
+	 sigma = sqrt(((x1-(avg(x)))^2 + (x1-(avg(x)))^2 +
+	              ...  + (xn(avg(x)))^2)/n)
+
+	The formula is used when all of the values in the population
+	are known.  If the values x1...xn are a random sample chosen
+	from the population, then the sample Standard Deviation is
+	calculated with same formula, except that (n-1) is used as the
+	{denominator}.
+
+	[{dictionary.com (http://dictionary.com/)}].
+
+	["Barrons Dictionary of Mathematical Terms, second edition"].
+
+	(2003-05-06)
+
+standard for robot exclusion
+
+	<web> A proposal to try to prevent the havoc
+	wreaked by many of the early {web} {robots} when
+	they retrieved documents too rapidly or retrieved documents
+	that had side effects (such as voting).  The proposed standard
+	for robot exclusion offers a solution to these problems in the
+	form of a file called "robots.txt" placed in the {document
+	root} of the {website}.
+
+	{W3C standard
+	(http://w3.org/TR/html4/appendix/notes.html#h-B.4.1.1)}.
+
+	(2006-10-17)
+
+Standard for the exchange of product model data
+
+	(STEP) A draft {ISO} {standard} for the exchange of {CAD}
+	data.
+
+	See also {PDES}.
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+Standard Generalised Markup Language
+
+	<spelling> {ISO} spell it "{Standard Generalized Markup
+	Language}".
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+Standard Generalized Markup Language
+
+	<language, text> (SGML) A generic {markup} language for
+	representing documents.  SGML is an International Standard
+	that describes the relationship between a document's content
+	and its structure.  SGML allows document-based information to
+	be shared and re-used across applications and computer
+	{platforms} in an open, vendor-neutral format.  SGML is
+	sometimes compared to {SQL}, in that it enables companies to
+	structure information in documents in an open fashion, so that
+	it can be accessed or re-used by any SGML-aware application
+	across multiple platforms.
+
+	SGML is defined in "ISO 8879:1986 Information processing --
+	Text and office systems -- Standard Generalized Markup
+	Language (SGML)", an {ISO} standard produced by {JTC} 1/SC 18
+	and amended by "Amendment 1:1988".
+
+	Unlike other common document file formats that represent both
+	content and presentation, SGML represents a document's content
+	{data} and structure (interrelationships among the data).
+	Removing the presentation from content establishes a neutral
+	format.  SGML documents and the information in them can easily
+	be re-used by publishing and non-publishing {applications}.
+
+	SGML identifies document elements such as titles, paragraphs,
+	tables, and chapters as distinct objects, allowing users to
+	define the relationships between the objects for structuring
+	data in documents.  The relationships between document
+	elements are defined in a {Document Type Definition} (DTD).
+	This is roughly analogous to a collection of {field}
+	definitions in a {database}.  Once a document is converted
+	into SGML and the information has been 'tagged', it becomes a
+	database-like document.  It can be searched, printed or even
+	programmatically manipulated by SGML-aware applications.
+
+	Companies are moving their documents into SGML for several
+	reasons:
+
+	Reuse - separation of content from presentation facilitates
+	multiple delivery formats like {CD-ROM} and {electronic
+	publishing}.
+
+	Portability - SGML is an international, platform-independent,
+	standard based on {ASCII} text, so companies can safely store
+	their documents in SGML without being tied to any one vendor.
+
+	Interchange - SGML is a core data standard that enables
+	SGML-aware applications to inter-operate and share data
+	seamlessly.
+
+	A central SGML document store can feed multiple processes in a
+	company, so managing and updating information is greatly
+	simplified.  For example, when an aeroplane is delivered to a
+	customer, it comes with thousands of pages of documentation.
+	Distributing these on paper is expensive, so companies are
+	investigating publishing on CD-ROM.  If a maintenance person
+	needs a guide for adjusting a plane's flight surfaces, a
+	viewing tool automatically assembles the relevant information
+	from the document {repository} as a complete document.  SGML
+	can be used to define attributes to information stored in
+	documents such as security levels.
+
+	There are few clear leaders in the SGML industry which, in
+	1993, was estimated to be worth US $520 million and is
+	projected to grow to over US $1.46 billion by 1998.
+
+	A wide variety tools can be used to create SGML systems.  The
+	SGML industry can be separated into the following categories:
+
+	Mainstream Authoring consists of the key {word processing}
+	vendors like {Lotus}, {WordPerfect} and {Microsoft}.
+
+	SGML Editing and Publishing includes traditional SGML
+	authoring tools like {ArborText}, {Interleaf}, {FrameBuilder}
+	and {SoftQuad Author}/Editor.
+
+	SGML Conversions is one of the largest sectors in the market
+	today because many companies are converting legacy data from
+	mainframes, or documents created with mainstream word
+	processors, into SGML.
+
+	Electronic Delivery is widely regarded as the most compelling
+	reason companies are moving to SGML.  Electronic delivery
+	enables users to retrieve information on-line using an
+	intelligent document viewer.
+
+	Document Management may one day drive a major part of the
+	overall SGML industry.
+
+	SGML Document Repositories is one of the cornerstone
+	technologies that will affect the progress of SGML as a data
+	standard.
+
+	Since 1998, almost all development in SGML has been focussed
+	on {XML} - a simple (and therefore easier to understand and
+	implement) subset of SGML.
+
+	{"ISO 8879:1986//ENTITIES Added Latin 1//EN"
+	(http://ucc.ie/info/net/isolat1.html)} defines some
+	characters.  [How are these related to {ISO 8859}-1?].
+
+	{ISO catalogue entry (http://iso.ch/cate/d16387.html)}.
+
+	SGML parsers are available from
+	{VU, NL (ftp://star.cs.vu.nl/Sgml)},
+	{FSU (ftp://mailer.cc.fsu.edu/pub/sgml)},
+	{UIO, Norway (ftp://ifi.uio.no/pub/SGML/SGMLS)}.
+
+	See also {sgmls}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.text.sgml}.
+
+	["The SGML Handbook", Charles F. Goldfarb, Clarendon Press,
+	1991, ISBN 0198537379.  (Full text of the ISO standard plus
+	extensive commentary and cross-referencing.  Somewhat cheaper
+	than the ISO document)].
+
+	["SGML - The User's Guide to ISO 8879", J.M. Smith et al,
+	Ellis Harwood, 1988].
+
+	[Example of some SGML?]
+
+	(2000-05-31)
+
+standard input/output
+
+	<programming, operating system> The predefined input/output
+	channels which every {Unix} process is initialised with.
+	Standard input is by default from the terminal, and standard
+	output and standard error are to the terminal.  Each of these
+	channels (controlled via a {file descriptor} 0, 1, or 2 -
+	stdin, stdout, stderr) can be redirected to a file, another
+	device or a {pipe} connecting its process to another process.
+	The process is normally unaware of such {I/O redirection},
+	thus simplifying prototyping of combinations of commands.
+
+	The {C} programming language library includes routines to
+	perform basic operations on standard I/O.  Examples are
+	"printf", allowing text to be sent to standard output, and
+	"scanf", allowing the program to read from standard input.
+
+	(1996-06-07)
+
+Standard Instrument Control Library
+
+	(SICL) A {platform}-independent {API} for software to control
+	and test electronic instruments conforming to {IEEE 488}.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+standard interpretation
+
+	{standard semantics}
+
+standard I/O
+
+	{standard input/output}
+
+Standard Lisp
+
+	A subset of {Lisp 1.5} developed by A. Hearn primarily for
+	implementing {REDUCE}.  It was replaced by {Portable Sandard
+	LISP}.
+
+	["Standard LISP Report", J. Marti et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	14(10):48-58 (Oct 1979)].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Standard ML
+
+	<language> (SML) Originally an attempt by Robin Milner
+	<rm@lfcs.edinburgh.ac.uk> ca. 1984 to unify the dialects of
+	{ML}, SML has evolved into a robust general-purpose language.
+	Later versions have been maintained by D. B. MacQueen, Lal
+	George <george@research.att.com>, and J. H. Reppy
+	<jhr@research.att.com> at AT&T, and A. W. Appel
+	<appel@princeton.edu>.
+
+	SML is {functional}, with {imperative programming} features.
+	It is environment based and {strict}.  It adds to ML the
+	{call-by-pattern} of {Hope}, {recursive data types},
+	{reference types}, typed {exceptions}, and {modules}.  (The
+	"core" language excludes the modules).
+
+	Standard ML is {polymorphic}ally typed and its module system
+	supports flexible yet secure large-scale programming.
+	{Standard ML of New Jersey} is an optimising {native-code
+	compiler} for Standard ML that is written in Standard ML.  It
+	runs on a wide range of architectures. The distribution also
+	contains: an extensive library - The Standard ML of New Jersey
+	Library, including detailed documentation; {Concurrent ML}
+	(CML); {eXene} - an elegant interface to {X11} (based on
+	{CML}); {SourceGroup} - a {separate compilation} and "{make}"
+	facility.
+
+	Implementations: {SML/NJ}, {POPLOG ML}, {Poly/ML}, {Edinburgh
+	SML}, {ANU ML}, {Micro ML}, {lazy sml2c}.
+
+	{sml2c} compiles to {C}.  See also {ML Kit}.
+
+	Version 0.93 runs on {68000}, {SPARC}, {MIPS}, {HPPA},
+	{RS/6000}, {Intel 386}, {Intel 486} and {Macintosh}.
+
+	{Manual
+	(http://dcs.napier.ac.uk/course-notes/sml/manual.html)}.
+
+	{FTP from ATT (ftp://research.att.com/dist/ml/)}.
+	{FTP from Suny SB (ftp://sbcs.sunysb.edu/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: sml-request@cs.cmu.edu.
+
+	["A Proposal for Standard ML", R. Milner, ACM Symp on LISP and
+	Functional Prog 1984, pp. 184-197].
+
+	(1995-12-24)
+
+Standard ML of New Jersey
+
+	(SML/NJ) An implementation of {SML} by {Andrew Appel} at
+	{Princeton} <Appel@princeton.edu> and {Dave MacQueen} at
+	{AT&T}.  Version 0.93.
+
+	["Standard ML of New Jersey", A. Appel et al, "Proc Third Intl
+	Symp on Prog Lang Impl and Logic Programming", LNCS Springer
+	1991].
+
+	Versions for Unix, Mac.  {(ftp://cs.yale.edu/pub/ml)},
+	{(ftp://research.att.com/dist/ml)}.  Mailing list:
+	sml@cs.cmu.edu.
+
+Standard Operating Environment
+
+	<standard> (SOE) A specification of the {architecture},
+	{operating systems}, {application set} and configuration of
+	computers within an organisation.
+
+	(2007-06-11)
+
+standard semantics
+
+	The standard interpretation of a term in some language yields
+	the term's standard denotational semantics, i.e. its "meaning".
+	This is usually given by a semantic function which maps a term
+	in the abstract syntax to a point in some domain.  The domain
+	is the interpretation of the term's type.  The semantic
+	function also takes an environment - a function which maps the
+	free variables of the term to their meaning.  We say that a
+	domain point "denotes", or "is the denotation of", a term.  A
+	non-standard semantics results from some other interpretation,
+	e.g. an abstract interpretation.
+
+Standard Widget Toolkit
+
+	<graphics, programming, standard> (SWT) The {Eclipse Foundation}'s
+	{framework} for developing {graphical user interfaces} in {Java}.
+	SWT is written in explicitly standard Java but uses the {Java
+	Native Interface} to talk to a {platform}-native GUI library.  SWT
+	is the third major attempt to give Java a decent GUI framework,
+	following {AWT} and {Swing}.  Of the three, SWT is the most
+	consistent with the native GUIs but its programming model is hard
+	to port to non-{Windows} platforms.
+
+	{Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWT)}.
+
+	(2004-12-21)
+
+St Andrews Static Language
+
+	<language> (SASL) A {functional programming} language designed
+	by Professor {David Turner} in 1976 whilst at St. Andrews
+	University.  SASL is a derivative of {ISWIM} with {infinite
+	data structures}.  It is fully {lazy} but {weakly typed}.  It
+	was designed for teaching functional programming, with very
+	simple {syntax}.
+
+	Example syntax:
+
+		def fac n =
+		   n = 0 -> 1 ; n x fac(n-1)
+
+	A version of the {expert system} {EMYCIN} has been written in
+	SASL.
+
+	SASL was originally known as "St Andrews Standard Language".
+	Not to be confused with {SISAL}.
+
+	{(ftp://a.cs.uiuc.edu/uiuc/kamin.distr/distr/sasl.p)}.
+	See also {Kamin's interpreters}.
+
+	["A New Implementation Technique for Applicative Languages",
+	D.A. Turner, Soft Prac & Exp 8:31-49 (1979)].
+
+	(2007-03-21)
+
+Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
+
+	<body, education> (SAIL) /sayl/, not /S-A-I-L/ An important
+	site in the early development of {LISP}; with the {MIT AI
+	Lab}, {BBN}, {CMU}, {XEROX PARC}, and the {Unix} community,
+	one of the major wellsprings of technical innovation and
+	hacker-culture traditions (see the {WAITS} entry for details).
+	The SAIL machines were shut down in late May 1990, scant weeks
+	after the MIT AI Lab's ITS cluster was officially
+	decommissioned.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-06-22)
+
+Stanford Artificial Intelligence Language
+
+	<language> (SAIL) Dan Swinehart & Bob Sproull, Stanford AI
+	Project, 1970.  A large ALGOL 60-like language for the DEC-10
+	and DEC-20.  Its main feature is a symbolic data system based
+	upon an associative store (originally called LEAP).  Items may
+	be stored as unordered sets or as associations (triples).
+	Processes, events and interrupts, contexts, backtracking and
+	record garbage collection.  Block- structured macros.  "Recent
+	Developments in SAIL - An ALGOL-based Language for Artificial
+	Intelligence", J. Feldman et al, Proc FJCC 41(2), AFIPS (Fall
+	1972).  (See MAINSAIL).
+
+	The Stanford Artificial Intelligence Language used at {SAIL}
+	(the place).  It was an ALGOL 60 derivative with a coroutining
+	facility and some new data types intended for building search
+	trees and association lists.
+
+	A number of interesting software systems were coded in SAIL,
+	including early versions of {FTP} and {TeX} and a document
+	formatting system called {PUB}.
+
+	In 1978, there were half a dozen different operating systems
+	for the PDP-10: WAITS (Stanford), ITS (MIT), TOPS-10 (DEC),
+	CMU TOPS-10 (CMU), TENEX (BBN), and TOPS-20 (DEC, after
+	TENEX).
+
+	SAIL was ported from {WAITS} to {ITS} so that {MIT}
+	researchers could make use of software developed at {Stanford
+	University}.  Every port usually required the rewriting of I/O
+	code in each application.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-06-22)
+
+Stanford Research Institute
+
+	Former name of {SRI International}.
+
+Stanford University
+
+	<education> A University in the city of Palo Alto, California,
+	noted for work in computing, especially {artificial
+	intelligence}.  See {SAIL}.
+
+	(2003-02-28)
+
+STAPLE
+
+	<language> A programming language written at Manchester
+	(University?) and used at {ICL} in the early 1970s for writing
+	the test suites.  STAPLE was based on {Algol 68} and had a
+	very advanced {optimising compiler}.
+
+	(2003-02-28)
+
+Staple
+
+	<language> St Andrews Applicative Persistent Language.
+	Language combining functional programming with persistent
+	storage, developed at St. Andrews University in Scotland.
+	Tony Davie, <ad@cs.st-andrews.ac.uk>.
+
+	(2007-03-22)
+
+STAR 0
+
+	Early system on Datatron 200 series.  Listed in CACM 2(5):16
+	(May 1959).
+
+StarBurst
+
+	An active DBMS from IBM Almaden Research Center.
+
+StarLISP
+
+	{*LISP}
+
+StarMOD
+
+	{*MOD}
+
+star network
+
+	<networking> A {network} topology where every {node} has a
+	direct connection (only) to the central node, which might be a
+	{hub}, {switch}, or {server}.
+
+	(1999-10-29)
+
+Starset
+
+	Portable storage/retrieval language for distributed databases.
+	"Starset programming Language", M.M. Gilula et al, Nauka,
+	Moscow 1991, ISBN 5-02-006831-4.
+
+STARSYS
+
+	{Convergent Technologies Operating System}
+
+start bit
+
+	<protocol> A {bit} which signals the start of transmission of
+	a character on a {serial line}.  For an {RS-423} signal, the
+	line is normally at logical zero which there is no data and
+	the start bit is a logical one.  The zero-one transition tells
+	the receiver when to start sampling the signal to extract the
+	data bits.
+
+	[Is this upside-down?]
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+start of authority
+
+	<networking> (SOA) A type of {resource record} used by the
+	{Domain Name System} (DNS) to give meta-data about a set of
+	domain name data (the contents of a "zone file").  An SOA
+	record has the following parameters:
+
+	Serial: the zone serial number - a version number for the zone
+	file.
+
+	Refresh: the number of seconds between update requests from
+	secondary and slave name servers.
+
+	Retry: the number of seconds the secondary or slave will wait
+	before retrying when an attempt fails.
+
+	Expire: (time to live - TTL) the number of seconds a master or
+	slave will wait before considering cached data out-of-date.
+
+	Minimum: previously used to determine the minimum TTL, this
+	offers negative caching.
+
+	(2007-05-11)
+
+Start Of Header
+
+	<character> (SOH) {mnemonic} for {ASCII} 1.
+
+	[What header?]
+
+	(1996-05-31)
+
+Start Of Text
+
+	<character> (STX) {Mnemonic} for {ASCII} 2.
+
+	(1996-05-31)
+
+start tag
+
+	{tag}
+
+state
+
+	<storage, architecture, jargon, theory> How something is; its
+	configuration, attributes, condition, or information content.
+	The state of a system is usually temporary (i.e. it changes
+	with time) and volatile (i.e. it will be lost or reset to some
+	initial state if the system is switched off).
+
+	A state may be considered to be a point in some {space} of all
+	possible states.  A simple example is a light, which is either
+	on or off.  A complex example is the electrical activation in
+	a human brain while solving a problem.
+
+	In computing and related fields, states, as in the light
+	example, are often modelled as being {discrete} (rather than
+	continuous) and the transition from one state to another is
+	considered to be instantaneous.  Another (related) property of
+	a system is the number of possible states it may exhibit.
+	This may be finite or infinite.  A common model for a system
+	with a finite number of discrete state is a {finite state
+	machine}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-10-13)
+
+state diagram
+
+	{state transition diagram}
+
+stateless
+
+	A stateless {server} is one which treats each request as an
+	independent transaction, unrelated to any previous request.
+	This simplifies the server design because it does not need to
+	allocate storage to deal with conversations in progress or
+	worry about freeing it if a client dies in mid-transaction.  A
+	disadvantage is that it may be necessary to include more
+	information in each request and this extra information will
+	need to be interpreted by the server each time.
+
+	An example of a stateless server is a {web} server.
+	These take in requests ({URLs}) which completely specify the
+	required document and do not require any context or memory of
+	previous requests.
+
+	Contrast this with a traditional {FTP} server which conducts
+	an interactive session with the user.  A request to the server
+	for a file can assume that the user has been authenticated and
+	that the current directory and transfer mode have been set.
+
+state machine
+
+	{finite state machine}
+
+statement
+
+	<programming> A single instruction in a {computer program}
+	written in a {procedural language}.  Typical examples are an
+	{assignment statement}, an {if statement} (conditional), a
+	{loop} statement ("while", "for", "repeat", "until", etc.), a
+	{procedure call}, a procedure {exit}, {function} {return
+	statement}, {switch statement} or {goto statement}.
+
+	In many languages, one or more simple statements can be
+	executed sequentially as a {compound statement},
+	e.g. bracketed between "begin" and "end" or "{" and "}" which
+	can then appear in place of a simple statement in an "if" or
+	loop.
+
+	Each statement in a {high-level language} will typically be
+	translated into several {machine code} instructions by a
+	{compiler} or, alternatively, executed by an {interpreter}.
+
+	(2009-10-23)
+
+state transition diagram
+
+	A diagram consisting of circles to represent states and
+	directed line segments to represent transitions between the
+	states.  One or more actions (outputs) may be associated with
+	each transition.  The diagram represents a {finite state
+	machine}.
+
+State University of New York
+
+	<body> (SUNY) The public university system of New York State,
+	USA, with campuses throughout the state.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+static
+
+	<programming> {static typing}, {static variable}.
+
+	<storage> {static random-access memory}.
+
+	<web> {static content}.
+
+	<theory, programming> {static analysis}.
+
+statically typed
+
+	{static typing}
+
+static analysis
+
+	<theory, programming> A family of techniques of program
+	analysis where the program is not actually executed (as
+	opposed to dynamic analysis), but is analyzed by tools to
+	produce useful information.
+
+	Static analysis techniques range from the most mundane
+	(statistics on the density of comments, for instance) to the
+	more complex, {semantics}-based techniques.
+
+	Qualities sought in static analysis techniques are {soundness}
+	and {completeness}.
+
+	(2003-04-12)
+
+static database management system
+
+	<database> (static DBMS) A {database} consisting of
+	"information-based relationships", one that is rigorously
+	structured to facilitate retrieval and update in terms of
+	inherent relationships.  This creates a static environment
+	wherein the locations of the related records are already
+	known.  Typical static DBMS are either hierarchical ({IMS},
+	{System 2000}) or a {CODACYL} (network or plex) DBMS (such as
+	{TOTAL}, {IDMS}, {IDS}, {DMS-2}).  These environments
+	facilitate rapid, high volume processing of data.
+
+	The opposite is a {dynamic database management system}.
+
+	(1998-10-07)
+
+static DBMS
+
+	{static database management system}
+
+static link
+
+	<compiler> (Or "access link" or "environment link") A pointer
+	from an {activation record} to the activation record for the
+	textually enclosing {scope}.  A static link is only required
+	in a statically (lexically) scoped language.
+
+	The number of static links to follow may be determined
+	statically (at compile time).  It is simply the difference in
+	{lexical nesting depth} between the declaration and the
+	reference.
+
+	See also {display}.
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+static method
+
+	<programming> In {object-oriented programming}, a {function}
+	packaged along with a given {class}; not really a {method} at all.
+
+	For example, a String class might include a static method,
+	concatenate(), which returns its arguments joined into one
+	string.  It might be called like this:
+
+	 print String.concatenate("FOL", "DOC");
+
+	which would print "FOLDOC".
+
+	The same result might be achieved with a real {object method},
+	append(), which returns its argument string appended to the object
+	it is invoked on, e.g.:
+
+	 String s = "FOL";
+	 print s.append("DOC");
+
+	While the {syntax} looks similar, the two are completely
+	different.  The static method is just a function called
+	"String.concatenate" which can be resolved to the address of some
+	code at compile time (or load time if the String class is
+	dynamically loaded).  When invoking an object method, the class of
+	the object is not generally known until {run time} so method
+	lookup is a run-time process.
+
+	(2014-09-06)
+
+static nested scope
+
+	<programming> Where the {scope} of an {identifier} is fixed at
+	{compile-time} to be the smallest {block} ({begin}/end,
+	{function}, or {procedure} body) containing the identifier's
+	{declaration}.  This means that an identifier declared in some
+	block is only accessible within that block and from procedures
+	declared within it.
+
+	This term is used in the {Python} community.
+
+	Compare {lexical scope}.
+
+	(2002-02-18)
+
+static nested scoping
+
+	{static nested scope}
+
+static RAM
+
+	{static random-access memory}
+
+static random-access memory
+
+	<storage> (SRAM) {Random-access memory} in which each bit of
+	storage is a bistable {flip-flop}, commonly consisting of
+	cross-coupled {inverters}.  It is called "static" because it
+	will retain a value as long as power is supplied, unlike
+	{dynamic random-access memory} (DRAM) which must be regularly
+	refreshed.  It is however, still {volatile}, i.e. it will lose
+	its contents when the power is switched off, in contrast to
+	{ROM}.
+
+	SRAM is usually faster than DRAM but since each bit requires
+	several transistors (about six) you can get less bits of SRAM
+	in the same area.  It usually costs more per bit than DRAM and
+	so is used for the most speed-critical parts of a computer
+	(e.g. {cache} memory) or other circuit.
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+static scope
+
+	{lexical scope}
+
+static typing
+
+	<programming> Enforcement of type rules at {compile time}
+	rather than at {run time}.  Static typing catches more errors
+	at compile time than {dynamic typing}.
+
+	{Ada}, {C}, {C++}, {Haskell}, {Java}, and {ML} are examples of
+	statically typed languages.
+
+	Statically typed languages may have {strong typing} or {weak
+	typing}.
+
+	(2004-07-20)
+
+static variable
+
+	<programming> A kind of {local variable} in certain
+	{programming languages} that retains its value even when
+	program execution moves outside its {scope}.  This contrasts
+	with an ordinary, {automatic variable}, which is reinitialised
+	(possibly to an undefined value) every time the block is
+	entered.
+
+	Static variables have a fixed location in the data section of
+	the program's {address space} whereas automatic variables are
+	typically allocated on the {stack}.
+
+	(2009-12-14)
+
+Station Management
+
+	<networking> (SMT) Station Management One of the 4 key {FDDI}
+	component layers.  SMT is an overlay function that handles the
+	management of the FDDI ring.  It handles neighbor
+	identification, fault detection and reconfiguration, insertion
+	and de-insertion from the ring, and traffic statistics
+	monitoring.
+
+	(1997-05-11)
+
+Statistical Analysis System
+
+	<language> (SAS) A statistical and matrix handling language
+	with {PL/I}-like {syntax}.
+
+	["A User's Guide to SAS", A.J. Barr, SAS Inst 1976].
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
+
+	<statistics, tool> (SPSS) The flagship program of {SPSS,
+	Inc.}, written in the late 1960s.
+
+	["SPSS X User's Guide", SPSS, Inc. 1986].
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1999-07-20)
+
+statistical time division multiplexing
+
+	<communications> (STDM, StatMUX) A system developed to
+	overcome some inefficiencies of standard {time division
+	multiplexing}, where {time slices} are still allocated to
+	channels, even if they have no information to transmit.
+
+	STDM uses a variable time slot length and by allowing channels
+	to vie for any free slot space.  It employs a buffer memory
+	which temporarily stores the data during periods of peak
+	traffic.  This scheme allows STDM to waste no high-speed line
+	time with inactive channels.  STDM requires each transmission
+	to carry identification information (i.e. a channel
+	identifier).  To reduce the cost of this overhead, a number of
+	characters for each channel are grouped together for
+	transmission.
+
+	["Data Communications, Computer Networks and Open Systems",
+	Halsall & Fred, Addison Wesley, p160-161, 1995].
+
+	["Digital, Analog, and Data Communication", Sinnema &
+	McGovern, Prentice Hall, p245, 1986].
+
+	(1997-03-05)
+
+statistics
+
+	<statistics, mathematics> The practice, study or result of the
+	application of mathematical {functions} to collections of
+	{data} in order to summarise or {extrapolate} that data.
+
+	The subject of statistics can be divided into descriptive
+	statistics - describing data, and analytical statistics -
+	drawing conclusions from data.
+
+	(1997-07-16)
+
+StatMUX
+
+	{statistical time division multiplexing}
+
+STB
+
+	{set-top box}
+
+STD
+
+	1. {state transition diagram}.
+
+	2. {Internet} standard.
+
+	A subseries of {Request For Comments} (RFC) that specify
+	{Internet} {standards}.  The official list of Internet
+	standards is {STD 1}.
+
+	See also {For Your Information}.
+
+	{rfc.net (http://rfc.net/)}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+STD 1
+
+	<standard> The {Internet Architecture Board} official list of
+	{Internet} {standards}.
+
+	[Postel, J., "IAB Official Protocol Standards", STD 1, RFC
+	1360, Internet Architecture Board, September 1992].
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+STD 13
+
+	<networking, standard> One of the {STDs} defining the {Domain
+	Name System}.
+
+	(1997-12-15)
+
+STD 15
+
+	The {STD} defining {Simple Network Management Protocol}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+STD 2
+
+	<networking, standard> The document listing the current
+	{Internet} {Assigned Numbers}.
+
+	[Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC
+	1340, USC/Information Sciences Institute, July 1992].
+
+	(2001-04-08)
+
+STD 9
+
+	The {STD} defining {File Transfer Protocol} (FTP).
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+stderr
+
+	{standard input/output}
+
+stdin
+
+	{standard input/output}
+
+stdio
+
+	{standard input/output}
+
+stdio.h
+
+	<programming> {standard input/output} {header file}.
+
+	(1996-01-28)
+
+STDM
+
+	{statistical time division multiplexing}
+
+stdout
+
+	{standard input/output}
+
+STDWIN
+
+	A windowing interface from {CWI} with windows, menus, modal
+	dialogs, mouse and keyboard input, scroll bars, drawing
+	primitives, etc that is portable between {platforms}.  STDWIN
+	is available for {Macintosh} and the {X Window System}.
+
+steam-powered
+
+	Old-fashioned or underpowered; archaic.  This term does not
+	have a strong negative loading and may even be used
+	semi-affectionately for something that clanks and wheezes a
+	lot but hangs in there doing the job.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Steelman
+
+	DoD, June 1978.  Fifth and last of the series of DoD
+	requirements that led to Ada.  "Steelman Requirements for High
+	Order Programming Languages", US Dept of Defense, June 1978.
+	SIGPLAN Notices 13(12) (Dec 1978).  (See Strawman, Woodenman,
+	Tinman, Ironman).
+
+steganography
+
+	<security> Hiding a secret message within a larger one in such
+	a way that others can not discern the presence or contents of
+	the hidden message.  For example, a message might be hidden
+	within an {image} by changing the {least significant bits} to
+	be the message bits.
+
+	[{Chaffing and Winnowing: Confidentiality without Encryption,
+	Ronald L. Rivest, MIT Lab for Computer Science, 1998-03-22
+	(http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~rivest/chaffing.txt)}].
+
+	(1998-07-13)
+
+stemmer
+
+	<information science, human language> A program or {algorithm}
+	which determines the morphological root of a given inflected
+	(or, sometimes, derived) word form -- generally a written word
+	form.
+
+	A stemmer for English, for example, should identify the
+	{string} "cats" (and possibly "catlike", "catty" etc.) as
+	based on the root "cat", and "stemmer", "stemming", "stemmed"
+	as based on "stem".
+
+	English stemmers are fairly {trivial} (with only occasional
+	problems, such as "dries" being the third-person singular
+	present form of the verb "dry", "axes" being the plural of
+	"ax" as well as "axis"); but stemmers become harder to design
+	as the morphology, orthography, and {character encoding} of
+	the target language becomes more complex.  For example, an
+	Italian stemmer is more complex than an English one (because
+	of more possible verb inflections), a Russian one is more
+	complex (more possible noun declensions), a Hebrew one is even
+	more complex (a {hairy} writing system), and so on.
+
+	Stemmers are common elements in {query} systems, since a user
+	who runs a query on "daffodils" probably cares about documents
+	that contain the word "daffodil" (without the s).
+
+	({This dictionary} has a rudimentary stemmer which currently
+	(April 1997) handles only conversion of plurals to singulars).
+
+	(1997-04-09)
+
+stemming
+
+	{stemmer}
+
+STENSOR
+
+	L. Hornfeldt, Stockholm, mid-80's.  Symbolic math, especially
+	General Relativity.  Implemented on top of SHEEP and MACSYMA.
+
+STEP
+
+	{Standard for the exchange of product model data}
+
+Stephen Cole Kleene
+
+	{Stephen Kleene}
+
+Stephen Jobs
+
+	<person> Stephen P. Jobs (born 24 February 1955).  The
+	co-founder and ex-president of {Apple Computer}, leader of the
+	team that produced the {Macintosh}.
+
+	In 1979, when he was president of Apple, Steven Jobs saw a
+	demonstration of {Smalltalk} at {Xerox}'s {Palo Alto Research
+	Center}.  He and other Apple employees were "very impressed
+	with the unique and revolutionary user-friendly design".
+
+	The first {Macintosh} was released in January 1984.  Jobs
+	described it as {insanely great}.
+
+	Jobs was ousted from Apple in 1985 and founded {Next, Inc.}.
+	In December 1996 he was re-employed by Apple when they bought
+	NeXT.
+
+	See also {lithium lick}, {Mathematica}.
+
+	(1997-03-18)
+
+Stephen Kleene
+
+	<person> Professor Stephen Cole Kleene (1909-01-05 -
+	1994-01-26) /steev'n (kohl) klay'nee/ An American
+	mathematician whose work at the {University of
+	Wisconsin-Madison} helped lay the foundations for modern
+	computer science.  Kleene was best known for founding the
+	branch of {mathematical logic} known as {recursion theory} and
+	for inventing {regular expressions}.  The {Kleene star} and
+	{Ascending Kleene Chain} are named after him.
+
+	Kleene was born in Hartford, Conneticut, USA.  He received his
+	Bachelor of Arts degree from Amherst College in 1930.  From
+	1930 to 1935, he was a graduate student and research assistant
+	at {Princeton University} where he received his doctorate in
+	mathematics in 1934.  In 1935, he joined UW-Madison
+	mathematics department as an instructor.  He became an
+	assistant professor in 1937.
+
+	From 1939 to 1940, he was a visiting scholar at Princeton's
+	{Institute for Advanced Study} where he laid the foundation
+	for recursive function theory, an area that would be his
+	lifelong research interest.  In 1941 he returned to Amherst as
+	an associate professor of mathematics.
+
+	During World War II Kleene was a lieutenant commander in the
+	United States Navy.  He was an instructor of navigation at the
+	U.S. Naval Reserve's Midshipmen's School in New York, and then
+	a project director at the Naval Research Laboratory in
+	Washington, D.C.
+
+	In 1946, he returned to Wisconsin, eventually becoming a full
+	professor.  He was chair of mathematics, and computer sciences
+	in 1962 and 1963 and dean of the College of Letters and
+	Science from 1969 to 1974.  In 1964 he was named the Cyrus
+	C. MacDuffee professor of mathematics.
+
+	An avid mountain climber, Kleene had a strong interest in
+	nature and the environment and was active in many conservation
+	causes.  He led several professional organisations, serving as
+	president of the {Association of Symbolic Logic} from 1956 to
+	1958.  In 1961, he served as president of the International
+	Union of the History and the Philosophy of Science.
+
+	Kleene pronounced his last name /klay'nee/.  /klee'nee/ and
+	/kleen/ are extremely common mispronunciations.  His first
+	name is /steev'n/, not /stef'n/.  His son, Ken Kleene
+	<kenneth.kleene@umb.edu>, wrote: "As far as I am aware this
+	pronunciation is incorrect in all known languages.  I believe
+	that this novel pronunciation was invented by my father."
+
+	{(gopher://gopher.adp.wisc.edu/00/.data/.news-rel/.9401/.940126a)}.
+
+	(1999-03-03)
+
+stepper motor
+
+	<hardware> An electric motor that rotates in small, fixed
+	increments and is used, among other things, to control the
+	radial position (seeking) of the heads on a {disk drive}.
+
+	(2006-12-24)
+
+Stepstone Corp
+
+	<company> A company founded by Brad Cox, responsible for
+	{Objective C}.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (203) 426-1875.
+
+	(1996-08-04)
+
+stepwise refinement
+
+	{top-down design}
+
+stereogram
+
+	A two-dimensional image which, when viewed correctly appears
+	three-dimensional.  E.g. {SIRDS} or {SIRTS}.
+
+	{(ftp://katz.anu.edu.au/pub/stereograms)}.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+Sterling Software, Inc.
+
+	<company> A software company which was bought out by {Computer
+	Associates International, Inc.}
+
+	{Acquisition (http://ca.com/acq/sterling/)}.
+
+	(2002-04-20)
+
+Steve Jobs
+
+	{Stephen Jobs}
+
+Steve's Shell
+
+	<operating system> (ssh) A {Unix} {shell} with many {csh}- and
+	{ksh}-like features, by Steve Baker <ice@judy.indstate.edu>
+	and Thomas Moore.
+
+	Version 1.7 has been ported to {Sequent}, {Sun}, {NeXT},
+	{Ultrix}, {BSDI} and is available from {comp.sources.unix}
+	volume 26.
+
+	(1993-04-15)
+
+Steve Wozniak
+
+	<person> Co-founder of {Apple Computer} with {Steve Jobs} on
+	01 April 1976 and the inventor of the {Apple II} {personal
+	computer}.
+
+	(1998-04-05)
+
+STFT
+
+	{Short Term Fourier Transform}
+
+STFU
+
+	<chat> Shut the fuck up.
+
+	(2008-03-04)
+
+STFW
+
+	{Search The Fucking Web}
+
+Sticks&Stones
+
+	<language, functional programming> A {functional},
+	{polymorphic} {hardware description language} loosely based on
+	{ML} by Lucca Cardelli.
+
+	["An Algebraic Approach to Hardware Description and
+	Verification", L. Cardelli, Thesis, Edinburgh U, 1982].
+
+	["Sticks&Stones II: A Functional Language VLSI Layout
+	Generation Tool", Andrew Butterfield <butrfeld@cs.tcd.ie>,
+	Thesis, Trinity College, 1990].
+
+	(2008-03-04)
+
+sticky analysis
+
+	<theory> A kind of program analysis that uses information from
+	all the call sites of a function or procedure.
+
+	(1999-06-15)
+
+sticky bit
+
+	<operating system> The {bit} in the mode of a {Unix} file
+	which, if set for an executable, tells the {kernel} to keep
+	the code loaded in {swap space} even after it has finished
+	executing on the assumption that it is likely to be used again
+	soon.  This performance optimisation was included in some
+	early (and recent?) versions of {Unix} to save reloading
+	frequently used programs such as the {shell} or {vi} from
+	disk.
+
+	If the sticky bit is set on a directory, an unprivileged user
+	may not delete or rename files of other users in that
+	directory even if he has write access to the directory.
+
+	The Unix "ls" command displays a set sticky bit as a "t" in
+	the permissions of a file or directory.
+
+	(1997-02-26)
+
+sticky content
+
+	<web> {web} pages that refer only or
+	mostly to pages on the same {website}.  This is important to
+	some commercial sites who want users to keep accessing pages
+	from their site because they receive advertising income from
+	each hit.  It does however somewhat miss the point of the
+	web which is to link useful information across the
+	whole {Internet}.
+
+	(1999-06-15)
+
+stiffy
+
+	<storage, jargon> ({University of Lowell}, Massachusetts) A
+	3.5-inch {microfloppy}, so called because their jackets are
+	more rigid than those of the 5.25-inch and the (obsolete)
+	8-inch {floppy disk}.  Elsewhere this might be called a
+	"firmy".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+STIL
+
+	STatistical Interpretive Language.
+
+	["STIL User's Manual", C.F.  Donaghey et al, Indust Eng Dept,
+	U Houston (Aug 1969)].
+
+STING
+
+	A parallel dialect of {Scheme} intended to serve as a
+	high-level {operating system} for symbolic programming
+	languages.  {First-class} {threads} and processors and
+	customisable {scheduling} policies.
+
+	E-mail: <suresh@research.nj.dec.com>.
+
+	["A Customizable Substrate for Concurrent Languages",
+	S. Jagannathan et al, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 1992].
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+STk
+
+	<language, LISP, graphics> A {Scheme} {interpreter} blended
+	with Ousterhout's {Tk} package by Erick Gallesio
+	<eg@unice.fr>.  STk expresses all of Tk as Scheme objects.
+	STk includes a slow {CLOS}/{Dylan}-like {object-oriented}
+	extension.
+
+	STk almost conforms to {R4RS} and runs on {SunOS} 4.1.x and
+	{Ultrix}/{MIPS}.
+
+	Latest version: 4.0.1, as of 2000-09-24.
+
+	{(ftp://kaolin.unice.fr/pub/STk-1.00.tar.gz)}.
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.indiana.edu/pub/scheme-repository/imp/STk-2.1.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(2000-12-16)
+
+STMP
+
+	Did you mean {SMTP}?
+
+stochastic
+
+	{probabilistic}
+
+stock-keeping unit
+
+	<database> (SKU) /skyoo/ (rarely seen expanded) A common term
+	for a unique numeric identifier, typically in a {database}.
+	Originally this was used only for products, but has spread in
+	usage.
+
+	Compare with {UID} for sense development.
+
+	(1998-09-27)
+
+STOIC
+
+	{STring Oriented Interactive Compiler}
+
+stomp on
+
+	To inadvertently overwrite something important, usually
+	automatically.  "All the work I did this weekend got stomped
+	on last night by the nightly server script."  Compare
+	{scribble}, {mangle}, {trash}, {scrog}, {roach}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+STONE
+
+	A Structured and Open Environment: a project supported by the
+	German Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT) to design,
+	implement and distribute a SEE for research and teaching.
+
+Stone Age
+
+	<jargon> In computer folklore, an ill-defined period from
+	{ENIAC} (ca. 1943) to the mid-1950s; the great age of
+	electromechanical {dinosaurs}.  Sometimes used for the entire
+	period up to 1960-61 (see {Iron Age}); however, it is more
+	descriptive to characterise the latter period in terms of a
+	"Bronze Age" era of {transistor}-logic, pre-{ferrite core
+	memory} machines with {drum} or {CRT} mass storage (as opposed
+	to just {mercury delay lines} and/or relays).
+
+	More generally, the term is used pejoratively for ancient
+	hardware or software, even by survivors from the {Stone Age}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-09-27)
+
+stone knives and bearskins
+
+	(From the Star Trek Classic episode "The City on the Edge of
+	Forever") A term traditionally used to describe (and
+	deprecate) computing environments that are grotesquely
+	primitive in light of what is known about good ways to design
+	things.  As in "Don't get too used to the facilities here.
+	Once you leave SAIL it's stone knives and bearskins as far as
+	the eye can see".
+
+	Compare {steam-powered}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+Stoneman
+
+	The requirements, written by the {HOLWG} of the US {DoD} in
+	Feb 1980, that led to APSE.
+
+	["Requirements for Ada Programming Support Environments:
+	STONEMAN", US Dept of Defense, Feb 1980].
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+stop bit
+
+	In serial communications, where each bit of the message is
+	transmitted in sequence, stop bits are extra "1" bits which
+	follow the data and any {parity} bit.  They mark the end of a
+	unit of transmission (normally a byte or character).
+
+	For example, characters on an {EIA-232} {serial line} may have
+	one or two stop bits added.  Some {UARTs} even allow for 1.5
+	stop bits but one is probably the most commonly used.  A
+	serial connection may be described as, for example, "8N1"
+	which means eight data bits, no {parity} and one stop bit.
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+stoppage
+
+	/sto'p*j/ Extreme {lossage} that renders something (usually
+	something vital) completely unusable.  "The recent system
+	stoppage was caused by a {fried} transformer."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+storage
+
+	<storage> (Or "memory") A device into which data can be
+	entered, in which it can be held, and from which it can be
+	retrieved at a later time.  The distinguishing characteristics
+	of a device are its capacity (the number of bytes it can
+	hold), its {access speed}, whether it is {volatile} (loses
+	data when the power is turned off), removeable and/or
+	writeable.  Common examples are {DRAM}, {hard disk}, {CD-ROM},
+	{Flash memory}.
+
+	(2009-02-23)
+
+Storage Allocation and Coding Program
+
+	<language> (STAC) A symbolic {macro-assembler} for the
+	{English Electric} {DEUCE}.
+
+	["DEUCE STAC Programming Manual", DEUCE News No. 38, Report
+	K/AA y 1 DEUCE Library Service, Data Processing and COntrol
+	Systems DIvision, English Electric Company, Kidsgrove, June].
+
+	(1998-06-08)
+
+Storage Area Network
+
+	<storage> (SAN) A high-speed subnetwork of shared storage
+	devices.  A storage device is a machine that contains nothing
+	but a disk or disks for storing data.
+
+	A SAN's architecture works in a way that makes all storage
+	devices available to all servers on a LAN or WAN.  As more
+	storage devices are added to a SAN, they too will be
+	accessible from any server in the larger network.  The server
+	merely acts as a pathway between the end user and the stored
+	data.
+
+	Because stored data does not reside directly on any of a
+	network's servers, server power is used for business
+	applications, and network capacity is released to the end
+	user.
+
+Storage Management Services
+
+	<storage> (SMS) Software that enables network administrators
+	to route {backup} data from various devices on a network to
+	another device such as a server or a {magnetic tape} backup
+	unit.  This is done either to make use of a high-capacity
+	storage system such as a tape {juke-box} or for disaster
+	protection.
+
+	(1996-02-18)
+
+storage media
+
+	<storage> Devices on which {data} is stored, as opposed to the
+	device ("drive") used to read and write data from and to the
+	media.  The term typically applies to removeable storage such
+	as {magnetic tape} or {flash memory}, rather than fixed
+	devices like a {hard disk}.
+
+	(2009-02-23)
+
+store
+
+	<jargon> In some varieties of Commonwealth hackish, the
+	preferred synonym for {core}.  Thus, "bringing a program into
+	store" means that a program is being {swap}ped in from
+	{backing store} to {main store}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-12-06)
+
+store and forward
+
+	<messaging> (Or "message switching") A kind of {message
+	passing} system where a complete message is received before
+	any of it is passed on to the next node.  This means that each
+	message is using at most one interprocessor link at any time
+	but intermediate nodes will require more storage buffers than
+	under the alternative, {wormhole routing}.
+
+	E-mail transmission is an example of {store and forward}
+	message passing.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+stored procedure
+
+	<database> A {subroutine} stored in a {database} and executed
+	by the {database management system}.  The subroutine may be
+	written in the same language in which the database is queried
+	and may be precompiled to improve performance.
+
+	Typically a stored procedure encapsulates some business
+	process.  Performing this on the database server avoids the
+	network overhead of transferring input data to the client for
+	processing.  This would be particularly significant if
+	processing lots of data and returning a small result set like
+	a total or maximum.  Stored procedures also provide consistent
+	implementation of the business logic to clients written in
+	different languages and running in different environments.
+
+	Some financial systems allow databases access through stored
+	procedures alone, this restricts actions on the data to a
+	small number of auditable queries.
+
+	Sybase SQL Server ({Adaptive Server Enterprise}) was the first
+	commercially successful RDBMS to support stored procedures.
+
+	(2004-03-04)
+
+storm
+
+	{broadcast storm}
+
+Story of Mel
+
+	{The story of Mel}
+
+STP
+
+	{shielded twisted pair}
+
+StP
+
+	{Software through Pictures}
+
+STP4
+
+	A statistical language.
+
+Strachey, Christopher
+
+	{Christopher Strachey}
+
+Strand
+
+	1. {AND-parallel} {logic programming} language.  Essentially
+	flat {Parlog83} with sequential-and and sequential-or
+	eliminated.
+
+	["Strand: New Concepts on Parallel Programming", Ian Foster et
+	al, P-H 1990].  {Strand88} is a commercial implementation.
+
+	2. A query language, implemented on top of {INGRES} (an
+	{RDBMS}).  ["Modelling Summary Data", R. Johnson, Proc ACM
+	SIGMOD Conf 1981].
+
+Strand88
+
+	A commercial implementation of {Strand} from Strand Software
+	Technologies Ltd., UK and Strand Software, Beaverton, OR, USA.
+	E-mail: <strand88@sstl.uucp>.
+
+Stratus
+
+	<company> One of the leading manufacturers of {fault-tolerant}
+	computer systems.  While virtually all of Stratus' core
+	hardware and software is sold into the financial services,
+	telecommunications, travel and transportation, and gaming
+	these markets, a broad range of {middleware} and
+	{applications} are developed and marketed by Stratus, its
+	subsidiaries, and third party partners.
+
+	Yearly sales $609M, profits $43.5M (1996).
+
+	{(http://stratus,com)}.
+
+	(1997-04-24)
+
+Strawman
+
+	The first of the series of {DoD} requirements that led to
+	{Ada} ({Woodenman}, {Tinman}, {Ironman}, {Steelman}).
+	Strawman was produced by the {HOLWG} in Apr 1975.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+STREAM
+
+	["STREAM: A Scheme Language for Formally Describing Digital
+	Circuits", C.D. Kloos in PARLE: Parallel Architectures and
+	Languages Europe, LNCS 259, Springer 1987].
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+stream
+
+	1. <communications> An {abstraction} referring to any flow of
+	data from a source (or sender, producer) to a single sink (or
+	receiver, consumer).  A stream usually flows through a channel
+	of some kind, as opposed to {packets} which may be addressed
+	and routed independently, possibly to multiple recipients.
+	Streams usually require some mechanism for establishing a
+	channel or a "{connection}" between the sender and receiver.
+
+	2. <programming> In the {C} language's buffered input/ouput
+	library functions, a stream is associated with a file or
+	device which has been opened using {fopen}.  Characters may be
+	read from (written to) a stream without knowing their actual
+	source (destination) and buffering is provided transparently
+	by the library routines.
+
+	3. <operating system> Confusingly, {Sun} have called their
+	modular {device driver} mechanism "{STREAMS}".
+
+	4. <operating system> In {IBM}'s {AIX} {operating system}, a
+	stream is a {full-duplex} processing and data transfer path
+	between a driver in {kernel space} and a process in {user
+	space}.
+
+	[IBM AIX 3.2 Communication Programming Concepts,
+	SC23-2206-03].
+
+	5. <communications> {streaming}.
+
+	6. <programming> {lazy list}.
+
+	(1996-11-06)
+
+streaming
+
+	<communications> Playing {sound} or {video} in {real time} as
+	it is downloaded over the {Internet} as opposed to storing it
+	in a local file first.  A {plug-in} to a {web browser} such as
+	{Netscape Navigator} decompresses and plays the data as it is
+	transferred to your computer over the {web}.
+	Streaming audio or video avoids the delay entailed in
+	downloading an entire file and then playing it with a {helper
+	application}.  Streaming requires a fast connection and a
+	computer powerful enough to execute the decompression
+	{algorithm} in {real time}.
+
+	(1996-11-06)
+
+Streaming SIMD Extensions
+
+	<architecture> (SSE) {Intel Corporation}'s {floating point}
+	{SIMD} extention of their {Pentium} {microprocessor}
+	architecture.  SSE was formerly know as KNI (Katmai New
+	Instructions).  It was introduced with the {Pentium III}.
+
+	{Intel Pentium III
+	(http://developer.intel.com/design/pentiumiii/prodbref/)}.
+
+	{ipoem (http://ipoem.com/technology/Docs/pentium4.html)}.
+
+	(2003-07-13)
+
+stream-oriented
+
+	{connection-oriented}
+
+STREAMS
+
+	<operating system> A collection of {system calls}, {kernel}
+	resources, and kernel utility routines that can create, use,
+	and dismantle a {stream}.  A "stream head" provides the
+	interface between the stream and the user processes.  Its
+	principal function is to process STREAMS-related user system
+	calls.  A "stream module" processes data that travel bewteen
+	the stream head and driver.  The "stream end" provides the
+	services of an external input/output device or an internal
+	software driver.  The internal software driver is commonly
+	called a {pseudo-device} driver.
+
+	The STREAMS concept has been formalised in {Unix} {System V}.
+	For example, {SVR4} implements {sockets} and {pipes} using
+	STREAMS, resulting in pipe(2) openning bidirectional pipes.
+
+	[IBM AIX 3.2 Communication Programming Concepts, SC23-2206-03].
+
+	(1999-06-29)
+
+strength reduction
+
+	An optimisation where a function of some systematically
+	changing variable is calculated more efficiently by using
+	previous values of the function.  In a {procedural language}
+	this would apply to an expression involving a loop variable
+	and in a {declarative language} it would apply to the argument
+	of a {recursive} function.  E.g.
+
+		f x = ... (2**x) ... (f (x+1)) ...
+
+			==>
+
+		f x = f' x (2**x)
+		      where
+		      f ' x z = ... z ... (f' (x+1) 2*z) ...
+
+	Here the expensive operation (2**x) has been replaced by the
+	cheaper 2*z in the recursive function f'.  This maintains the
+	invariant that z = 2**x for any call to f'.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+STRESS
+
+	STRuctual Engineering Systems Solver.
+
+	A system for structural analysis problems in Civil
+	Engineering.  STRESS was superseded by {STRUDL}.
+
+	["STRESS: A User's Manual", S.J. Fenves et al, MIT Press
+	1964].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 612].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+stress testing
+
+	<testing> Testing aimed at investigating the behaviour of a
+	software or hardware equipment in out of ordinary operating
+	conditions.
+
+	(1998-03-27)
+
+strict
+
+	A function f is strict in an argument if
+
+		f bottom = bottom
+
+	(See {bottom}).  In other words, the result depends on the
+	argument so evaluation of an application of the function
+	cannot terminate until evaluation of the argument has
+	terminated.
+
+	If the result is only {bottom} when the argument is bottom
+	then the function is also {bottom-unique}.
+
+	See also {strict evaluation}, {hyperstrict}.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+strict evaluation
+
+	{Call-by-value} evaluation order is sometimes called "strict
+	evaluation" because, in a sequential system, it makes
+	functions behave as though they were {strict}, in the sense
+	that evaluation of a function application cannot terminate
+	before evaluation of the argument.  Similarly, languages are
+	called strict if they use {call-by-value} argument passing.
+
+	Compare {eager evaluation}, {lazy evaluation}.
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+strided
+
+	/str:'d*d/ (scientific computing) Said of a sequence of memory
+	reads and writes to addresses, each of which is separated from
+	the last by a constant interval called "the stride length", or
+	just "the stride".  These can be a worst-case access pattern
+	for {cache} schemes when the stride length is a multiple of
+	the {cache line} size.
+
+	Strided references are often generated by loops through an
+	{array}, and (if the data is large enough that access-time is
+	significant) it can be worthwhile to tune for better locality
+	by inverting double loops or by partially unrolling the outer
+	loop of a loop nest.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+string
+
+	<programming> A sequence of {data} values, usually {bytes},
+	which usually stand for {characters} (a "character string").
+	The {mapping} between values and characters is determined by
+	the {character set} which is itself specified implcitly or
+	explicitly by the environment in which the string is being
+	interpreted.
+
+	The most common character set is {ASCII} but, since the late
+	1990s, there has been increased interest in larger character
+	sets such as {Unicode} where each character is represented by
+	more than eight {bits}.
+
+	Most programming languages consider strings (e.g.
+	"124:shabooya:\n", "hello world") basically distinct from
+	numbers which are typically stored in fixed-length {binary} or
+	{floating-point} representation.
+
+	A {bit string} is a sequence of {bits}.
+
+	(1999-12-21)
+
+String EXpression Interpreter
+
+	{String Oriented Symbolic Language}
+
+stringly typed
+
+	<humour, programming> A humourous play on "{strongly typed}",
+	coined by Mark Simpson, for an implementation that uses
+	strings instead of more appropriate types, thus preventing
+	{compile-time} {type checking}.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2012-06-25)
+
+STring Oriented Interactive Compiler
+
+	<language> (STOIC) A language from the Smithsonian
+	Astrophysical Observatory.  STOIC is similar to {FORTH} for
+	strings and includes many {VAX}-specific items.
+
+	(1998-09-27)
+
+String Oriented Symbolic Language
+
+	<language> (SNOBOL) A {string processing language} for {text}
+	and {formula} manipulation, developed by David J. Farber, Ralph E.
+	Griswold and Ivan P. Polonsky at {Bell Labs} in 1962.
+
+	SNOBOL had only simple {control structures} but provided a
+	rich string-matching formalism of power comparable to {regular
+	expressions} but implemented differently.  People used it
+	for simple {natural language processing} analysis tasks well
+	into the 1980s.  Since then, {Perl} has come into favour for
+	such tasks.
+
+	SNOBOL was originally called "SEXI" - String EXpression
+	Interpreter.  In spite of the suggestive name, SNOBOL is not
+	related to {COBOL}.  Farber said the name SNOBOL was largely
+	contrived at the time the original JACM article was published
+	when one of the implementors said something like, "This
+	program doesn't have a snowball's chance in hell of ...".  The
+	expansion to "String Oriented Symbolic Language" was contrived
+	later.
+
+	Implementations include (in no particular order): {SNOBOL2},
+	{SNOBOL3}, {SNOBOL4}, {FASBOL}, {SITBOL}, {MAINBOL}, {SPITBOL}
+	and {vanilla}.
+
+	See also {EZ}, {Poplar}, {SIL} and {Icon}.
+
+	{SNOBOL 4 (http://snobol4.org/)}.
+
+	{David Farber (http://cis.upenn.edu/%7Efarber/)}.
+
+	{Ralph Griswold (http://cs.arizona.edu/people/ralph/)}.
+
+	["SNOBOL, A String Manipulating Language", R. Griswold et al,
+	J ACM 11(1):21, Jan 1964].
+
+	(2004-04-29)
+
+String PRocessING language
+
+	<language> (SPRING)
+
+	["From SPRING to SUMMER: Design, Definition and Implementation
+	of Programming Languages for String Manipulation and Pattern
+	Matching", Paul Klint, Math Centre, Amsterdam 1982].
+
+	(1996-02-06)
+
+string reduction
+
+	A {reduction system} where an expression is represented as a
+	string of function names, constants and parentheses.  It is
+	reduced by replacing parts of the string representing subterms
+	by their value.
+
+	It is harder to represent sharing of subexpressions in string
+	reduction than in {graph reduction}.
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+stripe
+
+	{data striping}
+
+stripe set
+
+	{data striping}
+
+striping
+
+	{data striping}
+
+STROBES
+
+	{Shared Time Repair of Big Electronic Systems}
+
+stroke
+
+	The oblique stroke character, "/", ASCII 47.
+
+	See {ASCII} for other synonyms.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+StrongARM
+
+	<processor> A collaborative project between {Digital Equipment
+	Corporation} and {Advanced RISC Machines} Ltd. (ARM) announced
+	on 1995-02-06 licensing the {ARM} {RISC} architecture to
+	{Digital Semiconductor} for the development of
+	high-performance, low power {microprocessors}.
+
+	The StrongARM family of 32-bit RISC products developed under
+	the agreement are faster versions of the existing ARM
+	processors with a somewhat different {instruction set}.  They
+	are targetted at applications such as next-generation
+	{personal digital assistants} with improved user interfaces
+	and communications; {interactive television} and set-top
+	products; video games and {multimedia} {edutainment} systems
+	with realistic imaging, motion and sound; and digital imaging,
+	including low cost digital image capture and photo-quality
+	scanning and printing.
+
+	The StrongARM family has limited software compatibility with
+	the {ARM6}, {ARM7} and {ARM8} families due to its separate
+	{caches} for data and instructions which causes
+	{self-modifying code} to fail.
+
+	The {SA-110} is the first member of the family.
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+strongly connected component
+
+	(SCC) A subset, S, of the nodes of a {directed graph} such
+	that any node in S is reachable from any other node in S and S
+	is not a subset of any larger such set.  SCCs are {equivalence
+	class}es under the {transitive closure} of the "directly
+	connected to" {relation}.
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+strongly typed
+
+	{strong typing}
+
+strong typing
+
+	<programming> Strict enforcement of {type} rules with no
+	exceptions.  Incorrect type usage can be detected either at
+	{run time} or at {compile time}.  Strong typing catches more
+	type errors than {weak typing}, resulting in fewer hard
+	errors.  In a strongly typed language, conversion between
+	types requires the use of explicit conversion functions
+	("casts") as opposed to {implicit type coercion}.
+
+	Typing strength is a continuum; {ML} is more strongly typed
+	than {Java}, which is more strongly typed than {C}.
+
+	Strong or weak typing is independent of the choice between
+	{static typing} and {dynamic typing}.  Among strongly typed
+	languages, {Ada}, {Java}, {Haskell} and {ML} are statically
+	typed, whereas {Python} and {Ruby} are dynamically typed.
+
+	(2004-07-20)
+
+Stroustrup, Bjarne
+
+	{Bjarne Stroustrup}
+
+struct
+
+	<programming> A data type in {C} and {C++} corresponding to a
+	{record} in {Ada} or {Pascal} or a {tuple} in {functional
+	programming}.  A struct has one or more members, each of which
+	may have different types.  It is used to group associated data
+	together.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+structural recursion
+
+	The process of transforming an expression by expressing its
+	structure as a syntax tree and applying a certain
+	transformation rule to each kind of node, starting from the
+	top.  Rules for non-{leaf nodes} will normally return a result
+	which depends on applying the rules recursively to its
+	sub-nodes.  Examples include {syntax} analysis, {code
+	generation}, {abstract interpretation} and {program
+	transformation}.
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+structured analysis
+
+	One of a number of requirements analysis methods used in
+	software engineering.
+
+Structured Analysis and Design Technique
+
+	<modeling> (SADT) A {function modeling} method for analysing
+	and communicating the functional perspective of a system.
+	SADT was commissioned by The United States Air Force.
+
+	{IDEF0} was derived from SADT.
+
+	(2007-01-08)
+
+structured design
+
+	<programming> (SD) One of a number of systematic {top-down
+	design} techniques used in {software engineering}, usually
+	after {structured analysis}.
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+structure diagram
+
+	<programming, data> A pictorial representation of the
+	composition, grouping and relationship of data items.
+
+	(1998-06-11)
+
+structured language
+
+	{block-structured}
+
+structured programming
+
+	<programming> Any software development technique that includes
+	{structured design} and results in the development of a
+	program consisting of blocks of code whose internal details
+	are independent.  Structured programming is usually done in a
+	{block-structured} language.
+
+	(2004-09-29)
+
+Structured Query Language
+
+	{SQL}
+
+Structure of Management Information
+
+	(SMI) The rules used to define the objects that can be
+	accessed via a {network management protocol}.  This {protocol}
+	is defined in {STD} 16, {RFC} 1155.
+
+	See also {Management Information Base}.
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+strudel
+
+	<character> Common (spoken) name for the commercial at sign,
+	"@", {ASCII} 64.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+STRUDL
+
+	STRUctured Design Language.
+
+	Dynamic and {finite-element analysis}, steel and concrete
+	structures.  Subsystem of {ICES}.  ["ICES STRUDL-II
+	Engineering User's Manual", R68-91, CE Dept MIT (Nov 1968)
+	Sammet 1969, p.613].
+
+STSC APL
+
+	Implementation of APL by Scientific {Time-Sharing} Corporation
+
+stub
+
+	1. <programming> A dummy procedure used when linking a program
+	with a {run-time library}.  The stub routine need not contain
+	any code and is only present to prevent "undefined label"
+	errors at link time.
+
+	2. <programming, networking> A local procedure in a {remote
+	procedure call}.  The {client} calls the stub to perform some
+	task and need not necessarily be aware that RPC is involved.
+	The stub transmits parameters over the network to the {server}
+	and returns the results to the caller.
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+stub network
+
+	A {network} which only carries {packets} to and from local
+	{hosts}.  Even if it has paths to more than one other network,
+	it does not carry traffic for other networks.  See also
+	{backbone}, {transit network}.
+
+stubroutine
+
+	/stuhb'roo-teen/ [contraction of "stub subroutine"] Tiny,
+	often vacuous placeholder for a {subroutine} that is to be
+	written or fleshed out later.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+STUDENT
+
+	D.G. Bobrow 1964.  Early query system.  Sammet 1969, p.664.
+
+Student PL/I
+
+	<language> A translator-{interpreter} for a {PL/I} subset
+	derived from {SPL}.
+
+	["Student PL/I Compiler", R.A. Vowels, RMIT, Melbourne, 1971].
+
+	(1996-01-19)
+
+studly
+
+	Impressive; powerful.  Said of code and designs which exhibit
+	both complexity and a virtuoso flair.  Has connotations
+	similar to {hairy} but is more positive in tone.  Often in the
+	emphatic "most studly" or as noun-form "studliness".  "Smail
+	3.0's configuration parser is most studly."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+studlycaps
+
+	<jargon> /stuhd'lee-kaps/ A hackish form of silliness similar
+	to {BiCapitalisation} for trademarks, but applied randomly and
+	to arbitrary text rather than to trademarks.  ThE oRigiN and
+	SigNificaNce of thIs pRacTicE iS oBscuRe.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+Stuffit
+
+	<tool, file format> (filename extension: .sit) A file
+	{archiving} and {compression} utility, developed by {Aladdin
+	Systems, Inc.}.  Stuffit was originally developed for the
+	{Macintosh} and is still the Mac standard tool for compression
+	and archiving (compressing multiple files into one).  Stuffit
+	is now also available for {Microsoft Windows} and {Linux}.
+	Compared to the standard Windows tool, {WinZip}, it is faster
+	and gives better compression.
+
+	Stuffit archives can be extracted with Stuffit Expander.
+
+	{Stuffit Home (http://stuffit.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-09-20)
+
+Stupids
+
+	Term used by {samurai} for the {suits} who employ them.
+	Succinctly expresses an attitude at least as common, though
+	usually better disguised, among other subcultures of hackers.
+	There may be intended reference here to an SF story originally
+	published in 1952 but much anthologised since, Mark Clifton's
+	"Star, Bright".  In it, a super-genius child classifies humans
+	into a very few "Brights" like herself, a huge majority of
+	"Stupids", and a minority of "Tweens", the merely ordinary
+	geniuses.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+stupid-sort
+
+	Synonym {bogo-sort}.
+
+Sturgeon's Law
+
+	"Ninety percent of everything is crap".  Derived from a quote
+	by science fiction author Theodore Sturgeon, who once said,
+	"Sure, 90% of science fiction is crud.  That's because 90% of
+	everything is crud."  Oddly, when Sturgeon's Law is cited, the
+	final word is almost invariably changed to "crap".  Compare
+	{Ninety-Ninety Rule}.  Though this maxim originated in SF
+	fandom, most hackers recognise it and are all too aware of its
+	truth.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+STX
+
+	{Start Of Text}
+
+style
+
+	<web> The visual presentation or formatting of {web
+	content}, chiefly either {HTML} content with style controlled
+	by {Cascading Style Sheets} (CSS) or {XML} content controlled
+	by {XSL}.  Style is distinguished from meaning, which is
+	encoded with {semantic markup}.  The latter deals with logical
+	divisions of content such as headings, lists and paragraphs.
+
+	(2008-02-25)
+
+su
+
+	<operating system, tool, security> (substitute user) The
+	{Unix} command which allows you to become another user after
+	entering their {password}.  su is most often used without
+	arguments in which case it defaults to user {root}.  Some
+	versions of Unix only allows this command to be used by
+	members of the {wheel} group.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: su(1).
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+SUB
+
+	{Substitute}
+
+subband encoding
+
+	An audio {compression} technique where the sound is split into
+	frequency bands and then parts of the signal which the ear
+	cannot detect are removed, e.g. a quiet sound masked by a loud
+	one.  The remaining signal is encoded using variable bit-rates
+	with more bits per sample being used in the mid frequency
+	range.
+
+	Subband encoding is used in {MPEG-1}.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+subclass
+
+	{class hierarchy}
+
+subject
+
+	<programming> In {subject-oriented programming}, a subject is
+	a collection of {classes} or class fragments whose {class
+	hierarchy} models its domain in its own, subjective way.  A
+	subject may be a complete application in itself, or it may be
+	an incomplete fragment that must be composed with other
+	subjects to produce a complete application.  Subject
+	composition combines class hierarchies to produce new subjects
+	that incorporate functionality from existing subjects.
+
+	(1999-08-31)
+
+subject index
+
+	<information science> An information resource that contains
+	references to other resources, categorised by subject, usually
+	in a {hierarchy}.
+
+	{Yahoo} is the most popular {Internet} subject index.  Like
+	most {other subject indices
+	(http://yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Internet/World_Wide_Web/Searching_the_Web/Web_Directories/)},
+	Yahoo is arranged {ontologically}.
+
+	Subject indices are not to be confused with {search engines},
+	which are based not on subject, but instead on {relevance},
+	although (1) this difference is often (possibly rightly)
+	hidden from the unsophisticated user, and (2) future
+	integration of {knowledge representation} into relevance
+	ranking {algorithms} will make this a hazy distinction.
+
+	(1997-04-09)
+
+subject-oriented programming
+
+	<programming> Program composition that supports building
+	{object-oriented} systems as compositions of {subjects},
+	extending systems by composing them with new subjects, and
+	integrating systems by composing them with one another
+	(perhaps with {glue} or adapter subjects).
+
+	The flexibility of subject composition introduces novel
+	opportunities for developing and modularising object-oriented
+	programs.  Subject-oriented programming-in-the-large involves
+	dividing a system into subjects and writing rules to compose
+	them correctly.  It complements {object-oriented programming},
+	solving a number of problems that arise when OOP is used to
+	develop large systems or suites of interoperating or
+	integrated applications.
+
+	{IBM subject-oriented programming
+	(http://research.ibm.com/sop/)}.
+
+	(1999-08-31)
+
+sublanguage
+
+	<database, language> One of the languages associated with a
+	{DBMS}, for example a {data-definition language} or {query
+	language}.
+
+	(1999-10-18)
+
+subnet
+
+	A portion of a {network}, which may be a physically
+	independent network segment, which shares a {network address}
+	with other portions of the network and is distinguished by a
+	subnet number.  A subnet is to a network what a network is to
+	an {internet}.
+
+subnet address
+
+	The {subnet} portion of an {IP address}.  In a subnetted
+	{network}, the {host} portion of an IP address is split into a
+	subnet portion and a host portion using an {address mask} (the
+	subnet mask).
+
+subnet mask
+
+	{address mask}
+
+subnet number
+
+	{subnet address}
+
+subroutine
+
+	<programming> (Or "procedure") A sequence of {instructions}
+	for performing a particular task.  Most programming languages,
+	including most {machine languages}, allow the programmer to
+	define subroutines.  This allows the subroutine code to be
+	called from multiple places, even from within itself (in which
+	case it is called {recursive}).  The programming language
+	implementation takes care of returning control to (just after)
+	the calling location, usually with the support of call and
+	return instructions at {machine language} level.
+
+	Most languages also allow {arguments} to be passed to the
+	subroutine, and one, or occasionally more, {return values} to
+	be passed back.
+
+	A {function} is often very similar to a subroutine, the main
+	difference being that it is called chiefly for its return
+	value, rather than for any {side effects}.
+
+	(1996-10-01)
+
+subscribe
+
+	<messaging> To request to receive messages posted to a
+	{mailing list} or {newsgroup}.  In contrast to the mundane use
+	of the word this is often free of charge.
+
+	(1997-03-27)
+
+Subscriber Identity Module
+
+	<telecommunications, wireless> (SIM or "SIM card") A component,
+	usually in the form of a miniature {smart-card}, that is
+	theoretically tamper-proof and is used to associate a {mobile
+	subscriber} with a {mobile network} subscription.  The SIM holds
+	the subscriber's unique {MSISDN} along with secret information
+	such as a private {encryption key} and encryption and digital
+	signature algorithms.  Most SIMs also contain {non-volatile
+	storage} for network and device management, contact lists, text
+	messages sent and received, logos and in some cases even small
+	{Java} {programs}.
+
+	(2007-01-06)
+
+subscribing
+
+	{subscribe}
+
+\subseteq
+
+	Like a U on its right side with a line under it.  For sets x
+	and y, x \subseteq y if all elements of x are also elements of
+	y.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Subset-Equational Language
+
+	(SEL) A {declarative} language for set processing by Bharat
+	Jayaraman with subset and equational program clauses; {pattern
+	matching} over sets (it supports efficient iteration over
+	sets); annotations to say which functions distribute over
+	union in which arguments (for point-wise/incremental
+	computation over sets); defining {transitive closures} through
+	circular constraints (implemented by mixed
+	top-down/{memoisation} and bottom-up strategy);
+	{meta-programming} and simple {higher-order} programming;
+	modest user-interface including tracing.
+
+	The SEL {compiler}, written in {Quintus Prolog}, generates
+	{WAM}-like code, extended to deal with set-matching,
+	{memoisation}, and the novel control structure of the
+	language.  The {run-time system} is written in {C}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.buffalo.edu/users/bharat/SEL2)}.
+
+	E-mail: Bharat Jayaraman <bharat@cs.buffalo.edu>.
+
+	["Towards a Broader Basis for Logic Programming",
+	B. Jayaraman, TR CS Dept, SUNY Buffalo, 1990].
+
+	["Set Abstraction in Functional and Logic Programming",
+	F.S.K. Silbermann <fs@cs.tulane.edu> et al, ACM Proc 1989].
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+Substitute
+
+	<character> (SUB) {ASCII} character 26.
+
+	[Why?]
+
+	(1996-06-28)
+
+substrate
+
+	<hardware> The body or base layer of an {integrated circuit},
+	onto which other layers are deposited to form the circuit.
+	The substrate is usually Silicon, though Sapphire is used for
+	certain applications, particularly military, where radiation
+	resistance is important.  The substrate is originally part of
+	the {wafer} from which the {die} is cut.  It is used as the
+	electrical {ground} for the circuit.
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+subtype
+
+	<programming> If S is a subtype of T then an expression of
+	{type} S may be used anywhere that one of type T can and an
+	{implicit type conversion} will be applied to convert it to
+	type T.
+
+	In {object oriented programming}, this means that {objects} of
+	type S must accept every {message} that one of type T would.
+
+	(1997-07-28)
+
+subtyping
+
+	{subtype}
+
+SuccessoR
+
+	A language for {distributed computing} derived from {SR}.
+
+	["SuccessoR: Refinements to SR", R.A. Olsson et al, TR 84-3, U
+	Arizona 1984].
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+successor
+
+	{daughter}
+
+sucking mud
+
+	(Or "pumping mud") (Applied Data Research) Crashed or
+	{wedged}.  Usually said of a machine that provides some
+	service to a network, such as a {file server}.  This Dallas
+	regionalism derives from the East Texas oilfield lament, "Shut
+	'er down, Ma, she's a-suckin' mud".  Often used as a query.
+	"We are going to reconfigure the network, are you ready to
+	suck mud?"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+Sue
+
+	The system language used to write an {operating system} for
+	the {IBM 360}.  It is a cross between {Pascal} and {XPL}.  It
+	allows type checked {separate compilation} of internal
+	procedures using a program library.
+
+	["The System Language for Project Sue", B.L. Clark e al,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 6(9):79-88 (Oct 1971)].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+sufficiently small
+
+	{suitably small}
+
+SUGAR
+
+	A simple {lazy functional language} designed at {Westfield
+	College}, University of London, UK and used in Principles of
+	Functional Programming, Hugh Glaser et al, P-H 1984.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+suicideware
+
+	<jargon> A program which entirely stops functioning after a
+	predefined date.  Used to ensure that {beta versions} don't
+	remain in circulation indefinitely or in {demo versions} to
+	ensure that they can only be used to try out the program.
+
+	(1997-05-26)
+
+SUIF
+
+	Stanford University Intermediate Format.
+
+	A register-oriented intermediate language.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+suit
+
+	1. Ugly and uncomfortable "business clothing" often worn by
+	non-hackers.  Invariably worn with a "tie", a strangulation
+	device that partially cuts off the blood supply to the brain.
+	It is thought that this explains much about the behaviour of
+	suit-wearers.
+
+	2. A person who habitually wears suits, as distinct from a
+	techie or hacker.
+
+	See {loser}, {burble}, {management}, {Stupids}, {SNAFU
+	principle}, and {brain-damaged}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-07-01)
+
+suitably small
+
+	<jargon, mathematics> (From mathematical jargon) An expression
+	used ironically to characterise unquantifiable behaviour that
+	differs from expected or required behaviour.  For example,
+	suppose a newly created program came up with a correct
+	full-screen display, and one publicly exclaimed: "It works!"
+	Then, if the program dumped {core} on the first mouse click,
+	one might add: "Well, for suitably small values of `works'."
+
+	Compare the characterisation of pi under {for values of}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-09-21)
+
+Suite Synthetique des Benchmarks de l'AFUU
+
+	<benchmark> (SSBA, AFUU Synthetic Benchmark Suite) A {public
+	domain} {benchmark} suite produced by the {AFUU}.
+
+	Version: 2.3 (1995-07-14).
+
+	(1996-06-11)
+
+sum
+
+	1. <theory> In {domain theory}, the sum A + B of two {domains}
+	contains all elements of both domains, modified to indicate
+	which part of the union they come from, plus a new {bottom}
+	element.  There are two constructor functions associated with
+	the sum:
+
+		inA : A -> A+B       inB : B -> A+B
+		inA(a) = (0,a)	     inB(b) = (1,b)
+
+	and a disassembly operation:
+
+		case d of {isA(x) -> E1; isB(x) -> E2}
+
+	This can be generalised to arbitrary numbers of domains.
+
+	See also {smash sum}, {disjoint union}.
+
+	2. <tool> A {Unix} utility to calculate a 16-bit {checksum} of
+	the data in a file.  It also displays the size of the file,
+	either in {kilobytes} or in 512-byte blocks.  The checksum may
+	differ on machines with 16-bit and 32-bit ints.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: sum(1).
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+Summary Object Interchange Format
+
+	<web, protocol> (SOIF) The attribute-value pair
+	record format which {Harvest Brokers} use to exchange
+	{Harvest} content summaries.
+
+	SOIF provides a means of bracketing collections of summary
+	objects, allowing {Harvest Brokers} to retrieve SOIF content
+	summaries for many objects in a single, efficient compressed
+	stream.  Harvest Brokers provide support for querying SOIF
+	data using structured attribute-value queries and many other
+	types of queries.
+
+	{(http://ust.hk/Harvest/brokers/soifhelp.html)}.
+
+	(1996-09-16)
+
+SUMMER
+
+	String manipulation and pattern matching language by Klint &
+	Sint at {CWI} in the late 1970s.  It was recently used as the
+	input and implementation language for the {Dataflow Compiler
+	Project} at {CWI}.
+
+	["An Overview of the SUMMER Programming Language", Paul Klint,
+	7th POPL, ACM 1980, pp. 47-55].
+
+SUMMER SESSION
+
+	An early system on {MIT}'s {Whirlwind}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+sum of products
+
+	1. <mathematics, logic> Any mathematical {expression} in which
+	an addition operator is applied to two or more subexpressions
+	each of which is an application of a multiplication operator.
+	The most common case would be scalar addition and
+	multiplication, e.g.
+
+		ab + cd
+
+	but the term is used for other kinds of operators with similar
+	properties, such as AND and OR in {Boolean algebra}, e.g.
+
+		(a AND b) OR (c AND d)
+
+	2. <types> {algebraic data type}.
+
+	(2008-02-04)
+
+sum of products type
+
+	{algebraic data type}
+
+Sun
+
+	{Sun Microsystems}
+
+Sun-2 Workstation
+
+	<computer> A {Unix} {workstation} produced by {Sun
+	Microsystems, Inc.}, based on the {Motorola 68000}.  Followed
+	by the {Sun-3 Workstation}.
+
+	[Details?  Dates?]
+
+	(2001-03-11)
+
+Sun-3 Workstation
+
+	<computer> A {Unix} {workstation} produced by {Sun
+	Microsystems, Inc.} in the 1980s, based on the {Motorola
+	68020}.  Successor to the {Sun-2 Workstation}, followed by the
+	{Sun-4 Workstation}.  The Sun-3 had a custom {MMU}.  A couple
+	of mutant models used an entirely different architecture.
+
+	[Details?  Dates?]
+
+	(2001-03-11)
+
+Sun-4 Workstation
+
+	<computer> A {Unix} {workstation} produced by {Sun
+	Microsystems, Inc.} in the late 1980s[?], based on {SPARC}
+	processors.  The Sun-4 followed the {Sun-3 Workstation}.
+	Later SPARC-based workstations were called "{SPARCstations}".
+
+	[Details?  Dates?  Was "Sun-4" a SPARCstation?]
+
+	(2001-03-11)
+
+sun lounge
+
+	<jargon> (Great Britain) The room where all the {Sun}
+	{workstations} live.  The humour in this term comes from the
+	fact that it's also in mainstream use to describe a solarium,
+	and all those Sun workstations clustered together give off an
+	amazing amount of heat.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+Sun Microsystems, Inc.
+
+	<company> One of the first, and now biggest, US computer
+	manufacturers.  They also manufacture in Europe.  The Sun-2
+	and 3 series of {workstations} and {servers} were based on the
+	{Motorola} {680x0} family of {microprocessors} and the Sun-4
+	series on the {SPARC}.  Sun also produce their own version of
+	{Unix}, originally called {SunOS} and now {Solaris}.  Their
+	{Network File System} has become the {de facto standard} for
+	sharing files between Unix systems.
+
+	Sun own {MySQL AB}.  Sun was bought by {Oracle Corporation} on
+	2009-04-20.
+
+	Quarterly sales $1403M, profits $78M (Aug 1994).
+
+	{(http://sun.com/)}.  {Sun World Online
+	(http://sun.com/sunworldonline/)}.
+
+	Address: 2550 Garcia Ave., Mt. View, CA 94043 -1100 USA.
+
+	(1995-10-14)
+
+SunOS
+
+	<operating system> {Sun Microsystems}' version of {Unix} for
+	Sun {workstations}.  SunOS is similar to {BSD Unix} with some
+	{SVR4} features and {OpenWindows} 3.0.
+
+	After version 4, SunOS was integrated into Sun's {Solaris}
+	"operating environment".
+
+	(1999-03-26)
+
+sunspots
+
+	1. Notional cause of an odd error.  "Why did the program
+	suddenly turn the screen blue?"  "Sunspots, I guess."
+
+	2. Also the cause of {bit rot} - from the myth that sunspots
+	will increase {cosmic rays}, which can flip single bits in
+	memory.  See also {phase of the moon}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+sun-stools
+
+	Unflattering hackerism for {SunTools}, a pre-{X} windowing
+	environment notorious in its day for size, slowness, and
+	misfeatures.  {X}, however, is larger and slower; see
+	{second-system effect}.
+
+SunView
+
+	A windowing system from {Sun Microsystems}, superseded by
+	{NeWS}.
+
+SUNY
+
+	{State University of New York}
+
+SUPER
+
+	The successor to {LOGLISP}, based on {LNF}.
+
+	["New Generation Knowledge Processing: Final Report on the
+	SUPER System", J Alan Robinson et al, CASE Center TR 8707,
+	Syracuse U, 1987].
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+Super 7
+
+	<hardware, standard> An upgrade to {Socket 7} to support {AGP}
+	and a 100 MHz {system bus},, supported by non-{Intel}
+	{processor} and {motherboard} manufacturers such as {AMD} and
+	{Cyrix}.
+
+	Due to faster access to {L2 cache} and memory, Super 7 gives a
+	10% performance boost over Socket 7 motherboards for the same
+	processor.  Super 7 motherboards should support all Socket 7
+	processors.
+
+	(1999-08-04)
+
+Superbrain
+
+	<computer> A {personal computer} released in 1980 by {Intertec}.
+	The Superbrain had two {Z80A} {microprocessors} running at 4 MHz,
+	one for the main processing and the other for peripheral
+	activities.  It had an integrated {keyboard} and {display}.  It
+	was sold with the {CP/M} {operating system}, {Microsoft Basic}, an
+	{8080} {assembler} and {Microsoft Cobol 74}.
+
+	The base model, the "Superbrain 10", had no drives, only a network
+	connection.  Other models added one or two 5" {floppy disc} units.
+	The "Jr" had 170K drives (single-sided), the "QD" had 340 KB
+	drives (double-sided) and the "SD" had 780k.
+
+	Intertec did not sell or support a hard drive or an {S-100} bus
+	for these machines.
+
+	The network version of the SuperBrain was called CompuStar.  The
+	network was a large gray parallel cable.  CompuStar had three
+	"file servers" that accepted up to 255 machines.  These were the
+	"DSS-10" with a 10MB 8" Winchester drive; the "CDC" with 96MB
+	consisting of 80MB fixed and a 16MB removable platter; and the
+	"Priam" with a 144MB 14" platter winchester.  Intertec
+	manufactured the controllers for the last two and an enclosure and
+	power supply for the Priam.  CDC had to go on-site to install the
+	96MB.
+
+	The SuperBrain was succeeded in 1982 by the {SuperBrain II}.
+
+	{(http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=204)}.
+
+	(2013-12-30)
+
+SuperBrain II
+
+	<computer> The 1982 successor to the {Superbrain} with a faster
+	and enhanced {disk operating system} and improved {video} and
+	{graphics}.
+
+	{(http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?st=1&c=204)}.
+
+	(2013-12-30)
+
+superclass
+
+	{class hierarchy}
+
+supercombinators
+
+	{Combinators} with coarser granularity than those proposed by
+	{David Turner}.  A {functional program} is translated to a set
+	of functions without {free variables}.  The members of the set
+	are selected to be optimal for that program.  Supercombinators
+	were proposed by John Hughes at {University of Edinburgh}.
+
+supercompilation
+
+	A function program transformation technique invented by
+	Turchin.  A program is evaluated symbolically in order to
+	observe the possible history of computation states called
+	configurations.  Based on this Turchin's REFAL compiler would
+	try to construct a better program.
+
+supercomputer
+
+	<computer> A broad term for one of the fastest computers
+	currently available.  Such computers are typically used for
+	{number crunching} including scientific {simulations},
+	(animated) {graphics}, analysis of geological data (e.g. in
+	petrochemical prospecting), structural analysis, computational
+	fluid dynamics, physics, chemistry, electronic design, nuclear
+	energy research and meteorology.  Perhaps the best known
+	supercomputer manufacturer is {Cray Research}.
+
+	A less serious definition, reported from about 1990 at The
+	{University Of New South Wales} states that a supercomputer is
+	any computer that can outperform {IBM}'s current fastest, thus
+	making it impossible for IBM to ever produce a supercomputer.
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+SuperDrive
+
+	<storage> {Apple Computer, Inc.}'s name for a combined
+	{DVD-ROM}, {DVD-RW}, {CD-RW} drive that appeared in the {iMac}
+	in 2002.
+
+	(2009-05-05)
+
+superhighway
+
+	{information superhighway}
+
+SuperJanet
+
+	An initiative started in 1989, under the Computer Board, with
+	the aim of developing of a national {broadband} network to
+	support UK higher education and research.  The preparatory
+	work culminated in 1992 with the award of a contract worth 18M
+	pounds to British Telecom to provide networking services over
+	a four year period that extends to March 1997.
+
+	The BT contract will provide a national network with two
+	components: a high speed, configurable bandwidth network
+	serving up to 16 sites, initially using {PDH} to be replaced
+	with {SDH}, and a high speed switched data service ({SMDS})
+	serving 50 or more sites.  The primary role of the PDH/SDH
+	component will be to support the development and deployment of
+	an {ATM} network.  These components will be complemented by
+	several high performance {Metropolitan Area Networks} each
+	serving several closely located sites.  The aim is to provide,
+	within the first year of the project, a pervasive network
+	capable of supporting a large and diverse user community.
+
+	The network has two parts, an {IP} data network and an ATM
+	network, both operating at 34Mbit/s.  Early in August 1993 the
+	pilot IP network was transferred to full service and was
+	configured to provide a trunk network for JIPS, the {JANET IP
+	Service}.
+
+	In November 1993 work was well advanced on the next phase
+	which aims to extend SuperJANET to a large number of sites.
+	The pilot four site ATM network will be extended to serve
+	twelve sites and will expand the scope of the video network.
+	The principal vehicle used for the expansion of the data
+	network will be the {SMDS} service provided by {BT}.  Most of
+	the work associated with the development of this phase is
+	expected to be completed by the end of March 1994.
+
+	[Joint Network Team, Network News 40, ISSN 0954 - 0636].
+
+	{(ftp://osiris.jnt.ac.uk/pub/newsfiles/documents/netwnews/news40+/news40.para)}.
+
+	[Current status?]
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+SUPERMAC
+
+	A general-purpose {macro} language, embeddable in existing
+	languages as a run-time library.
+
+	["SUPERMAC - A Macro Facility That can be Added to Existing
+	Compilers", P.J. Brown, Soft Prac & Exp 10(6):431-434].
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+super minicomputer
+
+	<computer> Any {minicomputer} distinguished by having
+	{intelligent peripherals} or multiple processors.  The {DEC
+	PDP-8} was a minicomputer, the PDP-11 could be a minicomputer
+	or a super minicomputer depending upon the sub-model.
+
+	(2004-08-25)
+
+SuperPaint
+
+	<graphics> A pioneering {graphics} program and {framebuffer}
+	computer system developed by {Richard Shoup} at {Xerox PARC}.
+	Design started in 1972 and the system produced its first
+	stable image in April 1973.  SuperPaint was one of the first
+	computers used for creative work, video editing and animation,
+	all which would become major sections within the entertainment
+	industry and major components of industrial design.
+
+	SuperPaint had a {graphical user interface} and could capture
+	images from video input or combine them with digital data.
+	SuperPaint was the first program with features such as
+	changing {hue, saturation and value}, a {colour palette},
+	custom {polygons} and lines, virtual paintbrushes and pencils,
+	auto-filling of images and {anti-aliasing}.
+
+	{Richard Shoup's website
+	(http://www.rgshoup.com/prof/SuperPaint/)}.
+
+	(2008-11-27)
+
+Super Pascal
+
+	<language> A {Pascal} variant used in the reference below.
+	Super Pascal adds
+	non-numeric {labels}, a {return statement} and {expressions} as
+	names of {types}.
+
+	["Data Structures and Algorithms", A.  Aho, Hopcroft & Ullman,
+	A-W 1983]
+
+	(2004-08-25)
+
+superpipelined
+
+	1. Traditional {pipelined} architectures have a single
+	pipeline stage for each of: instruction fetch, instruction
+	decode, memory read, {ALU} operation and memory write.  A
+	superpipelined {processor} has a {pipeline} where each of
+	these logical steps may be subdivided into multiple {pipeline}
+	stages.
+
+	2. Marketese for {pipelined}.
+
+superprogrammer
+
+	A prolific programmer; one who can code exceedingly well and
+	quickly.  Not all hackers are superprogrammers, but many are.
+	Productivity can vary from one programmer to another by three
+	orders of magnitude.  For example, one programmer might be
+	able to write an average of three lines of working code in one
+	day, while another, with the proper tools, might be able to
+	write 3,000.  This range is astonishing; it is matched in very
+	few other areas of human endeavour.
+
+	The term "superprogrammer" is more commonly used within such
+	places as IBM than in the hacker community.  It tends to
+	stress naive measures of productivity and to underweight
+	creativity, ingenuity, and getting the job *done* - and to
+	sidestep the question of whether the 3,000 lines of code do
+	more or less useful work than three lines that do the {Right
+	Thing}.  Hackers tend to prefer the terms {hacker} and
+	{wizard}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+superscalar
+
+	<architecture> A superscalar architecture is a {uniprocessor}
+	that can execute two or more {scalar} operations in parallel.
+	Some definitions include {superpipelined} and {VLIW}
+	architectures; others do not.  Superscalar architectures
+	(apart from superpipelined architectures) require multiple
+	{functional units}, which may or may not be identical to each
+	other.  In some superscalar processors the order of
+	instruction execution is determined statically (purely at
+	compile-time), in others it is determined dynamically (partly
+	at run time).
+
+super source quench
+
+	A special packet designed to shut up an {Internet} host.  The
+	{Internet Protocol} (IP) has a control message called Source
+	Quench that asks a host to transmit more slowly on a
+	particular connection to avoid congestion.  It also has a
+	Redirect control message intended to instruct a host to send
+	certain packets to a different local router.  A "super source
+	quench" is actually a redirect control packet, forged to look
+	like it came from a local router, that instructs a host to
+	send all packets to its own local loopback address.  This will
+	effectively tie many Internet hosts up in knots.  Compare
+	{godzillagram}, {breath-of-life packet}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+SuperTalk
+
+	Silicon Beach Software.  A superset of HyperTalk used in
+	SuperCard.
+
+superuser
+
+	[Unix] Synonym {root}, {avatar}.  This usage has spread to
+	non-Unix environments; the superuser is any account with all
+	{wheel} bits on.  A more specific term than {wheel}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Super VGA
+
+	{Super Video Graphics Array}
+
+Super Video Graphics Adapter
+
+	{Super Video Graphics Array}
+
+Super Video Graphics Adaptor
+
+	{Super Video Graphics Array}
+
+Super Video Graphics Array
+
+	<hardware> (SVGA) A {video display} {standard} created by
+	{VESA} for {IBM PC} compatible personal computers.  The
+	resolution is 800 x 600 4-bit {pixels}.  Each pixel can
+	therefore be one of 16 colours.
+
+	See {Video Graphics Array}.
+
+	[Is there a palette?  Standard document?  Adapter, Adaptor, or
+	Array?]
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+supervisor mode
+
+	(Or "{supervisor state}") An execution mode on some processors
+	which enables execution of all instructions, including
+	{privileged instructions}.  It may also give access to
+	different a {address space}, to {memory management} hardware
+	and to other peripherals.  This is the mode in which the
+	{operating system} usually runs.
+
+	Opposite: {user mode}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
+
+	<application> (SCADA) Systems are used in industry to monitor
+	and control plant status and provide logging facilities.
+	SCADA systems are highly configurable, and usually interface
+	to the plant via {PLCs}.
+
+	(1997-02-11)
+
+SuperZap
+
+	<tool, IBM> An {IBM} {utility program} used to quickly {patch}
+	{operating system} or {application program} executable {code}
+	in preference to editing the {source code} and recompiling.
+
+	The SuperZAP program was a quick hack written by one IBM
+	Engineer, possibly from IBM UK, in the late 1960s to directly
+	fix executable files.  He needed to fix a bug but it would
+	have taken hours to rebuild the vast {OS/360} executables.
+
+	The {S/360} architecture has an instruction ZAP (Zero and Add
+	Packed) for {packed decmial} arithmetic, that sets the byte at
+	a given address to a given value.  Superzap used this to write
+	data given as a string of hex digits to a given location in an
+	executable file in a matter of seconds.
+
+	Soon the IBM development labs were releasing all Programming
+	Temporary Fixes (PTFs) to OS/360 in this form.  OS/360
+	included a version called IMASPZAP or AMASPZAP which persisted
+	through {MVS}, {MVS/SP}, {MVS/XA}, {OS/390} and probably still
+	remains in {z/OS}, the distant descendent of OS/360.
+
+	[Private 2004-02-05 e-mail from Chris Gage, IBM employee and
+	SuperZap user, 1970-].
+
+	(2007-03-15)
+
+Supplementary Ideographic Plane
+
+	<text, standard> (SIP) The third plane (plane 2) defined in
+	{Unicode}/{ISO 10646}, designed to hold all the {ideographs}
+	descended from Chinese writing (mainly found in Vietnamese,
+	Korean, Japanese and Chinese) that aren't found in the {Basic
+	Multilingual Plane}.  The BMP was supposed to hold all
+	ideographs in modern use; unfortunately, many Chinese dialects
+	(like Cantonese and Hong Kong Chinese) were overlooked; to
+	write these, characters from the SIP are necessary.  This is
+	one reason even non-academic software must support characters
+	outside the BMP.
+
+	{Unicode home (http://unicode.org)}.
+
+	(2002-06-19)
+
+support
+
+	<job> After-sale handholding; something many software vendors
+	promise but few deliver.  To hackers, most support people are
+	useless - because by the time a hacker calls support he or she
+	will usually know the software and the relevant manuals better
+	than the support people.  A hacker's idea of support is an
+	electronic exchange with the software's designer.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+supremum
+
+	{least upper bound}
+
+Sure
+
+	["Towards a Broader Basis for Logic Programming", Bharat
+	Jayaraman, TR CS Dept, SUNY Buffalo, 1990].
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+surfing
+
+	("Internet surfing") Used by analogy to describe the ease with
+	which an expert user can use the waves of information flowing
+	around the {Internet} to get where he wants.  The term became
+	popular in the early 1990s as access to the {Internet} became more
+	widespread and tools such as {web browsers} made its use simpler
+	and more pleasant.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+SURGE
+
+	Sorter, Updater, Report Generator, Etc.  IBM 704, 1959.
+	Sammet 1969, p.8.
+
+surjection
+
+	<mathematics> A function f : A -> B is surjective or onto or a
+	surjection if f A = B.  I.e. f can return any value in B.
+	This means that its {image} is its {codomain}.
+
+	Only surjections have {right inverses}, f' : B -> A where
+	f (f' x) = x since if f were not a surjection there would be
+	elements of B for which f' was not defined.
+
+	See also {bijection}, {injection}.
+
+	(1995-05-27)
+
+surjective
+
+	{surjection}
+
+surrogate key
+
+	<database> A unique {primary key} generated by the {RDBMS}
+	that is not derived from any data in the database and whose
+	only significance is to act as the primary key.
+
+	A surrogate key is frequently a sequential number (e.g. a
+	{Sybase} "{identity column}") but doesn't have to be.  Having
+	the key independent of all other columns insulates the
+	database relationships from changes in data values or database
+	design and guarantees uniqueness.
+
+	Some database designers use surrogate keys religiously
+	regardless of the suitability of other {candidate keys}.
+	However, if a good key already exists, the addition of a
+	surrogate key will merely slow down access, particularly if it
+	is indexed.
+
+	Compare: {intelligent key}.
+
+	(1999-12-07)
+
+suspension
+
+	In {lazy evaluation}, a suspension (or in Henderson's
+	terminology, a "recipe") is a {closure} with a flag indicating
+	whether the expression has been evaluated or not.  When the
+	expression is evaluated the first time, this flag is set.
+	Subsequent requests for the value of the expression will not
+	attempt to re-evaluate it.
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+Suzie COBOL
+
+	/soo'zee koh'bol/ 1. ({IBM}, probably from Frank Zappa's "Suzy
+	Creamcheese") A coder straight out of training school who
+	knows everything except the value of {comments} in plain
+	English.  Also (fashionable among personkind wishing to avoid
+	accusations of sexism) "Sammy Cobol" or (in some non-IBM
+	circles) "Cobol Charlie".
+
+	2. (proposed) Meta-name for any {code grinder}, analogous to
+	{J. Random Hacker}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+sv
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for El Salvador.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+SVC
+
+	1. <operating system> {Supervisor Call}.
+
+	2. <networking> {switched virtual connection}.
+
+	(2001-10-25)
+
+SVG
+
+	{Scalable Vector Graphics}
+
+SVGA
+
+	<hardware> {Super Video Graphics Array} (not
+	"Adapter").
+
+	(1995-11-16)
+
+SVGA monitor
+
+	<hardware, graphics> A {monitor} capable of displaying the
+	output of an {SVGA} card.
+
+	(1997-02-25)
+
+SVID
+
+	{System V Interface Definition}
+
+S-Video
+
+	<multimedia> A {video} format offering a higher quality signal
+	than {composite video}, but a lower quality than {component
+	video}.  This mid-level format divides the signal into two
+	channels - {luminance} and {chrominance}.
+
+	[Used where and for what?]
+
+	(1998-06-25)
+
+SVR4
+
+	{AT&T}/{USL} {Unix} {System V} Release 4.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+SVRC
+
+	<body> {Software Verification Research Centre}.
+
+	(1995-11-14)
+
+SVS
+
+	{OS/VS2}
+
+swab
+
+	/swob/ The {PDP-11} swap byte instruction mnemonic, as
+	immortalised in the {dd} option "conv=swab".
+
+	1. To solve the {NUXI problem} by swapping bytes in a file.
+
+	2.  The program in V7 Unix used to perform this action, or
+	anything functionally equivalent to it.
+
+	See also {big-endian}, {little-endian}, {middle-endian},
+	{bytesexual}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+SWAG
+
+	<jargon> Scientific (or Silly) Wild Ass Guess.  A term used by
+	technical teams when establishing high level sizings for large
+	projects.
+
+	(2000-08-09)
+
+swap
+
+	<operating system> To move a program from fast-access memory
+	to a slow-access memory ("swap out"), or vice versa ("swap
+	in").  The term often refers specifically to the use of a
+	{hard disk} (or a {swap file}) as {virtual memory} or "swap
+	space".
+
+	When a program is to be executed, possibly as determined by a
+	{scheduler}, it is swapped into {core} for processing; when it
+	can no longer continue executing for some reason, or the
+	scheduler decides its {time slice} has expired, it is swapped
+	out again.
+
+	This contrasts with "paging" systems in which only parts of a
+	program's memory is transfered.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-11-22)
+
+swap file
+
+	<operating system> A file used by a {program} or, more often,
+	an {operating system} as {swap space}.  A swap file is usually
+	allocated as a long contiguous section of a {hard disk} to
+	reduce access time.  The disk space used for a swap file can
+	not be used for other things.  Under {Microsoft Windows}, swap
+	files are recommended not to exceed three times the available
+	{RAM} and are usually 150 percent of the RAM size.
+
+	(1996-11-15)
+
+swapped in
+
+	{swap}
+
+swapped out
+
+	{swap}
+
+swapping
+
+	{swap}
+
+swap space
+
+	<operating system> An area of disk (e.g. a {swap file}) used
+	to store the state of a process that has been {swap}ped out.
+	Under a {virtual memory} system, it is the amount of swap
+	space rather than the amount of {physical memory} which
+	determines the maximum size of a single process and the
+	maximum total size of all active processes.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+Sweden
+
+	<networking> {Country code}: se.
+
+SweetLambda
+
+	Sugared {lambda-calculus}(?).
+
+swf
+
+	<filename extension> /S W F/ The {filename extension} for
+	{Adobe} {Shockwave} {Flash} animated {vector graphics} files,
+	common on the {web}.
+
+	A rarely used alternative expansion is "Small Web Format".
+
+	(2007-09-07)
+
+Swing
+
+	<programming> {Java}'s {graphical user interface} (GUI)
+	package that provides a large collection of {widgets}
+	(buttons, labels, lists etc.) that behave similarly on
+	different {platforms}.  Swing features "pluggable look &
+	feel", allowing the program to look like a {Windows}, {Motif}
+	or {Macintosh) application.  It is implemented using the
+	{Model View Controller} (MVC) architecture and makes extensive
+	use of nested "containers" to control the handling of {events}
+	such as keystrokes.
+
+	{(http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/api/javax/swing/package-summary.html)}.
+
+	(2007-05-30)
+
+SWI-Prolog
+
+	<programming> A {Prolog} by Jan Wielemaker
+	<jan@swi.psy.uva.nl> like a superset of {Edinburgh Prolog}.
+	Version 1.7.2.  Docking Station is distributed under {General
+	Public License}.  It runs on {Sun-4}, {Sun-3}, {Linux}, {DEC}
+	{MIPS} (incomplete), {RS/6000}, {PS2}/{AIX}, {Atari ST},
+	{Gould PN}, {NeXT}, {VAX}, {HP-UX} (problems), {MS-DOS}, and
+	{OS/2}.
+
+	{(ftp://swi.psy.uva.nl/pub/SWI-Prolog)}.
+
+	{OS/2 (ftp://mpii02999.ag2.mpi-sb.mpg.de/pub/toolw/SWI/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: prolog-request@swi.psy.uva.nl.
+
+	(2000-03-23)
+
+Swiss Army Code
+
+	<programming, humour> {Code} for an {application} that is
+	suffering from {feature creep}.  Swiss Army Code does many
+	things, but does none of them well.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2014-06-06)
+
+switch
+
+	1. <programming> {switch statement}.
+
+	2. <software> {command line option}.
+
+	3. <networking> {packet switch}, {circuit switch}.
+
+	(1999-01-14)
+
+Switched Multimegabit Data Service
+
+	<networking> (SMDS) An emerging high-speed {datagram}-based
+	public data {network} service developed by {Bellcore} and
+	expected to be widely used by telephone companies as the basis
+	for their data networks.
+
+	See also {Metropolitan Area Network}.
+
+	(1997-01-31)
+
+switched virtual circuit
+
+	{virtual circuit}
+
+switched virtual connection
+
+	<networking> (SVC) A {virtual connection} in an {ATM} network
+	set up on demand by the {signalling control point}.
+
+	Contrast with {permanent virtual connection}.
+
+	(2001-06-29)
+
+switching
+
+	<networking> Establishing the correct path through a network
+	for a single packet of data ({packet switching}) or a
+	persistent end-to-end connection ({circuit switching}).
+
+	(2007-08-16)
+
+switching hub
+
+	<networking> A {circuit switching} {hub}.
+
+	(1999-01-01)
+
+switch statement
+
+	<programming> (Or case statement, multi-way branch) A
+	construct found in most {high-level languages} for selecting
+	one of several possible blocks of code or branch destinations
+	depending on the value of an expression.  An example in {C} is
+
+		switch (foo(x, y))
+		{
+		case 1:  printf("Hello\n");	/* fall through */
+		case 2:  printf("Goodbye\n"); break;
+		case 3:  printf("Fish\n"); break;
+		default: fprintf(stderr, "Odd foo value\n"); exit(1);
+		}
+
+	The break statements cause execution to continue after the
+	whole switch statemetnt.  The lack of a break statement after
+	the first case means that execution will {fall through} into
+	the second case.  Since this is a common programming error you
+	should add a comment if it is intentional.
+
+	If none of the explicit cases matches the expression value
+	then the (optional) default case is taken.
+
+	A similar construct in some {functional languages} returns the
+	value of one of several expressions selected according to the
+	value of the first expression.  A distant relation to the
+	modern switch statement is {Fortran}'s {computed goto}.
+
+	(1997-01-30)
+
+swizzle
+
+	To convert external names, array indices, or references within
+	a data structure into address pointers when the data structure
+	is brought into main memory from external storage (also called
+	"pointer swizzling"); this may be done for speed in chasing
+	references or to simplify code (e.g. by turning lots of name
+	lookups into pointer dereferences).  The converse operation is
+	sometimes termed "unswizzling".
+
+	See also {snap}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+SWL
+
+	{Software Writer's Language}
+
+SWT
+
+	{Standard Widget Toolkit}
+
+swung dash
+
+	<character> A {character} similar to {tilde} but appearing
+	in the same vertical position as a {dash}, i.e. half way up
+	rather than at the top like tilde.  {ASCII} does not include a
+	swung dash so tilde is used instead.
+
+	It is commonly used for "approximates" or "is approximately
+	equal to".
+
+	(1997-06-28)
+
+sy
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Syria.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Sybase, Inc.
+
+	<company> A software vendor focused on {database} management
+	software.
+
+	Yearly sales: $903.9 million (1997).
+
+	Address: 6475 Christie Ave., Emeryville, California, USA.
+
+	{(http://sybase.com)}.
+
+	(1998-05-18)
+
+Sybase SQL Server
+
+	{Adaptive Server Enterprise}
+
+SYDEL
+
+	A system language, fully typed, with inline {assembly code},
+	by Jan Garwick, ca 1974.
+
+SYGMA
+
+	A symbolic generator and macro assembler by A.P. Ershov et al
+	of Novosibirsk.  For the {BESM-6}, {M-220} and {Minsk-22}.
+
+	["SYGMA, A Symbolic Generator and Macroassembler", A.P. Ershov
+	et al, in Symbol Manipulation Languages and Techniques,
+	D.G. Bobrow ed, N-H 1968, pp.226- 246].
+
+SYLK
+
+	{Symbolic Link}
+
+syllogism
+
+	/sil'oh-jiz`*m/ <logic> Deductive reasoning in which a
+	conclusion is derived from two premises.  The conclusion
+	necessarily follows from the premises so that, if these are
+	true, the conclusion must be true, and the syllogism amounts
+	to demonstration.  To put it another way, the premises {imply}
+	the conclusion.
+
+	For example, every virtue is laudable; kindness is a virtue;
+	therefore kindness is laudable.
+
+	Strangely, a syllogism can still be true if the premises are
+	false.
+
+	Compare {inference rule}.
+
+	[Relationship between premises?]
+
+	(2009-10-28)
+
+Sylvan
+
+	[Distributed language?]
+
+Symantec
+
+	<company> Software manufacturer of utility and development
+	applications for {Windows} and {Macintosh} platforms.
+	Products include ACT!, Norton Utilities, Norton AntiVirus,
+	Symantec AntiVirus for Macintosh, Symantec Cafe.
+
+	{(http://symantec.com/)}.
+
+	(1997-03-10)
+
+SYMBAL
+
+	SYMbolic ALgebra.  A {symbolic mathematics} language with
+	{ALGOL}-like syntax by Max Engeli, late 60's.  Implemented for
+	{CDC 6600}.
+
+	["User's Manual for the Formula Manipulation Language SYMBAL",
+	M. Engeli, TRM-8.00, Comp Ctr UT Austin, June 1968].
+
+SymbMath
+
+	<mathematics, tool> A small {symbolic mathematics} package for
+	{MS-DOS} which can learn new facts.
+
+	Latest version: 2.1.1.
+
+	{(Home (http://symbmath.com/)}.
+
+	(2001-03-26)
+
+SYMBOLANG
+
+	Lapidus & Goldstein, 1965.  Symbol manipulating Fortran
+	subroutine package for IBM 7094, later CDC 6600.
+
+	["Some Experiments in Algebraic Manipulation", CACM 8:501-508
+	1965].
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+Symbolic Assembler Program
+
+	<language> (SAP) The {assembly language} for the {IBM 704},
+	defined in the late 1950s.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLY
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 705}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(1996-01-15)
+
+Symbolic Automatic INTegrator
+
+	<mathematics, tool> (SAINT) A {symbolic mathematics} program
+	written in {Lisp} by J. Slagle at {MIT} in 1961.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 410].
+
+	(1994-12-08)
+
+symbolic inference
+
+	The derivation of new facts from known facts and {inference
+	rules}.  This is one of the fundamental operations of
+	{artificial intelligence} and {logic programming} languages
+	like {Prolog}.
+
+	Inference is a basic part of human reasoning.  For example
+	given that all men are mortal and that Socrates is a man, it
+	is a trivial step to infer that Socrates is mortal.  We might
+	express these symbolically:
+
+		man(X) => mortal(X).
+		man(socrates).
+
+	("if X is a man then X is mortal" and "Socrates is a man").
+	Here, "man", "mortal" and "socrates" are just arbitrary
+	symbols which the computer manipulates without reference to or
+	knowledge of their external meaning.  A {forward chaining}
+	system (a {production system}) could use these to infer the
+	new fact
+
+		mortal(socrates).
+
+	simply by matching the left-hand-side of the implication
+	against the fact and substituting socrates for the variable X.
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+Symbolic Link
+
+	<file format> (SYLK) A {Microsoft} file format for
+	{spreadsheets}, (not to be confused with {symbolic link}).
+
+	SYLK format existed in one form or another in as early as
+	1987, and was part of {Excel} v1.0.  It is is an outgrowth of
+	{VisiCalc} {DIF} file format.
+
+	SYLK format is ascii text and represents information about
+	both formula, value, and some formatting information, which
+	makes it something like an {RTF} for spreadsheets.  It is used
+	as a general tabular data exchange format.
+
+	{(http://netghost.narod.ru/gff/graphics/summary/micsylk.htm)}.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(2004-04-08)
+
+symbolic link
+
+	<file system> (Or "symlink", "soft link" (by contrast with
+	"{hard link}"), "{shortcut}", "{alias}") A special type of
+	{Unix} file which refers to another file by its {pathname}.  A
+	symbolic link is created with the "ln" (link) command:
+
+		ln -s OLDNAME NEWNAME
+
+	Where OLDNAME is the target of the link (usually a pathname)
+	and NEWNAME is the pathname of the link itself.
+
+	Most operations ({open}, {read}, {write}) on the symbolic link
+	automatically {dereference} it and operate on its target
+	(OLDNAME).  Some operations (e.g. removing) work on the link
+	itself (NEWNAME).
+
+	In contrast with {hard links}, there are no restrictions on
+	where a symbolic link can point, it can refer to a file on
+	another file system, to itself or to a file which does not
+	even exist (e.g. when the target of the symlink is removed).
+	Such problems will only be detected when the link is accessed.
+
+	(1997-10-22)
+
+symbolic logic
+
+	<logic> The discipline that treats formal {logic} by means of
+	a formalised artificial language or symbolic calculus, whose
+	purpose is to avoid the ambiguities and logical inadequacies
+	of {natural language}.
+
+	(1995-12-24)
+
+Symbolic Mathematical Laboratory
+
+	<tool, mathematics> An on-line system under {CTSS} for
+	{symbolic mathematics}.  It used a {display screen} and a
+	{light pen}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.514].
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+symbolic mathematics
+
+	<mathematics, application> (Or "symbolic math") The use of
+	computers to manipulate mathematical equations and expressions
+	in symbolic form, as opposed to manipulating the numerical
+	quantities represented by those symbols.  Such a system might
+	be used for symbolic integration or differentiation,
+	substitution of one expression into another, simplification of
+	an expression, change of subject etc.
+
+	One of the best known symbolic mathematics software packages
+	is {Mathematica}.  Others include {ALAM}, {ALGY}, {AMP},
+	{Ashmedai}, {AXIOM*}, {CAMAL}, {CAYLEY}, {CCalc}, {CLAM},
+	{CoCoA}(?), {ESP}, {FLAP}, {FORM}, {FORMAL}, {Formula ALGOL},
+	{GAP}, {JACAL}, {LiE}, {Macaulay}, {MACSYMA}, {Magic Paper},
+	{MAO}, {Maple}, {Mathcad}, {MATHLAB}, {MuMath}, {Nother},
+	{ORTHOCARTAN}, {Pari}, {REDUCE}, {SAC-1}, {SAC2}, {SAINT},
+	{Schoonschip}, {Scratchpad I}, {SHEEP}, {STENSOR}, {SYMBAL},
+	{SymbMath}, {Symbolic Mathematical Laboratory}, {TRIGMAN},
+	{UBASIC}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgropup: {news:sci.math.symbolic}.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program
+
+	<language> (SOAP) The {IBM 650}'s {assembly language}.
+	"Optimal" refers to rearranging instructions on slowly
+	rotating {drum memory}.
+
+	Versions: SOAP I, SOAP II, CASE SOAP III.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Symbolic Optimum DEUCE Assembly Program
+
+	<language> (SODA) The symbolic {assembler} for a {one-level
+	storage} {virtual machine} for the {English ELectric} {DEUCE}.
+
+	["SODA Manual of Operation", R. C. Brigham and C. G. Bell,
+	School of Elec Eng, U New S Wales, Sydney, NSW, 1958].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Symbolics, Inc.
+
+	<company> The company which produced the {Lisp Machine}.
+
+	{The Symbolics Museum (http://SMBX.org/)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(2003-11-24)
+
+Symbol Manipulation Program
+
+	(SMP) {Steven Wolfram}'s earlier symbol manipulation program,
+	before he turned to {Mathematica}.
+
+	["SMP Handbook", C. Cole, S. Wolfram et al, Caltech 1981].
+
+	(1995-01-29)
+
+symlink
+
+	{symbolic link}
+
+symmetric
+
+	<mathematics> 1. A {relation} R is symmetric if, for all x and
+	y,
+
+		x R y  =>  y R x
+
+	If it is also {antisymmetric} (x R y & y R x => x == y) then
+	x R y => x == y, i.e. no two different elements are related.
+
+	2. In {linear algebra}, a member of the {tensor product} of a
+	{vector space} with itself one or more times, is symmetric if
+	it is a {fixed point} of all of the {linear isomorphisms} of
+	the tensor product generated by {permutations} of the ordering
+	of the copies of the vector space as factors.  It is said to
+	be antisymmetric precisely if the action of any of these
+	linear maps, on the given tensor, is equivalent to
+	multiplication by the sign of the permutation in question.
+
+	(1996-09-22)
+
+symmetric key cryptography
+
+	<cryptography> A {cryptography} system in which both parties
+	have the same encryption {key}, as in {secret key
+	cryptography}.
+
+	Opposite: {public-key cryptography}.
+
+	(1998-06-09)
+
+Symmetric LISP
+
+	A parallel {Lisp} in which environments are {first-class}
+	objects.  It is implemented in {Common LISP}.
+
+	["Parallelism, Persistence and Meta-Cleanliness in the
+	Symmetric Lisp Processor", D. Gelernter et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	22(7):274-282 (July 1987)].
+
+	["A Programming Language Supporting First-Class Parallel
+	Environments", S. Jagannathan, MIT-LCS/TR 434, 1989].
+
+	E-mail: Suresh Jagannathan <suresh@research.nj.nec.com>.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+symmetric multiprocessing
+
+	<parallel> (SMP) Two or more similar {processors} connected
+	via a high-{bandwidth} link and managed by one {operating
+	system}, where each processor has equal access to I/O devices.
+	This is in contrast to the "{compute server}" kind of
+	{parallel processor} where a {front-end processor} handles all
+	I/O to disks, terminals and {local area network} etc.
+
+	The processors are treated more or less equally, with
+	{application programs} able to run on any or perhaps all
+	processors in the system, interchangeably, at the operating
+	system's discretion.  Simple MP usually involves assigning
+	each processor to a fixed task (such as managing the file
+	system), reserving the single main CPU for general tasks.
+
+	{OS/2} currently supports so-called HMP (Hybrid
+	Multiprocessing), which provides some elements of symmetric
+	multiprocessing, using add-on IBM software called MP/2.  OS/2
+	SMP was planned for release in late 1993.
+
+	(1995-03-19)
+
+symmetric multiprocessor
+
+	{symmetric multiprocessing}
+
+Symphony
+
+	<tool, product> {Lotus Development}'s successor to their
+	{Lotus 1-2-3} spreadsheet.  Unlike 1-2-3, Symphony allowed a
+	limited form of {multitasking}.  The user could switch
+	manually between it and {MS-DOS} and separate graph and
+	spreadsheet windows could be opened simultaneously and would
+	be updated automatically when cells were changed.  In
+	addition, a small word processor could be opened in a third
+	window.  These all could be printed out on the same report.
+	Symphony could read and write Lotus 1-2-3 files and had
+	interactive graphical output and a word processor, thus making
+	it effectively a report generator.  Unlike 1-2-3, Symphony was
+	not a great commercial success.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+SYMPL
+
+	<language> SYsteMs Programming Language.
+
+	{CDC}'s derivative of {Jovial}.  SYMPL is a non-{re-entrant}
+	{block structured} language with extensive {bit manipulation}
+	facilities, which is linkable with {Fortran}.  Major parts of
+	CDC systems during the 1970s were written in SYMPL.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+SYN
+
+	1. <character> {Synchronous idle}.
+
+	2. <language> A syntactic specification language for {COPS}.
+
+	["Metalanguages of the Compiler Production System COPS",
+	J. Borowiec, in GI Fachgesprach "Compiler-Compiler", ed
+	W. Henhapl, Tech Hochs Darmstadt 1978, pp. 122-159].
+
+	3. [TCP/IP SYN request?]
+
+	(1996-04-17)
+
+sync
+
+	/sink/ (Or "synch") 1. To synchronise, to bring into
+	synchronisation.
+
+	2. <file system> To force ("{flush}") all pending buffered
+	disk writes to the disk.
+
+	3. More generally, to force a number of competing processes or
+	agents to a state that would be "safe" if the system were to
+	crash, i.e. to {checkpoint} in the {database} sense.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
+
+	<hypertext, language, multimedia, text, web> (SMIL)
+	A language based on {Extensible Markup Language} (XML), that
+	enables people without programming or scripting backgrounds to
+	author multimedia presentations in a simple {text editor}.
+	SMIL is suitable for use on the {web}.
+
+	For example, a developer can write SMIL to display an {image}
+	after an {audio} track ends.
+
+	SMIL uses two main tags: parallel and sequential.  It refers
+	to media objects by URLs, allowing them to be shared between
+	presentations and stored on different servers for {load
+	balancing}.  The language can also associate different media
+	objects with different bandwidths.
+
+	SMIL 1.0 became an official recommendation of the {World Wide
+	Web Consortium} W3C in June 1998.
+
+	{W3C (http://w3c.org/audiovideo/)}.
+
+	(2000-04-21)
+
+synchronous
+
+	<operating system, communications> 1. Two or more processes
+	that depend upon the occurrences of specific events such as
+	common timing signals.
+
+	2. Occurring at the same time or at the same rate or with a
+	regular or predictable time relationship or sequence.
+
+	Opposite: {asynchronous}.
+
+	(1996-04-11)
+
+Synchronous Data Link Control
+
+	<communications> (SDLC) An {IBM} {protocol}.
+
+	A discipline conforming to subsets of the {ADCCP} of {ANSI}
+	and the {HDLC} of the {International Organization for
+	Standardization}.  SDLC manages synchronous, code-transparent,
+	bit-serial communication which can be {duplex} or
+	{half-duplex}; switched or non-switched; {point-to-point},
+	{multipoint}, or loop.
+
+	Compare {Binary Synchronous Communication}.
+
+	(1995-03-22)
+
+Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
+
+	<communications, standard> (SDH) An international digital
+	telecommunications network hierarchy which standardises
+	transmission around the bit rate of 51.84 megabits per second,
+	which is also called STS-1.  Multiples of this bit rate
+	comprise higher bit rate streams.  Thus STS-3 is 3 times
+	STS-1, STS-12 is 12 times STS-1, and so on.  STS-3 is the
+	lowest bit rate expected to carry {ATM} traffic, and is also
+	referred to as STM-1 (Synchronous Transport Module-Level 1).
+
+	The SDH specifies how payload data is framed and transported
+	synchronously across {optical fibre} transmission links without
+	requiring all the links and nodes to have the same
+	synchronized clock for data transmission and recovery
+	(i.e. both the clock frequency and phase are allowed to have
+	variations, or be {plesiochronous}).
+
+	SDH offers several advantages over the current {multiplexing}
+	technology, which is known as {Plesiochronous Digital
+	Hierarchy}.  Where PDH lacks built-in facilities for automatic
+	management and routing, and locks users into proprietary
+	methods, SDH can improve network reliability and performance,
+	offers much greater flexibility and lower operating and
+	maintenance costs, and provides for a faster provision of new
+	services.
+
+	Under SDH, incoming traffic is synchronized and enhanced with
+	{network management} bits before being multiplexed into the
+	STM-1 fixed rate {frame}.
+
+	The fundamental clock frequency around which the SDH or
+	{SONET} framing is done is 8 KHz or 125 microseconds.
+
+	SONET ({Synchronous Optical Network}) is the American version
+	of SDH.
+
+	(1995-03-02)
+
+Synchronous DRAM
+
+	{Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory}
+
+Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
+
+	<storage> (SDRAM, Synchronous DRAM) A form of {DRAM} which
+	adds a separate {clock} signal to the control signals.  SDRAM
+	chips can contain more complex {state machines}, allowing them
+	to support "burst" access modes that clock out a series of
+	successive {bits} (similar to the {nibble mode DRAM}).
+
+	(2007-05-08)
+
+Synchronous Graphics RAM
+
+	{Synchronous Graphics Random Access Memory}
+
+Synchronous Graphics Random Access Memory
+
+	<storage> (SGRAM, Synchronous Graphics RAM) A type of
+	{Synchronous DRAM} optimised for use in {graphics} hardware.
+	Extra features can include {burst operation}, {block write}
+	and {write per bit}.  SGRAMs are designed to provide the very
+	high {throughput} needed for graphics-intensive operations
+	such as 3d {rendering} and {full-motion video}.
+
+	(1996-11-28)
+
+Synchronous idle
+
+	<character> (SYN) The {mnemonic} for {ASCII} character 22.
+
+	[Why?]
+
+	(1996-06-28)
+
+synchronous key encryption
+
+	<algorithm, cryptography> Data {encryption} using two
+	interlocking keys where enything encoded using one key may be
+	decoded using the other key.  This means if someone makes one
+	of the two keys publicly available (as in {public-key
+	encryption}) and keeps the other private, then anyone may send
+	them a message or data that only they can decode, giving
+	privacy, and furthermore, the sender may also encrypt that
+	same message additionally with their own private key, making
+	it impossible to read without decoding first with *their*
+	__public__ key by the receiver, this gives authenticity.
+
+	It is a very powerful system.  One cannot determine one key
+	from the other, nor can they crack the encryption by computing
+	all combinations, because, depending on the size of the keys
+	(sometimes as large as 1024 bytes, though having grown from
+	smaller versions in popular implementations of the software
+	which does this), the amount of computing power required to
+	crack the code is unavailable, even supercomputers would take
+	more than a hundred years to crack it.
+
+	{PGP} is a publicly availble software implementation written
+	by Phil Zimmermann.
+
+	(1994-10-10)
+
+Synchronous Optical NETwork
+
+	<networking> (SONET) A {broadband} networking {standard} based
+	on point-to-point {optical fibre} networks.  SONET will
+	provide a high-bandwidth "pipe" to support {ATM}-based
+	services.
+
+	The SONET standard will establish a digital {hierarchical
+	network} with a consistent worldwide transport scheme.  SONET
+	has been designed to take advantage of fibre, in contrast to
+	the {plain old telephone system} which was designed for copper
+	wires.
+
+	SONET carries {circuit-switched} data in {frames} at speeds in
+	multiples of 51.84 megabits per second (Mbps) up to 48 * 51.84
+	Mbps = 2.488 {gigabits} per second.  Since SONET uses multiple
+	channels to transmit data, each SONET {frame} can be
+	considered to be a two-dimensional table of bytes that is 9
+	rows high and 90 columns deep.  For every {OC-n} level, SONET
+	can transmit n number of frames at a given time.  Groups of
+	frames are called {superframes}.
+
+	SONET is the American version of {SDH}.
+
+	[Wulf Losee; Corporate Computing 8.92; STACKS; LAN Magazine
+	10.93].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+syncronous
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{synchronous}".
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+synflood
+
+	<networking> To {flood} another machine with bogus {TCP/IP}
+	{SYN} requests.
+
+	(1997-04-07)
+
+synonym ring
+
+	<information science> A list of words with related meanings
+	used to broaden the scope of a word search.  As well as
+	returning documents which contain a sought-for word a search
+	using a synonym ring might also return documents which contain
+	words in the same synonym ring as a sought-for word.  Synonym
+	rings are produced manually and are usually specific to a
+	certain field, e.g. legal knowhow.
+
+	(1997-04-09)
+
+syntactic salt
+
+	The opposite of {syntactic sugar}, a feature designed to make
+	it harder to write bad code.  Specifically, syntactic salt is
+	a hoop the programmer must jump through just to prove that he
+	knows what's going on, rather than to express a program
+	action.  Some programmers consider required type declarations
+	to be syntactic salt.  A requirement to write "end if", "end
+	while", "end do", etc. to terminate the last block controlled
+	by a control construct (as opposed to just "end") would
+	definitely be syntactic salt.  Syntactic salt is like the real
+	thing in that it tends to raise hackers' blood pressures in an
+	unhealthy way.  Compare {candygrammar}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+syntactic sugar
+
+	Term coined by Peter Landin for additions to the syntax of a
+	language which do not affect its expressiveness but make it
+	"sweeter" for humans to use.  Syntactic sugar gives the
+	programmer an alternative way of coding that is more succinct
+	or more like some familiar notation.  It does not affect the
+	expressiveness of the formalism (compare {chrome}).
+
+	Syntactic sugar can be easily translated ("desugared") to
+	produce a program in some simpler "core" syntax.  E.g. C's
+	"a[i]" notation is syntactic sugar for "*(a + i)".  In a
+	(curried) functional language, all operators are really
+	functions and the use of {infix notation} "x+y" is syntactic
+	sugar for function application "(+) x y".
+
+	Alan Perlis once quipped, "Syntactic sugar causes cancer of
+	the semicolon."
+
+	The variants "syntactic saccharin" and "syntactic syrup" are
+	also recorded.  These denote something even more gratuitous,
+	in that they serve no purpose at all.  Compare {candygrammar},
+	{syntactic salt}.
+
+syntax
+
+	<language> The structure of valid strings in a given language,
+	as described by a {grammar}.  For example, the syntax of a
+	binary number could be expressed as
+
+		binary_number = bit [ binary_number ]
+
+		bit = "0" | "1"
+
+	meaning that a binary number is a bit optionally followed by a
+	binary number and a bit is a literal zero or one digit.
+
+	The meaning of the language is given by its {semantics}.
+
+	See also {abstract syntax}, {concrete syntax}.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+Syntax-Case
+
+	<language> A {macro} system for {Scheme} by R. Kent Dybvig
+	<dyb@cs.indiana.edu>.  It is superior to the low-level system
+	described in the Revised^4 Report ({R4RS}).  Pattern variables
+	are ordinary identifiers with essentially the same status as
+	lexical variable names and {macro} {keywords}.  The {syntax}
+	is modified to recognise and handle references to pattern
+	variables.  Version 2.1 works with {Chez Scheme} and the
+	{Macintosh} port runs under {MacGambit} 2.0
+
+	{(ftp://iuvax.cs.indiana.edu/pub/scheme/syntax-case.tar.Z)}.
+	{Macintosh (ftp://maya.dei.unipd.it/pub/mac/gambit/)}.
+
+	["Syntactic Abstraction in Scheme",
+	Robert Hieb, R. Kent Dybvig and Carl Bruggeman
+	IUCS TR #355, 6/92 (revised 7/3/92)].
+
+	["Writing Hygienic Macros in Scheme with Syntax-Case", R. Kent
+	Dybvig, IUCS TR #356, 6/92 (revised 7/3/92)].
+
+	(1992-07-06)
+
+syntax directed translation
+
+	A technique where the structure of a language processor (e.g. a
+	compiler) is based on the structure of the language's
+	{abstract syntax}.  There might be one procedure in the
+	translator corresponding to each category in the abstract
+	syntax.  That procedure is responsible for processing
+	constructs of that category.  Each procedure would call others
+	corresponding to the construct's subconstituents and then
+	combine their results to give the overall result for that
+	construct.
+
+Syntax/Semantic Language
+
+	<language> (S/SL) A high level {specification language} for
+	{recursive descent parsers} developed by J.R. Cordy
+	<cordy@cs.queensu.ca> and R.C. Holt <holt@uwaterloo.ca> at the
+	University of Toronto in 1980.
+
+	S/SL is a small language that supports cheap recursion and
+	defines input, output, and error token names (& values),
+	semantic mechanisms (class interfaces whose methods are really
+	escapes to routines in a host programming language but allow
+	good abstraction in the pseudo-code) and a pseudo-code program
+	that defines the syntax of the input language by the token
+	stream the program accepts.  Alternation, control flow and
+	one-symbol look-ahead constructs are part of the language.
+
+	The S/SL processor compiles this pseudo-code into a table
+	(byte-codes) that is interpreted by the S/SL table-walker
+	(interpreter).  The pseudo-code language processes the input
+	language in recursive descent LL1 style but extensions allow
+	it to process any LRk language relatively easily.  S/SL is
+	designed to provide excellent syntax error recovery and
+	repair.  It is more powerful and transparent than yacc but
+	slower.
+
+	S/SL has been used to implement production commercial
+	compilers for languages such as {PL/I}, {Euclid}, {Turing},
+	{Ada}, and {COBOL}, as well as {interpreters}, {command
+	processors}, and domain specific languages of many kinds.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.queensu.ca/pub/cordy/ssl)}.
+
+	["Specification of S/SL: Syntax/Semantic Language", J.R. Cordy
+	and R.C. Holt, Computer Systems Research Institute, University
+	of Toronto, 1980].
+
+	["An Introduction to S/SL: Syntax/Semantic Language",
+	R.C. Holt, J.R.  Cordy, and D.B. Wortman; ACM Transactions on
+	Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), Vol 4, No.  2,
+	April 1982, pp 149-178].
+
+	["Hierarchic Syntax Error Repair", D.T. Barnard and R.C. Holt,
+	International Journal of Computing and Information Sciences,
+	Vol. 11, No. 4, August 1982, Pages 231-258.]
+
+	(2003-10-30)
+
+syntax tree
+
+	<mathematics, theory, language> A {tree} representing the
+	{abstract syntax} of some {tokens} in a {language}.
+
+	(1998-11-12)
+
+synthesis
+
+	<programming, specification> The process of deriving
+	(efficient) programs from (clear) specifications.
+
+	See also {program transformation}.
+
+	(1996-08-23)
+
+Synthesizer Specification Language
+
+	(SSL) A specification language based on {term algebra} and
+	{attribute grammars}.  SSL is used by the {Synthesizer
+	Generator}, a generator for {language-based editors} such as
+	the {Cornell Program Synthesizer}.
+
+	["Generating Language Based Environments", T. Reps, MIT Press
+	1984].
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+sypware
+
+	{spyware}
+
+SyQuest Technology, Inc.
+
+	<company, hardware> An early entrant into the removable {hard
+	disk} market for {personal computers}.  For may years SyQuest
+	held the market, particularly as a method of transferring
+	large {desktop publisher} documents to printers.  SyQuest aim
+	their products to give personal computer users "endless" hard
+	drive space for data-intensive applications like {desktop
+	publishing}, {Internet} information management, pre-press,
+	{multimedia}, {audio}, {video}, {digital photography}, fast
+	{backup}, data exchange, {archiving}, confidential data
+	security and easy portability for the road.
+
+	At the top of their current (Mar 1997) range are two drives,
+	The {SyJet} 1.5 {GB} a 3.5 inch, double platter removable
+	drive and the {EZFlyer} 230 {MB} also on 3.5 inch media.  A
+	cartridge holding over 4.7GB is promised before the end of
+	1997.
+
+	In recent years they have not fared as well in the market,
+	whilst {Iomega} has cornered the {Small Office/Home Office}
+	(SOHO) market.  Over the period 1995 to 1997 sales declined
+	resulting in a series of losses.  In the first quarter of 1997
+	these losses had been reduced to $6.8 million with net
+	revenues increasing to $48.3 million.  This compares to a net
+	loss of $33.8 million, or $2.98 per share, on net revenues of
+	$78.7 million for the same period the year before.  It would
+	appear that substantial restructuring has occurred over the
+	past few years.
+
+	{(http://syquest.com/)}.
+
+	(1997-03-27)
+
+sysadmin
+
+	{system administrator}
+
+sysape
+
+	/sys'ayp/ A rather derogatory term for a computer operator; a
+	play on {sysop} common at sites that use the banana hierarchy
+	of problem complexity (see {one-banana problem}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Sysdeco Mimer AB
+
+	<company> Part of the international software group Sysdeco
+	Group AS.  They developed the {MIMER} {RDBMS}.
+
+	{(http://mimer.se/)}.
+
+	Address: Uppsala, Sweden.
+
+	(1995-11-11)
+
+sys-frog
+
+	/sis'frog/ (the {PLATO} system) A playful variant of
+	"{sysprog}".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+SYSKEY
+
+	<cryptography, operating system, security> A utility that
+	{encrpyts} the {hashed} {password} information in a {SAM}
+	database using a 128-bit {encryption key}.
+
+	SYSKEY was an optional feature added in {Windows NT} 4.0 SP3.
+	It was meant to protect against {offline} password {cracking}
+	attacks so that the SAM database would still be secure even if
+	someone had a copy of it.  However, in December 1999, a
+	security team from {BindView (http://bindview.com/)} found
+	a security hole in SYSKEY which indicates that a certain form
+	of {cryptoanalytic} attack is possible offline.  A
+	{brute-force attack} then appeared to be possible.
+
+	Microsoft later collaborated with BindView to issue a fix
+	(dubbed the 'Syskey Bug') which appears to have been settled
+	and SYSKEY pronounced secure enough to resist brute-force
+	attack.
+
+	According to Todd Sabin of the BindView team RAZOR, the
+	pre-RC3 versions of {Windows 2000} were also affected.
+
+	{BindView Security Advisory
+	(http://packetstorm.securify.com/9912-exploits/bindview.syskey.txt)}.
+
+	{BindView press release
+	(http://bindview.com/news/99/1222.html)}.
+
+	{Microsoft bulletin
+	(http://microsoft.com/Security/Bulletins/ms99-056.asp)}.
+
+	(2000-07-16)
+
+SYSLISP
+
+	System language used in the implementation of Portable
+	Standard Lisp.  Mentioned in "The Evolution of Lisp",
+	G.L. Steele et al, SIGPLAN Notices 28(3):231-270 (Mar 1993).
+
+sysop
+
+	{system operator}
+
+Sysplex
+
+	<operating system> An {IBM} term for communicating {MVS}
+	systems.  See also "{Parallel Sysplex}".
+
+	(1996-11-23)
+
+sysprog
+
+	{Systems programmer}
+
+system
+
+	1. The {supervisor} program or {operating system} on a
+	computer.
+
+	2. The entire computer system, including input/output devices,
+	the {supervisor} program or {operating system} and possibly
+	other {software}.
+
+	3. Any large program.
+
+	4. Any method or {algorithm}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+System/360
+
+	<computer> The generic name for the {CPUs} and architecture
+	released by {IBM} on 1964-04-07.  The 360 was marketed as a
+	general purpose computer with 'all round' functionality -
+	hence 360 (degrees).
+
+	Models ranged from the 360/20 to the 360/65 and later the
+	360/95, with typical memory configurations from 16K to 1024K.
+
+	Elements of the architecture, such as the basic {instruction
+	set} are still in use on IBM {mainframes} today.  Operating
+	System/360 ({OS/360}) was developed for System/360.  Other
+	associated {operating systems} included {DOS}, {OS/MFT} and
+	{OS/MVT}.
+
+	The 360 architecture was based on an 8-bit {byte}, 16 general
+	purpose {registers}, 24-bit addressing, and a PSW (Program
+	Status Word) including a location counter.
+
+	{Gene Amdahl}, then an IBM employee, is generally acknowledged
+	as the 360's chief architect.  He later went on to found
+	{Amdahl Corporaton}, a manufacture of {PCM} {mainframe}
+	equipment.
+
+	The 360's predecessors were the smaller {IBM 1401} and the
+	large {IBM 7090} series.  If was followed by the {IBM 370}.
+
+	See also {ABEND}, {ALC}, {BAL}, {Big Red Switch}, {HCF}, {mode
+	bit}, {PL360}, {PL/S}.
+
+	(2004-06-06)
+
+System/370
+
+	<hardware, IBM> (S/370) An {IBM} {mainframe} {computer}
+	introduced in 1970 as a successor to the {IBM 360}.
+	Enhancements included the ability to support {virtual memory}
+	and improved main storage.  Two models were available
+	initially: 165 and 155, with {cycle times} of 80 and 115
+	nanoseconds.
+
+	{Press Release
+	(http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PR370.html)}.
+
+	(2004-06-06)
+
+System 5
+
+	{System V}
+
+System 7.5
+
+	<operating system> A version of {Mac OS}, the latest release as
+	of Oct 1996 was 7.5.5.  Superseded by Mac OS 7.6 around March
+	1997.
+
+	{Mac OS home (http://macos.apple.com/)}.
+
+	[Dates?  Features?]
+
+	(1997-03-23)
+
+System Account Manager
+
+	<cryptography, operating system, security> (SAM) A {password}
+	{database} stored as a {registry file} in {Windows NT} and
+	{Windows 2000}.
+
+	The System Account Manager (SAM) database stores users'
+	passwords in a {hashed} format.  Since a {hash function} is
+	one-way, this provides some measure of security for the
+	storage of the passwords.  In an attempt to enhance the
+	security of the SAM database against {offline cracking},
+	Microsoft introduced the {SYSKEY} utility in {Windows NT} 4.0.
+
+	(2000-07-19)
+
+system administration
+
+	<job> Activities performed by a system administrator (or
+	"admin", "sysadmin", "site admin") such as monitoring security
+	configuration, managing allocation of {user names} and
+	{passwords}, monitoring disk space and other resource use,
+	performing {backups}, and setting up new hardware and
+	software.
+
+	system administrators often also help users, though in a large
+	organisation this may be a separate job.
+
+	Compare {postmaster}, {sysop}, {system management}, {systems
+	programmer}.
+
+	[Other tasks?]
+
+	(1999-05-02)
+
+system administrator
+
+	{system administration}
+
+system analysis
+
+	{systems analysis}
+
+system analyst
+
+	{systems analysis}
+
+system board
+
+	{motherboard}
+
+system call
+
+	<operating system, programming> The mechanism used by an
+	{application program} to request service from the {operating
+	system}.  System calls often use a special {machine code}
+	instruction which causes the processor to change mode (e.g. to
+	"supervisor mode" or "{protected mode}").  This allows the OS
+	to perform restricted actions such as accessing hardware
+	devices or the {memory management unit}.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+system catalog
+
+	<database> The {data dictionary} of a {DBMS}.  The system
+	catalogue stores {meta-data} including the {schemas} of the
+	{databases}.  It is a mini-database, and is usually stored
+	using the DBMS itself in special {tables} called {system
+	tables}.  It maybe referred to as being "on line", as it is
+	active, and can be queried by users like any other table.
+
+	(1999-04-27)
+
+System Control Language
+
+	<language> (SCL) The {command language} for the {VME/B}
+	{operating system} on the {ICL2900}.  SCL was {block
+	structured} and supported strings, lists of strings
+	("superstrings"), {integer}, {Boolean}, and {array} types.
+	You could trigger a {block} whenever a condition on a variable
+	value occured.  It supported {macros} and default arguments.
+	Commands were treated like procedure calls.
+
+	["VME/B SCL Syntax", Intl Computers Ltd. 1980].
+
+	(2003-01-08)
+
+Systeme International
+
+	{Système International d'Unités}
+
+System F
+
+	{polymorphic lambda-calculus}
+
+System International
+
+	{Système International d'Unités}
+
+system management
+
+	<job> Activities performed by a system manager, aiming to
+	minimise the use of excessive, redundant resources to address
+	the overlapping requirements of performance balancing, network
+	management, reducing outages, system maintenance costs,
+	diagnosis and repair, and migration to new hardware and
+	software system versions.
+
+	Compare: {system administration}.
+
+	(1995-11-10)
+
+System Management Bus
+
+	<hardware, protocol> (SMBus, SMB) A simple two-wire {bus} used
+	for communication with low-bandwidth devices on a motherboard,
+	especially power related chips such as a laptop's rechargeable
+	battery subsystem (see {Smart Battery Data}).  Other devices
+	might include temperature sensors and lid switches.
+
+	A device can provide manufacturer information, indicate its
+	model/part number, save its state for a {suspend} event,
+	report different types of errors, accept control parameters,
+	and return status.  The SMB is generally not user configurable
+	or accessible.
+
+	The bus carries clock, data, and instructions and is based on
+	{Philip's} {I2C} serial bus protocol. Support for SMBus devices
+	is provided on {Windows 2000}. {Windows 98} does not support
+	such devices.
+
+	The {PIIX4} {chipset} provides SMBus functionality. Vendors
+	using SMBus would be required to pay royalties.
+
+	{SMBus website
+	(http://sbs-forum.org/smbus/)}.
+
+	{Software to interrogate a SMB motherboard
+	(http://online.de/home/podien/SMB.HTM)}.
+
+	{SMB devices, Part 8 Kernel Mode Driver Design Guide, Win2000 DDK
+	(http://microsoft.com/ddk/)}.
+
+	(1999-08-08)
+
+System Management Mode
+
+	<hardware> (SMM) A reduced power consumption state provided by
+	some {Intel} {microprocessors}.  When a {CPU} enters SMM it
+	saves its current state in a special area of {static RAM}
+	called SMRAM (System Management {RAM}) and then runs a
+	program, also stored in SMRAM, the SMM handler.
+
+	SMM is implemented in all {Intel} "SL" suffixed CPUs.  In June
+	1993, Intel announced it was discontinuing its SL range and
+	instead making all its current processors SL enhanced.
+
+	See also {Auto Idle}.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+System Management Server
+
+	<operating system> (SMS) Software used by {Microsoft} {Windows
+	NT system administrators} to manage {personal computers} on
+	any size network.  SMS can distribute software to desktops
+	from one central location, detect every machine on the
+	network, track software and hardware configurations, send key
+	information back to a central database, and perform other
+	tasks.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://microsoft.com/ntserver/management/exec/overview/sms.asp)}.
+
+	(1999-03-24)
+
+system manager
+
+	{system management}
+
+system mangler
+
+	<humour> A humorous synonym for "{system manager}", possibly
+	from the fact that one major {IBM} {operating system} had a
+	{root} account called SYSMANGR.  The term refers specifically
+	to a systems programmer in charge of administration, software
+	maintenance, and updates at some site.  Unlike {admin}, this
+	term emphasises the technical end of the skills involved.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-11-10)
+
+system operator
+
+	<job, jargon> (Always abbreviated to "sysop") /sis'op/ A term
+	used in the {BBS} world for the operator of a bulletin-board
+	system (who is usually also the owner).
+
+	A common neophyte mistake on {FidoNet} is to address a message
+	to "sysop" in an international {echo}, thus sending it to
+	hundreds of sysops around the world.
+
+	Contrast: {system administrator}.
+
+	(1999-10-20)
+
+System Product Interpreter
+
+	{Restructured EXtended eXecutor}
+
+system programming language
+
+	{Ousterhout's dichotomy}
+
+System R
+
+	<database> A {database} system built as a research project at
+	{IBM San Jose Research} (now {IBM Almaden Research Center}) in
+	the 1970s.  System R introduced the {SQL} language and also
+	demonstrated that a {relational system database} could provide
+	good {transaction processing} performance.
+
+	{(http://mcjones.org/System_R/)}.
+
+	(1998-09-29)
+
+Systems Administrators Guild
+
+	<body, job> (SAGE) A special technical group of the {USENIX
+	Association}.
+
+	{(http://usenix.org/sage)}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2001-01-27)
+
+systems analysis
+
+	<job> Study of the design, specification, feasibility, cost,
+	and implementation of a computer system for business.  What a
+	systems analyst does.
+
+	(1997-04-25)
+
+Systems Analysis Definition
+
+	<programming> (SAD) The analysis of the role of a proposed
+	system and the identification of the requirements that it
+	should meet.  SAD is the starting point for system design.
+	The term is most commonly used in the context of commercial
+	programming, where software developers are often classed as
+	either {systems analysts} or programmers.  The systems
+	analysts are responsible for identifying requirements
+	(i.e. systems analysis) and producing a design.  The
+	programmers are then responsible for implementing it.
+
+	(1996-03-07)
+
+systems analyst
+
+	{systems analysis}
+
+Systems Application Architecture
+
+	<programming> (SAA) {IBM}'s family of standard interfaces
+	which enable {software} to be written independently of
+	{hardware} and {operating system}.
+
+	(1997-04-25)
+
+Systems Development Life Cycle
+
+	<programming> (SDLC, or "Software...") Any logical process used by
+	a {systems analyst} to develop or redesign an {information
+	system}.  SDLC includes {requirements}, design, {development},
+	{integration}, {testing}, {validation}, training, user ownership,
+	operations, analysis and maintenance.
+
+	An SDLC should result in a system that meets or exceeds customer
+	expectations, within time and cost estimates, works effectively
+	and efficiently in the current and planned {Information
+	Technology} {infrastructure}, is cheap to maintain and
+	cost-effective to enhance.
+
+	{(http://www.sdlc.ws/what-is-sdlc/)}.
+
+	{US DOJ SDLC
+	(http://www.justice.gov/jmd/irm/lifecycle/table.htm)}.
+
+	(2013-11-12)
+
+systems jock
+
+	{jock}
+
+Systems Network Architecture
+
+	<networking> (SNA) {IBM}'s proprietary high level networking
+	{protocol} {standard}, used by IBM and IBM compatible
+	{mainframes}.
+
+	Also referred to as "Blue Glue", SNA is a bletcherous protocol
+	once widely favoured at commercial shops.  The official IBM
+	definition is "that which binds blue boxes together."  It may
+	be relevant that {Blue Glue} is also a 3M product commonly
+	used to hold down carpets in {dinosaur pens}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+system software
+
+	<operating system> Any {software} required to support the
+	production or execution of {application programs} but which is
+	not specific to any particular application.
+
+	System software typically includes an {operating system} to
+	control the execution of other programs; user environment
+	software such as a {command-line interpreter}, {window
+	system}, {desktop}; development tools for building other
+	programs such as {assemblers}, {compilers}, {linkers},
+	{libraries}, {interpreters}, {cross-reference generators},
+	{version control}, {make}; {debugging}, {profiling} and
+	monitoring tools; utility programs, e.g. for sorting,
+	printing, and editting.
+
+	Different people would classify some or all of the above as
+	part of the operating system while others might say the
+	operating system was just the {kernel}.  Some might say system
+	software includes {utility programs} like {sort}.
+
+	(2007-02-02)
+
+systems operator
+
+	{system operator}
+
+systems programmer
+
+	<job> (sysprog) A generic job title that covers a variety of
+	specialist roles such as writing low-level code that talks to
+	directly to the {operating system} on a {server}.
+
+	Typical skills required are experience of specific operating
+	systems, networking ({TCP/IP}, {ATM}, {Ethernet}, {DNS}),
+	electronic mail ({POP}, {IMAP}, {SMTP}), {web servers},
+	{RDBMS}, operating system and network security, and hardware
+	({SCSI}, {hard disks}, and {backup} devices).
+
+	Contrast: {system administration}.
+
+	(1999-09-14)
+
+systems programming
+
+	{systems programmer}
+
+system testing
+
+	<testing> (Or "application testing") A type of {testing} to
+	confirm that all code modules work as specified, and that the
+	system as a whole performs adequately on the {platform} on
+	which it will be deployed.
+
+	System testing should be performed by testers who are trained
+	to plan, execute, and report on application and system code.
+	They should be aware of scenarios that might not occur to the
+	end user, like testing for null, negative, and format
+	inconsistent values.  A tester should be able to repeat the
+	steps that caused an error.
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+system unit
+
+	<hardware> The main body of a computer, consisting of a
+	plastic or metal enclosure, the {motherboard}, and (typically)
+	internal {disk drives}, a {power supply}, cooling fans, and
+	whatever circuit boards plugged into the mother board, such as
+	a {video card}.
+
+	The system unit is occasionally referred to as the {CPU},
+	though this really means {central processing unit}.
+
+	(2000-08-10)
+
+System V
+
+	1. The other major versions of the {Unix} {operating system}
+	apart from {BSD}.  Developed by {AT&T}.  Later versions of
+	Unix such as {SunOS} combined the best features of {System V}
+	and {BSD} Unix.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+	[Differences?]
+
+	2. A supplier of {Unix} {open systems} for {Intel x86}
+	processors.  They supply products from {SCO} and {Solaris} and
+	offer general support for {Unix}, {TCP/IP}, and {Internet}.
+	They serve and create third-party {WWW} pages and provide
+	on-line support for commercial and non-commercial applications.
+
+	{(http://systemv.com/)}.
+
+	See also {System V Interface Definition}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+System V Interface Definition
+
+	(SVID) A standard allowing source code portability between
+	different {platforms} running Unix System V.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+Système International
+
+	{Système International d'Unités}
+
+Système International d'Unités
+
+	<unit, standard> (SI - International System of Units) The
+	standard set of units of measurement set by the 11th General
+	Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960.  There are seven
+	base units: the {metre} (length), the {kilogram} (mass), the
+	{second} (time), the {ampere} (electrical current), the kelvin
+	(temperature), the mole (number of atoms) and the candela
+	(luminous intensity).  These are defined either in terms of
+	physical properties such as the speed of light or, in the case
+	of mass, by a "prototype" lump of platinum-iridium kept at
+	{BIPM}.  Derived units like meters per second (speed) are
+	formed by combining base units.  SI also specifies a list of
+	{prefixes} (multipliers like "k" for 1000).
+
+	{SI Home (http://www.bipm.org/en/si/)}.
+
+	(2014-07-08)
+
+systolic array
+
+	<architecture, parallel> (By analogy with the regular pumping
+	of blood by the heart) An arrangement of processors in an
+	array (often rectangular) where data flows synchronously
+	across the array between neighbours, usually with different
+	data flowing in different directions.  H. T. Kung and Charles
+	Leiserson publish the first paper describing systolic arrays
+	in 1978 [reference?].
+
+	Each processor at each step takes in data from one or more
+	neighbours (e.g. North and West), processes it and, in the
+	next step, outputs results in the opposite direction (South
+	and East).
+
+	An example of a systolic {algorithm} might be matrix
+	multiplication.  One matrix is fed in a row at a time from the
+	top of the array and is passed down the array, the other
+	matrix is fed in a column at a time from the left hand side of
+	the array and passes from left to right.  Dummy values are
+	then passed in until each processor has seen one whole row and
+	one whole column.  At this point, the result of the
+	multiplication is stored in the array and can now be output a
+	row or a column at a time, flowing down or accross the array.
+
+	See also {Ruby}, {SISAL}.
+
+	(1998-07-01)
+
+SysVile
+
+	{Missed'em-five}
+
+sz
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Swaziland.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+T
+
+	1. True.  A {Lisp} compiler by Johnathan A. Rees in 1982 at
+	{Yale University}.  T has {static scope} and is a
+	near-superset of {Scheme}.  {Unix} source is available.  T is
+	written in itself and compiles to efficient native code.  Used
+	as the basis for the Yale {Haskell} system.  Maintained by
+	David Kranz <kranz@masala.lcs.mit.edu>.
+
+	Latest version: 3.1.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.ai.mit.edu/pub/systems/t3.1)}.
+
+	A {multiprocessing} version of T is available
+	{(ftp://masala.lcs.mit.edu/pub/mult)}.
+
+	Runs on {Decstation}, {SPARC}, {Sun-3}, {Vax} under {Unix},
+	{Encore}, {HP}, {Apollo}, {Macintosh} under {A/UX}.
+
+	E-mail: <t3-bugs@cs.yale.edu> (bugs).
+	E-mail: <t-project@cs.yale.edu>.
+
+	(1991-11-26)
+
+	["The T Manual", Johnathan A. Rees <jar@zurich.ai.mit.edu> et
+	al, Yale U, 1984].
+
+	2. A {functional language}.
+
+	["T: A Simple Reduction Language Based on Combinatory Term
+	Rewriting", Ida et al, Proc of Prog Future Generation
+	Computers, 1988].
+
+	3. (lower case) The {Lisp} {atom} used to represent "true",
+	among other things.  "false" is represented using the same
+	atom as an empty list, {nil}.  This {overloading} of the basic
+	constants of the language helps to make Lisp {write-only
+	code}.
+
+	4. In transaction-processing circles, an abbreviation for
+	"transaction".
+
+	5. (Purdue) An alternative spelling of "{tee}".
+
+\t
+
+	{horizontal tabulation}
+
+T1
+
+	<communications> An {AT&T} term for a {digital carrier}
+	facility used to transmit a {DS1} formatted digital signal at
+	1.544 megabits per second.
+
+	T1 transmission uses a bipolar {Return To Zero} {alternate
+	mark inversion} line coding scheme to keep the DC carrier
+	component from saturating the line.
+
+	Although some consider T1 signaling obsolete, much equipment
+	operates at the "T1 rate" and such signals are either
+	combined for transmission via faster circuits, or
+	demultiplexed into 64 kilobit per second circuits for
+	distribution to individual subscribers.
+
+	T1 signals can be transported on {unshielded twisted pair}
+	telephone lines.  The transmitted signal consists of pips of a
+	few hundred nanoseconds width, each inverted with respect to
+	the one preceding.  At the sending end the signal is 1 volt,
+	and as received, greater than 0.01 volts.  This requires
+	repeaters about every 6000 feet.
+
+	The information is contained in the timing of the signals, not
+	the polarity.  When a long sequence of bits in the transmitted
+	information would cause no pip to be sent, "{bit stuffing}" is
+	used so the receiving apparatus will not lose track of the
+	sending clock.
+
+	A T1 circuit requires two twisted pair lines, one for each
+	direction.  Some newer equipment uses the two lines at half
+	the T1 rate and in {full-duplex} mode; the sent and received
+	signals are separated at each end by components collectively
+	called a "hybrid".  Although this technique requires more
+	sophisticated equipment and lowers the line length, an
+	advantage is that half the sent and half the received
+	information is mixed on any one line, making low-tech wiretaps
+	less a threat.
+
+	See also {Integrated Services Digital Network}.
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+T1 line
+
+	{T1}
+
+T1 rate
+
+	{T1}
+
+T3
+
+	<communications> A {digital carrier} facility used to transmit
+	a {DS3} formatted digital signal at 44.736 megabits per
+	second.
+
+	See also {Integrated Services Digital Network}.
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+T3 line
+
+	{T3}
+
+TA
+
+	{Terminal Adaptor}
+
+TAA
+
+	{Track Average Amplitude}
+
+TAB
+
+	{HT}
+
+table
+
+	<database> A collection of {records} in a {relational database}.
+
+	(1997-06-04)
+
+table locking
+
+	<database> A technique used in {database management systems},
+	where an entire {table} is locked while data in it is being
+	updated.
+
+	Other techniques are {row-level locking} and {MVCC}.
+
+	(1999-06-18)
+
+tablespace
+
+	<oracle, database, storage> A logical unit of storage, used by
+	an {Oracle} database, that is made up of one or more
+	{operating system} files.  Each table, {index} or other object
+	that requires storage is located on a tablespace.
+
+	The {database administrator} typically assigns a default and a
+	temporary tablespace to each user and grants a quota on each
+	so they can create tables and indexes.
+
+	(2006-08-24)
+
+TABLET
+
+	A {query language}.
+
+	["Human Factor Comparison of a Procedural and a Non-procedural
+	Query Language", C. Welty et al, ACM Trans Database Sys
+	6(4):626-649 (Dec 1981)].
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+TABLOG
+
+	<language> A programming language based on {first order
+	predicate logic} with equality that combines {relational
+	programming} and {functional programming}.  It has functional
+	notation and {unification} as its binding mechanism.  TABLOG
+	supports a more general subset of standard {first order logic}
+	than {Prolog}.  It employs the Manna-Waldinger
+	'{deductive-tableau}' proof system as an {interpreter} instead
+	of {resolution}.
+
+	(1997-06-19)
+
+tab-separated values
+
+	<file format> (TSV) A file format used as a portable
+	representation of a {database}.  Each line represents one
+	entry or {record}; and in every line, each field is separated
+	from the next by a tab character ({HT}).
+
+	Compare {CSV}.
+
+	(2001-03-16)
+
+TABSOL
+
+	<language> A language extension for {GECOM} written in the
+	form of {truth tables} which was compiled into code for the
+	tests and actions described.  TABSOL was developed by
+	T.F. Kavanaugh, and was in use around 1964-5.
+
+	(1996-09-15)
+
+	[Proc FJCC 18:117-136, AFIPS (Fall 1960)].
+
+	(1996-09-16)
+
+Tabulating Machine Company
+
+	<company> The company founded in 1896 by {Herman Hollerith} to
+	exploit his invention of the {punched card}.  It became part
+	of {IBM} in 1924.
+
+	(1996-01-02)
+
+TAC
+
+	1. Translator Assembler-Compiler.  For {Philco 2000}.
+
+	2. {Terminal Access Controller}.
+
+TACL
+
+	Tandem Advanced Command Language.  Tandem, about 1987.  The
+	shell language used in Tandem computers.
+
+TACPOL
+
+	<language> A {PL/I}-like language used by the US Army for
+	command and control.
+
+	(2001-01-31)
+
+Tactile User Interface
+
+	<interface> (TUI) {Hardware} and {software} to provide access
+	to computer-based graphical[?] information using touch, often
+	intended for blind people.  See also {haptics}.
+
+	(2003-10-17)
+
+tag
+
+	<language, text> An {SGML}, {HTML}, or {XML} {token}
+	representing the beginning (start tag: "<p ...>") or end (end
+	tag: "</p>") of an {element}.  In normal SGML {syntax} (and
+	always in {XML}), a tag starts with a "<" and ends with an
+	">".
+
+	In {HTML} jargon, the term "tag" is often used for an
+	"{element}".
+
+	(2001-01-31)
+
+Tagged Image File Format
+
+	<file format, graphics> (TIFF) A {file format} used for
+	still-image {bitmaps}, stored in tagged fields.  {Application
+	programs} can use the tags to accept or ignore fields,
+	depending on their capabilities.
+
+	While TIFF was designed to be extensible, it lacked a core of
+	useful functionality, so that most useful functions (e.g.
+	{lossless} 24-bit colour) requires nonstandard, often
+	redundant, extensions.  The incompatibility of extensions has
+	led some to expand "TIFF" as "Thousands of Incompatible File
+	Formats".
+
+	Compare {GIF}, {PNG}, {JPEG}.
+
+	(1997-10-11)
+
+tagged queueing
+
+	<hardware> A method allowing a device or {controller} to
+	process commands received from a {device driver} out of order.
+	It requires that the device driver attaches a tag to each
+	command which the controller or device can later use to
+	identify the response to the command.
+
+	Tagged queueing can speed up processing considerably if a
+	controller serves devices of very different speeds, such as an
+	{SCSI} controller serving a mix of {CD-ROMs} and high-speed
+	{disks}.  In such cases if a request to fetch data from the
+	CD-ROM is shortly followed by a request to read from the disk,
+	the controller doesn't have to wait for the CD-ROM to fetch
+	the data, it can instead instruct the disk to fetch the data
+	and return the value to the device driver, while the CD-ROM is
+	probably still {seeking}.
+
+	(1997-07-04)
+
+tagged types
+
+	<programming> {Ada}'s type mechanism in which types can be
+	extended via {single inheritance}.
+
+	(2000-02-21)
+
+tag name
+
+	{generic identifier}
+
+tail call optimisation
+
+	{last call optimisation}
+
+tail call optimization
+
+	{last call optimisation}
+
+tail circuit
+
+	<communications> A circuit which connects the {serial lines}
+	of two {modems} together.
+
+	[Why do that?]
+
+	(1996-10-16)
+
+tail recursion
+
+	<programming> When the last thing a function (or procedure)
+	does is to call itself.  Such a function is called tail
+	recursive.  A function may make several {recursive} calls but
+	a call is only tail-recursive if the caller returns
+	immediately after it.  E.g.
+
+		f n = if n < 2 then 1 else f (f (n-2) + 1)
+
+	In this example both calls to f are recursive but only the
+	outer one is tail recursive.
+
+	Tail recursion is a useful property because it enables {tail
+	recursion optimisation}.
+
+	If you aren't sick of them already, see {recursion} and {tail
+	recursion}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2006-04-16)
+
+tail recursion modulo cons
+
+	<programming, compiler> A generalisation of {tail recursion}
+	introduced by D.H.D. Warren.  It applies when the last thing a
+	function does is to apply a constructor functions (e.g. cons)
+	to an application of a non-primitive function.  This is
+	transformed into a tail call to the function which is also
+	passed a pointer to where its result should be written.  E.g.
+
+		f []     = []
+		f (x:xs) = 1 : f xs
+
+	is transformed into (pseudo {C}/{Haskell}):
+
+		f [] = []
+		f l  = f' l allocate_cons
+
+		f' []     p = { *p = nil;
+				return *p
+			      }
+		f' (x:xs) p = { cell = allocate_cons;
+			        *p = cell;
+				cell.head = 1;
+				return f' xs &cell.tail
+			      }
+
+	where allocate_cons returns the address of a new cons cell, *p
+	is the location pointed to by p and &c is the address of c.
+
+	[D.H.D. Warren, DAI Research Report 141, University of
+	Edinburgh 1980].
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+tail recursion optimisation
+
+	<programming> (TRO) Discarding the calling environment ({call
+	stack} {frame}) when the last thing a function or procedure
+	does is to call itself.  This is important when a procedure
+	calls itself {recursive}ly many times since, without tail
+	recursion optimisation, the environments of earlier
+	invocations would fill up the memory only to be discarded when
+	(if) the last call terminated.
+
+	Tail recursion optimisation is a special case of {last call
+	optimisation} but it allows the further optimisation that some
+	arguments may be passed in situ, possibly in {registers}.  It
+	allows recursive functions to be compiled into {iterative}
+	loops.
+
+	See also {conversion to iteration}, {tail recursion modulo
+	cons}.
+
+	(2006-04-16)
+
+tail-strict
+
+	A tail-strict function evaluates every cons cell in its (list)
+	argument.  It will therefore fail to terminate if its argument
+	is an infinite list or if any tail of its argument fails to
+	terminate.  The archetypal tail-strict function is length.
+	See also Head-strict, Hyper-strict.
+
+TAL
+
+	{Transaction Application Language}
+
+TALE
+
+	Typed Applicative Language Experiment.  M. van Leeuwen.  Lazy,
+	purely applicative, polymorphic.  Based on typed second order
+	lambda-calculus.  "Functional Programming and the Language
+	TALE", H.P. Barendregt et al, in Current Trends in
+	Concurrency, LNCS 224, Springer 1986, pp.122-207.
+
+Taligent
+
+	A company founded jointly by Apple and IBM in March 1992.  HP
+	announced in January, 1994 that it would buy a 15% stake in
+	Taligent.  They are working on an "object-oriented operating
+	system", due to be finished sometime in 1995.  However,
+	various independent pieces of Taligent will likely appear to
+	be used with other operating systems, e.g. IBM's WorkplaceOS.
+	Pink is an older name for Taligent, dating back to work that
+	Apple did before the formation of Taligent.
+
+talk
+
+	<chat, tool, networking, messaging> A {Unix} program and
+	{protocol} supporting conversation between two or more users
+	who may be logged into the same computer or different
+	computers on a network.  Variants include {ntalk}, {ytalk},
+	and {ports} or {emulators} of these programs for other
+	{platforms}.
+
+	{Unix} has the {talk} program and {protocol} and its variants
+	{xtalk} and {ytalk} for the {X Window System}; {VMS} has
+	{phone}; {Windows for Workgroups} has {chat}.  {ITS} also has
+	a talk system.  These split the screen into separate areas for
+	each user.
+
+	{Unix}'s {write} command can also be used, though it does not
+	attempt to separate input and output on the screen.
+
+	Users of such systems are said to be in {talk mode} which has
+	many conventional abbreviations and idioms.  Most of these
+	survived into {chat} jargon, but many fell out of common use
+	with the migration of {user} prattle from talk-like systems to
+	{chat} systems in the early 1990s.  These disused
+	talk-specific forms include:
+
+	"BYE?" - are you ready to close the conversation?  This is the
+	standard way to end a talk-mode conversation; the other person
+	types "BYE" to confirm, or else continues the conversation.
+
+	"JAM"/"MIN" - just a minute
+
+	"O" - "over" (I have stopped talking).  Also "/" as in x/y - x
+	over y, or two newlines (the latter being the most common).
+
+	"OO" - "over and out" - end of conversation.
+
+	"\" - Greek {lambda}.
+
+	"R U THERE?" - are you there?
+
+	"SEC" - wait a second.
+
+	"/\/\/" - laughter.  But on a {MUD}, this usually means
+	"earthquake fault".
+
+	See also {talk bomb}.
+
+	(1998-01-25)
+
+talk bomb
+
+	{flash}
+
+talker system
+
+	{talk}
+
+talk mode
+
+	<chat> Using a {talk} system.  E.g., "{B1FF} had me in talk
+	mode for hours last night.  I had to bring his box down just
+	to get him to shut up."
+
+	The (1980s?) term now is as dated as talk itself which has
+	been largely replaced by {chat}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-01-19)
+
+TALL
+
+	<language> TAC List Language.
+
+	["TALL - A List Processor for the Philco 2000", J. Feldman,
+	CACM 5(9):484-485 (Sep 1962)].
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+tall card
+
+	<hardware> An expansion card for the {IBM PC AT}.  These can
+	be larger than {IBM PC} or {IBM PC XT} cards because the AT
+	case is bigger.
+
+	When IBM introduced the PS/2 model 30 (its last gasp at
+	supporting the {ISA}) they made the case lower and many
+	industry-standard tall cards wouldn't fit.  This was felt to
+	be a reincarnation of the {connector conspiracy}, done with
+	less style.
+
+	See also {short card}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+Tandem Application Language
+
+	{Transaction Application Language}
+
+Tandem Computers
+
+	<company> A US computer manufacturer.
+
+	Quarterly sales $544M, profits $49M (Aug 1994).
+
+	(1994-09-26)
+
+Tandy
+
+	<company> A US company, the parent company of {Radio Shack},
+	makers of the {TRS-80} and other early {personal computers}.
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+Tanenbaum, Andrew
+
+	{Andrew Tanenbaum}
+
+Tangible User Interface
+
+	<interface> An attempt to give physical form to digital
+	information, making bits directly manipulable and perceptible
+	by people.  Tangible Interfaces will make bits accessible
+	through augmented physical surfaces (e.g. walls, desktops,
+	ceilings, windows), graspable objects (e.g. building blocks,
+	models, instruments) and ambient media (e.g. light, sound,
+	airflow, water-flow, kinetic sculpture) within physical
+	environments.
+
+	{MIT Tangible Media Group (http://tangible.media.mit.edu/)}.
+
+	(2003-10-17)
+
+tanked
+
+	1. <jargon> Same as {down}, used primarily by {Unix} hackers.
+
+	See also {hosed}.
+
+	2. Popularised as a synonym for "drunk" by Steve Dallas in the
+	late lamented "Bloom County" comic strip.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+TANSTAAFL
+
+	/tan'stah-fl/ (From Robert Heinlein's classic "The
+	Moon is a Harsh Mistress") "There Ain't No Such Thing As A
+	Free Lunch".
+
+	Often invoked when someone is balking at the prospect of using
+	an unpleasantly {heavyweight} technique, or at the poor
+	quality of some piece of {free software}, or at the
+	{signal-to-noise ratio} of unmoderated {Usenet} newsgroups.
+	"What? Don't tell me I have to implement a {database} back end
+	to get my address book program to work!"  "Well, TANSTAAFL you
+	know."  This phrase owes some of its popularity to the high
+	concentration of science-fiction fans and political
+	libertarians in hackerdom.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+TAO
+
+	<language> 1. A {Lisp} dialect with {concurrency},
+	{object-orientation} and logic.
+
+	["Concurrent Programming in TAO - Practice and Experience",
+	I. Takeuchi in Parallel Lisp: Languages and Systems, T. Ito et
+	al eds, LNCS 441, Springer 1989, pp. 271-299].
+
+	(2006-02-06)
+
+	2. A programming language for {APE/Quadrics} {parallel}
+	computers, largely modelled on {FORTRAN} and evolved from the
+	even more primitive {APESE} language.  TAO is particularly
+	hard to work with, due to the lack of systematics, poor
+	documentation and a primitive compiler.
+
+	[Reference?  Dates?]
+
+	(2006-02-06)
+
+TAOS
+
+	{Technology for Autonomous Operation Survivability}
+
+TAP
+
+	{Telocator Alphanumeric Protocol}
+
+tap
+
+	{hit}
+
+tape
+
+	1. {magnetic tape}.
+
+	2. {paper tape}.
+
+	(1996-05-25)
+
+tape archive
+
+	{tar}
+
+tape drive
+
+	{magnetic tape drive}
+
+tape head
+
+	<hardware> The electromagnetic component in a {magnetic tape
+	drive} which reads and writes magnetic tape as it passes over
+	it.  Tape heads need to be cleaned periodically to remove the
+	oxide particles which accumulate on them and can lead to
+	errors.
+
+	(1997-03-12)
+
+Tape Operating System
+
+	<operating system> (TOS) An {IBM} {operating system} for
+	{System 360}, used in the early days around 1965 to support
+	the {IBM 360} model 30 et al.  TOS was a predecessor to IBM's
+	{Disk Operating System}.
+
+	TOS died out really early as disks such as the 2311 and 2314
+	became common with the {IBM 360} whereas thet had been a real
+	luxury on the {IBM 7090}.
+
+	[Relationship to {BOS}?]
+
+	(1999-01-20)
+
+TAPI
+
+	{Telephony Application Programming Interface}
+
+tar
+
+	<file format> ("Tape ARchive", following {ar}) {Unix}'s
+	general purpose {archive} utility and the file format it uses.
+	Tar was originally intended for use with {magnetic tape} but,
+	though it has several {command line options} related to tape,
+	it is now used more often for packaging files together on
+	other media, e.g. for distribution via the {Internet}.
+
+	The resulting archive, a "tar file" (humourously, "tarball")
+	is often compressed, using {gzip} or some other form of
+	compression (see {tar and feather}).
+
+	There is a {GNU} version of tar called {gnutar} with several
+	improvements over the standard versions.
+
+	{Filename extension}: .tar
+
+	{MIME type}: unregistered, but commonly application/x-tar
+
+	{Unix manual page}: tar(1).
+
+	Compare {shar}, {zip}.
+
+	(1998-05-02)
+
+tar and feather
+
+	<jargon> (A sick contrivance from the {Unix} {tar} command and
+	the Ku Klux Klan torture method) To create a transportable
+	archive from a group of files by first sticking them together
+	with {tar} (the Tape ARchiver) and then {compress}ing the
+	result.  The latter action is dubbed "feathering" (purely for
+	contrived effect) by analogy to what you do with an aeroplane
+	propeller to decrease wind resistance, or with an oar to
+	reduce water resistance; smaller files, after all, slip
+	through comm links more easily.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-05-26)
+
+tarball
+
+	{tar}
+
+targa
+
+	<graphics, file format> A graphics data format for {bitmap}
+	{images}.  It uses 24 bits per {pixel} and is a common output
+	format for {ray tracing} programs.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+Targa Graphics Adaptor
+
+	<graphics, file format> (TGA) The Truevision Targa Graphics
+	Adaptor file format.
+
+	The TGA format is a common {bitmap} file format for storage of
+	24-bit images.  It supports {colourmaps}, {alpha channels},
+	{compression} and comments.
+
+	{Filename extension}: .tga.
+
+	More information is available from
+	{Truevision (http://truevision.com/)} and
+	{The Graphics File Format Page
+	(http://dcs.ed.ac.uk/~mxr/gfx/)}.
+
+	[What does it have to do with graphics adaptors?]
+
+	(1997-08-07)
+
+target
+
+	{SCSI target}
+
+Target-Machine Description Language
+
+	(TMDL) The machine-description language used in the
+	Graham-Glanville {code generator}.
+
+	["Table-Driven Code Generation", S.L. Graham, IEEE Computer
+	13(8):25-34 (Aug 1980)].
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+TARTAN
+
+	A simple language proposed to meet the {Ironman} requirements.
+
+	["TARTAN - Language Design for the Ironman Requirements:
+	Reference Manual", Mary Shaw et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	13(9):36-58 (Sep 1978)].
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+taskbar
+
+	<operating system> The part of the {Microsoft Windows}
+	{graphical user interface} (GUI) typically occupying a fixed
+	strip along the bottom of the screen, showing a rectangular
+	icon for each running {application}.
+
+	The taskbar also contains the {Start menu} at its left-hand
+	end and the {notification area} at the right-hand end.  Other
+	{toolbars} can be added such as the {Quick Launch toolbar}.
+
+	Clicking an application's taskbar icon makes its windows
+	visible in front of other windows and gives one of them the
+	{input focus}, or if it is already in front, minimises it.
+	Right-clicking an icon gives a {window manager} menu, possibly
+	customised by the application.  Right-clicking the taskbar
+	itself performs global window manager actions such as
+	minimising all windows and also allows you to set taskbar
+	properties.  The taskbar can be locked in position or resized
+	or dragged to the top, left or right of the screen.
+
+	(2007-06-13)
+
+Task Control Block
+
+	<architecture> An {MVS} {control block} used to communicate
+	information about {tasks} within an {address space} that are
+	connected to an {MVS} subsystem such as {MQSeries} for
+	{MVS/ESA} or {CICS}.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://www-4.ibm.com/software/ts/mqseries/library/manuals/csqfao/CSQFAO22.HTM)}.
+
+	(2000-12-30)
+
+task scheduling
+
+	<algorithm> The assignment of start and end times to a set of
+	tasks, subject to certain {constraints}.  Constraints are
+	typically either time constraints (the payload must be
+	installed before the payload bay doors are closed) or resource
+	constraints (this task requires a small crane and a crane
+	operator).
+
+	In the case where the tasks are programs to run concurrently
+	on a computer, this is also known as {multitasking}.
+
+	(1998-04-25)
+
+TASM
+
+	Turbo Assembler.  {MS-DOS} assembler from Borland.
+
+TASS
+
+	Template ASSembly language.  Intermediate language produced by
+	the Manchester SISAL compiler.
+
+taste
+
+	1. (primarily MIT) The quality of a program that tends to be
+	inversely proportional to the number of features, hacks, and
+	{kluges} it contains.  Taste refers to sound judgment on the
+	part of the creator.  See also {elegant}, {flavour}.
+
+	2. Alternative spelling of "{tayste}".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+tatar
+
+	<human language> A Turkic language spoken by about five
+	million Tatars in Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and elsewhere; the
+	official language of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian
+	Federation).
+
+	{language codes}: tt, tat.
+
+	(2006-12-11)
+
+tau
+
+	<mathematics> The mathematical constant that is the circumference
+	of a circle divided by its radius, equal to twice {pi}.
+
+	Some have suggested that pi is the wrong choice of constant to
+	describe the geometry of circles etc. and tau = 2*pi would have
+	been better.  Most practising mathematicians think this is silly.
+	The {xkcd} comic strip facetiously {proposed
+	(http://xkcd.com/1292/)} a compromise of 1.5*pi or "pau".
+
+	{The Pi Manifesto (http://www.thepimanifesto.com/)}.
+
+	(2013-12-10)
+
+tautological probability
+
+	<logic> A notion introduced by Florentin Smarandache whereby
+	the probability of some event is more than one.  Tautological
+	probability is used for universally true {propositions},
+	i.e. those which do not depend on time, space, subjectivity,
+	etc.
+
+	[Florentin Smarandache, "A Unifying Field in Logics. /
+	Neutrosophy: Neutrosophic Probability, Set, and
+	Logic", American Research Press, Rehoboth 1999].
+
+	(2001-04-06)
+
+tautological set
+
+	<logic> A notion introduced by Florentin Smarandache: An
+	element x(T, I, F) belongs more than sure to the {set} M; here
+	T, I, F are real subsets representing the truth,
+	indeterminacy, and falsity percentages respectively, and
+	sup(T)>100.
+
+	tautological set are used for universally true {propositions}
+	where no parameter such as time, space, or subjectivity
+	influences the truth value.
+
+	[{Florentin Smarandache, "A Unifying Field in Logics. /
+	Neutrosophy: Neutrosophic Probability, Set, and
+	Logic", American Research Press, Rehoboth, 1999
+	(http://gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/neut-ad.htm)}]
+
+	(1999-11-24)
+
+tautology
+
+	<logic> A {proposition} which is always true.
+
+	Compare: {paradox}.
+
+	{The Linguistic Smarandache Tautologies,
+	(http://gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/tautolog.txt)}.
+
+	(1999-07-28)
+
+TAWK
+
+	{Tiny AWK}
+
+Taxis
+
+	["A Language Facility for Designing Database-Intensive
+	Applications", J. Mylopoulos et al, ACM Trans Database Sys
+	5(2):185-207 (June 1980)].
+
+tayste
+
+	{crumb}
+
+taz
+
+	{tgz}
+
+TB
+
+	{terabyte}
+
+TBF
+
+	{Mean Time Between Failures}
+
+TBIL
+
+	{Tiny Basic Interpreter Language}
+
+TBK
+
+	{Tool Builder Kit}
+
+Tbl
+
+	1. A language by M.E. Lesk for formatting tables, implemented
+	as a {preprocessor} to {nroff}.
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+	2. Table Building Language.  A simple language by Robert
+	Freiburghouse of {MIT} which combines user-defined actions
+	into an {abstract machine}.  It can be used to build
+	table-driven predictive {parsers} and {code generators} in the
+	{MULTICS} {Fortran} compiler and several {PL/I} compilers,
+	including {VAX}-11 PL/I.
+
+	["Engineering A Compiler: VAX-11 Code Generation and
+	Optimisation", P. Anklam et al, Digital Press 1977].
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+tc
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Turks and Caicos
+	Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+T-carrier system
+
+	<communications> A series of wideband digital data
+	transmission formats originally developed by the {Bell System}
+	and used in North America and Japan.
+
+	The basic unit of the T-carrier system is the {DS0}, which has
+	a transmission rate of 64 Kbps, and is commonly used for one
+	{voice circuit}.
+
+	Originally the 1.544 megabit per second {T1} format carried 24
+	pulse-code modulated, time-division multiplexed speech signals
+	each encoded in 64 kilobit per second streams, leaving 8
+	kilobits per second of framing information which facilitates
+	the synchronisation and demultiplexing at the receiver.  {T2}
+	and {T3} circuits channels carry multiple T1 channels
+	multiplexed, resulting in transmission rates of up to 44.736
+	Mbps.
+
+	The T-carrier system uses {in-band signaling}, resulting in
+	lower transmission rates than the {E-carrier system}.  It uses
+	a restored polar signal with {303-type} data stations.
+
+	Asynchronous signals can be transmitted via a standard which
+	encodes each change of level into three bits; two which
+	indicate the time (within the current synchronous frame) at
+	which the transition occurred, and the third which indicates
+	the direction of the transition.  Although wasteful of line
+	bandwidth, such use is usually only over small distances.
+
+	T1 lines are made free of direct current signal components by
+	in effect capacitor coupling the signal at the transmitter and
+	restoring that lost component with a "slicer" at the receiver,
+	leading to the description "restored polar".
+
+	[Telecommunications Transmission Engineering, Vol. 2,
+	Facilities, AT&T, 1977].
+
+	(2001-04-08)
+
+TCB
+
+	1. <jargon> {Trouble Came Back}.
+
+	2. <security> ({Orange Book}) {Trusted Computing Base}.
+
+	3. <operating system> {Task Control Block}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-07-02)
+
+TCGS
+
+	{Twente Compiler Generator System}
+
+TC/IX
+
+	The LynxOS kernel ported to the MIPS R3000 RISC processor by
+	CDC.
+
+Tcl
+
+	{Tool Command Language}
+
+Tcl Consortium
+
+	<body> A non-profit agency dedicated to promoting {Tcl}.
+
+	{(http://tclconsortium.org/)}.
+
+	(1998-11-27)
+
+tcl-debug
+
+	A debugger for {Tcl} by Don Libes <libes@cme.nist.gov> that
+	can be easily embedded in other applications.  It is included
+	with many other Tcl libraries.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cme.nist.gov/pub/expect/tcl-debug.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+Tcl-DP
+
+	Tcl-DP extends {Tcl}'s "send" by removing the restriction that
+	you can only send to other clients of the same X11 server.
+	Version 3.0 library by Larry Rowe.
+
+	{(ftp://toe.cs.berkeley.edu/pub/multimedia/Tcl-DP)}.
+
+tclhttpd
+
+	<tool> An {embeddable} {Tcl}-based {web server}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1998-11-27)
+
+TclX
+
+	{Extended Tcl}
+
+TCM
+
+	{Trellis Code Modulation}
+
+TCO
+
+	{Total Cost of Ownership}
+
+Tcode
+
+	Intermediate language used by the Spineless Tagless G-machine
+	(an abstract machine based on graph reduction) designed as a
+	target for compilation of non-strict functional languages.
+	"The Spineless tagless G- machine", S. Peyton Jones et al,
+	Fourth Intl Conf Func Prog Langs and Comp Arch pp.184-201, ACM
+	Sept 1989.
+
+TCOL
+
+	CMU.  Tree-based intermediate representation produced by the
+	PQCC compiler generator.  "An Overview of the Production
+	Quality Compiler- Compiler Projects", B.W. Leverett et al,
+	IEEE Computer 13(8): 38-49 (Aug 1980).  (See LG).
+
+TCOL.Ada
+
+	CMU, 1980.  An intermediate representation for Ada, was merged
+	with AIDA to form Diana.  "TCOL.Ada: Revised Report on an
+	Intermediate Representation for the DOD Standard Programming
+	Language", J.M. Newcomer et al, CMU-CS-79-128 (June 1979).
+
+TCP
+
+	{Transmission Control Protocol}
+
+TCPIP
+
+	Normally written "{TCP/IP}".
+
+TCP/IP
+
+	<protocol> {Transmission Control Protocol} over
+	{Internet Protocol}.
+
+	The {de facto} {standard} {Ethernet} {protocols} incorporated
+	into {4.2BSD} {Unix}.  TCP/IP was developed by {DARPA} for
+	{internetworking} and encompasses both {network layer} and
+	{transport layer} protocols.  While {TCP} and {IP} specify two
+	protocols at specific {protocol layers}, TCP/IP is often used
+	to refer to the entire {DoD} {protocol} suite based upon
+	these, including {telnet}, {FTP}, {UDP} and {RDP}.
+
+	See also {ICMP}, {SMTP}, {SNMP}.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+tcsh
+
+	<Unix, operating system> A {Unix} {shell} by Christos Zoulas
+	<christos@ee.cornell.edu>, based on {csh}.  tcsh adds {WYSIWYG}
+	command line editing, command name {completion}, input {history}
+	and various other features.
+
+	Version 6.04 runs under many versions of {Unix} and under
+	{OpenVMS}.  tcsh has been largely replaced by {bash}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.spc.edu/)}.
+
+	(2014-09-14)
+
+Tcsim
+
+	{Time Complex Simulator}
+
+TCVN 5773
+
+	<human language, standard> A 1993 {Vietnamese} character
+	{standard} that includes {Han} characters.
+
+	(2001-01-02)
+
+TCVN 6056
+
+	<human language, standard> A 1995 {Vietnamese} character
+	{standard} that includes {Han} characters.
+
+	(2001-01-02)
+
+td
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Chad.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+TDD
+
+	1. <testing> {test-driven development}.
+
+	2. <communications> {Telecommunications Device for the Deaf}.
+
+TDEL
+
+	{thick film dielectric electroluminescence}
+
+TDF
+
+	<language> An {intermediate language}, a close relative of
+	{ANDF}.  A TDF program is an {ASCII} stream describing an
+	{abstract syntax tree}.
+
+	TDF became part of {TenDRA} in abut 2001.
+
+	["TDF Specification", Defence Research Agency/Electronics
+	Division, Great Malvern, England, +44 684 895314].
+
+	(2003-05-13)
+
+TDFL
+
+	Dataflow language.  "TDFL: A Task-Level Dataflow Language", P.
+	Suhler et al, J Parallel Dist Comp 9(2):103-115 (Jun 1990).
+
+TDI
+
+	{Transport Driver Interface}
+
+TDM
+
+	1. {Technical Data Management}
+
+	2. {Time Division Multiplexing}
+
+TDMA
+
+	{time division multiple access}
+
+TDR
+
+	{time domain reflectometer}
+
+Teamwork
+
+	<product, software, tool> A {SASD} tool from {Sterling
+	Software}, formerly {CADRE Technologies}, which supports the
+	{Shlaer/Mellor} {Object-Oriented} method and the
+	{Yourdon-DeMarco}, {Hatley-Pirbhai}, {Constantine} and {Buhr}
+	notations.
+
+	Teamwork was abandoned when {Computer Associates}
+	acquired Sterling Software in March 2000.
+
+	(2002-05-29)
+
+Technical/Office Protocol
+
+	(TOP) An {applications layer} {network} {application} and
+	{protocol stack} for {office automation} developed by {Boeing}
+	following the {OSI model}.  This {protocol} is very similar to
+	{MAP} except at the lowest levels, where it uses {Ethernet}
+	({IEEE} {802.3}) rather than {Token Bus} ({IEEE} {802.4}).
+
+Technion
+
+	<body> Israel Institute of Technology.
+
+	{(http://technion.ac.il/)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.technion.ac.il/)}.
+
+	Address: Haifa, Israel.
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+technology
+
+	<jargon> {Marketroid} jargon for "{software}", "{hardware}",
+	"{protocol}" or something else too technical to name.
+
+	The most flagrant abuse of this word has to be "{Windows NT}"
+	(New Technology) - {Microsoft}'s attempt to make the
+	incorporation of some ancient concepts into their OS sound
+	like real progress.  The irony, and even the meaning, of this
+	seems to be utterly lost on Microsoft whose {Windows 2000}
+	start-up screen proclaims "Based on NT Technology", (meaning
+	yet another version of NT, including some {Windows 95}
+	features at last).
+
+	See also: {solution}.
+
+	(2001-06-28)
+
+Technology Enabled Relationship Manager
+
+	{Customer Relationship Management}
+
+Technology of Object-Oriented Languages and Systems
+
+	<event> (TOOLS) One of the oldest {object-oriented}
+	conferences, with 18 published proceedings volumes.  TOOLS is
+	organised by {Interactive Software Engineering}.
+
+	(1995-12-29)
+
+TechRef
+
+	/tek'ref/ [{MS-DOS}] The original "IBM PC Technical Reference
+	Manual", including the {BIOS} listing and complete schematics
+	for the PC.  The only PC documentation in the issue package
+	that's considered serious by real hackers.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+TECO
+
+	<editor, text> /tee'koh/ (Originally an acronym for "[paper]
+	Tape Editor and COrrector"; later, "Text Editor and
+	COrrector"]) A {text editor} developed at {MIT} and modified
+	by just about everybody.  With all the dialects included, TECO
+	may have been the most prolific editor in use before {Emacs},
+	to which it was directly ancestral.  The first {Emacs} editor
+	was written in TECO.
+
+	It was noted for its powerful programming-language-like
+	features and its unspeakably {hairy} {syntax} (see {write-only
+	language}).  TECO programs are said to resemble {line noise}.
+	Every string of characters is a valid TECO program (though
+	probably not a useful one); one common game used to be predict
+	what the TECO commands corresponding to human names did.
+
+	As an example of TECO's obscurity, here is a TECO program that
+	takes a list of names such as:
+
+		Loser, J. Random
+		Quux, The Great
+		Dick, Moby
+
+	sorts them alphabetically according to surname, and then puts
+	the surname last, removing the comma, to produce the
+	following:
+
+		Moby Dick
+		J. Random Loser
+		The Great Quux
+
+	The program is
+
+		[1 J^P$L$$
+		J <.-Z; .,(S,$ -D .)FX1 @F^B $K :L I $ G1 L>$$
+
+	(where ^B means "Control-B" (ASCII 0000010) and $ is actually
+	an {alt} or escape (ASCII 0011011) character).
+
+	In fact, this very program was used to produce the second,
+	sorted list from the first list.  The first hack at it had a
+	{bug}: GLS (the author) had accidentally omitted the "@" in
+	front of "F^B", which as anyone can see is clearly the {Wrong
+	Thing}.  It worked fine the second time.  There is no space to
+	describe all the features of TECO, but "^P" means "sort" and
+	"J<.-Z; ... L>" is an idiomatic series of commands for "do
+	once for every line".
+
+	By 1991, {Emacs} had replaced TECO in hacker's affections but
+	descendants of an early (and somewhat lobotomised) version
+	adopted by {DEC} can still be found lurking on {VMS} and a
+	couple of {crufty} {PDP-11} {operating systems}, and ports of
+	the more advanced MIT versions remain the focus of some
+	antiquarian interest.
+
+	See also {retrocomputing}.
+
+	{(ftp://usc.edu/)} for {VAX}/{VMS}, {Unix}, {MS-DOS},
+	{Macintosh}, {Amiga}.
+
+	[Authro?  Home page?]
+
+	(2001-03-26)
+
+tee
+
+	<tool, operating system> A {Unix} command which copies its
+	{standard input} to its {standard output} (like {cat}) but
+	also to a file given as its argument.  tee is thus useful in
+	{pipelines} of {Unix} commands (see {plumbing}) where it
+	allows you to create a duplicate copy of the data stream.
+	E.g.
+
+		egrep Unix Dictionary | tee /dev/tty | wc -l
+
+	searches for lines containing the string "Unix" in the file
+	"Dictionary", prints them to the terminal (/dev/tty) and
+	counts them.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: tee(1).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-22)
+
+TEI
+
+	1. <communications> {Terminal Endpoint Identifier}.
+
+	2. <text, project> {Text Encoding Initiative}.
+
+	(1997-03-11)
+
+telco
+
+	<communications, company> (from telephone company) A company
+	providing phone services to end users.  The company may or may
+	not provide other phone services such operating
+	long-distance/international backbones but the name telco
+	usually emphasises its operation as a local service provider.
+
+	Compare: {PTT}.
+
+	(1998-05-18)
+
+TELCOMP
+
+	<language> A variant of {JOSS}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.217].
+
+	(1997-04-07)
+
+Telecommunication Display Device
+
+	{Telecommunications Device for the Deaf}
+
+Telecommunications Device for the Deaf
+
+	<communications> (TDD) A terminal device used widely by deaf
+	people for text communication over telephone lines.
+
+	The acronym TDD is sometimes expanded as "Telecommunication
+	Display Device" but is generally considered to be derived from
+	"Telecommunications Device for the Deaf".  The deaf themselves
+	do not usually use the term "TDD", but prefer simply "{TTY}"
+	-- possibly the original term.  The ambiguity between this and
+	the other meanings of "{TTY}" is generally not problematic.
+	The acronym "TTD" is also common [Teletype for the deaf?].
+
+	The standard most used by TDDs is reportedly a survivor of
+	{Baudot code}.  It uses {asynchronous} transmission of 1400 Hz
+	and 1600 Hz tones at 45.5 or 50 {baud}, with one {start bit},
+	5 data bits and 1.5 {stop bits}.  This is generally
+	incompatible with standard {modems}.
+
+	A typical TDD is a device about the size of a small {laptop
+	computer} (resembling, in fact, a circa 1983 Radio Shack
+	{Model 100} computer) with a {QWERTY keyboard}, and small
+	screen (often one line high, often made of an array of
+	{LEDs}).  There is often a small printer for making
+	transcripts of terminal sessions.  An {acoustic coupler}
+	connects it to the telephone handset.
+
+	With the falling cost of {personal computers} and the
+	widespread use of {Internet} {talk} systems, there is now
+	little reason to use this {Stone Age} technology.
+
+	[Standards?  {i18n}?]
+
+	(2006-10-08)
+
+Telecommunications Industry Association
+
+	<body, standard> (TIA) An association that sets {standards}
+	for communications cabling.
+
+	Cables that TIA set standards for include: {EIA}/TIA-568A
+	and EIA/TIA-568B category three, four and five cable.
+
+	{(http://tiaonline.org/)}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(2000-04-24)
+
+telecommuting
+
+	The practice of working at home and communicating with your
+	fellow workers through the phone, typically with a computer
+	and modem.  Telecommuting saves the employee getting to and
+	from work and saves the employer from supplying support
+	services such as heating and cleaning, but it can also deprive
+	the worker of social contact and support.
+
+	(1995-01-05)
+
+teledildonics
+
+	<application, virtual reality> /tel"*-dil-do"-niks/ Sex in a
+	computer simulated {virtual reality}, especially
+	computer-mediated sexual interaction between the VR presences
+	of two humans.  This practice is not yet possible except in
+	the rather limited form of erotic conversation on {MUDs} and
+	the like.  The term, however, is widely recognised in the VR
+	community as a {ha ha only serious} projection of things to
+	come.  "When we can sustain a multi-sensory surround good
+	enough for teledildonics, *then* we'll know we're getting
+	somewhere."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-06)
+
+telegraphy
+
+	<communications, history> A historical term for communication,
+	either wired or wireless, using {Morse code}.  The term is
+	used in contrast with {telephony} meaning voice transmission.
+	Telegraphy is sometimes (somewhat incorrectly) referred to as
+	"{continuous wave}" or CW transmission.
+
+	(2009-11-24)
+
+telematics
+
+	The combination of telecommunications and computing.  Data
+	communications between systems and devices.
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+TelEnet
+
+	The old name for {Sprintnet}.  TELENET used to provide a
+	service called {PC Pursuit}.
+
+	Not to be confused with {telnet} the program and {protocol}.
+
+	(1994-10-17)
+
+TELEPAC
+
+	<networking> The Swiss {PTT} {X.25} network.
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+Telephone Application Program Interface
+
+	<programming, communications> (TAPI) Officially it's
+	{Telephony Application Programming Interface}.
+
+	(1995-11-27)
+
+telephony
+
+	<communications> Communication, often two-way, of spoken
+	information, by means of electrical signals carried by wires
+	or radio waves.  The term was used to indicate transmission of
+	the voice, as opposed to {telegraphy} (done in {Morse code}
+	and usually called "{continuous wave}" or CW transmission),
+	radio teletypewriter (RTTY) transmission (also called FSK for
+	"{Frequency Shift Keying}", the modulation scheme used by such
+	machines), and later, facimile.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+Telephony Application Programming Interface
+
+	<programming, communications> (TAPI, or "Telephone Application
+	Program Interface") A {Windows 95} {Application Program
+	Interface} enabling hardware independent access to telephone
+	based communication.  TAPI covers a rather wide area of
+	services from initialising the equipment (e.g. a {modem}) and
+	placing a call to {voice mail} or control of a remote
+	computer.
+
+	[Telephone or Telephony?]
+
+	(1995-12-05)
+
+Telephony User Interface
+
+	<communications> (TUI) Either a software interface to
+	telephony (e.g. a phone-capable PC) or a {DTMF}-based
+	interface to software (e.g. voicemail).
+
+	(2003-10-21)
+
+Telerat
+
+	<abuse, hardware> /tel'*-rat/ Unflattering hackerism for
+	"{Teleray}", a line of extremely losing {terminals}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-19)
+
+Telescope User Interface
+
+	<hardware, interface> (TUI) A remote control interface for a
+	telescope.
+
+	(2003-10-21)
+
+Telescript
+
+	A communications-oriented programming language using "active
+	software agents", released by {General Magic} in 1994.  What
+	{PostScript} did for cross-{platform}, device-independent
+	documents, Telescript aims to do for cross-{platform},
+	network-independent messaging.  Telescript protects
+	programmers from many of the complexities of network
+	{protocols}.
+
+	(1995-01-16)
+
+Teletype
+
+	<hardware, product> ({tty}) A trademark for a hard-copy
+	{teletypewriter} produced by {Teletype Corporation}.
+
+	(2000-04-02)
+
+teletype
+
+	{teletypewriter}
+
+Teletype Corporation
+
+	<company> The company which made {Teletype} {teletypewriters}.
+
+	Address: Skokie, Illinois, USA.
+
+	(2000-04-03)
+
+teletypewriter
+
+	<hardware> (Nearly always abbreviated to "teletype" or
+	"{tty}") An obsolete kind of {terminal}, with a noisy
+	mechanical {printer} for output, a very limited {character
+	set}, and poor print quality.
+
+	See also {bit-paired keyboard}.
+
+	(2000-04-02)
+
+TeleUSE
+
+	An {interface builder} for {Motif}.
+
+television
+
+	<hardware> A dedicated {push media} device for receiving
+	{streaming video} and {audio}, either by terrestrial radio
+	broadcast, satellite or cable.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+Television Interface Adaptor
+
+	<hardware, graphics> (TIA) The graphics chip in the {Atari
+	2600}, also used as a sound chip for some arcade game.
+
+	(1999-12-06)
+
+TELNET
+
+	/tel'net/ 1. The {Internet} {standard} {protocol} for remote
+	login.  Runs on top of {TCP/IP}.  Defined in {STD} 8, {RFC
+	854} and extended with options by many other RFCs.  {Unix}
+	{BSD} networking software includes a program, telnet, which
+	uses the protocol and acts as a {terminal emulator} for the
+	remote login session.  Sometimes abbreviated to TN.  {TOPS-10}
+	had a similar program called {IMPCOM}.
+
+	2. The US nationwide network into which one dials to access
+	{CompuServe}.  It was created by John Goltz, one of the
+	founders and system {guru} of {CompuServe}.  He later worked
+	for {Tymshare}, one of CompuServe's big competitors.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+Telocator Alphanumeric Protocol
+
+	<communications, protocol> (TAP, or "IXO", "PET") A {protocol}
+	for submitting requests to a {pager} service.  IXO/TAP is an
+	{ASCII}-based, {half-duplex} {protocol} that allows the
+	submission of a numeric or alphanumeric message.
+
+	{Examples, protocol description, clarifications
+	(ftp://mirror.lcs.mit.edu/telecom-archives/technical)}.
+
+	See also {RFC 1568}.
+
+	(1996-04-07)
+
+Telon
+
+	{CA-Telon}
+
+TELOS
+
+	1. The {LeLisp} Version 16 Object System.  Also used in
+	{EuLisp}.  The {object-oriented} {core} of {EuLisp}.
+	Incorporates ideas from {CLOS}, {ObjVLisp} and {OakLisp}.
+	Total merging of {types} with {class}es and message-passing
+	with normal function {application}.
+
+	2. A {Pascal}-based {AI} language.
+
+	["Design Rationale for TELOS, a Pascal-based AI Language",
+	Travis et al, SIGPLAN Notices 12(8) (Aug 1977)].
+
+TELSIM
+
+	Busch, ca 1966.  Digital simulation.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 627].
+
+template
+
+	<text> A {document} that contains {parameters}, identified by some
+	special {syntax}, that are replaced by {actual arguments} by the
+	template processing system.  For example:
+
+	 Dear <guest>, <host> would like to invite you
+	 to a party at <location> on <date> at <time>.
+
+	Where the words in angle brackets are the parameters to be
+	replaced by the name of an actual guest, etc.
+
+	More sophisticated systems allow repetition, where a section
+	is repeated in a single output document using a list of
+	inputs; conditional sections or (nested) inclusion of other
+	templates.
+
+	See also {class template}.
+
+	(2007-10-14)
+
+template code
+
+	<programming> {Pseudocode} generated by an automated {CASE}
+	system and requiring further hand-coding before compilation.
+
+	(2008-10-22)
+
+template wizard
+
+	<application> Software to guide the creation of some kind of
+	{template}.  Examples include {Excel}'s Template Wizard add-in
+	for creating databases to receive form data.  Most {web
+	authoring} tools include facilities for inserting text into
+	template page designs.
+
+	(2008-10-22)
+
+TEMPLOG
+
+	Extension of {Prolog} to handle a clausal subset of
+	first-order {temporal logic} with discrete time.  Proposed by
+	M. Abadi and Z. Manna of {Stanford University}.
+
+	["Temporal Logic in Programming", M. Abadi et al, INtl Symp
+	Logic Prog pp.4-16 (1987)].
+
+TEMPO
+
+	A programming language with simple {syntax} and {semantics}
+	designed for teaching semantic and pragmatic aspects of
+	programming languages.
+
+	["TEMPO: A Unified Treatment of Binding Time and Parameter
+	Passing Concepts in Programming Languages", N.D. Jones et al,
+	LNCS 66, Springer 1978].
+
+Tempo
+
+	<operating system> The original code name for {Mac OS} version
+	8.
+
+	(1997-10-15)
+
+temporal database
+
+	<database> A {database} that can store and retrieve temporal
+	data, that is, data which depends on time in some way.
+
+	[More details?  Examples?]
+
+	(1996-05-25)
+
+temporal logic
+
+	<logic> An extension of {predicate calculus} which includes
+	notation for arguing about *when* statements are true.  Time
+	is discrete and extends indefinitely into the future.  Three
+	{prefix} operators, represented by a circle, square and diamond
+	mean "is true at the next time instant", "is true from now on"
+	and "is eventually true".  x U y means x is true until y is
+	true.  x P y means x precedes y.
+
+	There are two types of formula: "state formulae" about things
+	true at one point in time, and "path formulae" about things
+	true for a sequence of steps.  An example of a path formula is
+	"x U y", and example of a state formula is "next x" or a
+	simple atomic formula such at "waiting".
+
+	"true until" in this context means that a state formula holds
+	at every point in time up to a point when another formula
+	holds.  "x U y" is the "strong until" and implies that there
+	is a time when y is true.  "x W y" is the "weak until" in
+	which it is not necessary that y holds eventually.
+
+	There are two types of temporal logic used: branching time and
+	linear time.  The basic propositional temporal logic cannot
+	differentiate between the two, though.  Linear time considers
+	only one possible future, in branching time you have several
+	alternative futures.  In branching temporal logic you have the
+	extra operators "A" (for "all futures") and "E" (for "some
+	future").  For example, "A(work U go_home)" means "I will work
+	until I go home" and "E(work U go_home)" means "I may work
+	until I go home".
+
+	(1997-01-21)
+
+Tempura
+
+	Language based on temporal logic.  "Executing Temporal Logic
+	Programs", B. Moszkowski, Camb U Press 1986.
+
+Ten15
+
+	<language> A universal {intermediate language}, a predecessor
+	to {TDF}.
+
+	{Ten15 Home (http://mca-ltd.com/martin/Ten15)}.
+
+	["Ten15: An Overview", P. Core et al, Royal Signals Radar
+	Establishment TR 3977, Sept 1986].
+
+	[Polymorphic?]
+
+	(2003-05-13)
+
+tendinitis
+
+	{overuse strain injury}
+
+TenDRA
+
+	<language> {TenDRA home (http://tendra.org/)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(2003-05-13)
+
+ten-finger interface
+
+	The interface between two networks that cannot be directly
+	connected for security reasons; refers to the practice of
+	placing two terminals side by side and having an operator read
+	from one and type into the other.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+tennis elbow
+
+	{overuse strain injury}
+
+tense
+
+	Of programs, very clever and efficient.  A tense piece of code
+	often got that way because it was highly {bum}med, but
+	sometimes it was just based on a great idea.  A comment in a
+	clever routine by Mike Kazar, once a grad-student hacker at
+	CMU: "This routine is so tense it will bring tears to your
+	eyes."  A tense programmer is one who produces tense code.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+tensor product
+
+	<mathematics> A function of two {vector spaces}, U and V,
+	which returns the space of {linear maps} from V's {dual} to U.
+
+	Tensor product has natural symmetry in interchange of U and V
+	and it produces an {associative} "multiplication" on vector
+	spaces.
+
+	Wrinting * for tensor product, we can map UxV to U*V via:
+	(u,v) maps to that linear map which takes any w in V's dual to
+	u times w's action on v.  We call this linear map u*v.  One
+	can then show that
+
+		u * v + u * x = u * (v+x)
+		u * v + t * v = (u+t) * v
+	and
+		hu * v = h(u * v) = u * hv
+
+	ie, the mapping respects {linearity}: whence any {bilinear
+	map} from UxV (to wherever) may be factorised via this
+	mapping.  This gives us the degree of natural symmetry in
+	swapping U and V.  By rolling it up to multilinear maps from
+	products of several vector spaces, we can get to the natural
+	associative "multiplication" on vector spaces.
+
+	When all the vector spaces are the same, permutation of the
+	factors doesn't change the space and so constitutes an
+	automorphism.  These permutation-induced iso-auto-morphisms
+	form a {group} which is a {model} of the group of
+	permutations.
+
+	(1996-09-27)
+
+tenured graduate student
+
+	<job> One who has been in graduate school for 10 years (the
+	usual maximum is 5 or 6): a "ten-yeared" student (get it?).
+	Actually, this term may be used of any grad student beginning
+	in his seventh year.  Students don't really get tenure, of
+	course, the way professors do, but a tenth-year graduate
+	student has probably been around the university longer than
+	any untenured professor.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-09-27)
+
+tera-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+terabyte
+
+	<unit, data> (TB) A unit of {data} equal to one trillion {bytes}.
+	A terabyte is 10^12 bytes or 1000^4 bytes or 1000 {gigabytes}.
+
+	A {terabyte} is roughly the amount of data in 117 {DVDs} (at 8.5
+	{gigabytes} each).
+
+	1000 terabytes are one {petabyte}.
+
+	(Note the spelling - one 'r').  See {prefix}.
+
+	(2013-11-03)
+
+teraflop
+
+	<unit> 10^12 {flops}.
+
+	Intel beat Hitachi to the record of 1.06 teraflops, on 04 Dec
+	1996, unofficially in Beverton, Oregon, using 7264 {Pentium
+	Pro} chips.
+
+	(1997-07-21)
+
+teraflop club
+
+	<body> /te'r*-flop kluhb/ (From {tera-} and {flops}) A
+	mythical association of people who consume outrageous amounts
+	of computer time in order to produce a few simple pictures of
+	glass balls with intricate ray-tracing techniques.  {Caltech}
+	professor James Kajiya is said to have been the founder.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-21)
+
+TERM
+
+	1. <networking> A program by Michael O'Reilly
+	<michael@iinet.com.au> for people running {Unix} who have
+	{Internet} access via a {dial-up} connection, and who don't
+	have access to {SLIP}, or {PPP}, or simply prefer a more
+	lightweight {protocol}.  TERM does end-to-end
+	error-correction, {compression} and {mulplexing} across serial
+	links.  This means you can {upload} and {download} files as
+	the same time you're reading your news, and can run {X}
+	{clients} on the other side of your {modem} link, all without
+	needing {SLIP} or {PPP}.
+
+	Latest version: 1.15.
+
+	{(ftp://tartarus.uwa.edu.au/pub/oreillym/term/term115.tar.gz)}.
+
+	2. <business> {Technology Enabled Relationship Management}.
+
+	(1999-10-04)
+
+TERMAC
+
+	An interactive matrix language.
+
+	["Users Guide to TERMAC", J.S. Miller et al, MIT Dec 1968].
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+termcap
+
+	<operating system> (terminal capabilities) A {Unix} database
+	listing different types of terminal (or {terminal emulation})
+	and the character {strings} to send to make the terminal
+	perform certain functions such as move the {cursor} up one
+	line or clear the screen.
+
+	Programs written using termcap can work on any terminal in the
+	database which supports the necessary functions.  Typical
+	programs are {text editors} or file viewers like {more}.  The
+	termcap routines look for an {environment variable} "TERM" to
+	determine which terminal the user is using.
+
+	{terminfo} is a later version of termcap.
+
+	(1998-10-30)
+
+terminak
+
+	/ter'mi-nak`/ [Caltech, ca. 1979] Any malfunctioning computer
+	terminal.  A common failure mode of Lear-Siegler ADM 3a
+	terminals caused the "L" key to produce the "K" code instead;
+	complaints about this tended to look like "Terminak #3 has a
+	bad keyboard.  Pkease fix."  See {AIDX}, {Nominal
+	Semidestructor}, {Open DeathTrap}, {ScumOS}, {sun-stools},
+	{Telerat}, {HP-SUX}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+terminal
+
+	1. <hardware> An electronic or electromechanical device for
+	entering data into a computer or a communications system and
+	displaying data received.  Early terminals were called
+	{teletypes}, later ones {VDUs}.  Typically a terminal
+	communicates with the computer via a {serial line}.
+
+	2. <electronics> The end of a {line} where signals are either
+	transmitted or received, or a point along the length of a line
+	where the signals are made available to apparatus.
+
+	3. <electronics> Apparatus to send and/or receive signals on a
+	{line}.
+
+	(1995-10-02)
+
+Terminal Access Controller
+
+	<hardware, networking> (TAC) A device which connects
+	{terminals} to the {Internet}, usually using dial-up {modem}
+	connections and the {TACACS} {protocol}.
+
+	(1997-11-27)
+
+terminal adapter
+
+	{Terminal Adaptor}
+
+Terminal Adaptor
+
+	<networking, hardware> (TA) Equipment used to adapt
+	{Integrated Services Digital Network} (ISDN) {Basic Rate
+	Interface} (BRI) channels to existing terminal equipment
+	standards such as {EIA-232} and {V.35}.  A Terminal Adaptor is
+	typically packaged like a {modem}, either as a {stand-alone}
+	unit or as an interface card that plugs into a computer or
+	other communications equipment (such as a {router} or {PBX}).
+	A Terminal Adaptor does not interoperate with a {modem}; it
+	replaces it.
+
+	[ISDN {FAQ}].
+
+	(1994-10-03)
+
+terminal brain death
+
+	The extreme form of {terminal illness}.  What someone who has
+	obviously been hacking continuously for far too long is said
+	to be suffering from.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+terminal emulation
+
+	What a {terminal emulator} does.
+
+terminal emulator
+
+	<communications> A program that allows a computer to act like
+	a (particular brand of) terminal, e.g. a {vt-100}.  The
+	computer thus appears as a terminal to the {host} computer and
+	accepts the same {escape sequences} for functions such as
+	cursor positioning and clearing the screen.
+
+	{xterm} is a terminal emulator for the {X Window System}.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+terminal illness
+
+	{raster burn}
+
+terminal junkie
+
+	(UK) A {wannabee} or early {larval stage} hacker who spends
+	most of his or her time wandering the directory tree and
+	writing {noddy} programs just to get a fix of computer time.
+	Variants include "terminal jockey", "console junkie", and
+	{console jockey}.  The term "console jockey" seems to imply
+	more expertise than the other three (possibly because of the
+	exalted status of the {console} relative to an ordinary
+	terminal).
+
+	See also {twink}, {read-only user}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+terminal node
+
+	{leaf}
+
+Terminal Oriented Real Time Operating System
+
+	<operating system> (TORTOS) An {operating system} developed
+	from {MVT} at Health Sciences Computing, UCLA by Dr. Patrica
+	Britt from the late 1960s to the mid 1970s.
+
+	Dr. Britt was a senior scientist at {IBM}, who become the
+	Assistant Director of HSCF.
+
+	TORTOS pre-dated {TSO} and provided {batch}, {real-time} and
+	{time sharing} on an {IBM 360}/91.
+
+	(2004-07-02)
+
+Terminal Oriented Social Science
+
+	<project> (TOSS) The Cambridge Project {Project MAC} was an
+	ARPA-funded political science computing project.  They worked
+	on topics like survey analysis and simulation, led by Ithiel
+	de Sola Pool, J.C.R. Licklider and Douwe B. Yntema.  Yntema
+	had done a system on the {MIT} Lincoln Labs {TX-2} called the
+	{Lincoln Reckoner}, and in the summer of 1969 led a Cambridge
+	Project team in the construction of an experiment called TOSS.
+	TOSS was like {Logo}, with {matrix} operators.  A major
+	feature was multiple levels of {undo}, back to the level of
+	the {login} session.  This feature was cheap on the Lincoln
+	Reckoner, but absurdly expensive on {Multics}.
+
+	(1997-01-29)
+
+Terminal Productivity eXecutive
+
+	<operating system> (TPX) A multiple session manager used to
+	access {mainframe} applications.  It was written by {Morgan
+	Stanley}, acquired by {Duquesne Systems} and is now owned by
+	{Computer Associates}.  TPX allows you to work in multiple
+	mainframe applications concurrently; lock and unlock your TPX
+	screen; place your applications on hold; logon to TPX from a
+	different terminal without losing your place; customize your
+	TPX menu and send a screen image to another TPX user.
+
+	TPX runs on {MVS} and {VM}.  On VM, like {VTAM}, it uses the
+	MVS-like facilities of {GCS}.  It has a complete {scripting}
+	facility and lets you see other user's sessions.  The
+	{client-server} version allows each managed session to open in
+	its own window.  Richard Kuebbing has built a complete e-mail
+	system into it.
+
+	{Unicenter CA-TPX
+	(http://www3.ca.com/Solutions/Product.asp?ID=1531)}.
+
+	(2005-09-29)
+
+terminal server
+
+	A device which connects many {terminals} ({serial lines}) to a
+	{local area network} through one network connection.  A
+	terminal server can also connect many network users to its
+	asynchronous ports for {dial-out} capabilities and printer
+	access.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Terminal User Interface
+
+	{Textual User Interface}
+
+Terminate and Stay Resident
+
+	(TSR) A type of {DOS} utility which, once loaded, stays in
+	memory and can be reactivated by pressing a certain
+	combination of keys.
+
+termination analysis
+
+	A program analysis which attempts to determine whether
+	evaluation of a given expression will definitely terminate.
+
+	Evaluation of a constant is bound to terminate, as is
+	evaluation of a non-{recursive} function applied to arguments
+	which are either not evaluated or which can themselves be
+	proved to terminate.  A recursive function can be shown to
+	terminate if it can be shown that the arguments of the
+	recursive calls are bound to reach some value at which the
+	recursion will cease.
+
+	Termination analysis can never guarantee to give the correct
+	answer because this would be equivalent to solving the
+	{halting problem} so the answer it gives is either "definitely
+	terminates" or "don't know".
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+terminator
+
+	<electronics> A resistor connected to a signal wire in a {bus}
+	or {network} for the purpose of impedance matching to prevent
+	reflections.
+
+	For example, a 50 ohm resistor connected across the end of an
+	{Ethernet} cable.  {SCSI} chains and some {LocalTalk} wiring
+	schemes also require terminators.
+
+	(1995-05-17)
+
+term rewriting system
+
+	(TRS) A collection of {rewrite rules} used to transform terms
+	(expressions, strings in some formal language) into equivalent
+	terms.  See {reduction}.
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+Terms Of Service
+
+	<networking> (TOS) The rules laid down by an on-line service
+	provider such as AOL that members must obey or risk being
+	"TOS-sed" (disconnected).
+
+	(1999-04-02)
+
+ternary
+
+	<programming> A description of an {operator} taking three
+	arguments.  The only common example is {C}'s ?: operator which
+	is used in the form "CONDITION ? EXP1 : EXP2" and returns EXP1
+	if CONDITION is true else EXP2.  {Haskell} has a similar "if
+	CONDITION then EXP1 else EXP2" operator.
+
+	See also {unary}, {binary}.
+
+	(1998-07-29)
+
+terpri
+
+	/ter'pree/ TERminate PRInt line.  [{LISP 1.5} and later,
+	{MacLISP}] To output a {newline}.  Still used in {Common
+	LISP}.  On some early {operating systems} and hardware, no
+	characters would be printed until a complete line was formed,
+	so this operation terminated the line and emitted the output.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+terrabyte
+
+	<spelling> It's spelled "{terabyte}".
+
+	(1997-01-23)
+
+Terse
+
+	Language for decryption of hardware logic.
+
+	["Hardware Logic Simulation by Compilation", C. Hansen, 25th
+	ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conf, 1988].
+
+test
+
+	<testing> The process of exercising a product to identify
+	differences between expected and actual behaviour.  Typically
+	testing is bottom-up: {unit testing} and {integration testing}
+	by developers, {system testing} by testers, and {user
+	acceptance testing} by users.
+
+	{Test coverage} attempts to assess how complete a test has
+	been.
+
+	2. The second stage in a {generate and test} search
+	{algorithm}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+test coverage
+
+	<testing> A measure of the proportion of a program exercised
+	by a {test suite}, usually expressed as a percentage.  This
+	will typically involve collecting information about which
+	parts of a program are actually executed when running the test
+	suite in order to identify which branches of {conditional
+	statements} which have been taken.
+
+	The most basic level of test coverage is {code coverage
+	testing} and the most methodical is {path coverage testing}.
+	Some intermediate levels of test coverage exist, but are
+	rarely used.
+
+	The standard {Unix} tool for measuring test coverage is
+	{tcov}, which annotates {C} or {Fortran} source with the
+	results of a test coverage analysis.  {GCT} is a {GNU}
+	equivalent.
+
+	(2001-05-20)
+
+test-driven development
+
+	<programming, testing> (TDD) An iterative {software
+	development} process where each iteration consists
+	of the developer writing an automated {test case}
+	for an unimplemented improvement or function, then
+	producing code to pass that test and finally
+	{refactoring} the code to acceptable standards.
+
+	{Kent Beck}, who is credited with having developed or
+	"rediscovered" the technique, stated in 2003 that TDD
+	encourages simple designs and inspires confidence.
+
+	TDD is related to the humourous definition of programming
+	as the process of {debugging an empty file}.
+
+	(2012-05-01)
+
+testing
+
+	{test}
+
+TET
+
+	Test Environment Toolkit project coordinated by {X/Open}.
+
+TeX
+
+	<publication> /tekh/ An extremely powerful {macro}-based text
+	formatter written by {Donald Knuth}, very popular in academia,
+	especially in the computer-science community (it is good
+	enough to have displaced {Unix} {troff}, the other favoured
+	formatter, even at many {Unix} installations).
+
+	The first version of TeX was written in the programming
+	language {SAIL}, to run on a {PDP-10} under Stanford's {WAITS}
+	{operating system}.
+
+	Knuth began TeX because he had become annoyed at the declining
+	quality of the typesetting in volumes I-III of his monumental
+	"Art of Computer Programming" (see {Knuth}, also {bible}).  In
+	a manifestation of the typical hackish urge to solve the
+	problem at hand once and for all, he began to design his own
+	typesetting language.  He thought he would finish it on his
+	sabbatical in 1978; he was wrong by only about 8 years.  The
+	language was finally frozen around 1985, but volume IV of "The
+	Art of Computer Programming" has yet to appear as of mid-1997.
+	(However, the third edition of volumes I and II have come
+	out).  The impact and influence of TeX's design has been such
+	that nobody minds this very much.  Many grand hackish projects
+	have started as a bit of {toolsmithing} on the way to
+	something else; Knuth's diversion was simply on a grander
+	scale than most.
+
+	{Guy Steele} happened to be at Stanford during the summer of
+	1978, when Knuth was developing his first version of TeX.
+	When he returned to {MIT} that fall, he rewrote TeX's {I/O} to
+	run under {ITS}.
+
+	TeX has also been a noteworthy example of free, shared, but
+	high-quality software.  Knuth offers monetary awards to people
+	who find and report a bug in it: for each bug the award is
+	doubled.  (This has not made Knuth poor, however, as there
+	have been very few bugs and in any case a cheque proving that
+	the owner found a bug in TeX is rarely cashed).  Though
+	well-written, TeX is so large (and so full of cutting edge
+	technique) that it is said to have unearthed at least one bug
+	in every {Pascal} system it has been compiled with.
+
+	TeX fans insist on the correct (guttural) pronunciation, and
+	the correct spelling (all caps, squished together, with the E
+	depressed below the baseline; the mixed-case "TeX" is
+	considered an acceptable {kluge} on {ASCII}-only devices).
+	Fans like to proliferate names from the word "TeX" - such as
+	TeXnician (TeX user), TeXhacker (TeX programmer), TeXmaster
+	(competent TeX programmer), TeXhax, and TeXnique.
+
+	Several document processing systems are based on TeX, notably
+	{LaTeX} Lamport TeX - incorporates document styles for books,
+	letters, slides, etc., {jadeTeX} uses TeX as a backend for
+	printing from {James' DSSSL Engine}, and {Texinfo}, the {GNU}
+	document processing system.  Numerous extensions to TeX exist,
+	among them {BibTeX} for bibliographies (distributed with
+	LaTeX), {PDFTeX} modifies TeX to produce {PDF} and {Omega}
+	extends TeX to use the {Unicode} character set.
+
+	For some reason, TeX uses its own variant of the {point}, the
+	{TeX point}.
+
+	See also {Comprehensive TeX Archive Network}.
+
+	{(ftp://labrea.stanford.edu/tex/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <tug@tug.org> (TeX User's group, Oregon, USA).
+
+	(2002-03-11)
+
+TeX-78
+
+	<language, text> The original version of {TeX}.
+
+	(1997-11-20)
+
+TeX-82
+
+	<language, text> The version of {TeX} described in The
+	TeXbook, Donald Knuth, A-W 1984.
+
+	(1997-11-20)
+
+Texas Instruments
+
+	<company> (TI) A US electronics company.
+
+	A TI engineer, {Jack Kilby} invented the {integrated circuit}
+	in 1958.  Three TI employees left the company in 1982 to start
+	{Compaq}.
+
+	The {COOL} and {OATH} {C++} {class} libraries were developed
+	at TI, as were {PDL2} and the {ASC} computer, {PC-Scheme} and
+	{Texas Instruments Pascal}.
+
+	{(ftp://ti.com/)}.
+
+	(1994-09-26)
+
+Texinfo
+
+	A {GNU} documentation system that uses a single source file to
+	produce both on-line information and printed output.  You can
+	read the on-line information, known as an "{Info} file", with
+	an Info documentation-reading program.  By convention, Texinfo
+	source file names end with a ".texi" or ".texinfo" extension.
+
+	You can write and format Texinfo files into Info files within
+	{GNU Emacs}, and read them using the Emacs Info reader.  If
+	you do not have Emacs, you can format Texinfo files into Info
+	files using "{makeinfo}" and read them using "info".  {TeX} is
+	used to typeset Texinfo files for printing.
+
+	Texinfo is available from your nearest {GNU archive site}.
+
+	Latest version: 3.1, as of 1993-03-23.
+
+	(1994-10-05)
+
+TeX point
+
+	<unit, text> The variant of the {point} used by {TeX}, equal
+	to 0.3514598035 mm, or 1/72.27 inch.
+
+	[Why yet another variant?]
+
+	(2002-03-11)
+
+text
+
+	1. Executable code, especially a "pure code" portion shared
+	between multiple instances of a program running in a
+	{multitasking} {operating system}.
+
+	Compare {English}.
+
+	2. Textual material in the mainstream sense; data in ordinary
+	{ASCII} or {EBCDIC} representation (see {flat ASCII}).  "Those
+	are text files; you can review them using the editor."
+
+	These two contradictory senses confuse hackers too.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+text-based
+
+	<jargon> Working under a non-window-based {operating system}
+	(e.g. {MS-DOS}) as opposed to a {graphical user interface}
+	(e.g. {Microsoft Windows}).
+
+	An MS-DOS text-based program uses a screen with a fixed array
+	of 80x25 or 80x40 characters.  Examples are {WordPerfect}
+	before version 5.1 and {Microsoft Word}.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+text editor
+
+	<tool, text> A utility program for creating and modifying
+	{text files}.  This differs from a {word processor} in that
+	the word processors often embed special control codes or
+	{escape sequences} in the file to control formatting.
+
+	(1996-11-15)
+
+Text Encoding Initiative
+
+	<text, project, standard> (TEI) A project working to establish
+	a standard for interchanging {electronic text} for scholarly
+	research.  The TEI has adopted {SGML} and implemented the TEI
+	standard as an SGML {Document Type Definition}.
+
+	The TEI was incorporated as a not-for-profit consortium in
+	December 2000, with host sites in Bergen, Oxford, Virginia,
+	and Providence RI, USA.
+
+	{(http://tei-c.org/)}.
+
+	See also {Corpus Processing}.
+
+	[Any connection with {Computational Linguistics} or {Natural
+	Language Processing}?]
+
+	(2001-03-23)
+
+text file
+
+	<file format> A {file} containing no "invisible" {control
+	characters}, only {printable} letters, numbers and symbols,
+	usually from the {ASCII} {character set}.
+
+	A text file can be produced with a {text editor} and can
+	usually be imported into any {word processor} though it will
+	probably appear unformatted.
+
+	Compare {binary file}, {flat file}, {rich text file}.
+
+	(1996-11-15)
+
+Text Processing Utility
+
+	<language> (TPU) A {DEC} language for creation of
+	text-processing interfaces, used to implement DEC's
+	{Extensible VAX Editor} (EVE).
+
+	(2000-05-08)
+
+Text Reckoning And Compiling
+
+	<language> (TRAC) An interactive macro generator language for
+	string manipulation by Calvin N. Mooers and Peter Deutsch of
+	{Sun Microsystems}.  TAC derived ideas from {Macro SAP}.
+	There are versions for {PDP-1}, {PDP-8}, {PDP-10} and
+	{PDP-11}.
+
+	See also {MINT}, {SAM76}.
+
+	E-mail: Preston Briggs <preston@rice.edu>.
+
+	["TRAC: A Procedure- Describing Language for the Reactive
+	Typewriter", Calvin N. Mooers, CACM 9(3):215-219 (Mar 1966).
+	Rockford Research Inst, 1972].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp.448-454].
+
+	["Macro Processors", A.J. Cole, Cambridge U Press].
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+text segment
+
+	{code segment}
+
+Text To Speech
+
+	<application> (TTS) Automatic conversion of text streams to
+	voice.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1997-05-11)
+
+Textual User Interface
+
+	<interface> (TUI) Either a {text-based} version of a {GUI}, or
+	a {full-screen} version of a {CLI}.
+
+	(2003-10-21)
+
+texture
+
+	<graphics> A measure of the variation of the intensity of a
+	surface, quantifying properties such as smoothness, coarseness
+	and regularity.  It's often used as a {region descriptor} in
+	{image analysis} and {computer vision}.
+
+	The three principal approaches used to describe texture are
+	statistical, structural and spectral.  Statistical techniques
+	characterise texture by the statistical properties of the grey
+	levels of the points comprising a surface.  Typically, these
+	properties are computed from the grey level {histogram} or
+	grey level {cooccurrence matrix} of the surface.
+
+	Structural techniques characterise texture as being composed
+	of simple primitives called "texels" (texture elements), that
+	are regularly arranged on a surface according to some rules.
+	These rules are formally defined by {grammars} of various
+	types.
+
+	Spectral techiques are based on properties of the Fourier
+	spectrum and describe global periodicity of the grey levels of
+	a surface by identifying high energy peaks in the spectrum.
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+tf
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for French southern
+	territories.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+TFDL
+
+	<language> ["TFDL : A Task-level Dataflow Language",
+	P.A. Suhler et al, J Parallel and Distrib Comput 9:103-115
+	(1990)].
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+TFT
+
+	{Thin Film transistor}
+
+TFTP
+
+	{Trivial File Transfer Protocol}
+
+tg
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Togo.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+TGA
+
+	{Targa Graphics Adaptor}
+
+T-gen
+
+	A general-purpose {object-oriented} tool for the automatic
+	generation of string-to-{object} translators.  It was written
+	in {Smalltalk} by Justin Graver <graver@comm.mot.com> and runs
+	in the Smalltalk programming environment.  T-gen supports the
+	generation of both {top-down parsers} ({LL parsers}) and
+	{bottom-up parsers} ({LR parsers}), which will automatically
+	generate {derivation trees}, {abstract syntax trees} or
+	arbitrary {Smalltalk} {objects}.  The simple specification
+	{syntax} and {graphical user interface} are intended to
+	enhance the learning, comprehension and usefulness of T-gen.
+
+	Latest version: 2.1.
+
+	Runs on {Smalltalk-80}, {ParcPlace Objectworks}/{Smalltalk
+	4.0} or 4.1.
+
+	{(ftp://st.cs.uiuc.edu/pub/st80_r41/T-gen2.1/)}.
+
+	(1992-10-18)
+
+TGS-II
+
+	Translator Generator System.  Contained {TRANDIR}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 640].
+
+TGS Systems
+
+	<company> Suppliers of {Prograph}.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (902) 429 5642.
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+tgz
+
+	<filename extension, compression> (Or less often "taz", Tar
+	GNU zip) A {filename extension} for a file or directory which
+	has been archived with {tar} and then compressed with {gzip}.
+	The full form ".tar.gz" is also common on proper {file
+	systems} not limited to {8.3} file names.
+
+	(1996-11-03)
+
+th
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Thailand.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+thanks in advance
+
+	<jargon> (Usually "TIA") A conventional {Usenet}
+	net.politeness ending a posted request for information or
+	assistance.  Sometimes written "advTHANKSance" or
+	"aTdHvAaNnKcSe".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-02-09)
+
+That's not a bug, that's a feature!
+
+	The {canonical} first parry in a debate about a purported
+	{bug}.  The complainant, if unconvinced, is likely to retort
+	that the bug is then at best a {misfeature}.
+
+	See also {feature}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+T.H.E
+
+	<operating system> The {operating system} in which
+	{semaphores} were first used.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1999-10-12)
+
+The Cuckoo's Egg
+
+	A great book (and subsequent BBC TV series) telling the true
+	story of Clifford Stoll, an astronomy professor at {UCB}'s
+	{Lawrence Berkeley Lab}.  A 75-cent accounting error alerted
+	him to the presence of an unauthorised user (a {cracker}) on
+	his system.  The cracker, code named "Hunter", was breaking
+	into US computer systems and stealing sensitive military and
+	security information.  Hunter was part of a spy ring paid in
+	cash and cocaine, and reporting to the KGB.
+
+	["The Cuckoo's Egg", Clifford Stoll, London: Bodley Head,
+	1990, ISBN 0-370-31433-6, ISBN 0-671-72688-9].
+
+	[FTP?]
+
+	(1994-11-15)
+
+The Dojo Toolkit
+
+	<library, programming> A modular, {open source} {JavaScript}
+	library.  Dojo is designed for easy development of JavaScript-
+	or {AJAX} based applications and websites.  It is supported
+	by the Dojo Foundation, which is sponsored by {IBM}, {AOL},
+	{Sun} and others.
+
+	The name is from the Japanese term meaning "place of the way",
+	used for a formal place of training.
+
+	(2008-07-23)
+
+The Force
+
+	A {data parallel} language by Harry Jordan
+	<harry@boulder.colorado.edu> which extends {Fortran} for
+	{shared memory} {multiprocessors}.  It features parallel
+	"case" statements and {critical sections}.
+
+	["The Force", H. Jordan, in "The Characteristics of Parallel
+	Algorithms", L. Jamieson et al eds, MIT Press 1987,
+	pp. 395-436].
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+The Internet Account
+
+	An {Internet} provider in Sydney, Australia who provides
+	{SLIP}, {PPP} and {CLI} accounts for the same rates.
+	<riscman@geko.com.au> handles {Acorn} software.
+
+	{(http://geko.com.au/)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.geko.com.au/pub/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <accounts@geko.com.au>.
+
+	Telephone: +61 (2) 968 4333.  Fax: +61 (2) 968 4334.
+
+	Address: PO BOX 473, Crows Nest, NSE 2065, Australia.
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+The MathWorks, Inc.
+
+	<company> The company marketing {MATLAB}.
+
+	{(http://mathworks.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <info@mathworks.com>.
+
+	Address: 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, Massachusetts 01760-2098 USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (508) 647-7000.  Fax: +1 (508) 647-7101.
+
+	(2005-08-13)
+
+The Metadata Company
+
+	<company> A company founded by Jack E. Myers, originally known
+	as Metadata Information Partners.  Myers trademarked the word
+	"Metadata" (unhyphenated with initial capital, as opposed to
+	the general term {metadata}) to represent
+	implementations of his {MetaModel} and to designate his
+	company.
+
+	Myers claims that a data and publication search in the summer
+	of 1969 failed to discover any use either of the word
+	"metadata" or "meta data".
+
+	{(http://metadata.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <metadata@metadata.com>.
+
+	Address: 444 West Ocean Blvd, Suite 1600, Long Beach CA 90802,
+	USA.
+
+	(2010-05-15)
+
+The Microsoft Network
+
+	<networking> (MSN) {Microsoft}'s {ISP} and online content
+	service, launched in October 1996.  Not to be confused with
+	{Microsoft Networking}.
+
+	MSN was originally based on custom software and protocols,
+	however Microsoft saw the error of their ways and adopted
+	Internet standards.  MSN now provides standard {WWW} and
+	{email} facilities, albeit with Microsoft's {Internet
+	Explorer} {web-browser} and the {Outlook Express} email
+	software.
+
+	The service also provides "Community Services" including
+	{newsgroups}, {forums}, and {chat}.
+
+	{(http://msn.com/)}.
+
+	(1998-08-11)
+
+The Mythical Man-Month
+
+	<publication> Fred Brooks's excellent 1975 book on {software
+	engineering}.
+
+	See also {Brooks's Law}.
+
+	["The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering",
+	Fred Brooks, Addison-Wesley, 1975, ISBN 0-201-00650-2].
+
+	(1996-06-20)
+
+The Network
+
+	{network, the}
+
+THEO
+
+	A {frame language}.
+
+	["Theo: A Framework for Self-Improving Systems", Mitchell et
+	al, in Architectures for Intelligence, K. VanLehn ed, Erlbaum,
+	1989].
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+theology
+
+	1. Ironically or humorously used to refer to {religious
+	issues}.
+
+	2. Technical fine points of an abstruse nature, especially
+	those where the resolution is of theoretical interest but is
+	relatively {marginal} with respect to actual use of a design
+	or system.  Used especially around software issues with a
+	heavy AI or language-design component, such as the smart-data
+	vs.  smart-programs dispute in AI.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+The Open Group
+
+	<body> (Formerly "X/Open") A vendor- and technology-neutral
+	consortium of buyers and suppliers of {information systems}
+	that aims to ease integration by testing and certifying
+	products against {open standards}.
+
+	{The Open Group Home (http://opengroup.org)}.
+
+	(2006-07-13)
+
+theory
+
+	The consensus, idea, plan, story, or set of rules that is
+	currently being used to inform a behaviour.  This usage is a
+	generalisation and (deliberate) abuse of the technical
+	meaning.  "What's the theory on fixing this TECO loss?"
+	"What's the theory on dinner tonight?"  ("Chinatown, I
+	guess.")  "What's the current theory on letting lusers on
+	during the day?"  "The theory behind this change is to fix the
+	following well-known screw...."
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+theory change
+
+	<artificial intelligence> The study of methods used to
+	incorporate new information into a {knowledge base} when the
+	new information may conflict with existing information.
+
+	{Belief revision} is one area of theory change.
+
+	[Others?]
+
+	(1995-03-20)
+
+The Real-Time Operating System Nucleus
+
+	<project> (TRON) A project to develop an {operating system}
+	and {man-machine interface} that can work with other operating
+	systems to provide an environment for many small distributed
+	computers to cooperate in {real time}.  TRON is headed by
+	Dr. Ken Sakamura of the {University of Tokyo} and supported by
+	most of the major Japanese computer makers and {NTT}.
+
+	{(http://atip.org/public/atip.reports.91/tron.html)}.
+
+	(2003-05-23)
+
+There's More Than One Way To Do It
+
+	<programming, philosophy> (TMTOWTDI) One of the design principles
+	of {Perl}.  The Perl {man page} ends with a note:
+
+	The Perl motto is "There's more than one way to do it."
+	Divining how many more is left as an exercise to the reader.
+
+	(2001-03-15)
+
+Theseus
+
+	<language> A language based on {Euclid}, never implemented.
+
+	["Theseus - A Programming Language for Relational Databases",
+	J.E. Shopiro, ACM Trans Database Sys 4(4):493-517, Mar 1979].
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+The story of Mel
+
+	{The story of Mel, a Real Programmer}
+
+The story of Mel, a Real Programmer
+
+	<programming, person> A 1983 article by Ed Nather about {hacker}
+	{Mel Kaye}.  The full text follows.
+
+	A recent article devoted to the macho side of programming made
+	the bald and unvarnished statement, "Real Programmers write in
+	FORTRAN".
+
+	Maybe they do now, in this decadent era of Lite beer, hand
+	calculators and "user-friendly" software but back in the Good
+	Old Days, when the term "software" sounded funny and Real
+	Computers were made out of {drums} and {vacuum tubes}, Real
+	Programmers wrote in {machine code} - not {Fortran}, not
+	{RATFOR}, not even {assembly language} - {Machine Code}, raw,
+	unadorned, inscrutable {hexadecimal} numbers, directly.
+
+	Lest a whole new generation of programmers grow up in
+	ignorance of this glorious past, I feel duty-bound to
+	describe, as best I can through the generation gap, how a Real
+	Programmer wrote code.  I'll call him Mel, because that was
+	his name.
+
+	I first met Mel when I went to work for {Royal McBee Computer
+	Corporation}, a now-defunct subsidiary of the typewriter company.
+	The firm manufactured the {LGP-30}, a small, cheap (by the
+	standards of the day) {drum}-memory computer, and had just
+	started to manufacture the RPC-4000, a much-improved, bigger,
+	better, faster -- drum-memory computer.  Cores cost too much,
+	and weren't here to stay, anyway.  (That's why you haven't
+	heard of the company, or the computer.)
+
+	I had been hired to write a {Fortran} compiler for this new
+	marvel and Mel was my guide to its wonders.  Mel didn't
+	approve of compilers.
+
+	"If a program can't rewrite its own code," he asked, "what
+	good is it?"
+
+	Mel had written, in {hexadecimal}, the most popular computer
+	program the company owned.  It ran on the {LGP-30} and played
+	blackjack with potential customers at computer shows.  Its
+	effect was always dramatic.  The LGP-30 booth was packed at
+	every show, and the IBM salesmen stood around talking to each
+	other.  Whether or not this actually sold computers was a
+	question we never discussed.
+
+	Mel's job was to re-write the blackjack program for the
+	{RPC-4000}.  ({Port}?  What does that mean?)  The new computer
+	had a one-plus-one addressing scheme, in which each machine
+	instruction, in addition to the {operation code} and the
+	address of the needed {operand}, had a second address that
+	indicated where, on the revolving drum, the next instruction
+	was located.  In modern parlance, every single instruction was
+	followed by a {GO TO}!  Put *that* in {Pascal}'s pipe and
+	smoke it.
+
+	Mel loved the RPC-4000 because he could optimize his code:
+	that is, locate instructions on the drum so that just as one
+	finished its job, the next would be just arriving at the "read
+	head" and available for immediate execution.  There was a
+	program to do that job, an "optimizing assembler", but Mel
+	refused to use it.
+
+	"You never know where its going to put things", he explained,
+	"so you'd have to use separate constants".
+
+	It was a long time before I understood that remark.  Since Mel
+	knew the numerical value of every operation code, and assigned
+	his own drum addresses, every instruction he wrote could also
+	be considered a numerical constant.  He could pick up an
+	earlier "add" instruction, say, and multiply by it, if it had
+	the right numeric value.  His code was not easy for someone
+	else to modify.
+
+	I compared Mel's hand-optimised programs with the same code
+	massaged by the optimizing assembler program, and Mel's always
+	ran faster.  That was because the "{top-down}" method of
+	program design hadn't been invented yet, and Mel wouldn't have
+	used it anyway.  He wrote the innermost parts of his program
+	loops first, so they would get first choice of the optimum
+	address locations on the drum.  The optimizing assembler
+	wasn't smart enough to do it that way.
+
+	Mel never wrote time-delay loops, either, even when the balky
+	{Flexowriter} required a delay between output characters to
+	work right.  He just located instructions on the drum so each
+	successive one was just *past* the read head when it was
+	needed; the drum had to execute another complete revolution to
+	find the next instruction.  He coined an unforgettable term
+	for this procedure.  Although "optimum" is an absolute term,
+	like "unique", it became common verbal practice to make it
+	relative: "not quite optimum" or "less optimum" or "not very
+	optimum".  Mel called the maximum time-delay locations the
+	"most pessimum".
+
+	After he finished the blackjack program and got it to run,
+	("Even the initialiser is optimised", he said proudly) he got
+	a Change Request from the sales department.  The program used
+	an elegant (optimised) {random number generator} to shuffle
+	the "cards" and deal from the "deck", and some of the salesmen
+	felt it was too fair, since sometimes the customers lost.
+	They wanted Mel to modify the program so, at the setting of a
+	sense switch on the console, they could change the odds and
+	let the customer win.
+
+	Mel balked.  He felt this was patently dishonest, which it
+	was, and that it impinged on his personal integrity as a
+	programmer, which it did, so he refused to do it.  The Head
+	Salesman talked to Mel, as did the Big Boss and, at the boss's
+	urging, a few Fellow Programmers.  Mel finally gave in and
+	wrote the code, but he got the test backward, and, when the
+	sense switch was turned on, the program would cheat, winning
+	every time.  Mel was delighted with this, claiming his
+	subconscious was uncontrollably ethical, and adamantly refused
+	to fix it.
+
+	After Mel had left the company for greener pa$ture$, the Big
+	Boss asked me to look at the code and see if I could find the
+	test and reverse it.  Somewhat reluctantly, I agreed to look.
+	Tracking Mel's code was a real adventure.
+
+	I have often felt that programming is an art form, whose real
+	value can only be appreciated by another versed in the same
+	arcane art; there are lovely gems and brilliant coups hidden
+	from human view and admiration, sometimes forever, by the very
+	nature of the process.  You can learn a lot about an
+	individual just by reading through his code, even in
+	hexadecimal.  Mel was, I think, an unsung genius.
+
+	Perhaps my greatest shock came when I found an innocent loop
+	that had no test in it.  No test. *None*.  Common sense said
+	it had to be a closed loop, where the program would circle,
+	forever, endlessly.  Program control passed right through it,
+	however, and safely out the other side.  It took me two weeks
+	to figure it out.
+
+	The RPC-4000 computer had a really modern facility called an
+	{index register}.  It allowed the programmer to write a
+	program loop that used an indexed instruction inside; each
+	time through, the number in the index register was added to
+	the address of that instruction, so it would refer to the next
+	datum in a series.  He had only to increment the index
+	register each time through.  Mel never used it.
+
+	Instead, he would pull the instruction into a machine
+	register, add one to its address, and store it back.  He would
+	then execute the modified instruction right from the register.
+	The loop was written so this additional execution time was
+	taken into account -- just as this instruction finished, the
+	next one was right under the drum's read head, ready to go.
+	But the loop had no test in it.
+
+	The vital clue came when I noticed the index register bit, the
+	bit that lay between the address and the operation code in the
+	instruction word, was turned on-- yet Mel never used the index
+	register, leaving it zero all the time.  When the light went
+	on it nearly blinded me.
+
+	He had located the data he was working on near the top of
+	memory -- the largest locations the instructions could address
+	-- so, after the last datum was handled, incrementing the
+	instruction address would make it overflow.  The carry would
+	add one to the operation code, changing it to the next one in
+	the instruction set: a jump instruction.  Sure enough, the
+	next program instruction was in address location zero, and the
+	program went happily on its way.
+
+	I haven't kept in touch with Mel, so I don't know if he ever
+	gave in to the flood of change that has washed over
+	programming techniques since those long-gone days.  I like to
+	think he didn't.  In any event, I was impressed enough that I
+	quit looking for the offending test, telling the Big Boss I
+	couldn't find it.  He didn't seem surprised.
+
+	When I left the company, the blackjack program would still
+	cheat if you turned on the right sense switch, and I think
+	that's how it should be.  I didn't feel comfortable hacking up
+	the code of a Real Programmer."
+
+	[Posted to {Usenet} by its author, Ed Nather <utastro!nather>, on
+	1983-05-21].
+
+	{Jargon File
+	(http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/story-of-mel.html)}.
+
+	[{On the trail of a Real Programmer
+	(http://www.jamtronix.com/blog/2011/03/25/on-the-trail-of-a-real-programmer/)},
+	2011-03-25 blog post by "jonno" at Jamtronix]
+
+	[When did it happen?  Did Mel use hexadecimal or octal?]
+
+	(2003-09-12)
+
+The World Of Cryton
+
+	(TWOC) A {BBS} for the {Acorn} {Archimedes}.
+
+	Telephone: +44 (1749) 670 030 (24hrs, most speeds).
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+the X that can be Y is not the true X
+
+	Yet another instance of hackerdom's peculiar attraction to
+	mystical references - a common humorous way of making
+	exclusive statements about a class of things.  The template is
+	from the "Tao te Ching": "The Tao which can be spoken of is
+	not the true Tao."  The implication is often that the X is a
+	mystery accessible only to the enlightened.  See the
+	{trampoline} entry for an example, and compare {has the X
+	nature}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+thicket
+
+	<jargon> Multiple {files} output from some operation.
+
+	The term has been heard in use at {Microsoft} to describe the
+	set of {files} output when {Microsoft Word} does "Save As a
+	{Web} Page" or "Save as {HTML}".  The process can result in a
+	main {XML} or {HTML} {file}, a {graphic} {file} for each
+	{image} in the original, a {CSS} {file}, etc.
+
+	This can be an issue as {XML} can be used as the default
+	format in {Office 2000}, and {document management systems}
+	can't yet cope with the relationship between the {files} in a
+	thicket when checking in and out.
+
+	(2001-09-01)
+
+thick Ethernet cable
+
+	{RG8}
+
+thick film dielectric electroluminescence
+
+	<hardware> (TDEL) A phenomenon used in some {flat panel}
+	displays.
+
+	(2007-06-04)
+
+thicknet
+
+	{10base5}
+
+thin client
+
+	<networking> A simple {client} program or hardware device
+	which relies on most of the function of the system being in
+	the {server}.
+
+	{Gopher} clients, for example, are very thin; they are
+	{stateless} and are not required to know how to interpret and
+	display objects much more complex than menus and plain text.
+	Gopher servers, on the other hand, can search {databases} and
+	provide {gateways} to other services.
+
+	By the mid-1990s, the model of decentralised computing where
+	each user has his own full-featured and independent
+	{microcomputer}, seemed to have displaced a centralised model
+	in which multiple users use thin clients (e.g. {dumb
+	terminals}) to work on a shared {minicomputer} or {mainframe}
+	server.  Networked {personal computers} typically operate as
+	"fat clients", often providing everything except some file
+	storage and printing locally.
+
+	By 1996, reintroduction of thin clients is being proposed,
+	especially for {LAN}-type environments (see the {cycle of
+	reincarnation}).  The main expected benefit of this is ease of
+	maintenance: with fat clients, especially those suffering from
+	the poor networking support of {Microsoft} {operating
+	systems}, installing a new application for everyone is likely
+	to mean having to physically go to every user's workstation to
+	install the application, or having to modify client-side
+	configuration options; whereas with thin clients the
+	maintenance tasks are centralised on the server and so need
+	only be done once.
+
+	Also, by virtue of their simplicity, thin clients generally
+	have fewer hardware demands, and are less open to being
+	screwed up by ambitious {lusers}.
+
+	Never one to miss a bandwagon, Microsoft bought up {Insignia
+	Solutions, Inc.}'s "{NTRIGUE}" Windows remote-access product
+	and combined it with {Windows NT} version 4 to allow thin
+	clients (either hardware or software) to communicate with
+	applications running under on a server machine under {Windows
+	Terminal Server} in the same way as {X} had done for {Unix}
+	decades before.
+
+	(1999-02-01)
+
+thin Ethernet cable
+
+	{RG58}
+
+ThingLab
+
+	A {simulation} system written in {Smalltalk-80}.  It solves
+	{constraints} using {value inference}.
+
+	Version: ThingLab II.
+
+	["The Programming Language Aspects of ThingLab, A
+	Constraint-Oriented Simulation Laboratory", A. Borning, ACM
+	TOPLAS 3(4):353-387 (Oct 1981)].
+
+Think C
+
+	An extension of {ANSI C} for the {Macintosh} by {Symantec
+	Corporation}.  It supports {object-oriented} programming
+	techniques similar to {C++}.
+
+Thinking Machines Corporation
+
+	<company> The company that introduced the {Connection Machine
+	parallel computer} ca 1984.  Four of the world's ten most
+	powerful {supercomputers} are Connection Machines.  Thinking
+	Machines is the leader in scalable computing, with software
+	and applications running on parallel systems ranging from 16
+	to 1024 processors.  In developing the Connection Machine
+	system, Thinking Machines also did pioneering work in parallel
+	software.
+
+	The 1993 technical applications market for massively parallel
+	systems was approximately $310 million, of which Thinking
+	Machines Corporation held a 29 percent share.  Thinking
+	Machines planned to become a software provider by 1996, by
+	which time the parallel computing market was expected to have
+	grown to $2 billion.
+
+	Thinking Machines Corporation has 200 employees and offices
+	worldwide.
+
+	Address: 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142-1264, USA.
+	Telephone: +1 (617) 234 1000.  Fax: +1 (617) 234 4444.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+thinko
+
+	<jargon> /thing'koh/ (Or "braino", by analogy with "{typo}") A
+	momentary, correctable {glitch} in mental processing,
+	especially one involving recall of information learned by
+	rote; a bubble in the stream of consciousness.
+
+	See also {brain fart}.  Compare {mouso}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-04-20)
+
+thinnet
+
+	{cheapernet}
+
+third generation computer
+
+	<architecture> A computer built with small-scale integration
+	{integrated circuits}, designed after the mid-1960s.
+
+	Third generation computers use {semiconductor} memories in
+	addition to, and later instead of, {ferrite core memory}.  The
+	two main types of semiconductor memory are {Read-Only Memory}
+	(ROM) and read-and-write memories called {random-access
+	memory} (RAM).
+
+	A technique called {microprogramming} became widespread and
+	simplified the design of the {CPUs} and increased their
+	flexibility.  This also made possible the development of
+	{operating systems} as {software} rather than as hard-wiring.
+
+	A variety of techniques for improving processing efficiency
+	were invented, such as {pipelining}, (parallel operation of
+	{functional units} processing a single instruction), and
+	{multiprocessing} (concurrent execution of multiple programs).
+
+	As the execution of a program requires that program to be in
+	memory, the concurrent running of several programs requires
+	that all programs be in memory simultaneously.  Thus the
+	development of techniques for concurrent processing was
+	matched by the development of {memory management} techniques
+	such as {dynamic memory allocation}, {virtual memory}, and
+	{paging}, as well as {compilers} producing {relocatable code}.
+
+	The {LILLIAC IV} is an example of a third generation computer.
+
+	The CTSS ({Compatible Time-Sharing System}) was developed at
+	{MIT} in the early 1960s and had a considerable influence on
+	the design of subsequent timesharing operating systems.
+
+	An interesting contrasting development in this generation was
+	the start of mass production of small low-cost
+	"{minicomputers}".
+
+third generation language
+
+	<language> (3GL, "{high level language}") A language designed
+	to be easier for a human to understand, including things like
+	named variables.  A fragment might be
+
+		let c = c + 2 * d
+
+	Fortran, ALGOL and COBOL are early examples of this sort of
+	language.  Most "modern" languages ({BASIC}, {C}, {C++}) are
+	third generation.  Most 3GLs support {structured programming}.
+
+	See also {second generation language}, {fourth generation
+	language}.
+
+	(1996-05-30)
+
+third normal form
+
+	{database normalisation}
+
+This can't happen
+
+	{can't happen}
+
+this dictionary
+
+	{Free On-line Dictionary of Computing}
+
+This time, for sure!
+
+	<exclamation> Ritual affirmation frequently uttered during
+	protracted {debugging} sessions involving numerous small
+	obstacles (e.g. attempts to bring up a {UUCP} connection).  For
+	the proper effect, this must be uttered in a fruity imitation
+	of Bullwinkle J. Moose.
+
+	Also heard: "Hey, Rocky!  Watch me pull a rabbit out of my
+	hat!"  The {canonical} response is, of course, "But that trick
+	*never* works!"
+
+	See {hacker humour}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-09-27)
+
+thn
+
+	{thumbnail}
+
+Thomas
+
+	<language> A language compatible with the language
+	{Dylan}(TM).  Thomas is NOT {Dylan}(TM).
+
+	The first public release of a translator to {Scheme} by Matt
+	Birkholz, Jim Miller, and Ron Weiss, written at {Digital
+	Equipment Corporation}'s {Cambridge Research Laboratory} runs
+	(slowly) on {MIT}'s {CScheme}, DEC's {Scheme->C}, Marc
+	Feeley's {Gambi}, {Macintosh}, {PC}, {Vax}, {MIPS}, {Alpha},
+	{680x0}.
+
+	{(ftp://gatekeeper.pa.dec.com/pub/DEC/Thomas)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <info-thomas@crl.dec.com>.
+
+	["Dylan(TM) an object-oriented dynamic language", {Apple
+	Computer}, Eastern Research and Technology, April 1992].
+
+	(1992-09-11)
+
+thrash
+
+	To move wildly or violently, without accomplishing anything
+	useful.  {Paging} or {swapping} systems that are overloaded
+	waste most of their time moving data into and out of {core}
+	(rather than performing useful computation) and are therefore
+	said to thrash.  Thrashing can also occur in a {cache} due to
+	{cache conflict} or in a {multiprocessor} (see {ping-pong}).
+
+	Someone who keeps changing his mind (especially about what to
+	work on next) is said to be thrashing.  A person frantically
+	trying to execute too many tasks at once (and not spending
+	enough time on any single task) may also be described as
+	thrashing.
+
+	Compare {multitask}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+thrashing
+
+	{thrash}
+
+thread
+
+	1. See {multithreading}.
+
+	2. See {threaded code}.
+
+	3. {topic thread}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+threaded
+
+	{thread}
+
+threaded code
+
+	<programming> A technique for implementing {virtual machine}
+	{interpreters}, introduced by J.R. Bell in 1973, where each
+	{op-code} in the virtual machine {instruction set} is the
+	address of some (lower level) code to perform the required
+	operation.  This kind of virtual machine can be implemented
+	efficiently in {machine code} on most processors by simply
+	performing an {indirect jump} to the address which is the next
+	instruction.
+
+	Many {Forth} implementations use threaded code and nowadays
+	some use the term "threading" for almost any technique used to
+	implement Forth's virtual machine.
+
+	{(http://complang.tuwien.ac.at/forth/threaded-code.html)}.
+
+	["James R. Bell", "Threaded Code", CACM, 1973, 16, 6, pp
+	370-372].
+
+	["An Architectural Trail to Threaded Code Systems", Kogge,
+	P. M., IEEE Computer, March 1982].
+
+	(1998-09-02)
+
+threading
+
+	{thread}
+
+Thread Language Zero
+
+	<language> (TL0) The {instruction set} of the TAM ({Threaded
+	Abstract Machine}), used to implement {Id}.
+
+	["Fine-grain Parallelism with Minimal Hardware Support", David
+	Culler et al, SIGPLAN Notices 26(4):164-175, ASPLOS-IV Proc,
+	Apr 1991].
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+thread-safe
+
+	<programming> A description of code which is either
+	{re-entrant} or protected from multiple simultaneous execution
+	by some form of {mutual exclusion}.
+
+	(1997-01-30)
+
+three-finger salute
+
+	{Vulcan nerve pinch}
+
+three-letter acronym
+
+	<jargon> (TLA) The {canonical}, self-describing {acronym} for the
+	name of a species with which computing terminology is infested.
+	Examples include {MCA}, {FTP}, {SNA}, {CPU}, {MMU}, {DMU}, {FPU},
+	{TLA}.
+
+	This dictionary contains many {TLAs}.
+
+	Sometimes used by extension for any confusing acronym.  People
+	who like this looser usage argue that not all TLAs have three
+	letters, just as not all four-letter words have four letters.
+	One also hears of "ETLA" (Extended Three-Letter Acronym) being
+	used to describe four-letter acronyms.  The term "SFLA"
+	(Stupid Four-Letter Acronym) has also been reported.
+
+	See also {YABA}.
+
+	The self-effacing phrase "TDM TLA" (Too Damn Many...) is used to
+	bemoan the plethora of TLAs in use.  In 1989, a random of the
+	journalistic persuasion asked hacker Paul Boutin "What do you
+	think will be the biggest problem in computing in the 90s?"
+	Paul's straight-faced response: "There are only 17,000
+	three-letter acronyms." (To be exact, there are 26^3 = 17,576.)
+
+	(2014-08-14)
+
+three-tier
+
+	<architecture> A {client-server} architecture in which the
+	{user interface}, functional process logic ("business rules")
+	and data storage and access are developed and maintained as
+	independent {modules}, most often on separate {platforms}.
+
+	Apart from the usual advantages of modular software with well
+	defined interfaces, the three-tier architecture is intended to
+	allow any of the three tiers to be upgraded or replaced
+	independently as requirements or technology change.  For
+	example, an upgrade of desktop {operating system} from
+	{Microsoft Windows} to {Unix} would only affect the {user
+	interface} code.
+
+	Typically, the user interface runs on a desktop {PC} or
+	{workstation} and uses a standard {graphical user interface},
+	functional process logic may consist of one or more separate
+	modules running on a {workstation} or application {server},
+	and an {RDBMS} on a database server or {mainframe} contains
+	the data storage logic.  The middle tier may be multi-tiered
+	itself (in which case the overall architecture is called an
+	"n-tier architecture").
+
+	(1998-05-13)
+
+throughput
+
+	1. The rate at which a processor can work expressed in
+	instructions per second or jobs per hour or some other unit of
+	performance.
+
+	2. <communications> {data transfer rate}.
+
+	(2001-05-22)
+
+thud
+
+	1. Yet another {metasyntactic variable} (see {foo}).  It is
+	reported that at {CMU} from the mid-1970s the canonical series
+	of these was "foo", "bar", "thud", "blat".
+
+	2. Rare term for the hash character, "#" (ASCII 35).  See
+	{ASCII} for other synonyms.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Thumb
+
+	<processor> An extension to the {Advanced RISC Machine}
+	architecture, announced on 06 March 1995 by {Advanced RISC
+	Machines} Ltd.  By identifying the critical subset of the ARM
+	{instruction set} and encoding it into 16 bits, ARM has
+	succeeded in reducing typical program size by 30-40% from
+	ARM's already excellent code density.  Since this Thumb
+	instruction set uses less memory for program storage, cost is
+	further reduced.
+
+	All Thumb-aware {processor cores} combine the capability to
+	execute both the 32-bit ARM and the 16-bit Thumb instruction
+	sets.  Careful design of the Thumb instructions allow them to
+	be decompressed into full ARM instructions transparently
+	during normal instruction decoding without any performance
+	penalty.  This differs from other 32-bit processors, like the
+	{Intel 486SX}, with a 16-bit data bus, which require two
+	16-bit memory accesses to execute every 32-bit instruction and
+	so halve performance.
+
+	The patented Thumb decompressor has been carefully designed
+	with only a small amount of circuitry additional to the
+	existing instruction decoder, so chip size and thus cost do
+	not significantly increase.  Designers can easily interleave
+	fast ARM instructions (for performance critical parts of a
+	program) with compact Thumb code to save memory.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+thumb
+
+	<jargon> The slider or "bubble" on a window system
+	{scrollbar}.  So called because moving it allows you to browse
+	through the contents of a text window in a way analogous to
+	thumbing through a book.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+thumbnail
+
+	<file format, graphics> (From "thumbnail sketch") A file
+	format used by {Graphics Workshop} for {Microsoft Windows}.
+	{Filename extension}: ".thn".
+
+	[What's in the files?]
+
+	(1996-05-28)
+
+Thunderbird
+
+	<messaging, open source> A complete {free}, {open-source}
+	{e-mail client} from the {Mozilla Foundation} and therefore a
+	true code descendent of the e-mail code in {Netscape
+	Navigator}.  The first non-{beta release} was in late 2004.
+	The {Firefox} web browser is from the same source.
+
+	{Thunderbird Home
+	(http://mozilla.org/products/thunderbird)}.
+
+	(2005-01-26)
+
+thunk
+
+	<programming> /thuhnk/ 1. "A piece of coding which provides an
+	address", according to P. Z. Ingerman, who invented thunks in
+	1961 as a way of binding {actual parameters} to their formal
+	definitions in {ALGOL 60} {procedure} calls.  If a procedure
+	is called with an expression in the place of a {formal
+	parameter}, the compiler generates a thunk which computes the
+	expression and leaves the address of the result in some
+	standard location.
+
+	2. The term was later generalised to mean an expression,
+	frozen together with its {environment} (variable values), for
+	later evaluation if and when needed (similar to a
+	"{closure}").  The process of unfreezing these thunks is
+	called "forcing".
+
+	3. A {stubroutine}, in an {overlay} programming environment,
+	that loads and jumps to the correct overlay.
+
+	Compare {trampoline}.
+
+	There are a couple of onomatopoeic myths circulating about the
+	origin of this term.  The most common is that it is the sound
+	made by data hitting the {stack}; another holds that the sound
+	is that of the data hitting an {accumulator}.  Yet another
+	suggests that it is the sound of the expression being unfrozen
+	at argument-evaluation time.  In fact, according to the
+	inventors, it was coined after they realised (in the wee hours
+	after hours of discussion) that the type of an argument in
+	{ALGOL 60} could be figured out in advance with a little
+	{compile-time} thought, simplifying the evaluation machinery.
+	In other words, it had "already been thought of"; thus it was
+	christened a "thunk", which is "the past tense of "think" at
+	two in the morning".
+
+	4. ({Microsoft Windows} programming) {universal thunk},
+	{generic thunk}, {flat thunk}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-10-11)
+
+TIA
+
+	1. <chat> Thanks in advance.
+
+	2. <body> {Telecommunications Industry Association}.
+
+	3. <software> The {Internet Adapter}.
+
+	4. <graphics, hardware> {Television Interface Adaptor}.
+
+	(1999-12-06)
+
+tick
+
+	1. A {jiffy} (sense 1).  2. In simulations, the discrete unit
+	of time that passes between iterations of the simulation
+	mechanism.  In AI applications, this amount of time is often
+	left unspecified, since the only constraint of interest is the
+	ordering of events.  This sort of AI simulation is often
+	pejoratively referred to as "tick-tick-tick" simulation,
+	especially when the issue of simultaneity of events with long,
+	independent chains of causes is {handwave}d.  3. In the FORTH
+	language, a single quote character.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+TickIT
+
+	A software industry quality assessment scheme.
+
+Tickle
+
+	<text, tool> A {text editor}, file translator and {TCL}
+	{interpreter} for the {Macintosh}.
+
+	Version 5.0v1.  The text editor breaks the 32K limit (like
+	{MPW}).
+
+	The file translation utilities support {drag and drop}
+	handling via tcl scripts of {BinHex}, {MacBinary}, {Apple
+	Computer} Single/Double, {StuffIt} (with engine), {Unix}
+	{compress}, {Unix} {tar} and {UUencode} files as well as text
+	translation.
+
+	Tickle implements tcl 7.0 with {tclX} extensions and
+	{Macintosh} equivalents of {Unix}'s {ls}, {pwd}, {cd}
+	commands.  It provides Macintosh access to {Resource Manager},
+	{Communications Toolbox}, {OSA} Components (and
+	{AppleScript}), {Editions} (publish and subscribe) and {Apple
+	Events} (including AEBuild and AEPrint).  {OSA Script} support
+	allows programming of any OSA scripting component within
+	Tickle interpreter windows.  It provides the OSAtcl and OSAJ
+	{J}/{APL} extensions and creates "Ticklets" which are small
+	{application programs} that carry only the tcl script and use
+	code in the OSAtcl component to drive an application that
+	allows {drag and drop} with tcl scripts.  Tickle is scriptable
+	and recordable.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.msen.com/pub/vendor/ice/tickle/Tickle5.0v1.hqx)}.
+
+	E-mail: <time@ice.com>.
+
+	(1994-10-12)
+
+tickle a bug
+
+	To cause a normally hidden bug to manifest itself through some
+	known series of inputs or operations.  "You can tickle the bug
+	in the Paradise VGA card's highlight handling by trying to set
+	bright yellow reverse video."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+tick-list features
+
+	({Acorn Computers}) Features in software or hardware that
+	customers insist on but never use (calculators in desktop TSRs
+	and that sort of thing).  The American equivalent would be
+	"checklist features", but this jargon sense of the phrase has
+	not been reported.
+
+	(1995-01-06)
+
+TIFF
+
+	{Tagged Image File Format}
+
+tiger team
+
+	(US military jargon) 1. Originally, a team whose purpose is to
+	penetrate security, and thus test security measures.  These
+	people are paid professionals who do hacker-type tricks,
+	e.g. leave cardboard signs saying "bomb" in critical defence
+	installations, hand-lettered notes saying "Your codebooks have
+	been stolen" (they usually haven't been) inside safes, etc.
+	After a successful penetration, some high-ranking security
+	type shows up the next morning for a "security review" and
+	finds the sign, note, etc. and all hell breaks loose.  Serious
+	successes of tiger teams sometimes lead to early retirement
+	for base commanders and security officers (see the {patch}
+	entry for an example).
+
+	2. Recently, and more generally, any official inspection team
+	or special {firefighting} group called in to look at a
+	problem.
+
+	A subset of tiger teams are professional {crackers}, testing
+	the security of military computer installations by attempting
+	remote attacks via networks or supposedly "secure"
+	communication channels.  Some of their escapades, if
+	declassified, would probably rank among the greatest hacks of
+	all times.  The term has been adopted in commercial
+	computer-security circles in this more specific sense.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+tight loop
+
+	<programming> A {loop} of code that executes without releasing
+	any resources to other programs or the {operating system}.
+
+	Consider the following pointless {BASIC} loop that counts
+	upward indefinitely
+
+	 10 i = i + 1
+	 20 GOTO 10
+
+	Run on a single-user system such as {MS-DOS} this will not
+	cause any problems.  Run on a {cooperative multitasking}
+	operating system such as {Windows 3}, the system would appear
+	to freeze.
+
+	A {pre-emptive multitasking} operating system such as
+	{UNIX} or {Windows NT} would "steal" cycles away from
+	the program and continue to run other programs.
+
+	See also {busy-wait} and {multitasking}.
+
+	(1999-05-06)
+
+tilde
+
+	<character> "~" {ASCII} character 126.
+
+	Common names are: {ITU-T}: tilde; squiggle; {twiddle}; not.
+	Rare: approx; wiggle; {swung dash}; enyay; {INTERCAL}: sqiggle
+	(sic).
+
+	Used as {C}'s prefix {bitwise negation} {operator}; and in
+	{Unix} {csh}, {GNU Emacs}, and elsewhere, to stand for the
+	current user's {home directory}, or, when prefixed to a {login
+	name}, for the given user's home directory.
+
+	The "swung dash" or "approximation" sign is not quite the same
+	as {tilde} in typeset material but the ASCII tilde serves for
+	both (compare {angle brackets}).
+
+	[Has anyone else heard this called "tidal" (as in wave)?]
+
+	(1996-10-18)
+
+TILE Forth
+
+	<language> A {Forth} {interpreter} in {C} for {Unix} by Mikael
+	Patel <mip@sectra.se>.  TILE Forth comes with many Forth
+	libraries.  It conforms to the {Forth83} {standard} and is
+	distributed under {GPL}.
+
+	Latest version: 2.1, as of 1991-11-13.
+
+	Availalbe via {FTP} from a {GNU archive site}.
+
+	(1991-11-13)
+
+Tim Berners-Lee
+
+	<person> The man who invented the {web} while
+	working at the Center for European Particle Research (CERN).
+	Now Director of the {web Consortium}.
+
+	Tim Berners-Lee graduated from the Queen's College at Oxford
+	University, England, 1976.  Whilst there he built his first
+	computer with a soldering iron, {TTL} gates, an {M6800}
+	processor and an old television.
+
+	He then went on to work for {Plessey Telecommunications}, and
+	D.G. Nash Ltd (where he wrote software for intelligent
+	printers and a {multi-tasking} {operating system}), before
+	joining CERN, where he designed a program called 'Enquire',
+	which was never published, but formed the conceptual basis for
+	today's {web}.
+
+	In 1984, he took up a fellowship at CERN, and in 1989, he
+	wrote the first {web server}, "{httpd}", and the
+	first client, "WorldWideWeb" a {hypertext} browser/editor
+	which ran under {NEXTSTEP}.  The program "WorldWideWeb" was
+	first made available within CERN in December, and on the
+	{Internet} as a whole in the summer of 1991.
+
+	In 1994, Tim joined the {Laboratory for Computer Science}
+	(LCS) at the {Massachusetts Institute of Technology} (MIT).
+	In 1999, he became the first holder of the {3Com} Founders
+	chair.  He is also the author of "Weaving the Web", on the
+	past present and future of the Web.
+
+	In 2001, Tim was made a fellow of The Royal Society.
+
+	Tim is married to Nancy Carlson. They have two children, born
+	1991 and 1994.
+
+	{(http://w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/Longer.html)}.
+
+	(2001-06-17)
+
+time bomb
+
+	<software, security> A subspecies of {logic bomb} that is
+	triggered by reaching some preset time, either once or
+	periodically.  There are numerous legends about time bombs set
+	up by programmers in their employers' machines, to go off if
+	the programmer is fired or laid off and is not present to
+	perform the appropriate suppressing action periodically.
+
+	Interestingly, the only such incident for which we have been
+	pointed to documentary evidence took place in the Soviet Union
+	in 1986!  A disgruntled programmer at the Volga Automobile
+	Plant (where the Fiat clones called Ladas were manufactured)
+	planted a time bomb which, a week after he'd left on vacation,
+	stopped the entire main assembly line for a day.  The case
+	attracted lots of attention in the Soviet Union because it was
+	the first cracking case to make it to court there.  The
+	perpetrator got 3 years in jail.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-09-15)
+
+time complexity
+
+	<complexity> The way in which the number of steps required by
+	an {algorithm} varies with the size of the problem it is
+	solving.  Time complexity is normally expressed as an order of
+	magnitude, e.g. O(N^2) means that if the size of the problem
+	(N) doubles then the algorithm will take four times as many
+	steps to complete.
+
+	See also {computational complexity}, {space complexity}.
+
+	(1996-05-08)
+
+Time Complex Simulator
+
+	<simulation> (Tcsim) {Complex arithmetic} version of {Tsim}.
+
+	Contact: {ZOLA Technologies}.
+
+	(1996-01-18)
+
+time division multiple access
+
+	{time division multiplexing}
+
+time division multiplexing
+
+	<communications> (TDM) A type of {multiplexing} where two or
+	more channels of information are transmitted over the same
+	link by allocating a different time interval ("slot" or
+	"slice") for the transmission of each channel.  I.e. the
+	channels take turns to use the link.  Some kind of periodic
+	synchronising signal or distinguishing identifier is usually
+	required so that the receiver can tell which channel is which.
+
+	TDM becomes inefficient when traffic is intermittent because
+	the time slot is still allocated even when the channel has no
+	data to transmit.  {Statistical time division multiplexing}
+	was developed to overcome this problem.
+
+	Compare {wavelength division multiplexing}, {frequency division
+	multiplexing}, {code division multiplexing}.
+
+	(2001-06-27)
+
+Time Domain Reflectometer
+
+	<hardware, networking> (TDR) An electronic device for
+	detecting and locating short- or open-circuits in an
+	{Ethernet} cable.  TDRs can also measure how the {characteristic
+	impedance} of a line varies along its length.
+
+	(1995-12-28)
+
+timeout
+
+	A period of time after which an error condition is raised if
+	some event has not occured.  A common example is sending a
+	message.  If the receiver does not acknowledge the message
+	within some preset timeout period, a transmission error is
+	assumed to have occured.
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+time quantum
+
+	{time slice}
+
+time-sharing
+
+	<operating system> (Or "timesharing") An {operating system}
+	feature allowing several users to run several tasks
+	concurrently on one processor, or in parallel on many
+	processors, usually providing each user with his own terminal
+	for input and output.  {time-sharing} is {multi-user}
+	{multitasking}.
+
+	(2009-11-23)
+
+Time Sharing Option
+
+	<operating system> (TSO) System software from {IBM} that
+	provides {time-sharing} on an IBM {mainframe} running in an
+	{MVS} environment.
+
+	(2003-08-15)
+
+time shifting
+
+	<programming> A technique used to work around problems due to
+	the {Year 2000} and the "millennium bug".  Time shifting
+	involves translating date fields in a database back by a fixed
+	number of years to avoid year 2000 problems with the {database
+	management system}.
+
+	Typically dates are shifted back 28 years so that the occurrence
+	of leap years and days of the week match with the actual year.
+
+	(2003-08-15)
+
+Time Simulator
+
+	<simulation> (Tsim) A {stack}-based {simulation} language.
+
+	Contact: {ZOLA Technologies}.
+
+	(1999-10-04)
+
+time sink
+
+	(By analogy with "heat sink" or "current sink") A project that
+	consumes unbounded amounts of time.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-07)
+
+time slice
+
+	<operating system> (Or "time quantum", "quantum") The period
+	of time for which a process is allowed to run uninterrupted in
+	a {pre-emptive multitasking} {operating system}.
+
+	The {scheduler} is run once every time slice to choose the
+	next process to run.  If the time slice is too short then the
+	scheduler will consume too much processing time but if it is
+	too long then processes may not be able to respond to external
+	events quickly enough.
+
+	(1998-11-06)
+
+times-or-divided-by
+
+	<jargon> (By analogy with "plus-or-minus") A term occasionally
+	used when describing the uncertainty factor associated with a
+	estimate, for either humorous or brutally honest effect.
+
+	For example, a software project usually has a scheduling
+	uncertainty factor of at least two.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2009-05-29)
+
+time T
+
+	/ti:m T/ An unspecified but usually well-understood time,
+	often used in conjunction with a later time T+1.  "We'll meet
+	on campus at time T or at Louie's at time T+1" means, in the
+	context of going out for dinner: "We can meet on campus and go
+	to Louie's, or we can meet at Louie's itself a bit later."
+	(Louie's was a Chinese restaurant in Palo Alto that was a
+	favourite with hackers.)  Had the number 30 been used instead
+	of the number 1, it would have implied that the travel time
+	from campus to Louie's is 30 minutes; whatever time T is (and
+	that hasn't been decided on yet), you can meet half an hour
+	later at Louie's than you could on campus and end up eating at
+	the same time.
+
+	See also {since time T equals minus infinity}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Time to Live
+
+	(TTL) A field in the {Internet Protocol} header which
+	indicates how many more {hops} this packet should be allowed
+	to make before being discarded or returned.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+time zone
+
+	One of approximately 24 longitudinal divisions of the globe,
+	nominally 15 degrees wide, in which clocks show the same time.
+	Some zones follow the boundaries of states or territories,
+	others differ from neighbouring zones by more or less than one
+	hour.
+
+	Computers can be programmed to take into account the time zone
+	each user is working in, which is not necessarily the same as
+	the zone the computer is in.
+
+	See also {TZ}.
+
+	(1997-07-20)
+
+TINC
+
+	{There Is No Cabal}
+
+Tinman
+
+	<language> The third of the series of DoD requirements that
+	led to {Ada}.  Written by HOLWG, DoD, Jan 1976.
+
+	See {Strawman}, {Woodenman}, {Ironman}, {Steelman}.
+
+	(1976-01-01)
+
+tinman+
+
+	Macro language for Apple II?  Published in DDJ?
+
+TINT
+
+	Interpreted version of {JOVIAL}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 528].
+
+tint
+
+	{hue}
+
+Tiny
+
+	1. A language which provides {concurrency} through
+	{message-passing} to named message {queues}.
+
+	2. A tool written by Michael Wolfe <mwolfe@cse.ogi.edu> at
+	{Oregon Graduate Institute of Science & Technology} for
+	examining {array} data dependence {algorithms} and {program
+	transformations} for scientific computations.
+
+	{Extended Tiny} was used to implement the {Omega test}.
+	Michael Wolfe has also made extensions to his version of tiny.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+Tiny BASIC
+
+	<language> A dialect of {BASIC} developed by Dr. Wang [Wong?]
+	in the late 1970s.  Tiny BASIC was 2K bytes in size and was
+	loaded from {paper tape}.  It ran on almost any {Intel 8080}
+	or {Zilog Z80} {microprocessor} for which the user could
+	provide the necessary I/O driver software.
+
+	Tiny BASIC was distributed as [the first ever?] {freeware}.
+	The program listing contained the following phrases "All
+	Wrongs reserved" and "{CopyLeft}", he obviously wasn't
+	interested in money.
+
+	See also {Tiny Basic Interpreter Language}.
+
+	[More info?]
+
+	(1997-09-12)
+
+Tiny Basic Interpreter Language
+
+	<language> (TBIL) The inner {interpreter} of Tom Pittman's set
+	of {Tiny Basics} in Dr Dobb's Journal.
+
+	(1997-09-12)
+
+Tiny Clos
+
+	A core part of {Common Lisp Object System} (CLOS) ported to
+	{Scheme} and rebuilt using a MOP ({Metaobject Protocol}).
+	This should be interesting to those who want to use MOPs
+	without using a full {Common Lisp} or {Dylan}.
+
+	The first release works with {MIT Scheme} 11.74.
+
+	{(ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pub/mops/)}.  E-mail: Gregor
+	Kiczales <gregor@parc.xerox.com>.  Mailing list: mops
+	(administered by <gregor@parc.xerox.com>).
+
+	(1992-12-14)
+
+TIP
+
+	1. {Texas Instruments Pascal}.
+
+	2. A {Unix} program for interactive communication via {serial
+	lines}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: tip(1).
+
+TIPL
+
+	1.  Teach IPL.  An interpretive {IPL} teaching system.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 393].
+
+	2.  A dialect of {IGL}.
+
+tip of the ice-cube
+
+	[IBM] The visible part of something small and insignificant.
+	Used as an ironic comment in situations where "tip of the
+	iceberg" might be appropriate if the subject were at all
+	important.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+tired iron
+
+	[IBM] Hardware that is perfectly functional but far enough
+	behind the state of the art to have been superseded by new
+	products, presumably with sufficient improvement in
+	bang-per-buck that the old stuff is starting to look a bit
+	like a {dinosaur}.
+
+tits on a keyboard
+
+	<jargon> Small bumps on certain keycaps to help touch-typists
+	find the home keys (ASDF and JKL;) without looking.  They are
+	found on the "F" and "J" of a {QWERTY} and the "5" of a
+	{numeric keypad}.  The {Macintosh}, perverse as usual, has, or
+	had, them on the "D" and "K" keys.
+
+	This term is based on the vernacular American expression "as
+	useful as tits on a boar" (or boar-hog, bull, bullfrog, or
+	many other variants), meaning "not useful".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-02-25)
+
+tj
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Tajikistan.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Tk
+
+	<programming, graphics> A {GUI} library, generally used with
+	{TCL} by {John Ousterhout}, but also available from within {C}
+	or {Perl}.  Tk is available for {X Window System}, {Microsoft
+	Windows} and {Macintosh}.  Tk looks very similar to {Motif}.
+
+	Version 3.5.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/ucb/tcl/)}.
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+tk
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Tokelau.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+TK-90X
+
+	<computer> A Brazilian {clone}, manufactured by {Micro
+	Digital}, of the British {Sinclair Research} {ZX Spectrum}
+	{8-bit} {microcomputer}.  It differed from the standard
+	Spectrum by adding an {Interface 2}-compatible {joystick}
+	{interface}, and extra {BASIC} commands to aid {programming}
+	and {graphics}-editing.  Because of these differences, it was
+	slightly incompatible with the standard Spectrum.
+
+	A later model, the TK-95, which boasted an improved keyboard
+	(similar to the {Commodore 64}'s) and a more compatible {ROM},
+	was little more than a {Timex} {TC2048} (another Spectrum
+	clone) in disguise.
+
+	{comp.sys.sinclair FAQ
+	(http://kendalls.demon.co.uk/cssfaq/)}.
+
+	["comp.sys.sinclair FAQ", D Burke M Fayzullin P Kendall et al,
+	pub. Philip Kendall 1998]
+
+	(1998-11-09)
+
+TK-95
+
+	{TK-90X}
+
+T. Kohonen
+
+	<person> A researcher at the {University of Helsinki} who has
+	been studying {neural networks} for many years with the idea
+	of modelling as closely as possible the behaviour of
+	biological systems.  His name is commonly associated with a
+	particular kind of neural network in which there are only two
+	kinds of {neurons} (see {McCulloch-Pitts}), input and others.
+	All the input neurons are connected to all others and the
+	others are connected only to their other nearest neighbors.
+	The training {algorithm} is a relatively simple one based on
+	the geometric layout of the neurons, and makes use of
+	{simulated annealing}.
+
+	(1994-10-19)
+
+TK!Solver
+
+	Software Arts 1983.  Numerical constraint-oriented language.
+	"The TK!Solver Book", M. Konopasek et al, McGraw-Hill 1984.
+
+TL0
+
+	{Thread Language Zero}
+
+TL1
+
+	Transaction Language 1.
+
+	A subset of {ITU-T}'s {MML} from {Bellcore}, with simpler
+	syntax.  TL1 is similar to {USL}.  It is used in
+	communications between telephone operating systems and remote
+	network test equipment.
+
+	[OTGR, TR-TSY-000439, section 12, Bellcore].
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+TLA
+
+	{three-letter acronym}
+
+TLAs
+
+	<jargon> As of 2014-08-14, {this dictionary} included 1285
+	{three-letter acronyms}, which is 7% of the 26^3 = 17576 possible.
+
+	Here's a {grep} command to find them:
+
+		egrep '^[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z]$' Dictionary
+
+	or a {GNU} {Emacs} command:
+
+		(occur "^[A-Z][A-Z][A-Z]$")
+
+	Here they are:
+
+	{AAC}, {AAL}, {AAP}, {ABC}, {ABI}, {ABM}, {ABP}, {ABR}, {ACA},
+	{ACE}, {ACF}, {ACK}, {ACL}, {ACM}, {ACP}, {ACT}, {ADC}, {ADL},
+	{ADM}, {ADO}, {ADR}, {ADS}, {ADT}, {AED}, {AEP}, {AES}, {AFJ},
+	{AFK}, {AFP}, {AFS}, {AGL}, {AGP}, {AIA}, {AID}, {AIR}, {AIT},
+	{AIX}, {AKC}, {AKL}, {ALC}, {ALF}, {ALM}, {ALP}, {ALU}, {AMD},
+	{AMI}, {AML}, {AMO}, {AMP}, {AMS}, {AND}, {ANI}, {ANL}, {ANR},
+	{ANS}, {ANU}, {AOL}, {AOP}, {AOS}, {APA}, {APC}, {APE}, {API},
+	{APL}, {APM}, {APT}, {AQL}, {ARC}, {ARL}, {ARM}, {ARP}, {ARQ},
+	{ART}, {ASA}, {ASE}, {ASF}, {ASK}, {ASL}, {ASM}, {ASN}, {ASP},
+	{ASR}, {AST}, {ATA}, {ATK}, {ATM}, {ATS}, {ATX}, {AUI}, {AUP},
+	{AVC}, {AVI}, {AVS}, {AWE}, {AWG}, {AWT}, {AYT}, {BAD}, {BAL},
+	{BAP}, {BBC}, {BBL}, {BBS}, {BCC}, {BCD}, {BCL}, {BCS}, {BDC},
+	{BDL}, {BEA}, {BEG}, {BEL}, {BER}, {BFI}, {BGA}, {BGP}, {BIP},
+	{BLT}, {BMF}, {BMP}, {BNC}, {BNF}, {BOA}, {BOF}, {BOS}, {BPI},
+	{BPR}, {BPS}, {BQS}, {BRB}, {BRH}, {BRI}, {BRS}, {BSA}, {BSD},
+	{BSI}, {BSL}, {BSS}, {BST}, {BTB}, {BTS}, {BTW}, {BWQ}, {CAD},
+	{CAE}, {CAF}, {CAI}, {CAL}, {CAM}, {CAN}, {CAP}, {CAR}, {CAS},
+	{CAT}, {CAV}, {CBD}, {CBN}, {CBR}, {CBT}, {CBV}, {CCD}, {CCL},
+	{CCP}, {CCR}, {CCS}, {CDA}, {CDC}, {CDE}, {CDF}, {CDL}, {CDM},
+	{CDR}, {CDS}, {CDW}, {CEN}, {CER}, {CFD}, {CFP}, {CGA}, {CGI},
+	{CGM}, {CHI}, {CID}, {CIF}, {CIL}, {CIM}, {CIO}, {CIR}, {CIS},
+	{CIX}, {CJK}, {CLI}, {CLM}, {CLP}, {CLR}, {CLU}, {CLV}, {CLX},
+	{CMA}, {CMC}, {CML}, {CMM}, {CMP}, {CMS}, {CMU}, {CMZ}, {CNC},
+	{CNI}, {CNN}, {CNR}, {COM}, {COS}, {CPE}, {CPI}, {CPL}, {CPM},
+	{CPS}, {CPU}, {CRC}, {CRL}, {CRM}, {CRT}, {CSG}, {CSL}, {CSM},
+	{CSO}, {CSP}, {CSR}, {CSS}, {CSU}, {CSV}, {CTC}, {CTI}, {CTL},
+	{CTS}, {CTY}, {CUA}, {CUL}, {CUT}, {CVS}, {CWI}, {DAA}, {DAC},
+	{DAG}, {DAS}, {DAT}, {DAU}, {DBA}, {DBC}, {DBH}, {DCA}, {DCC},
+	{DCE}, {DCG}, {DCI}, {DCL}, {DCP}, {DCS}, {DCT}, {DDB}, {DDE},
+	{DDL}, {DDM}, {DDN}, {DDO}, {DDP}, {DDR}, {DDS}, {DDT}, {DDW},
+	{DEA}, {DEC}, {DED}, {DEK}, {DER}, {DES}, {DEX}, {DFA}, {DFC},
+	{DFD}, {DFS}, {DFT}, {DGL}, {DIB}, {DID}, {DIL}, {DIM}, {DIN},
+	{DIP}, {DLC}, {DLE}, {DLG}, {DLL}, {DLM}, {DLP}, {DLT}, {DMA},
+	{DME}, {DMI}, {DML}, {DMM}, {DMS}, {DMU}, {DMZ}, {DNF}, {DNS},
+	{DOA}, {DOE}, {DOF}, {DOL}, {DOM}, {DOS}, {DPA}, {DPB}, {DPL},
+	{DPN}, {DPP}, {DPS}, {DRM}, {DSA}, {DSE}, {DSI}, {DSL}, {DSM},
+	{DSN}, {DSO}, {DSP}, {DSR}, {DSS}, {DST}, {DSU}, {DSW}, {DTD},
+	{DTE}, {DTP}, {DTR}, {DTS}, {DUA}, {DVD}, {DVI}, {DXF}, {EAF},
+	{EAG}, {EAI}, {EAX}, {ECC}, {ECL}, {ECM}, {ECP}, {EDA}, {EDF},
+	{EDI}, {EDL}, {EDM}, {EDP}, {EDS}, {EER}, {EFF}, {EFI}, {EFL},
+	{EFT}, {EGA}, {EGP}, {EIA}, {EJB}, {ELF}, {ELI}, {ELP}, {EMA},
+	{EMC}, {EMI}, {EML}, {EMM}, {EMS}, {EMX}, {ENQ}, {ENS}, {EOF},
+	{EOL}, {EOR}, {EOT}, {EOU}, {EPL}, {EPP}, {EPS}, {ERA}, {ERC},
+	{ERD}, {ERM}, {ERP}, {ESA}, {ESC}, {ESD}, {ESF}, {ESI}, {ESL},
+	{ESP}, {ESR}, {ETB}, {ETC}, {ETL}, {ETM}, {ETX}, {EVE}, {EXE},
+	{FAC}, {FAD}, {FAP}, {FAQ}, {FAT}, {FCB}, {FCP}, {FCS}, {FDC},
+	{FDD}, {FDT}, {FEA}, {FEC}, {FED}, {FEL}, {FFP}, {FFT}, {FGL},
+	{FHS}, {FIR}, {FIX}, {FLI}, {FMQ}, {FMS}, {FMV}, {FNC}, {FOD},
+	{FPA}, {FPM}, {FPU}, {FQL}, {FRA}, {FRL}, {FSB}, {FSF}, {FSK},
+	{FSL}, {FSM}, {FSP}, {FTP}, {FTW}, {FTX}, {FUD}, {FXO}, {FXS},
+	{FYA}, {FYI}, {GAL}, {GAN}, {GAP}, {GAT}, {GCC}, {GCL}, {GCR},
+	{GCT}, {GDA}, {GDB}, {GDI}, {GEA}, {GEI}, {GEM}, {GFR}, {GFS},
+	{GHC}, {GIF}, {GIN}, {GIP}, {GIS}, {GKS}, {GLB}, {GLS}, {GLU},
+	{GMD}, {GMT}, {GNN}, {GNU}, {GOL}, {GOM}, {GPF}, {GPL}, {GPM},
+	{GPS}, {GPV}, {GPX}, {GRE}, {GRG}, {GSI}, {GSL}, {GSM}, {GSS},
+	{GTL}, {GUI}, {GVL}, {GWM}, {HAL}, {HCF}, {HCI}, {HCS}, {HDA},
+	{HDC}, {HDD}, {HDF}, {HDL}, {HDM}, {HEP}, {HFC}, {HID}, {HLL},
+	{HMA}, {HMP}, {HNC}, {HOL}, {HPF}, {HPL}, {HPR}, {HSB}, {HSC},
+	{HSM}, {HSV}, {HTH}, {HVD}, {IAB}, {IAD}, {IAL}, {IAM}, {IAP},
+	{IAR}, {IAS}, {IAW}, {IBM}, {ICA}, {ICE}, {ICI}, {ICL}, {ICQ},
+	{ICT}, {ICW}, {IDD}, {IDE}, {IDL}, {IEC}, {IEF}, {IEN}, {IFC},
+	{IFF}, {IFP}, {IFS}, {IFX}, {IGC}, {IGL}, {IGP}, {IGS}, {IGU},
+	{IHS}, {IHV}, {IIL}, {IIR}, {IIS}, {IIT}, {ILF}, {IMD}, {IML},
+	{IMO}, {IMP}, {IMR}, {IMS}, {IOI}, {IOS}, {IOW}, {IPA}, {IPC},
+	{IPE}, {IPL}, {IPS}, {IPT}, {IPX}, {IQL}, {IRC}, {IRL}, {IRM},
+	{IRQ}, {ISA}, {ISE}, {ISF}, {ISL}, {ISO}, {ISP}, {IST}, {ISV},
+	{ITP}, {ITS}, {ITU}, {IVR}, {IVY}, {IXC}, {IXO}, {JAD}, {JAZ},
+	{JCL}, {JCP}, {JDK}, {JES}, {JIT}, {JMS}, {JNI}, {JPL}, {JRE},
+	{JRL}, {JRN}, {JSA}, {JSF}, {JSP}, {JTB}, {JTC}, {JTS}, {JVM},
+	{KAP}, {KBS}, {KCL}, {KEE}, {KFX}, {KIS}, {KLB}, {KMS}, {KNI},
+	{KRC}, {KRL}, {KRS}, {KSL}, {KSR}, {KTH}, {KVM}, {LAN}, {LAP},
+	{LAT}, {LAU}, {LAX}, {LBA}, {LBE}, {LBL}, {LBX}, {LCC}, {LCD},
+	{LCF}, {LCL}, {LCP}, {LCS}, {LDB}, {LDL}, {LDP}, {LDT}, {LEC},
+	{LED}, {LEO}, {LER}, {LGN}, {LIF}, {LIS}, {LKA}, {LLC}, {LLP},
+	{LML}, {LNF}, {LOC}, {LOL}, {LOM}, {LOP}, {LPC}, {LPF}, {LPG},
+	{LPI}, {LPL}, {LPS}, {LPT}, {LRC}, {LRU}, {LSA}, {LSB}, {LSE},
+	{LSL}, {LSP}, {LSR}, {LTL}, {LTR}, {LUG}, {LUN}, {LVD}, {LWP},
+	{MAC}, {MAD}, {MAL}, {MAN}, {MAO}, {MAP}, {MAS}, {MAU}, {MBS},
+	{MCA}, {MCC}, {MCI}, {MCL}, {MCP}, {MCS}, {MDA}, {MDF}, {MDI},
+	{MDL}, {MFC}, {MFE}, {MFM}, {MHS}, {MIB}, {MIF}, {MIG}, {MII},
+	{MIS}, {MIT}, {MIX}, {MJS}, {MLL}, {MMI}, {MML}, {MMO}, {MMS},
+	{MMU}, {MMX}, {MNP}, {MOO}, {MOS}, {MPC}, {MPG}, {MPI}, {MPL},
+	{MPP}, {MPV}, {MPX}, {MQG}, {MRI}, {MRP}, {MRS}, {MSB}, {MSM},
+	{MSN}, {MSS}, {MSX}, {MTA}, {MTS}, {MTU}, {MUA}, {MUD}, {MUP},
+	{MVC}, {MVS}, {MXI}, {NAG}, {NAK}, {NAS}, {NAT}, {NAU}, {NBS},
+	{NBT}, {NCD}, {NCP}, {NCS}, {NDL}, {NDS}, {NEC}, {NFA}, {NFS},
+	{NFT}, {NGL}, {NIC}, {NIH}, {NII}, {NIL}, {NIS}, {NLM}, {NLP},
+	{NLS}, {NLX}, {NMI}, {NMU}, {NNI}, {NOC}, {NOL}, {NOR}, {NOS},
+	{NOT}, {NPC}, {NPL}, {NQS}, {NRZ}, {NSE}, {NSF}, {NSI}, {NSS},
+	{NTP}, {NTU}, {NVL}, {NVS}, {OAP}, {OBE}, {OBJ}, {OCL}, {OCP},
+	{OCR}, {OCS}, {OCX}, {ODA}, {ODC}, {ODI}, {ODP}, {ODS}, {ODT},
+	{OEM}, {OFA}, {OIC}, {OID}, {OIL}, {OLC}, {OLE}, {OMA}, {OMF},
+	{OMG}, {OMR}, {OMS}, {OMT}, {ONC}, {OOA}, {OOD}, {OOF}, {OOP},
+	{OPC}, {OPF}, {OPS}, {ORB}, {ORM}, {OSA}, {OSD}, {OSE}, {OSF},
+	{OSI}, {OSP}, {OTI}, {OTP}, {OTT}, {OWL}, {PAD}, {PAL}, {PAM},
+	{PAP}, {PAT}, {PAW}, {PBD}, {PBM}, {PBX}, {PCA}, {PCB}, {PCF},
+	{PCI}, {PCL}, {PCM}, {PCN}, {PCS}, {PCU}, {PDA}, {PDC}, {PDF},
+	{PDH}, {PDL}, {PDM}, {PDP}, {PDS}, {PDU}, {PEM}, {PEP}, {PER},
+	{PEX}, {PFE}, {PFL}, {PFP}, {PGA}, {PGP}, {PHP}, {PIC}, {PID},
+	{PIE}, {PIL}, {PIM}, {PIN}, {PIP}, {PIT}, {PKE}, {PKI}, {PLC},
+	{PLD}, {PLL}, {PMC}, {PML}, {PMP}, {PNG}, {PNP}, {POA}, {POC},
+	{POE}, {POM}, {POP}, {POR}, {POS}, {PPC}, {PPD}, {PPL}, {PPM},
+	{PPN}, {PPP}, {PQS}, {PRA}, {PRI}, {PRL}, {PSA}, {PSD}, {PSF},
+	{PSI}, {PSK}, {PSL}, {PSN}, {PSO}, {PSU}, {PTF}, {PTI}, {PTN},
+	{PTT}, {PUB}, {PVC}, {PVM}, {PWM}, {QAM}, {QBE}, {QCA}, {QIC},
+	{QMW}, {QNX}, {QPE}, {RAD}, {RAL}, {RAM}, {RAS}, {RCC}, {RCL},
+	{RCS}, {RDF}, {RDI}, {RDL}, {RDP}, {RDS}, {REC}, {REM}, {REP},
+	{REX}, {RFC}, {RFE}, {RFI}, {RFP}, {RFT}, {RGB}, {RIP}, {RJE},
+	{RKM}, {RLE}, {RLF}, {RLL}, {RMI}, {RMS}, {RNF}, {ROM}, {RPC},
+	{RPG}, {RPI}, {RPL}, {RPM}, {RPN}, {RPT}, {RRL}, {RRS}, {RSA},
+	{RSI}, {RSL}, {RSN}, {RSS}, {RTF}, {RTI}, {RTL}, {RTM}, {RTP},
+	{RTS}, {RTT}, {RWP}, {SAA}, {SAC}, {SAD}, {SAL}, {SAM}, {SAN},
+	{SAP}, {SAR}, {SAS}, {SBD}, {SBE}, {SBM}, {SBR}, {SCA}, {SCC},
+	{SCI}, {SCL}, {SCM}, {SCO}, {SDE}, {SDF}, {SDH}, {SDI}, {SDK},
+	{SDL}, {SDM}, {SDP}, {SDS}, {SEA}, {SEC}, {SED}, {SEE}, {SEI},
+	{SEL}, {SEM}, {SEP}, {SET}, {SEX}, {SFA}, {SFL}, {SGI}, {SHA},
+	{SIA}, {SIG}, {SIL}, {SIM}, {SIP}, {SIR}, {SKU}, {SMB}, {SMG},
+	{SMI}, {SML}, {SMM}, {SMP}, {SMS}, {SMT}, {SNA}, {SNI}, {SNR},
+	{SOA}, {SOE}, {SOH}, {SOJ}, {SOL}, {SOM}, {SOS}, {SPC}, {SPD},
+	{SPE}, {SPG}, {SPI}, {SPL}, {SPM}, {SPS}, {SPX}, {SQE}, {SQL},
+	{SQR}, {SRI}, {SRL}, {SRP}, {SSA}, {SSD}, {SSE}, {SSI}, {SSL},
+	{SSO}, {SSR}, {STB}, {STD}, {STP}, {STX}, {SUB}, {SVC}, {SVG},
+	{SVS}, {SWL}, {SWT}, {SYN}, {TAA}, {TAB}, {TAC}, {TAL}, {TAO},
+	{TAP}, {TBF}, {TBK}, {TCB}, {TCM}, {TCO}, {TCP}, {TDD}, {TDF},
+	{TDI}, {TDM}, {TDR}, {TEI}, {TET}, {TFT}, {TGA}, {TIA}, {TIP},
+	{TLA}, {TLB}, {TLD}, {TLI}, {TLS}, {TMG}, {TNC}, {TNX}, {TOK},
+	{TOP}, {TOS}, {TPA}, {TPF}, {TPL}, {TPO}, {TPS}, {TPU}, {TPX},
+	{TRO}, {TRS}, {TSO}, {TSP}, {TSR}, {TSV}, {TTD}, {TTL}, {TTS},
+	{TUB}, {TUI}, {TXL}, {UAN}, {UAT}, {UAW}, {UBD}, {UCB}, {UCP},
+	{UCS}, {UCX}, {UDF}, {UDP}, {UFO}, {UIL}, {UIS}, {UKC}, {ULP},
+	{UMB}, {UML}, {UNC}, {UNI}, {UPS}, {URC}, {URI}, {URL}, {URN},
+	{USB}, {USE}, {USL}, {USP}, {USR}, {UTC}, {UTF}, {UTP}, {VAL},
+	{VAN}, {VAR}, {VAX}, {VBA}, {VCD}, {VCL}, {VCR}, {VDL}, {VDM},
+	{VDT}, {VDU}, {VEE}, {VEL}, {VGA}, {VGX}, {VHE}, {VHS}, {VIF},
+	{VIM}, {VLB}, {VLM}, {VME}, {VML}, {VMS}, {VOS}, {VPL}, {VPN},
+	{VQF}, {VRC}, {VSE}, {VSF}, {VSP}, {VSX}, {VTC}, {VTS}, {VTW},
+	{VUE}, {VUP}, {VXI}, {WAM}, {WAN}, {WAP}, {WBS}, {WCL}, {WDM},
+	{WEB}, {WEP}, {WFL}, {WFW}, {WGL}, {WIC}, {WLL}, {WMA}, {WMI},
+	{WML}, {WMV}, {WOM}, {WPA}, {WPG}, {WPI}, {WRT}, {WSL}, {WTF},
+	{WTH}, {WWW}, {XDL}, {XDR}, {XFS}, {XGA}, {XIE}, {XML}, {XMM},
+	{XMS}, {XNF}, {XNS}, {XON}, {XPC}, {XPG}, {XPL}, {XRN}, {XSB},
+	{XSD}, {XSI}, {XSL}, {XTI}, {XTP}, {XUI}, {XUL}, {XVT}, {XXX},
+	{YSM}, {ZAP}, {ZFC}, {ZIF}, {ZIL}, {ZOG}, {ZUG}
+
+	(2014-08-14)
+
+TLB
+
+	{Translation Look-aside Buffer}
+
+TLD
+
+	{top-level domain}
+
+TLI
+
+	{Transport Layer Interface}
+
+TL/I
+
+	<language> An intermediate language for {Turing Machines}.
+
+	["Examples of Formal Semantics", D. Knuth in Symp on Semantics
+	of Algorithmic Languages, E. Engeler ed, LNM 188, Springer
+	1971, pp. 212-235].
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+T Lisp
+
+	{T}
+
+TLS
+
+	{Transport Layer Security protocol}
+
+TM
+
+	1. {Turing Machine}.
+
+	2. A formal {database specification language}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+tm
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Turkmenistan.
+
+	Heavily used for {vanity domains} because it looks
+	like the abbreviation for "trademark".
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+(TM)
+
+	(Trademark) An {ASCII} rendition of the trademark-superscript
+	symbol, appended to phrases that the author feels should be
+	recorded for posterity.
+
+	It is sometimes used ironically as a form of protest against
+	the recent spate of {software patents}, {algorithm} patents
+	and "{look and feel}" lawsuits.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+TMDL
+
+	{Target-Machine Description Language}
+
+TMG
+
+	TransMoGrifier.
+
+	An early language for writing {recursive descent} compilers.
+	It was {macro}ed from the {IBM 1604} to the {IBM 709} to the
+	{IBM 7094} to the {GE-635}, where it was used by McIlroy and
+	Morris to write the {EPL} compiler for {Multics}.
+
+	["TMG - A Syntax-Directed Compiler", R.M. McClure, Proc ACM
+	20th Natl Conf (1965)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.636].
+
+	(1994-12-02)
+
+TMRC
+
+	/tmerk'/ The Tech Model Railroad Club at {MIT}, one of the
+	wellsprings of {hacker} culture.  The 1959 "Dictionary of the
+	TMRC Language" compiled by Peter Samson included several terms
+	that became basics of the hackish vocabulary (see especially
+	{foo}, {mung}, and {frob}).
+
+	By 1962, TMRC's legendary layout was already a marvel of
+	complexity (and has grown in the thirty years since; all the
+	features described here are still present).  The control
+	system alone featured about 1200 relays.  There were {scram
+	switch}es located at numerous places around the room that
+	could be thwacked if something undesirable was about to occur,
+	such as a train going full-bore at an obstruction.  Another
+	feature of the system was a digital clock on the dispatch
+	board, which was itself something of a wonder in those bygone
+	days before cheap LEDS and seven-segment displays.  When
+	someone hit a scram switch the clock stopped and the display
+	was replaced with the word "FOO"; at TMRC the scram switches
+	are therefore called "foo switches".
+
+	Steven Levy, in his book "Hackers", gives a stimulating
+	account of those early years.  TMRC's Power and Signals group
+	included most of the early {PDP-1} hackers and the people who
+	later bacame the core of the {MIT} {AI Lab} staff.  This
+	dictionary accordingly includes a number of entries from the
+	TMRC dictionary (via the Hacker Jargon File).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2008-06-30)
+
+TMRCie
+
+	/tmerk'ee/, (MIT) A denizen of {TMRC}.
+
+TMS 9900
+
+	<processor> One of the first true 16-bit {microprocessors},
+	released by {Texas Instruments} in June 1976 (the first are
+	probably {National Semiconductor} {IMP-16} or {AMD-2901} {bit
+	slice processors} in 16-bit configuration).  It was designed
+	as a single chip version of the {TI 990} {minicomputer}
+	series, much like the {Intersil 6100} was a single chip
+	{PDP-8}, and the {Fairchild 9440} and {Data General mN601}
+	were both one chip versions of {Data General}'s {Nova}.
+	Unlike the IMS 6100, however, the TMS 9900 had a mature, well
+	thought out design.
+
+	It had a 15-bit {address space} and two internal 16 bit
+	{registers}.  One unique feature was that all user {registers}
+	were actually kept in memory - this included {stack pointers}
+	and the {program counter}.  A single workspace {register}
+	pointed to the 16 {register set} in {RAM}, so when a
+	subroutine was entered or an {interrupt} was processed, only
+	the single workspace register had to be changed - unlike some
+	{CPUs} which required dozens or more register saves before
+	acknowledging a {context switch}.
+
+	This was feasible at the time because {RAM} was often faster
+	than the {CPUs}.  A few modern designs, such as the {INMOS}
+	{transputer}, use this same design using {caches} or {rotating
+	buffers}, for the same reason of faster {context switch}es.
+	Other chips of the time, such as the {650x} series had a
+	similar philosophy, using {index registers}, but the TMS 9900
+	went the farthest in this direction.
+
+	That wasn't the only positive feature of the chip.  It had
+	good {interrupt} handling features and very good instruction
+	set.  Serial I/O was available through address lines.  In
+	typical comparisons with the {Intel 8086}, the TMS9900 had
+	smaller and faster programs.  The only disadvantage was the
+	small {address space} and need for fast {RAM}.
+
+	Despite very poor support from Texas Instruments, the TMS 9900
+	had the potential at one point to surpass the {Intel 8086} in
+	popularity.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+tn
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Tunisia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+tn3270
+
+	A program, similar to {telnet}, used to connect to remote
+	{IBM} {mainframe} {hosts}, many of which do not understand
+	telnet.  The program emulates a {3270}-type terminal.
+
+	For many tn3270 versions, the "clear screen" function is
+	activated by typing Control-Z.  When logged on to an IBM host
+	and "HOLDING" or "MORE..."  appears at the lower right corner
+	of the screen, the "clear screen" function must be entered to
+	display the next screen.  tn3270 emulations usually include
+	{function key} definitions.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+TNC
+
+	<hardware> A threaded version of a {BNC}.
+
+	(1996-12-21)
+
+TNSTAAFL
+
+	{TANSTAAFL}
+
+TNX
+
+	<chat> Thanks.  Also "TNX 1.0E6" or "{TNXE6}" - thanks a
+	million.
+
+	(1996-05-19)
+
+TNXE6
+
+	Thanks a million.  "E" is used in many programming languages
+	to separate the mantissa and exponent of a {floating-point}
+	constant so a number ending in "E6" means "times ten to the
+	power six", i.e. times a million.
+
+to
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Tonga.
+
+	Heavily used for {vanity domains} because it looks like the
+	English word "to".
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+to a first approximation
+
+	1. When one is doing certain numerical computations, an
+	approximate solution may be computed by any of several
+	heuristic methods, then refined to a final value.  By using
+	the starting point of a first approximation of the answer, one
+	can write an algorithm that converges more quickly to the
+	correct result.
+
+	2. In jargon, a preface to any comment that indicates that the
+	comment is only approximately true.  The remark "To a first
+	approximation, I feel good" might indicate that deeper
+	questioning would reveal that not all is perfect (e.g. a
+	nagging cough still remains after an illness).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+toast
+
+	<jargon> 1. Any completely inoperable system or component,
+	especially one that has just crashed and burned: "Uh, oh ... I
+	think the serial board is toast."
+
+	2. To cause a system to crash accidentally, especially in a
+	manner that requires manual rebooting.  "Rick just toasted the
+	{firewall machine} again."
+
+	Compare {fried}.
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+toaster
+
+	<jargon> 1. The archetypal really stupid {application} for an
+	{embedded} {microprocessor} controller; often used in comments
+	that imply that a scheme is inappropriate technology (but see
+	{elevator controller}).  "{DWIM} for an assembler?  That'd be
+	as silly as running {Unix} on your toaster!"
+
+	2. A very, very dumb computer. "You could run this program on
+	any dumb toaster."
+
+	See {bitty box}, {Get a real computer!}, {toy}, {beige
+	toaster}.
+
+	3. A {Macintosh}, especially the {Classic Mac}.  Some hold
+	that this is implied by sense 2.
+
+	4. A peripheral device.  "I bought my box without toasters,
+	but since then I've added two boards and a second disk drive".
+
+	This is not usually to be taken literally but, to show off the
+	expansion capabilities of the {Risc PC}, {Acorn Computers
+	Ltd.} built a seven-slice machine (which they called "the
+	rocket-ship") and installed every imaginable peripheral.  In a
+	spare {drive bay} of the top slice they installed a toaster.
+	This machine was exhibited at various shows where it attracted
+	attention by occasionally ejecting a pizza.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-18)
+
+toasternet
+
+	<networking> 1. A low cost, low tech, publicly accessible
+	local community {network}.  This is probably an extension of
+	the term "{toaster}" used to mean a small, cheap, slow
+	computer.
+
+	{community networks
+	(gopher://gopher.well.sf.ca.us/00/Community/communets/about.nets)}.
+
+	2. The title of some informal notes on {IP address}ing,
+	("Toasternet Part I and II"), circulated on the {IETF}
+	{mailing list} during November 1991 and March 1992.
+
+	Subsequent work was published in June 1993 in {RFC 1475} and
+	{RFC 1476} and the "{CATNIP}" {Internet-Draft} by Robert
+	L. Ullmann
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+to a zeroth approximation
+
+	<jargon> (From "to a first approximation") A *really* sloppy
+	approximation; a wild guess.
+
+	Compare {social science number}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+toggle
+
+	To change a {bit} from whatever state it is in to the other
+	state; to change from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1.  This comes from
+	"toggle switches", such as standard light switches, though the
+	word "toggle" actually refers to the mechanism that keeps the
+	switch in the position to which it is flipped rather than to
+	the fact that the switch has two positions.  There are four
+	things you can do to a bit: set it (force it to be 1), clear
+	(or zero) it, leave it alone, or toggle it.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+TOK
+
+	Referred to in Ursula K. LeGuin's "Always Coming Home."  Seems
+	to be similar to the original {BASIC}.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+token
+
+	1. <grammar> A basic, grammatically indivisible unit of a
+	language such as a {keyword}, operator or identifier.
+	Compare: {lexeme}.
+
+	2. <convention> (Or "{pumpkin}") An abstact concept passed
+	between cooperating agents to ensure synchronised access to a
+	shared resource.  Such a token is never duplicated or
+	destroyed (unless the resource is) and whoever has the token
+	has exclusive access to the resource it controls.  See for
+	example {token ring}.
+
+	If several programmers are working on a program, one
+	programmer will "have the token" at any time, meaning that
+	only he can change the program whereas others can only read
+	it.  If someone else wants to modify it he must first obtain
+	the token.
+
+	(1999-02-23)
+
+token bus
+
+	<networking> (IEEE 802.4) A networking protocol which mediates
+	access to a {bus} topology network as though it were a {token
+	ring}.  This eliminates the {collisions} found in {carrier
+	sense collision detect} protocols.  {Nodes} can be configured
+	to pass the token in any order, not necessarily related to
+	their physical ordering on the bus.  The token is sent from
+	one node to its successor in the logical ring by broadcast on
+	the bus and is ignored by the other nodes.
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+token ring
+
+	A computer {local area network} arbitration scheme in which
+	conflicts in the transmission of messages are avoided by the
+	granting of "tokens" which give permission to send.  A station
+	keeps the token while transmitting a message, if it has a
+	message to transmit, and then passes it on to the next
+	station.
+
+	Often, "Token Ring" is used to refer to the {IEEE 802.5} token
+	ring {standard}, which is the most common type of token ring.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.dcom.lans.token-ring}.
+
+TomeRaider
+
+	<application, file format> A {cross-platform} reference and
+	{e-book reader} program and file format.  TomeRaider files are
+	highly compressed and cross-referenced.  The reader displays
+	the text and can follow the {hypertext links} embedded in the
+	text.
+
+	{TomeRaider Home (http://www.tomeraider.com/)}.
+
+	(2008-02-15)
+
+Tom Knight
+
+	<person> A noted {hacker} at {MIT}.
+
+	{(http://ai.mit.edu/people/tk/tk.html)}.
+
+	(1996-12-12)
+
+tone
+
+	{brightness}
+
+Tony Hoare
+
+	{Anthony Hoare}
+
+tool
+
+	1. <tool> A program used primarily to create, manipulate,
+	modify, or analyse other programs, such as a compiler or an
+	editor or a cross-referencing program.  Opposite: {app},
+	{operating system}.
+
+	2. A {Unix} {application program} with a simple, "transparent"
+	(typically text-stream) interface designed specifically to be
+	used in programmed combination with other tools (see {filter},
+	{plumbing}).
+
+	3. <jargon> ({MIT}: general to students there) To work; to
+	study (connotes tedium).  The {TMRC} Dictionary defined this
+	as "to set one's brain to the grindstone".  See {hack}.
+
+	4. <jargon, person> ({MIT}) A student who studies too much and
+	hacks too little.  MIT's student humour magazine rejoices in
+	the name "Tool and Die".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-12)
+
+toolbar
+
+	<operating system> A common {graphical user interface}
+	component, consisting of a permanently visible row of button
+	{icons} that, when clicked with the {mouse}, cause the program
+	to perform some action such as printing the current document
+	or changing the {mode} of operation.
+
+	The toolbar buttons often invoke functions accessible via
+	{menus} but they are easier to use since they are permanently
+	visible.  A typical use would be in a {paint} program where
+	the toolbar allows the users to select one of the various
+	painting "tools" - brush, pencil, bucket etc.
+
+	Some {application programs} under some {operating systems} may
+	allow the user to customise the functions accessible via
+	toolbars; in others, the choice is fixed by the programmer.
+
+	(2003-10-24)
+
+toolbook
+
+	<tool> A {Microsoft Windows} utility to make easy-to-use
+	applications with a {graphical user interface}.  E.g. a guided
+	tour of some software.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+Toolbuilder
+
+	{Tool Builder Kit}
+
+Tool Builder Kit
+
+	<tool> (TBK) A product from {IPSYS} which allows users to
+	develop {CASE} tools appropriate to any {software engineering}
+	{methodology}.
+
+	(1996-05-08)
+
+Tool Command Language
+
+	<language> /tik*l/ (Tcl) An interpreted string processing
+	language for issuing commands to {interactive} programs,
+	developed by {John Ousterhout} at {UCB}.  Each {application
+	program} can extend tcl with its own set of commands.
+
+	Tcl is like a text-oriented {Lisp}, but lets you write
+	algebraic expressions for simplicity and to avoid scaring
+	people away.  Though originally designed to be a "scripting
+	language" rather than for serious programming, Tcl has been
+	used successfully for programs with hundreds of thousands of
+	lines.
+
+	It has a peculiar but simple {syntax}.  It may be used as an
+	embedded {interpreter} in application programs.  It has
+	{exceptions} and {packages} (called libraries), {name-spaces}
+	for {procedures} and {variables}, and provide/require.  It
+	supports {dynamic loading} of {object code}.  It is {eight-bit
+	clean}.  It has only three variable types: strings, lists and
+	{associative arrays} but no {structures}.
+
+	Tcl and its associated {GUI} {toolkit}, {Tk} run on all
+	flavors of {Unix}, {Microsoft Windows}, {Macintosh} and {VMS}.
+	Tcl runs on the {Amiga} and many other {platforms}.
+
+	Latest version: 8.0.3, as of 1998-09-25.
+
+	See also {expect} (control interactive programs and pattern
+	match on their output), {Cygnus Tcl Tools}, {[incr Tcl]} (adds
+	classes and inheritence to Tcl), {Scriptics} (John
+	Ousterhout's company that is the home of Tcl development and
+	the TclPro tool suite), {Tcl Consortium} (a non-profit agency
+	dedicated to promoting Tcl), {tclhttpd} (an embeddable
+	Tcl-based web server), {tclx} (adds many commands to Tcl),
+	{tcl-debug}.
+
+	{comp.lang.tcl FAQ at MIT
+	(ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-group/comp.answers/tcl-faq/)}.
+	or {at purl.org (http://purl.org/NET/Tcl-FAQ/)}.
+
+	{Scriptics downloads
+	(http://scriptics.com/software/download.html)}.
+	{Kanji (ftp://srawgw.sra.co.jp/pub/lang/tcl/jp/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.lang.tcl.announce},
+	{news:comp.lang.tcl}.
+
+	["Tcl: An Embeddable Command Language", J. Ousterhout, Proc
+	1990 Winter USENIX Conf].
+
+	(1998-11-27)
+
+TOOLS
+
+	{Technology of Object-Oriented Languages and Systems}
+
+toolsmith
+
+	The software equivalent of a tool-and-die specialist; one who
+	specialises in making the {tools} with which other programmers
+	create applications.  Many hackers consider this more fun than
+	applications per se; to understand why, see {uninteresting}.
+	Jon Bentley, in the "Bumper-Sticker Computer Science" chapter
+	of his book "More Programming Pearls", quotes Dick Sites from
+	DEC as saying "I'd rather write programs to write programs
+	than write programs".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+TOP
+
+	{Technical/Office Protocol}
+
+top-down design
+
+	<programming> (Or "stepwise refinement").  The software design
+	technique which aims to describe functionality at a very high
+	level, then partition it repeatedly into more detailed levels
+	one level at a time until the detail is sufficient to allow
+	coding.  This approach to software design probably originated
+	at {IBM}, and grew out of {structured programming} practices.
+
+	(1996-08-04)
+
+Top-Down Model
+
+	<programming> A method for estimating the overall cost and
+	effort of the proposed software project from global properties
+	of the project.  The total cost and schedule is partitioned
+	into components for planning purposes.
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+topic drift
+
+	<messaging> Term used on GEnie, {Usenet} and other electronic
+	fora to describe the tendency of a {thread} to drift away from
+	the original subject of discussion (and thus, from the Subject
+	header of the originating message).
+
+	Often used in gentle reminders that the discussion has strayed
+	off any useful track.  "I think we started with a question
+	about Niven's last book, but we've ended up discussing the
+	sexual habits of the common marmoset.  Now *that's* topic
+	drift!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-29)
+
+topic group
+
+	{forum}
+
+topic map
+
+	<information science> A collection of "topics", their
+	relationships, and information sources.  A topic map captures the
+	subjects of which information sources speak, and the relationships
+	between them, in a way that is implementation independent.
+
+	A topic is a symbol within the computer that represents
+	something in the world such as the play Hamlet, the playwright
+	William Shakespeare, or the "authorship" relationship.
+
+	Topics can have names.  They can also have occurrences, that
+	is, information resources that are considered to be relevant
+	in some way to their subject.  Topics can play roles in
+	relationships.
+
+	Thus, topics have three kinds of characteristics: names,
+	sources, and roles played in relationships.  The assignment of
+	such characteristics is considered to be valid within a
+	certain scope, or context.
+
+	Topic maps can be merged.  Merging can take place at the
+	discretion of the user or application (at runtime), or may be
+	indicated by the topic map's author at the time of its
+	creation.
+
+	(2003-07-19)
+
+topic thread
+
+	<messaging> (From {Usenet}, {GEnie}, {CompuServe}) A more or
+	less continuous chain of postings on a single subject, sent to
+	a {forum} such as a {Usenet} newsgroup.  To "follow a thread"
+	is to read a series of postings sharing a common subject.
+
+	On Usenet these are connected by "Reference" headers.  The
+	better {newsreaders} can present news in thread order
+	automatically.
+
+	(2008-02-06)
+
+top-level domain
+
+	<networking> The last and most significant component of an
+	{Internet} {fully qualified domain name}, the part after the
+	last ".".  For example, {host} wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk is in
+	top-level domain "uk" (for United Kingdom).
+
+	Every other country has its own top-level domain, including
+	".us" for the U.S.A.  Within the .us domain, there are
+	subdomains for the fifty states, each generally with a name
+	identical to the state's postal abbreviation.  These are
+	rarely used however.  Within the .uk domain, there is a .ac.uk
+	subdomain for academic sites and a .co.uk domain for
+	commercial ones.  Other top-level domains may be divided up in
+	similar ways.
+
+	In the US and some other countries, the following top-level
+	domains are used much more widely than the country code:
+
+		.com - commercial bodies
+		.edu - educational institutions
+		.gov - U. S. government
+		.mil - U. S. armed services
+		.net - network operators
+		.org - other organisations
+
+	Since the rapid commercialisation of the Internet in the 1990s
+	the ".com" domain has become particularly heavily populated
+	with every company trying to register its company name as a
+	subdomain of .com, e.g. "netscape.com" so as to make it easy
+	for customers to guess or remember the {URL} of the comany's
+	{home page}.
+
+	United Nations entities use the domain names of the countries
+	where they are located.  The UN headquarters facility in New
+	York City, for example, is un.org.
+
+	Several new top-level domains are about to be added (Oct
+	1997):
+		.nom   - individual people
+		.rec   - recreational organisations
+		.firm  - businesses such as law, accounting, engineering
+		.store - commercial retail companies
+		.ent   - entertainment facilities and organisations
+
+	(1997-10-08)
+
+topology
+
+	1. <mathematics> The branch of mathematics dealing with
+	{continuous transformations}.
+
+	2. <networking> Which {hosts} are directly connected to which
+	other hosts in a {network}.  {Network layer} processes need to
+	consider the current network topology to be able to {route}
+	{packets} to their final destination reliably and efficiently.
+
+	(2001-03-29)
+
+TOPS-10
+
+	/tops-ten/ DEC's proprietary OS for the fabled {PDP-10}
+	machines, long a favourite of hackers but now effectively
+	extinct.  A fountain of hacker folklore.  See also {ITS},
+	{TOPS-20}, {TWENEX}, {VMS}, {operating system}.  TOPS-10 was
+	sometimes called BOTS-10 (from "bottoms-ten") as a comment on
+	the inappropriateness of describing it as the top of anything.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+TOPS-20
+
+	{TWENEX}
+
+Tornado
+
+	<programming> The {software development environment}
+	previously distributed with {VxWorks}.
+
+	(1996-11-29)
+
+Toronto Euclid
+
+	<language> The standard dialect of {Euclid}, as compared to
+	{Ottawa Euclid}.
+
+	(1996-11-29)
+
+torrent
+
+	{BitTorrent}
+
+TORTOS
+
+	{Terminal Oriented Real Time Operating System}
+
+TOS
+
+	<operating system> /toss/
+
+	1. {IBM}'s {Tape Operating System}.
+
+	2. The {operating system} of the {Atari} ST range of
+	computers.  This range included the 512ST, 1040ST and the F,
+	FM and E variations (e.g.1040STE).  Later, 32-bit machines
+	(TT, Falcon030 and MegaSTE) were developed using a new version
+	of TOS, called {MultiTOS} which was based on {MinT}.
+
+	TOS went through several revisions starting initially as a
+	derivative of {CP/M}, but developing into a remarkably
+	complete and flexible operating system.  Features include: a
+	{flat memory model}, {MS-DOS}-compatible disk format and
+	support for {MIDI} and {SCSI} (in later versions).  TOS was
+	designed to run Atari's version of the {GEM} {GUI}.
+
+	There is some argument as to what TOS stands for, the main
+	candidates being "Tramiel Operating System" (named after
+	Atari's head at the time) or simply "The Operating System".
+
+	3. <networking> {Terms Of Service}.
+
+	4. Star Trek The Original Series as opposed to ST-TNG or
+	ST-DS9.
+
+	(1999-04-02)
+
+Toshiba Corporation
+
+	<company> A Japanese technology manufacturer with 364
+	subsidiaries worldwide.  Toshiba makes and sells electronics
+	for home, office, industry and health care including
+	information and communication systems, electronic components,
+	heavy electrical apparatus, consumer products and medical
+	diagnostic imaging equipment.
+
+	In FY 2003-4, Toshiba employed 161,286 people.
+
+	{Toshiba Home (http://toshiba.co.jp/)}.
+
+	(2005-01-19)
+
+TOSS
+
+	{Terminal Oriented Social Science}
+
+total function
+
+	<mathematics> A {function} which is defined for all arguments
+	of the appropriate type.  The opposite is a {partial
+	function}.
+
+	(1997-01-10)
+
+totally ordered
+
+	<mathematics> Having a {total ordering}.
+
+	(1997-01-10)
+
+totally ordered set
+
+	<mathematics> A {set} with a {total ordering}.
+
+total ordering
+
+	<mathematics> A {relation} R on a set A which is a {partial
+	ordering}; i.e. it is reflexive (xRx), transitive (xRyRz =>
+	xRz) and antisymmetric (xRyRx => x=y) and for any two elements
+	x and y in A, either x R y or y R x.
+
+	See also {equivalence relation}, {well-ordered}.
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+toto
+
+	<programming> /toh-toh'/ The default scratch file name among
+	French-speaking programmers - in other words, a francophone
+	{foo}.  The phonetic mutations "titi", "tata", and "tutu"
+	canonically follow "toto", analogously to {bar}, {baz} and
+	{quux} in English.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+touchpad
+
+	<hardware> (Or "trackpad") A stationary {pointing device} used
+	mainly on {laptop computers}.  Touchpads provide a small, flat
+	surface that you slide your finger over using the same
+	movements as you would a {mouse}.  They were originally
+	developed to provide a more natural and intuitive connection
+	for the computer user than the mouse.
+
+	Touchpads use a principle called coupling {capacitance}, and
+	requires a {conductive} pointer such as a finger.  They
+	contain a two-layer grid of {electrodes} which are connected
+	to an {integrated circuit} (IC) mounted under the pad.  The
+	upper layer contains vertical electrode strips while the lower
+	layer is composed of horizontal electrode strips.  Capacitance
+	from each of the horizontal electrodes to each of the vertical
+	electrodes is measured by the IC.  A finger near the
+	intersection of two electrodes modifies the capacitance
+	between them, since a finger has very different {dielectric}
+	properties than air.  The position of the finger is precisely
+	determined based on these changes at various locations.
+
+	According to one correspondent, you can use any part of your
+	body, which is not surprising, but not a McDonalds Chicken
+	McCrispy.  You can use reheated Pizza Hut Christmas Pizza
+	though.
+
+	{Synaptics (http://synaptics.com/product.htm)}.
+
+	(2000-11-01)
+
+touch screen
+
+	<hardware> An input device that allows user to interact with
+	computer by touching the display screen.
+
+	Often this uses beams of infrared light that are projected
+	across the screen surface.  Interrupting the beams generates
+	an electronic signal identifying the location of the screen.
+	Software interprets the signal and performs the required
+	operation.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+tourist
+
+	<jargon> A guest on the system, especially one who generally
+	logs in over a network from a remote location for {comm mode},
+	{electronic mail}, {games} and other trivial purposes.  A
+	tourist is one step below a {luser}.
+
+	Hackers often spell this {turist}, perhaps by some sort of
+	tenuous analogy with {luser} (this also expresses the {ITS}
+	culture's penchant for six-letterisms).
+
+	Compare {twink}, {read-only user}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+tourist information
+
+	Information in an on-line display that is not immediately
+	useful, but contributes to a viewer's gestalt of what's going
+	on with the software or hardware behind it.  Whether a given
+	piece of info falls in this category depends partly on what
+	the user is looking for at any given time.  The "bytes free"
+	information at the bottom of an {MS-DOS} "dir" display is
+	tourist information; so (most of the time) is the TIME
+	information in a {Unix} "ps(1)" display.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Towers of Hanoi
+
+	<games> A classic computer science problem, invented by
+	Edouard Lucas in 1883, often used as an example of
+	{recursion}.
+
+	"In the great temple at Benares, says he, beneath the dome
+	which marks the centre of the world, rests a brass plate in
+	which are fixed three diamond needles, each a cubit high and
+	as thick as the body of a bee.  On one of these needles, at
+	the creation, God placed sixty-four discs of pure gold, the
+	largest disc resting on the brass plate, and the others
+	getting smaller and smaller up to the top one.  This is the
+	Tower of Bramah.  Day and night unceasingly the priests
+	transfer the discs from one diamond needle to another
+	according to the fixed and immutable laws of Bramah, which
+	require that the priest on duty must not move more than one
+	disc at a time and that he must place this disc on a needle so
+	that there is no smaller disc below it.  When the sixty-four
+	discs shall have been thus transferred from the needle on
+	which at the creation God placed them to one of the other
+	needles, tower, temple, and Brahmins alike will crumble into
+	dust, and with a thunderclap the world will vanish."
+
+	The recursive solution is: Solve for n-1 discs recursively,
+	then move the remaining largest disc to the free needle.
+
+	Note that there is also a non-recursive solution: On
+	odd-numbered moves, move the smallest sized disk clockwise.
+	On even-numbered moves, make the single other move which is
+	possible.
+
+	["Mathematical Recreations and Essays", W W R Ball, p. 304]
+
+	{The rec.puzzles Archive
+	(http://rec-puzzles.org/sol.pl/induction/hanoi)}.
+
+	(2003-07-13)
+
+Tower Technology Corporation
+
+	A company, established in 1992 by the merger of two {OOT}
+	companies, with the intention of supplying high performance
+	{Eiffel} compilation systems.  Tower provides development
+	tools, reusable {class} libraries, and services supporting
+	large scale system development.
+
+	{(http://cm.cf.ac.uk/Tower/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <tower@twr.com> (orders and inquiries), <outlook@twr.com>
+	(The Eiffel Outlook Journal).
+
+	Telephone: +1 (512) 452 9455 (8:30 to 5:30 CST business days).
+	Fax: +1 (512) 452 1721.  Sales +1 (800) 285-5124 (Free, USA
+	and Canada only).
+
+	Address: Tower Technology, 1501 W. Koenig Lane, Austin, TX
+	78756, USA.
+
+	(1994-12-12)
+
+toy
+
+	A computer system; always used with qualifiers.
+
+	1. "nice toy": One that supports the speaker's hacking style
+	adequately.
+
+	2. "just a toy": A machine that yields insufficient
+	{computrons} for the speaker's preferred uses.  This is not
+	condemnatory, as is {bitty box}; toys can at least be fun.  It
+	is also strongly conditioned by one's expectations; Cray XMP
+	users sometimes consider the Cray-1 a "toy", and certainly all
+	RISC boxes and mainframes are toys by their standards.  See
+	also {Get a real computer!}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Toy/Ada
+
+	<language> A {compiler} for a subset of {Ada}, written in
+	{SML/NJ} by Amit Bhatiani at Rose-Hulman University.
+
+	{(ftp://master.cs.rose-hulman.edu/pub/)}.
+
+	(1992-04-08)
+
+toy language
+
+	<language> A language useful for instructional purposes or as
+	a proof-of-concept for some aspect of computer-science theory,
+	but inadequate for general-purpose programming.  {Bad Things}
+	can result when a toy language is promoted as a general
+	purpose solution for programming (see {bondage-and-discipline
+	language}); the classic example is {Pascal}.  Several
+	moderately well-known formalisms for conceptual tasks such as
+	programming {Turing Machines} also qualify as toy languages in
+	a less negative sense.
+
+	See also {MFTL}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-09)
+
+Toyohashi University Parallel Lisp Environment
+
+	<language> (TUPLE) A parallel {Lisp} based on {KCL}.
+
+	["Memory Management and Garbage Collection of an Extended
+	Common Lisp System for Massively Parallel SIMD Architecture",
+	Taiichi Yuasa, in Memory Management, IWMM92, Springer 1992,
+	490-507].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+toy problem
+
+	[AI] A deliberately oversimplified case of a challenging
+	problem used to investigate, prototype, or test algorithms for
+	a real problem.  Sometimes used pejoratively.  See also
+	{gedanken}, {toy program}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+toy program
+
+	<programming> 1. A trivial program that can be readily
+	comprehended.
+
+	2. A program for which the effort of initial coding dominates
+	the costs through its {life cycle}.
+
+	See also {noddy}.
+
+	(1996-05-19)
+
+tp
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for East Timor.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+TPA
+
+	{Transient Program Area}
+
+TPF
+
+	{Transaction Processing Facility}
+
+TP/IX
+
+	<networking, protocol> An {Internet} {protocol}, described in
+	{RFC 1475}, which changes {TCP} and {UDP} headers to give a
+	64-bit {IP address}, a 32-bit {port} number, and a 64 bit
+	sequence number.
+
+	(1995-04-03)
+
+TPL
+
+	1. Table Producing Language.  "The Bureau of Labor Statistics
+	Table Producing Language (TPL)", R.C. Mendelssohn, Proc ACM
+	Annual Conf (1974).
+
+	2. Fleming Nielson.  A concurrent {functional language}.
+
+	3. Terminal Programming Language.  Texas Inst, late 70's.
+	Used on the TI-990/1 Small Business Computer and the TI-771
+	Intelligent Terminal.
+
+TPO
+
+	{twisted pair only}
+
+TPS
+
+	Tree Pruning System.  "An Adaptive Tree Pruning System: A
+	Language for Programming Heuristic Tree Searches",
+	E.W. Kozdrowicki, Proc ACM 23rd Natl Conf 1968.
+
+tptc
+
+	A {Turbo Pascal} to {Turbo C} translator.  Comes with full
+	source.
+
+	{(ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors/msdos/turbopas/tptc17*.zip)}.
+
+TPU
+
+	{Text Processing Utility}
+
+TPX
+
+	{Terminal Productivity eXecutive}
+
+tr
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Turkey.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+TRAC
+
+	{Text Reckoning And Compiling}
+
+traceroute
+
+	<networking> A {TCP/IP} utility, originally {Unix}, which
+	allows the user to determine the {route} {packets} are taking
+	to a particular {host}.  Traceroute works by increasing the
+	"{time to live}" value of packets and seeing how far they get,
+	until they reach the given destination; thus, a lengthening
+	trail of hosts passed through is built up.
+
+	(2007-02-02)
+
+trace scheduling
+
+	<processor> A method of controlling and coordinating the
+	operation of multiple hardware elements of a {Very Long
+	Instruction Word} processor.  It was developed by Josh Fisher
+	at the now-defunct {Multiflow Computer} Corporation
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+track
+
+	<storage> The part of a {disk} which passes under one
+	read/write head while the head is stationary.  The number of
+	tracks on a disk surface therefore corresponds to the number
+	of different radial positions of the head(s).  The collection
+	of all tracks on all surfaces at a given radial position is
+	known a {cylinder} and each track is divided into {sectors}.
+
+	(1997-07-15)
+
+track ball
+
+	{tracker ball}
+
+tracker ball
+
+	<hardware> A {pointing device} consisting of a ball housed in
+	a socket containing sensors to detect rotation of the ball
+	about two axes - like an upside-down {mouse}.  The user rolls
+	the ball with his thumb or the palm of his hand to move a
+	cursor.  Tracker balls are common on {CAD} {workstations} for
+	ease of use and on modern {portable computers}, where there
+	may be no desk space on which to use a {mouse}.  Some clip
+	onto the side of the keyboard and have integral buttons which
+	have the same function as mouse buttons.
+
+	(1996-08-04)
+
+tracking
+
+	<text> The horizontal spacing between {characters} in a line of
+	{text}.  Tracking is set when a {font} is designed but can often
+	be altered in order to change the appearance of the text or for
+	special effects.  It applies to both {proportional fonts} and
+	{monospaced fonts}.
+
+	Tracking should not be confused with {kerning} which deals with
+	the spacing between certain pairs of characters in a proportional
+	font.
+
+	See also {leading}.
+
+	(2013-12-05)
+
+tracking cookie
+
+	<web> An {HTTP cookie} used to identify a user of a
+	{website} in order to log which pages they visit.  The site owner
+	can use this information to optimise the site, e.g. for marketing
+	purposes.
+
+	(2013-12-05)
+
+tracking file
+
+	{tracking cookie}
+
+trackpad
+
+	{touchpad}
+
+TrackPoint
+
+	<hardware> (Or "pointing stick", "nipple") A small knob found
+	in the middle of some {keyboards} that works like a very short
+	{isometric joystick}.  Pressing it toward or away from you or
+	from side to side moves the {pointer} on the screen.  Ted
+	Selker brought the concept of an in-keyboard pointing device
+	to {IBM} in September 1987.  TrackPoint was introduced in 1992
+	on the {IBM} {ThinkPad} and later on some {desktops}.
+
+	It takes up virtually no extra room on the box or the work
+	area and also requires minimal movement of the hands from the
+	keyboard.
+
+	Many imitations of highly variable quality appeared.  Pointing
+	sticks have also been used in many other {notebook} brands,
+	including {TI}, {HP}, {Compac}, {Dell}, {Toshiba}
+	(e.g. Portege 4000's "AccuPoint II"), and {AST} (e.g. Ascentia
+	910N).
+
+	"TrackPoint" and "Trackpoint" are IBM trademarks.
+
+	{(http://research.ibm.com/mathsci/cmc/trackpoint.htm)}.
+
+	[INTERACT'90, North Holland Pub Co, pp. 700-706].
+
+	(2003-10-15)
+
+tractor feed
+
+	{sprocket feed}
+
+TrafoLa
+
+	<language> A {functional programming} language designed in the
+	{PROSPECTRA} {ESPRIT} project to support declarative
+	specification of {program transformations}.  It provides
+	higher-order {pattern matching} on expression trees with
+	{backtracking}.
+
+	[Heckmann88].
+
+	(1996-06-07)
+
+Trafola-H
+
+	A specification language for program transformations.
+	Functional, statically typed, polymorphic, with extended
+	constructs for pattern-matching.  "Trafola-H Reference
+	Manual", R. Heckmann et al, U Saarlandes, Saarbrucken 1991.
+
+trampoline
+
+	An incredibly {hairy} technique, found in some {HLL} and
+	program-overlay implementations (e.g. on the Macintosh), that
+	involves on-the-fly generation of small executable (and,
+	likely as not, self-modifying) code objects to do indirection
+	between code sections.  These pieces of {live data} are called
+	"trampolines".  Trampolines are notoriously difficult to
+	understand in action; in fact, it is said by those who use
+	this term that the trampoline that doesn't bend your brain is
+	not the true trampoline.  See also {snap}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-03-26)
+
+TRANDIR
+
+	TRANslation DIRector.  A language for syntax-directed
+	compiling.  Sammet 1969, p.640.
+
+TRANQUIL
+
+	1966.  ALGOL-like language with sets and other extensions, for
+	the Illiac IV.  "TRANQUIL: A Language for an Array Processing
+	Computer", N.E. Abel et al, Proc SJCC 34 (1969).
+
+TRANS
+
+	TRAffic Network Simulation Language.  "A Model for Traffic
+	Simulation and a Simulation Language for the General
+	Transportation Problem", Proc FJCC 37 (1970).
+
+transaction
+
+	A unit of interaction with a {DBMS} or similar system.  It
+	must be treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of
+	other transactions.  See {atomic}.
+
+Transaction Application Language
+
+	<language> (TAL) Not "Tandem Application Language". A
+	{block-structured}, {procedural} language optimised for use on
+	{Tandem} {hardware}.  TAL is a cross between {C} and {Pascal} and
+	is the primary system programming language on {Tandem} computers.
+	Tandem has no {assembler} and originally had no C or Pascal.
+
+	[Was TAL derived from HP's System Programming Language?]
+
+	(2001-07-09)
+
+Transaction Processing Facility
+
+	<operating system> (TPF) A {real-time} {mainframe} {operating
+	system} released by {IBM} around 1976.  TPF is particularly
+	suited to organisations dealing in very high I/O message
+	switching and large global networks.  Current users include
+	British Airways (reservations), VISA International
+	(authorisations), Holiday Inn, and Quantas.
+
+	TPF was traditionally a {370/Assembler} environment although
+	the latest, release 4.1, contains {C}.  Formerly known as ACP
+	(Airline Control Program), it was renamed "TPF" to suggests
+	its greater scope.
+
+	It is common for TPF sites to use IBM's {MVS} and {VM}
+	operating systems for {off-line} processing.
+
+	(1996-08-27)
+
+transceiver
+
+	<networking> Transmitter-receiver, any device that performs
+	both functions.
+
+	For example, on an {Ethernet} network, a transceiver is the
+	hardware that connects a {host} interface (e.g. an {Ethernet}
+	controller) to a {local area network}.  Ethernet transceivers
+	contain electronics that apply signals to the cable and sense
+	other host's signals and collisions.  See also {CSMA/CD}.
+
+	(2008-08-04)
+
+TRANSCODE
+
+	<language> An early system on the {Ferut} computer.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(2008-08-04)
+
+transducer
+
+	1. A device for converting sound, temperature, pressure, light
+	or other signals to or from an electronic signal.
+
+	2. {Finite State Machine}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+transfer
+
+	1. <data> {data transfer}.
+
+	2. <programming> {transfer of control}.
+
+	3. <messaging> The movement of {electronic mail} between
+	servers by a {Message Transfer Agent}.
+
+transfer none
+
+	{introspection annotation}
+
+transfer of control
+
+	<programming> To cause {execution} of a {program} to continue
+	from a different address instead of proceding sequentially to
+	the next instruction.  This may happen as a result of a {jump}
+	instruction or some kind of {interrupt}.
+
+	This term is more common when discussing {machine code}, the
+	{high-level language} equivalent is a {goto} statement.
+
+	(2009-06-09)
+
+transfer rate
+
+	{data transfer rate}
+
+transfer syntax
+
+	<networking, protocol> The actual representation of data as it
+	is transmitted over a {network} (as opposed to {abstract
+	syntax}).
+
+	(1998-05-19)
+
+transfinite induction
+
+	<mathematics> {Induction} over some (typically large)
+	{ordinal}.
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+transformation
+
+	{program transformation}
+
+transient
+
+	1. <electronics> A sudden, brief increase in {current} or
+	{voltage} in a circuit that can damage sensitive components
+	and instruments.
+
+	(2003-06-12)
+
+	2. <software> A software object with a short and limited
+	lifetime which is not saved for later reuse.
+
+	(1998-04-19)
+
+Transient Program Area
+
+	<operating system> (TPA) The region of memory {CP/M} set aside
+	for user programs.
+
+	(2001-11-01)
+
+transistor
+
+	<electronics> A three terminal {semiconductor} amplifying
+	device, the fundamental component of most active electronic
+	circuits, including digital electronics.  The transistor was
+	invented on 1947-12-23 at {Bell Labs}.
+
+	There are two kinds, the {bipolar transistor} (also called the
+	junction transistor), and the {field effect transistor} (FET).
+
+	Transistors and other components are interconnected to make
+	complex {integrated circuits} such as {logic gates},
+	{microprocessors} and memory.
+
+	(1995-10-05)
+
+Transistor-Transistor Logic
+
+	(TTL) A common semiconductor technology for building discrete
+	digital logic integrated circuits.  It originated from {Texas
+	Instruments} in 1965.
+
+	There have been several series of TTL logic:
+
+	 7400:	10 ns propagation time, 10 mW/gate power consumption,
+		obsolete;
+
+	 74L00:	Low power: higher resistances, less dissipation
+		(1 mW), longer propagation time (30 ns);
+
+	 74H00: High power: lower resistances, more dissipation: less
+		sensitivity for noise;
+
+	 74S00: Schottky-clamped: faster switching (3 ns, 19 mW) by
+		using Schottky diodes to prevent the transistors from
+		saturation;
+
+	 74LS00: Low power, Schottky-clamped (10 ns, 2 mW);
+
+	 74AS00: Advanced Schottky: faster switching, less
+		 dissipation, (1.5 ns, 10 mW);
+
+	 74ALS00: Advanced Low power Schottky (4 ns, 1.3 mW).
+
+	For each 74xxx family there is a corresponding 54xxx family.
+	The 74 series are specified for operation at 0 - 70 C whereas
+	the 54 (military) series can operate at -55 - 125 C
+
+	See also {CMOS}, {ECL}.
+
+TRANSIT
+
+	<language> A subsystem of {ICES}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.616].
+
+	(2003-07-12)
+
+transition ad
+
+	{interstitial}
+
+transitive
+
+	A relation R is transitive if x R y  &  y R z  =>  x R z.
+	Equivalence relations, pre-, partial and total orders are all
+	transitive.
+
+transitive closure
+
+	The transitive closure R* of a relation R is defined by
+
+		x R y => x R* y
+		x R y  and  y R* z => x R* z
+
+	I.e. elements are related by R* if they are related by R
+	directly or through some sequence of intermediate related
+	elements.
+
+	E.g. in graph theory, if R is the relation on nodes "has an
+	edge leading to" then the transitive closure of R is the
+	relation "has a path of zero or more edges to".  See also
+	Reflexive transitive closure.
+
+transit network
+
+	A {network} which passes traffic between other networks in
+	addition to carrying traffic for its own {hosts}.  It must
+	have paths to at least two other networks.
+
+	See also {backbone}, {stub}.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+Translation Look-aside Buffer
+
+	<storage, architecture> (TLB) A table used in a {virtual
+	memory} system, that lists the {physical address} {page}
+	number associated with each {virtual address} {page} number.
+	A TLB is used in conjunction with a {cache} whose tags are
+	based on virtual addresses.  The virtual address is presented
+	simultaneously to the TLB and to the cache so that cache
+	access and the virtual-to-physical address translation can
+	proceed in parallel (the translation is done "on the side").
+	If the requested address is not cached then the physical
+	address is used to locate the data in main memory.  The
+	alternative would be to place the translation table between
+	the cache and main memory so that it will only be activated
+	once there was a cache miss.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+Transmission Control Protocol
+
+	<networking, protocol> (TCP) The most common {transport layer}
+	{protocol} used on {Ethernet} and the {Internet}.  It was
+	developed by {DARPA}.
+
+	TCP is the {connection-oriented} protocol built on top of
+	{Internet Protocol} (IP) and is nearly always seen in the
+	combination {TCP/IP} (TCP over IP).  It adds {reliable
+	communication} and {flow-control} and provides {full-duplex},
+	process-to-process connections.
+
+	TCP is defined in {STD 7} and {RFC} 793.
+
+	{User Datagram Protocol} is the other, connectionless,
+	protocol that runs on top of IP.
+
+	(2001-06-14)
+
+transparent
+
+	1. <jargon> Not visible, hidden; said of a system which
+	functions in a manner not evident to the user.  For example,
+	the {Domain Name System} transparently resolves a {fully
+	qualified domain name} into an {IP address} without the
+	user being aware of it.
+
+	Compare this to what {Donald Norman
+	(http://atg.apple.com/Norman/)} calls "invisibility",
+	which he illustrates from the user's point of view:
+
+	"You use computers when you use many modern automobiles,
+	microwave ovens, games, CD players and calculators.  You don't
+	notice the computer because you think of yourself as doing the
+	task, not as using the computer."  ["The Design of Everyday
+	Things", New York, Doubleday, 1989, p. 185].
+
+	2. <theory> Fully defined, known, predictable; said of a
+	sub-system in which matters generally subject to volition or
+	stochastic state change have been chosen, measured, or
+	determined by the environment.  Thus for transparent systems,
+	output is a known function of the inputs, and users can both
+	predict the behaviour and depend upon it.
+
+	(1996-06-04)
+
+transparent audio coding
+
+	<audio, compression> A {lossy audio compression} {algorithm}
+	is transparent if the original and decoded signal are
+	indistinguishable to the human ear.  The bit rate depends on
+	the {codec} and the audio material.  Some codecs (e.g. {AAC},
+	{MP3}) are optimized for transparent coding at a low data
+	rate, others (e.g. {VQF}, {MP3Pro}, {AAC}+{SBR}, {WMA}) for
+	distinguisable but pleasant reproduction at lower bit rates.
+
+	Typical data rates in {kbps} for different codecs are:
+
+	 MP1         288-320
+	 MP2         224-256
+	 MP3         160-224
+	 MPEG-2 AAC  128-160
+	 MPEG-4 AAC  112-144
+	 MPEGplus    160-200
+
+	(2001-12-23)
+
+Transport Driver Interface
+
+	<networking> (TDI) Developed by {SUN}, {IBM}, and {Microsoft}
+	(and others?), the TDI is a {software} {interface} between the
+	{protocols} and {application programing interface} layers of
+	the {Windows NT network model}.
+
+	(1997-11-05)
+
+transport layer
+
+	<networking> (Or "host-host layer") The middle layer in the
+	{OSI} seven layer model.  The transport layer determines how
+	to use the {network layer} to provide a virtual error-free,
+	point to point connection so that host A can send messages to
+	host B and they will arrive un-corrupted and in the correct
+	order.  It establishes and dissolves connections between
+	hosts.  It is used by the {session layer}.
+
+	An example transport layer {protocol} is {Transmission Control
+	Protocol} (TCP).
+
+	{OSI} documents: {ITU} Rec. X.214 (ISO 8072), ITU Rec. X.224
+	(ISO 8073).
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+Transport Layer Interface
+
+	<networking, programming> (TLI, or "Transport Level
+	Interface") A {protocol}-independent interface for accessing
+	network facilities, modelled after the {ISO} {transport layer}
+	(level 4), that first appeared in {Unix SVR3}.
+
+	TLI is defined by {SVID} as transport mechanism for networking
+	interfaces, in preference to {sockets}, which are biased
+	toward {IP} and friends.  A disavantage is that a process
+	cannot use read/write directly, but has to use backends using
+	{stdin} and {stdout} to communicate with the network
+	connection.  TLI is implemented in SVR4 using the {STREAMS}
+	interface.  It adds no new {system calls}, just a library,
+	libnsl_s.a.  The major functions are t_open, t_bind,
+	t_connect, t_listen, t_accept, t_snd, t_rcv, read, write.
+
+	According to the {Solaris} t_open {man page}, XTI (X/OPEN
+	Transport Interface) evolved from TLI, and supports the TLI
+	{API} for compatibility, with some variations on semantics.
+
+	(1999-06-10)
+
+Transport Layer Security protocol
+
+	<networking, protocol> (TLS) A {protocol} designed to allow
+	{client/server} applications to communicate over the
+	{Internet} without {eavesdropping}, {tampering}, or {message
+	forgery}.
+
+	TLS is defined in {RFC 2246}.
+
+	(2003-10-03)
+
+Transport Level Interface
+
+	{Transport Layer Interface}
+
+Transport Service Access Point
+
+	<networking> (TSAP) Part of the {OSI} {IP Presentation
+	Addressing schema}.
+
+	A TSAP identifes the {service access point} between the
+	{session layer} and the {transport layer}.
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+transputer
+
+	<processor, parallel> (Note lower case) A family of
+	{microprocessors} from {Inmos} with interprocessor links,
+	programmable in {occam}.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+TRANS-USE
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 1130}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+trap
+
+	1. A program interrupt, usually an interrupt caused by some
+	exceptional situation in the user program.  In most cases, the
+	OS performs some action, then returns control to the program.
+
+	2. To cause a trap.  "These instructions trap to the monitor."
+	Also used transitively to indicate the cause of the trap.
+	"The monitor traps all input/output instructions."
+
+	This term is associated with assembler programming
+	("interrupt" or "exception" is more common among {HLL}
+	programmers) and appears to be fading into history among
+	programmers as the role of assembler continues to shrink.
+	However, it is still important to computer architects and
+	systems hackers (see {system}, sense 1), who use it to
+	distinguish {deterministic}ally repeatable exceptions from
+	timing-dependent ones (such as I/O interrupts).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+trap door
+
+	Or "trapdoor" 1. {back door}.
+
+	2. {trap-door function}
+
+trap-door function
+
+	<cryptography, mathematics> A special class of {one-way
+	function}, which is reversible if you know a certain secret
+	associated with the function.
+
+	{(http://rsasecurity.com/rsalabs/faq/2-3-2.html)}.
+	{(http://ieor.berkeley.edu/~jshu/knapsack/Review/OverviewPK.html)}.
+
+	(2003-05-22)
+
+trash
+
+	To destroy, e.g. the contents of a data structure.  The most
+	common of the family of near-synonyms including {mung},
+	{mangle}, and {scribble}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+Trash-80
+
+	Derogatory name for {Tandy}'s {TRS-80}.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+traveling salesman problem
+
+	<spelling> US spelling of {travelling salesman problem}.
+
+	(1996-12-13)
+
+travelling salesman
+
+	{travelling salesman problem}
+
+travelling salesman problem
+
+	<algorithm, complexity> (TSP or "shortest path", US:
+	"traveling") Given a set of towns and the distances between
+	them, determine the shortest path starting from a given town,
+	passing through all the other towns and returning to the first
+	town.
+
+	This is a famous problem with a variety of solutions of
+	varying complexity and efficiency.  The simplest solution (the
+	{brute force} approach) generates all possible routes and
+	takes the shortest.  This becomes impractical as the number of
+	towns, N, increases since the number of possible routes is
+	!(N-1).  A more intelligent {algorithm} (similar to {iterative
+	deepening}) considers the shortest path to each town which can
+	be reached in one hop, then two hops, and so on until all
+	towns have been visited.  At each stage the algorithm
+	maintains a "frontier" of reachable towns along with the
+	shortest route to each.  It then expands this frontier by one
+	hop each time.
+
+	{Pablo Moscato's TSP bibliography
+	(http://densis.fee.unicamp.br/~moscato/TSPBIB_home.html)}.
+	{Fractals and the TSP
+	(http://ing.unlp.edu.ar/cetad/mos/FRACTAL_TSP_home.html)}.
+
+	(1998-03-24)
+
+traversal
+
+	<data> Processing {nodes} in a {graph} one at a time, usually
+	in some specified order.  Traversal of a tree is {recursive}ly
+	defined to mean visiting the {root node} and traversing its
+	children.  Visiting a node usually involves transforming it in
+	some way or collecting data from it.
+
+	In "pre-order traversal", a node is visited __before__ its
+	children.  In "post-order" traversal, a node is visited
+	__after__ its children.  The more rarely used "in-order"
+	traversal is generally applicable only to binary trees, and is
+	where you visit first a node's left child, then the node
+	itself, and then its right child.
+
+	For the binary tree:
+
+	     T
+	    / \
+	   I   S
+	  / \
+	 D   E
+
+	A pre-order traversal visits the nodes in the order T I D E S.
+	A post-order traversal visits them in the order D E I S T.  An
+	in-order traversal visits them in the order D I E T S.
+
+	(2001-10-01)
+
+traverse
+
+	{traversal}
+
+trawl
+
+	To sift through large volumes of data (e.g. {Usenet} postings,
+	FTP archives, or the {Jargon File}) looking for something of
+	interest.
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+tree
+
+	<mathematics, data> A {directed acyclic graph}; i.e. a {graph}
+	wherein there is only one route between any pair of {nodes},
+	and there is a notion of "toward top of the tree" (i.e. the
+	{root node}), and its opposite direction, toward the {leaves}.
+	A tree with n nodes has n-1 edges.
+
+	Although maybe not part of the widest definition of a tree, a
+	common constraint is that no node can have more than one
+	parent.  Moreover, for some applications, it is necessary to
+	consider a node's {daughter} nodes to be an ordered {list},
+	instead of merely a {set}.
+
+	As a data structure in computer programs, trees are used in
+	everything from {B-trees} in {databases} and {file systems}, to
+	{game trees} in {game theory}, to {syntax trees} in a human or
+	computer {languages}.
+
+	(1998-11-12)
+
+tree-killer
+
+	<jargon, abuse> (Sun) 1. A printer.
+
+	2. A person who wastes paper.  This epithet should be
+	interpreted in a broad sense; "wasting paper" includes the
+	production of {spiffy} but {content-free} documents.  Thus,
+	most {suits} are tree-killers.
+
+	This term may derive from {J.R.R. Tolkien's "Lord of the
+	Rings"
+	(http://sf.www.lysator.liu.se/sf_archive/sf-texts/SF_resource_guide/sfrgft.htm)}.
+	in which Treebeard the Ent uses it to refer to the orcs'
+	master, Saruman of Isengard.  Saruman represents, among other
+	things, technology at its most misguided.
+
+	See also: {dead tree}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-11-03)
+
+TREET
+
+	E.C. Haines, 1964.  An experimental variant of LISP1.5,
+	implemented on the STRETCH computer.  Basic structure was a
+	trinary tree.
+
+	["The TREET {Time-Sharing} System", H.A. Bayard et al, Proc
+	2nd Symp Symb and Alg Manip, ACM (Mar 1971)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, pp.457-461].
+
+TREETRAN
+
+	A {Fortran IV} subroutine package for tree manipulation.
+
+Tree Transformation Language
+
+	<functional programming> (TXL) A hybrid {functional language} and
+	{rule-based language} developed by J.R. Cordy
+	<cordy@cs.queensu.ca> et al of {Queen's University}, Canada in
+	1988.  TXL is suitable for performing {source to source analysis}
+	and transformation and for {rapid prototyping} of new languages
+	and language processors.  It uses {structural transformation}
+	based on {term rewriting}.
+
+	TXL has been particularly successful in {software engineering}
+	tasks such as {design recovery}, {refactoring}, and
+	{reengineering}.  Most recently it has been applied to
+	{artificial intelligence} tasks such as recognition of
+	hand-written mathematics, and to transformation of {structured
+	documents} in {XML}.
+
+	TXL takes as input an arbitrary {context-free grammar} in
+	{extended BNF}-like notation, and a set of {show-by-example}
+	transformation rules to be applied to inputs parsed using the
+	grammar.  TXL supports the notion of {agile parsing}, the
+	ability to tailor the grammar to each particular task using
+	"grammar overrides".
+
+	Latest version: FreeTXL 10.3, as of 2003-10-26.
+
+	{TXL Home (http://txl.ca/)}.
+
+	["TXL: A Rapid Prototyping System for Programming Language
+	Dialects", J.R. Cordy, C.D.; Halpern and D. Promislow,
+	Computer Languages, Vol. 16, No. 1, January 1991, pp 97-107]
+
+	["Source Transformation in Software Engineering using the TXL
+	Transformation System", J.R. Cordy, T.R. Dean, A.J. Malton and
+	K.A. Schneider, Journal of Information and Software
+	Technology, Vol. 44, No. 13, October 2002, pp 827-837]
+
+	["Recognizing Mathematical Expressions Using Tree
+	Transformation", R. Zanibbi, D. Blostein and J.R. Cordy, IEEE
+	Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence,
+	Vol. 24, No. 11, November 2002, pp 1455-1467]
+
+	["Agile Parsing in TXL", T.R. Dean, J.R. Cordy, A.J. Malton
+	and K.A. Schneider, Journal of Automated Software Engineering,
+	Vol. 10, No. 4, October 2003, pp 311-336]
+
+	(2003-11-04)
+
+treeware
+
+	<jargon> /tree'weir/ Printouts, books, {documentation}, and
+	other information media made from pulped dead trees by a
+	{tree-killer}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-01-15)
+
+Trellis
+
+	1. An {object-oriented} language from the University of
+	Karlsruhe(?) with {static type-checking} and {encapsulation}.
+
+	2. An {object-oriented} application development system from
+	{DEC}, based on the {Trellis} language.  (Formerly named Owl).
+
+	E-mail: Jerry Smith <smith@pipe.enet.dec.com>
+
+	["Persistent and Shared Objects in trellis/owl", P. O'Brien et
+	al, Proc 1986 IEEE Workshop on Object-Oriented Database
+	Systems, IEEE, NY 1986].
+
+Trellis Code Modulation
+
+	(TCM) A modulation technique with hardware {error detection
+	and correction}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+Trident
+
+	<company> A {video card} manufacturer.
+
+	[More info?]
+
+	(1997-07-16)
+
+trigger
+
+	<database> An action causing the automatic invocation of a
+	procedure, for instance to preserve {referential integrity}.
+	A triggers goes into effect when a user attempts to modify
+	data with an insert, delete, or update command.  A trigger can
+	instruct the system to take any number of actions when a
+	specified change is attempted.  By preventing incorrect,
+	unauthorized, or inconsistent changes to data, triggers help
+	maintain the integrity of the database.
+
+	[Sybase SQL Server Release 10.0 Transact-SQL User's Guide].
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+trigger finger
+
+	{overuse strain injury}
+
+TRIGMAN
+
+	A system for {symbolic mathematics}, especially celestial
+	mechanics.
+
+	(1994-12-14)
+
+trillion
+
+	<mathematics> In Britain, France, and Germany, 10^18 or a
+	million cubed.
+
+	In the USA and Canada, 10^12.
+
+	[Elsewhere?]
+
+	(1996-10-03)
+
+Trilogy
+
+	<language> A {strongly typed} {logic programming} language
+	with numerical {constraint}-solving over the {natural
+	numbers}, developed by Paul Voda <voda@voda.ii.fmph.uniba.sk>
+	at {UBC} in 1988.  Trilogy is syntactically a blend of
+	{Prolog}, {Lisp}, and {Pascal}.  It contains three types of
+	{clauses}: {predicates} ({backtracking} but no assignable
+	variables), procedures (if-then-else but no backtracking;
+	assignable variables), and {subroutines} (like procedures, but
+	with input and {system calls}; callable only from top level or
+	from other subroutines).
+
+	Development of Trilogy I stopped in 1991.  Trilogy II,
+	developed by Paul Voda 1988-92, was a {declarative} general
+	purpose programming language, used for teaching and to write
+	{CL}.
+
+	{(http://fmph.uniba.sk/~voda)}.
+
+	["The Constraint Language Trilogy: Semantics and
+	Computations", P. Voda, Complete Logic Systems, 741 Blueridge
+	Ave, North Vancouver BC, V7R 2J5].
+
+	(2000-04-08)
+
+triple DES
+
+	<cryptography> A {product cipher} which, like {DES}, operates
+	on 64-bit data blocks.  There are several forms, each of which
+	uses the DES cipher 3 times.  Some forms use two 56-bit keys,
+	some use three.  The DES "modes of operation" may also be used
+	with triple-DES.
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+tri state
+
+	<hardware> A feature of some {digital} electronic devices
+	which allows a connector (pin) to either act as a normal
+	output, driving a signal onto a line, or to be "tri stated" -
+	set to a high-impedance ("high Z") condition.  This allows
+	other outputs to drive signals onto the line.  Often the same
+	connector also functions as an input when its output circuitry
+	is tri stated.
+
+	Tri-state outputs are typically used for the connection of
+	several digital circuits to a shared {bus} onto which any one
+	of them may output data for the others to input.
+
+	(1996-07-26)
+
+trit
+
+	<unit> /trit/ (By analogy with "{bit}") One base-3 digit; the
+	amount of information conveyed by a selection among one of
+	three equally likely outcomes.  Trits arise, for example, in
+	the context of a {flag} that should actually be able to assume
+	*three* values - such as yes, no, or unknown.  Trits are
+	sometimes jokingly called "3-state bits".  A trit may be
+	semi-seriously referred to as "a bit and a half", although it
+	is linearly equivalent to 1.5849625 bits (that is, log2(3)
+	bits).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+Triton
+
+	<processor> {Intel}'s {Pentium} {core} logic {chip set}.  In
+	addition to the traditional features, this chip set supports:
+	{EDO DRAM} to increase the {bandwidth} of the {DRAM}
+	interface; "{pipelined} {burst SRAM}" for a cheaper, faster
+	{second level cache}; "{bus master} {IDE}" control logic to
+	reduce processor load; a plug and play port for easy
+	implementation of functions such as audio.
+
+	The Triton I chipset (official name 82430FX) consists of 4
+	chips: one 82437FX TSC (Triton Sysetm Controller), two 82438FX
+	TDP (Triton Data Path), and one 82371FB PIIX (PCI IDE
+	Xcellerator).  It supports {PB Cache}, {EDO DRAM}, and a
+	maximum {PCI} and memory burst data transfer rate of 100
+	{megabytes} per second.
+
+	There are also {Moble Triton} (82430MX), {Triton II}
+	(82430HX), and the {Triton VX} (82430VX) chip sets.
+
+	{Introduction
+	(http://asus.com.tw/Products/TB/triton-intro.html)}.
+
+	(1996-04-03)
+
+Triton II
+
+	<processor> (Official name 82430HX) A version of {Intel}'s
+	{Triton} processor chip set with all the features of the
+	Triton I plus support for {ECC}, {parity RAM}, two-way {SMP},
+	{USB}, and {Concurrent PCI} to improve speed.
+
+	It consists of one 82439HX TXC and one 82371SB PIIX3.
+
+	(1996-04-03)
+
+Triton VX
+
+	<processor> (Official name 82430VX) A version of {Intel}'s
+	{Triton} processor chip set with all the features of the
+	Triton I plus support for {SDRAM}, {USB}, and a {UMA} option.
+
+	Triton VX consists of one 82437VX TVC, two 82438VX TVP, and
+	one 82371SB PIIX3.
+
+	(1996-04-03)
+
+Trivial File Transfer Protocol
+
+	<networking> (TFTP) A simple file transfer protocol used for
+	{down-load}ing {boot code} to {diskless workstations}.
+
+	TFTP is defined in {RFC 1350}.
+
+	[Details?  Other uses?  Relationship to {FTP}?]
+
+	(1997-08-30)
+
+TRO
+
+	{tail recursion optimisation}
+
+troff
+
+	<text, tool> /T'rof/ or /trof/ The grey eminence of {Unix}
+	text processing; a formatting and phototypesetting program,
+	written originally in {PDP-11} {assembly code} and then in
+	barely-structured early {C} by the late Joseph Ossanna,
+	modelled after the earlier {ROFF} which was in turn modelled
+	after {Multics}' {RUNOFF} by Jerome Saltzer (*that* name came
+	from the expression "to run off a copy").  A companion
+	program, {nroff}, formats output for terminals and line
+	printers.
+
+	In 1979, Brian Kernighan modified troff so that it could drive
+	phototypesetters other than the Graphic Systems CAT.  His
+	paper describing that work ("A Typesetter-independent troff",
+	AT&T CSTR #97) explains troff's durability.  After discussing
+	the program's "obvious deficiencies - a rebarbative input
+	syntax, mysterious and undocumented properties in some areas,
+	and a voracious appetite for computer resources" and noting
+	the ugliness and extreme hairiness of the code and internals,
+	Kernighan concludes:
+
+	None of these remarks should be taken as denigrating
+	Ossanna's accomplishment with TROFF.  It has proven a
+	remarkably robust tool, taking unbelievable abuse from a
+	variety of preprocessors and being forced into uses that
+	were never conceived of in the original design, all with
+	considerable grace under fire.
+
+	The success of {TeX} and desktop publishing systems have
+	reduced troff's relative importance, but this tribute
+	perfectly captures the strengths that secured troff a place in
+	hacker folklore; indeed, it could be taken more generally as
+	an indication of those qualities of good programs that, in the
+	long run, hackers most admire.
+
+	{groff} is {GNU}'s implementation of {roff} in {C++}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+troglodyte
+
+	<jargon> (Commodore) 1. A hacker who never leaves his cubicle.
+	The term "Gnoll" (from Dungeons & Dragons) is also reported.
+
+	2. A curmudgeon attached to an obsolescent computing
+	environment.  The combination "ITS troglodyte" was flung
+	around some during the {Usenet} and {e-mail} wringle-wrangle
+	attending the 2.x.x revision of the {Jargon File}; at least
+	one of the people it was intended to describe adopted it with
+	pride.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+troglodyte mode
+
+	<jargon> (Rice University) Programming with the lights turned
+	off, sunglasses on, and the terminal inverted (black on white)
+	because you've been up for so many days straight that your
+	eyes hurt (see {raster burn}).  Loud music blaring from a
+	stereo stacked in the corner is optional but recommended.
+
+	See {larval stage}, {hack mode}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+trojan
+
+	{Trojan horse}
+
+Trojan horse
+
+	<application, security> (Or just "trojan") A term coined by
+	{MIT}-hacker-turned-NSA-spook Dan Edwards for a malicious,
+	security-breaking program that is disguised as something
+	benign, such as a directory lister, archiver, game or (in one
+	notorious 1990 case on the Mac) a program to find and destroy
+	{virus}es!  A Trojan horse is similar to a {back door}.
+
+	See also {RFC 1135}, {worm}, {phage}, {mockingbird}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2008-06-19)
+
+TROLL
+
+	An {array} language for {continuous simulation}, econometric
+	modelling or statistical analysis.
+
+	["TROLL Reference Manual", D0062, Info Proc Services, MIT
+	(1973-76)].
+
+troll
+
+	An {electronic mail} message, {Usenet} posting or other
+	(electronic) communication which is intentionally incorrect,
+	but not overtly controversial (compare {flame bait}), or the
+	act of sending such a message.  Trolling aims to elicit an
+	emotional reaction from those with a hair-trigger on the reply
+	key.  A really subtle troll makes some people lose their
+	minds.
+
+	(1994-10-17)
+
+TRON
+
+	1. <project> {The Real-Time Operating System Nucleus}.
+
+	2. <language, programming, testing, tool> (TRace ON) A
+	{command} used when {debugging} {programs} written in
+	early {line-numbered} {BASIC} that contained {GOTO} and
+	{GOSUB} statements.
+
+	When the TRON command had been {executed}, the program ran
+	with a {window} open indicating the line number being
+	executed at that instant.
+
+	The {TROFF} (an abbreviation for "TRace OFF") command turned
+	the {tracing} off.
+
+	(2003-02-02)
+
+tron
+
+	<jargon> ({NRL}, {CMU}, probably from the film "Tron") To
+	become inaccessible except via {electronic mail} or {talk}
+	especially when one is normally available via telephone or in
+	person.
+
+	Compare {spod}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+Trouble Came Back
+
+	<jargon> (TCB) An {IBM} term for an intermittent or
+	difficult-to-reproduce problem that has failed to respond to
+	neglect or {shotgun debugging}.
+
+	Compare {heisenbug}.
+
+	(1998-07-02)
+
+TRS
+
+	{term rewriting system}
+
+TRS-80
+
+	<computer> A series of {personal computers} sold by {Tandy
+	Radio Shack}.  The '80' refers to the use of {Zilog Z-80}
+	processor (NOT {Intel 80x8x}).
+
+	There were 7.5 computers in the TRS-80 line: Models I, II,
+	III, 4, 100, 102, 200.  The Model 4P was a portable version of
+	the Model 4 with no tape drive -- only 2 1/2-height single
+	sided disk drives.
+
+	Later models that Radio Shack produced were not TRS-80
+	machines -- they were based on the {Intel 80x8x} architecture.
+	These included Tandy 1000, Tandy 2000, Tandy 3000, and others.
+	The 1000 had a proprietary Color card.  The 2000 was a
+	powerful machine for its time, but was based on the {Intel
+	80186}, so when {IBM} didn't build a computer based on this
+	chip, it failed.  It was used to design a boat for the
+	America's Cup.
+
+	The TRS-80 {GUI}, DeskMate, was proprietary, but no more than
+	{Windoze} at the time.
+
+	Many joke about "{TRaSh-80}" machines but several models were
+	in fact classics of their time.
+
+	(1996-02-18)
+
+Truchet point
+
+	<unit, text> An obsolete variant of the {point}, equal to
+	0.188 mm.
+
+	(2002-03-11)
+
+True BASIC
+
+	<language> A compiled {BASIC}, by John Kemeny and Thomas
+	E. Kurtz, requiring no {line numbers}.
+
+	(1996-03-24)
+
+true colour
+
+	<graphics> A system where the red, green, and blue components
+	of a colour are stored in {display memory}, as opposed to
+	storing {logical colours} and using a {colour palette} to
+	convert them to red, green, blue components.
+
+	The advantage of true colour over a palette is that it does
+	not restrict the range of colours which can be displayed on
+	screen simultaneously.  For example, if eight bits are used to
+	store each component of each {pixel} then a total of 2^24
+	(about 17 million) different colours can be displayed at once
+	which would require a (very expensive) palette with 3 * 2^24
+	bytes (about 50 megabytes) of memory.
+
+	The disadvantage of true colour is that image transformations
+	which would normally be done by changing the palette must be
+	done to every pixel of the image which can be much slower.
+
+	Compare {high colour}.
+
+	(1996-03-24)
+
+true hacker
+
+	<person> (By analogy with "trufan" from SF fandom) One who
+	exemplifies the primary values of hacker culture, especially
+	competence and helpfulness to other hackers.  A high
+	compliment.  "He spent 6 hours helping me bring up UUCP and
+	netnews on my FOOBAR 4000 last week - manifestly the act of a
+	true-hacker".
+
+	Compare {demigod}, opposite: {munchkin}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-07)
+
+TRUENAME
+
+	<operating system> An {undocumented} {DOS} command to find the
+	{UNC} name of a file or directory on a network drive.
+
+	(2003-10-21)
+
+TrueType
+
+	<text, standard> An {outline font} {standard} first developed
+	by {Apple Computer}, and later embraced by {Microsoft}, as a
+	competitor to {Adobe Systems, Inc.}'s {PostScript} which is
+	still more popular.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+Trumpet
+
+	A {news reader} for {Microsoft Windows}, using the {WinSock}
+	library.  There is also an {MS-DOS} version.  Trumpet is
+	{shareware} from Australia.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.utas.edu.au/pc/trumpet)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/ibmpc/winsock/stacks/trumpwsk/)}.
+
+	{news:alt.winsock.trumpet}.
+
+	[Author?]
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+TRUSIX
+
+	{TRUSted Unix operating system}
+
+truth table
+
+	<logic> A table listing all possible combinations of inputs
+	and the corresponding output of a {Boolean} function such as
+	{AND}, {OR}, {NOT}, {IMPLIES}, {XOR}, {NAND}, {NOR}.  Truth
+	tables can be used as a means of representing a function or as
+	an aid in designing a circuit to implement it.
+
+	(1998-07-30)
+
+TS
+
+	Typed Smalltalk.
+
+	A {Smalltalk} by Ralph Johnson <johnson@speedy.cs.uiuc.edu> of
+	the {University of Illinois}.
+
+	["TS: An Optimising Compiler for Smalltalk", R.E. Johnson et
+	al, SIGPLAN Notices 23(11) (Nov 1988)].
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+TSAP
+
+	{Transport Service Access Point}
+
+TSEE
+
+	Technical and Engineering Environment: part of the RTEE
+	toolset.
+
+TSIA
+
+	<messaging> Title Says It All.  Something to put in the body
+	of a {electronic mail} message or {bulletin board} posting
+	when no body is really necessary because the title or subject
+	header contains the whole message.
+
+	(2000-02-10)
+
+Tsim
+
+	{Time Simulator}
+
+TSL-1
+
+	Task Sequencing Language.  Language for specifying sequences
+	of tasking events in Ada programs.
+
+	["Task Sequencing Language for Specifying Distributed Ada
+	Systems", D.C. Luckham et al in PARLE: Parallel Architectures
+	and Langs Europe, LNCS 259, Springer 1987, pp.444-463].
+
+TSO
+
+	{Time Sharing Option}
+
+TSP
+
+	{travelling salesman problem}
+
+TSR
+
+	{Terminate and Stay Resident}
+
+TSV
+
+	{tab-separated values}
+
+tt
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Trinidad and Tobago.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+TTD
+
+	{Telecommunications Device for the Deaf}
+
+TTFN
+
+	<chat> ta-ta for now - goodbye for now.  Used in the UK, USA
+	and probably elsewhere.
+
+	(1998-07-02)
+
+TTL
+
+	1. {transistor-transistor logic}.
+
+	2. {Time to Live}.
+
+TTS
+
+	{Text To Speech}
+
+tty
+
+	<hardware> /tit'ee/ ({ITS} pronunciation, but some {Unix}
+	people say it this way as well; this pronunciation is not
+	considered to have sexual undertones), /T T Y/
+
+	1. {teletypewriter}.
+
+	2. (Especially {Unix}) Any terminal at all; sometimes used to
+	refer to the particular terminal controlling a given job (it
+	is also the name of a Unix command which outputs the name of
+	the current controlling terminal).
+
+	3. ({Unix}) Any {serial port}, whether or not the device
+	connected to it is a terminal; so called because under Unix
+	such devices have names of the form tty*.  Ambiguity between
+	senses 2 and 3 is common but seldom bothersome.
+
+	4. A {TDD}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-11-23)
+
+TTYL
+
+	<chat> talk to you later.
+
+	(1998-01-18)
+
+TUB
+
+	{Technische Universita't Berlin}.  (Berlin technical
+	university).
+
+TUBA
+
+	<networking, protocol> An {Internet} {protocol}, described in
+	{RFC 1347}, {RFC 1526} and {RFC 1561}, and based on the {OSI}
+	{Connectionless Network Protocol} (CNLP).
+
+	TUBA is one of the proposals for {Internet Protocol Version
+	6}.
+
+	(1995-04-03)
+
+tube
+
+	1. <hardware> A {CRT} terminal.  Never used in the mainstream
+	sense of TV; real hackers don't watch TV, except for Loony
+	Toons, Rocky & Bullwinkle, Trek Classic, the Simpsons, and the
+	occasional cheesy old swashbuckler movie.
+
+	2. <electronics> {electron tube}.
+
+	3. <jargon> (IBM) To send a copy of something to someone
+	else's terminal.  "Tube me that note."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-02-05)
+
+tube time
+
+	Time spent at a terminal or console.  More inclusive than
+	hacking time; commonly used in discussions of what parts of
+	one's environment one uses most heavily.  "I find I'm spending
+	too much of my tube time reading mail since I started this
+	revision."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Tuckals
+
+	An old statistical package still in use on some {VM}
+	computers.
+
+	(1995-11-28)
+
+TUI
+
+	<interface>
+
+	1. {Textual User Interface}.
+
+	2. Terminal User Interface.  Alternative name for {Textual
+	User Interface}.
+
+	3. <communications> {Telephony User Interface}.
+
+	4. {Tangible User Interface}.
+
+	5. {Tactile User Interface}.
+
+	6. {Telescope User Interface}.
+
+	(2003-10-17)
+
+Tukey, John
+
+	{John Tukey}
+
+Tuki
+
+	An intermediate code for functional languages.  "Another
+	Implementation Technique for Applicative Languages", H. Glaser
+	et al, ESOP86, LNCS 213, Springer 1986.
+
+tunafish
+
+	<humour, operating system> In hackish lore, refers to the
+	mutated punchline of an age-old joke to be found at the bottom
+	of the manual pages of "tunefs(8)" in the original {4.2BSD}
+	distribution.  The joke was removed in later releases once
+	commercial sites started using 4.2.  Tunefs relates to the
+	"tuning" of {file-system} parameters for optimum performance,
+	and at the bottom of a few pages of wizardly inscriptions was
+	a "BUGS" section consisting of the line "You can tune a file
+	system, but you can't tunafish".  Variants of this can be seen
+	in other BSD versions, though it has been excised from some
+	versions by humourless management droids.  The [nt]roff source
+	for SunOS 4.1.1 contains a comment apparently designed to
+	prevent this: "Take this out and a Unix Demon will dog your
+	steps from now until the "time_t's wrap around."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-01-12)
+
+tune
+
+	<jargon> (From musical, possibly via automotive, usage) To
+	{optimise} a program or system for a particular environment,
+	especially by adjusting numerical parameters designed as
+	{hooks} for tuning, e.g. by changing "#define" lines in C.
+	One may "tune for time" (fastest execution), "tune for space"
+	(least memory use), or "tune for configuration" (most
+	efficient use of hardware).
+
+	See {bum}, {hot spot}, {hand-hacking}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-06-05)
+
+tunneling
+
+	<spelling US spelling of {tunnelling}.
+
+tunnelling
+
+	<networking> (US: "tunneling") A networking technique used to
+	carry data encoded in one protocol, A, over a channel using
+	another protocol, B.  Protocol A is said to be "encapsulated" in
+	protocol B and treats B as though it were a {data link layer}.
+	Tunnelling is used to get data between {administrative domains}
+	which use a protocol that is not supported by the {internet}
+	connecting those domains.
+
+	A historical example would be transmitting written text via {Morse
+	code} - instead of having someone carry the text on paper, it is
+	converted to (or encapsulated as) Morse code at one end and
+	converted back to written text at the other.
+
+	A more recent example would be tunnelling {IPv6} over an {IPv4}
+	network that does not support IPv6 natively.  Tunnelling
+	techniques such as {6to4} or {6rd} are used to encapsulate {IPv6}
+	in the absence of native {dual-stack} support.
+
+	(2013-10-07)
+
+Tunny Emulator
+
+	<hardware, cryptography> A special-purpose computer designed
+	at {Bletchley Park} (UK) based upon the reverse engineering of
+	the Lorenz Cypher.  The Lorenz Cypher was used by the German
+	army to encrypt high command orders for transmission via
+	teleprinter (the {Enigma} was a field-use cypher).
+
+	Once the key to a message was discovered (by the computer
+	{Colossus}) the Tunny machine would be set to decrypt the
+	message.  The process took about four days from intercept to
+	printout. The original Tunny machine was built about 1943 and
+	scrapped after the war.  In 2011 a working model was re-built
+	at Bletchley Park where it is on display.
+
+	(2012-03-25)
+
+TUPLE
+
+	{Toyohashi University Parallel Lisp Environment}
+
+tuple
+
+	<programming> In {functional languages}, a data object
+	containing two or more components.  Also known as a product
+	type or pair, triple, quad, etc.  Tuples of different sizes
+	have different types, in contrast to lists where the type is
+	independent of the length.  The components of a tuple may be
+	of different types whereas all elements of a list have the
+	same type.
+
+	Examples of tuples (in {Haskell} notation) are: (1,2),
+	("Tuple",True), (w,(x,y),z).  The degenerate tuple type with
+	zero components, written (), is known as the unit type since
+	it has only one possible value which is also written ().
+
+	The implementation of tuples in a language may be either
+	"{lifted}" or not.  If tuples are lifted then (bottom, bottom)
+	/= bottom (where {bottom} represents non-termination) and the
+	evaluation of a tuple may fail to terminate.  E.g. in Haskell:
+
+		f (x, y) = 1    -->    f bottom = bottom
+				       f (bottom, bottom) = 1
+
+	With lifted tuples, a tuple pattern is refutable.  Thus in
+	Haskell, {pattern matching} on tuples is the same as pattern
+	matching on types with multiple constructors ({algebraic data
+	types}) - the expression being matched is evaluated as far as
+	the top level constructor, even though, in the case of tuples,
+	there is only one possible constructor for a given type.
+
+	If tuples are unlifted then (bottom, bottom) = bottom and
+	evaluation of a tuple will never fail to terminate though any
+	of the components may.  E.g. in {Miranda}:
+
+		f (x, y) = 1    -->    f bottom = 1
+				       f (bottom, bottom) = 1
+
+	Thus in Miranda, any object whose type is compatible with a
+	tuple pattern is assumed to match at the top level without
+	evaluation - it is an {irrefutable} pattern.  This also
+	applies to user defined data types with only one constructor.
+	In Haskell, patterns can be made irrefutable by adding a "~"
+	as in
+
+		f ~(x, y) = 1.
+
+	If tuple constructor functions were {strict} in all their
+	arguments then (bottom, x) = (x, bottom) = bottom for any x
+	so matching a refutable pattern would fail to terminate if
+	any component was bottom.
+
+	(2012-03-25)
+
+tuple calculus
+
+	<database> A form of {relational calculus} in which a
+	variable's only permitted values are {tuples} of a given
+	{relation}.
+
+	{Codd}'s unimplemented language {ALPHA} and the subsequent
+	{QUEL} are examples of the tuple calculus.
+
+	(1998-10-05)
+
+Tuple Space Smalltalk
+
+	["Using Tuple Space Communication in Distributed
+	Object-Oriented Languages", S. Matsuoka et al, SIGPLAN Notices
+	23(11):276-284 (Nov 1988)].
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+tupling
+
+	A {program transformation} where several results are returned
+	from a single traversal of a data structure.  E.g.
+
+		mean l = sum l / length l
+
+			==>
+
+		mean l = s/n
+			 where
+			 (s,n) = sumLen l
+
+		sumLen []     = (0,0)
+		sumLen (x:xs) = (s+x, n+1)
+				where
+				(s,n) = sumLen xs
+
+	In {procedural} languages this technique is known as
+	{horizontal loop combination} because it uses one loop to
+	calculate several results.
+
+	Another form of tupling transformation is used to avoid
+	repeated evaluation where a function generates several
+	identical calls to itself.  By analysing the pattern of
+	recursion (see {descent function}) it is possible to arrange
+	for these identical calls to share results.  E.g.
+
+		fib 0 = 1
+		fib 1 = 1
+		fib n = fib (n-1) + fib (n-2)
+
+			==>
+
+		fib n = v where (_,v) = fibt n
+		fibt 0 = (1,1)
+		fibt n = (u+v,u) where (u,v) = fibt (n-1)
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+Turbo C
+
+	<language> {Borland}'s {C} {compiler} for {IBM PCs}.
+
+	Turbo C, version 1.0, was introduced by Borland in 1987.  It
+	offered the first integrated edit-compile-run development
+	environment for {C} on {IBM PCs}.  It ran in 384KB of memory.
+	It allowed inline assembly, supported all memory models, and
+	offered optimisations for speed, size, {constant folding}, and
+	{jump elimination}.
+
+	Version 1.5 shipped on five 360 KB diskettes of uncompressed
+	files, and came with sample C programs, including a stripped
+	down spreadsheet called mcalc.
+
+	Turbo C 2.0 has a debugger, a fast assembler, and an extensive
+	graphics library.
+
+	Turbo C has been largely supplanted by {Turbo C++}, introduced
+	circa September, 1990 for both {MS-DOS} and {Microsoft
+	Windows}.
+
+	["Compiling the facts on C", Richard Hale Shaw, PC Magazine,
+	September 13, 1988, pages 115-183].
+
+	(1996-10-31)
+
+Turbo C++
+
+	<language> {Borland}'s first {C}/{C++} {integerated
+	development environment}, including a {compler}, a {linker}, a
+	high-level {debugger}, a code editor and other tools.
+
+	Turbo C++ conformed to {AT&T}'s C++ 2.0 language
+	specification.  The development environment and {command line}
+	tools originally ran under {MS-DOS}.  A 1992 version ran on
+	{Windows 3.1}.  Version 1 came in two forms: Turbo C++ and
+	Turbo C++ Professional.  The latter included {Turbo
+	Assembler}, {Turbo Debugger} and {Turbo Profile}.
+
+	It superceded the C-only {Turbo C} and was itself superceded
+	by {C++ Builder}.
+
+	{(http://community.borland.com/article/0,1410,21751,00.html)}
+
+	(2008-01-21)
+
+Turbo Debugger
+
+	<programming> A {source-level debugger} designed for use with
+	{Borland} and other {compilers}.
+
+	{(http://borland.com/)}.
+
+	(1999-04-23)
+
+turbo nerd
+
+	{computer geek}
+
+Turbo Pascal
+
+	<language, product> {Borland International}'s {Pascal}.
+	Perhaps the first integrated development environment for
+	{MS-DOS}.
+
+	Versions 1.0-3.0: standard Pascal with a few extensions
+	Versions 4.0 (1987) and 5.0: {separate compilation}.  Version
+	5.5: {object-oriented}.  Version 6.0: {Turbo Vision} OOP
+	library.
+
+	{(http://borland.com/Product/ProdInfo.html)}.
+
+	{tptc} translates Turbo Pascal to {Turbo C}.
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+Turbo Prolog
+
+	A {strongly typed} Prolog-like {logic programming} language.
+	1986.  It has user-defined domains.  Programs are arranged in
+	sections: DOMAINS, CLAUSES, PREDICATES, DATABASE and GOAL.  It
+	is currently known as {PDC Prolog} and is distributed by
+	{Prolog Development Center}, Atlanta +1 404 873 1366.  E-mail:
+	<pdc@mcimail.com>.
+
+Turing
+
+	1. {Alan Turing}.
+
+	2. R.C. Holt <holt@csri.toronto.edu> & J.R. Cordy
+	<cordy@cs.queensu.ca>, U Toronto, 1982.  Descendant of
+	Concurrent Euclid, an airtight super-Pascal.  Used mainly for
+	teaching programming at both high school and university level.
+
+	Available from Holt Software Assocs, Toronto.
+
+	Versions for Sun, {MS-DOS}, Mac, etc.
+
+	E-mail: <distrib@turing.toronto.edu>.
+
+	["Turing Language Report", R.C. Holt & J.R. Cordy, Report
+	CSRI-153, CSRI, U Toronto, Dec 1983].
+
+	["The Turing Programming Language", R.C. Holt & J.R. Cordy,
+	CACM 31(12) (Dec 1988)].
+
+Turing Machine
+
+	<computability> A hypothetical machine defined in 1935-6 by
+	{Alan Turing} and used for {computability theory} proofs.  It
+	consists of an infinitely long "tape" with symbols (chosen
+	from some {finite set}) written at regular intervals.  A
+	pointer marks the current position and the machine is in one
+	of a finite set of "internal states".  At each step the
+	machine reads the symbol at the current position on the tape.
+	For each combination of current state and symbol read, a
+	program specifies the new state and either a symbol to write
+	to the tape or a direction to move the pointer (left or right)
+	or to halt.
+
+	In an alternative scheme, the machine writes a symbol to the
+	tape *and* moves at each step.  This can be encoded as a write
+	state followed by a move state for the write-or-move machine.
+	If the write-and-move machine is also given a distance to move
+	then it can emulate an write-or-move program by using states
+	with a distance of zero.  A further variation is whether
+	halting is an action like writing or moving or whether it is a
+	special state.
+
+	[What was Turing's original definition?]
+
+	Without loss of generality, the symbol set can be limited to
+	just "0" and "1" and the machine can be restricted to start on
+	the leftmost 1 of the leftmost string of 1s with strings of 1s
+	being separated by a single 0.  The tape may be infinite in
+	one direction only, with the understanding that the machine
+	will halt if it tries to move off the other end.
+
+	All computer {instruction sets}, {high level languages} and
+	computer architectures, including {parallel processors}, can
+	be shown to be equivalent to a Turing Machine and thus
+	equivalent to each other in the sense that any problem that
+	one can solve, any other can solve given sufficient time and
+	memory.
+
+	Turing generalised the idea of the Turing Machine to a
+	"Universal Turing Machine" which was programmed to read
+	instructions, as well as data, off the tape, thus giving rise
+	to the idea of a general-purpose programmable computing
+	device.  This idea still exists in modern computer design with
+	low level {microcode} which directs the reading and decoding
+	of higher level {machine code} instructions.
+
+	A {busy beaver} is one kind of Turing Machine program.
+
+	Dr. Hava Siegelmann of {Technion} reported in Science of 28
+	Apr 1995 that she has found a mathematically rigorous class of
+	machines, based on ideas from {chaos} theory and {neural
+	networks}, that are more powerful than Turing Machines.  Sir
+	Roger Penrose of {Oxford University} has argued that the brain
+	can compute things that a Turing Machine cannot, which would
+	mean that it would be impossible to create {artificial
+	intelligence}.  Dr. Siegelmann's work suggests that this is
+	true only for conventional computers and may not cover {neural
+	networks}.
+
+	See also {Turing tar-pit}, {finite state machine}.
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+Turingol
+
+	<language> A {high-level language} for programming {Turing
+	Machines} by {Donald Knuth}.  It was the subject of the first
+	construction of a nontrivial {attribute grammar}.
+
+	["Semantics of Context-Free Languages", D. Knuth, Math Sys Thy
+	2:127-145 (1975)].
+
+	(1995-10-08)
+
+Turing Plus
+
+	Systems programming language, a concurrent descendant of
+	Turing.
+
+	["The Turing Plus Report", R.C. Holt & J.R. Cordy, CSRI, U
+	Toronto, Feb 1987].
+
+	Available from Holt Software Assocs, Toronto
+	<distrib@hsa.on.ca>.
+
+Turing tar-pit
+
+	A place where anything is possible but nothing of interest is
+	practical.  {Alan M. Turing} helped lay the foundations of
+	computer science by showing that all machines and languages
+	capable of expressing a certain very primitive set of
+	operations are logically equivalent in the kinds of
+	computations they can carry out, and in principle have
+	capabilities that differ only in speed from those of the most
+	powerful and elegantly designed computers.  However, no
+	machine or language exactly matching Turing's primitive set
+	has ever been built (other than possibly as a classroom
+	exercise), because it would be horribly slow and far too
+	painful to use.
+
+	A "Turing tar-pit" is any computer language or other tool that
+	shares this property.  That is, it's theoretically universal
+	but in practice, the harder you struggle to get any real work
+	done, the deeper its inadequacies suck you in.  Compare
+	{bondage-and-discipline language}.
+
+	A tar pit is a geological occurence where subterranean tar
+	leaks to the surface, creating a large puddle (or pit) of tar.
+	Animals wandering or falling in get stuck, being unable to
+	extricate themselves from the tar.  La Brea, California, has a
+	museum built around the fossilized remains of mammals and
+	birds found in such a tar pit.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-06-27)
+
+Turing test
+
+	<artificial intelligence> A criterion proposed by {Alan
+	Turing} in 1950 for deciding whether a computer is
+	intelligent.  Turing called it "the Imitation Game" and
+	offered it as a replacement for the question, "Can machines
+	think?"
+
+	A human holds a written conversation on any topic with an
+	unseen correspondent (nowadays it might be by {electronic
+	mail} or {chat}).  If the human believes he is talking to
+	another human when he is really talking to a computer then the
+	computer has passed the Turing test and is deemed to be
+	intelligent.
+
+	Turing predicted that within 50 years (by the year 2000)
+	technological progress would produce computing machines with a
+	capacity of 10**9 bits, and that with such machinery, a
+	computer program would be able to fool the average questioner
+	for 5 minutes about 70% of the time.
+
+	The {Loebner Prize} is a competition to find a computer
+	program which can pass an unrestricted Turing test.
+
+	{Julia (http://fuzine.mt.cs.cmu.edu/mlm/julia.html)} is a
+	program that attempts to pass the Turing test.
+
+	See also {AI-complete}.
+
+	{Turing's paper
+	(http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00000499/00/turing.html)}.
+
+	(2004-02-17)
+
+turist
+
+	/too'rist/ Variant spelling of {tourist}.  Possibly influenced
+	by {luser} and "{Turing}".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+TURN
+
+	<messaging, protocol> An {SMTP} command with which a {client}
+	asks the {server} to open an SMTP connection to the client,
+	thus reversing their roles.
+
+	Superseded by {ETRN}.
+
+	(1997-11-21)
+
+turn-key
+
+	<jargon, application> A term which describes a complete system
+	(hardware and software) which can be used for a specific
+	application without requiring further programming or software
+	installation.  The user can just "turn the key" (switch it on)
+	and use it.
+
+	Compare {end-to-end solution}.
+
+	(2006-03-30)
+
+turtle graphics
+
+	<graphics> The line drawings produced by programs in {LOGO}.
+
+	(2003-05-04)
+
+TUTOR
+
+	A Scripting language on {PLATO} systems from {CDC}.
+
+	["The TUTOR Language", Bruce Sherwood, Control Data, 1977].
+
+Tuxedo
+
+	<database, networking> {Cross-platform} distributed
+	{transaction monitor} {middleware} marketed by {BEA systems}.
+	Tuxedo supports the production of {scalable} {client-server}
+	applications and the coordination of {transactions} spanning
+	heterogeneous {databases}, {operating systems}, and
+	{hardware}.
+
+	{BEA Home (http://beasys.com/)}.
+
+	[Connection with {Novell, Inc.}?]
+
+	(2003-01-08)
+
+TV
+
+	{television}
+
+tv
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Tuvalu.
+
+	Heavily used for {vanity domains} by TV stations.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+tw
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Taiwan.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+TWAIN
+
+	<graphics, standard> An {image capture} {API} for {Microsoft
+	Windows} and {Apple Macintosh} {operating systems} that
+	enables the user to control a {scanner} or {digital camera}
+	from {image processing} software.
+
+	TWAIN was first released on 1992-02-29 and is currently
+	ratified at version 2.0 as of 2005-11-28.  It is maintained by
+	the TWAIN Working Group.
+
+	Kevin Bier, chairman-emeritus of the TWAIN Working Group and
+	the one of the original co-author/editors of TWAIN 1.0, chose
+	the name TWAIN after reading letters by Mark Twain.  It was
+	unofficially considered to mean "toolkit without an important
+	name."
+
+	The word "twain" is an archaic form meaning "two".  It appears
+	in Kipling's "The Ballad of East and West" - "...and never the
+	twain shall meet...", reflecting the difficulty, at the time,
+	of connecting scanners and personal computers.  It was
+	up-cased to TWAIN to make it more distinctive.  This led
+	people to believe it was an acronym, and then to a contest to
+	come up with an expansion.  None were selected, but the entry
+	"Technology Without An Interesting Name" continues to haunt
+	the standard.
+
+	{The TWAIN Working Group (http://twain.org/)}.
+
+	(2000-02-25)
+
+tweak
+
+	1. To change slightly, usually in reference to a value.  Also
+	used synonymously with {twiddle}.  If a program is almost
+	correct, rather than figure out the precise problem you might
+	just keep tweaking it until it works.  See {frobnicate} and
+	{fudge factor}; also see {shotgun debugging}.
+
+	2. To {tune} or {bum} a program; preferred usage in the UK.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+tweening
+
+	<graphics> An {interpolation} technique where an {animation}
+	program generates extra frames between the key frames that the
+	user has created.  This gives smoother animation without the
+	user having to draw every frame.
+
+	A scene is described by a mathematical model - a set of two-
+	or three-dimensional objects whose positions in are given by
+	sets of coordinates.  Tweening uses mathematical formulae to
+	generate these coordinates at a sequence of discrete times.
+	The simplest system would move each point at a constant rate
+	in a straight line between its initial and final positions,
+	though other kinds of path are possible.  The coordinates at
+	each time step are used to generate (or "render") a
+	two-dimensional image of the scene which forms one "frame" of
+	the animation.
+
+	Tweening is similar to {morphing} except that morphing is
+	usually performed by interpolating between corresponding
+	points marked by the user on two images, rather than between
+	two configurations of a model.
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+tweeter
+
+	{woofer}
+
+TWENEX
+
+	<operating system> /twe'neks/ The TOPS-20 {operating system}
+	by {DEC} - the second proprietary OS for the {PDP-10} -
+	preferred by most PDP-10 hackers over TOPS-10 (that is, by
+	those who were not {ITS} or {WAITS} partisans).  TOPS-20 began
+	in 1969 as {Bolt, Beranek & Newman}'s {TENEX} operating system
+	using special paging hardware.  By the early 1970s, almost all
+	of the systems on the {ARPANET} ran TENEX.  DEC purchased the
+	rights to TENEX from BBN and began work to make it their own.
+	The first in-house code name for the operating system was
+	VIROS (VIRtual memory Operating System); when customers
+	started asking questions, the name was changed to SNARK so DEC
+	could truthfully deny that there was any project called VIROS.
+	When the name SNARK became known, the name was briefly
+	reversed to become KRANS; this was quickly abandoned when
+	someone objected that "krans" meant "funeral wreath" in
+	Swedish (though some Swedish speakers have since said it means
+	simply "wreath"; this part of the story may be apocryphal).
+
+	Ultimately DEC picked TOPS-20 as the name of the operating
+	system, and it was as TOPS-20 that it was marketed.  The
+	hacker community, mindful of its origins, quickly dubbed it
+	TWENEX (a contraction of "twenty TENEX"), even though by this
+	point very little of the original TENEX code remained
+	(analogously to the differences between AT&T V6 Unix and BSD).
+	DEC people cringed when they heard "TWENEX", but the term
+	caught on nevertheless (the written abbreviation "20x" was
+	also used).  TWENEX was successful and very popular; in fact,
+	there was a period in the early 1980s when it commanded as
+	fervent a culture of partisans as Unix or ITS - but DEC's
+	decision to scrap all the internal rivals to the VAX
+	architecture and its relatively stodgy VMS OS killed the
+	DEC-20 and put a sad end to TWENEX's brief day in the sun.
+	DEC attempted to convince TOPS-20 users to convert to {VMS},
+	but instead, by the late 1980s, most of the TOPS-20 hackers
+	had migrated to Unix.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-01)
+
+Twente Compiler Generator System
+
+	<language, tool> (TCGS) A {compiler generator} developed at
+	the {University of Twente}, The Netherlands.
+
+	(1998-04-27)
+
+Twentel
+
+	A {functional language}.
+
+	["The TWENTEL System (Version 1).", H. Kroeze, CS Dept TR, U
+	Twente, 1986].
+
+twiddle
+
+	1. <character> The {tilde} character.
+
+	2. <jargon> (To make) a small or insignificant change.
+	E.g. twiddling a program often fixes one bug and generates
+	several new ones (see also {shotgun debugging}).  Bits are
+	often twiddled.  Twiddling a switch or knob implies much less
+	sense of purpose than toggling or {tweak}ing it; see
+	{frobnicate}.  {Bit twiddling} connotes aimlessness, and at
+	best doesn't specify what you're doing to the bit; to
+	"{toggle} a bit" has a more specific meaning.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+TWIG
+
+	Tree-Walking Instruction Generator.
+
+	A {code generator} language.  {ML-Twig} is an {SML/NJ}
+	variant.
+
+	["Twig Language Manual", S.W.K. Tijang, CS TR 120, Bell Labs,
+	1986].
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+twilight zone
+
+	[IRC]  Notionally, the area of cyberspace where {IRC}
+	operators live.  An {op} is said to have a "connection to the
+	twilight zone".
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+twink
+
+	/twink/ [UCSC] Equivalent to {read-only user}.  Also reported
+	on the {Usenet} group soc.motss; may derive from gay slang for
+	a cute young thing with nothing upstairs (compare mainstream
+	"chick").
+
+twinning
+
+	<storage> Keeping a {mirror} of a {magnetic tape}.
+
+	(1997-07-18)
+
+Twin Vector Quantization
+
+	<audio, compression> (VQF) Part of the {MPEG-4} {standard}
+	dealing with time domain weighted interleaved {vector
+	quantization}.
+
+	[Why "VQF"?]
+
+	(2001-12-17)
+
+twip
+
+	<unit, graphics> (TWentIeth of a Point) 1/20 of a {Postscript
+	point}, or 1/1440th of an inch.  There are thus 1440 twips to
+	an inch or about 567 twips to a centimeter.
+
+	Twips are used in {Microsoft} formats and products, notably
+	{Rich Text Format}, {Visual BASIC}, {Visual C++}, and {printer
+	drivers}; and in {IBM} {AFP} products.
+
+	Twips were devised in the olden days to describe the sizes of
+	characters produced by {dot matrix printers} that were
+	constrained to multiples of either 12 or 10 dots per inch.
+
+	[Is it definitely relative to a __Postscript__ point, as opposed
+	to one of the other definitions of {point}?]
+
+	(2002-03-11)
+
+twirling baton
+
+	<graphics> The overstrike sequence -/|\-/|\- which produces an
+	animated twirling baton.  If you output it with a single
+	{backspace} between characters, the baton spins in place.  If
+	you output the sequence BS SP between characters, the baton
+	spins from left to right.  If you output BS SP BS BS between
+	characters, the batton spins from right to left.
+
+	The twirling baton was a popular component of animated
+	signature files on the pioneering {PLATO} educational
+	{time-sharing} system.  The "{archie}" {Internet} service is
+	perhaps the best-known baton program today; it uses the
+	twirling baton as an idler indicating that the program is
+	working on a query.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+twisted pair
+
+	<hardware> A type of cable in which pairs of conductors are
+	twisted together to randomise possible {cross-talk} from
+	nearby wiring.  Inadequate twisting is detectable using modern
+	cable testing instruments.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+twisted pair only
+
+	<networking> (TPO) A network connection to an {Ethernet}
+	{PCMCIA} card using {twisted pair} cable.
+
+	[Other options?]
+
+	(1997-05-12)
+
+Twitter
+
+	<messaging> A free {Internet} service for posting short
+	messages, known as "tweets", via a central server, which are
+	then sent to all users who have chosen to follow you or to a
+	specific user.  A variety of {client} programs are available
+	in addition to the {website}.  Launched in about 2008.
+
+	{Twitter home (http://twitter.com/)}.
+
+	(2009-06-10)
+
+twm
+
+	Tab Window Manager.
+
+	A {window manager} for the {X Window System}.  Twm provides
+	{titlebars}, shaped windows, several forms of icon management,
+	user-defined macro functions, {click-to-type} and
+	pointer-driven {keyboard focus}, and user-specified key and
+	pointer button bindings.  It can be extensively configured by
+	a startup file.
+
+	Twm was written by Tom LaStrange, {Solbourne Computer}; Jim
+	Fulton, MIT {X Consortium}; Steve Pitschke, {Stardent
+	Computer}; Keith Packard, MIT X Consortium; Dave Sternlicht,
+	MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne, {Apple Computer}.
+
+	An extended version, {vtwm}, provides a {virtual desktop}.
+
+	[Why "Tab"?]
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+.twmrc
+
+	<operating system> (Tab Window Manager run commands) The
+	configuration file for {twm}.
+
+	See also {rc}.
+
+	(1996-04-09)
+
+two-binary, one-quaternary
+
+	<communications> (2B1Q) A {physical layer} encoding used for
+	{Integrated Services Digital Network} {basic rate interface}.
+	2B1Q represents two {bits} (2B - a "dibit") using one of four
+	signal levels (1Q - a "quadratude").  The first bit of the
+	dibit is indicated by polarity: positive indicates a binary 1
+	and negative indicates a 0.  The second half of the dibit is
+	indicated by voltage magnitude: 1 Volt indicates a binary 1
+	and 3 Volts indicates binary 0.
+
+	(2003-01-10)
+
+twonkie
+
+	/twon'kee/ The software equivalent of a Twinkie (a variety of
+	sugar-loaded junk food, or (in gay slang) the male equivalent
+	of "chick"); a useless "feature" added to look sexy and
+	placate a {marketroid}.
+
+	Compare {Saturday-night special}.
+
+	The term may also be related to "The Twonky", title menace of
+	a classic SF short story by Lewis Padgett (Henry Kuttner and
+	C. L. Moore), first published in the September 1942
+	"Astounding Science Fiction" and subsequently much
+	anthologised.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-20)
+
+two-phase commit
+
+	<database> A technique for maintaining {integrity} in
+	distributed {databases}.  Where a system uses two or more
+	database, a transaction among the distibuted database should
+	be {atomic} ("all or nothing").  This is done by handling the
+	transaction in two phases.  First the databases prepare the
+	transaction, confirm that it is possible to process it, and
+	lock the relevant record.
+
+	Once all the required databases confirm that the transaction
+	is viable, the system instructs them all to {commit} it -
+	i.e. to make it permanent.  If it is not possible to process
+	it, the system will instruct the databases to {rollback}
+	(undo) the transaction.
+
+	(2000-02-28)
+
+twos complement
+
+	<data> A system used in some computers to represent negative
+	numbers in {binary}.  Each {bit} of the number is inverted
+	(zeros are replaced with ones and vice versa), as for {ones
+	complement}, but then one (000...0001) is added (ignoring
+	overflow).  This avoids the two representations for zero found
+	in ones complement by using all ones to represent -1.
+
+		...
+		000...00011 = +3
+		000...00010 = +2
+		000...00001 = +1
+		000...00000 =  0
+		111...11111 = -1
+		111...11110 = -2
+		111...11101 = -3
+		...
+
+	This representation simplifies the logic required for addition
+	and subtraction, at the expense of a little extra complexity
+	for negation.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+two-to-the-N
+
+	An amount much larger than {N} but smaller than {infinity}.
+	"I have 2-to-the-N things to do before I can go out for lunch"
+	means you probably won't show up.
+
+	Numbers of the form two-to-the-N are very important in
+	computing because they represent the value of bit N of a
+	binary number (counting from 0) and the number of things you
+	can count with an N bit number.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+two-valued logic
+
+	<logic> (Commonly known as "{Boolean algebra}") A mathematical
+	system concerning the two {truth values}, TRUE and FALSE and
+	the functions {AND}, {OR}, {NOT}.  Two-valued logic is one of
+	the cornerstones of {logic} and is also fundamental in the
+	design of {digital electronics} and {programming languages}.
+
+	The term "Boolean" is used here with its common meaning -
+	two-valued, though strictly {Boolean algebra} is more general
+	than this.
+
+	Boolean functions are usually represented by {truth tables}
+	where "0" represents "false" and "1" represents "true".  E.g.:
+
+		A | B | A AND B
+		--+---+--------
+		0 | 0 |    0
+		0 | 1 |    0
+		1 | 0 |    0
+		1 | 1 |    1
+
+	This can be given more compactly using "x" to mean "don't
+	care" (either true or false):
+
+		A | B | A AND B
+		--+---+--------
+		0 | x |    0
+		x | 0 |    0
+		1 | 1 |    1
+
+	Similarly:
+
+	        A | NOT A       A | B | A OR B
+	        --+------       --+---+--------
+	        0 |  1          0 | 0 |   0
+	        1 |  0          x | 1 |   1
+	                        1 | x |   1
+
+	Other functions such as {XOR}, {NAND}, {NOR} or functions of
+	more than two inputs can be constructed using combinations of
+	AND, OR, and NOT.  AND and OR can be constructed from each
+	other using {DeMorgan's Theorem}:
+
+		A OR B   =  NOT ((NOT A) AND (NOT B))
+		A AND B	 =  NOT ((NOT A) OR (NOT B))
+
+	In fact any Boolean function can be constructed using just NOR
+	or just NAND using the identities:
+
+		NOT A  =  A NOR A
+		A OR B  =  NOT (A NOR B)
+
+	and {DeMorgan's Theorem}.
+
+	(2003-06-18)
+
+TX-0
+
+	The first transistorised computer, the direct ancestor of the
+	{PDP-1} built at {MIT}'s Lincoln Lab in 1957.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+TXL
+
+	{Tree Transformation Language}
+
+TYMCOM-X
+
+	<operating system> {Tymshare}'s {operating system} which ran
+	for many years on Tymshare's {PDP-10s}.  It was a descendent
+	of {TOPS-10} but had many of the important features of
+	{TOPS-20} such as real {paging} and controllable/spawnable
+	processes.  TYMCOM-X, one of the best kept secrets in the
+	PDP-10 folklore, was written by Bill Weiher, Vance Socci
+	<vsocci@vcctech.com>, Allen Ginzburg, Karen Kolling, Art
+	Atkinson, Gary Morgenthaler (founder of the company that
+	produced {IDRIS}), Todd Corenson and Murray Bowles.  Some
+	copies still run today.  Most {TYMNET} development was done
+	under TYMCOM-X and Tymshare sold a TYMCOM-X system to {TRW} to
+	use in their credit reporting network, which was based on a
+	purchased copy of TYMNET circa 1979.
+
+	[E-mail from Vance Socci 1994-05-20].
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+TYMNET
+
+	<networking, history> A United States-wide commercial computer
+	network, created by {Tymshare, Inc.} some time before 1970,
+	and used for {remote login} and file transfer.  The network
+	public went live in November 1971.
+
+	In its original implementation, it consisted of fairly simple
+	circuit-oriented {nodes}, whose circuits were created by
+	central network supervisors writing into the appropriate
+	nodes' "permuter tables".  The supervisors also performed
+	login validations as well as circuit management.  Circuits
+	were character oriented and the network was oriented toward
+	interactive character-by-character {full-duplex}
+	communications circuits.
+
+	The network had more than one supervisor running, but only one
+	was active, the others being put to sleep with "sleeping pill"
+	messages.  If the active supervisor went down, all the others
+	would wake up and battle for control of the network.  After
+	the battle, the supervisor with the highest pre-set priority
+	would dominate, and the network would then again be controlled
+	by only one supervisor.  (During the takeover battle, the net
+	consisted of subsets of itself across which new circuits could
+	not be built).  Existing circuits were not affected by
+	supervisor switches.
+
+	There was a clever scheme to switch the echoing function
+	between the local node and the host based on whether or not a
+	special character had been typed by the user.  Data transfers
+	were also possible via "auxiliary circuits".
+
+	The Tymshare hosts (which ran customer code) were {SDS 940},
+	{DEC} {PDP-10}, and eventually {IBM 370} computers.  {Xerox}
+	{XDS 940} might have been used if Xerox, who bought the design
+	for the SDS 940 from Scientific Data Systems, had ever built
+	any.
+
+	The switches were originally {Varian Data Machines} 620i.  The
+	{Interdata 8/32} was never used because the performance was
+	disappointing.  The TYMNET Engine, based loosely on the
+	Interdata 7/32, was developed instead to replace the Varian
+	620i.  In the early 1990s, newer "Turbo" nodes based on the
+	{Motorola 68000} began to replace the 7/32s.  These were later
+	replaced with {SPARCs}.
+
+	PDP-10s supported (and still do in 1999) cross-platform
+	development and billing.
+
+	{Tymshare, Inc.} originally wrote and implemented TYMNET to
+	provide nationwide access for their {time-sharing} customers.
+
+	La Roy Tymes booted up the public TYMNET in November of 1971
+	and, as of March 2002, it had been running ever since without
+	a single system crash.
+
+	TYMNET was the largest commercial network in the United States
+	in its heyday, with nodes in every major US city and a few
+	overseas as well.  Tymshare acquired a French subsidiary,
+	{SLIGOS}, and had TYMNET nodes in Paris, France.
+
+	Tymshare sold the TYMNET network software to {TRW}, who
+	created their own private network (which was not called
+	TYMNET).  In about 1979, TYMNET Inc. was spun off from
+	Tymshare, Inc. to continue administration and development of
+	the network.
+
+	TYMNET outlived its parent company Tymshare and was acquired
+	by {MCI}.  As of May 1994 they still ran three {DEC KL-10s}
+	under {TYMCOM-X}, although they planned to decommission them
+	soon.
+
+	The original creators of TYMNET included: Ann Hardy, Norm
+	Hardy, Bill Frantz.  La Roy Tymes (who always insisted that
+	his name was NOT the source of the name) wrote the first
+	supervisor which ran on the 940.  Joe Rinde made many
+	significant technical and marketing contributions.  La Roy
+	wrote most of the code of the network proper.  Several others
+	wrote code in support of development and administration.  Just
+	recently (1999) La Roy, on contract, wrote a version of the
+	supervisor to run on {SPARC} hardware.
+
+	The name TYMNET was suggested by Vigril Swearingen in a weekly
+	meeting between Tymshare technical and marketing staff in
+	about 1970.
+
+	{(http://cap-lore.com/ETH.html)}.
+
+	[E-mail from La Roy Tymes]
+
+	(2002-11-26)
+
+Tymshare, Inc.
+
+	<company> The US company that created the {TYMNET} network.
+
+	(1999-03-17)
+
+type
+
+	<theory, programming> (Or "data type") A set of values from
+	which a {variable}, {constant}, {function}, or other
+	{expression} may take its value.  A type is a classification
+	of data that tells the {compiler} or {interpreter} how the
+	programmer intends to use it.  For example, the process and
+	result of adding two variables differs greatly according to
+	whether they are integers, floating point numbers, or strings.
+
+	Types supported by most programming languages include
+	{integers} (usually limited to some range so they will fit in
+	one {word} of storage), {Booleans}, {floating point numbers},
+	and characters.  {Strings} are also common, and are
+	represented as {lists} of characters in some languages.
+
+	If s and t are types, then so is s -> t, the type of
+	{functions} from s to t; that is, give them a term of type s,
+	functions of type s -> t will return a term of type t.
+
+	Some types are {primitive} - built-in to the language, with no
+	visible internal structure - e.g. Boolean; others are
+	composite - constructed from one or more other types (of
+	either kind) - e.g. {lists}, {arrays}, {structures}, {unions}.
+	{Object-oriented programming} extends this with {classes}
+	which encapsulate both the structure of a type and the
+	operations that can be performed on it.
+
+	Some languages provide {strong typing}, others allow {implicit
+	type conversion} and/or {explicit type conversion}.
+
+	(2003-12-22)
+
+type-ahead
+
+	<operating system> The facility where the user can type more
+	characters before the system has fully responded to those
+	already typed.  Type-ahead is common on most current systems.
+	It allows the user to type without worrying that the computer
+	may miss input because it is temporarily busy,
+	e.g. reformating a page, checking spelling, or simply
+	suffering from network latency.  There is usually some limit
+	to the amount of input the system can buffer, beyond which it
+	__will__ lose input.
+
+	[Equivalent term for {speech recognition}?]
+
+	(2003-06-15)
+
+type-ahead search
+
+	{incremental search}
+
+type assignment
+
+	<theory> A mapping of the {free variables} of some expression
+	E to types.  This is used in {type inference} to deduce the
+	type of E and its subexpressions.
+
+	(2002-02-22)
+
+type class
+
+	A set of types for which certain operations or {methods} are
+	defined.  E.g. the class Number might have methods for addition
+	and subtraction.  {Class}es are a feature of {object oriented
+	languages} and of the {functional programming} language
+	{Haskell}.  See also {inheritance}.
+
+typed lambda-calculus
+
+	<theory> (TLC) A variety of {lambda-calculus} in which every
+	term is labelled with a {type}.
+
+	A {function application} (A B) is only synctactically valid if
+	A has type s --> t, where the type of B is s (or an {instance}
+	or s in a {polymorphic} language) and t is any type.
+
+	If the types allowed for terms are restricted, e.g. to
+	{Hindley-Milner types} then no term may be applied to itself,
+	thus avoiding one kind of non-terminating evaluation.
+
+	Most {functional programming} languages, e.g. {Haskell}, {ML},
+	are closely based on variants of the typed lambda-calculus.
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+TypedProlog
+
+	<language> A {strongly typed} {logic programming} language.
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+typeface
+
+	<text> The style or design of a {font}.  Other independent
+	parameters are size, boldness (thickness of lines), and
+	obliqueness (a sheer transformation applied to the characters,
+	not to be confused with a specifically designed italic font).
+
+	(1996-08-02)
+
+type inference
+
+	<programming> An {algorithm} for ascribing types to
+	expressions in some language, based on the types of the
+	constants of the language and a set of type inference rules
+	such as
+
+		f :: A -> B,  x :: A
+		---------------------  (App)
+		      f x :: B
+
+	This rule, called "App" for application, says that if
+	expression f has type A -> B and expression x has type A then
+	we can deduce that expression (f x) has type B.  The
+	expressions above the line are the premises and below, the
+	conclusion.  An alternative notation often used is:
+
+		G |- x : A
+
+	where "|-" is the turnstile symbol ({LaTeX} \vdash) and G is a
+	type assignment for the free variables of expression x.  The
+	above can be read "under assumptions G, expression x has type
+	A".  (As in Haskell, we use a double "::" for type
+	declarations and a single ":" for the {infix} list constructor,
+	cons).
+
+	Given an expression
+
+		plus (head l) 1
+
+	we can label each subexpression with a type, using type
+	variables X, Y, etc. for unknown types:
+
+		(plus :: Int -> Int -> Int)
+			(((head :: [a] -> a) (l :: Y)) :: X)
+			(1 :: Int)
+
+	We then use {unification} on {type variables} to match the
+	{partial application} of plus to its first argument against
+	the App rule, yielding a type (Int -> Int) and a substitution
+	X = Int.  Re-using App for the application to the second
+	argument gives an overall type Int and no further
+	substitutions.  Similarly, matching App against the
+	application (head l) we get Y = [X].  We already know X = Int
+	so therefore Y = [Int].
+
+	This process is used both to infer types for expressions and
+	to check that any types given by the user are consistent.
+
+	See also {generic type variable}, {principal type}.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+type scheme
+
+	A typing of an expression which may include {type variables}.
+	E.g.
+
+		\ x . x :: a -> a
+
+	where a is a {generic type variable} which may be instantiated
+	to any type.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+typo
+
+	{typographical error}
+
+typographical error
+
+	(typo) An error while inputting text via keyboard, made
+	despite the fact that the user knows exactly what to type in.
+	This usually results from the operator's inexperience at
+	keyboarding, rushing, not paying attention, or carelessness.
+
+	Compare: {mouso}, {thinko}.
+
+	(1996-04-20)
+
+TYPOL
+
+	<language> A specialised {logic programming} language.
+
+	["TYPOL: A Formalism to Implement Natural Semantics",
+	T. Despeyroux, RR 94, INRIA, 1988].
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+typo squatter
+
+	<web> A {domain squatter} who registers a {domain
+	name} that is a common {typographical error} for a popular
+	{website} so that people will visit their site accidentally,
+	e.g. {(http://goggle.com/)} for {(http://google.com/)}.
+
+	(2007-07-13)
+
+tyt
+
+	<chat> Take your time.
+
+	(2004-02-15)
+
+TZ
+
+	<operating system> The {Unix} {environment variable}
+	containing the current {time zone} identifier, e.g. "GMT",
+	"EST".
+
+	In early versions of Unix this variable simply contained the
+	standard identifier for the zone, an offset in hours from GMT
+	and an identifier to use during daylight saving time
+	(e.g. "GMT0BST").  In later systems it stores the name of a
+	file containing the details of a particular zone such as the
+	dates when DST is in force.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: ctime(3V).
+
+	(1997-07-20)
+
+tz
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Tanzania.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+ua
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Ukraine.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+UAN
+
+	User Action Notation.  A notation from {VPI} for
+	representation of activity in a {graphical user interface}.
+
+	[H. Hartson et al, ACM Trans on Info Sys, July 1990].
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+UART
+
+	{Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter}
+
+UAT
+
+	{User Acceptance Testing}
+
+UAW
+
+	<spelling> Misspelling of "{IAW}"?
+
+UBASIC
+
+	Yuji Kida <kida@rkmath.rikkyo.ac.jp>.
+
+	An extension of {BASIC} for {symbolic mathematics} and {number
+	theory}.
+
+	UBASIC supports {bignums}, fractions, complex numbers,
+	polynomials and integer factorisation.  It runs under {MS-DOS}
+	and is written in {assembly language}.
+
+	Latest version: 8.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.simtel.com/math/utk/software/msdos/number.theory/ubasic/)}.
+
+	[Review, W.D. Neumann, Notices of AMS 36 (May/June 1989)]
+
+	["A math-oriented high-precision BASIC", Notices of the A.M.S,
+	38 (Mar 1991)].
+
+	(1992-07-06)
+
+UBD
+
+	{User Brain Damage}
+
+ubiquitous computing
+
+	Computers everywhere.  Making many computers available
+	throughout the physical environment, while making them
+	effectively invisible to the user.  Ubiquitous computing is
+	held by some to be the Third Wave of computing.  The First
+	Wave was many people per computer, the Second Wave was one
+	person per computer.  The Third Wave will be many computers
+	per person.  Three key technical issues are: power
+	consumption, user interface, and wireless connectivity.
+
+	The idea of ubiquitous computing as invisible computation was
+	first articulated by Mark Weiser in 1988 at the Computer
+	Science Lab at {Xerox PARC}.
+
+	{(http://ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/weiser.html)}.
+
+	(1994-12-23)
+
+uC++
+
+	Micro-C++.  A extension of {C++}, by Peter A Ruhr
+	<pabuhr@plg.uwaterloo.ca> of the {University of Waterloo},
+	with {light-weight concurrency} {coroutines} and {mutual
+	exclusion}.
+
+	Version 3.7 for {Unix} uses {GCC} 2.3.3 and requires {dmake}
+	3.0+ and the setitimer and sigcontext library calls.  It
+	runs on {Sequent}, {Sun-4}, {Sun-3}, {Ultrix}, {SGI},
+	{RS/6000}, {HP-PA}.
+
+	{(ftp://plg.uwaterloo.ca/pub/uSystem/u++-3.7.tar.Z)}.
+
+	[Software--Practice and Experience, 22(2):137-172, February
+	1992].
+
+	(1993-06-10)
+
+UCB
+
+	{University of California at Berkeley}
+
+UCHO
+
+	<audio, software> (Polish for "ear") A program by Stanislaw
+	Raczynski for analysing {wav} audio files to determine which
+	musical notes are sounding at each instant.  UCHO can output
+	the results as a {MIDI} file.
+
+	{UCHO home (http://www.stanr.com/ucho/ucho.htm)}.
+
+	(2008-03-17)
+
+U-Code
+
+	Universal Pascal Code.  Intermediate language, a
+	generalisation of P-code for easier optimisation.  Developed
+	originally for the Los Alamos Cray-1 and the Lawrence
+	Livermore S-1.  A refined version currently used by MIPS
+	compilers is descended from one at Stanford U.  "Machine
+	Independent Pascal Code Optimisation", D.R. Perkins et al,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 14(8): 201-201 (1979).  "A Transporter's Guide
+	to the Stanford U-Code Compiler System", P. Nye et al, TR CSL
+	Stanford U, June 1983.  (See HPcode).
+
+UCP
+
+	{Universal Computer Protocol}
+
+UCS
+
+	{Universal Character Set}
+
+UCSD Pascal
+
+	{Pascal-P}
+
+UCS transformation format
+
+	<standard, character> (UTF) A set of standard {character
+	encodings} in accordance with {ISO 10646}.
+
+	One of a set of standard character encodings, the most widely
+	used of which are UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32.  The code tables
+	in ISO 10646 and in the {Unicode} standard are identical,
+	although the Unicode standard includes additional material.
+
+	UTF-8 is the most widely used encoding, at least on {Unix}
+	systems.  Since it does not include any bytes like '\0' or '/'
+	which have a special meaning in filenames and other {C}
+	library function parameters, and 7-bit ASCII characters have
+	the same encoding under both {ASCII} and UTF-8, the required
+	changes to existing software are minimised.
+
+	Other UTFs: UTF-1 and UTF-7 are not widely used.
+
+	{UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux
+	(http://cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html#ucs)}.
+
+	(2002-01-15)
+
+UCX
+
+	{Universal Communications X}
+
+udb
+
+	{Universal Debugger}
+
+UDDI
+
+	{Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration}
+
+UDF
+
+	{Universal Disk Format}
+
+UDMA
+
+	{ATA-4}
+
+UDP
+
+	{User Datagram Protocol}
+
+uemacs
+
+	{MicroEmacs}.  ("u" looks a bit like the Greek letter micro).
+
+UFO
+
+	<language> (United Functions and Objects) A hybrid
+	{functional} and {object-oriented} language designed by John
+	Seargant at {Manchester University} for general-purpose
+	parallel computation.
+
+	To a first approximation, UFO is a strict, higher-order
+	functional language with an object-oriented type system, and
+	strong support for numeric computation in the form of
+	SISAL-style arrays and loops.  Parallelism is implicit, and
+	applies at various different levels of granularity, thereby
+	facilitating implementations on a wide range of parallel
+	architectures.
+
+	It is planned to run it on a 64 processor {KSR} machine.
+
+	(1996-08-22)
+
+UFO bug
+
+	<humour> A {bug} reported over and over again by users who believe
+	it is real even after they have been shown that it doesn't exist.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder
+	(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].
+
+	(2013-02-07)
+
+ug
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Uganda.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+UGLIAC
+
+	<language> An early system on the {Datatron 200} series.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(2013-02-07)
+
+UHELP
+
+	A {linear programming} system.
+
+	["UHELP User's Manual", D. Singh, Indus Eng Dept, U Houston
+	(Oct 1969)].
+
+UI
+
+	1. {user interface}.
+
+	2. {Unix International}.
+
+uid
+
+	<programming, database>
+
+	1. {user identifier}.
+
+	2. unique identifier - of any sort, possibly following sense 1.
+
+	Compare with {SKU} for sense-development.
+
+	(1998-09-27)
+
+UIDL
+
+	{Unique ID Listing}
+
+UIL
+
+	{User Interface Language}
+
+UIMS
+
+	User Interface Management System: a system supporting the
+	development and execution of user interfaces, usually on top
+	of windowing systems.
+
+UIMX
+
+	An interface builder for Motif from Visual Edge.
+
+UIS
+
+	<graphics, programming> A {VMS} graphics programming interface
+	package for {VAXstations}.
+
+	(1998-10-25)
+
+uk
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for United Kingdom.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+UKC
+
+	{University of Kent at Canterbury}
+
+UKERNA
+
+	{United Kingdom Education and Research Networking Association}
+
+UKUUG Ltd.
+
+	<body> The UK's Unix and Open Systems User Group is a
+	non-profit organisation and technical forum for the advocacy
+	of {open systems}, particularly {Unix} and Unix-like
+	{operating systems}, the promotion of free and {open source}
+	software, and the advancement of open programming {standards}
+	and networking {protocols}.
+
+	UKUUG aims to cater for all those working in, or interested in
+	open systems and open standards.
+
+	It has been known as UKUUG since 1977, but produced its first
+	magazine - UK Universities UNIX Newsletter - in December 1976.
+
+	UKUUG used to stand for "United Kingdom Unix Users Group" but
+	is now just "UKUUG Ltd."
+
+	{UKUUG Home (http://ukuug.org/)}.
+
+	(2006-08-23)
+
+ULCC
+
+	{University of London Computing Centre}
+
+Ulm's Modula-2 System
+
+	<language> A {Modula-2} {compiler}, library and tools by
+	Andreas Borchert <borchert@mathematik.uni-ulm.de>.  The
+	compiler is derived from the {ETHZ} compiler for the {Lilith}
+	system.  Version 2.2.1 conforms to {PIM3}.  It requires {gas}
+	version 1.36 (to be found in the same directory).  Commercial
+	use requires a licence.  It runs on {Sun-3}, {Nixdorf}
+	{Targon}/31, {Concurrent} 3200 Series.
+
+	{(ftp://titania.mathematik.uni-ulm.de/pub/soft/modula/ulm/sun3/modula-2.2.1.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1992-03-02)
+
+ULP
+
+	1. <language> A small structured language for use on
+	{microprocessors}.
+
+	["User's Guide to the ULP Language for the PDP-11", CS TR 536,
+	U Maryland, May 1977].
+
+	2. <protocol> {Upper Layer Protocol}.
+
+	(1999-02-17)
+
+Ultra64
+
+	<hardware, games> A {Nintendo} games machine, unveiled in May
+	1995.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+Ultra-ATA
+
+	{ATA-4}
+
+Ultra DMA
+
+	{ATA-4}
+
+Ultra-SCSI
+
+	<hardware> An extension of {SCSI-2} proposed by a group of
+	manufacturers which doubles the transfer speed of {Fast-SCSI}
+	to give 20MByte/s on an 8-bit connection and 40MByte/s on a
+	16-bit connection.
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+Ultrix
+
+	<operating system> A version of {Unix} based on the {Berkeley}
+	version, designed and implemented by {DEC} to run on their
+	{VAX} and {DECstation} processors.
+
+	(1994-10-26)
+
+um
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for United States minor
+	outlying islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+UMB
+
+	1. {Upper Memory Block}.
+
+	2. A university(?).
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+UMB Scheme
+
+	A {Scheme} system including an editor and debugger by William
+	Campbell <bill@cs.umb.edu>.  Conforms to the {R4RS}.
+
+	{(ftp://nexus.yorku.ca/pub/scheme/)}.
+
+	(1994-10-28)
+
+UMDL
+
+	{University of Michigan Digital Library Project}
+
+UML
+
+	{Unified Modeling Language}
+
+uML
+
+	{Micro ML}
+
+UMTS
+
+	{Universal Mobile Telecommunications System}
+
+unary
+
+	1. <programming> (or "{monadic}") A description of a
+	{function} or {operator} which takes one {argument}, e.g. the
+	unary minus operator which negates its argument.  The term is
+	part of the same sequence as {nullary} and {binary}.
+
+	2. <data, humour> Base one.  A number base with only one
+	digit, namely zero, and which can therefore only be used to
+	express the number zero.  Attempting to add one to zero
+	results in an infinite sequence of carries.  Numbers in unary
+	notation can be represented particularly efficiently however
+	since each digit requires no storage.
+
+	(2001-02-25)
+
+UNC
+
+	{Universal Naming Convention}
+
+UNCL
+
+	{Universal Naming Code Locater}
+
+UNCOL
+
+	UNiversal Computer Oriented Language.  A universal
+	intermediate language, discussed but never implemented.
+
+	["A First Version of UNCOL", T.B. Steel, Proc JCC 19:371-378
+	(Winter 1961)].
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.708].
+
+uncompression
+
+	{compression}
+
+uncountable
+
+	{countable}
+
+uncurry
+
+	{uncurrying}
+
+uncurrying
+
+	<programming> Transforming a {curried function} of the
+	form f x y z = ... to one of the form f (x, y, z) = ... ,
+	i.e. all {arguments} are passed as one {tuple}.
+
+	(1998-07-02)
+
+undefined
+
+	<programming> The value of a {variable} that has not been set or a
+	function that does not return anything.  In some programming
+	languages, e.g. {Perl}, {JavaScript}, undefined is a named
+	constant that can be used to explicitly set a variable or return
+	undefined or can be passed as an {actual argument}.  Other
+	languages, e.g. {Java}, call it "{null}", but note that the null
+	in relational database programming is subtly different.
+
+	Many languages provide a {built-in function} to test whether an
+	expression is undefined, e.g. Perl's defined() function.
+
+	Attempting to operate on an undefined value, e.g. add it to a
+	number or append it to a string, may either raise an error or
+	result in the undefined value being converted ({cast}) to some
+	appropriate value, e.g. {false}, zero or {empty string}, according
+	to the {type} of expression.
+
+	This definition is an example of a {paradox}.
+
+	(2012-12-02)
+
+undefined external reference
+
+	[Unix] A message from {Unix}'s linker, {ld}.  Used in speech
+	to flag loose ends or dangling references in an argument or
+	discussion.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+underflow
+
+	<programming> (or "floating point underflow", "floating
+	underflow", after "{overflow}") A condition that can occur
+	when the result of a {floating-point} operation would be
+	smaller in magnitude (closer to zero, either positive or
+	negative) than the smallest quantity representable.  Underflow
+	is actually (negative) {overflow} of the {exponent} of the
+	{floating point} quantity.  For example, an eight-bit {twos
+	complement} exponent can represent multipliers of 2^-128 to
+	2^127.  A result less than 2^-128 would cause underflow.
+
+	Depending on the {processor}, the programming language and the
+	{run-time system}, underflow may set a status bit, raise an
+	{exception} or generate a {hardware} {interrupt} or some
+	combination of these effects.  Alternatively, it may just be
+	ignored and zero substituted for the unrepresentable value,
+	though this might lead to a later {divide by zero} error which
+	cannot be so easily ignored.
+
+	(2006-11-09)
+
+Undernet
+
+	<networking> An {Internet Relay Chat} network dating from the
+	1990s, when it broke away from the main (still larger) IRC
+	network, {EFNet}.
+
+	{(http://undernet.org/)}.
+
+	{The History of the Undernet
+	(http://www2.undernet.org:8080/~cs93jtl/unet_history.txt)}.
+
+	(1995-11-09)
+
+underscore
+
+	<character> _, {ASCII} 95.
+
+	Common names: {ITU-T}: underline; underscore; underbar; under.
+	Rare: score; backarrow; skid; {INTERCAL}: flatworm.
+
+	See also {left arrow}.
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+under the hood
+
+	[hot-rodder talk] 1. The underlying implementation of a
+	product (hardware, software, or idea).  Implies that the
+	implementation is not intuitively obvious from the appearance,
+	but the speaker is about to enable the listener to {grok} it.
+	"Let's now look under the hood to see how ...."
+
+	2. Can also imply that the implementation is much simpler than
+	the appearance would indicate: "Under the hood, we are just
+	fork/execing the shell."
+
+	3. Inside a chassis, as in "Under the hood, this baby has a
+	40MHz 68030!"
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+undocumented feature
+
+	{feature}
+
+U-NET Limited
+
+	A {dial-up} {Internet} access provider based in Warrington,
+	UK.  Speeds 4800 - 28.8kbps.  The currently support {Microsoft
+	Windows} and {RISC OS} users.  For 12 pounds to join and 12
+	pounds per month or 100 pounds per year you get a full {SLIP}
+	account with a pernament {IP address} and {POP3} {electronic
+	mail} account.  Membership includes a disk with {Mosaic},
+	{Eudora}, {Trumpet2}, Newsreader, {FTP} and {Telnet} and full
+	{Internet} access.  Users can choose their own {user name} and
+	{hostname}.  Allows some extra services such as more than one
+	POP3 account per access account.  User name is significant so
+	that a company can have accounts with the same hostname
+	(i.e. their company name) but the mail going to diffent
+	machines.  Mail in users POP3 account is accessible from
+	anywhere not just via the dial-up connection.  On your next
+	business trip you can still check your {e-mail} (provided you
+	can get onto the Internet).
+
+	{(http://u-net.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <hi@u-net.com>.
+
+	(1994-11-18)
+
+unfold
+
+	{inline}
+
+unfold/fold
+
+	A {program transformation} where a {recursive} call to a
+	function is {unfold}ed to an instance of the function's body
+	and then later an instance of the function's body is replaced
+	by a call.  E.g.
+
+		sumdouble l = sum (double l)
+
+		double l = case l of
+		           []   -> []
+			   x:xs -> 2*x + double xs
+
+		==> (unfold double)
+
+		sumdouble l = sum (case l of
+			           []   -> []
+				   x:xs -> 2*x : double xs)
+
+		==> (distribute over case)
+
+		sumdouble l = case l of
+			      []   -> sum []
+			      x:xs -> sum (2*x : double xs)
+
+	 	==> (unfold sum)
+
+		sumdouble l = case l of
+			      []   -> 0
+			      x:xs -> 2*x + sum (double xs)
+
+	 	==> (fold sumdouble)
+
+		sumdouble l = case l of
+			      []   -> 0
+			      x:xs -> 2*x + sumdouble xs
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+UNI
+
+	1. <standard, body> {Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione}.
+
+	2. <networking> {User Network Interface}.
+
+	(1999-02-01)
+
+unicast
+
+	<networking> Sending {packets} to a single destination, used
+	in contrast to {broadcast} or {multicast}.  The term is
+	generally only used when talking about low level
+	communications, typically at the {network layer},
+	e.g. {Internet Protocol}.
+
+	(2008-06-23)
+
+Unicode
+
+	1. <character> A 16-bit {character set} standard, designed and
+	maintained by the non-profit consortium Unicode Inc.
+
+	Originally Unicode was designed to be universal, unique, and
+	uniform, i.e., the code was to cover all major modern written
+	languages (universal), each character was to have exactly one
+	encoding (unique), and each character was to be represented by
+	a fixed width in bits (uniform).
+
+	Parallel to the development of Unicode an {ISO}/{IEC}
+	standard was being worked on that put a large emphasis on
+	being compatible with existing character codes such as {ASCII}
+	or {ISO Latin 1}.  To avoid having two competing 16-bit
+	standards, in 1992 the two teams compromised to define a
+	common character code standard, known both as Unicode and
+	{BMP}.
+
+	Since the merger the character codes are the same but the two
+	standards are not identical.  The ISO/IEC standard covers only
+	coding while Unicode includes additional specifications that
+	help implementation.
+
+	Unicode is not a {glyph encoding}.  The same character can be
+	displayed as a variety of {glyphs}, depending not only on the
+	{font} and style, but also on the adjacent characters.  A
+	sequence of characters can be displayed as a single glyph or a
+	character can be displayed as a sequence of glyphs.  Which
+	will be the case, is often font dependent.
+
+	See also Jörgen Bettels and F. Avery Bishop's paper {Unicode:
+	A universal character code
+	(http://research.compaq.com/wrl/DECarchives/DTJ/DTJB02/DTJB02SC.TXT)}.
+
+	(2002-08-06)
+
+	2. <language> A pre-{Fortran} on the {IBM 1130}, similar to
+	{MATH-MATIC}.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p.137].
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+UniCOMAL
+
+	{COMmon Algorithmic Language}
+
+Unicorny
+
+	<humour, programming> A {feature} that's so early in the planning
+	stages that it might as well be imaginary.
+
+	[{Dodgy Coder(http://www.dodgycoder.net/2011/11/yoda-conditions-pokemon-exception.html)}].1
+
+	(2013-06-17)
+
+unicos
+
+	A {Unix} variant for {Cray} computers.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Uniface
+
+	1. <database, programming, product> A {4GL} development
+	environment and system integration tool marketed by
+	{Compuware}.  Uniface is database independent, with interfaces
+	to more than 14 {database management systems} and file
+	retrieval systems including {DB2}, {IMS}, {SQL Server},
+	{Oracle}, {RDB}, {Sybase}.  It is currently supported on {MS
+	Windows} (98, ME, NT, 2000, XP, 2003), various {Unix}
+	flavours, {Linux}, {OpenVMS}, {IBM iSeries} ({AS/400}), {IBM
+	zSeries} ({MVS}) and various {web servers}.  Uniface can
+	integrate with {SAP}, {COM}, {Java}, {BEA Tuxedo}, {CICS}, and
+	various {CORBA} implementations.
+
+	{Uniface user group Germany (http://c-b-g.org/)}.
+	{Profesional Uniface Users Universe (http://puuu.org/)}.
+	{Free tutorials (http://march-hare.com.au/)}.
+
+	2. <text> Synonym of {bitmap font}.
+
+	(1999-01-05)
+
+unification
+
+	<programming> The generalisation of {pattern matching} that is
+	the {logic programming} equivalent of {instantiation} in
+	{logic}.  When two {terms} are to be unified, they are
+	compared.  If they are both constants then the result of
+	unification is success if they are equal else failure.  If one
+	is a variable then it is bound to the other, which may be any
+	term (which satisfies an "{occurs check}"), and the
+	unification succeeds.  If both terms are structures then each
+	pair of sub-terms is unified {recursive}ly and the unification
+	succeeds if all the sub-terms unify.
+
+	The result of unification is either failure or success with a
+	set of variable bindings, known as a "{unifier}".  There may
+	be many such unifiers for any pair of terms but there will be
+	at most one "{most general unifier}", other unifiers simply
+	add extra bindings for sub-terms which are variables in the
+	original terms.
+
+	(1995-12-14)
+
+Unified Han
+
+	{Han character}
+
+Unified Modeling Language
+
+	<language> (UML) A non-proprietary, third generation {modelling
+	language}.  The Unified Modeling Language is an open method
+	used to specify, visualise, construct and document the
+	artifacts of an {object-oriented} software-intensive system
+	under development.  The UML represents a compilation of "best
+	engineering practices" which have proven successful in
+	modelling large, complex systems.
+
+	UML succeeds the concepts of {Booch}, {OMT} and {OOSE} by
+	fusing them into a single, common and widely usable modelling
+	language.  UML aims to be a standard modelling language which
+	can model {concurrent} and distributed systems.
+
+	UML is not an {industry standard}, but is taking shape under
+	the auspices of the {Object Management Group} (OMG).  OMG has
+	called for information on object-oriented methodologies, that
+	might create a rigorous software modelling language.  Many
+	industry leaders have responded in earnest to help create the
+	standard.
+
+	See also: {STP}, {IDE}.
+
+	{OMG UML Home (http://uml.org/)}.
+
+	{Rational UML Resource Center
+	(http://rational.com/uml/index.jsp)}.
+
+	(2002-01-03)
+
+unifier
+
+	The unifier of a set of expressions is a set of substitutions
+	of terms for variables such that the expressions are all
+	equal.
+
+	See also {most general unifier}, {unification}.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+UNIFORM
+
+	An intermediate language developed for reverse engineering
+	both {COBOL} and {Fortran}.
+
+	["The REDO Compendium", H. van Zuylen ed, Wiley 1993].
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Uniform Naming Convention
+
+	{Universal Naming Convention}
+
+Uniform Resource Citation
+
+	<web> (URC) A set of attribute/value pairs
+	describing an object.  Some of the values may be {URIs} of
+	various kinds.  Others may include, for example, athorship,
+	publisher, datatype, date, copyright status and shoe size.  A
+	URC is not normally considered as a string, but a set of
+	fields and values with some defined free formatting.
+
+	(1995-03-24)
+
+Uniform Resource Locater
+
+	{Uniform Resource Locator}
+
+Uniform Resource Locator
+
+	<web> (URL, previously "Universal") A {standard}
+	way of specifying the location of an object, typically a {web
+	page}, on the {Internet}.  Other types of object are described
+	below.  URLs are the form of address used on the {World-Wide
+	Web}.  They are used in {HTML} documents to specify the target
+	of a {hypertext link} which is often another HTML document
+	(possibly stored on another computer).
+
+	Here are some example URLs:
+
+	 http://w3.org/default.html
+	 http://acme.co.uk:8080/images/map.gif
+	 http://foldoc.org/?Uniform+Resource+Locator
+	 http://w3.org/default.html#Introduction
+	 ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors/msdos/graphics/gifkit.zip
+	 ftp://spy:secret@ftp.acme.com/pub/topsecret/weapon.tgz
+	 mailto:fred@doc.ic.ac.uk
+	 news:alt.hypertext
+	 telnet://dra.com
+
+	The part before the first colon specifies the access scheme or
+	{protocol}.  Commonly implemented schemes include: {ftp},
+	{http} (web), {gopher} or {WAIS}.  The "file"
+	scheme should only be used to refer to a file on the same
+	host.  Other less commonly used schemes include {news},
+	{telnet} or mailto ({e-mail}).
+
+	The part after the colon is interpreted according to the
+	access scheme.  In general, two slashes after the colon
+	introduce a {hostname} (host:port is also valid, or for {FTP}
+	user:passwd@host or user@host).  The {port} number is usually
+	omitted and defaults to the standard port for the scheme,
+	e.g. port 80 for HTTP.
+
+	For an HTTP or FTP URL the next part is a {pathname} which is
+	usually related to the pathname of a file on the server.  The
+	file can contain any type of data but only certain types are
+	interpreted directly by most {browsers}.  These include {HTML}
+	and images in {gif} or {jpeg} format.  The file's type is
+	given by a {MIME} type in the HTTP headers returned by the
+	server, e.g. "text/html", "image/gif", and is usually also
+	indicated by its {filename extension}.  A file whose type is
+	not recognised directly by the browser may be passed to an
+	external "viewer" {application}, e.g. a sound player.
+
+	The last (optional) part of the URL may be a query string
+	preceded by "?" or a "fragment identifier" preceded by "#".
+	The later indicates a particular position within the specified
+	document.
+
+	Only alphanumerics, reserved characters (:/?#"<>%+) used for
+	their reserved purposes and "$", "-", "_", ".", "&", "+" are
+	safe and may be transmitted unencoded.  Other characters are
+	encoded as a "%" followed by two {hexadecimal} digits.  Space
+	may also be encoded as "+".  Standard {SGML} "&<name>;"
+	character entity encodings (e.g. "&eacute;") are also accepted
+	when URLs are embedded in HTML.  The terminating semicolon may
+	be omitted if &<name> is followed by a non-letter character.
+
+	{The authoritative W3C URL specification
+	(http://w3.org/hypertext/WWW/Addressing/Addressing.html)}.
+
+	(2000-02-17)
+
+Uniform Resource Name
+
+	<web> (URN, previously Uniform/Universal Resource
+	Number) 1. Any {URI} which is not a {URL}.
+
+	2. A particular scheme which is currently (1991-4) under
+	development by the {IETF}, which should provide for the
+	resolution using {Internet} {protocols} of names which have a
+	greater persistence than that currently associated with
+	Internet {host} names or organisations (as used in {URLs}).
+	Uniform Resource Names will be URI schemes that improve on
+	URLs in reliability over time, including authenticity,
+	replication, and high availability.
+
+	When defined, a URN in sense 1 will be an example of a URN in
+	sense 2.
+
+	{(http://w3.org/pub/WWW/Addressing/Addressing.html)}.
+
+	(2006-04-18)
+
+Uniform Resource Number
+
+	Former name for {Uniform Resource Name}.
+
+Unify
+
+	<database, product> A {relational database} produced by {Unify
+	Corporation}.
+
+	(1995-03-15)
+
+unify
+
+	<algorithm> To perform {unification}.
+
+	(1995-03-15)
+
+Unify Corporation
+
+	<company> Developers of the {Unify} {relational database}.  At
+	one time, before {Sybase}, they were a competitor of {Oracle},
+	et al.
+
+	{(http://unify.com/)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.unify.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-03-15)
+
+Unihan
+
+	{Han character}
+
+uninstaller
+
+	<operating system> A {utility} program to remove another
+	{application program} from a computer's disks.
+
+	Most commonly found on {IBM PCs}, as applications tend to
+	leave files in various places on the {hard disc}, so special
+	software is required to tidy up after them.
+
+	Ken Spreitzer <ken@maximized.com> claims to have written the
+	original PC program called "UnInstaller", first licensed to
+	{MicroHelp} and now (Feb 1998) sold by {CyberMedia}.
+
+	Compare with {installer}.
+
+	(1998-02-09)
+
+uninteresting
+
+	<jargon> 1. Said of a problem that, although {nontrivial}, can
+	be solved simply by throwing sufficient resources at it.
+
+	2. Also said of problems for which a solution would neither
+	advance the state of the art nor be fun to design and code.
+
+	Hackers regard uninteresting problems as intolerable wastes of
+	time, to be solved (if at all) by lesser mortals.  *Real*
+	hackers (see {toolsmith}) generalise uninteresting problems
+	enough to make them interesting and solve them - thus
+	solving the original problem as a special case (and, it must
+	be admitted, occasionally turning a molehill into a mountain,
+	or a mountain into a tectonic plate).
+
+	See {WOMBAT}, {SMOP}.  Compare {toy problem}.  Oppose
+	{interesting}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+Uninterruptible Power Supply
+
+	<hardware> (UPS) A battery powered {power supply unit} that is
+	guaranteed to provide power to a computer in the event of
+	interruptions in the incoming mains electrical power.
+	Different rating UPSs will provide power for different lengths
+	of time.
+
+	Modern UPSs connect to the computer's {serial port} and
+	provide information such as battery time remaining, allowing
+	the computer to shut down {gracefully} before complete loss of
+	power.
+
+	(1996-12-11)
+
+union
+
+	1. <theory> An operation on two {sets} which returns the set of
+	all elements that are a member of either or both of the sets;
+	normally written as an infix upper-case U symbol.  The operator
+	generalises to zero or more sets by taking the union of the
+	current partial result (initially the empty set) with the next
+	argument set, in any order.
+
+	For example, (a, b, c) U (c, d, e) = (a, b, c, d, e)
+
+	2. <programming> A {type} whose values may be of one of a number
+	of other types, the current type depending on conditions that are
+	only known at {run-time}.  A {variable} of union type must be
+	allocated sufficient storage space to hold the largest component
+	type.  Some unions include extra information to say which type of
+	value the union currently has (a "tagged union"), others rely on
+	the program to keep track of this independently.
+
+	A union contrasts with a {structure} or {record} which stores
+	values of all component types at once.
+
+	3. <database> An {SQL} {operator} that concatenates two result
+	sets, that must have the same number and types of {columns}.
+	The operator may be followed by the word "ALL" to indicate
+	that results that appear in both sets should appear twice in
+	the output.
+
+	(2002-02-26)
+
+Unipalm Group plc
+
+	<company> A company floated in March 1994.
+
+	{(http://unipalm.co.uk/index.html)}.
+
+	(1996-12-11)
+
+Unipress Software, Inc.
+
+	<company> A developer and distributor of {Unix} software.
+	They produce PC-UNIX connectivity software, development tools
+	and applications and provide technical support and
+	maintenance, porting services, training and consulting.
+
+	{(http://unipress.com/)}.
+
+	(1996-12-11)
+
+uniprocessor
+
+	<processor> (From "uni" - one) A computer with a single
+	{central processing unit}, in contrast to a {parallel
+	processor}.  Most {personal computers} are currently (March
+	1997) uniprocessors.  Some more expensive computers, typically
+	{servers}, have multiple processors to provide increased
+	{throughput}.
+
+	See also {symmetric multiprocessor} and {massively parallel
+	processor}.
+
+	(1997-03-23)
+
+UNIQUE
+
+	<language> A {portable} {job control language}.
+
+	["The UNIQUE Command Language - Portable Job Control",
+	I.A. Newman, Proc DATAFAIR 73, 1973, pp. 353-357].
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+Unique ID Listing
+
+	<messaging> (UIDL) A system used by {POP3} {electronic mail}
+	{servers} to uniquely identify a mail message.  Normally, a
+	message is identified by its position in the list of messages
+	but this will change when an earlier message is deleted.  The
+	UIDL is a fixed string of characters which is unique to the
+	message.  The UIDL of a message never changes and will never
+	be reused, even when the message has been deleted from the
+	user's {mailbox}.
+
+	{RFC 1725 (http://ds0.internic.net/rfc/rfc1725.txt)}.
+
+	(1997-04-16)
+
+unique key
+
+	<database> A {key} which identifies only one body of
+	information out of several.
+
+	(1997-04-26)
+
+unique sales point
+
+	<product> (USP) A feature that the salesman hopes will
+	convince you to buy his product instead of another.
+
+	(1999-10-21)
+
+Unir Tech
+
+	<company> The company with the exclusive license from {Bell
+	Labs} to distribute {C+@}.  Unir is owned and operated by
+	well-known anti-{IETF} ranter, Jim Fleming.
+
+	Telephone: +1 (800) 222-8647.
+
+	(2002-05-19)
+
+UNISAP
+
+	An early system on {UNIVAC} I or II.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+Unisys Corporation
+
+	<company> The company formed in 1984-5 when {Burroughs
+	Corporation} merged with {Sperry Corporation}.  This was when
+	the phrase "{dinosaurs mating}" was coined.
+
+	Unisys is one of the largest providers of information
+	services, technology, and software in the world.  They employ
+	about 49,000 people and do business in some 100 countries.  In
+	1994 about 80 percent of revenue was derived from commercial
+	information systems and services, with the remainder coming
+	from electronic systems and services for the defense market.
+	The defense business was sold to {Loral} in early 1995.
+	Slightly more than half of Unisys's revenue is from business
+	in the United States.
+
+	They specialise in providing business-critical solutions,
+	based on open information networks, for organisations that
+	operate in transaction-intensive environments.  These
+	organisations include financial services companies, airlines,
+	telecommunications companies, government agencies, and other
+	commercial enterprises.
+
+	In August 1994, quarterly sales were $1799M and profits $50M.
+
+	{(http://unisys.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+United Kingdom Unix Users Group
+
+	{UKUUG Ltd.}
+
+United Technologies Research Cente
+
+	(UTRC) {http://utrcwww.utc.com/}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Unit Separator
+
+	<character> (US) {ASCII} character 31.
+
+	(1996-06-29)
+
+unit testing
+
+	<testing> The type of {testing} where a developer (usually the
+	one who wrote the code) proves that a code module (the "unit")
+	meets its requirements.
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+UNITY
+
+	A high-level parallel language.
+
+	A translator into {MPL} is available by
+	{(ftp://sanfrancisco.ira.uka.de/pub/maspar/maspar_unity.tar.Z)}.
+
+	See also {MasPar Unity}.
+
+	["Parallel Program Design", K.M. Chandry and Misra, A-W 1988].
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+Univac
+
+	<processor, company> A brand of computer.
+
+	There is a historical placard in the United States Census
+	Bureau that has the following, "The Bureau of the Census
+	dedicated the world's first electronic general purpose data
+	processing computer, UNIVAC I, on June 14, 1951.
+	Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation".
+
+	The {Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation} designed and built
+	Univac.  Over the years, rights to the Univac name changed
+	hands several times.  Circa 1987, {Sperry Univac} merged with
+	the {Burroughs Corporation} to form {Unisys Corporation}.
+
+	(1994-11-22)
+
+Universal algebra
+
+	<logic> The {model theory} of {first-order} {equational
+	logic}.
+
+	(1997-02-25)
+
+Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
+
+	<communications, hardware> (UART) An {integrated circuit} used
+	for serial communications, containing a transmitter
+	(parallel-to-serial converter) and a receiver
+	(serial-to-parallel converter), each clocked separately.
+
+	The parallel side of a UART is usually connected to the {bus}
+	of a computer.  When the computer writes a byte to the UART's
+	transmit data register (TDR), the UART will start to transmit
+	it on the serial line.  The UART's status register contains a
+	{flag} bit which the computer can read to see if the UART is
+	ready to transmit another byte.  Another status register bit
+	says whether the UART has received a byte from the {serial
+	line}, in which case the computer should read it from the
+	receive data register (RDR).  If another byte is received
+	before the previous one is read, the UART will signal an
+	"overrun" error via another status bit.
+
+	The UART may be set up to {interrupt} the computer when data
+	is received or when ready to transmit more data.
+
+	The UART's serial connections usually go via separate {line
+	driver} and {line receiver} {integrated circuits} which
+	provide the power and voltages required to drive the serial
+	line and give some protection against noise on the line.
+
+	Data on the {serial line} is formatted by the {UART} according
+	to the setting of the UART's control register.  This may also
+	determine the transmit and receive baud rates if the UART
+	contains its own clock circuits or "{baud} rate generators".
+	If incorrectly formated data is received the UART may signal a
+	"{framing error}" or "{parity} error".
+
+	Often the clock will run at 16 times the baud rate (bits per
+	second) to allow the receiver to do {centre sampling} - i.e. to
+	read each bit in the middle of its allotted time period.  This
+	makes the UART more tolerant to variations in the {clock rate}
+	("jitter") of the incoming data.
+
+	An example of a late 1980s UART was the {Intel 8450}.  In the
+	1990s, newer UARTs were developed with on-chip {buffers}.
+	This allowed higher transmission speed without data loss and
+	without requiring such frequent attention from the computer.
+	For example, the {Intel} {16550} has a 16 byte {FIFO}.
+	Variants include the {16C550}, {16C650}, {16C750}, and
+	{16C850}.
+
+	The term "Serial Communications Interface" (SCI) was first
+	used at {Motorola} around 1975 to refer to their start-stop
+	asyncronous serial interface device, which others were calling
+	a UART.
+
+	See also {bit bang}.
+
+	[Is this the same as an {ACIA}?]
+
+	(2003-07-13)
+
+Universal Character Set
+
+	<character, standard> (UCS, ISO/IEC 10646) A 1993 {ISO} and
+	{IEC} standard {character set}, also known as "Universal
+	Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set".
+
+	UCS comes in a 16-bit variant called UCS-2 and a 32-bit
+	variant called UCS-4, which is composed of 16-bit UCS-2
+	"planes".  So far only one 16-bit plane has been defined,
+	which is known as the {Basic Multilingual Plane}.
+
+	The implementation of UCS is still in its infancy, though some
+	moves, such as the {Java} language defining a character to be
+	16 bits, are suggestive.
+
+	[Relationship with {Unicode}?]
+
+	(1997-07-04)
+
+Universal Communications X
+
+	<communications> (UCX) A software implementation of the
+	ubiquitous {TCP/IP} suite of {communications} {protocols} for
+	{Digital Equipment Corporation}'s {OpenVMS} {operating
+	system}.
+
+	Users of the {UCX} product can connect to heterogeneous
+	{networks} to access and {download} files, send {electronic
+	mail}, run and develop {applications}, and monitor activity.
+
+	{"Software Product Description, DIGITAL TCP/IP Services for
+	OpenVMS, Version 4.2",
+	(http://digital.com/info/QAW009/QAW009HM.HTM)}.
+
+	(2000-12-15)
+
+Universal Computer Protocol
+
+	<communications, protocol> An earlier form of {External
+	Machine Interface} (EMI).
+
+	(2007-09-10)
+
+Universal Debugger
+
+	<tool, parallel> (udb) {KSR}'s interactive {source level
+	debugger} for serial and parallel programs written in {KSR},
+	{Fortran}, {KSR C} and {KSR1} {assembly language}.
+
+	Udb is a source level debugger for testing and debugging
+	serial and parallel programs; it is compatible with {GDB} and
+	{dbx}.  The user can direct udb either by typing commands or
+	graphically through an {X}-based window interface; the latter
+	provides simultaneous display of source code, I/O and
+	instructions.  For parallel programs, operations can be
+	carried out per-{thread}.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://tc.cornell.edu/Parallel.Tools/tools/udb.html)}.
+
+	(1995-05-07)
+
+Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration
+
+	<standard, protocol> (UDDI) The service discovery {protocol}
+	for {Web Services} through which companies can find one
+	another to conduct business.  This standard was unveiled by
+	{Ariba}, {IBM}, {Microsoft}, and 33 other companies in
+	September 2000.
+
+	(2002-06-28)
+
+Universal Disk Format
+
+	<storage, standard> (UDF) A {CD-ROM} {file system} {standard}
+	that is required for {DVD ROMs}.  UDF is the {OSTA}'s
+	replacement for the {ISO 9660} file system used on CD-ROMs,
+	but will be mostly used on DVD.  {DVD multimedia} disks use
+	UDF to contain {MPEG} {audio} and {video} {streams}.
+
+	To read DVDs you need a DVD drive, the {kernel} driver for the
+	drive, MPEG video support, and a UDF driver.  DVDs containing
+	both UDF filesystems and ISO 9660 filesystems can be read
+	without UDF support.
+
+	UDF can also be used by {CD-R} and {CD-RW} recorders in
+	{packet writing} mode.
+
+	(1999-09-01)
+
+Universal Naming Convention
+
+	<networking> (UNC) The type of {file system} {path} used in
+	{Microsoft Windows} networking to completely specify a
+	directory on a {file server}.
+
+	The basic format is:
+
+		\\servername\sharename
+
+	where "servername" is the {hostname} or {IP address} of a
+	network file server, and "sharename" is the name of a shared
+	directory on the server.  This is related to the conventional
+	{MS-DOS} "C:\windows" style of directory name.  E.g.
+
+		\\server1\dave
+
+	might be set up to point to
+
+		C:\users\homedirs\dave
+
+	on a server called "server1".
+
+	It is possible to execute a program using this convention
+	without having to specifically link a drive, by running:
+
+	\\server\share\directory\program.exe
+
+	The {undocumented} DOS command, TRUENAME can be used to find
+	out the UNC name of a file or directory on a network drive.
+
+	Even Microsoft don't know whether UNC stands for "Universal
+	Naming Convention" or "Uniform Naming Convention", both appear
+	on their website, sometimes withing the same document, but
+	with a preference for "Universal".
+
+	(2008-12-09)
+
+universal quantifier
+
+	{quantifier}
+
+Universal Resource Identifier
+
+	<web> (URI, originally "UDI" in some {WWW}
+	documents) The generic set of all names and addresses which
+	are short strings which refer to objects (typically on the
+	{Internet}).  The most common kinds of URI are {URLs} and
+	{relative URLs}.
+
+	URIs are defined in {RFC 1630}.
+
+	{W3 specification
+	(http://w3.org/hypertext/WWW/Addressing/URL/URI_Overview.html)}.
+
+	(1997-07-16)
+
+Universal Resource Locator
+
+	{Uniform Resource Locator}
+
+Universal Serial Bus
+
+	<hardware, standard> (USB) An external {peripheral} interface
+	{standard} for communication between a computer and external
+	{peripherals} over an inexpensive cable using {biserial}
+	transmission.
+
+	USB is intended to replace existing {serial ports}, {parallel
+	ports}, {keyboard}, and {monitor} connectors and be used with
+	{keyboards}, {mice}, {monitors}, {printers}, and possibly some
+	low-speed {scanners} and removable {hard drives}.  For faster
+	devices existing {IDE}, {SCSI}, or emerging {FC-AL} or
+	{FireWire} interfaces can be used.
+
+	USB works at 12 Mbps with specific consideration for low cost
+	peripherals.  It supports up to 127 devices and both
+	{isochronous} and {asynchronous} data transfers.  Cables can
+	be up to five metres long and it includes built-in power
+	distribution for low power devices.  It supports {daisy
+	chaining} through a tiered star multidrop topology.  A USB
+	cable has a rectangular "Type A" plug at the computer end and
+	a square "Type B" plug at the peripheral end.
+
+	Before March 1996 Intel started to integrate the necessary
+	logic into {PC} {chip sets} and encourage other manufacturers
+	to do likewise.  It was widely available by 1997.  Later
+	versions of {Windows 95} included support for it.  It was
+	standard on {Macintosh} computers in 1999.
+
+	The USB 2.0 specification was released in 2000 to allow USB to
+	compete with {Firewire} etc.  USB 2.0 is backward compatible
+	with USB 1.1 but works at 480 Mbps.
+
+	{usb.org (http://usb.org/)}.
+
+	(2004-01-31)
+
+universal thunk
+
+	<programming, operating system> A software mechanism allowing
+	a {Windows 3.1} {application} to call a {32-bit} {dynamically
+	linked library} (DLL) under {Win32s}.
+
+	The {Windows 3.1} {application} which wants to call an entry
+	in a 32-bit DLL instead calls a corresponding entry in a
+	{16-bit} DLL.  The programmer must also include {code} to
+	detect whether the {32-bit} DLL is loaded.  A {32-bit} {EXE}
+	loads the {32-bit} DLL.
+
+	See also {Generic Thunk}, {Flat Thunk}.
+
+	["Calling a Win32 DLL from a Windows 3.1 Application", Win32
+	SDK Knowledge Base, Article ID Q97785].
+
+	[Better explanation?]
+
+	(1997-10-11)
+
+Universal Time
+
+	<time, standard> (UT) The mean solar time along the prime
+	meridian (0 longitude) that runs through the Greenwich
+	Observatory outside of London, UK, where the current system
+	originated.  UT is tied to the rotation of the Earth in
+	respect to the fictitious "mean Sun".
+
+	{Greenwich Mean Time} (GMT) was measured from Greenwich mean
+	midday until 1925 when the reference point was changed from
+	noon to midnight and the name changed to "Universal Time".
+
+	There are three separate definitions, UT0, UT1, and UT2,
+	depending on which corrections have been applied to the
+	Earth's motion.  {Coordinated Universal Time} is kept within
+	0.9 seconds of UT1, by addition of leap seconds to
+	{International Atomic Time}.
+
+	(2001-08-02)
+
+Universal Time Coordinated
+
+	<time, standard> An incorrect term for {Coordinated Universal
+	Time}.
+
+	(2001-08-01)
+
+universe of discourse
+
+	<artificial intelligence> In {ontology}, the set of all {entities}
+	that can be represented in some {declarative language} or other
+	{formal system}.
+
+	Each entity is represented by a name and may have some
+	human-readable description of its meaning.  Formal {axioms}
+	constrain the interpretation and well-formed use of these
+	names.
+
+	(2005-07-29)
+
+University of Arizona
+
+	<body, education> The University was founded in 1885 as a Land
+	Grant institution with a three-fold mission of teaching,
+	research and public service.  Today, the University is one of
+	the top 20 research universities in the nation, with a student
+	enrollment of more than 35,000, a faculty and staff of 12,500,
+	and a 345-acre campus.
+
+	{(http://arizona.edu/)}.
+
+	Address: Tucson, Arizona, USA.
+
+University of California at Berkeley
+
+	<body, education> (UCB)
+
+	See also {Berzerkley}, {BSD}.
+
+	{(http://berkeley.edu/)}.
+
+	Note to British and Commonwealth readers: that's /berk'lee/,
+	not /bark'lee/ as in British Received Pronunciation.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+University of Durham
+
+	<body, education> A busy research and teaching community in
+	the historic cathedral city of Durham, UK (population 61000).
+	Its work covers key branches of science and technology and
+	traditional areas of scholarship.  Durham graduates are in
+	great demand among employers and the University helps to
+	attract investment into the region.  It provides training,
+	short courses, and expertise for industry.  Through its
+	cultural events, conferences, tourist business and as a major
+	employer, the University contributes in a wide social and
+	economic sense to the community.
+
+	Founded in 1832, the University developed in Durham and
+	Newcastle until 1963 when the independent University of
+	Newcastle upon Tyne came into being.  Durham is a collegiate
+	body, with 14 Colleges or Societies which are a social and
+	domestic focus for students.  In 1992, the Universities of
+	Durham and Teesside launched University College,
+	Stockton-on-Tees, which has 190 students in the first year.
+
+	{(http://dur.ac.uk/)}.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+University of East London
+
+	<body, education> (UEL) A UK University with six academic
+	Faculties: Design and The Built Environment, East London
+	Business School, Institute Of Health and Rehabilitation,
+	Faculty Of Science, Social Sciences and Technology.
+
+	{(http://uel.ac.uk/)}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+University of Edinburgh
+
+	<body, education> A university in the centre of Scotland's
+	capital.  The University of Edinburgh has been promoting and
+	setting standards in education for over 400 years.  Granted
+	its Royal Charter in 1582 by James VI, the son of Mary Queen
+	of Scots, the University was founded the following year by the
+	Town Council of Edinburgh, making it the first
+	post-Reformation university in Scotland, and the first civic
+	university to be established in the British Isles.
+
+	Known in its early years as King James College, or the Tounis
+	(Town's) College, the University soon established itself
+	internationally, and by the 18th century Edinburgh was a
+	leading centre of the European Enlightenment and one of the
+	continent's principal universities.  The University's close
+	relationship with the city in which it is based, coupled with
+	a forward-looking, international perspective, has kept
+	Edinburgh at the forefront of new research and teaching
+	developments whilst enabling it to retain a uniquely Scottish
+	character.
+
+	Edinburgh's academics are at the forefront of developments in
+	the study and application of languages, medicine,
+	micro-electronics, biotechnology, computer-based disciplines
+	and many other subjects.  Edinburgh's standing as a world
+	centre for research is further enhanced by the presence on and
+	around University precincts of many independently-funded, but
+	closely linked, national research institutes
+
+	{(http://ed.ac.uk/)}.
+
+	Address:  Old College, South Bridge, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8
+	9YL, UK.
+
+	Telephone: +44 (131) 650 1000.
+
+	See also {ABSET}, {ABSYS}, {Alice}, {ASL+}, {Baroque},
+	{C++Linda}, {Cogent Prolog}, {COWSEL}, {Echidna}, {Edinburgh
+	Prolog}, {Edinburgh SML}, {EdML}, {ELLIS}, {ELSIE},
+	{ESLPDPRO}, {Extended ML}, {Hope}, {IMP}, {LCF}, {Lisp-Linda},
+	{Marseille Prolog}, {metalanguage}, {MIKE}, {ML}, {ML Kit},
+	{ML-Linda}, {Multipop-68}, {Nuprl}, {Oblog}, {paraML},
+	{Pascal-Linda}, {POP-1}, {POP-2}, {POPLER}, {Prolog},
+	{Prolog-2}, {Prolog-Linda}, {Scheme-Linda}, {Skel-ML},
+	{Standard ML}, {Sticks&Stones}, {supercombinators},
+	{SWI-Prolog}, {tail recursion modulo cons}, {WPOP}.
+
+	(1995-12-29)
+
+University of Hawaii
+
+	<body, education> A University spread over 10 campuses on 4
+	islands throughout the state.
+
+	{(http://hawaii.edu/uhinfo.html)}.
+
+	See also {Aloha}, {Aloha Net}.
+
+	(1995-12-10)
+
+University of Iceland
+
+	<body, education> The Home of {Fjolnir}.
+
+	{(http://rhi.hi.is/)}.
+
+	(1995-03-17)
+
+University of London Computing Centre
+
+	<body, education> (ULCC) One of the UK's national high
+	performance computing centres.  It provides networking
+	services and large-scale computing facilities which are used
+	by researchers from all over the UK.
+
+	ULCC was founded in 1968 to provide a service for education
+	and research.  It has been at the forefront of advanced
+	research computing since its foundation, initially providing
+	large-scale {CDC}-based facilities, then from 1982 to 1991 a
+	national {Cray} {vector} supercomputing service.  Its high
+	performance computing facilities are now centred on a 6
+	processor, 4 Gbyte {Convex C3860} {supercomputer} (Neptune)
+	with a Convex C3200 front-end (Pluto).
+
+	ULCC is the main site for national and international network
+	connections in the UK.  They run the {Network Operations and
+	Service Centre} for the {JANET Internet Protocol Service}
+	(JIPS), the largest of the {JANET} {NOCs} and various
+	international links and relays on behalf of {UKERNA}.
+
+	ULCC's pilot {National Data Repository} service provides a
+	network-accessible digital archive and filestore, based on a
+	robotic tape system with 6 terabytes of storage.  Although the
+	data is stored on tape, you can access it very quickly, as if
+	it were on-line.  It is made available to you via high-speed
+	links to the {JANET} and {SuperJANET} networks.
+
+	{(http://ulcc.ac.uk/)}.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+University of Michigan
+
+	<body, education> A large cosmopolitan university in the
+	Midwest USA.  Over 50000 students are enrolled at the
+	University of Michigan's three campuses.  The students come
+	from 50 states and over 100 foreign countries.  70% of the
+	University's students graduated in the top 10% of their high
+	school class.  90% rank in the top 20% of their high school
+	class.  60% of the students receive financial aid.
+
+	The main Ann Arbor Campus lies in the Huron River valley, 40
+	miles west of Detroit.  The campus boasts 2700 acres with 200
+	buildings, six million volumes in 23 libraries, nine museums,
+	seven hospitals, hundreds of laboratories and institutes, and
+	over 18000 {microcomputers}.
+
+	{(http://umich.edu/)}.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+University of Michigan Digital Library Project
+
+	<project> (UMDL) The {University of Michigan}'s part of the
+	{Digital Library Initiative}.
+
+University of Minnesota
+
+	<body, education> The home of {Gopher}.
+
+	{(http://umn.edu/)}.
+
+	Address: Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+University of Nijmegen
+
+	<body, education> Katholieke University of Nijmegen (KUN),
+	Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
+
+	KUN's {Computing Science Institute (http://cs.kun.nl/csi)}.
+	is known for the {Clean}, {Comma}, {Communicating Functional
+	Processes}, and {GLASS} projects.
+
+	{(http://kun.nl/)}.
+
+	(1995-11-07)
+
+University of Pennsylvania
+
+	<body, education> The home of {ENIAC} and {Machiavelli}.
+
+	{(http://upenn.edu/)}.
+
+	Address: Philadelphia, PA, USA.
+
+	[More info?]
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+University of Tasmania
+
+	<body, education>
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.utas.edu.au/)}.
+
+	(1995-01-25)
+
+University of Twente
+
+	<body, education> A university in the east of The Netherlands
+	for technical and social sciences.  It was founded in 1961,
+	making it one of the youngest universities in The Netherlands.
+	It has 7000 students studying Applied Educational Science;
+	Applied Mathematics; Applied Physics; Chemical Technology;
+	Computer Science; Electrical Engineering; Mechanical
+	Engineering; Philosophy of science, Technology and Society;
+	Educational Technology.
+
+	{(http://nic.utwente.nl/uthomuk.htm)}.
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+Unix
+
+	<operating system> /yoo'niks/ (Or "UNIX", in the authors'
+	words, "A weak pun on Multics") Plural "Unices".  An
+	interactive {time-sharing} {operating system} invented in 1969
+	by {Ken Thompson} after {Bell Labs} left the {Multics}
+	project, originally so he could play games on his scavenged
+	{PDP-7}.  {Dennis Ritchie}, the inventor of {C}, is considered
+	a co-author of the system.
+
+	The turning point in Unix's history came when it was
+	reimplemented almost entirely in C during 1972 - 1974, making
+	it the first {source-portable} OS.  Unix subsequently
+	underwent mutations and expansions at the hands of many
+	different people, resulting in a uniquely flexible and
+	{developer}-friendly environment.
+
+	By 1991, Unix had become the most widely used {multi-user}
+	general-purpose operating system in the world.  Many people
+	consider this the most important victory yet of hackerdom over
+	industry opposition (but see {Unix weenie} and {Unix
+	conspiracy} for an opposing point of view).
+
+	Unix is now offered by many manufacturers and is the subject
+	of an international standardisation effort [called?].
+	Unix-like operating systems include {AIX}, {A/UX}, {BSD},
+	{Debian}, {FreeBSD}, {GNU}, {HP-UX}, {Linux}, {NetBSD},
+	{NEXTSTEP}, {OpenBSD}, {OPENSTEP}, {OSF}, {POSIX}, {RISCiX},
+	{Solaris}, {SunOS}, {System V}, {Ultrix}, {USG Unix}, {Version
+	7}, {Xenix}.
+
+	"Unix" or "UNIX"?  Both seem roughly equally popular, perhaps
+	with a historical bias toward the latter.  "UNIX" is a
+	registered trademark of {The Open Group}, however, since it is
+	a name and not an acronym, "Unix" has been adopted in this
+	dictionary except where a larger name includes it in upper
+	case.  Since the OS is {case-sensitive} and exists in many
+	different versions, it is fitting that its name should reflect
+	this.
+
+	{The UNIX Reference Desk
+	(http://geek-girl.com/unix.html)}.
+
+	{Spanish fire extinguisher
+	(ftp://linux.mathematik.tu-darmstadt.de/pub/linux/people/okir/unix_flame.gif)}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2001-05-14)
+
+Unix box
+
+	{box}
+
+Unix brain damage
+
+	Something that has to be done to break a network program
+	(typically a mailer) on a non-{Unix} system so that it will
+	interoperate with Unix systems.  The hack may qualify as "Unix
+	brain damage" if the program conforms to published {standards}
+	and the {Unix} program in question does not.  Unix brain
+	damage happens because it is much easier for other (minority)
+	systems to change their ways to match non-conforming behaviour
+	than it is to change all the hundreds of thousands of Unix
+	systems out there.
+
+	An example of Unix brain damage is a {kluge} in a mail server
+	to recognise bare line feed (the Unix newline) as an
+	equivalent form to the Internet standard newline, which is a
+	carriage return followed by a line feed.  Such things can make
+	even a hardened {jock} weep.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Unix conspiracy
+
+	[ITS] According to a conspiracy theory long popular among
+	{ITS} and {TOPS-20} fans, Unix's growth is the result of a
+	plot, hatched during the 1970s at Bell Labs, whose intent was
+	to hobble AT&T's competitors by making them dependent upon a
+	system whose future evolution was to be under AT&T's control.
+	This would be accomplished by disseminating an operating
+	system that is apparently inexpensive and easily portable, but
+	also relatively unreliable and insecure (so as to require
+	continuing upgrades from AT&T).  This theory was lent a
+	substantial impetus in 1984 by the paper referenced in the
+	{back door} entry.
+
+	In this view, Unix was designed to be one of the first
+	computer viruses (see {virus}) - but a virus spread to
+	computers indirectly by people and market forces, rather than
+	directly through disks and networks.  Adherents of this "Unix
+	virus" theory like to cite the fact that the well-known
+	quotation "Unix is snake oil" was uttered by DEC president
+	Kenneth Olsen shortly before DEC began actively promoting its
+	own family of Unix workstations.  (Olsen now claims to have
+	been misquoted.)
+
+Unix International
+
+	<body> (UI) A consortium including {Sun}, {AT&T} and others
+	formed to promote an open environment based on {Unix} {System
+	V}, including the {Open Look} windowing system.
+
+Unixism
+
+	<operating system, jargon> A piece of code or a coding
+	technique that depends on the protected {multitasking}
+	environment with relatively low process-spawn overhead that
+	exists on {virtual-memory} {Unix} systems.
+
+	Common {Unixisms} include: gratuitous use of "{fork}"; the
+	assumption that certain undocumented but well-known features
+	of Unix libraries such as "{stdio}" are supported elsewhere;
+	reliance on obscure side-effects of {system calls} (use of
+	"sleep" with a 0 argument to tell the scheduler that you're
+	willing to give up your time-slice, for example); the
+	assumption that freshly allocated memory is zeroed; and the
+	assumption that {fragmentation} problems won't arise from
+	never freeing memory.
+
+	Compare {vaxocentrism}.  See also {New Jersey}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-27)
+
+Unix man page
+
+	{Unix manual page}
+
+Unix manual page
+
+	<operating system> (Or "man page") A part of {Unix}'s
+	extensive on-line documentation.  To read a manual page from
+	the Unix command line, type:
+
+		man [-s<section>] <page>
+
+	e.g. "man ftp" (the section number can usually be omitted).
+	Pages are traditionally referred to using the notation
+	"page(section)", e.g. ftp(1).
+
+	Under {SunOS} (which is fairly typical), Section 1 covers
+	commands, 2 {system calls}, 3 C library routines, 4 devices
+	and networks, 5 file formats, 6 games and {demos}, 7
+	miscellaneous, 8 system administration.  Each section has an
+	introduction which can be obtained with, e.g., "man 2 intro".
+
+	Manual pages are stored as {nroff} source files.  Formatted
+	versions are also usually cached.  Man pages for most versions
+	of Unix are available on-line in {HTML}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: man(1).
+
+	{Linux man pages (http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/)}.
+
+	{Solaris man pages (http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/coll/40.10)}.
+
+	(2010-01-19)
+
+Unix System V
+
+	{System V}
+
+Unix to Unix Copy
+
+	<networking, messaging> (uucp) A {Unix} utility program and
+	{protocol} that allows one Unix system to send files to
+	another via a {serial line} which may be a cable going
+	directly from one machine's {serial port} to another's or may
+	involve a {modem} at each end of a telephone line.
+
+	Software is also available to allow uucp to work over
+	{Ethernet} though there are better alternatives in this case,
+	e.g. {FTP} or {rcp} for file transfer, {SMTP} for {electronic
+	mail} or {NNTP} for {news}.
+
+	The term is now also used to describe the large international
+	network which uses UUCP to pass {Usenet} {news} and
+	{electronic mail}, also known as "UUCPNET".
+
+	{Unix manual page}: uucp(1).
+
+	See also {cu}, {uuencode}.
+
+	(1997-01-12)
+
+UnixWare
+
+	<operating system> {Novell}'s implementation of {Unix} {System
+	5} heavily based on Release 4.2 but with enhancements and new
+	bundled products.
+
+	In 1993 Novell acquired {Unix Systems Laboratories} from
+	{AT&T} along with the Unix trademark.  UnixWare was the result
+	of Novell's efforts to make Unix interoperable with {Novell
+	NetWare}.
+
+	In 1995 Novell sold UnixWare and the rights to the Unix
+	operating system to {SCO} at a time when UnixWare was gainnig
+	popularity.  It was later the first 64-bit operating system on
+	the {Intel} {platform}, and, in 1999, is the world's
+	fastest-growing commercial operating system.
+
+	[Any connection with {X/Open}?  URL?]
+
+	(1999-11-10)
+
+Unix weenie
+
+	<jargon> ({ITS}) 1. A derogatory play on "{Unix wizard}",
+	common among hackers who use {Unix} by necessity but would
+	prefer alternatives.  The implication is that although the
+	person in question may consider mastery of Unix arcana to be a
+	wizardly skill, the only real skill involved is the ability to
+	tolerate (and the bad taste to wallow in) the incoherence and
+	needless complexity that is alleged to infest many Unix
+	programs.  "This shell script tries to parse its arguments in
+	69 bletcherous ways.  It must have been written by a real Unix
+	weenie."
+
+	2. A derogatory term for anyone who engages in uncritical
+	praise of {Unix}.  Often appearing in the context "stupid Unix
+	weenie".
+
+	See {Weenix}, {Unix conspiracy}, {weenie}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-27)
+
+Unix wizard
+
+	<job> Someone with a deep understanding of {Unix}.
+
+	See {wizard}.
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+Unlicense
+
+	<legal> A template for dedicating {software} to the {public
+	domain}.  It combines a {copyright} waiver like that of the
+	{SQLite} project with the no-warranty statement from the
+	{MIT}/{X11} license.
+
+	{(http://unlicense.org/)}.
+
+	(2014-07-31)
+
+unnormalised
+
+	{normalisation}
+
+unproto
+
+	A translator from {ANSI C} to {K&R C} by Wietse Venema
+	<wietse@wzv.win.tue.nl>.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/Unix/unproto4.shar.Z)}.
+
+unshar
+
+	A {Unix} utility that removes {e-mail} and {news} {header}
+	lines from its input, and feeds the remainder (which is
+	presumed to be a {shar file}) to /bin/sh to unpack it.  unshar
+	is designed for unpacking archives directly from the news or
+	mail systems simply by {piping} a message into it.
+
+unshielded twisted pair
+
+	<hardware> (UTP) Normal telephone wire (in the USA).  It may
+	be used for computer to computer communications, e.g. using a
+	version of {Ethernet} or {localtalk}.  It is much cheaper than
+	standard "full-spec" Ethernet cable.  It comes in five
+	"catagories":
+
+	 cat.   wires   transmission
+	 1	two	voice no data (telephone cable)
+	 2	four 	data up to 4 Mbps
+	 3	four	data up to 10 Mbps
+	 4	four	data up to 16 Mbps
+	 5	four	data up to 100 Mbps
+
+	(2003-07-04)
+
+unswizzle
+
+	The opposite of {swizzle}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+until
+
+	{while loop}
+
+untyped
+
+	<programming> A {variable} which can hold values of any {type}
+	or a {programming language} in which some or all variables are
+	like this.
+
+	An example would be {VBScript}, or {Visual Basic}'s {variant}
+	type.
+
+	(2003-12-22)
+
+unwind-protect
+
+	({MIT}) A {Lisp} operator which evaluates an expression and
+	then, even if that expression causes a {non-local exit},
+	evaluates zero or more other expressions.  This can be used to
+	ensure that essential "clean-up" operations are performed even
+	in the presence of errors.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+unwind the stack
+
+	During the execution of a {procedural} language, one is said
+	to "unwind the stack" from a called {procedure} up to a caller
+	when one discards the {stack frame} and any number of frames
+	above it, {pop}ping back up to the level of the given caller.
+	In {C} this is done with "{longjmp}"/"{setjmp}", in {Lisp}
+	with "{throw}/{catch}".  See also {smash the stack}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+UN*X
+
+	<operating system, convention> Used to refer to the {Unix}
+	{operating system} (a trademark of {AT&T}) in writing, but
+	avoiding the need for the ugly (TM) typography.  Also used to
+	refer to any or all varieties of Unixoid operating systems.
+	Ironically, lawyers now say that the requirement for the
+	TM-postfix has no legal force, but the asterisk usage is
+	entrenched anyhow.
+
+	It has been suggested that there may be a psychological
+	connection to practice in certain religions (especially
+	Judaism) in which the name of the deity is never written out
+	in full, e.g. "YHWH" or "G--d" is used.
+
+	See also {glob}.
+
+	(1998-04-17)
+
+unzip
+
+	1. <tool, compression> To extract files from an archive
+	created with {PKWare}'s {PKZIP} archiver.
+
+	2. <tool, compression> A program to list, test, or extract
+	files from a {ZIP} archive, commonly found on {MS-DOS}
+	systems.  zip, creates ZIP archives; both programs are
+	compatible with archives created by {PKWARE}'s {PKZIP} and
+	{PKUNZIP} for {MS-DOS}.
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+up
+
+	<jargon> Working, in order.  E.g. "The down escalator is up."
+
+	Opposite: {down}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+uparrow
+
+	<character> The graphic which the 1963 version of {ASCII} had
+	in place of the {caret} character, {ASCII} 94.
+
+	(1995-03-06)
+
+\uparrow
+
+	<character> An upward pointing arrow in {LaTeX}.
+
+	See {closure}.
+
+	(1995-03-16)
+
+UPenn
+
+	{University of Pennsylvania}
+
+upgradability
+
+	<jargon> (Or "upgradeability") How easily {upgrades} to a
+	system can be produced and applied.  E.g. "Buying a PC with
+	more {PCI} slots gives you increased upgradeability."
+
+	(1999-10-11)
+
+upgrade
+
+	1. A new or better version of some {hardware} or {software}.
+
+	Often used in {marketroid}-speak to mean "{bug fix}".
+
+	2. The act of developing or installing a new version.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+upgradeability
+
+	{upgradability}
+
+upload
+
+	/uhp'lohd/ To transfer programs or data over a digital
+	communications link from a smaller or peripheral "client"
+	system to a larger or central "host" one.
+
+	Opposite: {download}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+UPMAIL Tricia Prolog
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.csd.uu.se/pub/Tricia/README)}.
+
+	E-mail: <tricia-request@csd.uu.se>.
+
+	[Description?]
+
+	(1994-10-27)
+
+upper bound
+
+	An upper bound of two elements x and y under some {relation}
+	<= is an element z such that x <= z and y <= z.
+
+	("<=" is written in {LaTeX} as {\sqsubseteq}).
+
+	See also {least upper bound}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Upper Layer Protocol
+
+	<protocol> 1. (ULP, or upper-layer protocol)
+	Any {protocol} residing in {OSI} layers five or above.
+
+	The {Internet} protocol suite includes many upper layer
+	protocols representing a wide variety of applications
+	e.g. {FTP}, {NFS}, {RPC}, and {SMTP}.  These and other network
+	applications use the services of {TCP/IP} and other {lower
+	layer protocols} to provide users with basic network services.
+
+	2. A protocol higher in the OSI reference model than the
+	current reference point.  Upper Layer Protocol is often used
+	to refer to the next-highest protocol in a particular
+	{protocol stack}.
+
+	(1999-02-17)
+
+upper memory block
+
+	<storage> (UMB) Up to 64 {kilobytes} of the {expanded memory
+	page frame} above the first 64 kilobytes.  The UMB can be used
+	to store {TSR} programs or {device drivers} thereby freeing
+	parts of the precious {conventional memory}.  The UMB is
+	provided by special memory manager programs; many {EMMs} can
+	provide UMB as well.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+Upper Side-Band modulation
+
+	<communications> (USB) A kind of {modulation} applied to a
+	sinusoidal {carrier}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1997-07-16)
+
+Upright Database Technology AB
+
+	<company> The Swedish company that developed the {Mimer SQL}
+	database.
+
+	(2002-06-03)
+
+UPS
+
+	1. {uninterruptible power supply}.
+
+	2. A source level {C} debugger that runs under {X11} or
+	{SunView} by Mark Russell <mtr@ukc.ac.uk>.  Ups includes a {C}
+	{interpreter} which allows you to add fragments of code simply
+	by editing them into the source window.  Version 2.1.
+
+	Ported to {Sun}, {DECstation}, {VAX} {Ultrix}, {HLH}
+	{Clipper}.
+
+	{(ftp://export.lcs.mit.edu/contrib/)}.  Mailing list:
+	ups-users-request@ukc.ac.uk.
+
+	Unofficial enhancements by Rod Armstrong <rod@sj.ate.slb.com>
+	{(ftp://sj.ate.slb.com/misc/Unix/ups/contrib/rob)}.
+
+	(1991-05-20)
+
+upstream
+
+	<networking> Fewer {network} {hops} away from a {backbone} or
+	{hub}.  For example, a small {ISP} that connects to the
+	{Internet} through a larger ISP that has their own connection
+	to the backbone is {downstream} from the larger ISP, and the
+	larger ISP is {upstream} from the smaller ISP.
+
+	(1999-08-05)
+
+upthread
+
+	Earlier in the discussion (see {thread}), i.e. "above".  See
+	also {followup}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+upward closure
+
+	{closure}
+
+Uranus
+
+	Hideyuki Nakashima <nakashim@el.go.jp>, 1993.  A logic-based
+	knowledge representation language.  An extension of Prolog
+	written in Common Lisp, with Lisp-like syntax.  Extends Prolog
+	with a multiple world mechanism, plus term descriptions to
+	provide functional programming.
+
+	{(ftp://etlport.etl.go.jp/pub/uranus/ftp)}.
+
+urban legend
+
+	<publication> A story, which may have started with a grain of
+	truth, that has been embroidered and retold until it has
+	passed into the realm of myth.  It is an interesting
+	phenomenon that these stories get spread so far, so fast and
+	so often.  Urban legends never die, they just end up on the
+	{Internet}!  Some legends that periodically make their rounds
+	include "The Infamous Modem Tax", "Craig Shergold/Brain
+	Tumor/Get Well Cards", and "The $250 Cookie Recipe".
+
+	(1996-05-08)
+
+URC
+
+	{Uniform Resource Citation} (previously Universal).
+
+urchin
+
+	{munchkin}
+
+URI
+
+	{Universal Resource Identifier}
+
+URL
+
+	{Uniform Resource Locator}
+
+URL forwarding
+
+	{URL redirection}
+
+URL redirection
+
+	<web> (Or "URL forwarding")
+
+	When a {web server} tells the {client} {browser} to obtain a
+	certain requested page from a different location.  This is
+	controlled by {directives} in the server's configuration files
+	or a "Location: header output by a {CGI} script.
+
+	The web server stores all its documents in a {directory tree}
+	rooted at some configured directory, known as its "document
+	root".  Normally the {URI} part of the {URL} (the part after
+	the {hostname}) is used as a {relative path} from the document
+	root to the desired file or directory.  A redirect directive
+	allows the server administrator to specify exceptions to this
+	general mapping from URL to file name by telling the browser
+	"try this URL instead".  The new URL may be on the same server
+	or a different one and may itself be subject to redirection.
+
+	The user is normally unaware of this process except that it
+	may introduce extra delay while the browser sends the new
+	request and the browser will usually display the new URL
+	rather than the one the user originally requested.
+
+	(1997-07-15)
+
+URN
+
+	{Uniform Resource Name}
+
+URouLette
+
+	(After {URL} and roulette, the gambling game) A {World-Wide
+	Web} service which selects other web pages at random.
+
+	{(http://kuhttp.cc.ukans.edu/cwis/organizations/kucia/uroulette/uroulette.html)}.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+US
+
+	{Unit Separator}
+
+us
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the United States.
+
+	Usually used only by schools, libraries, and some state and
+	local governments.  Other US sites, and many international
+	ones, use the non-national {top-level domains} .com, .edu etc.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+usability
+
+	<programming> The effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction
+	with which users can achieve tasks in a particular environment
+	of a product.  High usability means a system is: easy to learn
+	and remember; efficient, visually pleasing and fun to use; and
+	quick to recover from errors.
+
+	{(http://orrnet.com/)}.
+
+	(1999-04-01)
+
+USAModSim
+
+	<language> United States Army {ModSim} compiler.
+
+	Version 1.0 runs on {SPARC}/{SunOS}, {Silicon Graphics},
+	{MS-DOS}.
+
+	{(ftp://max.cecer.army.mil/ftp/isle)}.
+
+	E-mail: Charles Herring <herring@lincoln.cecer.army.mil>.
+
+	(1993-12-29)
+
+usa.net
+
+	{Internet Express}
+
+US-ASCII
+
+	<character> The 7-bit version of {ASCII}, which preceded (and
+	is the basis for) 8-bit versions such as {Latin-1}, {MacASCII}
+	and later, even larger coded character sets such as {Unicode}.
+
+	US-ASCII is defined in Standard ANSI X3.4-1986,
+	"US-ASCII. Coded Character Set - 7-Bit American Standard Code
+	for Information Interchange".
+
+	(1998-10-18)
+
+USB
+
+	1. <architecture> {Universal Serial Bus}.
+
+	2. <communications> {Upper Side-Band modulation}.
+
+	(1997-07-16)
+
+USB 2.0
+
+	{Universal Serial Bus}
+
+USB Adapter Card Support
+
+	<communications, software> A set of software extensions that
+	provide support for {USB} adapter cards installed in the {PCI}
+	bus or {Cardbus} slots in {Macintosh} computers that do not
+	have built-in USB ports.
+
+	(2001-11-28)
+
+USB drive
+
+	<storage> A {hard disk drive} connected via {Universal Serial
+	Bus} (USB).  May also refer to some kind of {memory stick}
+	connected via USB.
+
+	(2008-05-21)
+
+USE
+
+	<language> An early system on the {IBM 1130}.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16, May 1959].
+
+	(2004-09-14)
+
+Usenet
+
+	<messaging> /yoos'net/ or /yooz'net/ (Or "Usenet news", from
+	"Users' Network") A distributed {bulletin board} system and
+	the people who post and read articles thereon.  Originally
+	implemented in 1979 - 1980 by Steve Bellovin, Jim Ellis, Tom
+	Truscott, and Steve Daniel at Duke University, and supported
+	mainly by {Unix} machines, it swiftly grew to become
+	international in scope and, before the advent of the
+	{web}, probably the largest decentralised
+	information utility in existence.
+
+	Usenet encompasses government agencies, universities, high
+	schools, businesses of all sizes, and home computers of all
+	descriptions.  In the beginning, not all Usenet hosts were on
+	the Internet.  As of early 1993, it hosted over 1200
+	{newsgroups} ("groups" for short) and an average of 40
+	megabytes (the equivalent of several thousand paper pages) of
+	new technical articles, news, discussion, chatter, and
+	{flamage} every day.  By November 1999, the number of groups
+	had grown to over 37,000.
+
+	To join in you originally needed a {news reader} program but
+	there are now several web gateways, cheifly {Google Groups
+	(http://groups.google.com/)} (originally {Deja News}).  Some
+	{web browsers} include news readers and {URLs} beginning
+	"news:" refer to Usenet newsgroups.
+
+	{Network News Transfer Protocol} is a {protocol} used to
+	transfer news articles between a news {server} and a {news
+	reader}.  The {uucp} {protocol} was sometimes used to transfer
+	articles between servers, though this is probably rare now
+	that most sites are on the {Internet}.
+
+	{(http://openmarket.com/info/internet-index/current-sources.html)}.
+
+	{Notes on news
+	(http://ifi.uio.no/~larsi/notes/notes.html)} by Lars Magne
+	Ingebrigtsen <larsi@ifi.uio.no>.
+
+	[Gene Spafford <spaf@cs.purdue.edu>, "What is Usenet?",
+	regular posting to {news:news.announce.newusers}].
+
+	(1999-12-17)
+
+Usenet news
+
+	{Usenet}
+
+Usenetter
+
+	<networking> A (regular) user of {Usenet}.
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+USENIX
+
+	<body> Since 1975, the USENIX Association has provided a forum
+	for the communication of the results of innovation and
+	research in {Unix} and modern {open systems}.  It is well
+	known for its technical conferences, tutorial programs, and
+	the wide variety of publications it has sponsored over the
+	years.
+
+	USENIX is the original not-for-profit membership organisation
+	for individuals and institutions interested in {Unix} and
+	{Unix}-like systems, by extension, {X}, {object-oriented}
+	technology, and other advanced tools and technologies, and the
+	broad interconnected and interoperable computing environment.
+
+	USENIX's activities include an annual technical conference;
+	frequent specific-topic conferences and symposia; a highly
+	regarded tutorial program covering a wide range of topics,
+	introductory through advanced; numerous publications,
+	including a book series, in cooperation with The {MIT Press},
+	on advanced computing systems, proceedings from USENIX
+	symposia and conferences, the quarterly journal "Computing
+	Systems", and the biweekly newsletter; "login: ";
+	participation in various {ANSI}, {IEEE} and {ISO} {standards}
+	efforts; sponsorship of local and special technical groups
+	relevant to Unix.  The chartering of SAGE, the {System
+	Administrators Guild} as a Special Technical Group within
+	USENIX is the most recent.
+
+	{(http://usenix.org)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.org.usenix}.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+user
+
+	1. <person> Someone doing "real work" with the computer, using
+	it as a means rather than an end.  Someone who pays to use a
+	computer.  A programmer who will believe anything you tell
+	him.  One who asks silly questions without thinking for two
+	seconds or looking in the documentation.  Someone who uses a
+	program, however skillfully, without getting into the
+	internals of the program.  One who reports {bugs} instead of
+	just fixing them.  See also {luser}, {real user}.
+
+	Users are looked down on by {hackers} to some extent because
+	they don't understand the full ramifications of the system in
+	all its glory.  The term is relative: a skilled hacker may be
+	a user with respect to some program he himself does not hack.
+	A LISP hacker might be one who maintains LISP or one who uses
+	LISP (but with the skill of a hacker).  A LISP user is one who
+	uses LISP, whether skillfully or not.  Thus there is some
+	overlap between the two terms; the subtle distinctions must be
+	resolved by context.
+
+	2. <jargon> Any person, organisation, process, device,
+	program, {protocol}, or system which uses a service provided
+	by others.
+
+	The term "{client}" (as in "{client-server}" systems) is
+	rather more specific, usually implying two processes
+	communicating via some protocol.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-04-28)
+
+user acceptance testing
+
+	<testing> The type of {testing} where monitored users
+	determine whether a system meets all their requirements, and
+	will support the business for which it was designed.
+
+	(2003-09-24)
+
+user base
+
+	<jargon> The number of users of some product or standard.
+
+	This term typically arises in discussions of {backward
+	compatibility} or {lock-in}.
+
+	(1998-01-15)
+
+User Brain Damage
+
+	<humour> (UBD) A description (usually abbreviated) used to
+	close a trouble report obviously due to utter cluelessness on
+	the user's part.  Compare {pilot error}; opposite: {PBD}; see
+	also {brain-damaged}, {PEBCAK}.
+
+	(1998-08-27)
+
+User Datagram Protocol
+
+	<protocol> (UDP) {Internet} {standard} {network layer},
+	{transport layer} and {session layer} {protocols} which
+	provide simple but {unreliable} {datagram} services.  UDP is
+	defined in {STD 6}, {RFC 768}.  It adds a {checksum} and
+	additional process-to-process addressing information [to
+	what?].  UDP is a {connectionless protocol} which, like {TCP},
+	is layered on top of {IP}.
+
+	UDP neither guarantees delivery nor does it require a
+	connection.  As a result it is lightweight and efficient, but
+	all error processing and retransmission must be taken care of
+	by the {application program}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: udp(4).
+
+	[Postel, Jon, User Datagram Protocol, RFC 768, Network
+	Information Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif.,
+	August 1980].
+
+	(1998-02-11)
+
+user-friendly
+
+	Programmer-hostile.  Generally used by hackers in a critical
+	tone, to describe systems that hold the user's hand so
+	obsessively that they make it painful for the more experienced
+	and knowledgeable to get any work done.  See {menuitis},
+	{drool-proof paper}, {Macintrash}, {user-obsequious}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+user id
+
+	{user identifier}
+
+user identifier
+
+	<operating system> 1. (Or "uid", "user id") A number or name
+	which is unique to a particular user of a computer or group of
+	computers which share user information.  The {operating
+	system} uses the uid to represent the user in its data
+	structures, e.g. the owner of a file or process, the person
+	attempting to access a system resource etc.
+
+	A user database, e.g. {Unix}'s /etc/passwd file or {NIS}, maps
+	the uid to other information about that user such as their
+	{user name}, {password}, {home directory} and real name.
+
+	2. {user name}.
+
+	(1997-03-01)
+
+user interface
+
+	(UI) The aspects of a computer system or program which can be
+	seen (or heard or otherwise perceived) by the human user, and
+	the commands and mechanisms the user uses to control its
+	operation and input data.
+
+	A {graphical user interface} emphasises the use of pictures
+	for output and a pointing device such as a {mouse} for input
+	and control whereas a {command line interface} requires the
+	user to type textual commands and input at a keyboard and
+	produces a single stream of text as output.
+
+	A user interface contrasts with, but is typically built on top
+	of, an {Application Program Interface} (API).
+
+	See also {user interface copyright}.
+
+	(1995-02-20)
+
+user interface copyright
+
+	There have been several attempts, mostly by big US software
+	companies, to enforce patents and {copyright} on user
+	interfaces.  Such legal action aims to restrict the use of
+	certain command languages or {graphical user interfaces} to
+	products from one software supplier.  This is undesirable
+	because it either forces users to buy software from the
+	company whose interface they have learned or to learn more
+	than one interface.  An analogy is often drawn with the user
+	interface of a car - the arrangement of pedals and steering
+	wheel etc.  If each car manufacturer was forced to use a
+	different interface this would be very bad for car users.
+
+	Following a non-jury trial, which began in early January 1987,
+	a federal judge ruled on 1990-06-28 that keyboard commands and
+	on-screen images produced by {Lotus Development Corporation}'s
+	popular {1-2-3} {spreadsheet} are protected by {copyright}.
+	{Paperback Software International} and subcontractor
+	Stephenson Software Ltd. who lost the case, argued that the
+	copyright applies only to the inner workings of the software.
+	US District Judge Robert Keeton wrote that "The user interface
+	of 1-2-3 is its most unique element and is the aspect that has
+	made 1-2-3 so popular.  That defendants went to such trouble
+	to copy that element is a testament to its substantiality".
+	Defence attorneys had argued that the Lotus commands
+	represented "instructions for a machine rather than the
+	expression of an idea".
+
+	Soon after this decision, on 1990-07-02, Lotus sued {Borland
+	International} and the {Santa Cruz Operation} for producing
+	{spreadsheets} (Quattro, Quattro Pro and SCO Professional)
+	whose interfaces could be configured to look like 1-2-3's.
+
+	(1994-11-16)
+
+User Interface Language
+
+	<language, graphics> (UIL) A language for specifying {widget}
+	hierarchies etc. in {OSF}/Motif and {DECwindows}.
+
+	(1997-03-01)
+
+user name
+
+	<operating system, security> (Or "logon") A unique name for
+	each user of computer services which can be accessed by
+	several persons.
+
+	Users need to identify themselves for accounting, {security},
+	logging, and {resource management}.  Usually a person must
+	also enter a {password} in order to access a service.  Once
+	the user has logged on the {operating system} will often use a
+	(short) {user identifier}, e.g. an integer, to refer to them
+	rather than their user name.
+
+	User names can usually be any short string of alphanumeric
+	characters.  Common choices are first name, initials, or some
+	combination of first name, last name, initials and an
+	arbitrary number.  User names are often assigned by {system
+	administrators} according to some local policy, or they may be
+	chosen by the users themselves.
+
+	User names are often also used as {mailbox} names in
+	{electronic mail} addresses.
+
+	(1997-03-16)
+
+User Network Interface
+
+	<communications, networking> (UNI) An interface point between
+	{ATM} end users and a private {ATM switch}, or between a
+	private ATM switch and the {public carrier} ATM network.
+
+	The physical and {protocol} specifications for UNIs are
+	defined by the {ATM Forum}'s UNI documents, which allow for
+	various types of physical interfaces.
+
+	See also: {NNI}
+
+	(1999-01-23)
+
+user-obsequious
+
+	<jargon> Emphatic form of {user-friendly}.  Connotes a system
+	so verbose, inflexible, and determinedly simple-minded that it
+	is nearly unusable.  "Design a system any fool can use and
+	only a fool will want to use it."
+
+	See {WIMP}, {Macintrash}.
+
+	See also {user-unctuous}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-06-27)
+
+user-unctuous
+
+	<jargon> (By analogy with {user-friendly} and
+	{user-obsequious}) User-interfaces that attempt to soothe (or,
+	some would say, stupify) users instead of cooperating with
+	them.  Common "features" of user-unctuous systems include:
+	icons of happy faces; mellow colors; melodic sound effects or
+	even mood music; help tips appearing unbidden and at unhelpful
+	moments; and a cloying tone either in system messages ("Oops!
+	I couldn't seem to find my old preferences file!  I do think
+	I'll have to make a new one!  Please press OK to continue!")
+	or in labelling of system components (such as the main hard
+	drive being labelled "Your Hard Drive" -- or, with infantile
+	pronoun-reversal, "My Hard Drive").
+
+	(1999-06-27)
+
+Use the Source Luke
+
+	<humour, programming> (UTSL) (A pun on Obi-Wan Kenobi's "Use
+	the Force, Luke!" in "Star Wars") A more polite version of
+	{RTFS}.  This is a common way of suggesting that someone would
+	be better off reading the source code that supports whatever
+	feature is causing confusion, rather than making yet another
+	futile pass through the manuals, or broadcasting questions on
+	{Usenet} that haven't attracted {wizards} to answer them.
+
+	Once upon a time in {Elder Days}, everyone running {Unix} had
+	source.  After 1978, {AT&T}'s policy tightened up, so this
+	objurgation was in theory appropriately directed only at
+	associates of some outfit with a Unix {source licence}.  In
+	practice, bootlegs of Unix source code (made precisely for
+	reference purposes) were so ubiquitous that one could utter it
+	at almost anyone on {the network} without concern.
+
+	Nowadays, free Unix clones are becoming common enough that
+	almost anyone can read source legally.  The most widely
+	distributed is probably {Linux}.  {FreeBSD}, {NetBSD},
+	{386BSD}, {jolix} also have their followers.  Cheap commercial
+	Unix implementations with source such as {BSD/OS} from {BSDI}
+	are accelerating this trend.
+
+	(1996-01-02)
+
+USG Unix
+
+	{operating system} /U-S-G yoo'niks/ Refers to AT&T {Unix}
+	commercial versions after {Version 7}, especially System III
+	and System V releases 1, 2, and 3.  So called because during
+	most of the lifespan of those versions AT&T's support crew was
+	called the "Unix Support Group".
+
+	Compare {BSD}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-02-20)
+
+usim
+
+	<simulation> A {Motorola 6809} {emulator} and {assembler}.
+
+	(2014-06-24)
+
+USL
+
+	1. Query language, close to natural English.
+
+	2. User System Language.  Bellcore, "Operations Technology
+	Generic Requirements: User System Interface", TR-825.
+
+	3. Unix System Laboratories: the software subsidiary of
+	{AT&T}, responsible for {Unix} {System V} and related
+	software.
+
+USP
+
+	{unique sales point}
+
+USR
+
+	{U.S. Robotics, Inc.}
+
+usr
+
+	User.  The "/usr" directory hierarchy on {Unix} systems.  Once
+	upon a time, in the early days of Unix, this area actually
+	held users' home directories and files.  Since these tend to
+	expand much faster than system files, /usr would be mounted on
+	the biggest disk on the system.  The root directory, "/" in
+	contrast, contains only what is needed to {boot} the {kernel},
+	after which /usr and other disks could be mounted as part of
+	the multi-user start-up process.
+
+	/usr has been used as the "everything else" area, with many
+	"system" files such as compiler libraries (/usr/include,
+	/usr/lib), utilty programs (/usr/bin, /usr/ucb), games
+	(/usr/games), local additions (/usr/local), manuals
+	(/usr/man), temporary files and queues for various {daemons}
+	(/usr/spool).  These optional extras have grown in size as
+	Unix has evolved and disks have dropped in price.  Under later
+	versions of {SunOS}, the user files have fled /usr altogether
+	for a new "/home" {partition} and temporary files have moved
+	to "/var".  This allows /usr to be mounted read-only with some
+	gain in security and performance since access times are not
+	updated for files on read-only file systems.
+
+US Robotics
+
+	{U.S. Robotics, Inc.}
+
+U.S. Robotics, Inc.
+
+	<company> A US {modem} manufacturer.
+
+	{(http://usr.com/)}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.usr.com/)}.
+
+	Finger: usr.com.
+
+	E-mail: <support@usr.com>, <salesinfo@usr.com> (USA and Canada),
+	<eurosupport@usr.com>, <eurosales@usr.com> (Europe),
+	<intlsales@usr.com> (other).
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+USSA
+
+	Object-oriented state language by B. Burshteyn, Pyramid, 1992.
+
+	{Documentation (ftp://primost.cs.wisc.edu/pub/ussa.ps.Z)}.
+
+UTC
+
+	{Coordinated Universal Time}
+
+UTF
+
+	{UCS transformation format}
+
+UTF-8
+
+	<character> (UCS transformation format 8) An
+	{ASCII}-compatible multibyte {Unicode} and {UCS} encoding,
+	used by {Java} and {Plan 9}.
+
+	The {Unicode character} set occupies a 16-bit code space.  The
+	most obvious Unicode encoding (known as UCS-2) consists of a
+	sequence of 16-bit words.  Such strings can contain bytes like
+	'\0' or '/' which have a special meaning in filenames and
+	other {C} library function parameters.  In addition, the
+	majority of {Unix} tools expects ASCII files and can't read
+	16-bit words as characters without major modifications.  For
+	these reasons, UCS-2 is not a suitable external encoding of
+	Unicode in filenames, text files, environment variables, etc.
+
+	The {ISO 10646} {Universal Character Set} (UCS), a superset of
+	Unicode, occupies a 31-bit code space and the obvious UCS-4
+	encoding for it (a sequence of 32-bit words) has the same
+	problems.
+
+	The UTF-8 encoding of Unicode and UCS avoids the problems of
+	fixed-length Unicode encodings because an ASCII file encoded
+	in UTF is exactly same as the original ASCII file and all
+	non-ASCII characters are guaranteed to have the most
+	significant bit set (bit 0x80).  This means that normal tools
+	for text searching etc. work as expected.
+
+	UTF-8 is defined in {RFC 2279}.
+
+	["File System Safe UCS Transformation Format (FSS_UTF)",
+	X/Open Preliminary Specification, X/Open Company Ltd.,
+	Document Number: P316.  This information also appears in
+	ISO/IEC 10646, Annex P].
+
+	{Plan 9 UTF manual entry
+	(ftp://ftp.uu.net/doc/obi/Bell.Labs/plan9pm/09utf.ps.Z)}.
+
+	(1998-07-29)
+
+utility
+
+	{utility software}
+
+utility-coder
+
+	<language> A language for data manipulation and report
+	generation.
+
+	["User's Manual for utility-coder", Cambridge Computer
+	Association, Jul 1977].
+
+	(1997-12-09)
+
+utility program
+
+	{utility software}
+
+utility software
+
+	<tool> (Or utility program, tool) Any {software} that performs
+	some specific task that is secondary to the main purpose of
+	using the computer (the latter would be called {application
+	programs}) but is not essential to the operation of the
+	computer ({system software}).
+
+	Many utilities could be considered as part of the {system
+	software}, which can in turn be considered part of the
+	{operating system}.
+
+	The following are some broad categories of utility software,
+	specific types and examples.
+
+	* Disks
+
+	{disk formatter}: {FDISK}, {format}
+
+	{defragmenter}
+
+	{disk checker}: {fsck}
+
+	{disk cleaner}
+
+	{system profiler}
+
+	{backup}
+
+	{file system compression}
+
+	* Files and directories
+
+	list directory: {ls}, {dir}
+
+	copy, move, remove: {cp}, {mv}, {rm}, {xcopy}
+
+	{archive}: {tar}
+
+	{compression}: {zip}
+
+	format conversion: {atob}
+
+	comparison: {diff}
+
+	sort: {sort}
+
+	* Security
+
+	{authentication}: {login}
+
+	{antivirus software}: {avast}, {Norton Antivirus}
+
+	{firewall}: {Zone Alarm}, {Windows firewall}
+
+	{encryption}: {gpg})
+
+	* Editors for general-purpose formats (as opposed to specific
+	formats like a {word processing} document)
+
+	{text editor}: {Emacs}
+
+	{binary editor}, {hex editor}
+
+	* Communications
+
+	{mail transfer agent}: {sendmail}
+
+	e-mail notification: {biff}
+
+	file transfer: {ftp}, {rcp}, {Firefox}
+
+	file synchronisation: {unison}, {briefcase}
+
+	chat: {Gaim}, {cu}
+
+	directory services: {bind}, {nslookup}, {whois}
+
+	network diagnosis: {ping}, {traceroute}
+
+	remote access: {rlogin}, {ssh}
+
+	* Software development
+
+	{compiler}: {gcc}
+
+	build: {make}, {ant}
+
+	{codewalker}
+
+	{preprocessor}: {cpp}
+
+	{debugger}: {adb}, {gdb}
+
+	{installation}: {apt-get}, {msiexec}, {patch}
+
+	{compiler compiler}: {yacc}
+
+	* Hardware
+
+	device configuration: {PCU}, {devman}, {stty}
+
+	(2007-02-02)
+
+UTOPIST
+
+	<language> A specification language for {attribute grammars}
+	developed by E. Tyugu of the Academy of Science Estonia,
+	Tallinn in 1983.
+
+	["Synthesis of a Semantic Processor from an Attribute
+	Grammar", Prog and Comp Soft, 9(1):29-39, Jan 1983].
+
+	(2007-02-02)
+
+UTP
+
+	{unshielded twisted pair}
+
+UTRC
+
+	{United Technologies Research Cente}
+
+UTSL
+
+	<humour> {Use the Source Luke}
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-02)
+
+uucp
+
+	{Unix to Unix Copy}
+
+UUCPNET
+
+	The international {store and forward} network consisting of
+	all the world's connected {Unix} machines (and others running
+	some clone of the {UUCP} software).  Any machine reachable
+	only via a {bang path} is on UUCPNET.  See {network address}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+uudecode
+
+	A Unix program to convert the ASCII output of uuencode back to
+	binary.  See uuencode for details.
+
+uuencode
+
+	<communications> (Unix-to-Unix encode) A {Unix} program for
+	encoding {binary} data as {ASCII}.  Uuencode was originally
+	used with {uucp} to transfer binary files over {serial lines}
+	which did not preserve the top bit of characters, but is now
+	used for sending binary files by {e-mail} and posting to
+	{Usenet} newsgroups etc.  The program uudecode reverses the
+	effect of uuencode, recreating the original binary file
+	exactly.
+
+	Uuencoded data starts with a line of the form
+
+		begin <mode> <file>
+
+	where <mode> is the files read/write/execute permissions as
+	three {octal} digits and <file> is the name to be used when
+	recreating the binary data.
+
+	Uuencode repeatedly takes in a group of three bytes, adding
+	trailing zeros if there are less than three bytes left.  These
+	24 bits are split into four groups of six which are treated as
+	numbers between 0 and 63.  Decimal 32 is added to each number
+	and they are output as ASCII characters from 32 (space) to
+	32+63 = 95 (underscore).  Each group of sixty output
+	characters (corresponding to 45 input bytes) is output as a
+	separate line preceded by an 'M' (ASCII code 77 = 32+45).  At
+	the end of the input, if there are N output characters left
+	after the last group of sixty and N>0 then they will be
+	preceded by the character whose code is 32+N.  Finally, a line
+	containing just a single space is output, followed by one
+	containing just "end".
+
+	Sometimes each data line has an extra dummy character added to
+	avoid problems which mailers that strip trailing spaces.
+	These characters are ignored by uudecode.
+
+	Despite using this limited range of characters, there are
+	still some problems encountered when uuencoded data passes
+	through certain old computers.  The worst offenders are
+	computers using non-ASCII character sets such as EBCDIC.
+
+	{Base 64} encoding is probably now more commonly used than
+	uuencode.
+
+	(2004-07-17)
+
+UUNET PIPEX
+
+	<company> An {Internet provider}, part of the Unipalm Group.
+	PIPEX launched their Internet service in March 1992, and by
+	November 1993 provided Internet service to 150 customer sites
+	in the UK.  Each site is either a complete commercial company
+	or a branch of one, or a public-sector organisation.  They
+	provide a commercial {internetworking} service, with 24-hour
+	support, and a resilient backbone with multiple international
+	links.  PIPEX provides for individual users through their
+	"PIPEX Dial" service, and has a number of re-sellers connected
+	to its backbone, including {CityScape}, {Direct Connection}
+	and the {IBM PC User Group}, who also offer such services.
+
+	{(http://pipex.net)}.
+
+	E-mail: <support@pipex.net>.
+
+	Address (Head office): Cambridge ?
+
+	Address: King St. London EC2V(?)
+
+	(1996-10-13)
+
+UUPC
+
+	{UUCP} for {MS-DOS}, {Microsoft Windows}, and {OS/2}.
+
+	E-mail: <server@netmail.com> with subject SEND INDEX.
+
+uy
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Uruguay.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+uz
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Uzbekistan.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+V
+
+	Upper case V, {ASCII} character 86, known in {INTERCAL} as
+	book.
+
+	1. A testbed for distributed system research.
+
+	2. Wide-spectrum language used in the knowledge-based
+	environment {CHI}.  "Research on Knowledge-Based Software
+	Environments at Kestrel Inst", D.R.  Smith et al, IEEE Trans
+	Soft Eng SE-11(11):1278-1295 (1985).
+
+V.10
+
+	<communications, standard> An {ITU-T} recommendation on
+	electrical characteristics for {unbalanced} {double-current
+	interchange circuits} operating at {data signalling rates}
+	nominally up to 100 kbps.  This recommendation is also
+	included but not published in {ITU-T} X series under alias
+	number X.26.  The circuit defined in this standard is used in
+	other {serial line} standards such as {EIA-232} and {EIA-423},
+	that implement {single ended} communication.
+
+	(2002-10-05)
+
+V.11
+
+	<communications, standard> An {ITU-T} recommendation on
+	electrical characteristics for {balanced} {double-current}
+	{interchange circuits} operating at {data signalling rates} up
+	to 10 Mbps.  V.11 is also included but not published in the as
+	{ITU-T} X.27.  V.11 is used in other {serial line} standards
+	such as {EIA-422} and {EIA-485}, that implement {differential
+	line} communication.
+
+	(2003-04-06)
+
+V.17
+
+	<protocol, standard> An {ITU-T} {modem} {protocol} for 14400
+	{bps} {half duplex} communications with {fall back} to 12000
+	{bps}, 9600 {bps} and 7200 {bps}.
+
+	(2004-07-26)
+
+V.21
+
+	<protocol, standard> An {ITU-T} {modem} {protocol} for 300
+	{bps} two-wire {full-duplex} communications using {Frequency
+	Shift Keying} {modulation}.
+
+	All modern modems support both V.21 and the close variant,
+	Bell 103.
+
+	(1996-07-22)
+
+V.22
+
+	<protocol, standard> An {ITU-T} {modem} {protocol} which
+	allowed data rates of 1200 {bps}.  {V.22bis} doubled this.
+
+	(2004-07-26)
+
+V.22bis
+
+	<protocol, standard>{V.22} twice.  An {ITU-T} {modem}
+	{protocol} which allowed a data rate of 2400 bits per second,
+	twice that of {V.22}.
+
+V.23
+
+	<protocol, standard> An {ITU-T} {modem} {protocol} which
+	allowed {half-duplex} (unidirectional) data transmission at
+	1200 bits per second with a 75 {bps} {back channel} and {fall
+	back} to 600/75 bps.  This was the main standard used for
+	{British Telecom}'s {Prestel} service.
+
+	(2004-07-26)
+
+V.24
+
+	<standard> The {ITU-T} {standard} defining interchange
+	circuits between {DTE} and {DCE}.  V.24 is the {ITU-T}
+	equivalent of {EIA} standard {EIA-232C}, though V.24 only
+	specifies the meaning of the signals, not the connector or the
+	voltages used.
+
+	V.24 recommends 12 {modem} {carrier} frequencies that will not
+	interfere with {Dual Tone Multi-Frequency} or other telephone
+	control tones.  These are:
+
+	  GROUP A   =    920 Hz, 1000 Hz, 1080 Hz, 1160 Hz
+	  GROUP B   =    1320 Hz, 1400 Hz, 1480 Hz, 1560 Hz
+	  Group C   =    1720 Hz, 1800 Hz, 1880 Hz, 1960 Hz
+
+	(2004-08-02)
+
+V.25
+
+	<communications, standard> A {standard} allowing an
+	{auto-answer} {modem} to determine the correct {modulation}
+	standard to use.
+
+	(2001-04-06)
+
+V.25 bis
+
+	<communications, standard> A cryptic command language for
+	{modems}.
+
+	(2004-08-02)
+
+V.27 ter
+
+	<protocol, standard> An {ITU-T} {modem} {protocol} which
+	allowed 4800 {bps} communications with {fall back} to 2400
+	bps.  V27.ter was used by {Fax machines}.
+
+	(2004-07-26)
+
+V.28
+
+	<communications, standard> An {ITU-T} physical interface
+	{standard} for {serial} data communications equipment,
+	formally titled "Electrical Characteristics for Unbalanced
+	Double-Current Interchange Circuits".  The combination of V.28
+	and {V.24} is equivalent to the {EIA}'s {RS-232} and uses the
+	same 25-pin connectors.
+
+	(2001-04-06)
+
+V.29
+
+	<communications, standard> An {ITU-T} {modem} {protocol} which
+	allows 9600 {bps} {half duplex} or {four wire} communications
+	with {fall back} to 7200 {bps} and 4800 {bps}.  V.29 is used
+	by {fax} machines.
+
+	(2004-07-30)
+
+V.32
+
+	<communications, standard> An {ITU-T} standard {protocol} for
+	{modems} transmitting at 9600 bits per second with {fall back}
+	to 4800 {bps}.  {V.32bis} extended this to 14400 bps.
+
+	V32 and V.32bis acheive bidirectional data transmission not by
+	having different sets of tones at each end but by subtracting
+	what is sent from what is received.
+
+	(2004-07-30)
+
+V.32bis
+
+	<communications, standard> V.32 twice.  An extension of the
+	{ITU-T} {V.32} {modem} {protocol} allowing 14400 bits per
+	second with {fall back} to 12000{bps}, 9600{bps}, 7200{bps}
+	and 4800 {bps}.
+
+	The {modem} should select the appropriate speed according to
+	the current line conditions.
+
+	See also {V.32ter}.
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+V.32ter
+
+	An extension of the {ITU-T} {V.32bis} {modem} {protocol}.
+	While waiting for {V.34}, many {modem} manufacturers decided
+	to extend V.32bis to 19.2 kbps.  This was known as V.32ter
+	which some {marketroids} rechristened V.32 terbo which is not
+	only misspelled but misses the fact that V.32ter means the
+	third revision of V.32.
+
+	(1994-12-15)
+
+V.34
+
+	<protocol> An {ITU-T} {standard} {modem} serial line
+	{protocol} using {symbol rates} of 2400, 2743, 2800, 3000,
+	>3200 and 3429 and up to 28800 bits per second.
+
+	The official V.34 draft recommendation was titled:
+
+	   Modem operating at data signalling rates of up to 28 800
+	   bit/s for use on the general switched telephone network and
+	   on leased point-to-point 2-wire telephone-type circuits.
+
+	During the lengthy process of approval by {ITU-T}, many
+	manufacturers released 28.8 kbps modems described as "V.FAST".
+	The V.34 recommendation was ratified by {ITU-T} on 20
+	September 1994.  {Rockwell} and {US Robotics} both have seats
+	on the ITU-T, and have both released {chip set}/{BIOS}
+	combinations that they feel will meet V.34.  V.34 modems will
+	also support {V.FC} if the manufacturer currently supports
+	V.FC (e.g. {Rockwell}).  Some (all?) V.34 modems will also
+	support {line probing}.
+
+	{ITU document
+	(http://itu.int/itudoc/itu-t/rec/v/v34_25302.html)}.
+
+	(1998-07-03)
+
+V.35
+
+	<communications, standard> The {ITU-T} {standard} for data
+	transmission at 48 kilobits per second over 60 - 108 KHz group
+	band circuits.  It contains the 34-pin {V.34} connector
+	specifications normally implemented on a modular {RJ-45}
+	connector.
+
+	(1995-03-02)
+
+V.42
+
+	<communications, standard> An {ITU-T} standard {protocol} for
+	{error correction} between {modems}, which includes {MNP} up
+	to level 4 and {asynchronous} to {synchronous} conversion.
+
+	(2004-08-02)
+
+V.42bis
+
+	<communications, standard> An extension of the {ITU-T} {V.42}
+	standard {modem} {protocol} to included {compression} using a
+	{Lempel-Ziv} related technique, which detects frequently
+	occurring character strings and replaces them with tokens.
+	This is similar to the {Unix} {compress} utility.  Typical
+	{compression} for text is 50% or better; with nearly 20% gain
+	from {synchronous} conversion this gives reduces transmission
+	time by almost 60%.
+
+	[Details?  On-line spec?]
+
+	(2004-08-02)
+
+V.90
+
+	<protocol> An {ITU-T} {standard} {modem} serial line
+	{protocol} allowing download speeds of up to 56 {kbps} with
+	upload speeds of 33.6 {kbps}.  {V.90} modems are designed for
+	connections that are digital at one end and have only one
+	digital-to-analogue conversion.
+
+	As of 1998-02-06 the V.90 standard, formerly called V.pcm, has
+	been given final approval by {ITU-T}.  On 1998-10-27 the ITU-T
+	announced that approval of the V.90 standard was completed.
+	Interoperability testing is complete or in progress for
+	several modem manufacturers.  The V.90 standard reconciles two
+	competing standards, {X2} and {K56flex}.
+
+	The {ITU-T} has initiated the approval process for a new
+	all-digital version of the protocol, to be known as {V.91}.
+
+	{ITU Press Release 98-04
+	(http://itu.int/newsroom/press/releases/1998/98-04.html)}.
+	and {NP-3
+	(http://itu.int/newsroom/press/releases/1998/NP-3.html)}.
+
+	(1999-01-25)
+
+V.91
+
+	<protocol> An all-digital version of the {V.90} {protocol},
+	undergoing {ITU-T} approval.
+
+	(1999-01-13)
+
+va
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Vatican.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+vacuum tube
+
+	{electron tube}
+
+vadding
+
+	<games> /vad'ing/ (From VAD, a permutation of ADV,
+	i.e. {ADVENT}, used to avoid a particular {admin}'s continual
+	search-and-destroy sweeps for the game) A leisure-time
+	activity of certain hackers involving the covert exploration
+	of the "secret" parts of large buildings - basements, roofs,
+	freight elevators, maintenance crawlways, steam tunnels, and
+	the like.  A few go so far as to learn locksmithing in order
+	to synthesise vadding keys.  The verb is "to vad" (compare
+	{phreaking}; see also {hack}, sense 9).  This term dates from
+	the late 1970s, before which such activity was simply called
+	"hacking"; the older usage is still prevalent at {MIT}.
+
+	Vadding (pronounced /vay'ding/) was also popular {CMU}, at
+	least as early as 1986.  People who did it every night were
+	called the "vaders," possibly after "elevator," which was one
+	of the things they played with, or "invader," or "Darth
+	Vader".  This game was usually played along with
+	no-holds-barred hide-and-seek.  CMU grad students were the
+	known to pry open the inner doors of elevators between floors
+	to see the graffiti on the inside of the outer doors.
+
+	The most extreme and dangerous form of vadding is "elevator
+	rodeo", also known as "elevator surfing", a sport played by
+	wrasslin' down a thousand-pound elevator car with a 3-foot
+	piece of string, and then exploiting this mastery in various
+	stimulating ways (such as elevator hopping, shaft exploration,
+	rat-racing, and the ever-popular drop experiments).  Kids,
+	don't try this at home!
+
+	See also {hobbit}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-01-07)
+
+VAL
+
+	1. Value-oriented Algorithmic Language.  J.B. Dennis, MIT
+	1979.  Single assignment language, designed for MIT dataflow
+	machine.  Based on CLU, has iteration and error handling,
+	lacking in recursion and I/O.  "A Value- Oriented Algorithmic
+	Language", W.B. Ackermann et al, MIT LCS TR-218, June 1979.
+	"The VAL Language: Description and Analysis", J.R. McGraw,
+	TOPLAS 4(1):44-82 (Jan 1982).
+
+	2. <language, robotics> Variable Assembly Language.
+	Unimation.  Language for industrial robots.  Version: VAL II -
+	"VAL II: A New Robot Control System for Automatic
+	Manufacturing", B.E. Shimano et al, Proc IEEE Intl Conf on
+	Robotics 1984, pp.278-292.
+
+	3. VHDL Annotation Language.  Stanford.
+	{(ftp://wilbur.stanford.edu/pub/valbin-sun3-4.0-0.1.3.tar.Z)}.
+	Source in Ada available from Larry M. Augustin
+	<lma@sierra.stanford.edu>.
+
+Valencia Simple Tasker
+
+	<operating system> (VSTa) A small {microkernel} based
+	{Unix}-like {operating system}, taking ideas from {QNX} and
+	{Plan 9}, available under {GPL}.
+
+	{(http://chat.net/~jeske/VSTa/)}.
+
+	(1999-03-03)
+
+valency
+
+	{degree}
+
+Valid
+
+	A {dataflow} language.
+
+	["A List-Processing-Oriented Data Flow Machine Architecture",
+	Makoto Amamiya et al, AFIPS NCC, June 1982, pp. 143-151].
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+validation
+
+	The stage in the {software life-cycle} at the end of the
+	development process where software is evaluated to ensure that
+	it complies with the requirements.
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+value
+
+	{brightness}
+
+Value Added Network
+
+	<networking> (VAN) A privately owned {network} that provides a
+	specific service, such as legal research or access to a
+	specialised database, for a fee.  A Value Added Network
+	usually offers some service or information that is not readily
+	available on public networks.
+
+	A Value Added Network's customers typically purchase {leased
+	lines} that connect them to the network or they use a {dial-up
+	number}, given by the network owner, to gain access to the
+	network.
+
+	(1998-11-10)
+
+value added reseller
+
+	<company> (VAR, or "value added retailer") A company which
+	sells something (e.g. computers) made by another company (an
+	{OEM}) with extra components added (e.g. specialist software).
+
+	(1995-02-14)
+
+value added retailer
+
+	{value added reseller}
+
+valve
+
+	<electronics> UK term for a {vacuum tube}.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+vampire tap
+
+	<networking, hardware> A device to connect a {network node} to
+	an {RG8} thick {ethernet} cable without affecting other
+	connected nodes.
+
+	A vampire tap has an interface box with a "V" shaped groove
+	along one side.  A sharp needle protrudes from the center of
+	the groove.  The cable is clamped into the groove by a grooved
+	plate held in position by two thumb screws.  With sufficient
+	practise, tightening the screws forces the needle through the
+	cable jacket and into contact with the cable's center wire
+	while other spikes bite into the outer conductor.  The
+	interface box has a 15 pin connector to connect to the network
+	{node}.
+
+	The vampire tap is often built into the {transceiver}, with a
+	more flexible multi-wire "drop cable" to connect the
+	transceiver to the node.
+
+	(2004-08-25)
+
+VAN
+
+	{Value Added Network}
+
+vanilla
+
+	1. (Default flavour of ice cream in the US) Ordinary
+	{flavour}, standard.  When used of food, very often does not
+	mean that the food is flavoured with vanilla extract!  For
+	example, "vanilla wonton soup" means ordinary wonton soup, as
+	opposed to hot-and-sour wonton soup.  Applied to hardware and
+	software, as in "Vanilla {Version 7} {Unix} can't run on a
+	vanilla {PDP 11}/34."  Also used to orthogonalise chip
+	nomenclature; for instance, a 74V00 means what TI calls a
+	7400, as distinct from a 74LS00, etc.  This word differs from
+	{canonical} in that the latter means "default", whereas
+	vanilla simply means "ordinary".  For example, when hackers go
+	to a chinese restaurant, hot-and-sour wonton soup is the
+	{canonical} wonton soup to get (because that is what most of
+	them usually order) even though it isn't the vanilla wonton
+	soup.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-04)
+
+	2. {Snobol4} by {Catspaw, Inc.} for {MS-DOS}.
+
+	{(ftp://cs.arizona.edu/snobol4/vanilla.arc)}.
+
+	(1992-02-05)
+
+vanity domain
+
+	<networking> A {domain} you register for the sole purpose of
+	having your own domain so you can have an easily remembered
+	{URL} and {e-mail} address.  The domain is usually served
+	(often {vhost}ed) off someone else's machines.
+
+	This is as opposed to a domain you register because you have
+	machines of your own which are already on the Internet and
+	which you want to make addressable via something other than
+	{dot address}es.
+
+	Whereas vanity domains were almost unheard-of in 1980s, since
+	the invention and popularisation of the {Web} in the mid-1990s
+	and the desire for {URLs} which consist only of memorable
+	domain names (e.g., "http://pbs.org") for everything from
+	movies to car wax, vanity domains have come to be the rule
+	instead of the exception.
+
+	(1997-09-11)
+
+vannevar
+
+	<jargon> /van'*-var/ A bogus technological prediction or a
+	foredoomed engineering concept, especially one that fails by
+	implicitly assuming that technologies develop linearly,
+	incrementally, and in isolation from one another when in fact
+	the learning curve tends to be highly nonlinear, revolutions
+	are common, and competition is the rule.  The prototype was
+	Vannevar Bush's prediction of "electronic brains" the size of
+	the Empire State Building with a Niagara-Falls-equivalent
+	cooling system for their tubes and relays, a prediction made
+	at a time when the semiconductor effect had already been
+	demonstrated.  Other famous vannevars have included
+	{magnetic-bubble memory}, {LISP machines}, {videotex}, and a
+	paper from the late 1970s that computed a purported ultimate
+	limit on areal density for {integrated circuits} that was in
+	fact less than the routine densities of 5 years later.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-02-29)
+
+Vannevar Bush
+
+	<person> Dr. Vannevar Bush, 1890-1974.  The man who invented
+	{hypertext}, which he called {memex}, in the 1930s.
+
+	Bush did his undergraduate work at Tufts College, where he
+	later taught.  His masters thesis (1913) included the
+	invention of the Profile Tracer, used in surveying work to
+	measure distances over uneven ground.  In 1919, he joined
+	{MIT}'s Department of Electrical Engineering, where he stayed
+	for twenty-five years.  In 1932, he was appointed
+	vice-president and dean.  At this time, Bush worked on optical
+	and photocomposition devices, as well as a machine for rapid
+	selection from banks of microfilm.
+
+	Further positions followed: president of the Carnegie
+	Institute in Washington, DC (1939); chair of National Advisory
+	Committee for Aeronautics (1939); director of Office of
+	Scientific Research and Development.  This last role was as
+	presidential science advisor, which made him personally
+	responsible for the 6,000 scientists involved in the war
+	effort.  During World War II, Bush worked on radar antenna
+	profiles and the calculation of artillery firing tables.  He
+	proposed the development of an {analogue computer}, which
+	later became the {Rockefeller Differential Analyser}.
+
+	Bush is the pivotal figure in hypertext research.  His
+	ground-breaking 1945 paper, "As We May Think," speculated on
+	how a machine might be created to assist human reasoning, and
+	introduced the idea of an easily accessible, individually
+	configurable storehouse of knowledge.  This machine, which he
+	dubbed "memex," in various ways anticipated {hypermedia} and
+	the {World Wide Web} by nearly half a century.
+
+	{Electronic Labyrinth article
+	(http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/elab/hfl0034.html)}.
+
+	{Bush's famous article, "As We May Think"
+	(http://theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/computer/bushf.htm)}.
+
+	(2001-06-17)
+
+vaporware
+
+	<jargon> /vay'pr-weir/ (UK "vapourware") Products announced
+	far in advance of any release (which may or may not actually
+	take place).  The term came from {Atari} users and was later
+	applied by {Infoworld} to {Microsoft}'s continuous lying about
+	{Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	See also {brochureware}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2004-11-16)
+
+vapourware
+
+	<spelling> UK spelling of "{vaporware}".
+
+	(2004-11-16)
+
+VAR
+
+	{Value Added Reseller} (or retailer).
+
+var
+
+	{variable}
+
+varchar
+
+	<database> A {database} {data type} for storing
+	variable-length strings of {ASCII} data.  The amount of
+	storage space used depends on the length of the strings, in
+	contrast to the ordinary "char" type.  The maximum length of
+	string must still be specified, e.g. varchar(256).
+
+	(2009-02-25)
+
+variable
+
+	<programming> (Sometimes "var" /veir/ or /var/) A named memory
+	location in which a program can store intermediate results and
+	from which it can read it them.  Each {programming language}
+	has different rules about how variables can be named, typed,
+	and used.  Typically, a value is "assigned" to a variable in
+	an {assignment} statement.  The value is obtained by
+	evaluating an expression and then stored in the variable.  For
+	example, the assignment
+
+		x = y + 1
+
+	means "add one to y and store the result in x".  This may look
+	like a mathematical equation but the mathematical equality is
+	only true in the program until the value of x or y changes.
+	Furthermore, statements like
+
+		x = x + 1
+
+	are common.  This means "add one to x", which only makes sense
+	as a state changing operation, not as a mathematical equality.
+
+	The simplest form of variable corresponds to a single-{word}
+	of {memory} or a {CPU} {register} and an assignment to a
+	{load} or {store} {machine code} operation.
+
+	A variable is usually defined to have a {type}, which never
+	changes, and which defines the set of values the variable can
+	hold.  A type may specify a single ("atomic") value or a
+	collection ("aggregate") of values of the same or different
+	types.  A common aggregate type is the {array} - a set of
+	values, one of which can be selected by supplying a numerical
+	{index}.
+
+	Languages may be {untyped}, {weakly typed}, {strongly typed},
+	or some combination.  {Object-oriented programming} languages
+	extend this to {object} types or {classes}.
+
+	A variable's {scope} is the region of the program source
+	within which it represents a certain thing.  Scoping rules are
+	also highly language dependent but most serious languages
+	support both {local variables} and {global variables}.
+	{Subroutine} and {function} {formal arguments} are special
+	variables which are set automatically by the language runtime
+	on entry to the subroutine.
+
+	In a {functional programming} language, a variable's value
+	never changes and change of state is handled as recursion over
+	lists of values.
+
+	(2004-11-16)
+
+Variational Graphics eXtended
+
+	<software> (VGX) {Software} developed by {SDRC} for use in 3D
+	{CAD} {solid modelling}.
+
+	(1998-02-06)
+
+VAX
+
+	<computer> /vaks/ (Virtual Address eXtension) The most
+	successful {minicomputer} design in industry history, possibly
+	excepting its immediate ancestor, the {PDP-11}.  Between its
+	release in 1978 and its eclipse by {killer micros} after about
+	1986, the VAX was probably the {hacker}'s favourite machine,
+	especially after the 1982 release of {4.2BSD} {Unix}.
+	Especially noted for its large, {assembly
+	code}-programmer-friendly {instruction set} - an asset that
+	became a liability after the {RISC} revolution.
+
+	VAX is also a British brand of {carpet cleaner
+	(http://vax.co.uk/)} whose advertising slogan, "Nothing
+	sucks like a VAX!" became a battle-cry of RISC partisans.  It
+	is even sometimes claimed that DEC actually entered a
+	licencing deal that allowed them to market VAX computers in
+	the UK in return for not challenging the carpet cleaner
+	trademark in the US.
+
+	The slogan originated in the late 1960s as "Nothing sucks like
+	Electrolux", Electrolux AB being a rival Swedish company.  It
+	became a classic textbook example of the perils of not knowing
+	the local idiom, which is ironic because, according to the
+	Electrolux press manager in 1996, the double entendre was
+	intentional.  VAX copied the slogan in their promotions in
+	1986-1987, and it surfaced in New Zealand TV ads as recently
+	as 1992!
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-09-28)
+
+VAX DOCUMENT
+
+	A document preparation system from {DEC}.
+
+VAXectomy
+
+	<jargon> /vak-sek't*-mee/ (By analogy with "vasectomy")
+	Removal of a {VAX}.  {DEC}'s {Microvax}en, especially, are
+	much slower than newer {RISC}-based {workstations} such as the
+	{SPARC}.  Thus, if one knows one has a replacement coming, VAX
+	removal can be cause for celebration.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-20)
+
+VAXen
+
+	/vak'sn/ (From "oxen", perhaps influenced by "vixen") The
+	plural canonically used among hackers for the {DEC} {VAX}
+	computers.  "Our installation has four PDP-10s and twenty
+	vaxen."
+
+	See {boxen}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-20)
+
+vaxherd
+
+	/vaks'herd/ ["oxherd"] An operator who tends one or more
+	{VAXen}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+vaxism
+
+	/vak'sizm/ A piece of code that exhibits {vaxocentrism} in
+	critical areas.  Compare {PC-ism}, {Unixism}.
+
+VAX MIPS
+
+	<benchmark> (Or VAX Unit of Performance, VUP) The processing
+	power normally attributed to a {Digital Equipment Corporation}
+	{VAX} 11/780.  Future VAX systems were rated according to this
+	scale (e.g. VAX 8350's being 2.7 VUPs per CPU).  A {MicroVAX}
+	II is normally associated with 0.9 VUPs and at a later time
+	the MicroVUP was coined to rate VAX {workstations}.  The use
+	of the VUP by Digital Equipment Corporation has been replaced
+	with more standard benchmarks ({SPECint} and {SPECfp}) in the
+	{DEC Alpha} processor systems.
+
+	(1996-08-22)
+
+vaxocentrism
+
+	/vak"soh-sen"trizm/ [analogy with "ethnocentrism"] A notional
+	disease said to afflict C programmers who persist in coding
+	according to certain assumptions that are valid (especially
+	under Unix) on {VAXen} but false elsewhere. Among these are:
+
+	1. The assumption that dereferencing a null pointer is safe
+	because it is all bits 0, and location 0 is readable and 0.
+	Problem: this may instead cause an illegal-address trap on
+	non-VAXen, and even on VAXen under OSes other than BSD Unix.
+	Usually this is an implicit assumption of sloppy code
+	(forgetting to check the pointer before using it), rather than
+	deliberate exploitation of a misfeature.
+
+	2. The assumption that characters are signed.
+
+	3. The assumption that a pointer to any one type can freely be
+	cast into a pointer to any other type.  A stronger form of
+	this is the assumption that all pointers are the same size and
+	format, which means you don't have to worry about getting the
+	casts or types correct in calls.  Problem: this fails on
+	word-oriented machines or others with multiple pointer
+	formats.
+
+	4. The assumption that the parameters of a routine are stored
+	in memory, on a stack, contiguously, and in strictly ascending
+	or descending order.  Problem: this fails on many RISC
+	architectures.
+
+	5. The assumption that pointer and integer types are the same
+	size, and that pointers can be stuffed into integer variables
+	(and vice-versa) and drawn back out without being truncated or
+	mangled.  Problem: this fails on segmented architectures or
+	word-oriented machines with funny pointer formats.
+
+	6. The assumption that a data type of any size may begin at
+	any byte address in memory (for example, that you can freely
+	construct and dereference a pointer to a word- or
+	greater-sized object at an odd char address).  Problem: this
+	fails on many (especially RISC) architectures better optimised
+	for {HLL} execution speed, and can cause an illegal address
+	fault or bus error.
+
+	7. The (related) assumption that there is no padding at the
+	end of types and that in an array you can thus step right from
+	the last byte of a previous component to the first byte of the
+	next one.  This is not only machine- but compiler-dependent.
+
+	8. The assumption that memory address space is globally flat
+	and that the array reference "foo[-1]" is necessarily valid.
+	Problem: this fails at 0, or other places on segment-addressed
+	machines like Intel chips (yes, segmentation is universally
+	considered a {brain-damaged} way to design machines (see
+	{moby}), but that is a separate issue).
+
+	9. The assumption that objects can be arbitrarily large with
+	no special considerations.  Problem: this fails on segmented
+	architectures and under non-virtual-addressing environments.
+
+	10. The assumption that the stack can be as large as memory.
+	Problem: this fails on segmented architectures or almost
+	anything else without virtual addressing and a paged stack.
+
+	11. The assumption that bits and addressable units within an
+	object are ordered in the same way and that this order is a
+	constant of nature.  Problem: this fails on {big-endian}
+	machines.
+
+	12. The assumption that it is meaningful to compare pointers
+	to different objects not located within the same array, or to
+	objects of different types.  Problem: the former fails on
+	segmented architectures, the latter on word-oriented machines
+	or others with multiple pointer formats.
+
+	13. The assumption that an "int" is 32 bits, or (nearly
+	equivalently) the assumption that "sizeof(int) ==
+	sizeof(long)".  Problem: this fails on {PDP-11s}, {Intel
+	80286}-based systems and even on {Intel 80386} and {Motorola
+	68000} systems under some compilers.
+
+	14. The assumption that "argv[]" is writable.  Problem: this
+	fails in many embedded-systems C environments and even under a
+	few flavours of Unix.
+
+	Note that a programmer can validly be accused of vaxocentrism
+	even if he or she has never seen a VAX.  Some of these
+	assumptions (especially 2--5) were valid on the {PDP-11}, the
+	original {C} machine, and became endemic years before the VAX.
+	The terms "vaxocentricity" and "all-the-world"s-a-VAX
+	syndrome' have been used synonymously.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+VAXset
+
+	A set of software development tools from DEC, including a
+	language-sensitive editor, compilers etc.
+
+VAXstation
+
+	A family of {workstations} from {DEC} based on their {VAX}
+	computer architecture.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+VAX/VMS
+
+	{VMS}
+
+VB
+
+	{Visual BASIC}
+
+VBA
+
+	{Visual Basic for Applications}
+
+vbell
+
+	{visible bell}
+
+VBScript
+
+	{Visual BASIC Script}
+
+vbx
+
+	<filename extension> The {filename extension} for {Visual
+	Basic Extension}.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+vc
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Saint Vincent and the
+	Grenadines.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+VCC filtering
+
+	<electronics> A technique for reducing the amount of {Radio
+	Frequency Interference} spread via power supply connections.
+	{VCC} is a common name for the non-{ground} power supply line
+	in circuits based on {bipolar transistors}.
+
+	When part of a circuit generates lots of radio-frequency
+	noise, that portion of the {power plane} can be isolated from
+	the rest of the circuit and power delivered to it via a {low
+	pass filter}, usually a {PI filter}, as shown in the diagram
+	below.
+
+	      source   ________inductor_________   load
+			  |                |
+		      capacitor        capacitor
+			  |                |
+		       ground           ground
+
+	This helps to shield the rest of the circuit from the noise
+	generated by the load.
+
+	(1998-01-26)
+
+VCD
+
+	{Video Compact Disc}
+
+VCID
+
+	{Virtual Circuit Identifier}
+
+VCL
+
+	{Visual Component Library}
+
+VCODE
+
+	1. The {intermediate language} used in the compilation of
+	{NESL}.
+
+	["Implementation of a Portable Nested Data-Parallel Language",
+	Guy Blelloch et al, in Fourth ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Princ
+	and Practice of Parallel Programming, ACM, 1993].
+
+	2. The {intermediate language} used in the compilation of
+	{C+@}.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+VCPI
+
+	{Virtual Control Program Interface}
+
+VCR
+
+	{Video Cassette Recorder}
+
+vdiff
+
+	/vee'dif/ Visual diff.  The operation of finding differences
+	between two files by {eyeball search}.  The term "optical
+	diff" has also been reported, and is sometimes more
+	specifically used for the act of superimposing two nearly
+	identical printouts on one another and holding them up to a
+	light to spot differences.  Though this method is poor for
+	detecting omissions in the "rear" file, it can also be used
+	with printouts of graphics, a claim few if any diff programs
+	can make.  See {diff}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+VDL
+
+	{Vienna Definition Language}
+
+VDM
+
+	1. Vienna Definition Method
+
+	2. {Virtual Device Metafile}.
+
+VDM++
+
+	{Object-oriented extension} of {VDM-SL}.  ["Object-Oriented
+	Specification in VDM++", in Object Oriented Specification Case
+	Studies, K. Lano et al eds, P-H 1993].
+
+VDM-SL
+
+	{Vienna Development Method Specification Language}
+
+VDSL
+
+	{Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line}
+
+VDT
+
+	{video display terminal}
+
+VDU
+
+	{Visual Display Unit}
+
+vdx
+
+	{virtual network bios driver}
+
+ve
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Venezuela.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+vector
+
+	1. <mathematics> A member of a {vector space}.
+
+	2. <graphics> A line or movement defined by its end points, or
+	by the current position and one other point.  See {vector
+	graphics}.
+
+	3. <operating system> A memory location containing the address
+	of some code, often some kind of {exception} handler or other
+	{operating system} service.  By changing the vector to point
+	to a different piece of code it is possible to modify the
+	behaviour of the operating system.
+
+	Compare {hook}.
+
+	4. <programming> A one-dimensional {array}.
+
+	(1996-09-30)
+
+Vector C
+
+	<language> A variant of {C} from {CMU}(?), similar to {ACTUS}.
+
+	(1996-09-30)
+
+vector font
+
+	{outline font}
+
+vector graphics
+
+	<graphics> (Sometimes called "object-oriented" graphics,
+	though it's nothing to do with {object-oriented programming}).
+	The representation of separate shapes such as lines, polygons
+	and text, and groups of such objects, as opposed to {bitmaps}.
+	The advantage of vector graphics ("drawing") programs over
+	bitmap ("paint") editors is that multiple overlapping elements
+	can be manipulated independently without using differenet
+	layers for each one.  It is also easier to render an object at
+	different sizes and to transform it in other ways without
+	worrying about image {resolution} and {pixels}.
+
+	(2001-02-06)
+
+vector processor
+
+	{array processor}
+
+vector space
+
+	<mathematics> An {additive group} on which some ({scalar})
+	{field} has an {associative} multiplicative action which
+	distributes over the addition of the vector space and respects
+	the addition of the (scalar) field: for vectors u, v and
+	scalars h, k; h(u+v) = hu + hv; (h+k)u = hu + ku; (hk)u =
+	h(ku).
+
+	[Simple example?]
+
+	(1996-09-30)
+
+VECTRAN
+
+	<language> {Fortran} with {array} extensions.
+
+	["The VECTRAN Language: An Experimental Language for
+	Vector/Matrix Array Processing", Report G320- 3334, IBM, Aug
+	1975].
+
+	(1996-01-19)
+
+VEE
+
+	{HP VEE}
+
+veeblefeetzer
+
+	{veeblefetzer}
+
+veeblefester
+
+	<jargon, abuse> /vee'b*l-fes"tr/ (From "Born Loser" comix via
+	{Commodore}; probably originally from "Mad" Magazine's
+	"Veeblefeetzer" parodies ca. 1960) Any obnoxious person
+	engaged in the (alleged) professions of marketing or
+	management.
+
+	Antonym of {hacker}.  Compare {suit}, {marketroid}.  See also
+	{veeblefetzer}.
+
+	[veeblefeetzer or veeblefetzer?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-03-31)
+
+veeblefetzer
+
+	<jargon> /vee'b*l-fetz'*/ (Or "veeblefeetzer"?) A purposely
+	nonsensical sounding word applied to any sort of obscure or
+	complicated object, e.g. a piece of computer code, model
+	railroad equipment, auto parts, etc.
+
+	The more immediate origin of the word is "Mad" Magazine.  In
+	the late 1950s and early 1960s it used the word along the same
+	lines, especially in its send-ups of big business.  "North
+	American Veeblefetzer" was the subject of satires of an annual
+	reports, an in-house newsletter, and more.  A Veeblefetzer, in
+	their case, was a robot-like device that did something or
+	other.
+
+	The more distant source was probably a 19th century yiddish
+	word, possibly with limited usage.  In German, "Fetzer" is any
+	contraption, while "Veeble" is a likely corruption of "Webel"
+	-- meaning weaving.  Textile mills of this period were crammed
+	with very complicated, wildly active and very loud pieces of
+	machinery.
+
+	See also {veeblefester}.
+
+	[veeblefeetzer or veeblefetzer?]
+
+	(1996-03-31)
+
+VEL
+
+	{LISP70}
+
+Vendor Independent Messaging
+
+	<networking> (VIM) An {electronic mail} {API} promoted by an
+	industry group headed by {Lotus Development}.  VIM is a
+	competitor to {Microsoft}'s {MAPI}.
+
+	[Features?]
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+ventilator card
+
+	{lace card}
+
+Ventura Publisher
+
+	{Corel VENTURA}
+
+Venus flytrap
+
+	{firewall machine}
+
+verbage
+
+	<spelling, jargon> /ver'b*j/ Speech or writing with an excess of
+	words or of obscure words.
+
+	Although identical in meaning, and almost in spelling, to the
+	common word {verbiage}, Patrick Flatley believes he was the first
+	to coin the word "verbage", as a portmanteau of "verbal" and
+	"garbage", in the article cited below (itself a prime example of
+	verbiage).
+
+	[Fordham University student newspaper, "The Observer",
+	1982-10-06, p6].
+
+	(2011-12-21)
+
+verbiage
+
+	<jargon> {documentation}, especially documentation that is verbose
+	and/or obscure as in the common meaning of the term.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2011-12-21)
+
+Verdi
+
+	(named after the Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901))
+	Provable systems language.  Descendant of Ottawa Euclid.
+
+verification
+
+	The process of determining whether or not the products of a
+	given phase in the life-cycle fulfil a set of established
+	requirements.
+
+Verilog
+
+	<language> A {Hardware Description Language} for electronic
+	design and gate level {simulation} by {Cadence Design
+	Systems}.
+
+	{xnf2ver} is an {XNF} to Verilog translator.
+
+	["The Verilog Hardware Description Language", Donald E. Thomas
+	& Philip Moorby, Kluwer, 1991].
+
+	(1999-04-16)
+
+Verilog SA
+
+	<company> A French {real-time software engineering} company.
+
+	(1999-04-16)
+
+Veronica
+
+	<information science> Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index
+	to Computerized Archives.  Veronica offers a keyword search of
+	most {gopher} menu titles in the entire gopher web.  As
+	{archie} is to {FTP} archives, Veronica is to {Gopherspace}.
+	A Veronica search produces a menu of Gopher items, each of
+	which is a direct pointer to a Gopher data source.  Because
+	Veronica is accessed through a Gopher Client, it is easy to
+	use, and gives access to all types of data supported by the
+	Gopher {protocol}.
+
+	To try Veronica, select it from the "Other Gophers" menu on
+	Minnesota's gopher server, or point your gopher at:
+
+	 Name=veronica (search menu items in most of GopherSpace)
+	 Type=1
+	 Port=70
+	 Path=1/veronica
+	 Host=gopher.scs.unr.edu
+
+	{(gopher://gopher.scs.unr.edu/1/veronica)}.
+
+Versa Module Europa
+
+	<hardware> (VME) A flexible open-ended bus system which makes
+	use of the {Eurocard} standard.
+
+	VME was introduced in 1981 by {Motorola}, {Philips},
+	{Thompson}, and {Mostek}.  It was intended to be a flexible
+	environment supporting a variety of computing intensive tasks,
+	and has become a rather popular protocol in the computer
+	industry.  It is defined by the {IEEE} standard 1014-1987.
+
+	(1997-03-10)
+
+version
+
+	<programming> One of a sequence of copies of a program, each
+	incorporating new modifications.  Each version is usually
+	identified by a number, commonly of the form X.Y where X is
+	the major version number and Y is the release number.
+	Typically an increment in X (with Y reset to zero) signifies a
+	substantial increase in the function of the program or a
+	partial or total re-implementation, whereas Y increases each
+	time the progam is changed in any way and re-released.
+
+	Version numbers are useful so that the user can know if the
+	program has changed ({bugs} have been fixed or new functions
+	added) since he obtained his copy and the programmer can tell
+	if a bug report relates to the current version.  It is thus
+	always important to state the version when reporting bugs.
+	Statements about compatibility between different software
+	components should always say which versions they apply to.
+
+	See {change management}.
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+Version 7
+
+	<operating system> (V7) The unsupported release of {Unix}
+	ancestral to all current commercial versions.  {Brian
+	Kernighan} announced the release of V7 in summer 1979, at the
+	{Unix User's} Group meeting in Toronto.
+
+	Before the release of the {POSIX}/{SVID} {standards}, V7's
+	features were often treated as a {Unix} portability baseline.
+	Some old-timers impatient with commercialisation and {kernel
+	bloat} still maintain that V7 was the Last True Unix.
+
+	See {BSD}, {USG Unix}, {System V}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-05-22)
+
+vertical application
+
+	<application, jargon> An {application program} supporting one
+	specific industry process, e.g. for {e-commerce} purchasing
+	applications, the entire distribution process including order
+	entry, shipping, and customer service.
+
+	Compare {horizontal application}.
+
+	(2000-03-28)
+
+vertical bar
+
+	<character> The character "|", {ASCII} code 124.
+
+	Common names: bar; or; or-bar; v-bar; pipe; vertical bar.
+	Rare: {ITU-T}: vertical line; gozinta; thru; pipesinta;
+	{INTERCAL}: spike.
+
+	"Pipe", "gozinta", "thru" and "pipesinta" refer to the use of
+	"|" in {Unix} shells to create a {pipe}.
+
+	Some keyboards show both a solid vertical bar (code 124) and a
+	broken vertical bar (code 166).
+
+	[Does anyone call either kind of vertical bar "{pling}"?
+	Other codes?]
+
+	(1998-09-20)
+
+vertical encoding
+
+	<processor> An {instruction set} where a field (a bit or group
+	of bits) of the instruction word is decoded (either by
+	{hard-wired} {logic} or {microcode}) to generate signals to
+	control the {functional units}, as opposed to {horizontal
+	encoding} where the instruction word bits are used as the
+	control signals directly.
+
+	With vertical encoding, which combinations of signals and
+	operations are possible is dictated by the decoding logic; the
+	instruction field can only select one of these preprogrammed
+	combinations.  This has the advantage that many control
+	signals can be generated based on only a few instruction word
+	bits and only valid combinations of control signals can be
+	generated, e.g. only one source driving a {bus} at once.  An
+	{instruction set} may use a mixture of horizontal and vertical
+	encoding within each instruction.
+
+	(1995-04-23)
+
+vertical loop combination
+
+	{fusion}
+
+vertical microcode
+
+	<processor> {Microcode} using {vertical encoding}.
+
+	(1995-04-23)
+
+Vertical Redundancy Check
+
+	<storage, communications> (VRC) An {error checking} method
+	performed on one 8-bit {ASCII} character, where the 8th bit is
+	used as the {parity bit}.
+
+	The resulting parity bit is constructed by {XOR}ing the
+	{word}.  The result is a "1" if there is an odd number of 1s,
+	and a "0" if there is an even number of 1s in the word.  This
+	method is unreliable because if an odd number of {bits} are
+	distorted, the check will not detect the error.  The
+	{Longitudinal Redundancy Check} is an improvement.
+
+	(2001-04-28)
+
+vertical refresh rate
+
+	<hardware> Synonym for {refresh rate}.
+
+	(1996-02-09)
+
+vertical scan rate
+
+	<hardware> Synonym for {refresh rate}.
+
+	(1996-02-09)
+
+Very Efficient Speculative Parallel Architecture
+
+	<project> (VESPA, Portuguese for "wasp") An {Edinburgh
+	University} project using {speculative multithreading} to
+	improve single-application and multiprogramming performance,
+	and to increase {fault tolerance} and reliability. The project
+	aims to develop a compilation environment to generate
+	efficient speculative parallel code, including speculative
+	parallelisation and speculative helper threads.  Other
+	research involves the development of optimized thread-level
+	speculative architectures and novel uses of speculative
+	multithreading, such as fault-tolerance.
+
+	{VESPA Home
+	(http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/mc/Projects/VESPA/vespa.html)}.
+
+	(2008-04-04)
+
+Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line
+
+	<communications, protocol> (VDSL) A form of {Digital
+	Subscriber Line} similar to {ADSL} but providing higher speeds
+	at reduced lengths.
+
+	(1998-05-18)
+
+Very Large Database
+
+	<database> (VLDB) A {database} that can use a {Very Large
+	Memory} model to keep as much data as possible in {physical
+	memory}.
+
+	(Oracle
+	{http://oracle.com/platforms/dec/collateral/vlmwp_3.html}).
+
+	(1998-07-07)
+
+Very Large Memory
+
+	<architecture> (VLM) A {processor} and {operating system} that
+	can use more than 4GB of {RAM}, which is the limit for systems
+	using {32-bit} addresses.
+
+	VLM architectures allow {application programs} and {Very Large
+	Databases} with more than 4GB of data to be placed entirely in
+	{physical memory}, with large performance enhancements.
+
+	Some recent processors like the {DEC Alpha} can process 64
+	bits of data at a time and use addresses wider than 32 bits.
+
+	{Digital Unix (http://unix.digital.com/unix/64bit/)}.
+
+	(Solaris {http://sun.com/solaris/64bit.html}).
+
+	(SGI {http://sgi.com/Technology/standard/faq.html}).
+
+	(Unix 98
+	{http://UNIX-systems.org/version2/whatsnew/login_64bit.html}).
+
+	[How wide are the address busses?]
+
+	(1998-07-07)
+
+Very Large Scale Integration
+
+	<hardware> (VLSI) A term describing semiconductor {integrated
+	circuits} composed of hundreds of thousands of {logic elements} or
+	memory cells.
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+Very Long Instruction Word
+
+	<language, architecture> (VLIW) Used to describe a {machine
+	code} {instruction set} implemented using {horizontal
+	microcode}.  A horizontally encoded instruction word which
+	encodes four or more operations might be considered "very
+	long".
+
+	VLIW architectures are sometimes classified as a type of
+	static {superscalar} architecture.  They are static in the
+	sense that which units operate in parallel is determined by
+	the instruction rather than by {dynamic scheduling} at {run
+	time}.
+
+	Producing code for VLIW machines is difficult; {trace
+	scheduling} is a helpful compiler technique.
+
+	The most famous VLIW machine was built by (the late)
+	{Multiflow Computer, Inc.}
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Very Small Aperture Terminal
+
+	<communications> (VSAT) A kind of {ground station} used to
+	contact a communications satellite such as INMARSAT.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+VESA
+
+	{Video Electronics Standards Association}
+
+VESA Local Bus
+
+	<hardware, standard> (VL, VLB) A {local bus} defined by the
+	{Video Electronics Standards Association}, mostly used in
+	{personal computers} based on the {Intel 486}.  See also
+	{PCI}.
+
+	(1995-03-31)
+
+VESPA
+
+	{Very Efficient Speculative Parallel Architecture}
+
+V.FAST
+
+	{V.34}
+
+VFAT
+
+	<operating system> A standard developed by {Microsoft} to
+	enable long file names on standard {FAT} {partitions}.  VFAT
+	suffers from all the drawbacks of FAT and adds more problems
+	but moving to it is very easy.
+
+	(1996-12-23)
+
+V.FC
+
+	<communications, protocol> A serial line {protocol} supported
+	by some {modems}.  Uses {symbol rates} of 2400, 2800, 3000,
+	>3200 and 3429 and up to 28800 {baud}.
+
+	{V.34} modems will also support V.FC if the manufacturer
+	currently supports V.FC.
+
+	The first V.FC modems were shipped in November 1993 and there
+	have been many thousands sold.  There will probably be in
+	excess of a million V.FC modems installed by the end of 1994.
+
+	V.FC was intended to take some of the techniques being
+	proposed for V.34 and put them into a real modem that people
+	could use.  This also gave a lot of people the opportunity to
+	try out 28.8 kilobit per second operation for the first time.
+	There was never any intention from {Hayes} or {Rockwell} (who
+	worked together for two years on V.FC) that V.FC would be
+	compatible with V.34 - even if they had wanted it, others
+	would have made sure it didn't happen!  In fact, they made the
+	start-up deliberately different from V.34 so that it would be
+	easy to distinguish between the two and easier to make
+	dual-mode V.FC/V.34 modems.
+
+	V.FC is quite different from V.34.  Most of the
+	signal-processing {algorithms}, whilst based on the same
+	theory, are implemented in different ways.  V.34 has some
+	extra things like a {secondary channel} and a special mode for
+	28.8 kilobit per second fax.
+
+	The Rockwell V.FC implementation uses a single-chip
+	mask-programmed {DSP} for all the signal processing functions.
+	You can also buy a modem controller chip from Rockwell to go
+	with it which implements AT commands, error-control and
+	{compression}.  Hayes made their own controller using the
+	{Motorola} {68302} processor.  When it comes to an upgrade
+	from V.FC to V.34 you have to have a new, masked DSP chip and
+	new controller {firmware} to implement all the V.34-specific
+	features.  This means that Rockwell-DSP based modems must be
+	returned to the manufacturer for upgrade.  Upgraded modems
+	will talk to either V.FC or V.34 modems.
+
+vg
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the British Virgin
+	Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+VGA
+
+	<hardware> {Video Graphics Array} (not "Adapter").
+
+	(1995-11-16)
+
+VGQF
+
+	A query language.
+
+vgrep
+
+	<jargon> /vee'grep/ (Or "optical grep") Visual {grep}.
+	Finding patterns in a file by eye rather than digitally.
+
+	Compare {vdiff}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-02-06)
+
+VGX
+
+	{Variational Graphics eXtended}
+
+VHDL
+
+	Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Hardware
+	Description Language.  A large high-level {VLSI} design
+	language with Ada-like syntax.  The DoD standard for hardware
+	description, now standardised as IEEE 1076.
+
+	["VHSIC Hardware Description Language", M.R. Shahdad et al,
+	IEEE Computer 18(2):94-103 (Feb 1985)].
+
+VHE
+
+	{Virtual Home Environment}
+
+VHLL
+
+	Very-{High-Level Language}.
+
+	A {bondage-and-discipline language} that the speaker happens
+	to like; {Prolog} and Backus's {FP} are often called VHLLs.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+vhost
+
+	{virtual host}
+
+VHS
+
+	1. {Very High Speed}.
+
+	2. {storage} Video Home System.
+
+	JVC's video cassette format.
+
+	3. {Virtual Host Storage}.
+
+vi
+
+	1. <tool> {Visual Interface}.
+
+	2. <networking> The {country code} for the U. S. Virgin
+	Islands.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+VIC-20
+
+	<computer> A home computer made by {Commodore} with a {6502}
+	{CPU}, similar in style to the {Commodore 64} and {Commodore
+	C16}.  The VIC-20 was released before the C64, and after the
+	{Commodore PET}(?).  It was intended to be more of a low-end
+	home computer than the PET.
+
+	The VIC-20 had connectors for game cartridges and a {tape
+	drive} (compatible with a C64).  It came with five {kilobytes}
+	of {RAM}, but 1.5 KB were used by the system for various
+	things, like the video display (which had an unusual 22x20
+	char/line screen layout), and other dynamic aspects of the
+	{operating system} (such as it was).  The RAM was expandable
+	with a plug-in cartridge which used the same expansion port as
+	games.  Port expander boxes were available to allow more than
+	one cartridge to be connected at a time.
+
+	RAM cartridges were available in several sizes: 3K, 8K, 16K
+	and 32K.  The internal memory map was re-organised with the
+	addition of each size cartridge, leading to the situation that
+	some programs would only work if the right amount of memory
+	was available.  The 32K cartridges were all third-party and
+	had switches to allow the RAM to be enabled in sections so
+	that any expansion size could be achieved.
+
+	{BASIC} programs could use at most 24 KB of RAM.  Any extra
+	occupied the location usually used by ROM cartridges
+	(i.e. games).  This allowed people to copy ROM cartridges to
+	tape and distribute them to their friends, who could load the
+	tape into the top 8k of their 32k RAM packs.
+
+	The name "VIC" came from the Video Interface Chip that was
+	also used in the other, later, Commodore 8-bit computers.
+
+	(2000-03-28)
+
+victim cache
+
+	<architecture> An extension to a {direct mapped cache} that
+	adds a small, secondary, {fully associative cache} to store
+	cache blocks that have been ejected from the main cache due to
+	a capacity or conflict miss.  These ejected blocks are likely
+	to be needed again so storing them in the secondary cache
+	should increase performance.
+
+	Victim caches with as few as five places have been found to
+	reduce conflict misses, especially for small, direct-mapped
+	data caches.  E.g. a four-place victim cache removed 20% to
+	95% (depending on program) of such misses in a 4-KB cache.
+
+	{(http://www.scism.sbu.ac.uk/ccsv/josephmb/CS-L2-MT/week12.html)}.
+
+	(2007-02-23)
+
+video
+
+	<graphics> Moving images presented as a sequence of {static
+	images} (called "frames") representing snapshots of the scene,
+	taken at regularly spaced time intervals, e.g. 50 frames per
+	second.  Apart from the frame rate, other important properties
+	of a video are the {resolution} and {colour depth} of the
+	individual images.
+
+	Digital video data is typically stored and transmitted in a
+	format like {MPEG} or {H.264} that includes synchoronised
+	{sound}.
+
+	Unlike broadcast {television}, digital video on a computer or
+	network uses {compression}.  Compression is even more
+	important for video that for static images due to the large
+	amount of data involved in even a short video.  Furthermore,
+	compression allows video to be transmitted via a channel whose
+	bandwidth is less than the raw data rate implied by the
+	resolution and frame rate.  This allows the recipient to start
+	displaying the video before the transmission is complete, a
+	process known as {streaming}.
+
+	Compression can be relatively slow but decompression is done
+	in {real-time} with the picture quality and {frame rate}
+	varying with the processing power available and the size and
+	scaling of the picture.
+
+	There are many types of software for displaying video on
+	computers including {Windows Media Player} from {Microsoft},
+	{QuickTime} from {Apple Computer}, {DivX}, {VLC}, {RealPlayer}
+	and {Acorn Computers}' {Replay}.
+
+	(2011-01-04)
+
+video adapter
+
+	{graphics adaptor}
+
+video card
+
+	{graphics adaptor}
+
+Video Compact Disc
+
+	<storage> (VCD) A storage format used for film distribution.
+
+	[Details?  Relationship to audio CD?]
+
+	(2004-02-15)
+
+video compression
+
+	{Compression} of sequences of images.  Video compression
+	{algorithms} use the fact that there are usually only small
+	changes from one "frame" to the next so they only need to
+	encode the starting frame and a sequence of differences
+	between frames.  This is known as "inter-frame coding" or "3D
+	coding".
+
+	{MPEG} is a committee producing {standards} in this area and
+	also the name of their standard {algorithm}.  {H.261} is
+	another standard.
+
+	See also {Integrated Information Technology}, {3DO},
+	{full-motion video}, {Online Media}.
+
+video conference
+
+	An instance of {video conferencing}.
+
+video conferencing
+
+	<communications> A discussion between two or more groups of
+	people who are in different places but can see and hear each
+	other using electronic communications.  Pictures and sound are
+	carried by the telecommunication network and such conferences
+	can take place across the world.
+
+	To overcome the {bandwidth} and {latency} limitations of
+	current networks (especially the {PSTN}), some form of {video
+	compression} is often used.
+
+	(1995-05-01)
+
+video dial tone
+
+	<communications> A means by which telephone companies can
+	deliver "television" programs on a {common carrier} basis and,
+	by law, provide equal access to all.
+
+	[What does this mean?]
+
+	(1996-12-01)
+
+video display standard
+
+	{display standard}
+
+video display terminal
+
+	{visual display unit}
+
+Video Electronics Standards Association
+
+	<body, standard> (VESA) An industry {standards} organisation
+	created in 1989 or 1990 mostly(?) concerned with {IBM}
+	compatible {personal computers}.  The first standard it
+	created was the 800 x 600 pixel {Super VGA} (SVGA) display and
+	its software interface.  It also defined the {VESA Local Bus}
+	(VLB).
+
+	See also {PCI}.
+
+	{(http://vesa.org/)}.
+
+	(1995-11-16)
+
+Video Graphics Adapter
+
+	{Video Graphics Array}
+
+Video Graphics Adaptor
+
+	{Video Graphics Array}
+
+Video Graphics Array
+
+	<hardware> (VGA) A {display standard} for {IBM PCs}, with 640
+	x 480 {pixels} in 16 colours and a 4:3 {aspect ratio}.  There
+	is also a text mode with 720 x 400 pixels.
+
+	IBM technical references define the *product name* of their
+	original VGA display board as "Video Graphics Array", in
+	contrast to the preceding boards, the "{Color Graphics
+	Adapter}" (CGA) and "{Enhanced Graphics Adapter}" (EGA).
+
+	See also {Super Video Graphics Adapter}.
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+video memory
+
+	<storage> The memory in a computer's {graphics adaptor}, used
+	to store the image displayed on a {bitmap display}.  Often
+	this is built using {VRAM} chips.  There is normally a simple
+	correspondence between groups of {bits} in video memory and
+	the dots or "{pixels}" on the screen, such that writing to a
+	given group of bits will alter the appearance of a single dot.
+	If each pixel corresponds to eight bits then it can have any
+	of 256 colours (or shades of grey on a monochrome display).
+
+	The video display electronics is responsible for reading the
+	data from video memory and converting it into the necessary
+	signals to drive the display.  Often this includes a {colour
+	palette} which converts pixel values into {RGB} triplets.
+
+	(1996-11-01)
+
+Video on Demand
+
+	<communications> (VoD) A planned system using {video
+	compression} to supply programs to viewers when requested, via
+	{ISDN} or cable.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+video RAM
+
+	{video random-access memory}
+
+video random-access memory
+
+	<hardware> (VRAM) Fast memory designed for storing the image
+	to be displayed on a computer's {monitor}.  VRAM may be built
+	from special memory {integrated circuits} designed to be
+	accessed sequentially.
+
+	VRAM must be fast enough to supply data to the display
+	electronics at the speed at which the screen is scanned.  Thus
+	for example, for a {resolution} of 1280x1024 eight-bit
+	{pixels} at a {refresh rate} of 70 Hz, the {video memory}
+	would need to supply 1280x1024x70 = 90 Mbyte/s or one byte
+	every 11 ns.  The VRAM may be {dual ported} in order to allow
+	the display electronics and the {CPU} to access it at the same
+	time.
+
+	In an {IBM PC} the VRAM is located on the display interface
+	card and 0.5 - 2 MB is typical.
+
+	{A VRAM Song (http://fweep.com/vram.html)}!
+
+	(2001-02-14)
+
+video terminal
+
+	{visual display unit}
+
+videotex
+
+	An obsolete electronic service offering people the privilege
+	of paying to read the weather on their television screens
+	instead of having somebody read it to them for free while they
+	brush their teeth.  The idea bombed everywhere it wasn't
+	government-subsidised, because by the time videotex was
+	practical the installed base of personal computers could hook
+	up to {time-sharing} services and do the things for which
+	videotex might have been worthwhile better and cheaper.
+	Videotex planners badly overestimated both the appeal of
+	getting information from a computer and the cost of local
+	intelligence at the user's end.  Like the {gorilla arm}
+	effect, this has been a cautionary tale to hackers ever since.
+	See also {vannevar}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Vienna Definition Language
+
+	(VDL) IBM Vienna Labs.  A language for formal, algebraic
+	definition via operational semantics.  Used to specify the
+	semantics of PL/I.  See also {VDM}.
+
+	["The Vienna Definition Language", P. Wegner, ACM Comp Surveys
+	4(1):5-63 (Mar 1972)].
+
+Vienna Definition Method
+
+	{Vienna Development Method}
+
+Vienna Development Method
+
+	<programming, specification> (VDM) A program development
+	method based on formal specification using the {Vienna
+	Development Method Specification Language} (VDM-SL).
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	[Is there such a thing as "Vienna Definition Method"?]
+
+	(2000-11-02)
+
+Vienna Development Method Specification Language
+
+	<programming, specification> (VDM-SL, Meta-IV) A
+	model-oriented {specification language}, upon which the
+	{Vienna Development Method} is based.  An {ISO} draft was
+	released in April 1993.
+
+	Version: BSI/VDM.
+
+	{(ftp://gateway.dec.com/pub/vdmsl_standard)}.
+
+	["The Vienna Development Method: The Meta-Language",
+	D. Bjorner et al eds, LNCS 61, Springer 1978].
+
+	["The VDM-SL Reference Guide", J. Dawes, Pitman 1991].
+
+	["Systematic Software Development Using VDM", C.B. Jones, P-H
+	1989].
+
+	(2000-11-02)
+
+Vienna Fortran
+
+	A {data-parallel} extension of {Fortran 77} for distributed
+	memory multiprocessors by Hans Zima
+	<zima@sophie.par.univie.ac.at>, Vienna University.
+
+	["Programming In Vienna Fortran", B. Chapman et al, Scientific
+	Programming 1(1):31-50 (Aug 1992)].
+
+Vietnamese
+
+	<human language> An Asian language that, like other {CJKV}
+	languages, requires 16-bit {character encodings} but, unlike
+	them, does not use {Han characters}.
+
+	While normal Vietnamese has not used Han characters since the
+	18th century, the {standards} {TCVN 5773} and {TCVN 6056}
+	contain Han characters and may be used by computers and
+	academics.
+
+	(2001-01-01)
+
+viewer
+
+	<tool> A program to allow a file to be read (or played) but
+	not changed.  Viewers are often freely distributable, even
+	when the editor application is not.  This allows you to create
+	files with the editor and make the viewer available to other
+	users to view your files, e.g. on a {website}.  Examples
+	include the Word and Adobe Acrobat viewers.
+
+	(1997-08-29)
+
+ViewPoints
+
+	<programming> A framework for distributed and {concurrent}
+	software engineering which provides an alternative approach to
+	traditional centralised software development environments.
+
+	Decentralised process models are used to drive consistency
+	checking and conflict resolution.  The process models use
+	pattern matching on local development histories to determine
+	the particular state of the development process, and employ
+	rules to trigger situation-dependent assistance to the user.
+	Communication between such process models facilitates the
+	decentralised management of explicitly defined consistency
+	constraints.
+
+	[Ulf Leonhardt]
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+Views
+
+	A Smalltalk extension for computer algebra.  "An Object
+	Oriented Approach to Algebra System Design", K. Abdali et al,
+	in Symp Symb Alg Manip, ACM 1986, pp.24-30.
+
+VIF
+
+	VHDL Interface Format.  Intermediate language used by the
+	Vantage VHDL compiler.  "A VHDL Compiler Based on Attribute
+	Grammar Methodology", R. Farrow et al, SIGPLAN NOtices
+	24(7):120-130 (Jul 1989).
+
+Vi Improved
+
+	<text, tool> (VIM) (Previously "vi iMitation"), An improved
+	version of {vi}, available for many {platforms}.  VIM allows
+	multiscreen editing, more flexible insert/command {mode}
+	handling, better {C} indentation and much more.
+
+	{(http://vim.org/)}.
+
+	(1999-06-15)
+
+VIM
+
+	1. <messaging> {Vendor Independent Messaging}.
+
+	2. <text, tool> {Vi Improved}.
+
+	(1999-06-15)
+
+Vincennes LISP
+
+	<language> (VLISP) A dialect of {Lisp} resulting from
+	development, starting in 1971, of {Lisp} {interpreters} and
+	{compilers} at the {University of Paris VIII - Vincennes}.
+	VLISP interpreters and compilers were designed to run on small
+	computers.
+
+	{Documentation
+	(http://www.artinfo-musinfo.org/en/issues/vlisp/)}.
+
+	{History of Lisp
+	(http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/LISP/index.html#VLISP_)}.
+
+	[Relationship to {VLISP} by Greussay at Paris VI?]
+
+	(2008-03-16)
+
+vines
+
+	<networking, product> A family of {local area network}ing
+	products from {Banyan}.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+Vine Technology
+
+	<company> A company which provides professional consulting
+	services in the areas of networking, real-time systems,
+	graphic arts, and {web} server advertisement space.
+
+	{(http://vine.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <webmaster@vine.com>.
+
+	(1995-03-03)
+
+Vint Cerf
+
+	<person> (Vinton G. Cerf) The co-inventor with {Bob Kahn} of
+	the {Internet} and its base {protocol}, {TCP/IP}.  Like {Jon
+	Postel}, he was crucial in the development of many
+	higher-level protocols, and has written several dozen {RFCs}
+	since the late 1960s.
+
+	Vinton Cerf is senior vice president of Internet Architecture
+	and Technology for {MCI WorldCom}.  His team of architects and
+	engineers design advanced Internet frameworks for delivering a
+	combination of data, information, voice and video services for
+	business and consumer use.
+
+	In December 1997, President Clinton presented the U.S.
+	National Medal of Technology to Cerf and his partner, Robert
+	E. Kahn, for founding and developing the Internet.
+
+	Prior to rejoining MCI in 1994, Cerf was vice president of the
+	Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI).  As vice
+	president of MCI Digital Information Services from 1982-1986,
+	he led the engineering of {MCI Mail}, the first commercial
+	e-mail service to be connected to the Internet.
+
+	During his tenure from 1976-1982 with the U.S. Department of
+	{Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency} (DARPA), Cerf
+	played a key role leading the development of Internet and
+	Internet-related data packet and security technologies.
+
+	Cerf served as founding president of the {Internet Society}
+	from 1992-1995 and is currently chairman of the Board.  Cerf
+	is a member of the U.S. Presidential Information Technology
+	Advisory Committee (PITAC) and the Advisory Committee for
+	Telecommunications (ACT) in Ireland.
+
+	Cerf is a recipient of numerous awards and commendations in
+	connection with his work on the Internet.  In December 1994,
+	People magazine identified Cerf as one of that year's "25 Most
+	Intriguing People."
+
+	In addition to his work on behalf of MCI and the Internet,
+	Cerf serves as technical advisor to production for "Gene
+	Roddenberry's Earth: Final Conflict," the number one
+	television show in first-run syndication.  He also made a
+	special guest appearance in May 1998. Cerf also holds an
+	appointment as distinguished visiting scientist at the Jet
+	Propulsion Laboratory where he is working on the design of an
+	interplanetary Internet.
+
+	Cerf holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics from
+	Stanford University and Master of Science and Ph.D. degrees in
+	Computer Science from UCLA.  He also holds honorary Doctorate
+	degrees from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
+	Zurich; Lulea University of Technology, Sweden; University of
+	the Balearic Islands, Palma; Capitol College and Gettysburg
+	College.
+
+	{(http://mci.com/cerfsup/)}.
+
+	(1999-02-25)
+
+Vinton Cerf
+
+	{Vint Cerf}
+
+Viola
+
+	An experimental {hypercard}-like interpreted {hypertext}
+	system by Pei Y. Wei of {Berkeley}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+virgin
+
+	Unused; pristine; in a known initial state.  "Let's bring up a
+	virgin system and see if it crashes again."  (Especially
+	useful after contracting a {virus} through {SEX}.)  Also, by
+	extension, buffers and the like within a program that have not
+	yet been used.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+virgule
+
+	<character> Rare, and ambiguous: {slash} or {comma}.
+
+	"Virgule" (or rather, Latin "virgula", meaning "little rod"
+	or, vividly enough, "little penis") was the name of a
+	punctuation character shaped like a small {slash} and used in
+	the Latin writing system much like a modern {comma} -- hence
+	the ambiguity of this term in modern English.
+
+	Compare French "virgule" and Italian "virgola", meaning
+	"comma" (not "slash"); Italian "doppia virgola" and
+	"virgoletta", both meaning "{double quote}".
+
+	(1997-04-08)
+
+Viron
+
+	["Five Paradigm Shifts in Programming Language Design and
+	Their Realisation in Viron, a Dataflow Programming
+	Environment", V. Pratt, 10th POPL, ACM 1983, pp. 1-9].
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+virtual
+
+	<jargon, architecture> (Via the technical term {virtual
+	memory}, probably from the term "virtual image" in optics)
+	1. Common alternative to {logical}; often used to refer to the
+	artificial objects (like addressable {virtual memory} larger
+	than physical memory) created by a computer system to help the
+	system control access to shared resources.
+
+	2. Simulated; performing the functions of something that isn't
+	really there.  An imaginative child's doll may be a virtual
+	playmate.
+
+	Opposite of {real} or physical.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+virtual 86 mode
+
+	<processor, programming> (Or "virtual mode" or "virtual 8086
+	mode") An operating mode provided by the {Intel 80386} and
+	later processors to allow {real mode} programs to run under
+	{operating systems} which use {protected mode}.  In this
+	sub-mode of protected mode, an operating environment is
+	created which mimics the address calculation in real mode.
+
+	In virtual 86 mode the segment {MMU} is practically turned off
+	and the {segment registers} exhibit the same behaviour as in
+	real mode.  The {page}d MMU, however, still operates.  This
+	means that the one megabyte {address space} of real mode can
+	be remapped in four kilobyte {pages} to anywhere in the 32 bit
+	{physical address} space.  Each page can be protected
+	separately from read or write accesses.
+
+	Virtual mode is handled on a per-task-basis, so each
+	{exception} (from protection violations or {interrupts})
+	switches the processor back into protected mode.  It is
+	therefore possible to have multiple tasks in virtual mode
+	which run {concurrent}ly under the control of an operating
+	system which runs in protected mode.
+
+	Most operating system services in {MS-DOS} systems are called
+	by {software interrupts}, which are a kind of exception.  If
+	an MS-DOS application runs in virtual mode under the control
+	of a protected mode operating system, each call to MS-DOS
+	causes a switch to protected mode.  The operating system
+	emulates the MS-DOS service and switches back to the
+	application in virtual mode.  From the viewpoint of the
+	application nothing differs from real mode.
+
+	{Microsoft Windows}, {Windows NT}, and {OS/2} use this feature
+	to implement "DOS-boxes" in which both MS-DOS and real mode
+	{application programs} can run.
+
+virtual address
+
+	1. <architecture> A memory location accessed by an
+	{application program} in a system with {virtual memory} such
+	that intervening hardware and/or software maps the virtual
+	address to real ({physical}) memory.  During the course of
+	execution of an application, the same virtual address may be
+	mapped to many different {physical addresses} as data and
+	programs are {paged out} and {paged in} to other locations.
+
+	2. In {IBM}'s {VM} {operating system}, {Virtual Device
+	Location}.
+
+	(2001-01-02)
+
+virtual cache
+
+	A {cache} which uses {virtual address}, i.e. it is between the
+	processor and the {memory management unit}.  A virtual cache
+	cannot recognise external access to physical address, e.g. from
+	{DMA}.  The whole cache must be flushed when swapping between
+	tasks which share same virtual {address space}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+virtual circuit
+
+	<networking> A {connection-oriented} {network} service which
+	is implemented on top of a network which may be either
+	connection-oriented or {connectionless} ({packet switching}).
+
+	The term "switched virtual circuit" was coined needlessly to
+	distinguish an ordinary virtual circuit from a {permanent
+	virtual circuit}.  (One of the perpetrators of this confusion
+	appears to be ["Networking Essentials", 1996, Microsoft Press,
+	ISBN 1-55615-806-8], a book aimed at people preparing for the
+	{MCSE} exam on {LANs} and {WANs}).
+
+	Not to be confused with {switched virtual connection}.
+
+	(2001-10-26)
+
+Virtual Circuit Identifier
+
+	<networking> (VCID) An identifier used for the {routing} of a
+	{virtual circuit}.  An {ATM} {switch} may route according to a
+	Virtual Circuit Identifier, a {Virtual Path Identifier}, or a
+	combination.
+
+	(2001-05-16)
+
+virtual connection
+
+	<networking> 1. (VC) A connection or a path through an {ATM}
+	network.  The word "{virtual}" indicates that the connection
+	is {logical} rather than {physical}.
+
+	Nothing to do with a {virtual circuit} on a {packet switching}
+	network.
+
+	[Fred Halsall, "Data Communications, Computer Networks and
+	Open Systems", 1996, Addison Wesley].
+
+	2. A communications link that appears to be a direct
+	connection between sender and receiver, although physically
+	the link can be routed through a more circuitous path, running
+	over {virtual circuits} instead of a private network built
+	primarily with {dedicated lines}.
+
+	A virtual connection can provide full-time connection among
+	many sites, including those configured for {SNA}/{SDLC}
+	{protocol}.  A virtual connection can handle any transmission
+	protocol and is supported worldwide.  It can provide high
+	throughput and low delay for {LAN} and {Internet}
+	applications, peer-to-peer connectivity, client-server
+	computing, and other distributed processing applications.
+
+	[Same as {virtual circuit}?]
+
+	(2001-10-26)
+
+Virtual Control Program Interface
+
+	(VCPI) An alternative, and incompatible method for doing the
+	same thing as {DOS Protected Mode Interface} (DPMI).
+
+	(1995-01-12)
+
+Virtual Device Driver
+
+	<operating system> (VxD) A {device driver} under {Windows
+	3.x}/{Windows 95} running as part of the {kernel} and thus
+	having access to the memory of the kernel and all running
+	processes as well as raw access to the hardware.  VxD's
+	usually have the {filename extension} .386 under Windows 3.x
+	and .vxd under Windows 95.  VxD's written for Windows 3.x can
+	be used under Windows 95 but not vice versa.
+
+	(1997-02-27)
+
+Virtual Device Location
+
+	(Or "Virtual Address") The address of a device (e.g. disk,
+	printer, terminal) belonging to a "guest" {operating system}.
+	Such an address is mapped to a physical device.  VM may remap
+	several virtual disks to different parts of a single physical
+	disk.
+
+	(1995-02-22)
+
+virtual disk
+
+	{RAM disk}
+
+Virtual Home Environment
+
+	(VHE) A tool for using {NFS} on {HP UX}.
+
+	(1994-12-07)
+
+virtual host
+
+	<networking> Most computers on the {Internet} have a single
+	{IP address}; however, often via special {kernel}
+	patches, a given computer can be made to respond to several
+	{IP} addresses and provide different {services} (typically
+	different {Web} services) on each.  Each of these different IP
+	addresess (which generally each have their own {hostname}) act
+	as if they were distinct hosts on distinct machines, even
+	though they are actually all one host.  Hence, they are
+	{virtual} hosts.  A common use is when an {Internet Service
+	Provider} "hosts" {web} or other services for
+	several of their customers on one computer but giving the
+	appearence that they are separate servers.
+
+	(1997-09-11)
+
+Virtual LAN
+
+	<networking> Software defined groups of {host} on a {local
+	area network} (LAN) that communicate as if they were on the
+	same wire, even though they are physically on different {LAN
+	segments} throughout a site.  To define a virtual LAN, the
+	{network administrator} uses a virtual LAN management utility
+	to establish membersip rules that determine which hostss are
+	in a specific virtual LAN.  Many models may exist but two seem
+	to dominate:
+
+	(1) Vitual Segment (or Port-Group) Virtual LAN.  These are
+	switched at the {data link layer} ({OSI} layer 2).  Virtual
+	segments turn an arbitrary number of physical segments into a
+	single virtual segment that funtions as a self-contained
+	traffic domain.
+
+	(2) Virtual Subnet Virtual LAN: These are switched at the
+	{Network Layer} ({OSI} layer 3).  Subnet-oriented virtual LANs
+	are based on {subnet address}es used by {IP}, {IPX}, and other
+	{network layer} {protocols} to normally identify physical
+	networks.  Administrators assign one subnet address to a
+	number of switch {ports} (which may be on different switches
+	and over a backbone).  Once identified as a virtual subnet,
+	the selected LANs function as a {bridge group} - traffic is
+	bridged at Layer 2 within the virtual subnet and routed at
+	Layer 3 between virtual subnets.
+
+	["The many faces of virtual LANs", Steven King, Network
+	World, 1994/5?].
+
+	(1995-04-03)
+
+Virtual Loadable Module
+
+	<networking> (VLM) {Novell}'s term for software modules that
+	can be dynamically loaded to extend the functionality of the
+	"VLM" {NetWare Requester} for {MS-DOS} that became standard
+	beginning with {Novell NetWare} 4.
+
+	(1995-01-11)
+
+Virtual Local Area Network
+
+	<networking> (VLAN) A logical grouping of two or more {nodes}
+	which are not necessarily on the same physical {network
+	segment} but which share the same {IP} {network number}.  This
+	is often associated with {switched Ethernet}.
+
+	IEEE 802.1Q is a VLAN standard.
+
+	[Confirm?  Better description?  Reference?]
+
+	(2002-08-30)
+
+Virtual Machine
+
+	<operating system> (VM) An {IBM} pseudo-{operating system}
+	{hypervisor} running on {IBM 370}, {ESA} and {IBM 390}
+	architecture computers.
+
+	VM comprises CP ({Control Program}) and CMS ({Conversational
+	Monitor System}) providing Hypervisor and personal computing
+	environments respectively.  VM became most used in the early
+	1980s as a Hypervisor for multiple {DOS/VS} and {DOS/VSE}
+	systems and as IBM's internal operating system of choice.  It
+	declined rapidly following widespread adoption of the {IBM PC}
+	and hardware partitioning in {microcode} on IBM {mainframes}
+	after the {IBM 3090}.
+
+	VM has been known as VM/SP (System Product, the successor to
+	{CP/67}), VM/XA, and currently as VM/ESA (Enterprise Systems
+	Architecture).  VM/ESA is still in used in 1999, featuring a
+	{web} interface, {Java}, and {DB2}.  It is still a major IBM
+	operating system.
+
+	{(http://vmdev.gpl.ibm.com/)}.
+
+	["History of VM"(?), Melinda Varian, Princeton University].
+
+	(1999-10-31)
+
+virtual machine
+
+	1. An {abstract machine} for which an {interpreter} exists.
+	Virtual machines are often used in the implementation of
+	portable executors for {high-level languages}.  The HLL is
+	compiled into code for the virtual machine (an {intermediate
+	language}) which is then executed by an {interpreter} written
+	in {assembly language} or some other portable language like
+	{C}.
+
+	Examples are {Core War}, {Java Virtual Machine}, {OCODE},
+	{OS/2}, {POPLOG}, {Portable Scheme Interpreter}, {Portable
+	Standard Lisp}, {Parallel Virtual Machine}, {Sequential Parlog
+	Machine}, {SNOBOL Implementation Language}, {SODA},
+	{Smalltalk}.
+
+	2. A software emulation of a physical computing environment.
+
+	The term gave rise to the name of {IBM}'s {VM} {operating
+	system} whose task is to provide one or more simultaneous
+	execution environments in which operating systems or other
+	programs may execute as though they were running "on the bare
+	iron", that is, without an eveloping Control Program.  A major
+	use of VM is the running of both outdated and current versions
+	of the same operating system on a single {CPU} complex for the
+	purpose of system migration, thereby obviating the need for a
+	second processor.
+
+	(2002-04-15)
+
+Virtual Machine/Conversational Monitor System
+
+	<operating system> (VM/CMS) An {IBM} {time-sharing} and
+	personal computing environment executing under {Virtual
+	Machine} (VM) in a virtual machine environment.  VM/CMS is
+	designed to support large numbers of {interactive} users.  It
+	relies on numerous {APIs} into the {Control Program} (CP) to
+	provide very efficient single-user processing
+
+	VM/CMS was only adopted some time after the original design of
+	{Virtual Machine} as a more efficient personal computing
+	environment than {MVS/TSO}.
+
+	(1999-01-19)
+
+Virtual Machine Environment
+
+	<operating system> (VME) {ICL}'s {mainframe} {operating
+	system}.
+
+	(1995-06-28)
+
+Virtual Machine/ESA
+
+	{Virtual Machine}
+
+Virtual Machine/System Product
+
+	{Virtual Machine}
+
+Virtual Machine/XA
+
+	{Virtual Machine}
+
+virtual memory
+
+	<memory management> A system allowing a computer program to
+	behave as though the computer's memory was larger than the
+	actual {physical} {RAM}.  The excess is stored on {hard disk}
+	and copied to RAM as required.
+
+	Virtual memory is usually much larger than physical memory,
+	making it possible to run programs for which the total code
+	plus data size is greater than the amount of RAM available.
+	This is known as "{demand paged} virtual memory".  A page is
+	copied from disk to RAM ("paged in") when an attempt is made
+	to access it and it is not already present.  This paging is
+	performed automatically by collaboration between the {CPU},
+	the {memory management unit} (MMU), and the {operating system}
+	{kernel}.  The program is unaware of virtual memory, it just
+	sees a large {address space}, only part of which corresponds
+	to physical memory at any instant.
+
+	The virtual {address space} is divided into {pages}.  Each
+	{virtual address} output by the {CPU} is split into a
+	(virtual) {page} number (the most significant bits) and an
+	offset within the page (the N least significant bits).  Each
+	page thus contains 2^N {bytes} (or whatever the unit of
+	addressing is).  The offset is left unchanged and the {memory
+	management unit} (MMU) maps the virtual page number to a
+	{physical} page number.  This is recombined with the offset to
+	give a {physical address} - a location in {physical memory}
+	({RAM}).
+
+	The performance of a program will depend dramatically on how
+	its memory access pattern interacts with the paging scheme.
+	If accesses exhibit a lot of {locality of reference},
+	i.e. each access tends to be close to previous accesses, the
+	performance will be better than if accesses are randomly
+	distributed over the program's {address space} thus requiring
+	more paging.
+
+	In a {multitasking} system, physical memory may contain pages
+	belonging to several programs.  Without {demand paging}, an OS
+	would need to allocate physical memory for the whole of every
+	active program and its data.  Such a system might still use an
+	{MMU} so that each program could be located at the same
+	{virtual address} and not require run-time relocation.  Thus
+	virtual addressing does not necessarily imply the existence of
+	virtual memory.  Similarly, a {multitasking} system might load
+	the whole program and its data into physical memory when it is
+	to be executed and copy it all out to disk when its
+	{timeslice} expired.  Such "swapping" does not imply virtual
+	memory and is less efficient than paging.
+
+	Some {application programs} implement virtual memory wholly in
+	software, by translating every virtual memory access into a
+	file access, but efficient virtual memory requires hardware
+	and operating system support.
+
+	(2002-11-26)
+
+Virtual Memory System
+
+	<operating system> (VMS) {DEC}'s proprietary {operating
+	system} originally produced for its {VAX} {minicomputer}.
+
+	VMS V1 was released in August 1978.  VMS was renamed "OpenVMS"
+	around version 5.5.  The first version of VMS on {DEC Alpha}
+	was known as OpenVMS for AXP V1.0, and the correct way to
+	refer to the operating system now is OpenVMS for VAX or
+	OpenVMS for Alpha.  The renaming also signified the fact that
+	the {X/Open} consortium had certified OpenVMS as having a high
+	support for {POSIX} standards.
+
+	VMS is one of the most secure operating systems on the market
+	(making it popular in financial institutions).  It currently
+	(October 1997) has the best {clustering} capability (both
+	number and distance) and is very scalable with {binaries}
+	portable from small desktop {workstations} up to huge
+	{mainframes}.
+
+	Many {Unix} fans generously concede that VMS would probably be
+	the {hacker}'s favourite commercial OS if Unix didn't exist;
+	though true, this makes VMS fans furious.
+
+	{FAQ
+	(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/bngusenet/comp/os/vms/top.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.os.vms}.
+
+	[How does its performance compare with other OSes?]
+
+	(1999-06-03)
+
+virtual path
+
+	<networking> The location of a file or directory on a
+	particular {server}, as seen by a remote {client} accessing it
+	via {web} (or similar distributed document
+	service).
+
+	A virtual path provides access to files outside the default
+	directory and subdirectories.  It appears in the form
+	".../~name/..." where "~name" is replaced with actual path
+	configured by the administrator.  An {access control list} can
+	be associated with a virtual path.
+
+	(1995-04-13)
+
+virtual point of presence
+
+	(virtual PoP) A point, via which users can connect to an
+	{Internet access provider}, which is not operated by the
+	provider.  The user is charged by the telephone company for
+	the call to the virtual point of presence which relays his
+	call via some third party circuit to the Internet provider's
+	central location.  This is in contrast to a physical {point of
+	presence} (PoP) which is operated by the Internet provider
+	themselves.  The advantage of a virtual PoP is that the
+	provider can keep all their {modems} in one location, thus
+	improving availability and maintenance, but users do not have
+	to pay long-distance call charges to that point.
+
+	(1994-12-13)
+
+virtual PoP
+
+	{virtual point of presence}
+
+Virtual Private Network
+
+	<networking, security> (VPN) The use of {encryption} in the
+	lower {protocol layers} to provide a secure connection through
+	an otherwise insecure network, typically the {Internet}.  VPNs
+	are generally cheaper than real private networks using private
+	lines but rely on having the same encryption system at both
+	ends.  The encryption may be performed by {firewall} software
+	or possibly by {routers}.
+
+	Link-level (layer 2 and 3) encryption provides extra
+	protection by encrypting all of each {datagram} except the
+	link-level information.  This prevents a listener from
+	obtaining information about network structure.  While
+	link-level encryption prevents traffic analysis (a form of
+	attack), it must encrypt/decrypt on every {hop} and every
+	path.
+
+	Protocol-level encryption (layer 3 and 4) encryption encrypts
+	protocol data but leaves protocol and link headers clear.
+	While protocol-level encryption requires you to
+	encrypt/decrypt data only once, and it encrypts/decrypts only
+	those sessions that need it, headers are sent as clear text,
+	allowing traffic analysis.
+
+	Application (layer 5 up) encryption is based on a particular
+	application and requires that the application be modified to
+	incorporate encryption.
+
+	{Cisco
+	(http://cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/lan/cat5000/cnfg_nts/rsm/rsm_pa/4801encr.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-11-15)
+
+virtual reality
+
+	(VR)
+
+	1. <application> Computer simulations that use 3D graphics and
+	devices such as the {data glove} to allow the user to interact
+	with the simulation.
+
+	2. <games> A form of network interaction incorporating aspects
+	of role-playing games, interactive theater, improvisational
+	comedy, and "true confessions" magazines.  In a virtual
+	reality forum (such as {Usenet}'s {news:alt.callahans}
+	newsgroup or the {MUD} experiments on {Internet} and
+	elsewhere), interaction between the participants is written
+	like a shared novel complete with scenery, "foreground
+	characters" that may be personae utterly unlike the people who
+	write them, and common "background characters" manipulable by
+	all parties.  The one iron law is that you may not write
+	irreversible changes to a character without the consent of the
+	person who "owns" it, otherwise, anything goes.
+
+	See {bamf}, {cyberspace}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+Virtual Reality Modeling Language
+
+	<virtual reality, language> (VRML) A draft specification for
+	the design and implementation of a {platform}-independent
+	language for {virtual reality} scene description.
+
+	VRML 1.0 was released on 1995-05-26.
+
+	{(http://vrml.org/)}.
+
+	{Wired (http://vrml.wired.com/)}.
+
+	{Hypermail Archive (http://vrml.wired.com/arch/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: <majordomo@wired.com> (message body: "subscribe
+	www-vrml your-email-address").
+
+	(1995-07-20)
+
+Virtual Sequential Access Method
+
+	{Virtual Storage Access Method}
+
+virtual server
+
+	<web> A configuration of a {web}
+	{server} that appears to {clients} as an independent server
+	but which is actually running on a computer that is shared by
+	any number of other virtual servers.  Each virtual server can
+	be configured as an independent {website}, with its own
+	{hostname}, content, and security settings.
+
+	{DNS} maps the hostnames of all virtual servers on one
+	physical server to its {IP address}.  The web server software
+	then uses the "Host" header in the {HTTP} request to determine
+	which virtual server the request was for, and then processes
+	the request using that virtual server's configuration.
+
+	Virtual servers allow {Internet Service Providers} to share
+	one computer between multiple {websites} while allowing the
+	owner of each website to use and administer the server as
+	though they had complete control.
+
+	(2003-06-23)
+
+virtual shredder
+
+	The jargon equivalent of the {bit bucket} at shops using
+	{IBM}'s {VM/CMS} {operating system}.  VM/CMS officially
+	supports a whole bestiary of virtual card readers, virtual
+	printers, and other phantom devices; these are used to supply
+	some of the same capabilities {Unix} gets from {pipes} and
+	{I/O redirection}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+Virtual Software Factory
+
+	<programming, tool> (VSF) A product from {Systematica} which
+	allows users to develop {CASE} tools appropriate to any
+	software engineering methodology.
+
+	(1997-06-09)
+
+Virtual Storage Access Method
+
+	<database> (VSAM) An {IBM} disk file storage scheme first used
+	in {S/370} and virtual storage.  VSAM comprises three access
+	methods: {Keyed Sequenced Data Set} (KSDS), {Relative Record
+	Data Set} (RRDS), and {Entry Sequenced Data Set} (ESDS).
+
+	Both {IMS/DB} and {DB2} are implemented on top of VSAM and use
+	its underlying data structures.
+
+	["Storage" or "Sequential"?]
+
+	(2002-07-26)
+
+Virtual Storage Extended
+
+	<operating system> (VSE, formerly DOS/VSE) is a
+	{multitasking}, {IBM 370}-architected {operating system}
+	similar to {Multiple Virtual Storage} (MVS).
+
+	VSE run jobs in {partitions} rather than {address spaces}, and
+	uses {POWER} for input/output rather than {JES}, but is
+	largely similar to MVS.  Subsequent VSE/{ESA} releases gave
+	VSE the {XA-370} channel architecture, 31-bit virtual and real
+	storage support, and data spaces.  VSE is the {IBM} operating
+	system on one-third of installed {IBM 4381s} and a significant
+	proportion of {IBM 9370s} as well.  It offers {transaction
+	processing} and {batch processing} capabilities well beyond
+	{Virtual Machine}'s current capabilities, and has a close
+	affinity with MVS.
+
+	(1997-06-09)
+
+Virtual Telecommunications Access Method
+
+	(VTAM) A data communications access method compatible with
+	{IBM}'s {Systems Network Architecture}.
+
+	[More detail?]
+
+	(1995-01-30)
+
+virus
+
+	<security> (By analogy with biological viruses, via science
+	fiction) A program or piece of code, a type of {malware},
+	written by a {cracker}, that "infects" one or more other
+	programs by embedding a copy of itself in them, so that they
+	become {Trojan horses}.  When these programs are executed, the
+	embedded virus is executed too, thus propagating the
+	"infection".  This normally happens invisibly to the user.
+
+	A virus has an "engine" - code that enables it to propagate
+	and optionally a "payload" - what it does apart from
+	propagating.  It needs a "host" - the particular hardware and
+	software environment on which it can run and a "trigger" - the
+	event that starts it running.
+
+	Unlike a {worm}, a virus cannot infect other computers without
+	assistance.  It is propagated by vectors such as humans
+	trading programs with their friends (see {SEX}).  The virus
+	may do nothing but propagate itself and then allow the program
+	to run normally.  Usually, however, after propagating silently
+	for a while, it starts doing things like writing "cute"
+	messages on the terminal or playing strange tricks with the
+	display (some viruses include {display hacks}).  Viruses
+	written by particularly antisocial {crackers} may do
+	irreversible damage, like deleting files.
+
+	By the 1990s, viruses had become a serious problem, especially
+	among {IBM PC} and {Macintosh} users (the lack of security on
+	these machines enables viruses to spread easily, even
+	infecting the operating system).  The production of special
+	{antivirus software} has become an industry, and a number of
+	exaggerated media reports have caused outbreaks of near
+	hysteria among users.  Many {lusers} tend to blame
+	*everything* that doesn't work as they had expected on virus
+	attacks.  Accordingly, this sense of "virus" has passed into
+	popular usage where it is often incorrectly used for other
+	types of {malware} such as {worms} or {Trojan horses}.
+
+	See {boot virus}, {phage}.  Compare {back door}.  See also
+	{Unix conspiracy}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-06-20)
+
+viruses
+
+	{virus}
+
+visible bell
+
+	<communications> (Or "visual bell") A program option (whether
+	in a terminal program, {termcap} setting, or as a
+	{stand-alone} program) which outputs the {bell} {character
+	code} as a visual signal (e.g., a flashing status bar or menu
+	bar).
+
+	Generally intended for deaf or hearing-disabled users who
+	couldn't hear the normal auditory beep; also widely used by
+	users who simply don't want their machines {feep}ing at them
+	or disturbing other users.
+
+	[Implementations?]
+
+	(1997-04-07)
+
+VisiCalc /vi'zi-calk/
+
+	<application, tool, business, history> The first {spreadsheet}
+	program, conceived in 1978 by {Dan Bricklin}, while he was an
+	MBA student at Harvard Business School.  Inspired by a
+	demonstration given by {Douglas Engelbart} of a
+	{point-and-click} {user interface}, Bricklin set out to design
+	an {application} that would combine the intuitiveness of
+	pencil and paper calculations with the power of a
+	{programmable pocket calculator}.
+
+	Bricklin's design was based on the (paper) financial
+	spreadsheet, a kind of document already used in business
+	planning.  (Some of Bricklin's notes for VisiCalc were
+	scribbled on the back of a spreadsheet pad.)  VisiCalc was
+	probably not the first application to use a spreadsheet model,
+	but it did have a number of original features, all of which
+	continue to be fundamental to spreadsheet software.  These
+	include {point-and-type} editing, {range} {replication}, and
+	formulas that update automatically with changes to other
+	{cells}.
+
+	VisiCalc is widely credited with creating the sudden demand
+	for desktop computers that helped fuel the {microcomputer}
+	boom of the early 1980s.  Thousands of business people with
+	little or no technical expertise found that they could use
+	VisiCalc to create sophisticated financial programs.  This
+	makes VisiCalc one of the first {killer apps}.
+
+	{Dan Bricklin's Site (http://bricklin.com/visicalc.htm)}.
+
+	(2003-07-05)
+
+visionary
+
+	1. One who hacks vision, in the sense of an Artificial
+	Intelligence researcher working on the problem of getting
+	computers to "see" things using TV cameras.  (There isn't any
+	problem in sending information from a TV camera to a computer.
+	The problem is, how can the computer be programmed to make use
+	of the camera information?  See {SMOP}, {AI-complete}.)
+
+	2. [IBM] One who reads the outside literature.  At IBM,
+	apparently, such a penchant is viewed with awe and wonder.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+visit
+
+	<programming> To process a {node} while {traversing} a
+	{graph}.
+
+	(2001-09-30)
+
+Visual BASIC
+
+	<language> (VB) A popular {event-driven} {visual programming}
+	system from {Microsoft Corporation} for {Microsoft Windows}.
+	VB is good for developing Windows interfaces, it invokes
+	fragments of {BASIC} code when the user performs certain
+	operations on graphical objects on-screen.  It is widely used
+	for in-house {application program} development and for
+	prototyping.  It can also be used to create {ActiveX} and
+	{COM} components.
+
+	Version 1 was released in 1991 [by Microsoft?].
+
+	Latest version: 6, as of 1999-11-26.
+
+	{(http://msdn.microsoft.com/vbasic/)}.
+	{History (http://iessoft.com/scripts/vbhistry.asp)}.
+	{Strollo Software (http://op.net/~jstrollo/vblinks.html)}.
+	{Books
+	(http://wrox.com/Consumer/Default.asp?Category=Visual+Basic)}.
+
+	(1999-11-26)
+
+Visual Basic for Applications
+
+	<programming> (VBA) {Microsoft}'s common language for
+	manipulating components of its {Microsoft Office} suite.  It
+	is used as the {macro} language for these applications and is
+	the primary means of customising and extending them.  A VBA
+	program operates on {objects} representing the application and
+	the entities it manipulates, e.g. a {spreadsheet} or a range
+	of cells in {Microsoft Excel}.
+
+	[Relationship to {Visual BASIC}?  URL?]
+
+	(1999-09-12)
+
+Visual BASIC Script
+
+	<language> (VBScript) Microsoft's {scripting language} which
+	is an extension of their {Visual Basic} language.  VBScript
+	can be used with {Microsoft Office} applications and others.
+	It can also be embedded in {web pages} but can only be
+	understood by {Internet Explorer}.
+
+	Visual Basic is a {BASIC} variant with {object-oriented}
+	features.  Objects include applications, windows and
+	selections.
+
+	[Relationship with {ASP}?  {VBA}?]
+
+	(1998-07-05)
+
+visual bell
+
+	{visible bell}
+
+Visual C++
+
+	A {C} and {C++} programming environment sold by {Microsoft}
+	Corporation.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.c++}.
+
+	[Differences?  Features?]
+
+	(1994-12-21)
+
+Visual Component Library
+
+	<programming> {VCL} A {application framework} library for
+	{Microsoft Windows} and {Borland Software Corp.}'s {Delphi}
+	and {C++Builder} {rapid application development} software.
+	VCL was originally designed for Delphi but is now also used
+	for C++Builder.  This replaces {OWL} {Object Windows Library}
+	as Borland's Windows C++ framework of choice.  VCL
+	encapsulates the C-based {Win32 API} into a much easier to
+	use, {object-oriented} form.  Like its direct rival,
+	{Microsoft Foundation Class Library} (MFC), VCL includes
+	classes to create Windows programs.
+
+	The VCL component class can be inherited to create new VCL
+	components, which are the building blocks of Delphi and
+	C++Builder applications.  VCL components are somewhat in
+	competition with {ActiveX} controls, though a VCL wrapper can
+	be created to make an ActiveX control seem like a VCL
+	component.
+
+	{Home
+	(http://borland.com/bcppbuilder/productinfo/feaben/visual.html)}.
+
+	(2001-07-09)
+
+Visual dBASE
+
+	<language> A {Rapid Application Development} suite with a
+	compiler and {intranet} tools to enable developers to publish
+	data on the {web}.  Originally a {Borland} product,
+	the first version released by {dBase, Inc.} was Visual dBase
+	5.7.
+
+	(2003-11-24)
+
+Visual Display Unit
+
+	<hardware> (VDU, or "video terminal", "video display
+	terminal", VDT, "display terminal") A device incorporating a
+	{cathode ray tube} (CRT) display, a keyboard and a {serial
+	port}.  A VDU usually also includes its own display
+	electronics which store the received data and convert it into
+	electrical waveforms to drive the CRT.
+
+	VDUs fall into two categories: {dumb terminals} and
+	{intelligent terminals} (sometimes called "programmable
+	terminals").
+
+	Early VDUs could only display characters in a single preset
+	{font}, and these were confined to being layed out in a
+	rectangular grid, reproducing the functionality of the
+	paper-based {teletypes} they were designed to replace.
+
+	Later models added graphics facilities but were still driven
+	via serial communications, typically with several VDUs
+	attached to a single multi-user computer.  This contrasts with
+	the much faster single {bitmap displays} integrated into most
+	modern single-user {personal computers} and {workstations}.
+
+	The term "Display Screen Equipment" (DSE) is used almost
+	exclusively in connection with the health and safety issues
+	concerning VDUs.
+
+	{Working with VDUs - UK Heath and Safety Executive
+	(http://hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg36.pdf)}.
+
+	(2002-11-09)
+
+Visual FoxPro
+
+	<database> A {Microsoft} {database} derived from {Fox
+	Software}'s {FoxPRO}.
+
+	Latest version: 5.0, as of 2000-06-21.
+
+	{(http://msdn.microsoft.com/vfoxpro/)}.
+
+	[Features?  Dates?]
+
+	(2000-08-06)
+
+Visual Interface
+
+	<tool, text> (vi) /V-I/, /vi:/, *never* /siks/ A {screen
+	editor} {crufted} together by {Bill Joy} for an early {BSD}
+	release.  vi became the de facto standard {Unix} editor and a
+	nearly undisputed hacker favourite outside of {MIT} until the
+	rise of {Emacs} after about 1984.
+
+	It tends to frustrate new users no end, as it will neither
+	take commands while expecting input text nor vice versa, and
+	the default setup provides no indication of which mode the
+	editor is in (one correspondent accordingly reports that he
+	has often heard the editor's name pronounced /vi:l/).
+	Nevertheless it is still widely used (about half the
+	respondents in a 1991 {Usenet} poll preferred it), and even
+	some Emacs fans resort to it as a mail editor and for small
+	editing jobs (mainly because it starts up faster than the
+	bulkier versions of Emacs).
+
+	See {holy wars}.
+
+	(1995-10-03)
+
+visualisation
+
+	<graphics> Making a visible presentation of numerical data,
+	particularly a graphical one.  This might include anything
+	from a simple X-Y graph of one dependent variable against one
+	independent variable to a {virtual reality} which allows you
+	to fly around the data.
+
+	{Gnuplot} is the {Free Software Foundation}'s utility for
+	producing various kinds of graphs.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.graphics}.
+
+	The {Computer Graphics Resource Listing} contains pointers to
+	several visualisation tools.
+
+	{comp.graphics FAQ
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/news-info/comp.graphics/)}.
+
+	{Electronic Visualization Laboratory, University of Illinois
+	at Chicago (http://ncsa.uiuc.edu/EVL/docs/Welcome.html)}.
+
+	(2002-02-21)
+
+visual language
+
+	{visual programming language}
+
+visual programming
+
+	1. Writing programs in a language which manipulates visual
+	information or supports visual interaction.
+
+	2. Writing programs in a {visual programming language}.
+
+	3. Writing programs in a {visual programming environment}.
+
+visual programming environment
+
+	Software which allows the use of visual expressions (such as
+	graphics, drawings, animation or {icons}) in the process of
+	programming.  These visual expressions may be used as
+	graphical interfaces for textual programming languages.  They
+	may be used to form the syntax of new visual programming
+	languages leading to new paradigms such as {programming by
+	demonstration} or they may be used in graphical presentations
+	of the behaviour or structure of a program.
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+visual programming language
+
+	<language> (VPL) Any programming language that allows the user
+	to specify a program in a two-(or more)-dimensionsional way.
+	Conventional textual languages are not considered
+	two-dimensional since the {compiler} or {interpreter}
+	processes them as one-dimensional streams of characters.  A
+	VPL allows programming with visual expressions - spatial
+	arrangements of textual and graphical symbols.
+
+	VPLs may be further classified, according to the type and
+	extent of visual expression used, into {icon}-based languages,
+	{form}-based languages and {diagram languages}.  {Visual
+	programming environments} provide graphical or iconic elements
+	which can be manipulated by the user in an interactive way
+	according to some specific spatial grammar for program
+	construction.
+
+	A visually transformed language is a non-visual language with
+	a superimposed visual representation.  Naturally visual
+	languages have an inherent visual expression for which there
+	is no obvious textual equivalent.
+
+	{Visual Basic}, {Visual C++} and the entire {Microsoft} Visual
+	family are not, despite their names, visual programming
+	languages.  They are textual languages which use a graphical
+	{GUI builder} to make programming interfaces easier.  The user
+	interface portion of the programming environment is visual,
+	the languages are not.  Because of the confusion caused by the
+	multiple meanings of the term "{visual programming}", Fred
+	Lakin has proposed the term "executable graphics" as an
+	alternative to VPL.
+
+	Some examples of visual programming languages are {Prograph},
+	{Pict}, {Tinkertoy}, {Fabrik}, {CODE 2.0} and {Hyperpascal}.
+
+	{(http://cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/ianr/vpl.html)}.
+	{(http://cuiwww.unige.ch/eao/www/readme.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.visual} (NOT for {Visual
+	Basic} or {Visual C++}).
+
+	(1995-02-10)
+
+VisualWorks
+
+	<language> A modern commercial implementation of the
+	{Smalltalk} programming language.  VisualWorks descends
+	directly from the original {Smalltalk-80} by {Xerox PARC} and
+	was originally developed (for some time under the name
+	Objectworks\Smalltalk) by {ParcPlace Systems}.  VisualWorks
+	relies on {dynamic translation} as its {virtual machine}
+	technology.
+
+	{VisualWorks Wiki (http://wiki.cs.uiuc.edu/VisualWorks)}.
+
+	(2003-05-15)
+
+VITAL
+
+	A {semantics} language using {FSL}, developed by Mondshein in
+	1967.
+
+	[Sammet 1969, p. 641].
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+VIVID
+
+	A numerical {constraint}-oriented language.
+
+	["VIVID: The Kernel of a Knowledge Representation Environment
+	Based on the Constraints Paradigm of Computation", J. Maleki,
+	Proc 20th Annual Hawaii Intl Conf on System Sciences (Jan
+	1987) pp.591-597].
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+viz
+
+	A {visual language} for specification and programming.
+
+	["viz: A Visual Language Based on Functions", C.M. Holt, 1990
+	IEEE Workshop on Visual Langs, Oct 1990, pp.221-226].
+
+	(1995-02-23)
+
+VLAN
+
+	{Virtual Local Area Network}
+
+VLB
+
+	{VESA local bus}
+
+VLDB
+
+	{Very Large DataBase}
+
+	[How large?]
+
+	(1996-12-21)
+
+Vlisp
+
+	<language>
+
+	1. A {Lisp} dialect developed by Patrick Greussay
+	<pg@litp.ibp.fr> in about 1973 with a fast {interpreter} and a
+	portable {virtual machine}.  Vlisp introduced the
+	"{chronology}", a dynamic environment for implementing
+	{interrupts}.  It led to {Le_Lisp}.  See also {ObjVlisp}.
+
+	["Contribution a la Definition Interpretive et a
+	l'Implementation des Lambda-Langages", P. Greussay, These
+	d'Etat, U Paris VI, Nov 1977].
+
+	[Relationship to {Vincennes LISP}?]
+
+	2. {Vincennes LISP}.
+
+	(2008-03-16)
+
+VLIW
+
+	{Very Long Instruction Word}
+
+VLM
+
+	1. <architecture> {Very Large Memory}.
+
+	2. <networking> {Virtual Loadable Module}.
+
+	(1998-02-24)
+
+VLSI
+
+	{Very Large Scale Integration}
+
+VLSM
+
+	{Variable Length Subnet Masks}
+
+VM
+
+	{Virtual Machine}
+
+VM/CMS
+
+	{Virtual Machine/Conversational Monitor System}
+
+VME
+
+	1. <hardware> {Versa Module Europa}.
+
+	See {VMEbus}.
+
+	2. <operating system> {Virtual Machine Environment}.
+
+VMEbus
+
+	A widely accepted backplane interconnection bus system
+	developed by a consortium of companies led by {Motorola}, now
+	standardised as {IEEE} 1014.
+
+	(1995-06-01)
+
+VME Microsystems International Corporation
+
+	<company> (VMIC)
+
+	Address: Huntsville, AL, USA.
+
+	Telephone: +1 800 322 3616.
+
+	(1995-06-01)
+
+VM/ESA
+
+	{Virtual Machine}
+
+VML
+
+	VODAK Model Language.  Language for an extensible
+	{object-oriented database}.
+
+	["Object-Oriented Modeling for Hypermedia Systems Using the
+	Object-Oriented VODAK Model Language (VML)" Wolfgang Klas et
+	al, in Object-Oriented Database Management Systems, NATO ASI
+	Series, Springer 1993].
+
+	E-mail: <aberer@darmstadt.gmd.de>.
+
+VMS
+
+	{Virtual Memory System}
+
+VM/SP
+
+	{Virtual Machine}
+
+VM/XA
+
+	{Virtual Machine}
+
+vn
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Vietnam.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+vocoder
+
+	<communications> Hardware or software which implements a
+	{compression} {algorithm} particular to voice.
+
+	For example {Qualcomm} uses a vocoding algorithm to compresses
+	voice data in digital communication systems such as wireless
+	{CDMA} and {Eudora} voice attach.
+
+	(1998-04-29)
+
+vocoding
+
+	{vocoder}
+
+VoD
+
+	{video on demand}
+
+voice mail
+
+	<messaging, business> Any system for sending, storing and
+	retrieving {audio} messages, like a telephone answering
+	machine.
+
+	A voice mailbox is typically associated with a telephone
+	number or extension.  When the number is called and the line
+	is busy or not answered, the caller hears a message left by
+	the owner and is given instructions for leaving a message or
+	other available options, such as paging the individual or
+	being transferred to an operator.  The owner of a mailbox can
+	change the outgoing message or listen to incoming messages
+	after entering a {PIN}.  Members of a voice mail system can
+	generally forward or {broadcast} messages to other members'
+	boxes.
+
+	The experience of two people trying to reach other by
+	telephone but always reaching each other's voice mail is
+	referred to as "(tele)phone tag".
+
+	(1996-11-03)
+
+voice-net
+
+	Hackish way of referring to the {plain old telephone system},
+	comparing it to a digital {network}.  {Usenet} {sig blocks}
+	sometimes include the sender's telephone number next to a
+	"Voice:" or "Voice-Net:" header; variants of this are
+	"Voicenet" and "V-Net".
+
+	Compare {paper-net}, {snail-mail}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-16)
+
+Voice over IP
+
+	<communications> (VoIP) Any technology providing {voice
+	telephony} services over {IP}, including {CODECs}, {streaming}
+	{protocols} and {session control}.  The major advantage of
+	VoIP is lower cost, by avoiding dedicated voice circuits.
+
+	Currently VoIP is being deployed on internal corporate
+	networks, and, via the {Internet}, for low cost (and low
+	quality) international calls.  It is also used for telephony
+	applications such as voice and fax mail.
+
+	The {ITU} standard is {H.323}, which is a whole suite of
+	protocols, while the {IETF} has developed the much simpler
+	{SIP} to solve the session control problem and {MGCP}/{Megaco}
+	to solve the gateway problem.
+
+	(2003-11-30)
+
+voice recognition
+
+	{speech recognition}
+
+VoIP
+
+	{Voice over IP}
+
+volatile
+
+	1. <programming> {volatile variable}.
+
+	2. <storage> See {non-volatile storage}.
+
+	(1997-06-05)
+
+volatile memory
+
+	{non-volatile storage}
+
+volatile storage
+
+	{non-volatile storage}
+
+volatile variable
+
+	<programming> A variable in a computer program which can be
+	modified by processes other than the program.  For example, a
+	variable that stores the value of a timer chip (either because
+	it is located at the address of the hardware device or because
+	it is updated on {interrupts}) needs to be volatile to be
+	useful.
+
+	A {static} variable, on the other hand, maintains its value
+	until the program changes it or it is no longer needed.  In
+	addition, volatile variables can be held in the {stack}
+	whereas static variables are usually stored in a program's
+	{data segment}.
+
+	(1995-05-17)
+
+voltage
+
+	<electronics> (Or "potential difference", "electro-motive
+	force" (EMF)) A quantity measured as a signed difference
+	between two points in an electrical circuit which, when
+	divided by the {resistance} in {Ohms} between those points,
+	gives the current flowing between those points in {Amperes},
+	according to {Ohm's Law}.  Voltage is expressed as a signed
+	number of Volts (V).  The voltage gradient in Volts per metre
+	is proportional to the force on a charge.
+
+	Voltages are often given relative to "earth" or "ground" which
+	is taken to be at zero Volts.  A circuit's earth may or may
+	not be electrically connected to the actual earth.
+
+	The voltage between two points is also given by the charge
+	present between those points in {Coulombs} divided by the
+	{capacitance} in {Farads}.  The capacitance in turn depends on
+	the {dielectric constant} of the insulators present.
+
+	Yet another law gives the voltage across a piece of circuit as
+	its {inductance} in {Henries} multiplied by the rate of change
+	of current flow through it in Amperes per second.
+
+	A simple analogy likens voltage to the pressure of water in a
+	pipe.  Current is likened to the amount of water (charge)
+	flowing per unit time.
+
+	(1995-12-04)
+
+Volume Table Of Contents
+
+	<storage> (VTOC) /V-tock/ A special {file} on a {disk}, which
+	contains a list of all the ordinary files on the disk and
+	their {addresses}.  Also called a {directory}.
+
+	The term is used mostly with large {mainframe} {disk drives}.
+	Storage administrators will often refer to the VTOC to obtain
+	information on the number of files stored on a disk.
+
+	(1997-04-15)
+
+von Neumann architecture
+
+	<architecture, computability> A computer {architecture}
+	conceived by mathematician {John von Neumann}, which forms the
+	core of nearly every computer system in use today (regardless
+	of size).  In contrast to a {Turing machine}, a von Neumann
+	machine has a {random-access memory} (RAM) which means that
+	each successive operation can read or write any memory
+	location, independent of the location accessed by the previous
+	operation.
+
+	A von Neumann machine also has a {central processing unit}
+	(CPU) with one or more {registers} that hold data that are
+	being operated on.  The CPU has a set of built-in operations
+	(its {instruction set}) that is far richer than with the
+	Turing machine, e.g. adding two {binary} {integers}, or
+	branching to another part of a program if the binary integer
+	in some register is equal to zero ({conditional branch}).
+
+	The CPU can interpret the contents of memory either as
+	instructions or as data according to the {fetch-execute
+	cycle}.
+
+	Von Neumann considered {parallel computers} but recognized the
+	problems of construction and hence settled for a sequential
+	system.  For this reason, parallel computers are sometimes
+	referred to as non-von Neumann architectures.
+
+	A von Neumann machine can compute the same class of functions
+	as a universal {Turing machine}.
+
+	[Reference?  Was von Neumann's design, unlike Turing's,
+	originally intended for physical implementation?]
+
+	{(http://salem.mass.edu/~tevans/VonNeuma.htm)}.
+
+	(2003-05-16)
+
+von Neumann integer
+
+	<mathematics> A {finite} {von Neumann ordinal}.
+
+	The von Neumann integer N is a {finite} set with N elements
+	which are the von Neumann integers 0 to N-1.  Thus
+
+		0 = {}		= {}
+		1 = {0}		= {{}}
+		2 = {0, 1}	= {{}, {{}}}
+		3 = {0, 1, 2}	= {{}, {{}}, {{}, {{}}}}
+		...
+
+	The set of von Neumann integers is {infinite}, even though
+	each of its elements is finite.
+
+	[Origin of name?]
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+von Neumann, John
+
+	{John von Neumann}
+
+von Neumann machine
+
+	{von Neumann architecture}
+
+von Neumann ordinal
+
+	<mathematics> An implementation of {ordinals} in {set theory}
+	(e.g. {Zermelo Fränkel set theory} or {ZFC}).  The von Neumann
+	ordinal alpha is the {well-ordered set} containing just the
+	ordinals "shorter" than alpha.
+
+	"Reasonable" set theories (like ZF) include Mostowski's
+	Collapsing Theorem: any {well-ordered set} is {isomorphic} to
+	a von Neumann ordinal.  In really screwy theories (e.g. NFU --
+	New Foundations with Urelemente) this theorem is false.
+
+	The finite von Neumann ordinals are the {von Neumann
+	integers}.
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+voodoo programming
+
+	<jargon> (From George Bush's "voodoo economics") The use by
+	guess or cookbook of an obscure or {hairy} system, feature, or
+	algorithm that one does not truly understand.  The implication
+	is that the technique may not work, and if it doesn't, one
+	will never know why.  Almost synonymous with {black magic},
+	except that black magic typically isn't documented and
+	*nobody* understands it.
+
+	Compare {magic}, {deep magic}, {heavy wizardry}, {rain dance},
+	{cargo cult programming}, {wave a dead chicken}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+Voronoi diagram
+
+	<mathematics, graphics> (Or "Voronoi tessellation", "Voronoi
+	decomposition", "Dirichlet tessellation", After {Georgy
+	Feodosevich Voronoy}) For a {set} S of points in a {Euclidean
+	space}, the {partition} Vor(S) of the plane into the {voronoi
+	polygons} associated with the {members} of S, where each
+	polygon is defined by the set of points nearer to some given
+	point in S than to any other point in S.
+
+	The Voronoi diagram is the {dual} of the {Delaunay
+	triangulation} of S.
+
+	(2008-04-18)
+
+Voronoi polygon
+
+	<mathematics, graphics> For a member s of a {set} S of points
+	in a {Euclidean space}, the {locus} of points in the plane
+	that are closer to s than to any other member of S.
+
+	(1997-08-03)
+
+VOS
+
+	<operating system> An {operating system} used in {Stratus}
+	computers.
+
+	See also {FTX}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1998-07-06)
+
+Voters Telecommunications Watch
+
+	<body> (VTW) A non-profit organisation based in New York,
+	founded by Shabbir J. Safdar to protect the rights of
+	{Internet} users.  The VTW has actively opposed regulation of
+	{encryption} and restrictions on Internet free speech.  VTW
+	created the animated "Free Speech" fireworks icon that has
+	been displayed on many web pages since June 12, 1996, the day
+	that a three-judge panel in Philadelphia ruled the {CDA}
+	unconstitutional.
+
+	{(http://vtw.org)}.
+
+	(1996-11-03)
+
+voxel
+
+	<jargon> (By analogy with "{pixel}") Volume element.
+
+	The smallest distinguishable box-shaped part of a
+	three-dimensional space.  A particular voxel will be
+	identified by the x, y and z coordinates of one of its eight
+	corners, or perhaps its centre.  The term is used in three
+	dimensional modelling.
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+V.pcm
+
+	{V.90}
+
+VPL
+
+	1. {visual programming} language.
+
+	["VPL: An Active, Declarative Visual Programming System,
+	D. Lau-Kee et al, 1991 IEEE Workshop on Vis Langs, Oct 1991,
+	pp. 40-46].
+
+	2. A {dataflow} language for interactive image processing.
+
+VPN
+
+	{Virtual Private Network}
+
+VP-Planner
+
+	<tool, product> A {spreadsheet} from {Paperback Software}.  It
+	has a graph menu within the spreadsheet program (with {CGA}
+	graphics).  The graphs are updated every time the graph screen
+	is activated.
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+VQF
+
+	{Twin Vector Quantization}
+
+VR
+
+	{virtual reality}
+
+VRAM
+
+	{video random-access memory}
+
+VRC
+
+	{Vertical Redundancy Check}
+
+Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
+
+	<education, body> The "Free University of Amsterdam", founded
+	in 1880 by Abraham Kuyper (who later became Prime Minister of
+	The Netherlands).  Originally only open to Reformed
+	Christians, it is now open to all.
+
+	{Andrew Tanenbaum} is a professor there.
+
+	Not to be confused with the much older Universiteit van
+	Amsterdam.
+
+	{(http://vu.nl/)}.
+
+	(2005-11-05)
+
+VRML
+
+	{Virtual Reality Modeling Language}
+
+VRTX
+
+	Virtual Real-Time Executive.
+
+	A {real-time} {operating system} from {ReadySystems} for the
+	{Motorola 68000} family of {microprocessors}.
+
+	{MPV} is a {multi-processing} extension.
+
+	(1994-11-08)
+
+VSAM
+
+	{Virtual Storage Access Method}
+
+VSAT
+
+	<communications> {Very Small Aperture Terminal}.
+
+VSCM
+
+	<language, LISP> A highly {portable} implementation of
+	{Scheme}, written in {ANSI C} and {Scheme}.  VSCM features
+	{exception} and {interrupt} handling, executable portable
+	memory images, {coroutines} and {continuations} with multiple
+	arguments.
+
+	Portability is achieved by exclusive use of legal ANSI C
+	features.
+
+	Version II Nov9 by Matthias Blume <blume@cs.princeton.edu>
+	included {run-time support} and a {bytecode compiler}.  It
+	conforms to R4RS and IEEE P1178 and runs on {Unix} and
+	{Macintosh}.
+
+	VSCM is no longer actively developed - the author recommends
+	{StandardML}.
+
+	{(http://cs.princeton.edu/~blume/vscm/)}.
+
+	(2001-01-02)
+
+VSE
+
+	{Virtual Storage Extended}
+
+V series
+
+	<communications, standard> A set of standards published by the
+	{CCITT} for "Data Communication over the Telephone Network".
+	The following standards describe the important {modulation}
+	techniques: {V.17}, {V.21}, {V.22}, {V.22 bis}, {V.23}, {V.27
+	ter}, {V.29}, {V.32}, {V.32 bis}.  Other V standards include
+	{V.24}, {V.25 bis}, {V.42}, {V.42 bis}.
+
+	(2004-07-20)
+
+VSF
+
+	{Virtual Software Factory}
+
+VSP
+
+	Very Simple Prolog+.
+
+VSTa
+
+	<operating system> {Valencia Simple Tasker}.
+
+VSX
+
+	Verification Suite for {X/open}.
+
+VT
+
+	<character> Vertical Tab, the {mnemonic} for {ASCII} 11.
+
+	(1996-06-24)
+
+vt100
+
+	<hardware> {DEC}'s definitive {CRT} {video terminal} of the
+	early/mid 1980s.  Its {control codes} and {escape sequences}
+	still form the basis of the {xterm} set and of the {ANSI} or
+	{IBM PC} standards.  VT100 compatibility is still provided by
+	most {terminal emulators}.
+
+	[On-line documentation?]
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+vt220
+
+	<hardware> A {DEC} {video terminal}, the successor to the
+	{VT100} series.
+
+	[On-line documentation?]
+
+	(1995-03-28)
+
+VTAM
+
+	{Virtual Telecommunications Access Method}
+
+VTC
+
+	{video teleconferencing}
+
+VTOC
+
+	{Volume Table Of Contents}
+
+VTS
+
+	A suite of test programs for Motif from {OSF}.
+
+VTW
+
+	{Voters Telecommunications Watch}
+
+vu
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Vanuatu.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+VUE
+
+	Visual User Environment: a desktop manager for Unix from
+	Hewlett-Packard.
+
+VUIT
+
+	Visual User Interface Tool: a WYSIWYG editor from DEC for
+	building human interfaces to applications using {OSF}/Motif.
+	It provides an interactive interface to UIL and the Motif
+	toolkit.
+
+VULCAN
+
+	1. <database> A version of {JPLDIS} ported to {CP/M} by Wayne
+	Ratliff around 1980.  VULCAN evolved into {dBASE II}.
+
+	2. <database> The {dBASE}-like {interpreter} and {compiler}
+	sold by {RSPI} with their {Emerald Bay} product.  [Same as 1?]
+
+	3. <language> An early string manipulation language.
+
+	["VULCAN - A String Handling Language with Dynamic Storage
+	Control", E.P. Storm et al, Proc FJCC 37, AFIPS, Fall 1970].
+
+	4. <language> A {concurrent} {object-oriented} {logic
+	programming} language implemented as a {preprocessor} for
+	{FCP} by Kahn et al at {Xerox PARC}.
+
+	["Vulcan: Logical Concurrent Objects", K. Kahn et al in
+	Research Directions in Object- Oriented Programming,
+	A.B. Shriver et al eds, MIT Press 1987].
+
+	(2004-09-01)
+
+Vulcan death grip
+
+	<jargon> A variant of {Vulcan nerve pinch} derived from a Star
+	Trek {classic} epsisode where a non-existant "Vulcan death
+	grip" was used to fool Romulans that Spock had killed Kirk.
+
+	(1996-10-27)
+
+Vulcan nerve pinch
+
+	<jargon> (Or "three-finger salute", Vulcan death grip; from
+	the old "Star Trek" TV series via {Commodore} {Amiga}
+	{hackers}) The keyboard combination that forces a {soft boot}
+	or jump to {ROM monitor} (on machines that support such a
+	feature).
+
+	On an Amiga this is done with Ctrl/Right Amiga/Left Amiga; on
+	{IBM PCs} and many {microcomputers} it is Ctrl/Alt/Del; on
+	{Suns}, L1-A; on some {Macintoshes}, it is <Cmd>-<Power
+	switch>!  Silicon Graphics users are obviously the most
+	dextrous however, as these machines use the five-finger
+	combination: Left Shift/Left Ctrl/Left Alt/Keypad Divide/F12.
+
+	Compare {quadruple bucky}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2000-04-04)
+
+vulnerability
+
+	<security> A {bug} or {feature} of a system that exposes it to
+	possible attack, a flaw in the system's security.
+
+	A common example of a vulnerability due to a bug is {buffer
+	overrun}, where carefully constructed input can allow an
+	attacker to insert arbitrary code into a running program and
+	have it executed.
+
+	The most serious vulnerabilities are those in network
+	software, especially if they exploit traffic that is allowed
+	through the {firewall} like {HTTP}, for example exploiting a
+	bug in a {web browser}.
+
+	The {Open Source Vulnerability Database} lists many
+	vulnerabilities.
+
+	(2007-12-02)
+
+vulture capitalist
+
+	<abuse> A pejorative hackerism for "venture capitalist",
+	deriving from the common practice of pushing contracts that
+	deprive inventors of control over their own innovations and
+	most of the money they ought to have made from them.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+VUP
+
+	{VAX MIPS}
+
+VxD
+
+	{Virtual Device Driver}
+
+VXI
+
+	{VMEbus Extension for Instrumentation}
+
+VxWorks
+
+	<operating system> A {real-time} {multitasking} {operating
+	system} from {Wind River Systems}.  Originally it used the
+	{VRTX} {kernel} but this has been replaced by Wind River's own
+	"Wind kernel 2.4".
+
+	Before version 5.3 VxWorks included a {software development
+	environment} but this is now called "Tornado".
+
+	Latest version: 5.3, as of 1996-11-28.
+
+	(1996-11-29)
+
+W2K
+
+	{Windows 2000}
+
+W3
+
+	A {web browser} for {Emacs} by William M. Perry
+	<wmperry@indiana.edu>.
+
+	(1994-12-16)
+
+W3C
+
+	{World Wide Web Consortium}
+
+W3 Consortium
+
+	{World Wide Web Consortium}
+
+WA-12
+
+	Workflow Analysis in 12 different organisations.  A project
+	from the Department of Computer Science from the {University
+	of Twente}, Enschede, The Netherlands.  The final report of
+	this project is available to the public (ISBN 90-365-0683-2).
+
+wabbit
+
+	/wab'it/ [almost certainly from Elmer Fudd's immortal line
+	"You wascawwy wabbit!"]  1. A legendary early hack reported on
+	a System/360 at RPI and elsewhere around 1978; this may have
+	descended (if only by inspiration) from hack called RABBITS
+	reported from 1969 on a Burroughs 55000 at the University of
+	Washington Computer Center.  The program would make two copies
+	of itself every time it was run, eventually crashing the
+	system.
+
+	2. By extension, any hack that includes infinite
+	self-replication but is not a {virus} or {worm}.  See {fork
+	bomb} and {rabbit job}, see also {cookie monster}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Wabi
+
+	{Windows Application Binary Interface}
+
+WabiServer
+
+	<operating system, tool> An addition to {Wabi} which allows
+	the {Microsoft Windows} application to run on a {server},
+	e.g. a powerful {Intel}-based computer, with users accessing
+	it from their desktop which can be a cheap computer such as an
+	{X terminal}.
+
+	(1997-01-08)
+
+wacco
+
+	A {BNF}-based LL(?) {parser generator}.
+
+	Posted to comp.sources.misc.
+
+Wafe
+
+	<programming> (From Widget Athena front end) A package by
+	Gustaf Neumann <Gustaf.Neumann@uni-essen.de> implementing a
+	symbolic interface to the {Athena} {widgets} and
+	{OSF}/{Motif}.  A typical Wafe {application} consists of two
+	parts: a front-end (Wafe) and an application program which
+	runs as a separate process.  The distribution contains sample
+	application programs in {Perl}, {GAWK}, {Prolog}, {TCL}, {C},
+	and {Ada} talking to the same Wafe binary.
+
+	The current Wafe version is 1.0.15. It supports Athena as
+	distributed with {X} releases 4-6 and Motif versions 1.1, 1.2,
+	and 2.0 but new distribution are only tested against {X}
+	releases 5 and 6, and Motif versions 1.2.4 and 2.0.
+
+	{HOME (http://wu-wien.ac.at/wafe)},
+	{(ftp://ftp.wu-wien.ac.at/pub/src/X11/wafe/)}.
+
+	Mailing list: listserv@wu-wien.ac.at ("subscribe Wafe <Your
+	Name>").
+
+	(1996-07-09)
+
+WAFL
+
+	WArwick Functional Language.  Warwick U, England.  LISP-like.
+
+WAIS
+
+	{Wide Area Information Servers}
+
+WAITS
+
+	/wayts/ The mutant cousin of {TOPS-10} used on a handful of
+	systems at {SAIL} up to 1990.  There was never an "official"
+	expansion of WAITS (the name itself having been arrived at by
+	a rather sideways process), but it was frequently glossed as
+	"West-coast Alternative to ITS".  Though WAITS was less
+	visible than ITS, there was frequent exchange of people and
+	ideas between the two communities, and innovations pioneered
+	at WAITS exerted enormous indirect influence.  The early
+	screen modes of {Emacs}, for example, were directly inspired
+	by WAITS's "E" editor - one of a family of editors that were
+	the first to do "real-time editing", in which the editing
+	commands were invisible and where one typed text at the point
+	of insertion/overwriting.  The modern style of multi-region
+	windowing is said to have originated there, and WAITS alumni
+	at XEROX PARC and elsewhere played major roles in the
+	developments that led to the XEROX Star, the Macintosh, and
+	the Sun workstations.  {Bucky bits} were also invented there
+	thus, the ALT key on every IBM PC is a WAITS legacy.  One
+	notable WAITS feature seldom duplicated elsewhere was a
+	news-wire interface that allowed WAITS hackers to read, store,
+	and filter AP and UPI dispatches from their terminals; the
+	system also featured a still-unusual level of support for what
+	is now called "multimedia" computing, allowing analog audio
+	and video signals to be switched to programming terminals.
+
+	Ken Shoemake adds:
+
+	Some administrative body told us we needed a name for the
+	operating system, and that "SAIL" wouldn't do.  (Up to that
+	point I don't think it had an official name.)  So the anarchic
+	denizens of the lab proposed names and voted on them.
+	Although I worked on the OS used by CCRMA folks (a parasitic
+	subgroup), I was not writing WAITS code.  Those who were,
+	proposed "SAINTS", for (I think) Stanford AI New Time-sharing
+	System.  Thinking of ITS, and AI, and the result of many
+	people using one machine, I proposed the name WAITS.  Since I
+	invented it, I can tell you without fear of contradiction that
+	it had no official meaning.  Nevertheless, the lab voted that
+	as their favorite; upon which the disgruntled system
+	programmers declared it the "Worst Acronym Invented for a
+	Time-sharing System"!  But it was in keeping with the creative
+	approach to acronyms extant at the time, including
+	self-referential ones.  For me it was fun, if a little
+	unsettling, to have an "acronym" that wasn't.  I have no idea
+	what the voters thought. :)
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-11-17)
+
+wait state
+
+	<architecture> A delay of one or more {clock} cycles added to
+	a processor's instruction execution time to allow it to
+	communicate with slow external devices.  The number and
+	duration of wait states may be pre-configured or they may be
+	controlled dynamically via certain control lines.
+
+	(1996-10-16)
+
+waldo
+
+	/wol'doh/ [Robert A. Heinlein's story "Waldo"] 1. A mechanical
+	agent, such as a gripper arm, controlled by a human limb.
+	When these were developed for the nuclear industry in the
+	mid-1940s they were named after the invention described by
+	Heinlein in the story, which he wrote in 1942.  Now known by
+	the more generic term "telefactoring", this technology is of
+	intense interest to NASA for tasks like space station
+	maintenance.
+
+	2. At Harvard (particularly by Tom Cheatham and students),
+	this is used instead of {foobar} as a metasyntactic variable
+	and general nonsense word.  See {foo}, {bar}, {foobar},
+	{quux}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+walk
+
+	<programming> To Traverse a data structure, especially an
+	{array} or {linked-list} in {core}.
+
+	See also {codewalker}, {silly walk}, {clobber}.
+
+	(2001-04-12)
+
+walking drives
+
+	<jargon> An occasional failure mode of {magnetic-disk drives}
+	back in the days when they were huge, clunky {washing
+	machines}.  Those old {dinosaur} parts carried terrific
+	angular momentum; the combination of a misaligned spindle or
+	worn bearings and stick-slip interactions with the floor could
+	cause them to "walk" across a room, lurching alternate corners
+	forward a couple of millimeters at a time.  There is a legend
+	about a drive that walked over to the only door to the
+	computer room and jammed it shut; the staff had to cut a hole
+	in the wall in order to get at it!  Walking could also be
+	induced by certain patterns of drive access (a fast seek
+	across the whole width of the disk, followed by a slow seek in
+	the other direction).  Some bands of old-time hackers figured
+	out how to induce disk-accessing patterns that would do this
+	to particular drive models and held disk-drive races.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2009-05-14)
+
+walk off the end of
+
+	<programming> To attempt to process past the start or end of
+	an {array}, {list} or medium after stepping through it.  Often
+	the result of an {off-by-one error}.
+
+	Compare {clobber}, {roach}, {smash the stack}.
+
+	(2009-05-14)
+
+wall
+
+	<communications> {Unix}'s "write all" command which sends a
+	message to everyone currently logged in.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2009-05-14)
+
+wall clock time
+
+	<software> The elapsed time between when a {process} starts to
+	run and when it is finished.  This is usually longer than the
+	{processor time} consumed by the process because the {CPU} is
+	doing other things besides running the {process} such as
+	running other user and {operating system} processes or waiting
+	for disk or {network} {I/O}.
+
+	(1998-03-13)
+
+wall follower
+
+	<robotics> A person or {algorithm} that compensates for lack
+	of sophistication or native stupidity by efficiently following
+	some simple procedure shown to have been effective in the
+	past.  Used of an algorithm, this is not necessarily
+	pejorative; it recalls "Harvey Wallbanger", the winning robot
+	in an early AI contest (named, of course, after the cocktail).
+	Harvey successfully solved mazes by keeping a "finger" on one
+	wall and running till it came out the other end.  This was
+	inelegant, but it was mathematically guaranteed to work on
+	simply-connected mazes - and, in fact, Harvey outperformed
+	more sophisticated robots that tried to "learn" each maze by
+	building an internal representation of it.  Used of humans,
+	the term *is* pejorative and implies an uncreative,
+	bureaucratic, by-the-book mentality.
+
+	See also {code grinder}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2003-02-03)
+
+wallpaper
+
+	1. A file containing a listing (e.g. assembly listing) or a
+	transcript, especially a file containing a transcript of all
+	or part of a login session.  (The idea was that the paper for
+	such listings was essentially good only for wallpaper, as
+	evidenced at {Stanford}, where it was used to cover windows).
+
+	The term is now rare, especially since other systems have
+	developed other terms for it (e.g. PHOTO on {TWENEX}).
+	However, the {Unix} world doesn't have an equivalent term, so
+	perhaps wallpaper will take hold there.  The term probably
+	originated on {ITS}, where the commands to begin and end
+	transcript files were ":WALBEG" and ":WALEND", with default
+	file "WALL PAPER" (the space was a path delimiter).
+
+	2. The background pattern used on graphical workstations under
+	the {Microsoft Windows} {graphical user interface} to
+	{MS-DOS}.
+
+	(1994-12-22)
+
+wall plate
+
+	<hardware> A small rectangular panel, usually made of plastic,
+	fixed to the wall, on which sockets and switches are mounted.
+	These connect to wiring hidden in the wall.  Common examples
+	would be electrical mains and telephone sockets.
+
+	(2009-03-19)
+
+wall time
+
+	(Or "wall clock time") 1. "Real world" time (what the clock on
+	the wall shows), as opposed to the {system clock}'s idea of
+	time.
+
+	2. The real running time of a program, as opposed to the
+	number of {ticks} required to execute it (on a {time-sharing}
+	system these always differ, as no one program gets all the
+	ticks, and on multiprocessor systems with good thread support
+	one may get more processor time than real time).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+WAM
+
+	Intermediate language for compiled Prolog, used by the Warren
+	Abstract Machine.  "An Abstract Prolog Instruction Set",
+	D.H.D. Warren, TR 309, SRI 1983.
+
+WAN
+
+	{Wide Area Network}
+
+Wang Laboratories
+
+	<body> Computer manufacturer, known for their {office
+	automation} products and the {Wang PC}.
+
+	Quarterly sales $208M, profits $3M (Aug 1994).
+
+	(2008-05-28)
+
+wango
+
+	/wang'goh/ Random bit-level {grovel}ling going on in a system
+	during some unspecified operation.  Often used in combination
+	with {mumble}.  For example: "You start with the ".o" file,
+	run it through this postprocessor that does mumble-wango - and
+	it comes out a snazzy object-oriented executable."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Wang PC
+
+	<computer> {Personal computers} made by {Wang Laboratories}.
+	Wang's PCs had an {operating system} (based on {MS-DOS}) which
+	was not compatible with the {IBM PC}.  The Wang {floppy disk}
+	format was compatible with the IBM PC.  However, running an
+	IBM "exe" program would generally crash a Wang PC unless a
+	special Industry-Standard emulator program was running on the
+	Wang.  This program required the addition of a special card to
+	the Wang PC.  It enabled the Wang PC to run most, but not all,
+	software written for the IBM PC.  Most Wang software made use
+	of two special keys: CANCEL and EXECUTE.  These keys were used
+	to carry out commands, make menu selections, and so on.  The
+	Wang OS was menu-driven.
+
+	(2008-05-28)
+
+wank
+
+	/wangk/ [Columbia University: probably by mutation from
+	Commonwealth slang "wank", to masturbate] Used much as {hack}
+	is elsewhere, as a noun denoting a clever technique or person
+	or the result of such cleverness.  May describe (negatively)
+	the act of hacking for hacking's sake ("Quit wanking, let's go
+	get supper!") or (more positively) a {wizard}.  "wanky"
+	describes something particularly clever (a person, program, or
+	algorithm).  Conversations can also get wanky when there are
+	too many wanks involved.  This excess wankiness is signalled
+	by an overload of the "wankometer" (compare {bogometer}).
+	When the wankometer overloads, the conversation's subject must
+	be changed, or all non-wanks will leave.  Compare
+	"neep-neeping" (under {neep-neep}).  Usage: US only.  In
+	Britain and the Commonwealth this word is *extremely* rude and
+	is best avoided unless one intends to give offense.
+
+wannabee
+
+	/won'*-bee/ (Or, more plausibly, spelled "wannabe") [Madonna
+	fans who dress, talk, and act like their idol; probably
+	originally from biker slang] A would-be {hacker}.  The
+	connotations of this term differ sharply depending on the age
+	and exposure of the subject.  Used of a person who is in or
+	might be entering {larval stage}, it is semi-approving; such
+	wannabees can be annoying but most hackers remember that they,
+	too, were once such creatures.  When used of any professional
+	programmer, CS academic, writer, or {suit}, it is derogatory,
+	implying that said person is trying to cuddle up to the hacker
+	mystique but doesn't, fundamentally, have a prayer of
+	understanding what it is all about.  Overuse of hacker terms
+	is often an indication of the {wannabee} nature.  Compare
+	{newbie}.
+
+	Historical note: The wannabee phenomenon has a slightly
+	different flavour now (1993) than it did ten or fifteen years
+	ago.  When the people who are now hackerdom's tribal elders
+	were in {larval stage}, the process of becoming a hacker was
+	largely unconscious and unaffected by models known in popular
+	culture - communities formed spontaneously around people who,
+	*as individuals*, felt irresistibly drawn to do hackerly
+	things, and what wannabees experienced was a fairly pure,
+	skill-focussed desire to become similarly wizardly.  Those
+	days of innocence are gone forever; society's adaptation to
+	the advent of the microcomputer after 1980 included the
+	elevation of the hacker as a new kind of folk hero, and the
+	result is that some people semi-consciously set out to *be
+	hackers* and borrow hackish prestige by fitting the popular
+	image of hackers.  Fortunately, to do this really well, one
+	has to actually become a wizard.  Nevertheless, old-time
+	hackers tend to share a poorly articulated disquiet about the
+	change; among other things, it gives them mixed feelings about
+	the effects of public compendia of lore like this one.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+want list
+
+	{wish list}
+
+WAP
+
+	{Wireless Application Protocol}
+
+WAP Forum
+
+	<body> The official body developing {Wireless Application
+	Protocol}.
+
+	{(http://wapforum.org/)}.
+
+	(2000-02-10)
+
+warchalk
+
+	<networking> A system of runes and annotations chalked on
+	walls or other surfaces to indicate to interested parties the
+	presence of a {wireless} network {node} in the vicinity.
+
+	Warchalking was inspired by "hobo language" - the signs used
+	by American itinerants during the Depression years to indicate
+	where they might find a meal.
+
+	{(http://blackbeltjones.com/warchalking/)}.
+
+	(2002-06-26)
+
+Ward Christensen
+
+	<person> The inventor of {XMODEM} and of the {BBS}.  Ward did
+	physics in college and programmed {mainframes} for {IBM}.
+
+	Ward and friend Randy Suess set up their BBS on first on
+	1978-02-16 in Chicago.  It ran on an {S-100} computer with 64k
+	{RAM} and two single-sided 8" 250kB {diskettes}.
+
+	{Freeware Hall of Fame
+	(http://freewarehof.org/ward.html)}.
+
+	(2005-09-20)
+
+Ward Cunnigham
+
+	<person> The creator of the first {wiki}.
+
+	(2004-07-11)
+
+wardialer
+
+	<security> Almost certainly a shortened version of "WarGames
+	dialer", from the film {WarGames}.
+
+	1. {carrier scanner}
+
+	2. A program which attempts to break a {password} of known
+	length by iterating thru all possible combinations of
+	characters that could make up that password.
+
+	This approach is not feasable for cracking most passwords
+	these days.  However, as late as the mid-1980s, some
+	long-distance companies required only very short numeric
+	access codes (e.g. five digits) to verify the identity of
+	their customers.  Wardialers were created which would, running
+	unattended, call up long-distance providers' local connect
+	numbers and iteratively try possible access codes.  Codes
+	which worked were logged for later illicit use.
+
+	These wardialers had a high success rate because of the small
+	range of possibilities to iterate through, e.g. 10000 for a
+	five digit access code, compared to hundreds of trillions of
+	combinations for an eight-character alphanumeric code.
+
+	Long-distance providers soon required longer passwords and
+	took advantage of technology for rapidly tracing the phone
+	numbers that wardialers were being run from, such that running
+	wardialers became pointless and dangerous.
+
+	(1997-03-16)
+
+wardriving
+
+	<security> (From {wardialer} in the "carrier scanner" sense of
+	that word) To drive around with a {laptop} with a {wireless
+	card}, and an antenna, looking for accessible {wireless
+	networks}.
+
+	(2003-06-24)
+
+-ware
+
+	["software"] Commonly used to form terms for classes of
+	software.  For examples, see {careware}, {crippleware},
+	{crudware}, {freeware}, {fritterware}, {guiltware},
+	{liveware}, {meatware}, {payware}, {psychedelicware},
+	{shareware}, {shelfware}, {vaporware}, {wetware}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+warez
+
+	<software, legal> /weirz/ A term {software pirates} use to
+	describe {cracked} games or applications made available to the
+	{Internet}, at no cost, usually via {FTP} or {telnet}.  Often
+	the pirate will make use of a site with lax security.
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+WarGames
+
+	<recreation> (Not "War Games") A 1983 film about a schoolboy
+	{cracker} using a {wardialer} to try to break into a games
+	company's computer and accidentally connecting to a {backdoor}
+	into "Whopper", a ficticious {C3} computer at Norad (USAF).
+	He then procedes to unwittingly initiate global thermonuclear
+	warfare.  Playing naughts and crosses finally teaches Whopper
+	that the only way to win the game is never to play.
+
+	{IMDb (http://us.imdb.com/Title?WarGames+%281983%29)}.
+
+	(1999-03-08)
+
+warlording
+
+	<jargon> The act of excoriating a bloated, ugly or derivative
+	{sig block}.  Common grounds for warlording include the
+	presence of a signature rendered in a {BUAF}, over-used or
+	cliched {sig quotes}, ugly {ASCII art}, or simply excessive
+	size.  The original "Warlord" was a {BIFF}-like {newbie}
+	c. 1991 who featured in his sig a particularly large and
+	obnoxious ASCII graphic resembling the sword of Conan the
+	Barbarian in the 1981 John Milius movie; the group name
+	alt.fan.warlord was sarcasm, and the characteristic mode of
+	warlording is devastatingly sarcastic praise.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:alt.fan.warlord}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+warm boot
+
+	<operating system> A {boot} from {power on}, where the {CPU}
+	and {peripherals} are already powered up (warm).
+
+	A warm boot might be performed after a {software} {crash} or
+	a {hardware} {reset}.
+
+	Contrast {cold boot}.  See also {reboot}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-04-28)
+
+Warm Silence Software
+
+	A small company run by(?) Robin Watts, producing {software}
+	for the {Acorn} {Archimedes}.
+
+	{(http://comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/users/robin.watts/)}.
+
+	(1994-11-01)
+
+Warp
+
+	{OS/2}
+
+wart
+
+	A small, {crock}y {feature} that sticks out of an otherwise
+	{clean} design.  Something conspicuous for localised ugliness,
+	especially a special-case exception to a general rule.  For
+	example, in some versions of "csh(1)", single quotes
+	literalise every character inside them except "!".  In ANSI C,
+	the "?" syntax used for obtaining ASCII characters in a
+	foreign environment is a wart.  See also {miswart}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+washing machine
+
+	<storage> An old-style 14-inch {hard disk} in a floor-standing
+	cabinet.  So called because of the size of the cabinet and the
+	"top-loading" access to the media packs - and, of course, they
+	were always set on "spin cycle".  The thick channel cables
+	connecting these were called "{bit hoses}".  The
+	washing-machine idiom transcends language barriers; it is even
+	used in Russian hacker jargon.
+
+	See also {walking drives}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Wasserman
+
+	A.I. Wasserman (Tony), president of {IDE}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+WATBOL
+
+	WATerloo COBOL.
+
+	A {COBOL} for {IBM} {MVS}.
+
+	(1995-02-15)
+
+Watcom C/C++
+
+	<language, product> A compiler and development tools for
+	multi-{platform}, 16 and 32-bit applications.  Watcom C/C++
+	10.0 has an integrated development environment (IDE) and
+	development tools.  It includes the {SOMobjects Toolkit} to
+	enable access to {IBM}'s {System Object Model} (SOM) and
+	{Distributed System Object Model} (DSOM).  It supports 16 bit
+	{MS DOS}, {Microsoft Windows} 3.x, {OS/2} 1.x, and 32 bit
+	platforms including extended DOS, OS/2 2.x, {Windows NT},
+	{Win32s}, 32-bit Windows 3.x, {Novell NLM} and {AutoCAD}
+	{ADS}/{ADI}.
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+Watcom International
+
+	<company> A provider of application development tools and {IBM
+	PC}-based {SQL} {database} {servers}.
+
+	Founded in 1974, Watcom initially focused on scientific and
+	engineering markets establishing itself as a supplier of
+	programming and information tools worldwide, serving customers
+	in 60 countries with highly regarded products such as
+	{WATFOR}-77 for {mainframes}, {minicomputers} and {PCs}.
+
+	Since the introduction of {Watcom C} in 1988, the company has
+	emerged as an industry leader in optimising compilers for 16
+	and 32-bit {Intel-based} {IBM PCs}.
+
+	Moving into the {client/server} market in 1992, Watcom
+	introduced {Watcom SQL}, including {SQL} {database} {servers}
+	for multi-user networks and single-user {stand-alone}
+	applications.  The product has since been incorporated into
+	{Powersoft}'s {PowerBuilder} development environment and the
+	{Powersoft Enterprise Series}.  In June, 1993, Watcom launched
+	{VX*REXX}, an integrated visual development environment for
+	{OS/2}.
+
+	In February 1994, Watcom became a wholly-owned subsidiary of
+	{Powersoft Corporation} which merged with {Sybase Inc.}
+	on 13 February 1995.  Today the company addresses a broad
+	range of application developers, including corporate {MIS}
+	professionals, system integrators, {VARs} and independent
+	software vendors.
+
+	Watcom has strategic relationships with {IBM}, {Lotus},
+	{Microsoft}, {Intel} and {Novell}.  Based on its academic
+	roots, Watcom maintains a research relationship with the
+	nearby {University of Waterloo}.
+
+	Watcom's products include the {Watcom SQL} {databases},
+	{Watcom C/C++}, and {Watcom VX*REXX} 2.1.
+
+	Ian McPhee is President and Chief Executive Officer, David
+	Boswell is Vice President of Sales and Marketing, Craig Dynes
+	is Vice President of Finance and David Yach is Vice President
+	of Development.
+
+	Headquarters: Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+Watcom SQL
+
+	<database, product> A family of {databases} from {Watcom
+	International}, based on scalable technology and a {SQL}
+	{database engine}.  Version 4.0 adds {stored procedures} and
+	{triggers}.  It is designed for environments ranging from
+	large departmental networks with a diverse range of PC client
+	systems, to peer-to-peer {workgroups}, to {stand-alone} PCs.
+	It is available in stand-alone versions for {Microsoft
+	Windows}, {Windows NT}, {OS/2} and {MS DOS}; and {multi-user}
+	network server versions for {Microsoft Windows}, {Windows NT},
+	{OS/2}, {NetWare NLM} and {MS DOS}.
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+Watcom VX*REXX
+
+	<programming, tool> A visual development environment for
+	creating {OS/2} applications with {graphical user interfaces}.
+	It includes a project management facility, visual designer and
+	an interactive {source level debugger}.  Version 2.1
+	introduced the VX*REXX Client/Server Edition for
+	{client/server} {GUI} application development on {OS/2} by
+	incorporating {database} {objects}.  Using {IBM}'s {DRDA}
+	support on OS/2, users can access {DB2} for {MVS}, DB2/400 for
+	{AS/400}, and DB2/VSE and VM (SQL/DS) for {VM} and {VSE}.
+	Also supported are {Watcom SQL} and {ODBC}-enabled databases.
+	Since the VX*REXX visual development environment is based on
+	IBM's {object-oriented} {SOM} technology, VX*REXX applications
+	are open and extensible through the addition of new SOM
+	objects.
+
+	(1995-04-18)
+
+Waterfall Model
+
+	<programming> A {software life-cycle} or {product life-cycle}
+	model, described by W. W. Royce in 1970, in which development
+	is supposed to proceed linearly through the phases of
+	{requirements analysis}, design, implementation, testing
+	(validation), integration and maintenance.  The Waterfall
+	Model is considered old-fashioned or simplistic by proponents
+	of {object-oriented design} which often uses the {spiral
+	model} instead.
+
+	Earlier phases are sometimes called "upstream" and later ones
+	"downstream".
+
+	Compare: {iterative model}.
+
+	[W. W. Royce, "Managing the Development of Large Software
+	Systems", Proceedings of IEEE WESCON, August 1970].
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+water MIPS
+
+	<jargon> Large, water-cooled computers of either today's
+	{ECL}-{supercomputer} flavour or yesterday's traditional
+	{mainframe} type.
+
+	See {MIPS}
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-25)
+
+WATFIV
+
+	WATerloo Fortran IV.  U Waterloo, Canada.  Student-friendly
+	variant of Fortran IV.
+
+WATFOR
+
+	WATerloo FORtran.  U Waterloo, Canada.  Student-friendly
+	variant of {Fortran}.  "WATFOR - The University of Waterloo
+	Fortran IV Compiler", P.W. Shantz et al, CACM 10(1):41-44 (Jan
+	1967).
+
+wav
+
+	<multimedia, file format, filename extension> (waveform)
+	/wav/, /dot wav/ A {sound} format developed by {Microsoft} and
+	used extensively in {Microsoft Windows}.  Conversion tools are
+	available to allow most other {operating systems} to play .wav
+	files.
+
+	.wav files are also used as the sound source in {wavetable}
+	synthesis, e.g. in E-mu's {SoundFont}.  In addition, .wav
+	files are also supported by some {MIDI} sequencers as add-on
+	audio.  That is, pre-recorded .wav files are played back by
+	control commands written in the sequence script.
+
+	{Specification (http://qzx.com/pc-gpe/wav.txt)}.
+
+	(1997-10-11)
+
+WAVE
+
+	<language, robotics> A {robotics} language.
+
+	["WAVE: A Model-Based Language for Manipulator Control",
+	R.P. Paul, Ind Robot 4(1):10-17, 1979].
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+wave a dead chicken
+
+	<jargon> To perform a ritual in the direction of crashed
+	software or hardware that one believes to be futile but is
+	nevertheless necessary so that others are satisfied that an
+	appropriate degree of effort has been expended.  "I'll wave a
+	dead chicken over the source code, but I really think we've
+	run into an OS bug".
+
+	Compare {voodoo programming}, {rain dance}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+wave division multiplexing
+
+	<spelling> A common misnomer for {wavelength division
+	multiplexing}.
+
+	(2002-07-16)
+
+Waveform Generation Language
+
+	<testing> (WGL) A {data description language} for test program
+	description.
+
+	[Reference?  What kind of test programs?]
+
+	(2001-05-20)
+
+wavelength division multiplexing
+
+	<communications> (WDM) {Multiplexing} several {Optical Carrier
+	n} signals on a single {optical fibre} by using different
+	wavelengths (colours) of {laser} light to carry different
+	signals.
+
+	The device that joins the signals together is known as a
+	{multiplexor}, and the one that splits them apart is a
+	{demultiplexor}.  With the right type of fibre you can have a
+	device that does both and that ought to be called a "mudem"
+	but isn't.
+
+	The first WDM systems combined two signals and appeared around
+	1985.  Modern systems can handle up to 128 signals and can
+	expand a basic 9.6 {Gbps} fibre system to a capacity of over
+	1000 Gbps.
+
+	WDM systems are popular with telecommunications companies
+	because they allow them to expand the capacity of their fibre
+	networks without digging up the road again.  All they have to
+	do is to upgrade the (de)multiplexors at each end.  However
+	these systems are expensive and complicated to run.  There is
+	currently no {standard}, which makes it awkward to integrate
+	with older but more standard {SONET} systems.
+
+	Note that this term applies to an optical {carrier} (which is
+	typically described by its wavelength), whereas {frequency
+	division multiplexing} typically applies to a {radio} carrier
+	(which is more often described by frequency).  However, since
+	wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional, and since
+	radio and light are both forms of electromagnetic radiation,
+	the distinction is somewhat arbitrary.
+
+	See also {time division multiplexing}, {code division
+	multiplexing}.
+
+	[Is "wave division multiplexing", as in "dense wave division
+	multiplexing" (DWDM) just a trendy abbreviation?]
+
+	(2002-07-16)
+
+wavelet
+
+	<mathematics> A waveform that is bounded in both {frequency}
+	and duration.  Wavelet tranforms provide an alternative to
+	more traditional {Fourier transforms} used for analysing
+	waveforms, e.g. sound.
+
+	The {Fourier transform} converts a signal into a continuous
+	series of {sine waves}, each of which is of constant frequency
+	and {amplitude} and of infinite duration.  In contrast, most
+	real-world signals (such as music or images) have a finite
+	duration and abrupt changes in frequency.
+
+	Wavelet transforms convert a signal into a series of wavelets.
+	In theory, signals processed by the wavelet transform can be
+	stored more efficiently than ones processed by Fourier
+	transform.  Wavelets can also be constructed with rough edges,
+	to better approximate real-world signals.
+
+	For example, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation
+	found that Fourier transforms proved inefficient for
+	approximating the whorls of fingerprints but a wavelet
+	transform resulted in crisper reconstructed images.
+
+	{SBG Austria (http://mat.sbg.ac.at/~uhl/wav.html)}.
+
+	["Ten Lectures on Wavelets", Ingrid Daubechies].
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+wavetable
+
+	<hardware, music> A type of {sound generator} often built in a
+	{sound card}.  A wavetable contains digitised samples of real
+	instrument sounds or effect (FX) sounds.  A wavetable chip
+	often also contains a drum kit sound to faciliate rhythm
+	accompaniment.
+
+	A recorded wavetable sound may be edited and enhanced by
+	various effects (reverb, chorus) and layered with other
+	waveforms before writing it to {ROM} or {RAM}.  The latter
+	type serves as user sound memory.
+
+	A wavetable generator is typically controlled by {MIDI} input.
+	When a MIDI note-on signal is detected, the output part of a
+	wavetable generator generates a sound with definitive pitch,
+	typically a musical note.
+
+	Wavetable sounds are used in games and music.  The more
+	realistic wavetable sounds have all but replaced the earlier
+	synthetic FM (frequency modulation) sound generation in sound
+	cards but to ensure compatibility with older games etc., an FM
+	part is usually included.
+
+	The best known wavetable sound generators includes the {E-mu
+	8000} chip, used in {Creative Labs}' {Sound Blaster} AWE-32
+	card family and in E-mu keyboards.  Other wavetable cards are
+	Gravis Ultra-Sound (GUS), ESS Cards, Opti, Zoltrix and many
+	Roland cards.
+
+	{E-Mu (http://emu.com /)}.
+	{AWE-32(http://edu.isy.liu.se/~d93jesno/awe32.html)}.
+	{Creative Labs (http://creaf.com/)}.
+
+	(1997-11-04)
+
+wavetable synthesis
+
+	{wavetable}
+
+WaZOO
+
+	<protocol> Warp-zillion Opus-to-Opus.  {Fidonet}'s
+	{session layer} {protocol}.  Although it mentions {Opus} (a
+	specific {BBS} from the 1980s), WaZOO is the session protocol
+	used for the Fidonet network.  Because WaZOO is much more
+	efficient than other mechanisms (e.g., {FTP}), it is sometimes
+	used for automated or batch communications in other parts of
+	the {Internet}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.psg.com/pub/fidonet/stds/fts-0006.txt)}.
+
+	(1995-11-16)
+
+wb
+
+	<chat> Welcome Back.
+
+WBEM
+
+	{Web-Based Enterprise Management}
+
+WBMP
+
+	{wireless bitmap}
+
+WBS
+
+	{Work Breakdown Structure}
+
+WCDMA
+
+	{Wideband Code Division Multiple Access}
+
+WCL
+
+	A {Common Lisp} implementation in a shared library by Wade
+	Hennessey <wade@leland.Stanford.edu>.  WCL is not a complete
+	Common Lisp, but it does have the full development environment
+	including {dynamic file loading} and debugging. A modified
+	version of {GDB} provides mixed-language debugging.
+
+	Version 2.14 includes a shared library, run-time support and
+	source debugger.  It requires {GNU} {GCC} 2.1 (not 2.2.2) and
+	runs on {SPARC} under {SunOS}.
+
+	{(ftp://sunrise.stanford.edu/pub/wcl/)}.  Mailing list:
+	<wcl-request@sunrise.stanford.edu>.  E-mail:
+	<wcl@sunrise.stanford.edu>.
+
+	[Proceedings of the 1992 Lisp and Functional Programming
+	Conference].
+
+	(1992-10-28)
+
+WD
+
+	{Western Digital}
+
+WDASM
+
+	<tool> (Probably "Windows disassembler") An {interactive}
+	{Intel 486} {disassembler} for {Windows 3.1} written by Eric
+	Grass at the University of Missouri, St. Louis.  WDASM
+	supports multiple disassembly formats.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.simtel.com/cica/win3/util/wdasm15.zip)}.
+
+	(1993-06-01)
+
+WDM
+
+	{wavelength division multiplexing}
+
+WE
+
+	A {hypertext} {authoring} system developed at the {University
+	of North Carolina}.
+
+	(1994-11-07)
+
+Weak Head Normal Form
+
+	<reduction, lambda calculus> (WHNF) A {lambda expression} is
+	in weak head normal form (WHNF) if it is a {head normal form}
+	(HNF) or any {lambda abstraction}.  I.e. the top level is not
+	a {redex}.
+
+	The term was coined by {Simon Peyton Jones} to make explicit
+	the difference between {head normal form} (HNF) and what
+	{graph reduction} systems produce in practice.  A lambda
+	abstraction with a reducible body, e.g.
+
+		\ x . ((\ y . y+x) 2)
+
+	is in WHNF but not HNF.  To reduce this expression to HNF
+	would require reduction of the lambda body:
+
+		(\ y . y+x) 2  -->  2+x
+
+	Reduction to WHNF avoids the {name capture} problem with its
+	need for {alpha conversion} of an inner lambda abstraction and
+	so is preferred in practical {graph reduction} systems.
+
+	The same principle is often used in {strict} languages such as
+	{Scheme} to provide {call-by-name} evaluation by wrapping an
+	expression in a lambda abstraction with no arguments:
+
+		D = delay E = \ () . E
+
+	The value of the expression is obtained by applying it to the
+	empty argument list:
+
+		force D = apply D ()
+			= apply (\ () . E) ()
+			= E
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+weakly typed
+
+	{weak typing}
+
+weak typing
+
+	<programming> Strict enforcement of {type} rules but with
+	well-defined exceptions or an explicit type-violation
+	mechanism.
+
+	Weak typing is "friendlier" to the programmer than {strong
+	typing}, but catches fewer errors at compile time.
+
+	{C} and {C++} are weakly typed, as they automatically {coerce}
+	many types e.g. {ints} and {floats}.  E.g.
+
+	 int a = 5;
+	 float b = a;
+
+	They also allow ignore {typedefs} for the purposes of type
+	comparison; for example the following is allowed, which would
+	probably be disallowed in a strongly typed language:
+
+	 typedef int Date;    /* Type to represent a date */
+	 Date a = 12345;
+	 int b = a;       /* What does the coder intend? */
+
+	C++ is stricter than C in its handling of enumerated types:
+
+	 enum animal {CAT=0,DOG=2,ANT=3};
+	 enum animal a = CAT;  /* NB The enum is optional in C++ */
+	 enum animal b = 1;    /* This is a warning or error in C++ */
+
+	(2000-07-04)
+
+weasel
+
+	<jargon, abuse> (Cambridge) A naive user, one who deliberately
+	or accidentally does things that are stupid or ill-advised.
+	Roughly synonymous with {loser}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+WEB
+
+	<language> {Donald Knuth}'s self-documenting {literate
+	programming}, with {algorithms} and {documentation} intermixed
+	in one file.  They can be separated using {Weave} and
+	{Tangle}.  Versions exist for {Pascal} and {C}.  {Spiderweb}
+	can be used to create versions for other languages.
+	{FunnelWeb} is a production-quality literate-programming tool.
+
+	{(ftp://princeton.edu/)}, {(ftp://labrea.stanford.edu/)}.
+
+	["Literate Programming", D.E. Knuth, Computer J 27(2):97-111,
+	May 1984].
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+Web
+
+	{World-Wide Web}
+
+Web 2.0
+
+	<jargon> A loosely defined term for {web applications} that go
+	beyond displaying individual pages of static content and allow
+	a community of users to interact with the site and each other
+	by adding or updating the content.
+
+	Examples include social-networking sites like {Facebook} and
+	other web-based communities, hosted services like {Google
+	Docs}, web applications like {GMail}, video-sharing sites
+	({Youtube}), wikis ({Wikipedia}), {web logs}, {mashups} and
+	{folksonomies}.
+
+	While Web 2.0 applications often use advanced web features
+	like {AJAX} to improve the speed of interaction, the term is
+	more about the type of applications than the technology used.
+
+	The term was coined by Darcy DiNucci in 1999, though she was
+	discussing designing websites for new hardware platforms.
+
+	(2009-11-18)
+
+web2c
+
+	<tool> A utility by Karl Berry <karl@claude.cs.umb.edu> to
+	translate {WEB} to {C}.
+
+	Latest version: 5-851d.
+
+	{FTP UCI (ftp://ics.uci.edu/TeX/web2c.tar.Z)}.  {FTP Gernamy
+	(ftp://ftp.th-darmstadt.de/pub/tex/src/web2c/web2c.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+web address
+
+	{Uniform Resource Locator}
+
+web authoring
+
+	<web> Creating {web content}, e.g. {HTML} pages,
+	{images}, {JavaScript} or {Flash}, for use on the {World-Wide
+	Web}.  {Web authoring} typically does not include generating
+	the actual text or "copy" of web pages but is cheifly
+	concerned with its presentation.
+
+	(2009-02-06)
+
+Web-Based Enterprise Management
+
+	<standard, system management> (WBEM) A {DMTF} management
+	{standard} using the {Common Information Model} to represent
+	systems, {applications}, {networks}, {devices} and other
+	managed components; developed to unify the management of
+	{distributed computing} environments.
+
+	{WBEM Home (http://dmtf.org/standards/wbem/))}
+
+	(2005-02-19)
+
+web browser
+
+	<web> A {browser} for the {web}.
+
+	(1996-03-23)
+
+webcam
+
+	<web, hardware, video> (web camera) Any
+	video camera whose output is available for viewing via the
+	{Internet} or an {intranet}.  Typically a webcam would be a
+	slow-scan {CCD} video camera connected to a video capture card
+	in a computer.  Images from the camera are captured
+	periodically and made available on a web page.  In 1999 there
+	are hundreds of webcams in operation around the world showing
+	everything from bedrooms to traffic.
+
+	[List?]
+
+	(1999-01-11)
+
+webcasting
+
+	<multimedia, web> (From "web" and
+	"broadcast", sometimes just called "push") {Multicasting} on
+	the {Internet}.  Webcasting implies {real-time} {streaming}
+	transmission of encoded {video} (or {audio}) under the control
+	of the {server} to multiple recipients who all receive the
+	same content at the same time.  This is in contrast to normal
+	web browsing which is controlled from the {browser} by
+	individual users and may take arbitrarily long to deliver a
+	complete document.
+
+	{Pointcast} and {Marimba} were early pioneers.
+
+	{International Webcasting Association
+	(http://webcasters.org/)}.
+
+	(2003-07-08)
+
+WebCGM
+
+	<graphics, file format> A {Web}-oriented version of the
+	{Computer Graphic Metafile} file format.
+
+	(1999-02-16)
+
+WebCOMAL
+
+	{COMmon Algorithmic Language}
+
+web cramming
+
+	<web, legal> Any kind of fraudulent charges made to
+	the telephone account of the victim, typically a small
+	business or non-profit group, e.g. while claiming to provide
+	web design or hosting for little or no charge.
+
+	["Computer Forensics and Cyber Crime": Marjie T. Britz].
+
+	(2007-03-16)
+
+WebCrawler
+
+	<web> A free {web} {search engine} developed by Brian Pinkerton at
+	the {University of Washington} and now moved to {America Online,
+	Inc}.  WebCrawler collects {URLs} by searching the {Internet} and
+	allows users to perform keyword searches through a web {browser}.
+
+	{(http://webcrawler.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-11-28)
+
+webhead
+
+	<web> A compulsive or frequent user of, or
+	contributor to, the {web}.
+
+	(1994-07-21)
+
+web host
+
+	<web, business> A company that supplies {web
+	hosting}.
+
+	(2008-04-15)
+
+web hosting
+
+	<web, business> Running {web servers} for other
+	businesses or individuals, usually as a commercial venture.
+	Basic web hosting would allow customers to upload own {web
+	site} content - {HTML} pages, {images}, {video} - typically
+	via {FTP}, to a shared web server which other people can
+	access via the {Internet}.
+
+	A {web hosting (http://webhostingsearch.com/)} businesses may
+	provide any or all of the functions required by a website
+	including: networking, HTTP server software, content storage,
+	{content management}, running customer or off-the-shelf {CGI}
+	programs, {ASP} scripts or other server extentions, {load
+	balancing}, {streaming content}, {domain name} registration,
+	{DNS} serving, {electronic mail} storage and forwarding,
+	{database}, {shell account}, content design and creation,
+	{search engine optimisation}, {web log} analysis and web
+	applications such as on-line shopping with financial
+	transaction processing.
+
+	(2011-12-24)
+
+weblint
+
+	<hypertext, tool> (After {lint}) A {syntax} checker and style
+	checker for {HTML}.  Weblint is a {Perl} script which does for
+	HTML pages what the traditional {lint} picks does for {C}
+	programs.
+
+	Version: 1.020 (1997-12-07).
+
+	{(http://cre.canon.co.uk/~neilb/weblint/)}.
+
+	(1997-12-07)
+
+web log
+
+	{blog}
+
+web mail
+
+	<messaging> An {electronic mail} {user agent} that is
+	accessible on the web (via {HTTP}).  {HoTMail} was one of the
+	first (bought by {Microsoft}), {Google}'s {GMail} is another
+	popular example.
+
+	(2007-02-13)
+
+webmaster
+
+	<web> (Sometimes "webmistress") The alias or role
+	of the person(s) responsible for the development and
+	maintenance of one or more {web servers} and/or some or all of
+	the {web pages} at a {website}.  The term does not imply any
+	particular level of skill or mastery (see "{webmonkey}").
+
+	The webmaster's {e-mail address} often appears on the {home
+	page} of the site.  Failing that, you could try sending e-mail
+	to {postmaster} (from which the term is probably derived) or
+	{root} at that {host}, possibly after removing an initial
+	"www.".
+
+	(1999-04-01)
+
+webmistress
+
+	{webmaster}
+
+webmonkey
+
+	<web> a largely unskilled {Web} worker - one with a
+	passable understanding of {HTML} but little else.
+
+	It is often supposed that, in the New Media food chain, there
+	is nothing lower than a webmonkey.  Alas, there is: people who
+	barely have the skills to use FrontPage; these people are
+	called "typists".
+
+	The {B1FF} of webmonkeys is personified as {Bobo the
+	Webmonkey}.
+
+	Compare {actor/singer/waiter/webmaster}.
+
+	And compare {sysape}, {one-banana problem}, {scratch monkey},
+	{monkey up}, and {Infinite-Monkey Theorem} for other simian
+	allusions.
+
+	(1998-04-04)
+
+WebObjects
+
+	<operating system> {Apple Computer, Inc.}'s {application
+	server} {framework} for developing dynamic {web applications}.
+
+	WebObjects applications accept {HTTP} requests either directly
+	(usually on a specific {port}) or via an adaptor that sits
+	between them and the web server.  Adaptors are either {CGI}
+	programs or web server plug-ins ({NSAPI} or {ISAPI}).
+
+	The server processes special tags in {HTML} pages to produce
+	dynamic but standard HTML.  Tools are provided to easily set
+	and get object properties and invoke methods from these tags.
+	Applications can maintain {state} over multiple {HTTP}
+	request-response transactions (which are intrinsically
+	stateless).  Applications can also use Apple's {Enterprise
+	Object Framework} {object relational mapping} libraries for
+	{object persistence} and database access.
+
+	WebObjects was originally based on {Objective C} and a simple
+	scripting language but now is more likely to be used with
+	{Java}.  Versions are available for {OS X}, {Windows} and
+	{Unix}.
+
+	Apple acquired WebObjects from {NeXT}, along with {Steve
+	Jobs}.
+
+	{WebObjects Home (http://apple.com/webobjects/)}.
+
+	(2005-01-14)
+
+web page
+
+	<web> A block of data available on the {World-Wide
+	Web}, identified by a {URL}.  In the simplest, most common
+	case, a web page is a file written in {HTML}, stored on the
+	{server}.  It may refer to {images} which appear as part of
+	the page when it is displayed by a {web browser}.  It is also
+	possible for the server to generate pages dynamically in
+	response to a request, e.g. using a {CGI} script.
+
+	A web page can be in any format that the browser or a {helper
+	application} can display.  The format is transmitted as part
+	of the headers of the response as a {MIME} type,
+	e.g. "text/html", "image/gif".
+
+	An HTML web page will typically refer to other web pages and
+	{Internet} resources by including {hypertext} links.
+
+	A {website} often has a {home page} (usually just the
+	hostname, e.g. http://foldoc.org/).  It may also have
+	individual home pages for each user with an account at the
+	site.
+
+	(1999-03-21)
+
+web proxy
+
+	{HTTP proxy server}
+
+Web Request Broker
+
+	<web> (WRB) Part of {Oracle Corporation}'s
+	{WebServer} suite of programs.  It is a high-performance,
+	{multi-threaded} {HTTP} server which allows {clients}'
+	requests to be directly translated into {Oracle 7} {database}
+	scripts, and automatically translates the results of the query
+	back into {HTML} for delivery to the client {browser}.
+
+	{Oracle WebServer
+	(http://oracle.com/products/websystem/webserver/html/ws2_info.html)}.
+
+	(1997-03-14)
+
+web server
+
+	{HTTP server}
+
+Web Service Definition Language
+
+	<architecture> (WSDL) An {XML} format for describing network
+	{services} as a set of endpoints operating on messages
+	containing either "document oriented" or "procedure oriented"
+	information.  The operations and messages are described
+	abstractly, and then bound to a concrete network protocol and
+	message format to define an endpoint.  Related concrete
+	endpoints are combined into abstract endpoints
+	(services).
+
+	WSDL is typically used with {SOAP} over {HTTP} but it is
+	extensible to allow description of endpoints and their
+	messages independent of what message formats or network
+	protocols.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(2004-06-21)
+
+Web Services
+
+	<standard, programming, software> A family of {standards}
+	promoted by the {W3C} for working with other business,
+	{developers} and {programs} through open {protocols},
+	{languages} and {APIs}, including {XML}, {Simple Object Access
+	Protocol}, {WSDL} and {UDDI}.
+
+	{W3C Web Services (http://w3.org/2002/ws)}.
+
+	(2004-06-23)
+
+Web Services Business Process Execution Language
+
+	<programming> (WSBPEL, BPEL4WS) An {OASIS} technical committee
+	considering ways to enable users to describe {business processes}
+	as {web services} and define how they can be connected to
+	accomplish specific tasks.
+
+	{(http://oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=wsbpel)}.
+
+	(2006-08-15)
+
+website
+
+	<web> (Or "web site") Any computer on the {Internet} running a
+	{web server} process.  A particular website is usually identified
+	by the {hostname} part of a {URL}.  Multiple hostnames may
+	actually map to the same computer in which case they are known as
+	"{virtual servers}".
+
+	(2005-07-12)
+
+web smith
+
+	<web> A person who creates {web pages}.  Not
+	necessarily the same as a {webmaster}.
+
+	(1997-02-05)
+
+Webster
+
+	1. {Webster's Dictionary}.
+
+	2. A {web browser} for the {Acorn} {Archimedes}.  The {HTML} files
+	may reside locally or be retrieved using a "fetcher".  An {HTTP}
+	fetcher for use with {KA9Q} is supplied.
+
+	Version: 0.05.
+
+	{HENSA Gopher
+	(gopher://micros.hensa.ac.uk:70/11/micros/arch/riscos/c/c164)}.
+	{Demon FTP
+	(ftp://ftp.demon.co.uk/pub/archimedes/developers/)}.
+
+	(1995-02-21)
+
+Webster's Dictionary
+
+	{Hypertext interface
+	(http://c.gp.cs.cmu.edu:5103/prog/webster)}.
+
+	(1996-04-10)
+
+wedged
+
+	1. To be stuck, incapable of proceeding without help.  This is
+	different from having crashed.  If the system has crashed, it
+	has become totally non-functioning.  If the system is wedged,
+	it is trying to do something but cannot make progress; it may
+	be capable of doing a few things, but not be fully
+	operational.  For example, a process may become wedged if it
+	{deadlocks} with another (but not all instances of wedging are
+	deadlocks).  See also {gronk}, {locked up}, {hosed}.  2. Often
+	refers to humans suffering misconceptions.  "He's totally
+	wedged - he's convinced that he can levitate through
+	meditation."  3. [Unix] Specifically used to describe the
+	state of a TTY left in a losing state by abort of a
+	screen-oriented program or one that has messed with the line
+	discipline in some obscure way.
+
+	There is some dispute over the origin of this term.  It is
+	usually thought to derive from a common description of
+	recto-cranial inversion; however, it may actually have
+	originated with older "hot-press" printing technology in which
+	physical type elements were locked into type frames with
+	wedges driven in by mallets.  Once this had been done, no
+	changes in the typesetting for that page could be made.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+wedgie
+
+	(Fairchild) A bug.  Probably related to {wedged}.
+
+wedgitude
+
+	/wedj'i-t[y]ood/ The quality or state of being {wedged}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Weeble
+
+	/wee'b*l/ An egg-shaped plastic toy person with a weight in
+	the bottom so that, if tipped over, they would right
+	themselves and stand up again.  They were popular in the UK
+	during the 1970s and were famous for the slogan "Weebles
+	wobble but they don't fall down", unlike some computers
+	(pretty tenuous link with computing).
+
+	(1994-11-29)
+
+weeds
+
+	1. Refers to development projects or {algorithms} that have no
+	possible relevance or practical application.  Comes from "off
+	in the weeds".  Used in phrases like "lexical analysis for
+	{microcode} is serious weeds."
+
+	2. At {CDC}/{ETA} before its demise, the phrase "go off in the
+	weeds" was equivalent to {IBM}'s {branch to Fishkill} and
+	mainstream hackerdom's {jump off into never-never land}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+weenie
+
+	1. [on BBSes] Any of a species of {luser} resembling a less
+	amusing version of {BIFF} that infests many {BBS}es.  The
+	typical weenie is a teenage boy with poor social skills
+	travelling under a grandiose {handle} derived from fantasy or
+	heavy-metal rock lyrics.  Among {sysops}, "the weenie problem"
+	refers to the marginally literate and profanity-laden
+	{flamage} weenies tend to spew all over a newly-discovered
+	BBS.
+
+	Compare {spod}, {computer geek}, {terminal junkie}.
+
+	2. Among hackers, when used with a qualifier (for example, as
+	in {Unix weenie}, {VMS} weenie, {IBM} weenie) this can be
+	either an insult or a term of praise, depending on context,
+	tone of voice, and whether or not it is applied by a person
+	who considers him or herself to be the same sort of weenie.
+	It implies that the weenie has put a major investment of time,
+	effort and concentration into the area indicated; whether this
+	is good or bad depends on the hearer's judgment of how the
+	speaker feels about that area.  See also {bigot}.
+
+	3. The {semicolon} character, ";" ({ASCII} 59).
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+Weenix
+
+	/wee'niks/ An {ITS} fan's derogatory term for {Unix}, derived
+	from {Unix weenie}.  According to one noted ex-{ITS}er, it is
+	"the operating system preferred by Unix Weenies: typified by
+	poor modularity, poor reliability, hard file deletion, no file
+	version numbers, case sensitivity everywhere, and users who
+	believe that these are all advantages".  Some {ITS} fans
+	behave as though they believe Unix stole a future that
+	rightfully belonged to them.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-18)
+
+weighted search
+
+	<information science> A search based on frequencies of the
+	{search terms} in the documents being searched.  Weighted
+	search is often used by {search engines}.  It produces a
+	numerical score for each possible document.  A document's
+	score depends on the frequency of each {search term} in that
+	document compared with the overall frequency of that term in
+	the entire corpus of documents.  A common approach is called
+	tf.idf which stands for term frequency * inverse document
+	frequency.  Term frequency means "the more often a term occurs
+	in a document, the more important it is in describing that
+	document."
+	{http://ciir.cs.umass.edu/cmpsci646/ir4/tsld034.htm} Inverse
+	document frequency means the more documents a term appears in,
+	the less important the term is.
+
+	A simple weighted search is just a list of search terms,
+	for example: car automobile
+
+	Weighted search is often contrasted with {boolean search}.
+	It is possible to have a search that syntactically is a
+	boolean search but which also does a weighted search.
+
+	See also {query expansion}.
+
+	For a detailed technical discussion see Chapter 5,
+	"Search Strategies", in the reference below.
+
+	[{"Information Retrieval", C. J. van Rijsbergen,
+	(http://dcs.gla.ac.uk/Keith/Chapter.5/Ch.5.html)}].
+
+	(1999-08-28)
+
+well-behaved
+
+	1. [primarily {MS-DOS}] Said of software conforming to system
+	interface guidelines and standards.  Well-behaved software
+	uses the {operating system} to do chores such as keyboard
+	input, allocating memory and drawing graphics.  Oppose
+	{ill-behaved}.
+
+	2. Software that does its job quietly and without
+	counterintuitive effects.  Especially said of software having
+	an interface spec sufficiently simple and well-defined that it
+	can be used as a {tool} by other software.  See {cat}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+well-connected
+
+	Said of a computer installation, asserts that it has reliable
+	{electronic mail} links with the network and/or that it relays
+	a large fraction of available {Usenet} newsgroups.
+	"Well-known" can be almost synonymous, but also implies that
+	the site's name is familiar to many (due perhaps to an archive
+	service or active {Usenet} users).
+
+well-known port
+
+	<networking> A {TCP or {UDP} {port} with a number in the range
+	0-1023 (originally 0-255).  The well-known port numbers are
+	assigned by the {IANA} and on most systems can only be used by
+	system (or root) processes or by programs executed by
+	privileged users.
+
+	(2002-10-06)
+
+well-ordered set
+
+	<mathematics> A set with a {total ordering} and no infinite
+	descending {chains}.  A total ordering "<=" satisfies
+
+		x <= x
+
+		x <= y <= z  =>  x <= z
+
+		x <= y <= x  =>  x = y
+
+		for all x, y: x <= y or y <= x
+
+	In addition, if a set W is well-ordered then all non-empty
+	subsets A of W have a least element, i.e. there exists x in A
+	such that for all y in A, x <= y.
+
+	{Ordinals} are {isomorphism classes} of {well-ordered sets},
+	just as {integers} are {isomorphism classes} of finite sets.
+
+	(1995-04-19)
+
+WEP
+
+	{Wireless Encryption Protocol}
+
+Wesley Clark
+
+	<person> One of the designers of the {Laboratory Instrument
+	Computer} at {MIT} who subsequently had a quiet hand in many
+	seminal computing events, such as the development of the
+	{Internet}, the first really good description of the
+	{metastability} problem in computer logic.
+
+	{(http://pretext.com/mar98/features/story1.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-03-29)
+
+Western Digital Corporation
+
+	<company> A company founded in 1970 as a specialised
+	semiconductor manufacturer, which today manufactures and sells
+	{microcomputer} products including small form factor {hard
+	disk drives} for {personal computers}, {integrated circuits}
+	and circuit boards for graphics, storage, communications,
+	{battery management}, and logic functions.
+
+	{(http://wdc.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-04-12)
+
+Westmount
+
+	<company> A Dutch software engineering vendor of {RTEE} and
+	other products.
+
+	(1998-04-27)
+
+wetware
+
+	<jargon> /wet'weir/ (Probably from the novels of Rudy Rucker,
+	or maybe Stanislav Lem) The human nervous system, as opposed
+	to electronic computer {hardware} or {software}.  "Wetware has
+	7 plus or minus 2 temporary {registers}."  Also, human beings
+	(programmers, operators, administrators) attached to a
+	computer system, as opposed to the system's hardware or
+	software.
+
+	See {liveware}, {meatware}.
+
+	[True origin?  Dates?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-08-19)
+
+wf
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the Wallis and Futuna
+	Islands.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+WFL
+
+	Work Flow Language.  Burroughs, ca 1973.  A job control
+	language for the B6700/B7700 under MCP.  WFL was a compiled
+	block-structured language similar to ALGOL 60, with
+	subroutines and nested begin-end's.
+
+	["Work Flow Management User's Guide", Burroughs Manual
+	5000714, 1973].
+
+	["Burroughs B6700/B7700 Work Flow Language", R.M. Cowan in
+	"Command Languages", C. Unger ed, N-H 1975].
+
+	(1996-01-18)
+
+WfMC
+
+	{Workflow Management Coalition}
+
+WFW
+
+	{Windows for Workgroups}
+
+WFWG
+
+	{Windows for Workgroups}
+
+WG
+
+	{Working Group}
+
+WGL
+
+	{Waveform Generation Language}
+
+whack
+
+	According to arch-hacker James Gosling, to "...modify a
+	program with no idea whatsoever how it works." (See
+	{whacker}.)  It is actually possible to do this in nontrivial
+	circumstances if the change is small and well-defined and you
+	are very good at {glark}ing things from context.  As a trivial
+	example, it is relatively easy to change all "stderr" writes
+	to "stdout" writes in a piece of C filter code which remains
+	otherwise mysterious.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+whacker
+
+	[University of Maryland: from {hacker}] 1. A person, similar
+	to a {hacker}, who enjoys exploring the details of
+	programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities.
+	Whereas a hacker tends to produce great hacks, a whacker only
+	ends up whacking the system or program in question.  Whackers
+	are often quite egotistical and eager to claim {wizard}
+	status, regardless of the views of their peers.  2. A person
+	who is good at programming quickly, though rather poorly and
+	ineptly.
+
+whales
+
+	{like kicking dead whales down the beach}
+
+whalesong
+
+	The peculiar clicking and whooshing sounds made by a {PEP}
+	{modem} such as the {Telebit} {Trailblazer} as it tries to
+	synchronise with another PEP modem for their special
+	high-speed mode.  This sound isn't anything like the normal
+	two-tone handshake between conventional modems and is
+	instantly recognizable to anyone who has heard it more than
+	once.  It sounds, in fact, very much like whale songs.  This
+	noise is also called "the moose call" or "moose tones".
+
+whatis
+
+	<tool> 1. A {Unix} command which searches for a given string
+	in the headings of all {man} pages.
+
+	2. A command which searches the {archie} {Software Description
+	Database} for a given string, with case being ignored.
+
+	(1995-11-12)
+
+What's a spline?
+
+	[XEROX PARC] This phrase expands to: "You have just used a
+	term that I've heard for a year and a half, and I feel I
+	should know, but don't.  My curiosity has finally overcome my
+	guilt."  The PARC lexicon adds "Moral: don't hesitate to ask
+	questions, even if they seem obvious."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+What You Get Is What You Never Thought You Had
+
+	<jargon> (WYGIWYNTYH) A jibe at {WYSIWYG} systems that fail in
+	their stated aim by rendering documents differently on screen
+	and on paper.
+
+	(1999-06-15)
+
+What You See Is All You Get
+
+	<jargon> (WYSIAYG) /wiz'ee-ayg/ Describes a user interface
+	under which "What You See Is *All* You Get"; an unhappy
+	variant of {WYSIWYG}.  Visual, "{point-and-drool interfaces}"
+	are easy to learn but often lack depth; they often frustrate
+	advanced users who would be better served by a command-style
+	interface.  When this happens, the frustrated user has a
+	WYSIAYG problem.
+
+	This term is most often used of editors, {word processors},
+	and document formatting programs.  WYSIWYG "{desktop
+	publishing}" programs, for example, are a clear win for
+	creating small documents with lots of fonts and graphics in
+	them, especially things like newsletters and presentation
+	slides.  When typesetting book-length manuscripts, on the
+	other hand, scale changes the nature of the task; one quickly
+	runs into WYSIAYG limitations, and the increased power and
+	flexibility of a command-driven formatter like {TeX} or
+	{Unix}'s {troff} becomes not just desirable but a necessity.
+
+	Compare {YAFIYGI}.
+
+	(1999-03-03)
+
+What You See Is What You Get
+
+	<jargon> (WYSIWYG) /wiz'ee-wig/ Describes a user interface for
+	a document preparation system under which changes are
+	represented by displaying a more-or-less accurate image of the
+	way the document will finally appear, e.g. when printed.  This
+	is in contrast to one that uses more-or-less obscure commands
+	that do not result in immediate visual feedback.
+
+	True WYSIWYG in environments supporting multiple fonts or
+	graphics is rarely-attained; there are variants of this term
+	to express real-world manifestations including WYSIAWYG (What
+	You See Is *Almost* What You Get) and WYSIMOLWYG (What You See
+	Is More or Less What You Get).  All these can be mildly
+	derogatory, as they are often used to refer to dumbed-down
+	{user-friendly} interfaces targeted at non-programmers; a
+	hacker has no fear of obscure commands (compare {WYSIAYG}).
+	On the other hand, {Emacs} was one of the very first WYSIWYG
+	editors, replacing (actually, at first overlaying) the
+	extremely obscure, command-based {TECO}.
+
+	See also {WIMP}.
+
+	(1999-03-03)
+
+wheel
+
+	[slang "big wheel" for a powerful person] A person who has an
+	active {wheel bit}.  "We need to find a wheel to unwedge the
+	hung tape drives."  (See {wedged}).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+wheel bit
+
+	A privilege bit that allows the possessor to perform some
+	restricted operation on a {time-sharing} system, such as read
+	or write any file on the system regardless of protections,
+	change or look at any address in the running monitor, crash or
+	reload the system, and kill or create jobs and user accounts.
+	The term was invented on the TENEX operating system, and
+	carried over to TOPS-20, XEROX-IFS, and others.  The state of
+	being in a privileged logon is sometimes called "wheel mode".
+	This term entered the Unix culture from TWENEX in the
+	mid-1980s and has been gaining popularity there (especially at
+	university sites).  See also {root}.
+
+wheel wars
+
+	[Stanford University] A period in {larval stage} during which
+	student hackers hassle each other by attempting to log each
+	other out of the system, delete each other's files, and
+	otherwise wreak havoc, usually at the expense of the lesser
+	users.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+When It's Done
+
+	<jargon> A manufacturer's non-answer to questions about
+	product availability.  This answer allows the manufacturer to
+	pretend to communicate with their customers without setting
+	themselves any deadlines or revealing how behind schedule the
+	product really is.  It also sounds slightly better than "We
+	don't know".
+
+	(1999-08-22)
+
+Whetstone
+
+	<benchmark> The first major {synthetic benchmark} program,
+	intended to be representative for numerical ({floating-point}
+	intensive) programming.  It is based on statistics gathered by
+	Brian Wichmann at the {National Physical Laboratory} in
+	England, using an {Algol 60} {compiler} which translated Algol
+	into instructions for the imaginary Whetstone machine.  The
+	compilation system was named after the small town of Whetstone
+	outside the City of Leicester, England, where it was designed.
+
+	The later {dhrystone} benchmark was a pun on Whetstone.
+
+	Source code: {C
+	(ftp://netlib.att.com/netlib/benchmark/whetstonec.Z)}, {single
+	precision Fortran
+	(ftp://netlib.att.com:/netlib/benchmark/whetstones.Z)},
+	{double precision Fortran
+	(ftp://netlib.att.com:/netlib/benchmark/whetstoned.Z)}.
+
+	["A Synthetic Benchmark", H.J. Curnow and B.A. Wichmann, The
+	Computer Journal, 19,1 (1976), pp. 43-49].
+
+	(1994-11-14)
+
+Which Stands For Nothing
+
+	<language> (WSFN) A beginner's language with emphasis on
+	graphics produced by {Atari} in 1983 for {Atari} home
+	computers.  There is also {Advanced WSFN}.
+
+	(1996-06-12)
+
+while
+
+	{while loop}
+
+while loop
+
+	<programming> The {loop} construct, found in nearly all
+	{procedural languages}, that executes one or more instructions
+	(the "loop body") repeatedly so long as some {condition}
+	evaluates to true.  In contrast to a {repeat loop}, the loop
+	body will not be executed at all if the condition is false on
+	entry to the while.
+
+	For example, in {C}, a while loop is written
+
+		while (<expr>) <statement>;
+
+	where <expr> is any expression and <statement> is any
+	statement, including a compound statement within braces
+	"{..}".
+
+	A {for loop}, e.g. in the {C} language, extends the while loop
+	syntax to collect pre-loop initialisation and loop-end logic
+	into the beginning of the statement.
+
+	Perl provides the "until" loop that loops until the loop
+	condition is true.
+
+	(2009-10-07)
+
+Whirlwind
+
+	<computer> An early computer from the {MIT Research Laboratory
+	for Electronics}.
+
+	Whirlwind used {electrostatic memory} and ran {Laning and
+	Zierler} (1953); and {ALGEBRAIC}, {COMPREHENSIVE} and {SUMMER
+	SESSION} (all 1959).
+
+	[Details, reference?]
+
+	(2002-06-03)
+
+White Book
+
+	1. <language, publication> {K&R}.
+
+	2. <language, publication, file format> The fourth book in
+	{Adobe Systems, Inc.}'s {PostScript} series, describing the
+	previously-secret format of {Type 1} {fonts}.  The other three
+	official guides are known as the {Blue Book}, the {Green
+	Book}, and the {Red Book}.
+
+	["Adobe Type 1 Font Format, version 1.1", Addison-Wesley, 1990
+	(ISBN 0-201-57044-0)].
+
+	3. <hardware, standard> {White book CD-ROM}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+White book CD-ROM
+
+	<hardware, standard> A more open {CD-ROM} {standard} than
+	{Green Book CD-ROM}.  All films mastered on CD-ROM after March
+	1994 use White Book.  Like Green Book, it is {ISO 9660}
+	compliant, uses mode 2 form 2 addressing and can only be
+	played on a {CD-ROM} drive which is {XA} (Extended
+	Architecture) compatible.  White book CDs are labelled "Video
+	CD".
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+white box testing
+
+	<programming> (Or "clear", "glass", "open") Software testing
+	approaches that examine the program structure and derive test
+	data from the program logic.
+
+	Structural testing is sometimes referred to as clear-box
+	testing since white boxes are considered opaque and do not
+	really permit visibility into the code.
+
+	(1996-05-10)
+
+White pages
+
+	A directory service for locating individuals by name (by
+	analogy with the telephone directory).  The {Internet}
+	supports several {databases} that contain basic information
+	about users, such as {electronic mail} addresses, telephone
+	numbers and postal addresses.  These databases can be searched
+	to get information about particular individuals.  See
+	{Knowbot}, {Netfind}, {whois}, {X.500}, {finger}.
+
+white paper
+
+	<publication> A short treatise whose purpose is to educate
+	industry customers.  See, e.g., {Architecture Neutral
+	Distribution Format}.
+
+	(1997-10-24)
+
+white point
+
+	<graphics> A set of three {colour coordinates} that define the
+	colour white in {image processing} applications.
+
+	(2008-03-10)
+
+whitespace
+
+	<character> (From the colour it produces on white paper) Any
+	contiguous sequence of {spaces}, {tabs}, {carriage returns},
+	and/or {line feeds}.  Whitespace might also possibly include
+	{form feed} characters.  The term is common on {Unix}.
+
+	See also {non-printing character}.
+
+	(1996-09-04)
+
+white trash
+
+	<abuse, hardware> A pejorative term for {Intel}-based
+	{microcomputers}, used by {NeXT} users at UK law firm
+	Linklaters & Paines to contrast these machines with their
+	black NeXT boxes.
+
+	(1996-09-04)
+
+WHNF
+
+	{weak head normal form}
+
+whois
+
+	An {Internet} directory service for looking up names of people
+	on a remote server.  Many servers respond to {TCP} queries on
+	{port} 43, in a manner roughly analogous to the {DDN} {NIC}
+	whois service described in {RFC} 954.  Other sites provide
+	this directory service via the {finger} {protocol} or accept
+	queries by {electronic mail} for directory information.  On
+	{Unix} the client command is
+
+		whois -h server_name person_name
+
+	You can also type "telnet server_name 43" and then type the
+	person's name on a separate line.  For a list of whois
+	servers, FTP/Gopher: sipb.mit.edu.  Or
+
+		whois -h sipb.mit.edu whois-servers
+
+	As the above command demonstrates, whois can find information
+	about things other than users, e.g. domains, networks and
+	hosts.
+
+	See also {finger}, {X.500}, {white pages}.
+
+whole number
+
+	{integer}
+
+Whopper
+
+	{WarGames}
+
+WHQL
+
+	{Windows Hardware Quality Labs}
+
+WIBNI
+
+	({Bell Labs}) Wouldn't It Be Nice If.
+
+	What most requirements documents and specifications consist
+	entirely of.
+
+	Compare {IWBNI}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+WIC
+
+	{WAN Interface Card}
+
+Wide Area Information Servers
+
+	<networking, information science> (WAIS) A distributed
+	information retrieval system.  WAIS is supported by {Apple
+	Computer}, {Thinking Machines} and Dow Jones.  {Clients} are
+	able to retrieve documents using keywords.  The search returns
+	a list of documents, ranked according to the frequency of
+	occurrence of the keyword(s) used in the search.  The client
+	can retrieve text or {multimedia} documents stored on the
+	{server}.  WAIS offers simple {natural language} input,
+	indexed searching for fast retrieval, and a "relevance
+	feedback" mechanism which allows the results of initial
+	searches to influence future searches.  It uses the {ANSI
+	Z39.50} service.  {Public domain} implementations are
+	available.
+
+	Other information retrieval systems include {archie},
+	{Gopher}, {Prospero}, and {web}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.infosystems.wais}.
+
+	{Telnet (telnet://sunsite.unc.edu)}.
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+Wide Area Network
+
+	<networking> (WAN) A {network}, usually constructed with
+	{serial lines}, extending over distances greater than one
+	kilometre.
+
+	Compare {local area network}, {metropolitan area network}.
+
+	(1994-11-24)
+
+Wide Area Telecommunications Service
+
+	<communications> (WATS) A special service provided by an
+	{inter-exchange carrier} that allows a customer to use a
+	specific {trunk} to make calls to specific geographic zones or
+	to receive calls at a specified number at a discounted price.
+
+	(2006-05-01)
+
+Wideband ATM
+
+	<networking> An enhanced form of {ATM} networking that
+	transfers digital data over {local area networks}, originally
+	at 0.96 {Gbps}, now (Aug 1996) at 1.0 Gbps.
+
+	(1996-08-23)
+
+Wide SCSI
+
+	<hardware, standard> A variant on the {SCSI-2} interface.  It
+	uses a 16-bit bus - double the width of the original {SCSI}-1
+	- and therefore cannot be connected to a SCSI-1 bus.  It
+	supports transfer rates up to 20 MB/s, like {Fast SCSI}.
+
+	There is also a SCSI-2 definition of Wide-SCSI with a 32 bit
+	data bus.  This allows up to 40 megabytes per second but is
+	very rarely used because it requires a large number of wires
+	(118 wires on two connectors).  Thus Wide SCSI usually means
+	16 bit-wide SCSI.
+
+	(1995-04-21)
+
+widget
+
+	1. A meta-thing.  Used to stand for a real object in didactic
+	examples (especially database tutorials).  Legend has it that
+	the original widgets were holders for buggy whips.  "But
+	suppose the parts list for a widget has 52 entries..."
+
+	2. [possibly evoking "window gadget"] In graphical user
+	interfaces, a combination of a graphic symbol and some program
+	code to perform a specific function.  E.g. a scroll-bar or
+	button.  Windowing systems usually provide widget libraries
+	containing commonly used widgets drawn in a certain style and
+	with consistent behaviour.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+wi-fi
+
+	<networking> Either of two different incompatible radio-based
+	{LAN} {protocols}, namely {802.11b} (which speaks {DSSS} at
+	2.4GHz) and {802.11a} (which speaks {OFDM} at 5GHz).
+
+	The term was invented by the marketing departments of wi-fi
+	equipment manufacturers.  It is, notionally, short for
+	"wireless fidelity", on the analogy of hi-fi for "high
+	fidelity" audio.
+
+	(2003-09-02)
+
+Wi-Fi Protected Access
+
+	<networking, security> (WPA) A security scheme for {wireless
+	networks}, developed by the networking industry in response to
+	the shortcomings of {Wired Equivalent Privacy} (WEP).  WPA
+	uses {Temporal Key Integrity Protocol} (TKIP) {encryption} and
+	provides built-in {authentication}, giving security comparable
+	to {VPN} tunneling with WEP, with the benefit of easier
+	administration and use.
+
+	{WPA-PSK} is a simplified form of WPA.
+
+	(2007-05-11)
+
+Wi-Fi Protected Access Pre-Shared Key
+
+	<networking, security> (WPA-PSK) A simplified but still
+	powerful form of {WPA}, most suitable for home {wireless
+	networking}.  As with {WEP}, you set a static key or pass
+	phrase, but WPA-PSK uses {TKIP} to automatically change the
+	keys periodically, making it much more difficult to break the
+	encryption.
+
+	(2007-05-11)
+
+wiggles
+
+	[scientific computation] In solving partial differential
+	equations by finite difference and similar methods, wiggles
+	are sawtooth (up-down-up-down) oscillations at the shortest
+	wavelength representable on the grid.  If an algorithm is
+	unstable, this is often the most unstable waveform, so it
+	grows to dominate the solution.  Alternatively, stable (though
+	inaccurate) wiggles can be generated near a discontinuity by a
+	Gibbs phenomenon.
+
+wiki
+
+	<communications> Any collaborative {website} that users can
+	easily modify via the web, often without restriction.  A wiki
+	allows anyone, using a {web browser}, to create, edit or
+	delete content that has been placed on the site, including the
+	work of other authors.
+
+	Text is entered using some simple {mark-up language} which is
+	then rendered as {HTML}.  A feature common to many of the
+	different implementations is that any word in mixed case
+	LikeThis (a "wikiword") is rendered as a link to a page of
+	that name, which may or may not exist.
+
+	Wikis work surprisingly well, with the most famous example,
+	{Wikipedia}, having become one of the most popular sites on
+	the web.  Contributors tend to be more numerous and more
+	persistent than vandals, and old versions of pages are always
+	available.  Like many simple concepts, open editing has
+	profound effects on usage.  Allowing everyday users to create
+	and edit any page encourages democratic use of the web and
+	promotes content composition by nontechnical users.
+
+	In contrast, a {web log}, typically authored by an individual,
+	does not allow visitors to change the original posted
+	material, only add comments.
+
+	Wiki wiki means "quick" in Hawaiian. The first wiki was
+	created by {Ward Cunningham} in 1995.
+
+	{wiki.org (http://wiki.org/)}.
+
+	(2010-05-07)
+
+WiLAN
+
+	{wireless local area network}
+
+Wild_LIFE
+
+	Logic, Inheritance, Functions and Equations
+
+	parts: interpreter, manual, tests, libraries, examples
+
+	Paradise Project, DEC Paris Research Laboratory.
+
+	{(ftp://gatekeeper.dec.com/pub/plan/Life.tar.Z)} - Wild_LIFE
+	interpreter from Paradise project at DEC's Paris Research Lab
+
+	LIFE is an experimental programming language with a powerful
+	facility for structured type inheritance.  It reconciles
+	styles from functional programming, logic programming, and
+	object-oriented programming.  LIFE implements a constraint
+	logic programming language with equality (unification) and
+	entailment (matching) constraints over order-sorted feature
+	terms.  The Wild_LIFE interpreter has a comfortable user
+	interface with incremental query extension ability.  It
+	contains an extensive set of built-in operations as well as an
+	X Windows interface.
+
+	A semantic superset of LOGIN and LeFun.  Syntax is similar to
+	prolog.
+
+	bugs:		<life-bugs@prl.dec.com>
+
+	ports:		MIPS-Ultrix
+
+	Mailing list:	life-request@prl.dec.com
+
+	E-mail: Peter Van Roy <vanroy@prl.dec.com>
+
+	(1992-12-14)
+
+wild card
+
+	<operating system, programming, text> (From card games in
+	which certain cards, often the joker, can act as any other
+	card) A special character or character sequence which matches
+	any character in a string comparison, like ellipsis ("...") in
+	ordinary written text.
+
+	In {Unix} filenames '?' matches any single character and '*'
+	matches any zero or more characters.  In {regular
+	expressions}, '.' matches any one character and "[...]"
+	matches any one of the enclosed characters.
+
+	See also {Backus-Naur Form}.
+
+	(1997-07-16)
+
+Wilf Hey
+
+	<person> The person who originally developed {Report Program
+	Generator} and coined the phrase GIGO (garbage in: garbage
+	out).
+
+	In 2004, after more than forty years in computing, he was
+	writing for {PC Plus} magazine in the UK and doing Wilf's
+	programmers workshop amongst other things.  He died on
+	2007-01-01 after a long illness.
+
+	(2007-01-06)
+
+William Gibson
+
+	<person> Author of {cyberpunk} novels such as Neuromancer
+	(1984), Count Zero (1986), Mona Lisa Overdrive, and Virtual
+	Light (1993).
+
+	Neuromancer, a novel about a computer {hacker}/criminal
+	"cowboy" of the future helping to free an {artificial
+	intelligence} from its programmed bounds, won the Hugo and
+	Nebula science fiction awards and is credited as the seminal
+	cyberpunk novel and the origin of the term "{cyberspace}".
+
+	Gibson does not have a technical background and supposedly
+	purchased his first computer in 1992.
+
+	(1996-06-11)
+
+William Hamilton
+
+	<person> A mathematician who posed {Hamilton's problem}.
+
+	{Biography
+	(http://gregory.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/ShortBiogs/H.html#Hamilton)}.
+
+	[Summary?]
+
+	(1995-11-02)
+
+William Joy
+
+	<person> (Bill Joy) Author of the {C shell} and {vi}, he was
+	also one of the people at the {University of California at
+	Berkeley} responsible for the {Berkeley Software Distribution}
+	of {Unix}.  He also wrote a book on {Unix}.
+
+	He was a co-founder of {Sun Microsystems, Inc.}, where he is
+	still (1997) Vice-President of Research.  Among his many
+	projects for Sun have been helping to design the {Network File
+	System} and the {SPARC} architechture.
+
+	{Biography
+	(http://sun.com/aboutsun/media/ceo/mgt_joy.html)}.
+
+	See also {dinosaur}.
+
+	[Book ref?  E-mail?]
+
+	(2000-10-30)
+
+WIMP
+
+	<operating system> Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointers
+	(or maybe Windows, Icons, Mouse, {Pull-down menus}).
+
+	The style of {graphical user interface} invented at {Xerox
+	PARC}, popularised by the {Apple Macintosh} and now available
+	in other varieties such as the {X Window System},
+	{OSF}/{Motif}, {NeWS}, {RISC OS} and {Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	See {menuitis}, {user-obsequious}, {window system}.
+
+	(2007-09-12)
+
+WIMP environment
+
+	{WIMP}
+
+win
+
+	<jargon> (Said of people, computers, {algorithms}, programs)
+	(To be) a success at a given task.
+
+	E.g. "{WYSIWYG} is a clear win for small documents".
+
+	"winnitude" is the quality that something which wins has.
+	"winning" is often (ab)used as an adjective.
+
+	Synonyms: {cuspy}, {elegant}.  Antonym: {lose}.  Compare
+	{lossy}, {lossless}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+Win2K
+
+	{Windows 2000}
+
+Win32
+
+	<programming> An {application programming interface} that is
+	common to all {Microsoft}'s 32-bit Windows {operating
+	systems}.  These currently include: {Windows 95}, {Windows
+	98}, {Windows NT} and {Windows CE}.
+
+	[Relationship with {Win32s}?]
+
+	(1997-12-20)
+
+Win32s
+
+	<operating system> A free extension for {Microsoft Windows},
+	released by {Microsoft}.  Win32s is a software layer on top of
+	Windows which allows {32-bit applications} (e.g. {Mosaic}) to
+	run on Windows.  Both stand-alone Windows and {Windows for
+	Workgroups} run as 16 bit, and both can use Win32s to run
+	32-bit applications.
+
+	(1996-07-08)
+
+Win 95
+
+	{Windows 95}
+
+Win 98
+
+	{Windows 98}
+
+winchester
+
+	<hardware> An informal generic term for floating head
+	{magnetic disk} drives in which the read-write head planes
+	over the disk surface on an air cushion.
+
+	The name arose because the original 1973 engineering prototype
+	for what later became the {IBM 3340} featured two 30-megabyte
+	volumes; 30--30 became "Winchester" when somebody noticed the
+	similarity to the common term for a famous Winchester rifle
+	(in the latter, the first 30 referred to caliber and the
+	second to the grain weight of the charge).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+windowing
+
+	{window system}
+
+windowing system
+
+	{window system}
+
+window manager
+
+	<operating system> A part of a {window system} which arranges
+	windows on a screen.  It is responsible for moving and
+	resizing windows, and other such functions common to all
+	applications.
+
+	Examples from the {X Window System} are {twm}, {gwm}, {olwm}.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Window RAM
+
+	{Window Random Access Memory}
+
+Window Random Access Memory
+
+	<hardware, storage> (WRAM, Window RAM) A kind of {RAM} which
+	is faster than {VRAM}.
+
+	WRAM is used in the Matrox MGA Millennium {video display card}
+	and almost certainly elsewhere.
+
+	[More details?]
+
+	(1996-06-05)
+
+Windows
+
+	<operating system> See {Microsoft Windows}, {Windows NT}.
+
+	(1997-11-23)
+
+Windows 1
+
+	<operating system> The first incarnation of {Microsoft
+	Windows}, released in 1985.  It took a total of 55
+	programmer-years to develop, and only allowed tiled windows.
+
+	(1996-07-08)
+
+Windows 2
+
+	<operating system> The second version of {Microsoft Windows},
+	released in 1987.  Windows 2 had considerably more features
+	than {Windows 1}, such as overlapping windows and {icons}.
+	When {Windows/386} was released, Windows 2 was renamed
+	Windows/286.
+
+Windows 2000
+
+	<operating system> (Win2k, W2k, NT5, Windows NT 5.0) An
+	{operating system} developed by {Microsoft Corporation} for
+	{PCs} and {servers}, as the successor to {Windows NT 4}.0.
+	Early {beta} versions were referred to as "Windows NT 5.0".
+	Windows 2000 was officially released on 2000-02-17.
+
+	Windows 2000 is most commonly used on {Intel} {x86} and
+	{Pentium} processors, with a {DEC Alpha} version rumoured.
+	Unlike Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000 is not available for
+	{PowerPC} or {MIPS}.
+
+	Windows 2000's {user interface} is very similar to {Windows
+	95} or Windows NT 4.0 with integrated {Internet Explorer}, or
+	to {Windows 98}.
+
+	It is available in four flavours:
+
+	- Professional: the {client} version, meant for desktop
+	{workstations}, successor to Windows NT Workstation.
+
+	- Server: "entry-level" server, designed for small
+	deployments, and departmental file, print, or {intranet}
+	servers.
+
+	- Advanced Server: high throughput, larger scale servers
+	and applications, and small to medium scale {websites}.
+
+	- Data Center Server: software for large-scale server
+	{clusters} (in development as of 2000-03-14).
+
+	New features in Windows 2000 include:
+
+	- {Active Directory}.
+
+	- Greatly improved built-in security mechanisms, including
+	{Kerberos}-based {authentication}, {public key} support, an
+	{encrypting} {file system}, and {IPsec} support.
+
+	- Integrated {web browser} - {Internet Explorer} 5.0.
+
+	- Integrated {web server} - {IIS} 5.0
+
+	- Terminal services for displaying application interfaces on
+	remote computers (similar to {X-Windows}).
+
+	- File protection that prevents user programs from
+	accidentally deleting or overwriting critical system files.
+
+	- Improved hardware support, including {Plug-and-Play}, {DVD},
+	{IEEE-1394} (FireWire), {USB}, {infra-red}, {PCMCIA}, {ACPI},
+	{laptop computers}.
+
+	- Improved user interface, including a single point to control
+	the entire system.
+
+	- Improved management tools, including remote administration.
+
+	Minimum system requirements, according to Microsoft, are
+	{Pentium}-133 {MHz} {CPU}, 64 {MB} {RAM}, 650 {MB} of {hard
+	disk} space.  These are for W2K Professional, others require
+	more.
+
+	Many {operating systems} compete with Windows 2000, including
+	the {Apple} {MacOS}, {Linux}, {FreeBSD}, {OpenBSD}, {NetBSD},
+	{Sun} {Solaris}, {IBM} {AIX}, {Hewlett-Packard} {HP-UX}, {SGI}
+	{Irix}.  Novell's NDS also provides a service similar to
+	Active Directory.
+
+	Windows 2000 will be followed by {Windows XP} Professional and
+	{Windows 2002}.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/windows2000/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {(news:microsoft.public.windows2000)},
+	{(news:comp.os.ms-windows)}.
+
+	(2002-01-28)
+
+Windows/286
+
+	{Windows 2}
+
+Windows 2K
+
+	{Windows 2000}
+
+Windows 3.0
+
+	<operating system> A complete rework of {Microsoft Windows}
+	with many new facilities such as the ability to address memory
+	beyond 640k.  It was released in 1990, and vigorous
+	development of applications by third parties helped Microsoft
+	sell over 10 million copies.
+
+	(1996-07-08)
+
+Windows 3.1
+
+	<operating system> A version of {Microsoft Windows} with many
+	improvements over {Windows 3.0}, including {True Type Fonts},
+	{Object Linking and Embedding} (OLE) and {Mouse Trails} for
+	use with {LCD} Devices.  It also saw the loss of {Real Mode},
+	which meant it would no longer run on {Intel 8086} processors
+	(did anyone ever do this anyway?).
+
+	Sometimes described as "stand-alone Windows", in contrast to
+	{Windows for Workgroups 3.1}.  {Windows 3.11} is a free
+	bug-fix update.  3.1's successors are {Windows 95} and
+	{Windows NT}.
+
+	(1996-07-08)
+
+Windows 3.11
+
+	<operating system> A free minor bug-fix for {Windows 3.1}.
+
+	(1996-07-08)
+
+Windows/386
+
+	<operating system> A version of {Microsoft Windows} released
+	in late 1987.  Windows/386 was basically the same as its
+	predecessor, Windows/286 (as {Windows 2} was renamed), but
+	with the capability to run multiple {MS-DOS} applications
+	simultaneously in {extended memory}.
+
+	(1996-07-08)
+
+Windows 4GL
+
+	<tool, database> (INGRES/Windows 4GL) A graphical tool running
+	on top of a {workstation}'s native {windowing system}, to help
+	developers to build user interfaces to {INGRES} applications.
+
+	(1996-07-09)
+
+Windows 94
+
+	<operating system, humour> A facetious name for {Windows 95},
+	so called because it was originally meant to ship in 1994.
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+Windows 95
+
+	<operating system> (Win95) {Microsoft}'s successor to their
+	{Windows 3.11} {operating system} for {IBM PCs}.  It was known
+	as "Chicago" during development.  Its release was originally
+	scheduled for late 1994 but eventually happened on 11 Jul
+	1995, followed by Service Release 1 on 1995-12-31 and OSR2
+	(OEM Service Release 2) on 1996-08-24.
+
+	In contrast to earlier versions, Windows 95 is a complete
+	operating system rather than a {graphical user interface}
+	running on top of {MS-DOS}.
+
+	It provides {32-bit application} support, {pre-emptive
+	multitasking}, threading and built-in networking ({TCP/IP},
+	{IPX}, {SLIP}, {PPP}, and {Windows Sockets}).  It includes
+	{MS-DOS} 7.0, but takes over completely after booting.  The
+	{graphical user interface}, while similar to previous Windows
+	versions, is significantly improved.
+
+	Windows 95 has also been described as "32-bit extensions and a
+	graphical shell for a 16-bit patch to an 8-bit operating
+	system originally coded for a 4-bit microprocessor, written by
+	a 2-bit company that can't stand 1-bit of competition".
+
+	The successor to Windows 95 was {Windows 98}.
+
+	(1998-07-19)
+
+Windows 98
+
+	<operating system> {Microsoft}'s 1998 update to {Windows 95}
+	that adds:
+
+	* Hardware support for {Universal Serial Bus} (USB).
+
+	* Internet Connection Sharing (IGC) - multiple PCs share a
+	single connection to the Internet.
+
+	* Microsoft {WebTV} for Windows - watch TV on your PC.
+
+	* Support for new graphic, sound, and multimedia formats.
+
+	* {Internet Explorer} release 5.
+
+	* Windows 98 {Service Pack} - {year 2000} updates.
+
+	Windows 98 was followed logically by {Windows ME} but
+	chronologically by {Windows 2000 Professional Edition}.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/windows98)}.
+
+	(2002-01-19)
+
+Windows 9X
+
+	<operating system> A shorthand meaning {Windows 95} or
+	{Windows 98}.
+
+	(2004-03-28)
+
+Windows Application Binary Interface
+
+	<operating system, tool> (WABI) A software package from {Sun
+	Microsystems} to allow certain {Microsoft Windows}
+	applications under the {X Window System}.  Wabi 2.2 runs under
+	{Solaris} on {SPARC}, {Intel}, and {PowerPC}.  Wabi works by
+	providing translated versions of the three core Windows
+	libraries, {user.dll}, {kernel.dll}, and {gdi.dll} which
+	redirect Windows calls to Solaris equivalents.  For code other
+	than core library calls Wabi either executes the instructions
+	directly on the hardware, if it is Intel, or emulates them,
+	either one instruction at a time or by translating a block of
+	instructions and caching the result (e.g. for a loop).
+
+	{WabiServer} allows the Windows application and X display to
+	be on different computers.
+
+	{Overview (http://sun.com/solaris/products/wabi/)}.
+
+	(1997-01-08)
+
+Windows CE
+
+	<operating system> /C E/ A version of the {Microsoft Windows}
+	{operating system} that is being used in a variety of
+	{embedded} products, from {handheld} PCs to specialised
+	industrial {controllers} and consumer electronic devices.
+	Programming for Windows CE is similar to programming for other
+	{Win32} {platforms}.
+
+	Windows CE was developed to be a customisable operating system
+	for embedded {applications}.  Its {kernel} borrows much from
+	other Microsoft {32-bit} operating systems, while eliminating
+	(or replacing) those operating system features that are not
+	needed for typical Windows CE-based applications.  For
+	example, as on {Windows NT}, all applications running on
+	Windows CE run in a fully {preemptive multitasking}
+	environment, in fully {protected memory} spaces.
+
+	The {Win32} (API) for Windows CE is smaller than the Win32 API
+	for the other 32-bit Windows operating systems.  It includes
+	approximately half the interface methods of the Windows NT
+	version of the API.  But the Win32 API for Windows CE also
+	includes features found in no other Microsoft operating
+	system.  The notification API, for example, makes it possible
+	to handle user or application notification events (such as
+	timer events) at the operating-system level, rather than in a
+	running application.  The {touch screen} API and the built-in
+	support for the Windows CE {database} are not found in other
+	Windows operating systems.  The touch screen API makes it easy
+	to manage screen calibration and user interactions for
+	{touch-sensitive displays}, while the database API provides
+	access to a data storage facility.
+
+	{(http://channels.microsoft.com/windowsce/developer/default.htm)}.
+
+	{(http://channels.microsoft.com/windowsce/developer/technical/default.htm)}.
+
+	(1997-12-20)
+
+Windows for Workgroups
+
+	<operating system> (WFW, WFWG) A version of {Windows 3.1}
+	which works with a network.  Although stand-alone 3.1 can be
+	networked, the installation and configuration is much improved
+	with Windows for Workgroups (3.1).  Windows for Workgroups
+	3.11 was a significant upgrade to WFW 3.1, adding 32-bit file
+	access, fax capability and higher performance.
+
+	(1996-07-08)
+
+Windows Hardware Quality Labs
+
+	<body, standard> (WHQL) A {Microsoft} body that produces and
+	supports the {Microsoft} {Hardware Compatibility Test} kit for
+	current Microsoft {operating systems}.  Products are tested
+	with the kit to ensure that they meet Microsoft standards for
+	compatibility with {Windows} and to qualify to use the
+	"Designed for Microsoft Windows" logos.
+
+	{(http://microsoft.com/hwdq/hwtest/)}.
+
+	(2002-11-13)
+
+window shopping
+
+	<jargon> A term used among users of {WIMP} environments like
+	the {X Window System} or the {Macintosh} at the US Geological
+	Survey for extended experimentation with new window colours,
+	{fonts}, and {icon} shapes.  This activity can take up hours
+	of what might otherwise have been productive working time.  "I
+	spent the afternoon window shopping until I found the coolest
+	shade of green for my active window borders --- now they
+	perfectly match my medium slate blue background."  Serious
+	window shoppers will spend their days with bitmap editors,
+	creating new and different icons and background patterns for
+	all to see.  Also: "window dressing", the act of applying new
+	fonts, colours, etc.
+
+	See {fritterware}, compare {macdink}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-07-08)
+
+Windows Internet Naming Service
+
+	<networking> (WINS) Software which resolves {NetBIOS} names to
+	{IP addresses}.
+
+	[Details?]
+
+	(1998-02-14)
+
+Windows Management Interface
+
+	<Microsoft, system management> (WMI) {Microsoft}'s
+	implementation of {Web-Based Enterprise Management}, a {DMTF}
+	initiative to establish standards for accessing and sharing
+	{system management} information over an {enterprise} {network}.
+
+	(2005-02-15)
+
+Windows ME
+
+	{Windows Millennium Edition}
+
+Windows Messaging
+
+	<messaging> {Microsoft}'s {Internet} {electronic mail}
+	application, formerly called {Microsoft Exchange}.
+
+	(1998-07-05)
+
+windows messaging
+
+	<messaging> An {inter-process communication} facility usually
+	provided by vendors of {graphical user interfaces} for
+	{concurrent} {operating systems}, such as {Microsoft}, The {X
+	Consortium} and {Apple}.
+
+	The system software translates hardware {interrupts} from
+	various input devices into messages according to the current
+	input context (e.g. the active {window} of the frontmost
+	{application}).  Each message is a short piece of information.
+	A message's format depends on its type, which is usually
+	encoded in its first field.  The message is sent to the
+	{client} application using some communication {protocol}
+	(e.g. {shared memory}, internal {socket}, network socket).
+	The client application dispatches the message and performs any
+	actions required.  The messages can also be sent by client
+	applications.  This provides convenient and flexible
+	inter-process communication.
+
+	(1998-07-06)
+
+Windows Millennium Edition
+
+	<operating system> (Windows ME) An update of {Microsoft}
+	{Windows 98}, released in 2000.  ME included updates of
+	packaged software and new software such as {Windows Media
+	Player} 7, {Windows Movie Maker}.  It also has an updated
+	{user interface} with new colours and icons, but few major
+	changes.  Windows ME was followed by {Windows XP}.
+
+	(2003-05-13)
+
+Windows NT
+
+	<operating system> (Windows New Technology, NT) {Microsoft}'s
+	32-bit {operating system} developed from what was originally
+	intended to be {OS/2} 3.0 before {Microsoft} and {IBM} ceased
+	joint development of OS/2.  NT was designed for high end
+	{workstations} (Windows NT 3.1), servers (Windows NT 3.1
+	Advanced Server), and corporate networks (NT 4.0 Enterprise
+	Server).  The first release was {Windows NT 3.1}.
+
+	Unlike {Windows 3.1}, which was a graphical environment that
+	ran on top of {MS-DOS}, Windows NT is a complete operating
+	system.  To the user it looks like Windows 3.1, but it has
+	true {multi-threading}, built in networking, security, and
+	{memory protection}.
+
+	It is based on a {microkernel}, with 32-bit addressing for up
+	to 4Gb of {RAM}, virtualised hardware access to fully protect
+	applications, installable file systems, such as {FAT}, {HPFS}
+	and {NTFS}, built-in networking, {multi-processor} support,
+	and {C2 security}.
+
+	NT is also designed to be hardware independent.  Once the
+	machine specific part - the {Hardware Abstraction Layer} (HAL)
+	- has been ported to a particular machine, the rest of the
+	operating system should theorertically compile without
+	alteration.  A version of NT for {DEC}'s {Alpha} machines was
+	planned (September 1993).
+
+	NT needs a fast {386} or equivalent, at least 12MB of {RAM}
+	(preferably 16MB) and at least 75MB of free disk space.
+
+	NT 4.0 was followed by {Windows 2000}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.setup},
+	{news:comp.os.ms-windows.nt.misc}.
+
+	(2002-06-10)
+
+Windows NT 3.1
+
+	<operating system> {Microsoft}'s first version of {Windows
+	NT}, released in September 1993, price UKP 395, after having
+	been in {beta-test} for as long as anyone could remember.
+
+	The person responsible for {VMS} on the {DEC VAX} [who?] was
+	also responsible for Windows NT.  Incrementing each letter in
+	VMS yields WNT.
+
+	{(http://win2000mag.com/Articles/Index.cfm?ArticleID=4494)}.
+
+	(2000-08-12)
+
+Windows NT 3.5
+
+	<operating system> A much improved version of {Microsoft}'s
+	{Windows NT 3.1}.  NT is now (July 1996) supplied as "Windows
+	NT 3.5 Workstation" and "Windows NT 3.5 Server".  It has
+	better {OLE} support, higher performance and requires less
+	memory.
+
+	(1996-07-08)
+
+Windows NT 4
+
+	<operating system> A version of {Microsoft}'s {Windows NT}
+	{operating system}, originally code named "Cairo".  It was
+	supposed to ship in the first half of 1995.  Details are
+	scarce, but it is intended to provide an {object-oriented}
+	version of Windows.
+
+	(1996-07-09)
+
+Windows NT 5
+
+	{Windows 2000}
+
+Windows NT Network Model
+
+	<networking> The network model used by {Windows NT}.  The
+	model has the following layers:
+
+	 User Applications (e.g. Excel)
+	 {APIs}
+	 File System Drivers
+	 {TDI}
+	 Protocols
+	 {NDIS} v4
+	 NDIS Wrapper
+	 NDIS Card Driver
+	 {Network Adapter Card}
+
+	Compare {OSI} seven layer model.
+
+	(1997-11-05)
+
+Windows Open Service Architecture
+
+	<architecture, library, Microsoft> (WOSA) One of the mainstays of
+	{Microsoft Windows}: the ethos of {abstraction} of core
+	{services}.
+
+	For each extension, Windows {Open} Services {Architecture}
+	defines an {API} and an {SPI}, as well as a universal
+	interface (usually placed in a single {DLL}) that both comply
+	to.
+
+	These then {transparent}ly let the {operating system} speak to
+	{device drivers}, {database managers}, and other {low level}
+	entities.
+
+	These extensions include, among others, {ODBC} (called the
+	"crowning jewel of WOSA"), {TAPI}, {WOSA/XFS}, {SAPI} and
+	{MAPI}, and their supporting services, as well as the
+	abstraction of access to {printers}, {modems}, and {networking
+	services}, which run identically over {TCP/IP}, {IPX/SPX}, and
+	{NetBEUI}.
+
+	(2000-08-16)
+
+Windows Registry
+
+	<operating system> The database used by {Microsoft} {Windows
+	95} and later to store all sorts of configuration information
+	such as which program should be used to open a .doc file,
+	{DLL} registration information, application-specific settings
+	and much more.
+
+	The Registry is stored in .dat files, one in the user's
+	profile containing their per-user settings and one in the
+	Windows directory containing settings that are global to all
+	users.  These are loaded into memory at login.
+
+	The loaded data appears as a tree with five main branches:
+	HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, HKEY_CURRENT_USER, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
+	HKEY_USERS, HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG.  HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT defines
+	file types and actions, HKEY_CURRENT_USER is an alias for one
+	of the sub-trees of HKEY_USERS and contains user settings that
+	override the global defaults in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.
+
+	The branches of the tree are called "keys" and are identified
+	by paths like
+	HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion.
+	Any node in the tree can have zero or more "values" which are
+	actually bindings of a name and a value, e.g. "Logon User
+	Name" = "Denis".  The value can be of type string, binary,
+	dword (long integer), multi-string value or expandable string
+	value.
+
+	Windows includes a Registry Editor (regedit.exe).
+
+	(2008-01-20)
+
+Windows sockets
+
+	<networking, standard> (Winsock) A specification for
+	{Microsoft Windows} network software, describing how
+	applications can access network services, especially {TCP/IP}.
+	Winsock is intended to provide a single {API} to which
+	application developers should program and to which multiple
+	network software vendors should conform.  For any particular
+	version of {Microsoft Windows}, it defines a binary interface
+	({ABI}) such that an application written to the Windows
+	Sockets API can work with a conformant {protocol}
+	implementation from any network software vendor.
+
+	Winsock was conceived at Fall Interop '91 during a {Birds of a
+	Feather} session.
+
+	Windows Sockets is supported by {Microsoft Windows}, {Windows
+	for Workgroups}, {Win32s}, {Windows 95} and {Windows NT}.  It
+	will support protocols other than {TCP/IP}.  Under {Windows
+	NT}, {Microsoft} will provide Windows Sockets support over
+	{TCP/IP} and {IPX}/{SPX}.  {DEC} will be implementing
+	{DECNet}.  {Windows NT} will include mechanisms for multiple
+	{protocol} support in Windows Sockets, both 32-bit and 16 bit.
+
+	Mark Towfiq said, "The next rev. of Winsock will not be until
+	toward the end of 1993.  We need 1.1 of the {API} to become
+	firmly settled and implemented first."
+
+	{Windows Sockets API
+	(ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/micro/pc-stuff/ms-windows/winsock)}.
+	or {(ftp://microdyne.com/pub/winsock)} or send a message
+	"help" to either <ftpmail@SunSite.UNC.Edu> or
+	<ftpmail@DECWRL.DEC.Com>.
+
+	{Windows Sockets specification (ftp://rhino.microsoft.com)}.
+
+	Currently NetManage (NEWT), Distinct, FTP and Frontier are
+	shipping Winsock {TCP/IP} stacks, as is {Microsoft} (Windows
+	NT and {TCP/IP} for WFW), Beame & Whiteside Software (v1.1
+	compliant), and Sun PC-NFS.  Windows 95 has "dial-up
+	networking" which supports Winsock and TCP/IP.
+
+	winsock.dll is available from some {TCP/IP} stack vendors.
+	{Novell} has one in beta for their {Lan Workplace} for {DOS}.
+
+	Peter Tattam <peter@psychnet.psychol.utas.edu.au> is
+	alpha-testing a shareware Windows Sockets compliant {TCP/IP}
+	stack {(ftp://ftp.utas.edu.au/pc/trumpet/winsock/winsock.zip)}.
+	and {(ftp://ftp.utas.edu.au/pc/trumpet/winsock/winpkt.com)}.
+
+	{The Consummate Winsock App List
+	(http://wwwvms.utexas.edu/~Neuroses/cwsapps.html)}.
+
+	[Adapted from: Aboba, Bernard D., comp.protocols.tcp-ip.ibmpc
+	Frequently Asked Questions, 1993 {Usenet}: {news:news.answers},
+	{(ftp://netcom1.netcom.com/pub/mailcom/IBMTCP/)}].
+
+	[Current status?]
+
+	(1996-06-20)
+
+Windows XP
+
+	<operating system> The version of the {Microsoft Windows}
+	{operating system} that, when it was released on 2001-10-25,
+	finally merged the {Windows 95} - {Windows ME} strain with the
+	{Windows NT} - {Windows 2000} one.  XP comes in two main
+	versions: {Windows XP Professional Edition} and a simplified
+	subset for home users, {Windows XP Home Edition}.
+
+	{Windows XP home page (http://microsoft.com/windowsxp/)}.
+
+	(2009-08-12)
+
+Windows XP Pro
+
+	{Windows XP Professional Edition}
+
+Windows XP Professional Edition
+
+	<operating system> ("Windows XP Pro", "XP Pro") The version of
+	{Microsoft}'s {Windows XP} {operating system} intended for
+	businesses and advanced users.  The alternative, {Windows XP
+	Home Edition}, is a subset of Pro without {Remote Desktop},
+	{Multi-processor support}, {Automated System Recovery},
+	{Dynamic Disk Support}, {Fax}, {Internet Information
+	Services}, {Encrypting File System}, {File-level access
+	control}, {Active Directory}, {Group Policy}, {IntelliMirror},
+	{Roaming profiles} and other features.
+
+	{Pro-Home Comparison
+	(http://www.winsupersite.com/showcase/windowsxp_home_pro.asp)}.
+
+	(2009-08-12)
+
+window system
+
+	Software which allows a {workstation}'s screen to be divided
+	into rectangular areas which act like a separate input/output
+	devices under the control of different {application} programs.
+	This gives the user the ability to see the output of several
+	processes at once and to choose which one will receive input
+	by selecting its window, usually by pointing at it with a
+	{mouse}.
+
+	Examples are the {X Window System}, and proprietary systems on
+	the {Macintosh} and {NeXT}, {NeWS} on {Suns} and {RISC OS} on
+	the {Archimedes}.  See also {WIMP}.
+
+Windoze
+
+	{Microsloth Windows}
+
+Wind River Systems
+
+	<company> A company founded in 1981, now a world leader in
+	{embedded systems}, providing {real-time operating systems}
+	and development tools.  Wind River's development tools enable
+	customers to standardise designs across projects and quickly
+	develop feature-rich products.
+
+	Wind River Systems employs over 500 people worldwide (1998).
+	Service and support is provided through its U.S. headquarters
+	and overseas operations in the U.K., France, Germany,
+	Scandinavia and Japan.
+
+	{(http://wrs.com/)}.
+
+	Address: Alameda, California, USA.
+
+	(1998-11-06)
+
+winged comments
+
+	<programming> {Comments} set on the same line as code, as
+	opposed to {boxed comments}.
+
+	In {C}, for example:
+
+		d = sqrt(x*x + y*y);  /* distance from origin */
+
+	Generally these refer only to the action(s) taken on that
+	line.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-21)
+
+winkey
+
+	<chat> winkey face.
+
+	See {emoticon}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-09-08)
+
+WinMaker Pro
+
+	{RoboDemo}
+
+WINS
+
+	{Windows Internet Naming Service}
+
+Winsock
+
+	{Windows sockets}
+
+WinSoft Products Ltd
+
+	<company> The company which produces {EMBLA Pro}.
+
+	{(http://ftech.co.uk/~winsoft)}.
+
+	E-mail: WinSoft Products Ltd <info@winsoft.ftech.co.uk>
+
+	(1996-03-11)
+
+wintel
+
+	<jargon, architecture> A term describing any computer
+	{platform} consisting of some version of {Microsoft Windows}
+	running on an {Intel 80x86} processor or compatible.
+
+	Despite the dominance of the wintel platform, in its many
+	forms, from {MS-DOS} on an {Intel 8088} to {Windows 2000} on a
+	{Pentium II Xeon}, there are many "non-wintel" {platforms} in
+	use.  These include {Acorn}, {Amiga}, {Apple}, {ARM}, {Atari},
+	{A\Box}, {Be}, {Network Computer}, {OS/2}, {PowerPC}, {Psion},
+	{Linux} and all other {Unix} systems.
+
+	{Convergence International (http://convergence.org/)}.
+
+	(1999-09-15)
+
+WINZIP
+
+	<tool> A {Microsoft Windows} {archiving} and {compression}
+	program, distributed by Nico Mak Computing, Inc.  WINZIP has a
+	{graphical user interface} {front end} and is compatible with
+	{PKZIP}.  WINZIP can be obtained as {shareware}, on
+	evaluation, or as a licenced copy.  It is much easier to use
+	then PKZIP for DOS, and includes a helpful, help file.
+
+	{(http://winzip.com/)}.
+
+	(2000-02-27)
+
+wired
+
+	{hard-wired}
+
+wirehead
+
+	<jargon> /wi:r'hed/ (Probably from SF slang for an electrical
+	brain-stimulation addict) 1. A hardware hacker, especially one
+	who concentrates on communications hardware.
+
+	2. An expert in {local-area networks}.  A wirehead can be a
+	network software wizard too, but will always have the ability
+	to deal with network hardware, down to the smallest component.
+	Wireheads are known for their ability to lash up an {Ethernet}
+	{terminator} from spare resistors, for example.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-28)
+
+wireless
+
+	<networking> A term describing a computer {network} where
+	there is no physical connection (either copper cable or {fibre
+	optics}) between sender and receiver, but instead they are
+	connected by radio.
+
+	Applications for wireless networks include multi-party
+	{teleconferencing}, distributed work sessions, {personal
+	digital assistants}, and electronic newspapers.  They include
+	the transmission of voice, video, {images}, and data, each
+	traffic type with possibly differing {bandwidth} and
+	quality-of-service requirements.  The wireless network
+	components of a complete source-destination path requires
+	consideration of mobility, {hand-off}, and varying
+	transmission and {bandwidth} conditions.  The wired/wireless
+	network combination provides a severe bandwidth mismatch, as
+	well as vastly different error conditions.  The processing
+	capability of fixed vs. mobile terminals may be expected to
+	differ significantly.  This then leads to such issues to be
+	addressed in this environment as {admission control},
+	{capacity assignment} and {hand-off} control in the wireless
+	domain, flow and error control over the complete end-to-end
+	path, dynamic bandwidth control to accommodate bandwidth
+	mismatch and/or varying processing capability.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup {news:comp.std.wireless}.
+
+	(1995-02-27)
+
+Wireless Application Protocol
+
+	<protocol, standard> (WAP) An open international {standard}
+	for applications that use {wireless} communication,
+	e.g. {Internet} access from a mobile phone.
+
+	The official body developing WAP is the {WAP Forum}.
+
+	{(http://wapforum.org/)}.
+
+	{Technical data (http://wapforum.org/what/technical.htm)}.
+
+	[More detailed summary?]
+
+	(2000-02-10)
+
+wireless bitmap
+
+	<graphics, file format> (WBMP) A {bitmap} for display on a
+	{WAP} mobile phone.
+
+	Currently (2001) the only type of WBMP file defined is a
+	simple black-and-white {image} file with one {bit} per {pixel}
+	and no {compression}.
+
+	[{WAP Forum (http://wapforum.org/)}, "WAP-190-WAE-Spec" or
+	"Wireless Application Protocol, Wireless Application
+	Environment Specification"].
+
+	(2001-05-23)
+
+wireless hotspot
+
+	<networking> A public place where you can connect to a
+	{wireless local area network}, usually by paying.
+
+	(2009-05-28)
+
+wireless local area network
+
+	<networking> (WLAN /W-lan/, or "LAWN" /lorn/, sometimes
+	"WiLAN" /wi-lan/) A communication system that transmits and
+	receives data using modulated electromagnetic waves,
+	implemented as an extension to, or as an alternative for, a
+	{wired} {LAN}.  WLANs are typically found within a small
+	{client} {node}-dense locale (e.g. a campus or office
+	building), or anywhere a traditional network cannot be
+	deployed for logistical reasons.
+
+	Benefits include user mobility in the coverage area, speed and
+	simplicity of physical setup, and {scalability}.  Being a
+	military spin-off, WLANs also provide security features such
+	as {encryption}, {frequency hopping}, and {firewalls}.  Some
+	of these are intrinsic to the {protocol}, making WLANs at
+	least as secure as wired networks, and usually more so.  The
+	drawbacks are high initial cost (mostly {hardware}), limited
+	range, possibility of mutual interference, amd the need to
+	security-enable clients.
+
+	The established protocols are covered by {IEEE 802.11
+	(http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/)}.  Recent developments
+	include the {Bluetooth} project and other WPAN, or {Personal
+	Area Network} initiatives, accessible through {IEEE 802.15
+	working group (http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/)}.
+
+	{Wireless Lan Association (http://wlana.org/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.dcom.lans.misc},
+	{news:comp.std.wireless}.
+
+	(2003-09-23)
+
+Wireless Local Loop
+
+	<communications> (WLL, radio in the loop, RITL, fixed-radio
+	access, FRA) Connecting subscribers to the {public switched
+	telephone network} (PSTN) using radio signals instead of
+	copper wires.  The wireless link may be all or part of the
+	connection between the subscriber and the switch.  WLL
+	includes cordless access systems, proprietary fixed radio
+	access and fixed cellular systems.
+
+	(2008-03-15)
+
+Wireless Transport Layer Security
+
+	<standard, security> (WTLS) The {WAP} {standard} related to
+	security.  WTLS is based upon its {TCP/IP} counterpart,
+	{Secure Sockets Layer}.
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(2003-06-17)
+
+wirewater
+
+	<jargon> {programming fluid}.  This melds the mainstream slang
+	adjective "wired" (stimulated, up, hyperactive) with
+	"firewater"; however, it refers to caffeinacious rather than
+	alcoholic beverages.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-02-27)
+
+WISCII
+
+	<character, data> A version of {ASCII} used by {Wang} on their
+	{personal computers} and {mini computers} in the 1980s.
+	WISCII was used on the {Wang PC}, {APC}, {OIS}, {Alliance} and
+	{VS}.  The 7-bit characters were the same as ASCII, but the
+	extended 8-bit characters were Wang-specific.
+
+	(2008-05-28)
+
+wish list
+
+	<jargon> A list of desired {features} or {bug fixes} that
+	probably won't get done for a long time, usually because the
+	person responsible for the code is too busy or can't think of
+	a clean way to do it.  "OK, I'll add automatic filename
+	completion to the wish list for the new interface."
+
+	Compare {tick-list features}.
+
+	[Does anybody call this a "want list"?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-04-28)
+
+Wisp
+
+	["An Experiment with a Self-Compiling Compiler for a Simple
+	List-Processing Language", M.V. Wilkes, Ann Rev Automatic
+	Programming 4:1-48.  (1964)].
+
+within delta of
+
+	{delta}
+
+within epsilon of
+
+	{epsilon}
+
+wizard
+
+	1. A person who knows how a complex piece of software or
+	hardware works (that is, who {groks} it); especially someone
+	who can find and fix bugs quickly in an emergency.  Someone is
+	a {hacker} if he or she has general hacking ability, but is a
+	wizard with respect to something only if he or she has
+	specific detailed knowledge of that thing.  A good hacker
+	could become a wizard for something given the time to study
+	it.
+
+	2. A person who is permitted to do things forbidden to
+	ordinary people; one who has {wheel} privileges on a system.
+
+	3. A Unix expert, especially a Unix systems programmer.  This
+	usage is well enough established that "Unix Wizard" is a
+	recognised job title at some corporations and to most
+	headhunters.
+
+	See {guru}, {lord high fixer}.  See also {deep magic}, {heavy
+	wizardry}, {incantation}, {magic}, {mutter}, {rain dance},
+	{voodoo programming}, {wave a dead chicken}.
+
+	4. An interactive help utility that guides the user through a
+	potentially complex task, such as configuring a {PPP} driver
+	to work with a new {modem}.  Wizards are often implemented as
+	a sequence of {dialog boxes} which the user can move forward
+	and backward through, filling in the details required.  The
+	implication is that the expertise of a human wizard in one of
+	the above senses is encapsulated in the software wizard,
+	allowing the average user to perform expertly.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-09-07)
+
+Wizard Book
+
+	<publication> {Hal Abelson}, {Gerald Sussman} and Julie
+	Sussman's "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs"
+	(MIT Press, 1984; ISBN 0-262-01077-1), an excellent computer
+	science text used in introductory courses at MIT.  So called
+	because of the wizard on the jacket.  One of the {bibles} of
+	the LISP/Scheme world.  Also, less commonly, known as the
+	{Purple Book}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-10)
+
+wizardly
+
+	Pertaining to wizards.  A wizardly {feature} is one that only
+	a wizard could understand or use properly.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+wizard mode
+
+	<games> [{rogue}] A special access mode of a program or
+	system, usually password protected, that permits some users
+	godlike privileges.  Generally not used for {operating
+	systems} themselves ("root mode" or "wheel mode" would be used
+	instead).  This term is often used with respect to games that
+	have editable state.
+
+WizDOM
+
+	Software for distributed {Unix} {system management} from
+	{TIVOLI Systems} of Austin, Texas, USA.
+
+	(1995-02-10)
+
+wk1
+
+	<filename extension> (worksheet) The {filename extension} used
+	by early versions of the {Lotus 1-2-3} {spreadsheet} program
+	including release 2.01 (1987).  All files created by the user
+	are given this extension.
+
+	(1995-11-28)
+
+WLAN
+
+	{wireless local area network}
+
+WLL
+
+	{Wireless Local Loop}
+
+WMA
+
+	{Windows Media Audio}
+
+wmf
+
+	<filename extension> The {filename extension} for a {Windows
+	Metafile}.
+
+	(1995-04-25)
+
+WMI
+
+	{Windows Management Interface}
+
+WML
+
+	{Wireless Markup Language}
+
+WMV
+
+	{Windows Media Video}
+
+WNPP
+
+	{Work Needed and Prospective Packages}
+
+WO
+
+	{WebObjects}
+
+Wolfram Research, Inc.
+
+	<company> The company founded by Stephen Wolfram in August
+	1987 to develop {Mathematica} which was released in June 1988
+	for the {Macintosh} and is now available on over 20
+	{platforms}.  The company has offices in the United Kingdom
+	and Tokyo, Japan.
+
+	{(http://wri.com/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <info@wri.com>.
+
+	(1995-02-10)
+
+WOM
+
+	{write-only memory}
+
+woman
+
+	<tool> A replacement for the {Unix} {man} {documentation}
+	browsing command.  Version 1.157 of woman runs under/on
+	{386BSD}, {OSF}, {Apollo} {Domain/OS}, {BSD}, {HP-UX}, {IBM}
+	{RS-6000}, {Irix}, {Linux}, {Solaris}, {Sony} {NEWS}, {SunOS},
+	{Ultrix}, {Unicos}.
+
+	Posted to comp.sources.reviewed Volume 3, Issue 50 on 05 Jul
+	1993 by Arne Henrik Juul <arnej@pvv.unit.no>, archive-name
+	woman-1.157.
+
+	{FTP USC, USA
+	(ftp://usc.edu/archive/usenet/sources/comp.sources.reviewed/volume3/woman-1.157/)}.
+	{FTP Imperial, UK
+	(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/comp.sources.reviewed/volume3/woman-1.157/)}.
+
+	(1995-03-21)
+
+WOMBAT
+
+	Waste Of Money, Brains, And Time.
+
+	Problems which are both profoundly {uninteresting} in
+	themselves and unlikely to benefit anyone interesting even if
+	solved.  Often used in fanciful constructions such as
+	"wrestling with a wombat".
+
+	See also {crawling horror}, {SMOP}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+wombat
+
+	1. <programming> A {metasyntactic variable} in {Commonwealth
+	Hackish}.
+
+	2. <computer> {wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-10)
+
+wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk
+
+	<computer> (Named after the Australian marsupial, vombatus
+	ursinus).  The {Internet} {host} from which {this dictionary}
+	was originally served.  {IP address} 146.169.22.42.
+	Formerly a {SPARCstation ELC}.  Kindly provided by the
+	Computing Department, {Imperial College}, London.  Replaced by
+	foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk (a {Linux} box}) in June 1999.  Alias
+	foldoc.org added 2000-07-18, courtesy of Karl O. Pinc.
+
+	(2000-10-09)
+
+Woodenman
+
+	HOLWG, DoD, 1975.  Second of the series of DoD requirements
+	that led to Ada.  "Woodenman Set of Criteria and Needed
+	Characteristics for a Common DoD High Order Programming
+	Language", David A. Fisher, Inst for Def Anal Working Paper,
+	Aug 1975.  (See Strawman, Tinman, Ironman, Steelman).
+
+woofer
+
+	<jargon> (University of Waterloo) Some varieties of wide paper
+	for printers have a perforation 8.5 inches from the left
+	margin that allows the 3.5 inch excess on the right-hand side
+	to be torn off when the print format is 80 columns or less
+	wide.  If done with sufficient aplomb this makes a sound like
+	the "woof" of a dog.  If the large part is the "woofer" then
+	the small part must obviously be the "tweeter", following the
+	names for the large and small cones in a hi-fi loudspeaker.
+
+	These terms have been in use at Waterloo since 1972, but are
+	unknown elsewhere.
+
+	Compare {chad}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-03-21)
+
+WOOL
+
+	Window Object Oriented Language.  A small {Common Lisp}-like
+	extension language.  It claims to be the fastest interpreted
+	language in {C} with {run-time types}.  Colas Nahaboo
+	<colas@sophia.inria.fr>.  Version 1 is used as the kernel
+	language of the {GWM} window manager.  Version 2 has an object
+	system.
+
+	{(ftp://export.lcs.mit.edu/contrib/gwm)}.
+
+Worcester Polytechnic Institute
+
+	(WPI) A well-regarded, small engineering college.
+
+	Address: Worcester, MA, USA.
+
+	(1995-03-01)
+
+Word
+
+	{Microsoft Word}
+
+word
+
+	<storage> A fundamental unit of storage in a computer.  The
+	size of a word in a particular computer architecture is one of
+	its chief distinguishing characteristics.
+
+	The size of a word is usually the same as the width of the
+	computer's {data bus} so it is possible to read or write a
+	word in a single operation.  An instruction is usually one or
+	more words long and a word can be used to hold a whole number
+	of characters.  These days, this nearly always means a whole
+	number of {bytes} (eight bits), most often 32 or 64 bits.  In
+	the past when six bit {character sets} were used, a word might
+	be a multiple of six bits, e.g. 24 bits (four characters) in
+	the {ICL 1900} series.
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Word for Windows
+
+	<text, tool, product> The version of {Microsoft Word} which
+	runs under {Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	Version 6.0.
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+WordNet
+
+	<human language> A large {lexical} database of English,
+	developed under the direction of George A. Miller.  Nouns,
+	verbs, adjectives and adverbs are grouped into sets of
+	{cognitive synonyms} ("synsets"), each expressing a distinct
+	concept.  Synsets are interlinked by means of
+	conceptual-{semantic} and lexical relations.  The resulting
+	network of words and concepts can be navigated with the
+	browser.  WordNet is freely available for download.  WordNet's
+	structure makes it a useful tool for {computational
+	linguistics} and {natural language processing}.
+
+	{WordNet home (http://wordnet.princeton.edu/)}.
+
+	(2007-04-20)
+
+WordPerfect
+
+	1. <text, tool, product> A {word processor} for a wide range
+	of computers.  The first version was sold in 1980 for {Data
+	General} machines, and by the end of 1993 versions were on
+	sale for {MS-DOS}, {Microsoft Windows} and {Macintosh}
+	computers.  WordPerfect 6.0 for {Unix} was scheduled for
+	introduction in May 1994.
+
+	Versions: WordPerfect 6.1 for Windows, WordPerfect 3.1 for
+	Macintosh/Power Macintosh, WordPerfect 6.0 for UNIX,
+	WordPerfect 6.0 for DOS, WordPerfect 7.0 for {Windows 95}.
+
+	[Distinguishing features?]
+
+	{(http://corel.com/products/wordperfect/)}.
+
+	2. {WordPerfect Corporation}.
+
+	(1995-07-05)
+
+WordPerfect Corporation
+
+	<company> The original developers of the {WordPerfect} {word
+	processor} and a variety of other {applications} for {personal
+	computers}.  WordPerfect was founded in Provo, Utah, USA in
+	1979 by Alan Ashton and Bruce Bastion as "Satellite Software
+	International".  The company name was changed to Wordperfect
+	Corporation in 1986.  The company was bought by {Novell, Inc.}
+	in 1994, who then sold it to {Corel Corporation} in 1996.
+
+	(1997-03-12)
+
+word processing
+
+	{word processor}
+
+word processor
+
+	<text, tool> A program used to create and print (chiefly
+	textual) documents that might otherwise be prepared on a
+	typewriter.  The key advantage of word processor is its
+	ability to make changes easily, such as correcting spelling,
+	changing margins, or adding, deleting, and relocating entire
+	blocks of text.  Once created, the document can be printed
+	quickly and accurately and saved for later modifications.
+
+	Today most popular word processors, such as {Microsoft Word},
+	offer a much greater range of facilities than the first such
+	programs.
+
+	Compare {text editor}.
+
+	(1995-04-14)
+
+word size
+
+	<processor> The number of bits that a {CPU} can process at one
+	time.  Processors with many different word sizes have existed
+	though powers of two (8, 16, 32, 64) have predominated for
+	many years.  A processor's word size is often equal to the
+	width of its external data bus though sometimes the bus is
+	made narrower than the CPU (often half as many bits) to
+	economise on packaging and circuit board costs.
+
+	(1995-04-23)
+
+word spamming
+
+	<web, information science> Repeating a word many
+	times in a {web page}, in a (usually futile) attempt to
+	increase its {relevance} ranking in a {search engine}'s index
+	(to "{spam}" the index).
+
+	"Repeating a word over and over in a Web page (known as word
+	spamming) has no effect on the [page's] ranking [in the
+	index]."  -- {Altavista FAQ
+	(http://altavista.digital.com/cgi-bin/query?pg=tmpl&v=faq.html)}.
+
+	See also {spamdex}.
+
+	(1997-04-09)
+
+WordTech
+
+	<company> Manufacturers of {Quicksilver}.
+
+	Address: Orinda, CA, USA.
+
+	(1995-05-11)
+
+word wrap
+
+	<text> A feature of {word processors} and most {text editors}
+	where a word which would extend past the right hand margin is
+	moved to the following line.  This is more sophisticated than
+	character wrap which only moves to the next line for the first
+	character past the right margin and thus will break some words
+	in the middle.  The program may actually insert a new line in
+	the text at the point where it is wrapped or it may only
+	display it as though it contained a new line at that point.
+
+	(1996-07-24)
+
+workaround
+
+	<jargon, programming> A temporary {kluge} used to bypass, mask
+	or otherwise avoid a {bug} or {misfeature} in some system.
+	Customers often find themselves living with workarounds for
+	long periods of time rather than getting a {bug fix}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-06-25)
+
+Work Breakdown Structure
+
+	<project> (WBS) A division of a project into tasks and
+	subtasks.  The tasks are numbered to indicate their
+	relationship to each other.  WBSs are indespensible for
+	project planning, particularly when estimating time and
+	resource requirements.  Some industries use established work
+	breakdown structure systems for billing and reporting
+	purposes.
+
+	(2001-05-09)
+
+workflow
+
+	1. <operating system> The {scheduling} of independent jobs on
+	a computer.
+
+	See also {time-sharing}, {WFL}.
+
+	2. <job> The set of relationships between all the activities
+	in a project, from start to finish.  Activities are related by
+	different types of trigger relation.  Activities may be
+	triggered by external events or by other activities.
+
+	3. The movement of documents around an organisation for
+	purposes including sign-off, evaluation, performing activities
+	in a process and co-writing.
+
+	[Stef Joosten et.al. "An empirical study about the practice of
+	workflow management", {WA-12} report, 1994].
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+Workflow Management Coalition
+
+	<body> (WfMc) A non-profit, international organisation of
+	{workflow} vendors, users, and analysts committed to
+	establishing {standards} for {workflow} terminology,
+	{interoperability}, and connectivity.
+
+	WfMC was founded in 1993 and now (1999) has over 130 members.
+
+	{(http://aiim.org/wfmc)}.
+
+	(1999-08-01)
+
+workgroup
+
+	{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}
+
+working as designed
+
+	<jargon> (IBM) Conforming to a wrong or inappropriate
+	specification; useful, but misdesigned.  Frequently used as a
+	sardonic comment on a program's utility or as a bogus reason
+	for not accepting a criticism or suggestion.  At {IBM}, this
+	sense is used in official documents!
+
+	See {BAD}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+working memory
+
+	<storage, architecture> The parts of {main memory} ({RAM})
+	currently in use.
+
+	In a {production system}, working memory contains the facts,
+	both initial and generated.
+
+	(2005-06-17)
+
+working set
+
+	<architecture> The set of all pages (in a {paging} {virtual
+	memory} system) used by a {process} during some time interval.
+
+	As a result of {locality of reference}, the working set
+	frequently consists of a relatively small fraction of a
+	process's total virtual memory pages.  While a process's
+	entire working set is in {physical memory} the process will
+	run without {page faults}.  If the working set is too large
+	for available physical memory, the process causes frequent
+	{page faults}.
+
+	In a {multitasking} environment, information about which pages
+	are in each process's working set allows the memory management
+	system to improve {CPU} efficiency by {prepaging} (also called
+	the {working set model}).
+
+	["Modern Operating Systems", Andrew S. Tanenbaum, pub.
+	Prentice Hall, Inc.  1992].
+
+	(1997-04-09)
+
+working set model
+
+	{prepaging}
+
+Work Needed and Prospective Packages
+
+	<Debian> (WNPP) A document, maintained on the {Debian} {web
+	site} {here (http://debian.org/devel/wnpp/)}, providing a
+	current list of packages which are either orphaned (withdrawn
+	from distribution), maintained but its developer would like to
+	find a new person, currently being worked on to include in the
+	distribution, or good ideas with no one working on them.
+
+	WNPP is also a pseudo package on the Debian Bug Tracking
+	System.  Developers update the WNPP document by filing,
+	modifying or closing bugs agains the psuedo package.
+
+	(2000-09-06)
+
+work path
+
+	<graphics> In {Adobe Photoshop}, a temporary {path} that
+	appears in the Paths palette and defines the outline of a
+	shape.
+
+	(2009-03-02)
+
+worksheet
+
+	{spreadsheet}
+
+workstation
+
+	<computer> A general-purpose computer designed to be used by
+	one person at a time and which offers higher performance than
+	normally found in a {personal computer}, especially with
+	respect to graphics, processing power and the ability to carry
+	out several tasks at the same time.
+
+	(1995-05-04)
+
+World Time
+
+	{Coordinated Universal Time}
+
+World-Wide Wait
+
+	<humour> A pejorative expansion of {WWW} reflecting on the
+	slowness of some network connections and sites.
+
+	(1997-03-30)
+
+World-Wide Web
+
+	<web, networking, hypertext> (WWW, W3, The Web) An {Internet}
+	{client-server} {hypertext} distributed information retrieval
+	system.
+
+	Basically, the web consists of documents or {web pages} in {HTML}
+	format (a kind of {hypertext}), each of which has a unique {URL}
+	or "web address".  {Links} in a page are URLs of other pages which
+	may be part of the same {website} or a page on another site on a
+	different {web server} anywhere on the {Internet}.
+
+	As well as HTML pages, a URL may refer to an image, some code
+	({JavaScript} or {Java}), {CSS}, a {video} stream or other kind of
+	object.  The vast majority of URLs start with "http://",
+	indicating that the page needs to be fetched using the {HTTP}
+	{protocol}.  Other possibile "schemes" are {HTTPS}, which
+	{encrypts} the request and the resulting page or {FTP}, the
+	original protocol for transferring files over the Internet.
+	{RTSP} is a {streaming protocol} that allow a continuous feed of
+	{audio} or {video} from the server to the browser.  {Gopher} was a
+	predecessor of HTTP and {Telnet} starts an {interactive}
+	{command-line} session with a remote server.
+
+	The web is accessed using a {client} program known as a {web
+	browser} that runs on the user's computer. The browser fetches and
+	displays pages and allows the user to follow {links} by clicking
+	on them (or similar action) and to input queries to the server.  A
+	variety of browsers are freely available, e.g. {Internet
+	Explorer}, {Google Chrome}, {Safari}.  Early examples were {NCSA}
+	{Mosaic} and {Netscape} {Navigator}.
+
+	Queries can be entered into "forms" which allow the user to enter
+	arbitrary text and select options from customisable menus and
+	other controls.  The server processes each request - either a
+	simple URL or data from a form - and returns a response, typically
+	a page of HTML.
+
+	The World-Wide Web originated from the {CERN} High-Energy Physics
+	laboratories in Geneva, Switzerland.  In the early 1990s, the
+	developers at CERN spread word of the Web's capabilities to
+	scientific and academic audiences worldwide.  By September 1993,
+	the share of Web traffic traversing the {NSFNET} {Internet}
+	{backbone} reached 75 {gigabytes} per month or one percent.  By
+	July 1994 it was one {terabyte} per month.
+
+	The {World Wide Web Consortium} is the main standards body for
+	the web.
+
+	Following the widespread availability of web browsers and servers
+	from about 1995, many companies realised they could use the same
+	software and protocols on their own private internal {TCP/IP}
+	networks giving rise to the term "{intranet}".
+
+	{This dictionary} is accessible via the Web at
+	{(http://foldoc.org/)}.  If you are reading a plain text version
+	of this dictionary then you will see lots of curly brackets and
+	strings like
+
+		{(http://hostname/here/there/page.html)}.
+
+	These are transformed into hypertext links when you access it
+	via the Web.
+
+	{An article by John December
+	(http://sunsite.unc.edu/cmc/mag/1994/oct/webip.html)}.
+
+	{W3 servers, clients and tools (http://w3.org/Status.html)}.
+
+	(2014-08-23)
+
+World Wide Web Consortium
+
+	<web, body> (W3C) The main standards body for the
+	{web}.  W3C works with the global community to
+	establish international {standards} for {client} and {server}
+	{protocols} that enable on-line commerce and communications on
+	the {Internet}.  It also produces reference software.
+
+	W3C was created by the {Massachusetts Institute of Technology}
+	(MIT) on 25 October 1994.  {Netscape Communications
+	Corporation} was a founding member.  The Consortium is run by
+	{MIT LCS} and {INRIA}, in collaboration with {CERN} where the
+	web originated.  W3C is funded by industrial members but its
+	products are freely available to all.  The director is Tim
+	Berners-Lee who invented the {web} at the Center
+	for European Particle Research (CERN).
+
+	{(http://w3.org/)}.
+
+	(1996-11-03)
+
+World Wide Web Worm
+
+	<web> (WWWW) One of the first automatic indexing tools for the
+	{web}, being developed in September 1994 by Oliver McBryan
+	<mcbryan@cs.colorado.edu> at the {University of Colorado}.  The
+	worm created a database of 300,000 {multimedia} objects which can
+	be obtained or searched for keywords via the web.
+
+	{(http://cs.colorado.edu/home/mcbryan/WWWW.html)}.
+
+	(1996-05-19)
+
+WORM
+
+	{Write-Once Read-Many}
+
+worm
+
+	<networking, security> (From "Tapeworm" in John Brunner's
+	novel "The Shockwave Rider", via {XEROX PARC}) A program that
+	propagates itself over a network, reproducing itself as it
+	goes.  Compare {virus}.  Nowadays the term has negative
+	connotations, as it is assumed that only {crackers} write
+	worms.
+
+	Perhaps the best-known example was the {Great Worm}.
+
+	Compare {Trojan horse}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-09-17)
+
+wormhole
+
+	{back door}
+
+wormhole routing
+
+	<messaging> A property of a {message passing} system in which
+	each part of a message is transmitted independently and one
+	part can be forwarded to the next {node} before the whole
+	message has been received.  All parts of a single message
+	follow the same route.
+
+	The independent parts are normally small, e.g. one 32-bit
+	word.  This reduces the {latency} and the storage requirements
+	on each node when compared with {message switching} where a
+	node receives the whole message before it starts to forward it
+	to the next node.  It is more complex than message switching
+	because each node must keep track of the messages currently
+	flowing through it.
+
+	With {cut-through switching}, wormhole routing is applied to
+	{packets} in a {packet switching} system so that forwarding of
+	a packet starts as soon as its destination is known, before
+	the whole packet had arrived.
+
+	(2003-05-15)
+
+WOSA
+
+	{Windows Open Services Architecture}
+
+WOSA Extensions for Financial Systems
+
+	{Extensions for Financial Services}
+
+WOSA/XFS
+
+	{Extensions for Financial Services}
+
+wound around the axle
+
+	{infinite loop}
+
+WPA
+
+	{Wi-Fi Protected Access}
+
+WPA Pre-Shared Key
+
+	{Wi-Fi Protected Access Pre-Shared Key}
+
+WPA-PSK
+
+	{Wi-Fi Protected Access Pre-Shared Key}
+
+WPG
+
+	{Workstation Products Group}
+
+WPI
+
+	{Worcester Polytechnic Institute}
+
+WPL+
+
+	Word-oriented language internal to PRODOS Applewriter 2.1.
+	Available on GEnie.
+
+WPOP
+
+	WonderPop.  Robert Rae <rhr@aiai.ed.ac.uk>, Edinburgh 1976.
+	An implementation of POP for the PDP-10 that used cages for
+	different data types.  Introduced processes, properties, and
+	some typed identifiers.
+
+wps
+
+	<unit> (Obsolete) Words per second (mostly used for {Telex}
+	and {TWX} transmission).
+
+	(1997-01-07)
+
+WRAM
+
+	{Window Random Access Memory}
+
+wrap around
+
+	(Or "wraparound", "wrap") The action of a counter that starts
+	again at zero or at "minus infinity" (see {infinity}) after
+	its maximum value has been reached, and continues
+	incrementing, either because it is programmed to do so or
+	because of an overflow (as when a car's odometer starts again
+	at 0).
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+wrapper
+
+	<programming> Code which is combined with another piece of
+	{code} to determine how that code is executed.  The wrapper
+	acts as an interface between its caller and the wrapped code.
+	This may be done for compatibility, e.g. if the wrapped code
+	is in a different programming language or uses different
+	calling conventions, or for security, e.g. to prevent the
+	calling program from executing certain functions.  The
+	implication is that the wrapped code can only be accessed via
+	the wrapper.
+
+	(1998-12-15)
+
+wrats nest
+
+	<hardware, jargon> (From "wrap" and "rats nest") A
+	{wire-wrapping} defect where all of the wire piles up around
+	the bottom of the post instead of wrapping smoothly around it.
+	It looks like a little bird nest.
+
+	(1997-03-18)
+
+wrb
+
+	{Web Request Broker}
+
+write
+
+	1. <chat> {Unix}'s simple {talk} command and {protocol}.
+	write has been largely superseded by {talk} and then {irc}.
+
+	An enhancement, {RWP}, has been proposed.
+
+	2. <tool> A simple {text editor} for {Windows}.
+
+	(1998-04-28)
+
+WRITEACOURSE
+
+	<language> A {CAI} language for {IBM 360}.
+
+	["WRITEACOURSE: An Educational Programming Language", E. Hunt
+	et al, Proc FJCC 33(2) 1968].
+
+	(1998-04-28)
+
+write-back
+
+	<memory management> A {cache} architecture in which data is
+	only written to main memory when it is forced out of the
+	cache.
+
+	Opposite of {write-through}.  See also {no-write allocation}.
+
+	(1996-06-12)
+
+write buffer
+
+	{buffered write-through}
+
+Write-Once Read-Many
+
+	<storage> (WORM) Any type of storage medium to which data can
+	be written to only a single time, but can be read from any
+	number of times.  Typically this is an {optical disk} whose
+	surface is permanently etched using a laser in order to record
+	information.  WORM media have a significantly longer shelf
+	life than magnetic media and thus are used when data must be
+	preserved for a long time.
+
+	(1996-04-01)
+
+write-only code
+
+	[a play on "read-only memory"] Code so arcane, complex, or
+	ill-structured that it cannot be modified or even comprehended
+	by anyone but its author, and possibly not even by him/her.  A
+	{Bad Thing}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+write-only language
+
+	A language with syntax (or semantics) sufficiently dense and
+	bizarre that any routine of significant size is automatically
+	{write-only code}.  A sobriquet applied occasionally to C and
+	often to APL, though {INTERCAL} and {TECO} certainly deserve
+	it more.
+
+write-only memory
+
+	1. <jargon, humour> (WOM) The obvious antonym to "{read-only
+	memory}" (ROM).
+
+	Out of frustration with the long and seemingly useless chain
+	of approvals required of component specifications, during
+	which no actual checking seemed to occur, an engineer at
+	{Signetics} once created a specification for a write-only
+	memory and included it with a bunch of other specifications to
+	be approved.  This inclusion came to the attention of
+	Signetics {management} only when regular customers started
+	calling and asking for pricing information.  Signetics
+	published a corrected edition of the data book and requested
+	the return of the "erroneous" ones.  Later, around 1974,
+	Signetics bought a double-page spread in "Electronics"
+	magazine's April issue and used the spec as an April Fools'
+	Day joke.  Instead of the more conventional characteristic
+	curves, the 25120 "fully encoded, 9046 x N, Random Access,
+	write-only-memory" data sheet included diagrams of "bit
+	capacity vs. Temp.", "Iff vs. Vff", "Number of pins remaining
+	vs. number of socket insertions", and "AQL vs. selling price".
+	The 25120 required a 6.3 VAC VFF supply, a +10V VCC, and VDD
+	of 0V, +/- 2%.
+
+	2. {bit bucket}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2007-03-24)
+
+write protect
+
+	<storage> A feature of certain {removable media} storage
+	devices that tells the system whether or not it should allow
+	the data on the media to be modified.  Write protecting an
+	item of media prevents accidental overwriting of valuable
+	data.
+
+	For example, the write protect tab on a 3.5-inch {floppy
+	disks} is a small sliding plastic square that can either cover
+	or expose a hole near the edge of the disk cover.  The drive
+	wil only allow the disk to be written to if the hole is
+	closed.
+
+	(2007-03-24)
+
+write-through
+
+	<architecture> (Or "write-thru") A {cache} architecture in
+	which data is written to main memory at the same time as it is
+	cached.
+
+	Opposite of {write-back}.  See also {buffered write-through},
+	{posted write-through}, {no-write allocation}.
+
+	(1996-06-12)
+
+write-thru
+
+	{write-through}
+
+writing system
+
+	<human language, character> The set of {glyphs} used for
+	representing a given human language in written form, generally
+	along with their conventions for use.
+
+	(1998-10-19)
+
+Wrong Thing
+
+	<jargon> A design, action, or decision that is clearly
+	incorrect or inappropriate.  Often capitalised; always
+	emphasised in speech as if capitalised.  The opposite of the
+	{Right Thing}; more generally, anything that is not the Right
+	Thing.  In cases where "the good is the enemy of the best",
+	the merely good - although good - is nevertheless the Wrong
+	Thing. "In C, the default is for module-level declarations to
+	be visible everywhere, rather than just within the module.
+	This is clearly the Wrong Thing."
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+WRT
+
+	with regard to, with respect to.
+
+ws
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Samoa.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+WSBPEL
+
+	{Web Services Business Process Execution Language}
+
+WSDL
+
+	{Web Service Definition Language}
+
+WSFN
+
+	{Which Stands For Nothing}
+
+WSL
+
+	Waterloo Systems Language.  A {C}-like systems programming
+	language.
+
+	["Waterloo Systems Language: Tutorial and Language Reference",
+	F.D.  Boswell, WATFAC Publications Ltd., Waterloo, Canada.
+	ISBN 0-919884-00-8].
+
+WTF
+
+	who/what/why the fuck?  The universal interrogative particle.
+	Also {WTH}.
+
+WTFPL
+
+	{Do What the Fuck You Want to Public License}
+
+WTH
+
+	who/what/why the hell?  Also {WTF}.
+
+WTLS
+
+	{Wireless Transport Layer Security}
+
+Wumpus
+
+	{Hunt the Wumpus}
+
+WWW
+
+	{web}
+
+WWW browser
+
+	<hypertext, web> A {browser} for use on the
+	{web}.
+
+	(1996-10-28)
+
+WWWW
+
+	{web Worm}
+
+WYGIWYNTYH
+
+	{What You Get Is What You Never Thought You Had}
+
+WYSIAYG
+
+	{What You See Is All You Get}
+
+WYSIWYG
+
+	{What You See Is What You Get}
+
+WYSWYG
+
+	{What You See Is What You Get}
+
+X
+
+	1. <convention> Used in various speech and writing contexts
+	(also in lowercase) in roughly its algebraic sense of "unknown
+	within a set defined by context" (compare {N}).  Thus, the
+	abbreviation {680x0} stands for 68000, 68010, 68020, 68030 or
+	68040, and {80x86} stands for {Intel 80186}, {Intel 80286},
+	{Intel 80386} or {Intel 80486}.  A {Unix} hacker might write
+	these as 680[0-4]0 and 80[1-4]86 or 680?0 and 80?86
+	respectively; see {glob}.
+
+	2. <graphics> An alternative name for the {X Window System}.
+
+	3. <storage> A suffix for the speed of a {CD-ROM} drive
+	relative to standard music CDs (1x).  32x is common in
+	September 1999.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1999-09-15)
+
+X-1
+
+	<language> An early system on the {UNIVAC I} or II.
+
+	[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
+
+	(1995-05-10)
+
+X11R4
+
+	Version 11 release 4 of the X protocol.  See {X Window
+	System}.
+
+X11R5
+
+	Version 11 release 5 of the X protocol.  Released in June
+	1994.  See {X Window System}.
+
+X11R6
+
+	<operating system> Version 11 release 6 of the {X Window
+	System}.
+
+	[Release date?]
+
+	(1995-01-20)
+
+X.12
+
+	<standard> The American equivalent of UN/{EDIFACT} and various
+	other national and industry {EDI} messaging {protocols}.  The
+	first {Y2K ready} version of X.12 is version 4010.
+
+	[What's "UN"?  Details?  Differences from EDIFACT?]
+
+	(1999-09-10)
+
+X2
+
+	<protocol> A proprietary modem standard developed by {US
+	Robotics} for 56 {kbps} communications.  Not taken up as
+	widely as {K56flex} and will shortly be superseded by the
+	official {V.90} standard.
+
+	(1998-09-08)
+
+X.208
+
+	{Abstract Syntax Notation 1}
+
+X.209
+
+	{Basic Encoding Rules}
+
+X.21
+
+	<communications, standard> A digital signaling interface
+	recommended by {ITU-T} that includes specifications for
+	{DTE}/{DCE} physical interface elements, alignment of {call
+	control} characters and error checking, elements of the call
+	control phase for {circuit switched} services, data transfer
+	at up to 2 {Mbps}, and {test loops}.  64 {kbps} is the most
+	commonly used transfer rate.
+
+	(2000-02-28)
+
+X.214
+
+	{transport layer}
+
+X.215
+
+	{session layer}
+
+X.216
+
+	{presentation layer}
+
+X.217
+
+	{Association Control Service Element}
+
+X.219
+
+	{Remote Operations Service Element}
+
+X.224
+
+	{transport layer}
+
+X.225
+
+	{session layer}
+
+X.226
+
+	{presentation layer}
+
+X.227
+
+	{Association Control Service Element}
+
+X.229
+
+	{Remote Operations Service Element}
+
+X.25
+
+	<protocol, standard> An {ITU-T} {standard} {protocol} suite
+	for the {DTE}-{DCE} interface in a {packet-switched} network,
+	approved by {ISO}.  X.25 defines standard {physical layer},
+	{data link layer} and {network layers} (layers 1 through 3).
+	It was developed to describe how data passes into and out of
+	public data communications networks.  X.25 networks are in use
+	throughout the world.
+
+	Document: {ISO} 8208.
+
+	Several other {ITU-T} recommendations are relevant to {packet
+	switching}: {X.3}, {X.28}, {X.29}, {X.75}.
+
+	(1996-08-10)
+
+X.28
+
+	The {ITU-T} standard specifying how to control a {PAD} from
+	{character-mode} {DTE}, approved by {ISO}.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+X.29
+
+	The {ITU-T} {standard}, approved by {ISO}, specifying
+	procedures for the exchange of control information and user
+	data between a {PAD} and a remote {packet-mode} {DTE}.
+	{Character-mode} {DTEs} are often referred to as X.29
+	terminals.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+X.3
+
+	The {ITU-T} {standard}, approved by {ISO}, which specifies the
+	basic functions and user-selectable capabilities of a {PAD}.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+X3J16
+
+	The {C++} {standard} technical committee.
+
+X3T10
+
+	<body> The {ATA} standards body.
+
+	(1996-10-16)
+
+X.400
+
+	<messaging> The set of {ITU-T} communications standards
+	covering {electronic mail} services provided by data networks.
+	X.400 was widely used in Europe and Canada.
+
+	X.400 addresses tend to be much longer than {RFC 822} ones.
+	They consist of a set of bindings for country (c),
+	{administrative domain} (a), {primary management domain} (p),
+	surname (s), given name (g).
+
+	For example, the X.400 address,
+
+		c=gb;a=attmail;p=Universal Export;s=Bond;g=James;
+
+	might be equivalent to RFC 822
+
+		James.Bond@UniversalExport.co.uk
+
+	[Reference?]
+
+	(2003-06-24)
+
+X.409
+
+	<standard, messaging> Part of the {X.400} {electronic mail}
+	specification which included the original definition of
+	{Abstract Syntax Notation 1}.
+
+	[What was it about?]
+
+	(1998-08-06)
+
+X.500
+
+	<standard, networking> The set of {ITU-T} {standards} covering
+	electronic directory services such as {white pages},
+	{Knowbot}, {whois}.
+
+	Compare: {LDAP}.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+X.680
+
+	<standard>
+
+	[Is it {Coordinated Universal Time} or {Abstract Syntax
+	Notation 1}?]
+
+	(1999-12-09)
+
+X.75
+
+	The {ITU-T} {standard} specifying the {protocols} for
+	communication between two {PSDNs}.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+x86
+
+	{Intel 80x86}
+
+x86 processor socket
+
+	<hardware, standard> One of the series of standard sockets
+	into which you can plug various {x86} {microprocessors}.
+	These vary in the number of pins, package, voltages, bus
+	speeds, and supported processors.  {Motherboards} often have
+	{clock multipliers} so that the processor runs at a multiple
+	of the bus speed.
+
+	Socket 1, 169 pin {LIF}/{ZIF} {PGA} (17x17), 5v, 16-33 MHz
+	{486 SX}, {486 DX}, {486 DX2}, {DX4 Overdrive}.  Socket 1 was
+	the first standard {Intel 486} socket.
+
+	Socket 2, 238 pin LIF/ZIF PGA (19x19), 5v, 25-50 MHz 486 SX,
+	486 DX, 486 DX2, 486 DX4, DX4 & {Pentium Overdrive}.  Updated
+	Socket 1, added support for Pentium Overdrive processors.
+
+	Socket 3, 237 pin LIF/ZIF PGA (19x19), 3.3/5v, 25-50 MHz 486
+	SX, 486 DX, 486 DX2, 486 DX4, DX4 & Pentium Overdrive.
+	Supports 5V & 3.3V processors, considered the latest 486
+	socket.
+
+	Socket 4, 273 pin LIF/ZIF PGA (21x21), 5v, 60/66 MHz Pentium
+	60/66 and Pentium Overdrive, only 5v.
+
+	Socket 5, 296 pin LIF/ZIF, 320 pin LIF/ZIF {SPGA} (19x19 or
+	37x37), 3.3v, 50/60/66 MHz Pentium 75 - 133MHz, Pentium
+	Overdrive, only 3.3v.
+
+	Socket 6, 235 pin ZIF PGA (19x19), 3.3v, 25-40MHz.  Unpopular
+	advanced Socket 3, rarely seen / paper spec 486 DX4, Pentium
+	Overdrive, only 3.3v.
+
+	See also {Socket 7}, {Socket 8}, {Super 7}, {Slot 1}, {Slot
+	2}, {Slot A}.
+
+	{CPU Sockets chart
+	(http://users.erols.com/chare/sockets.htm)}.
+
+	{CPU Sockets (http://webm3308.ntx.net/cpusockets.htm)}.
+
+	(1999-08-05)
+
+XA
+
+	{Extended Architecture}
+
+	A specification for drives which can play {CD-ROMs} in {Green
+	book CD-ROM} format.
+
+	(1994-12-06)
+
+Xaw
+
+	The {Athena} {Widget} Set.  A set of widgets distributed with
+	the {X Window System}.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Xbase
+
+	Generic term for the {dBASE} family of {database} languages.
+	Coined in response to threatened litigation over use of the
+	copyrighted trademark "dBASE."
+
+xbeeb
+
+	A {BBC Microcomputer} {emulator} for {Unix} and {X11} by James
+	Fidell <jfid@mfltd.co.uk>.  Posted to {alt.sources}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.pipex.net/incoming/xbeeb)}.
+
+	(1994-08-18)
+
+xbm
+
+	<filename extension> X bit map.  The {filename extension} for
+	files containing {bitmaps} for use in the {X Window System}.
+
+	These are actually {include files} which can be #include'd
+	into {C} program source to define images as initialised data.
+
+	(1995-03-14)
+
+XC
+
+	A {declarative} extension of {C++}.
+
+	["XC - A Language for Embedded Rule Based Systems", E. Nuutila
+	et al, SIGPLAN Notices 22(9):23-32 (Sep 1987)].
+
+X client
+
+	An application process in the {X Window System}.  It gains
+	access to windowing services via the Xlib library.  These are
+	translated by the system into {X protocol} messages to an {X
+	server}.
+
+X Consortium
+
+	A vendor consortium supporting development, evolution and
+	maintenance of the {X Window System}.  The X Consortium is an
+	independent, not-for-profit company.  It was formed in 1993 as
+	the successor to the {MIT} X Consortium, a research group of
+	the MIT {Laboratory for Computer Science}.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.x.org)}.  {(http://x.org/)}.
+
+	[Members?]
+
+Xcoral
+
+	A multiwindow mouse-based text editor, for the {X Window
+	System} with a built-in browser to navigate through {C}
+	functions and {C++} {class}es hierarchies.  Xcoral provides
+	variables width {fonts}, menus, {scrollbars}, {buttons},
+	search, regions, kill-buffers and 3D look.  Commands are
+	accessible from menus or standard key bindings.  Xcoral is a
+	direct {Xlib} {client} and runs on colour or monochrome X
+	displays.
+
+	{Version 1.72 (ftp://ftp.inria.fr/X/contrib/clients/xcoral*)}.
+
+	(1993-03-14)
+
+xdbx
+
+	<programming, tool> An {X Window System} front end for {dbx}
+	developed by Po Cheung at MCC.
+
+	Latest version: 2.1, as of 1992-02-22.
+
+	Posted to comp.sources.x volumes 11, 12, 13, 14, 16.
+
+	(2000-07-12)
+
+X-Designer
+
+	<programming, tool> A {user interface builder} for {Motif}
+	from {Imperial Software Technology}.
+
+	{(http://ist.co.uk/xd/)}.
+
+	(1995-10-26)
+
+X.desktop
+
+	A desktop manager for {Unix} from {IXI}.
+
+XDL
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} extension to {ITU-T}'s {SDL}.
+
+	["XDL: An Object-Oriented Extension to SDL", S.J. Ochuodho et
+	al].
+
+	(1995-10-12)
+
+XDR
+
+	{eXternal Data Representation}
+
+XDS 530
+
+	{Xerox Data Systems Model 530}
+
+XDS 940
+
+	{Xerox Data Systems Model 940}
+
+xDSL
+
+	{Digital Subscriber Line}
+
+Xemacs
+
+	<text, tool> (Originally "Lucid Emacs") A text editor for the
+	{X Window System}, based on {GNU} {Emacs} version 19, produced
+	by a collaboration of {Lucid, Inc.}, {SunPro} (a division of
+	{Sun Microsystems, Inc.}), and the {University of Illinois}.
+
+	Lucid chose to build part of {Energize}, their {C}/{C++}
+	development environment on top of GNU Emacs.  Though their
+	product is commercial, the work on GNU Emacs is {free
+	software}, and is useful without having to purchase the
+	product.  They needed a version of Emacs with mouse-sensitive
+	regions, multiple fonts, the ability to mark sections of a
+	buffer as read-only, the ability to detect which parts of a
+	buffer has been modified, and many other features.
+
+	The existing version of {Epoch} was not sufficient; it did not
+	allow arbitrary {pixmaps} and {icons} in buffers, "undo" did
+	not restore changes to regions, regions did not overlap and
+	merge their attributes.  Lucid spent some time in 1990 working
+	on Epoch but later decided that their efforts would be better
+	spent improving Emacs 19 instead.
+
+	Lucid did not have time to get their changes accepted by the
+	{FSF} so they released Lucid Emacs as a forked branch of
+	Emacs.  Roughly a year after Lucid Emacs 19.0 was released, a
+	beta version of the FSF branch of Emacs 19 was released.
+	Lucid continued to develop and support Lucid Emacs, merging in
+	bug fixes and new features from the FSF branch as appropriate.
+
+	A compatibility package was planned to allow Epoch 4 code to
+	run in Lemacs with little or no change.  (As of 19.8, Lucid
+	Emacs ran a descendant of the Epoch redisplay engine.)
+
+	[Update?]
+
+	(2000-05-16)
+
+XENIX
+
+	<operating system> A commercial version of {Unix} for
+	{microprocessor}-based computers, released by {Microsoft} in
+	1980. In 1992, {SCO} became Microsoft's co-development partner
+	and the alternate source for the product.
+
+	(1999-12-07)
+
+Xeon
+
+	{Pentium II Xeon}
+
+xerox
+
+	{XEROX Corporation}
+
+XEROX Corporation
+
+	<company> A US company, founded in 1906, specialising in document
+	related technology and services including photocopiers, printers
+	and office software.  Xerox's acquisition of {Affiliated Computer
+	Services} added business process and document management to their
+	product range.  In 2013 they have 140,000 employees.
+
+	Their research centre, {XEROX PARC}, prototyped several
+	revolutionary advances in computing, which the company failed to
+	exploit, including the {WIMP} desktop metaphor and {XEROX Network
+	Services}.
+
+	{(http://xerox.com/)}.
+
+	(2013-04-30)
+
+Xerox Data Systems Model 530
+
+	<computer> (XDS 530) A computer from the {Scientific Data
+	Systems} range, announced sometime after 1968 when {Xerox}
+	bought out SDS.  The XDS 530 was probably under development at
+	SDS before the buy-out but only announced afterwards.
+
+	(2004-06-17)
+
+Xerox Data Systems Model 940
+
+	<computer> (SDS 940, XDS 940) A {time-sharing} system,
+	announced in February 1966, developed by {Scientific Data
+	Systems} with help from The {University of California at
+	Berkeley} and {Tymshare}.  SDS 940 was {backward compatible}
+	with SDS's previous systems (except the 12-bit {SDS 92}).  It
+	had {monitor} and user modes, dynamic program relocation,
+	automatic memory fragmentation, and system protection.
+
+	After 1968 {Xerox} bought out SDS and renamed the SDS machines
+	"Xerox Data Systems" (XDS).  Xerox then produced the {XDS
+	530}.
+
+	(2004-06-17)
+
+XEROX Network Services
+
+	<networking> (XNS)
+
+	[Is this the same as/a misnomer for {Xerox Network System}?]
+
+	(2003-10-05)
+
+Xerox Network System
+
+	<networking> (XNS) A proprietary network architecture
+	developed by the Xerox Office Systems Division of {Xerox
+	corporation} at {Xerox PARC} in the late 1970s/early 1980s to
+	run on {LAN} ({Ethernet}) and {WAN} networks.  The XNS
+	{protocol stack} provided {routing} and {packet delivery}.
+
+	Implementations exist for {4.3BSD} derived systems and the
+	{Xerox Star} computers.  Novell based much of the lower layers
+	of their protocol suite IPX/SPX on XNS.
+
+	The main components are: Internet datagram protocol (IDP),
+	Routing information protocol (RIP), Packet Exchange protocol
+	(PEP), and Sequences packet protocol (SPP).
+
+	XNS has strong parellels to {TCP/IP} in that the {network
+	layer}, IDP, is roughly equivalent to IP.  RIP has the same
+	functions (and obviously name) as the routing information
+	protocol, RIP.  SPP, a connectionless transport layer
+	protocol, is similar to {UDP}.  PEP is also in the transport
+	layer but is connection-oriented and similar to TCP.
+
+	XNS specifically is no longer in use due to the all
+	pervasiveness of IP.
+
+	XNS denotes not only the protocol stack, but also an
+	architecture of standard programming interfaces, conventions,
+	and service functions for {authentication}, directory, filing,
+	{e-mail}, and {remote procedure call}.  XNS is also the name
+	of Xerox's implementation.
+
+	Many PC networking companies, such as {3Com}, {Banyan},
+	{Novell}, and {Ungermann-Bass Networks} used or use a
+	variation of XNS as their primary transport protocol.  XNS was
+	desigined to be used across a variety of communication media,
+	processors, and office applications.  UB, (now a part of
+	{Tandem Computers}) adopted XNS in developing its {Net/One}
+	XNS routing protocol.
+
+	[Or is it "Service(s)"?  Date?]
+
+	(2003-11-10)
+
+XEROX PARC
+
+	/zee'roks park'/ {Xerox Corporation}'s Palo Alto Research
+	Center.
+
+	For more than a decade, from the early 1970s into the
+	mid-1980s, PARC yielded an astonishing volume of
+	ground-breaking hardware and software innovations.  The modern
+	mice, windows, and icons ({WIMP}) style of software interface
+	was invented there.  So was the {laser printer} and the
+	{local-area network}; {Smalltalk}; and PARC's series of D
+	machines anticipated the powerful {personal computers} of the
+	1980s by a decade.  Sadly, the prophets at PARC were without
+	honour in their own company, so much so that it became a
+	standard joke to describe PARC as a place that specialised in
+	developing brilliant ideas for everyone else.
+
+	The stunning shortsightedness and obtusity of XEROX's
+	top-level {suits} has been well described in the reference
+	below.
+
+	["Fumbling The Future: How XEROX Invented, Then Ignored, the
+	First Personal Computer" by Douglas K. Smith and Robert
+	C. Alexander (William Morrow & Co., 1988, ISBN
+	0-688-09511-9)].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-26)
+
+Xerox Star
+
+	{Xerox 8010}
+
+XFree86 Project, Inc.
+
+	<operating system, graphics> A non-profit organisation that
+	produces XFree86, a freely redistributable implementation of
+	the {X Window System} that runs on {Unix} and Unix-like
+	operating systems and {OS/2}.  The XFree86 Project has
+	traditionally focused on {Intel x86} based {platforms} (hence
+	the "86"), but the current release supports other platforms.
+
+	{(http://xfree86.org/)}.
+
+	(1999-04-02)
+
+XFS
+
+	{Extensions for Financial Services}
+
+Xfun
+
+	A {polymorphic} {functional language} which is a cross between
+	{SML} and {Russell}, developed by S. Dalmas
+	<dalmas@sophia.inria.fr> of {INRIA} in 1991, and intended for
+	{computer algebra}.
+
+	["A Polymorphic Functional language Applied to Symbolic
+	Computation", S. Dalmas, Proc Intl Symp Symb Alg Comp,
+	Berkeley 1992].
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+XGA
+
+	{eXtended Graphics Array}
+
+XGA-2
+
+	{eXtended Graphics Array}
+
+XHTML
+
+	{Extensible HyperText Markup Language}
+
+Xi
+
+	A {VLSI} design language.
+
+	["The Circuit Design Language Xi", S.I. Feldman, unpublished
+	memo, Bell Labs, 1982].
+
+	[Mentioned in Computational Aspects of VLSI, J.D. Ullman, CS
+	Press 1984].
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+XIE
+
+	{X Image Extension}
+
+Xilinx, Inc.
+
+	<company> The electronics company who invented the {FPGA}.
+
+	Xilinx was founded in San Jose, California, in 1984, and
+	invented the {field-programmable gate array}.  They claim to
+	command more than half of the world market for these devices
+	today.  More recent innovations include {complex programmable
+	logic devices}.
+
+	{(http://xilinx.com/)}.
+
+	Address: 2100 Logic Drive, San Jose, CA 95124, USA.
+
+	(1998-09-25)
+
+Xilinx Netlist Format
+
+	<language, electronics> (XNF) A {Hardware Description
+	Language} for electronic circuit design, developed by {Xilinx,
+	Inc.}.
+
+	{Xilinx}-developed tools use XNF and handle the details of the
+	{FPGA} architecture.  Converters are available for a number of
+	widely-used {HDLs} - for example {Verilog} ({xnf2ver}) - so
+	that designers can use familiar tools to develop Logic Cell
+	Array designs.  In addition, XNF can be converted to the input
+	language of different {logic simulators}.
+
+	{Specification
+	(ftp://ftp.xilinx.com/pub/documentation/xactstep6/xnfspec.pdf)}.
+
+	(1999-03-31)
+
+X Image Extension
+
+	(XIE) Extensions to the {X protocol} to handle {images}.
+
+	(1995-02-03)
+
+Xlib
+
+	X library: program interface to the {X Window System}.
+
+xlisp
+
+	{eXperimental LISP}
+
+xls
+
+	<filename extension> {Excel} {spreadsheet}.
+
+	(1995-10-17)
+
+XML
+
+	{Extensible Markup Language}
+
+XML schema
+
+	<data> {XML} data that describes the relationship between
+	elements and attributes in some other class of XML data.  A
+	schema may or may not include data type representations.  XML
+	schemas are a more advanced alternative to {DTD}s.
+
+	{(http://vbxml.com/conference/wrox/2000_vegas/text/kurt_schema.asp)}
+
+	(2006-08-23)
+
+XML Template Pages
+
+	<web> (XTP) {JSP} transformed by {XSL} stylesheets.
+	An XTP page is basically a JSP page which specifies an XSL
+	stylesheet.  The XSL specifies how selected tags in the XTP
+	page should be rewritten.  All other tags are passed through
+	unchanged and so treated as standard JSP.  JSP programmers can
+	use XTP used as an easy introduction to XSL, incrementally
+	applying styles to their pages.
+
+	{Caucho (http://caucho.com/resin/ref/xtp.xtp)}.
+
+	(2003-07-13)
+
+XML User-Interface Language
+
+	<language> (XUL) An {XML}-based language created for the
+	{Mozilla} {browser} for development of {cross-platform} {user
+	interfaces}.  XUL supports input {controls} such as
+	{textboxes} and {checkboxes}, {toolbars}, {menus}, {dialogs},
+	{trees}, {keyboard shortcuts}, and more.
+
+	{XULPlanet (http://xulplanet.com/)}.
+
+	(2003-06-14)
+
+XMM
+
+	{Extended Memory Manager}
+
+XMODEM
+
+	<communications> {Ward Christensen}'s file transfer
+	{protocol}, probably the most widely available protocol used
+	for file transfer over {serial lines} (e.g. between {modems}).
+	XMODEM uses 128-byte {packets} with {error detection},
+	allowing the receiver to request retransmission of a corrupted
+	packet.  XModem is fairly slow but reliable.
+
+	Several variations have been proposed with increasing packet
+	sizes (e.g. {XMODEM-1K}) and different error detection ({CRC}
+	instead of {checksum}) to take advantage of faster modems.
+	Sending and receiving programs can negotiate to establish the
+	best protocol they both support.
+
+	John Mahr wrote the original XMODEM CRC error correction code.
+	This implementation was backward compatible with Christensen's
+	original checksum code.  It improved the error detection from
+	98% to 99.97% and improved the reliability of transmitting
+	{binary files}.
+
+	Standard XMODEM specifies a one-second {timeout} during the
+	reception of characters in the data block portion of a packet.
+
+	Chuck Forsberg improved upon XMODEM by developing {YMODEM} and
+	{ZMODEM}.
+
+	[Chuck Forsberg, "XMODEM/YMODEM Protocol Reference"].
+
+	(2005-09-16)
+
+XMODEM-1K
+
+	A version of {XMODEM} using 1 kilobyte {packets}.
+
+xmosaic
+
+	{Mosaic} for the {X Window System}.
+
+XMS
+
+	<storage> {Extended Memory Specification}.
+
+	(1996-01-10)
+
+XNF
+
+	{Xilinx Netlist Format}
+
+xnf2ver
+
+	An {XNF} to {Verilog} translator by Martin J. Colley
+	<martin@essex.ac.uk>.
+
+	This program was written by a postgraduate student as part of
+	his M.Sc course.  It was designed to form part a larger system
+	operating with the Cadence Edge 2.1 framework.  This should be
+	born in mind when considering the construction and/or
+	operation of the program.
+
+	{(ftp://punisher.caltech.edu/pub/dank/xnf2ver.tar.Z)}.
+
+XNS
+
+	{Xerox Network System} or Xerox Network Services.
+
+	[Which?]
+
+XOFF
+
+	{control-S}
+
+XON
+
+	{control-Q}
+
+XON/XOFF
+
+	{software handshaking}
+
+Xopen
+
+	{X/Open}
+
+X/Open
+
+	<body> An international consortium of vendors who defined the
+	X/Open {Common Applications Environment} to provide
+	{applications} {portability}.  They also produced the {X/open
+	Portability Guide} (XPG).
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+X/open Portability Guide
+
+	(XPG) A document which defines the interfaces of the {X/Open}
+	{Common Applications Environment}.
+
+	Version: XPG3.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+X/Open System Interface
+
+	<standard> (XSI) Part of the {X/Open} {Common Applications
+	Environment}.
+
+	(1994-11-03)
+
+xor
+
+	{exclusive or}
+
+XP
+
+	{Windows XP}
+
+XPC
+
+	eXplicitly Parallel C.
+
+	A dialect of {Parallel C} which is efficiently compilable to
+	both {SIMD} and {MIMD} architectures.  Only research
+	implementations exist.
+
+	["Toward Semantic Self-Consistency in Explicitly Parallel
+	Languages," M.J. Phillip & H.G. Dietz, Proc 4th Intl Conf on
+	Supercomputing, Santa Clara, CA, May 1989, v.1, pp.398-407].
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+XperCASE
+
+	A structure diagram editor for developing, re-engineering,
+	maintaining and documenting programs, developed by {Siemens}
+	AG, Austria.  It runs under {Microsoft Windows}.
+
+	{(ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/systems/ibmpc/simtel/windows3/xperspx1.zip)}.
+
+	E-Mail: <100141.2120@compuserve.com>.
+
+	(1994-12-01)
+
+XPG
+
+	{X/open Portability Guide}
+
+XPG3
+
+	Version 3 of the {X/open Portability Guide}.
+
+XPL
+
+	A small dialect of {PL/I} used for compiler writing from
+	Stanford, 1967-69.  XPL has
+	one-dimensional {arrays}.  I/O is achieved with character
+	pseudo-variable INPUT and OUTPUT, e.g.
+
+		OUTPUT = 'This is a line';
+
+	It has inline {machine code}.  "Programmers are given all the
+	rope they ask for.  Novices tend to hang themselves fairly
+	frequently."  XPL has been implemented on {IBM 360}, {Univac
+	1100}, {ICL System 4}, {CDC 6000} and {Cyber} series, {XDS
+	Sigma-5} and {Sigma-7} and {DEC} {PDP-10}.
+
+	An optimising XPL compiler (version 1) by Robin Vowels
+	<robin_vowels@rmit.edu.au> is a standard implementation of XPL
+	and is based on McKeeman, Horning, and Wortman's improved
+	{XCOM} (which employs hashed symbol table generation).  It
+	includes the extra built-in function COREHALFWORD.
+
+	The following areas have been optimised: procedures calls when
+	the argument and corresponding parameter are of the same type,
+	and when the argument is a constant; constant subscripts; use
+	of CORELHALFWORD and COREWORD; string constants of length one;
+	iterative DO statements by transferring code to the end of the
+	loop.
+
+	String constants of length one do not require a descriptor,
+	hence more descriptors are available for string variables.
+	Comparison operations are treated as commutative, and an
+	improved Commute algorithm is used.  Halfword instructions are
+	generated for BIT(16) variables.
+
+	These areas have been improved or re-written: calls on OUTPUT,
+	catenation, integer-to-string conversion, multiply, divide,
+	and MOD.  An emitter for SS-type instructions has been added.
+	The compiler achieves an 11% reduction in object code
+	compiling itself, an 11% increase in compilation rate, a 55%
+	increase in compilation speed when the $E toggle is set.
+	Special treatment for catenating a string to an integer
+	substantially decreases consumption of the free string area,
+	and decreases string moves.  The latter improvement is most
+	noticeable on small core machines.
+
+	Core requirements: less than the improved XCOM on which it is
+	based (approx. 98000 bytes).  Symbol table size is 468.
+	Ported to {IBM} {System 370}.  The compiler is written in XPL.
+	The code generators are machine-specific.
+
+	["A Compiler Generator," W.M. McKeeman et al, P-H 1970].
+
+	[JCC, AFIPS 1968].
+
+	(1993-08-07)
+
+xpm
+
+	<file format> X11 Pixmap.
+
+	A {pixmap} image {file format} for the {X Window System}.
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+XPOP
+
+	<language> An extensible {macro assembly} language with
+	user-redefinable {grammar}, for use with {FAP}.
+
+	["XPOP: A Meta-language Without Metaphysics", M.I. Halpern,
+	Proc FJCC 25:57-68, AFIPS (Fall 1964)].
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+XP Pro
+
+	{Windows XP Professional Edition}
+
+Xpress Transport Protocol
+
+	<networking, protocol> (XTP) A {transport layer} {protocol}
+	for high-speed networks promoted by the {XTP Forum}.  XTP
+	provides protocol options for error control, {flow control},
+	and rate control.  Instead of separate protocols for each type
+	of communication, XTP controls {packet} exchange patterns to
+	produce different models, e.g. reliable {datagrams},
+	{transactions}, unreliable {streams}, and reliable {multicast}
+	connections.
+
+	{XTP Home (http://ca.sandia.gov/xtp/)}.
+
+	Contrast with {Transmission Control Protocol}.  XTP does not
+	employ {congestion} avoidance {algorithms}.
+
+	(2003-03-22)
+
+X protocol
+
+	<networking, protocol> A {standard} {protocol} used by
+	{clients} (applications) and {servers} in the {X Window
+	System} for exchanging requests for window operations.
+
+	(1995-04-28)
+
+xref
+
+	/X'ref/ 1. cross-reference.
+
+	2. A cross-reference generator tool by Jim Leinweber.
+
+	(1985?)
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+XRemote
+
+	A {serial line} protocol for the {X Window System}.
+
+XRN
+
+	A newsreader program for {Usenet} news running under the {X
+	Window System}.
+
+XSB
+
+	<logic programming> XSB extends the standard functionality of
+	Prolog (being a descendant of PSB- and SB-Prolog) to include
+	implementations of OLDT (tabling) and HiLog terms.  OLDT
+	resolution is extremely useful for recursive query
+	computation, allowing programs to terminate correctly in many
+	cases where Prolog does not.  HiLog supports a type of
+	higher-order programming in which predicate symbols can be
+	variable or structured. This allows unification to be
+	performed on the predicate symbols themselves in addition to
+	the arguments of the predicates.  Of course, Tabling and HiLog
+	can be used together.
+
+	Version 1.2
+
+	ports: Sun, Solaris, NeXT, Linux, 386 BSD, IRIX, HP-UX
+
+	portability:	Generally to 32-bit machines.
+
+	interpreter, preprocessor(HiLog), documentation
+
+	XSB research group / SUNY at Stony Brook
+
+	{(ftp://sbcs.sunysb.edu/pub/XSB/XSB.tar.Z)}.
+
+	(130.245.1.15) E-mail: <xsb-contact@cs.sunysb.edu>.
+
+	(1993-07-28)
+
+XScheme
+
+	<language> {Scheme} in {C} with {object-oriented} extensions
+	by David Betz.
+
+	Version 0.28 runs on {IBM PC}, {Macintosh}, {Atari} and
+	{Amiga}.
+
+	{(ftp://labrea.stanford.edu/comp.sources.amiga/volume90)}.
+	{(ftp://nexus.yorku.ca/pub/scheme/)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.lang.lisp.x}.
+
+	(1992-02-02)
+
+x-scm
+
+	<language> An accessory for the {scm} {Scheme} {interpreter},
+	by Larry Campbell, that provides an environment for building
+	{Motif} and {OpenLook} {application programs}.  There is some
+	support as well for raw {Xlib} applications, but not enough
+	yet to be useful.
+
+	Posted to {alt.sources}.
+
+	(1992-08-10)
+
+XSD
+
+	{XML Schema Definition}
+
+X server
+
+	<graphics, operating system> A process, in an {X Window
+	System} which controls a {bitmap display} device and usually
+	also a {keyboard} and {mouse} or other {pointing device}.  The
+	X server performs operations on request from {client}
+	{applications}, which may be on the same computer or a
+	different computer connected via a {network}.
+
+	Note that typical {client-server} architectures do
+	{input-output} on the client and processing on the server
+	whereas in X the terms are reversed as the X server is serving
+	IO rather than processing resources to the application.
+
+	If the two computers are not both {Unix} machines (e.g. one is
+	a {Windows} machine running {VNC}) or if a more secure
+	connection is required (e.g. tunneling with {ssh}), the
+	clients may talk to a {proxy} X server that forwards the
+	requests to another machine where the real IO takes place.
+
+	(2006-08-29)
+
+XSI
+
+	{X/Open System Interface}
+
+XSL
+
+	{Extensible Stylesheet Language}
+
+XSLT
+
+	{Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations}
+
+XT
+
+	{IBM PC XT}
+
+Xt
+
+	The {intrinsics} of the {X Window System} Toolkit.
+
+	[What does that mean?]
+
+XT bus architecture
+
+	<hardware, architecture> (After the {IBM PC XT}) An eight-bit
+	{ISA} bus architecture used by {Intel 8086} and {Intel 8088}
+	systems in the {IBM PC} and {IBM PC XT} in the 1980s.  It
+	predates the 16-bit ISA architecture used on the {Intel 80286}
+	based machines.
+
+	The XT bus has four {DMA} channels, of which three are brought
+	out to the {expansion slots}.  Of these three, two are
+	normally allocated to machine functions:
+
+	 DMA channel  Expansion	 Standard function
+	 0	      No	 {dynamic RAM} refresh
+	 1	      Yes	 add-on cards
+	 2	      Yes	 {floppy disk} controller
+	 3	      Yes	 {hard disc} controller
+
+	(1997-09-15)
+
+xterm
+
+	<operating system> A {terminal emulator} program for the {X
+	Window System}.  A user can have many different invocations of
+	xterm running at once on the same display, each of which
+	provides independent input and output for the process running
+	in it (normally a {shell}).
+
+	(1996-08-23)
+
+X terminal
+
+	<hardware> An {intelligent terminal} which operates as an {X
+	server} directly connected to {Ethernet}.
+
+	Not to be confused with the program {xterm} which is an {X
+	client}.
+
+	(1996-08-23)
+
+XTI
+
+	{X/open Transport Interface}
+
+XTP
+
+	{Xpress Transport Protocol}
+
+	{XML template pages}
+
+XTP Forum
+
+	<body> A consortium of for- and non-profit companies and
+	research organisations promoting {Xpress Transport Protocol}.
+
+	{XTP Forum Home (http://ca.sandia.gov/xtp/forum.html)}.
+
+	(2003-03-22)
+
+XTRAN
+
+	{Fortran}-like, interactive language.
+
+XUI
+
+	X User Interface: program interface to the {X Window System}
+	supported by {DEC}.
+
+XUL
+
+	{XML User-Interface Language}
+
+Xv++
+
+	A library of classes from Interface Engineering, Stevenage,
+	providing a C++ Application Programmer's Interface to the
+	XView toolkit.
+
+XVGA
+
+	{eXtended Video Graphics Array}
+
+XView
+
+	A toolkit from Sun, derived from SunView, providing an Open
+	Look user interface for X applications.
+
+XVT
+
+	eXtensible Virtual Toolkit: a product allowing applications to
+	be developed independent of GUI.
+
+X-Windows
+
+	<spelling> A common misnomer for the {X Window System}.
+
+	(1997-06-10)
+
+X Window System
+
+	<operating system, graphics> A specification for
+	device-independent windowing operations on {bitmap display}
+	devices, developed initially by {MIT}'s Project {Athena} and
+	now a {de facto standard} supported by the {X Consortium}.  X
+	was named after an earlier window system called "W".  It is a
+	window system called "X", not a system called "X Windows".
+
+	X uses a {client-server} protocol, the {X protocol}.  The
+	server is the computer or {X terminal} with the screen,
+	keyboard, mouse and server program and the clients are
+	{application programs}.  Clients may run on the same computer
+	as the server or on a different computer, communicating over
+	{Ethernet} via {TCP/IP} protocols.  This is confusing because
+	{X clients} often run on what people usually think of as their
+	server (e.g. a file server) but in X, it is the screen and
+	keyboard etc. which is being "served out" to the applications.
+
+	X is used on many {Unix} systems.  It has also been described
+	as over-sized, over-featured, over-engineered and incredibly
+	over-complicated.  X11R6 (version 11, release 6) was released
+	in May 1994.
+
+	{(http://x.org/)}.
+
+	See also {Andrew project}, {PEX}, {VNC}, {XFree86}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroups: {news:comp.windows.x}, {news:comp.x},
+	{news:comp.windows.x.apps}, {news:comp.windows.x.intrinsics},
+	{news:comp.windows.x.announce}, {news:comp.sources.x},
+	{news:comp.windows.x.motif}, {news:comp.windows.x.pex}.
+
+	(1999-04-02)
+
+XWIP
+
+	X Window Interface for Prolog.  A package for {Prologs}
+	following the {Quintus} {foreign function} interface
+	(e.g. {SICStus Prolog}).  XWIP provides a (low-level)
+	{Xlib}-style interface to {X}.  The current version was
+	developed and tested on SICStus 0.7 and {MIT} {X11} R5 under
+	{SunOS} 4.1.1.  It should be adaptable to many other {Unix}
+	configurations.  Version 0.6.
+
+	{(ftp://export.lcs.mit.edu/contrib/xwip-0.6.tar.Z)}.  E-mail:
+	<xwip@cs.ucla.edu>.
+
+	(1993-02-25)
+
+xxgdb
+
+	An {X11} front end for {gdb} by Pierre Willard
+	<pierre@la.tce.com>.  Version 1.06.
+
+	Posted to comp.sources.x volumes 11, 12, 13, 14, & 16.
+
+	(1992-02-22)
+
+XXX
+
+	/X-X-X/ A marker that attention is needed.  Commonly used in
+	program comments to indicate areas that are {kluge}d or need
+	to be.  Some hackers liken "XXX" to the notional heavy-porn
+	movie rating.  Compare {FIXME}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Xy-pic
+
+	<graphics, publication> A package for {typesetting} graphs and
+	diagrams using {TeX}.  It is structured as several modules,
+	each defining a custom notation for a particular kind of
+	graphical object or structure.  Example objects are arrows,
+	curves, and frames.  These can be organised in matrix,
+	{directed graph}, path, polygon, knot, and 2-cell structure.
+
+	Xy-pic works with {LaTeX}, {AMS-LaTeX}, {AMS-TeX}, and {plain
+	TeX}, and has been used to typeset complicated diagrams from
+	many application areas including {category theory}, {automata}
+	theory, {algebra}, {neural networks} and {database} theory.
+
+	{(http://ens-lyon.fr/~krisrose/Xy-pic.html)}.
+
+	(1997-11-20)
+
+xyzzy
+
+	<games> The {canonical} "magic word" from the {ADVENT}
+	adventure game, in which the idea is to explore an underground
+	cave with many rooms and to collect the treasures you find
+	there.  If you type "xyzzy" at the appropriate time, you can
+	move instantly between two otherwise distant points.  If,
+	therefore, you encounter some bit of {magic}, you might remark
+	on this quite succinctly by saying simply "Xyzzy!"
+	"Ordinarily you can't look at someone else's screen if he has
+	protected it, but if you type quadruple-bucky-clear the system
+	will let you do it anyway."  "Xyzzy!"  Xyzzy has actually been
+	implemented as an undocumented no-op command on several OSes;
+	in Data General's AOS/VS, for example, it would typically
+	respond "Nothing happens", just as {ADVENT} did if the magic
+	was invoked at the wrong spot or before a player had performed
+	the action that enabled the word.  In more recent 32 bit
+	versions, by the way, AOS/VS responds "Twice as much happens".
+	See also {plugh}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Y
+
+	1. General purpose language syntactically like {RATFOR},
+	semantically like {C}.  Lacks structures and pointers.  Used
+	as a source language for Jack W. Davidson and Christopher
+	W. Fraser's peephole optimiser which inspired {GCC} {RTL} and
+	other optimisation ideas.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.cs.princeton.edu/pub/y+po.tar.Z)}.  It is a copy
+	of the original distribution from the {University of Arizona}
+	during the early 80's, totally unsupported.
+
+	["The Y Programming Language", D.R. Hanson, SIGPLAN Notices
+	16(2):59-68 (Feb 1981)].
+
+	[Jack W. Davidson and Christopher W. Fraser, "The Design and
+	Application of a Retargetable Peephole Optimiser", TOPLAS,
+	Apr.  1980].
+
+	[Jack W. Davidson, "Simplifying Code Through Peephole
+	Optimisation" Technical Report TR81-19, The University of
+	Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 1981].
+
+	[Jack W. Davidson and Christopher W. Fraser, "Register
+	Allocation and Exhaustive Peephole Optimisation"
+	Software-Practice and Experience, Sep. 1984].
+
+	2. See {fixed point combinator}.
+
+Y2K
+
+	{Year 2000}
+
+YA-
+
+	{Yet Another}
+
+Yaa
+
+	Yet Another Assembler - Macro assembler for GCOS 8 and Mark
+	III on Bull DPS-8 machines.  Available from Bull as part of U
+	Waterloo Tools package (maintained by <pjf@thinkage.on.ca>).
+
+YABA
+
+	/ya'b*/ [Cambridge] Yet Another Bloody Acronym.  Whenever some
+	program is being named, someone invariably suggests that it be
+	given a name that is acronymic.  The response from those with
+	a trace of originality is to remark ironically that the
+	proposed name would then be "YABA-compatible".  Also used in
+	response to questions like "What is {WYSIWYG}?"  See also
+	{YA-}, {TLA}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+yacc
+
+	{Yet Another Compiler Compiler}
+
+YADE
+
+	{Yet Another DSSSL Engine}
+
+YAFIYGI
+
+	<abuse> /yaf'ee-y*-gee/ You asked for it, you got it.
+
+	The command-oriented {ed}/{vi}/{nroff}/{TeX} style of {word
+	processing} or other user interfaces which are not {WYSIWYG}.
+	What you actually asked for is often not immediately apparent.
+
+	This precise sense of "You asked for it, you got it" seems to
+	have first appeared in Ed Post's classic parody "{Real
+	Programmers} don't use Pascal"; the acronym is a more recent
+	(as of 1993) invention.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-13)
+
+YAGNI
+
+	{You aren't gonna need it}
+
+Yahoo
+
+	<web> Yet Another Hierarchical
+	Officious/Obstreperous/Odiferous/Organized Oracle.
+
+	(Or a member of a race of brutes in Swift's Gulliver's Travels
+	who have the form and all the vices of man, or an uncouth or
+	rowdy person).
+
+	Probably the biggest hierarchical index of the {World-Wide
+	Web}.  Originally at {Stanford University}, Yahoo moved to its
+	own site in April 1995.  It allows you to move up and down the
+	heirarchy, to search it and to suggest additions.  It also
+	features "What's New", "What's Popular", "What's Cool" and a
+	random link.
+
+	{(http://yahoo.com/)}.
+
+	(1995-04-05)
+
+Yale Haskell
+
+	<language> A fully integrated {Haskell} programming
+	environment.  It provides tightly coupled interactive editing,
+	{incremental compilation} and dynamic execution of Haskell
+	programs.  Two major modes of compilation, correspond to
+	{Lisp}'s traditional "interpreted" and "compiled" modes.
+	Compiled and interpreted modules may be freely mixed in any
+	combination.
+
+	Yale Haskell is run using either a command-line interface or
+	as an {inferior process} running under the {Emacs} editor.
+	Using the Emacs interface, simple two-keystroke commands
+	evaluate expressions, run dialogues, compile {modules}, turn
+	specific compiler diagnostics on and off and enable and
+	disable various {optimisers}.  Commands may be queued up
+	arbitrarily, thus allowing, for example, a compilation to be
+	running in the background as the editing of a source file
+	continues in Emacs in the foreground.
+
+	A "scratch pad" may be automatically created for any module.
+	Such a pad is a logical extension of the module, in which
+	additional function and value definitions may be added, but
+	whose evaluation does not result in recompilation of the
+	module.
+
+	A tutorial on Haskell is also provided in the Emacs
+	environment.  A {Macintosh} version of Yale Haskell includes
+	its own integrated programming environment, complete with an
+	Emacs-like editor and {pull-down menus}.
+
+	Yale Haskell is a complete implementation of the Haskell
+	language, but also contains a number of extensions, including:
+
+	(1) Instead of stream based I/O, a {monadic I/O} system is
+	used.  Although similar to what will be part of the new
+	{Haskell 1.3} report, the I/O system will change yet again
+	when 1.3 becomes official.
+
+	(2) Haskell programs can call both {Lisp} and {C} functions
+	using a flexible foreign function interface.
+
+	(3) Yale Haskell includes a {dynamic typing} system.  Dynamic
+	typing has been used to implement {derived instances} in a
+	user extensible manner.
+
+	(4) A number of small Haskell 1.3 changes have been added,
+	including {polymorphic recursion} and the use of @_@ in an
+	expression to denote {bottom}.  Although the 1.3 report is not
+	yet complete, these changes will almost certainly be part of
+	the new report.
+
+	(5) A complete Haskell level {X Window System} interface,
+	based on {CLX}.
+
+	(6) A number of {annotations} are available for controlling
+	the optimiser, including those for specifying both function
+	and data constructor {strict}ness properties, "{inlining}"
+	functions, and specialising {over-loaded} functions.  Many
+	standard {prelude} functions have been specialised for better
+	performance using these annotations.
+
+	(7) {Separate compilation} (including {mutually recursive}
+	{modules}) is supported using a notion of a UNIT file, which
+	is a kind of localised {makefile} that tells the compiler
+	about compiler options and logical dependencies amongst
+	program files.
+
+	(8) Yale Haskell supports both standard and "{literate}"
+	Haskell syntax.
+
+	Performance of Yale Haskell's compiled code has been improved
+	considerably over previous releases.  Although still not as
+	good as the Glasgow ({GHC}) and Chalmers ({HBC}) compilers,
+	the flexibility afforded by the features described earlier
+	makes Yale Haskell a good choice for large systems
+	development.  For some idea of performance, Hartel's latest
+	"Nuc" benchmark runs at about the same speed under both Yale
+	Haskell and hbc.  (Our experiments suggest, however, that Yale
+	Haskell's compiled code is on average about 3 times slower
+	than hbc.)
+
+	Binaries are provided for {Sun}/{SPARC} and {Macintosh}, but
+	it is possible to build the system on virtually any system
+	that runs one of a number of {Common Lisp} implementations:
+	{CMU Common Lisp}, {Lucid Common Lisp}, {Allegro Common Lisp}
+	or {Harlequin LispWorks}.  {akcl}, {gcl} and {CLisp} do not
+	have adaquate performance for our compiler.  The current
+	version is 2.1.
+
+	{Yale (ftp://nebula.cs.yale.edu/pub/haskell/yale)}.
+	(128.36.13.1).  {UK
+	(ftp://ftp.dcs.glasgow.ac.uk/pub/haskell/yale/)}.  {Sweden
+	(ftp://ftp.cs.chalmers.se/pub/haskell/yale/)}.  E-mail:
+	<haskell-request@cs.yale.edu>,
+	<haskell-request@dcs.glasgow.ac.uk>.
+
+	(1993-07-14)
+
+Yamaha
+
+	<company> A Japanese company best known for consumer
+	electronics and motorbikes.  They make music synthesizers,
+	{CD-Rom Writers} and HiFi sound equipment.
+
+	{(http://yamaha.com/)}.
+
+	(1997-04-29)
+
+YAML
+
+	{YAML Ain't Markup Language}
+
+YAML Ain't Markup Language
+
+	<data, language> (YAML) A data {serialisation} language
+	designed to be readable and writable by humans and to work
+	well with modern programming languages.
+
+	YAML uses printable {Unicode} characters to represent both
+	structure and data.  The structural syntax is simple and
+	terse.  For example, indentation is used for structure, colons
+	separate pairs, and dashes are used for list items.
+
+	YAML can represent mappings ({hashes} or dictionaries),
+	sequences ({arrays} or lists), {scalars} (strings or numbers),
+	or any combination of the above.  It has a simple {typing
+	system} and {reference} syntax.  Its structures will be
+	particularly familiar to programmers using {Perl}, {Python},
+	{PHP}, {Ruby}, or {Javascript}, but YAML can be used with any
+	programming language.
+
+	YAML is, in some respects, a simpler alternative to XML,
+	though it does not share the constraints imposed by XML's
+	{SGML} legacy and has somewhat different aims.
+
+	{YAML Home (http://yaml.org/)}.
+
+	(2004-02-02)
+
+yank
+
+	<jargon> (From the colloquial meaning "to pull suddenly") To
+	insert a copy of some saved text at the current position in a
+	document being edited.
+
+	The term is used in the {Unix} {text editors} {GNU Emacs} and
+	{vi} but "{paste}" is more common elsewhere.
+
+	[Used elsewhere?]
+
+	(1998-07-01)
+
+YAPS
+
+	Yet Another Production System?  {College Park Software}.  A
+	commercial {production system} rule language, simpler than
+	{OPS5}.  YAPS allows {knowledge bases} to be attached to
+	instances of {CLOS} {objects}.
+
+	E-mail: Liz Allen <liz@grian.cps.altadena.cs.us>.
+
+YASOS
+
+	{Yet Another Scheme Object System}
+
+YAUN
+
+	/yawn/ Yet Another Unix Nerd.
+
+	Reported from the San Diego Computer Society (predominantly a
+	{microcomputer} users' group) as a good-natured punning insult
+	aimed at {Unix} zealots.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-11)
+
+Yay
+
+	{Yet Another Yacc}
+
+ye
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Yemen.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Year 2000
+
+	<programming> (Y2K, or "millennium bug") A common name for all
+	the difficulties the turn of the century, or dates in general,
+	bring to computer users.
+
+	Back in the 1970s and 1980s, the turn of the century looked so
+	remote and memory/disk was so expensive that most programs
+	stored only the last two digits of the year.  These produce
+	surprising results when dealing with dates after 1999.  They
+	may believe that 1 January 2000 is before 31 December 1999
+	(00<99), they may miscalculate the day of week, etc.  Some
+	programs used the year 99 as a special marker; there are
+	rumours that some car insurance policies were cancelled
+	because a year of 99 was used to mark deleted records.
+
+	Complete testing of date-dependent code is virtually
+	impossible, especially where the system under test relies on
+	other systems such as customers' or suppliers' computers.
+	Despite this, the predicted "millennium meltdown" never
+	occurred.  Various fixes and work-arounds were successfully
+	applied, e.g. {time shifting}.
+
+	And yes, the year 2000 was a leap year (multiples of 100
+	aren't leap years unless they're also multiples of 400).
+
+	{PPR Corp Y2K FAQ
+	(http://pprcorp.com/y2k/y2kfaq_j97.html)}.
+
+	(2003-08-15)
+
+Yellow
+
+	A language from {SRI} proposed to meet the {Ironman}
+	requirements which led to {Ada}.
+
+	["On the YELLOW Language Submitted to the DoD", E.W. Dijkstra,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 13(10):22-26, Oct 1978].
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+Yellow Book
+
+	1. <publication> {Yellow Book, Jargon}.
+
+	2. {Yellow Book CD-ROM}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+Yellow Book CD-ROM
+
+	A {CD-ROM} format which is {ISO 9660} compliant and uses mode
+	1 addressing.  Discs of this type can be played on most drives
+	and would be appropriate for most {multimedia} {applications}
+	which have been developed for {personal computers}.
+
+	(1994-11-02)
+
+Yellow Book, Jargon
+
+	<publication> The print version of the {Jargon File}, titled
+	"The New Hacker's Dictionary".  It includes essentially all
+	the material the File, plus a Foreword by {Guy L. Steele, Jr.}
+	and a Preface by Eric S. Raymond.  Most importantly, the book
+	version is nicely typeset and includes almost all of the
+	infamous Crunchly cartoons by the Great Quux, each attached to
+	an appropriate entry.  The first, second, and third editions
+	correspond to versions 2.9.6, 3.0.0, and 4.0.0 of the File,
+	respectively.
+
+	["The New Hacker's Dictionary", 3rd edition, MIT Press, 1996
+	(ISBN 0-262-68092-0)].
+
+	(1996-12-03)
+
+Yellow Box
+
+	<operating system> {Apple Computer, Inc.}'s new development
+	{platform} for building {desktop}, {server}, and {web}
+	applications.  Yellow Box is a rich {object-oriented}
+	environment that is tightly integrated with {Java} and allows
+	you to deploy applications across five platforms: {Rhapsody},
+	{Rhapsody for Intel}, {Windows 95}, {Windows NT}, and {Mac OS}.
+	All Yellow Box-based products are an evolution of {OpenStep} -
+	an operating system-independent, object-oriented application
+	platform from {NeXT}.
+
+	Integrating the cross-platform robustness of OpenStep with
+	Apple's market-leading digital media and graphics technologies
+	will differentiate the Yellow Box from other development
+	platforms.
+
+	"Yellow Box for Windows" is the {run-time} software
+	(implemented as {dynamically linked libraries}) that allows
+	{Yellow Box} applications to run under {Windows 95} and
+	{Windows NT}.  Applications that use it will feature a full
+	native Windows user interface.
+
+	{(http://wais.sensei.com.au/macarc/appdir/1996/0077.html)}.
+
+	(1997-10-15)
+
+Yellow Pages
+
+	{Network Information Service}
+
+yellow wire
+
+	(IBM) Repair wires used when connectors (especially ribbon
+	connectors) got broken due to some schlemiel pinching them, or
+	to reconnect cut traces after the field engineer mistakenly
+	cut one.  Compare {blue wire}, {purple wire}, {red wire}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+Yerk
+
+	<language> (After Yerkes Observatory) An {object-oriented}
+	language based on a {Forth} {Kernel} with some major
+	modifications.  It was originally known as {Neon}, developed
+	and sold as a product by {Kriya Systems} from 1985 to 1989.
+	Several people at The {University of Chicago} have maintained
+	Yerk since its demise as a product.  Because of possible
+	trademark conflict they named it Yerk, which is not an acronym
+	for anything, but rather stands for Yerkes Observatory, part
+	of the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics at U of C.
+
+	Version 3.62.
+
+	{(ftp://oddjob.uchicago.edu/pub/Yerk/)}.
+
+	E-mail: Bob Lowenstein <rfl@oddjob.uchicago.edu>.
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+Yet Another
+
+	<jargon> (YA-, after {Unix}'s {yacc} - Yet Another
+	Compiler-Compiler) A humorous allusion often used in titles to
+	acknowledge that the topic is not original, though the content
+	is.  As in "Yet Another AI Group" or "Yet Another {Simulated
+	Annealing} {Algorithm}".  If used of others' work, it
+	describes something of which there are already far too many.
+
+	In hackish acronyms the "YA" prefix almost invariably expands
+	to {Yet Another}, e.g. {YABA}, {YAUN}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1996-11-26)
+
+Yet Another Compiler Compiler
+
+	<tool, language> (yacc) The {LALR} {parser generator} found on
+	most {Unix} systems.  Also, the language used to describe the
+	{syntax} of another language to yacc (the program).
+
+	Implementations: {ayacc}, {YAY}, {perln-byacc},
+
+	SASL-Yacc - "Yacc in {SASL} - An Exercise in Functional
+	Programming", Simon Peyton-Jones, Software Prac & Exp
+	15:807-820 (1985).  Mentions also a BCPL implementation.
+
+	Yacc++ - 1990.  An {object-oriented} rewrite of yacc, supports
+	{regular expressions}, produces an {LR1 grammar} parser.
+
+	["YACC Meets C++", S.C. Johnson, USENIX Spring '88 Conf].
+
+	Chris Clark, Compiler Resources Inc, +1 (508) 435-5016.
+
+	MLYACC - Implementation and output in {SML/NJ}.
+	{(ftp:research.att.com/dist/ml/75.tools.tar.Z)}.
+
+	A version, by David Poole at Montana University has been
+	retargeted to {Turbo Pascal}.
+
+	{(ftp://iecc.com/pub/file/lyprg.zip)}.
+
+	See also {Bison}, {yet another}, {Yet Another Yacc}.
+
+	{Unix manual page}: yacc(1).
+
+	["YACC - Yet Another Compiler Compiler", S.C. Johnson, CS TR
+	32, Bell Labs (Jul 1975)].
+
+	[Was there ever an "ACC" - "Another Compiler Compiler"?  If
+	so, what was the first compiler compiler called?]
+
+	(2000-11-15)
+
+Yet Another Scheme Object System
+
+	<language> (YASOS) A system for {object-oriented programming}
+	in {Scheme}.
+
+	E-mail: Ken Dickey <kend@newton.apple.com>
+
+	(2010-02-28)
+
+Yet Another Yacc
+
+	<tool> (Yay) An extension of {Yacc} with {LALR2} parsing.
+
+	Yay is available from {Bull} as part of the {University of
+	Waterloo Tools} package maintained by <pjf@thinkage.on.ca>.
+
+	(1994-11-09)
+
+YGMTPO
+
+	<chat> ({Usenet}) "You Greatly Misunderstood The Purpose Of".
+
+	(1998-03-03)
+
+YLISP
+
+	A variant of {Xlisp} from {Hewlett-Packard} for the HP-95LX
+	{palmtop}.
+
+	{(ftp://hpcsos.col.hp.com/mirrors/.scsi5/hp95lx/languages)}.
+
+	(1994-11-23)
+
+YMMV
+
+	{Your mileage may vary}
+
+YMODEM
+
+	A file transfer {protocol} used between {modems}.  YMODEM was
+	developed by Chuck Forsberg as the successor to {XMODEM} and
+	was itself succeeded by {ZMODEM}.  XMODEM used 128-byte
+	{packets}, YMODEM can also use 1 kilobyte packets.  Whereas
+	YMODEM is a batch protocol, {YMODEM-G} is a non-stop version.
+
+	File sizes are included in the YMODEM header when sending both
+	binary and text files.  Thus files transferred via YMODEM
+	should preserve their exact length.  File modification times
+	may also be present in the YMODEM header.
+
+	YModem can {fall back} to smaller packets when necessary but
+	there is no backward compatibility with XModem's error
+	detection.
+
+	[Chuck Forsberg, "XMODEM/YMODEM Protocol Reference"].
+
+	(1995-02-02)
+
+YMODEM-G
+
+	A non-stop "streaming" version of {YMODEM} designed for
+	"error-free" connections with proper flow control; the
+	transmitting program sends packets to the receiver as fast as
+	it can without waiting for acknowledgements.  Any errors cause
+	the entire file transfer to abort.
+
+yocto-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+Yoda condition
+
+	<programming> The programming practise of using
+
+	 if (constant == variable)
+
+	e.g.
+
+	 if (4 == foo)
+
+	instead of the more natural
+
+	 if (variable == constant)
+
+	It is named after the Star Wars character Yoda who says things
+	like "Strong is Vader".  It may have been invented as a way to
+	prevent coding errors like
+
+	 if (count = 5)
+
+	(accidentally using a single "=" ({assignment}) instead of a
+	double "==" (comparison)).  The above is syntactically valid
+	whereas the Yoda equivalent would give a compile-time error.
+
+	(2012-06-25)
+
+YOL Computers
+
+	<company> A company in London, UK that sells computer and
+	network systems, established in 2001.
+
+	{(http://yolc.com/)}.
+
+	(2008-01-28)
+
+yotta-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+yottabyte
+
+	<unit, data> (YB) A unit of {data} equal to 10^24 {bytes} but see
+	{binary prefix} for other definitions.  A yottabyte is 1000^8
+	bytes or 1000 {zettabytes}.
+
+	It is estimated that the {web} contains about one yottabyte of
+	data (2013).
+
+	1000 yottabytes has been called one {brontobyte}.
+
+	See {prefix}.
+
+	(2013-11-04)
+
+You are not expected to understand this
+
+	[Unix] The canonical comment describing something {magic} or
+	too complicated to bother explaining properly.  From an
+	infamous comment in the context-switching code of the V6
+	{Unix} {kernel}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+You aren't gonna need it
+
+	<programming> (YAGNI) A motto of {extreme programming} expressing
+	the principle that functionality should not be implemented until
+	it is needed.  The traditional {waterfall model} makes it
+	difficult to add features after the specification has been signed
+	off, tempting the specifier to add features that may never be used
+	but which take time to program, debug, test and document.
+
+	(2014-03-27)
+
+Yourdon
+
+	1. <programming> The {Yourdon methodology}.
+
+	2. <person> {Edward Yourdon}.
+
+	3. <company> {Yourdon, Inc.}.
+
+	(1995-04-07)
+
+Yourdon/Constantine
+
+	<programming> (Or "Constantine/Yourdon") A {structured design}
+	{methodology} involving {structure charts}, developed by Larry
+	Constantine.
+
+	(1995-04-07)
+
+Yourdon/Demarco
+
+	<programming> (Or "DeMarco/Yourdon") A {structured analysis}
+	{methodology} involving {data flow diagrams}, etc. developed
+	by {Edward Yourdon} and Tom DeMarco.
+
+	(1995-04-07)
+
+Yourdon, Inc.
+
+	<company> The company founded in 1974 by {Edward Yourdon} to
+	provide educational, publishing, and consulting services in
+	state-of-the-art software engineering technology.  Over the
+	next 12 years, the company grew to a staff of over 150 people,
+	with offices throughout North America and Europe.  As CEO of
+	the company, Yourdon oversaw an operation that trained over
+	250,000 people around the world; the company was sold in 1986
+	and eventually became part of {CGI}, the French software
+	company that is now part of {IBM}.  The publishing division,
+	Yourdon Press (now part of Prentice Hall), has produced over
+	150 technical computer books on a wide range of software
+	engineering topics; many of these "classics" are used as
+	standard university computer science textbooks.
+
+	(1995-04-16)
+
+Yourdon methodology
+
+	<programming> The {software engineering} {methodology}
+	developed by {Edward Yourdon} and colleagues in the 1970s and
+	1980s.  "Yourdon methodology" is a generic term for all of the
+	following methodologies: {Yourdon/Demarco},
+	{Yourdon/Constantine}, {Coad/Yourdon}.
+
+	(1995-04-07)
+
+Your mileage may vary
+
+	<jargon> (YMMV) The disclaimer American car manufacturers
+	attached to EPA mileage ratings.  A humourous way of saying
+	that the thing under discussion will not necessarily give you
+	the same results as the author.  Often used to convey the
+	hardware dependence of Unix {freeware} distributions.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2012-02-16)
+
+youtube.com
+
+	{YouTube, Inc.}
+
+YouTube, Inc.
+
+	<web, video> An on-line {video} {file sharing} {web
+	site}, founded on 2005-02-14 by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and
+	Jawed Karim.  Anyone can upload video clips to the site and
+	these can then be viewed by others.  In 2007, many such sites
+	exist but YouTube is the best known.
+
+	YouTube is funded by Sequoia Capital.  In November 2006,
+	YouTube was bought by {Google Inc.}.  YouTube has partnership
+	deals with content providers such as {CBS}, {BBC}, Universal
+	Music Group, Sony Music Group, Warner Music Group, NBA, The
+	Sundance Channel and many more.
+
+	{YouTube Home (http://youtube.com/)}.
+
+	(2007-09-28)
+
+Yow!
+
+	<exclamation> /yow/ (From "Zippy the Pinhead" comics) A
+	favoured hacker expression of humorous surprise or emphasis.
+	"Yow!  Check out what happens when you twiddle the foo option
+	on this display hack!"
+
+	Compare {gurfle}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+yoyo mode
+
+	<jargon> The state in which a computer is said to be when it
+	rapidly alternates several times between being up and being
+	down.  Interestingly (and perhaps not by coincidence), many
+	hardware vendors give out free yoyos at {Usenix} exhibits.
+
+	{Sun Microsystems} gave out logoised yoyos at SIGPLAN '88.
+	Tourists staying at one of Atlanta's most respectable hotels
+	were subsequently treated to the sight of 200 of the country's
+	top computer scientists testing yo-yo {algorithms} in the
+	lobby.
+
+	[Is it "yoyo" or "yo-yo"?]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+YP
+
+	Yellow Pages.  The original name for {Sun}'s
+	{Network Information Service}.
+
+	(1995-03-07)
+
+YSM
+
+	{Yourdon Structured Method}
+
+yt
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Mayotte.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+YTalk
+
+	Version: V3.0 Patch Level 1.
+
+	<networking, tool> A multi-user chat program by Britt Yenne
+	<yenne@austin.eds.com>.  YTalk works almost exactly like the
+	standard {Unix} {talk} program and even communicates with the
+	same talk {daemon}(s), but YTalk supports multiple
+	connections.
+
+	Multiple user names may be given as command-line arguments, in
+	the form "name#tty@host" where the optional "#tty" specifies a
+	particular tty.
+
+	YTalk is able to communicate with both existing versions of
+	{Unix} talk daemons.  Once connected, typing {escape} gives
+	access to a menu of commands to add or delete users, trace
+	to a file, or set options.  If run under the {X Window
+	System}, YTalk will use separate X windows for each user in
+	the conversaton, otherwise it will split the terminal screen
+	between them.
+
+	E-mail: <ytalk@austin.eds.com>.
+
+	[FTP?]
+
+	(1995-04-04)
+
+yu
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for the former Yugoslavia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+Yu-Shiang Whole Fish
+
+	/yoo-shyang hohl fish/ An obsolete name for the Greek
+	character gamma ({extended SAIL ASCII} code 9, Unicode glyph
+	0x0263) which with a loop in its tail looks like a little fish
+	swimming down the page.  The term is actually the name of a
+	Chinese dish in which a fish is cooked whole (not {parse}d)
+	and covered with Yu-Shiang (or Yu-Hsiang) sauce.  Used
+	primarily by people on the {MIT} {LISP Machine}, which could
+	display this character on the screen.  Tends to elicit
+	incredulity from people who hear about it second-hand.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+Z
+
+	/zed/ <language, specification> 1. (After {Zermelo-Fränkel set
+	theory}) A {specification language} developed by the
+	{Programming Research Group} at Oxford University around 1980.
+	Z is used for describing and modelling computing systems.  It
+	is based on {axiomatic set theory} and {first order predicate
+	logic}.  Z is written using many non-{ASCII} symbols.  It was
+	used in the {IBM} {CICS} project.
+
+	See also {Z++}.
+
+	["Understanding Z", J.M. Spivey, Cambridge U Press 1988].
+
+	2. <language, simulation> A {stack}-based, complex arithmetic
+	{simulation} language from {ZOLA Technologies}.
+
+	(1995-08-11)
+
+Z++
+
+	<language> An {object-oriented} extension of {Z}.
+
+	["Z++, an Object-Oriented Extension to Z", Lano, Z User
+	Workshop, Oxford 1990, Springer Workshops in Computing, 1991,
+	pp.151-172].
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+Z-1013
+
+	<computer> A {Z80} {clone} home computer running at 1 MHz.
+	The Z-1013 computer was introduced in 1986 in East Germany.
+	The computer contained a {tape} for storing and loading
+	{programs} and had an unusual {keyboard}.
+
+	(2004-03-24)
+
+Z180
+
+	<processor> An 8-bit microprocessor, code compatible with the
+	{Zilog Z80} and based on a design from {Hitachi} which is in
+	turn based on the Zilog Z80.
+
+	[Manufacturer?]
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+Z3
+
+	<computer> The third computer designed and built by {Konrad
+	Zuse} and the first {digital computer} to successfully run
+	real programs.  The computer was ready in 1941, five years
+	before {ENIAC}.
+
+	Zuse began his work on program-driven calculating machines in
+	1935.  His two predessors of the Z3, the Z1 and Z2, were
+	unsuccessful mechanical calculating machines.  The Z3 was
+	delivered to the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt
+	(German Experimental Department of Aeronautics) in Berlin and
+	was used for deciphering coded messages.  A 1960
+	reconstruction of the Z3 is in the Deutsche Museum in Munich.
+
+	The Z3 used about 2600 relays of the kind used in
+	telecommunications.  Zuse wrote and implemented the language
+	{Plankalkül} on the Z3.  Programs were punched into cinefilm.
+
+	Zuse built some more computers after World War II, including
+	the Z3's successor, the Z4, which was set up at ETH Zurich,
+	Switzerland.
+
+	Of the potential rival claimants to the title of first
+	programmable computer, {Babbage} (UK, c1840) planned but was
+	not able to build a {decimal}, programmable machine.
+	{Atanasoff}'s {ABC}, completed in 1942 was a special purpose
+	calculator, like those of {Pascal} (1640) and {Leibniz}
+	(1670).  Eckert and Mauchly's {ENIAC} (US), as originally
+	released in 1946, was programmable only by manual rewiring or,
+	in 1948, with switches.  None of these machines was freely
+	programmable.  Neither was {Turing} et al.'s {Colossus} (UK,
+	1943-45).  {Aiken}'s {MARK I} (1944) was programmable but
+	still decimal, without separation of storage and control.
+
+	[Features?  Where was it designed?  Contemporaries?]
+
+	{(http://cs.tu-berlin.de/~zuse)}.
+
+	{(http://epemag.com/zuse)}.
+
+	(2003-10-01)
+
+Z39.50
+
+	{ANSI Z39.50}
+
+Z8
+
+	{Zilog Z8}
+
+Z80
+
+	{Zilog Z80}
+
+Z8000
+
+	{Zilog Z8000}
+
+za
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for South Africa.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+ZAP
+
+	1. <language> A language for expressing program
+	transformations.
+
+	["A System for Assisting Program Transformation",
+	M.S. Feather, ACM TOPLAS 4(1):1-20, Jan 1982].
+
+	2. {Zero and Add Packed}.
+
+	(2001-03-25)
+
+zap
+
+	<jargon> 1. To modify, usually to correct; especially used
+	when the action is performed with a debugger or binary
+	patching tool.  Also implies surgical precision.  "Zap the
+	debug level to 6 and run it again."
+
+	In the {IBM} {mainframe} world, binary patches are applied to
+	programs or to the {operating system} with a program called
+	"{superzap}", whose file name is "IMASPZAP" (possibly
+	contrived from I M A SuPerZAP).
+
+	See also {Zero and Add Packed}.
+
+	2. To {fry} a chip with static electricity.  "Uh oh - I think
+	that lightning strike may have zapped the disk controller."
+
+	(1998-07-08)
+
+ZAPP
+
+	Zero Assignment Parallel Processor.  A virtual tree machine
+	architecture in which a process tree is dynamically mapped
+	onto a fixed, strongly connected network of processors
+	communicating by message passing.  The basic operation of each
+	node is to apply a divide and conquer function which takes
+	four arguments: (1) a function 'primitive' which takes a
+	problem description (PD) and returns true if it can be solved
+	without division, (2) a function 'solve' which takes a
+	primitive PD and returns its solution, (3) a function 'divide'
+	which takes a PD and returns a list of PDs of smaller problems
+	and (4) a function 'combine' which returns the solution to a
+	problem by combining a list of solutions of subproblems.
+
+	Each node has a copy of the code and one is given the initial
+	problem description.  Task distribution is by process stealing
+	in which a process constructs a descriptor for each subtask
+	and idle (lightly loaded) processors can steal a descriptor
+	from a physically connected neighbour.
+
+Z-buffer
+
+	<graphics> An {array} used to store the maximum Z {coordinate}
+	of any feature plotted at a given (X, Y) location on the
+	screen, used for {hidden line removal} in a 2D rendering of a
+	3D scene.  The Z axis is perpendicular to the screen with
+	values increasing toward the viewer so that any point whose Z
+	coordinate is less than the corresponding Z-buffer value will
+	be hidden behind some feature which has already been plotted.
+
+	(1997-07-18)
+
+ZEBRA
+
+	A data management package in the {CERN Program Library}.
+
+Zed
+
+	1978.  Software Portability Group, U Waterloo.  {Eh}, with
+	types added.  Similar to {C}.  Implementation language for the
+	{Thoth} realtime operating system.  Added a few simple types
+	for greater efficiency on byte-addressed machines.  String
+	constants in case statements.  Enforces the naming convention:
+	MANIFESTS, Externals and locals.  "Porting the Zed Compiler",
+	G.B. Bonkowski et al, SIGPLAN Notices 14(8):92-97 (Aug 1979).
+
+Zen
+
+	[Kehoe, B., "Zen and the Art of the Internet", February 1992.]
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+zen
+
+	<jargon> To figure out something by meditation or by a sudden
+	flash of enlightenment.  Originally applied to {bugs}, but
+	occasionally applied to problems of life in general.  "How'd
+	you figure out the buffer allocation problem?"  "Oh, I zenned
+	it."
+
+	Contrast {grok}, which connotes a time-extended version of
+	zenning a system.  Compare {hack mode}.  See also {guru}.
+
+	(1996-09-17)
+
+ZENO
+
+	U Rochester 1978.  Euclid with asynchronous message-passing.
+	"Preliminary ZENO Language Description", J.E. Ball et al,
+	SIGPLAN Notices 14(9):17-34 (Sep 1979).
+
+zepto
+
+	{prefix}
+
+Zermelo Fränkel set theory
+
+	<mathematics> A {set theory} with the {axioms} of {Zermelo set
+	theory} (Extensionality, Union, Pair-set, Foundation,
+	Restriction, Infinity, Power-set) plus the Replacement {axiom
+	schema}:
+
+	If F(x,y) is a {formula} such that for any x, there is a
+	unique y making F true, and X is a set, then
+
+		{F x : x in X}
+
+	is a set.  In other words, if you do something to each element
+	of a set, the result is a set.
+
+	An important but controversial {axiom} which is NOT part of ZF
+	theory is the {Axiom of Choice}.
+
+	(1995-04-10)
+
+Zermelo set theory
+
+	<mathematics> A {set theory} with the following set of
+	{axioms}:
+
+	Extensionality: two sets are equal if and only if they have
+	the same elements.
+
+	Union: If U is a set, so is the union of all its elements.
+
+	Pair-set: If a and b are sets, so is
+
+		{a, b}.
+
+	Foundation: Every set contains a set disjoint from itself.
+
+	Comprehension (or Restriction): If P is a {formula} with one
+	{free variable} and X a set then
+
+		{x: x is in X and P(x)}.
+
+	is a set.
+
+	Infinity: There exists an {infinite set}.
+
+	Power-set: If X is a set, so is its {power set}.
+
+	Zermelo set theory avoids {Russell's paradox} by excluding
+	sets of elements with arbitrary properties - the Comprehension
+	axiom only allows a property to be used to select elements of
+	an existing set.
+
+	{Zermelo Fränkel set theory} adds the Replacement axiom.
+
+	[Other axioms?]
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+ZERO
+
+	<language> An {object oriented} extension of {Z}.
+
+	["Object Orientation in Z", S. Stepney et al eds, Springer
+	1992].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-03-30)
+
+zero
+
+	1. <character> 0, {ASCI} character 48.  Numeric zero, as
+	opposed to the letter "O" (the 15th letter of the English
+	alphabet).  In their unmodified forms they look a lot alike,
+	and various {kluges} invented to make them visually distinct
+	have compounded the confusion.
+
+	If your zero is centre-dotted and letter-O is not, or if
+	letter-O looks almost rectangular but zero looks more like an
+	American football stood on end (or the reverse), you're
+	probably looking at a modern character display (though the
+	dotted zero seems to have originated as an option on {IBM
+	3270} controllers).  If your zero is slashed but letter-O is
+	not, you're probably looking at an old-style {ASCII} graphic
+	set descended from the default typewheel on the venerable
+	{ASR-33} {Teletype} (Scandinavians, for whom slashed-O is a
+	letter, curse this arrangement).
+
+	If letter-O has a slash across it and the zero does not, your
+	display is tuned for a very old convention used at {IBM} and a
+	few other early mainframe makers (Scandinavians curse *this*
+	arrangement even more, because it means two of their letters
+	collide).  Some {Burroughs}/{Unisys} equipment displays a zero
+	with a *reversed* slash.  And yet another convention common on
+	early {line printers} left zero unornamented but added a tail
+	or hook to the letter-O so that it resembled an inverted Q or
+	cursive capital letter-O.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1995-01-24)
+
+	2. To set to zero.  Usually said of small pieces of data, such
+	as bits or words (especially in the construction "zero out").
+
+	3. To erase; to discard all data from.  Said of disks and
+	directories, where "zeroing" need not involve actually writing
+	zeroes throughout the area being zeroed.  One may speak of
+	something being "logically zeroed" rather than being
+	"physically zeroed".
+
+	See {scribble}.
+
+	(1999-02-07)
+
+Zero and Add Packed
+
+	<language> (ZAP) An {IBM 360}/370 {assembly language}
+	instruction used when performing {packed arithmatic} to
+	initialise an {accumulator}.
+
+	(2001-03-25)
+
+zero assignment
+
+	<programming> A property of a {programming language} in which
+	there are no {variables} but only {functions}.
+
+	See also {single assignment}.
+
+	(2003-12-22)
+
+zero-content
+
+	{content-free}
+
+Zero Insertion Force
+
+	<hardware> (ZIF) A kind of socket for {integrated circuits}.
+	A ZIF socket can be opened and closed by means of a lever or
+	screw.  When open, there the chip may be placed in the socket
+	without any pressure at all, the socket is then closed,
+	causing its contacts to grip the pins of the chip.  Such
+	sockets are used where chips must be inserted and removed
+	frequently, such as in test equipment.  They are more
+	expensive and usually take up more space than conventional IC
+	sockets.
+
+	(1994-12-05)
+
+zeroth
+
+	<jargon> First.
+
+	Since zero is the lowest value of an {unsigned} {integer},
+	which is one of the most fundamental types in programming and
+	{hardware} design, it is often natural to count from zero
+	rather than one, especially when the integer is actually an
+	{index} or {offset}, as used when addressing {hardware} and
+	{arrays}.
+
+	Hackers, computer scientists and pure mathematicians often
+	like to call the first chapter of a publication "Chapter 0",
+	especially if it is of an introductory nature (one of the
+	classic instances was in the First Edition of {K&R}).
+
+	Zero-based numbering tends to reduce {fencepost errors},
+	though it cannot eliminate them entirely.
+
+	Logically, the next item after the zeroth should be the
+	"oneth" but this is never used.
+
+	[Dijkstra, "Why Numbering Should Start at Zero"
+	{(http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD08xx/EWD831.html)}].
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(2010-02-28)
+
+ZEST
+
+	An {object-oriented} extension of {Z}.
+
+	["Object Orientation in Z", S. Stepney et al eds, Springer
+	1992].
+
+ZetaLisp
+
+	<language> The {Maclisp} dialect used on the {LISP Machine}.
+	The many extensions to Maclisp include {vectors}, {closures},
+	{flavors}, {stack groups}, {locatives}, and {invisible
+	pointers}.  Currently supported by {Lisp Machines, Inc.} and
+	{Symbolics}.
+
+	["LISP Machine Manual", D. Weinreb and D. Moon, MIT AI Lab,
+	1981].
+
+	(1997-03-18)
+
+zetta-
+
+	{prefix}
+
+zettabyte
+
+	<unit, data> (ZB) A unit of {data} equal to 10^21 {bytes} but see
+	{binary prefix} for other definitions.  A zetabyte is 1000^7 bytes
+	or 1000 {exabytes}.
+
+	1000 zettabytes are one {yottabyte}.
+
+	See {prefix}.
+
+	(2013-11-04)
+
+Zeus
+
+	{Berkeley Yacc}
+
+ZFC
+
+	<mathematics> {Zermelo Fränkel set theory} plus the {Axiom of
+	Choice}.  A favourite {axiomatisation} of {set theory}.
+
+	(1995-03-29)
+
+ZF expression
+
+	<programming> (After {Zermelo Fränkel set theory}).  {David
+	Turner}'s name for {list comprehension}.
+
+	(1995-03-27)
+
+ZIF
+
+	{Zero Insertion Force}
+
+zigamorph
+
+	/zig'*-morf/ 1. {Hex} FF (11111111) when used as a {delimiter}
+	or {fence} character.  Usage: primarily at {IBM} shops.
+
+	2. [proposed] The {Unicode} non-character +UFFFF
+	(1111111111111111), a character code which is not assigned to
+	any character, and so is usable as end-of-string.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+ZIL
+
+	<games> Zork Implementation Language.  Language used by
+	{Infocom}'s Interactive Fiction adventure games.  Interpreted
+	by the {zmachine}, for {Unix} and {Amiga}.
+
+	{(ftp://plains.nodak.edu/Minix/st.contrib.Infocom.tar.Z)}.
+
+Zilog
+
+	<company> The {microprocessor} manufacturer who produced the
+	{Zilog Z80} in July 1976 (as used by {Sinclair} in the
+	{ZX-80}, {ZX-81} and {ZX Spectrum} computers) and later the
+	{Zilog Z8000}.
+
+	Zilog was founded in 1974 and became a wholly owned subsidiary
+	of Exxon Corp. by 1980.  The company's management and
+	employees purchased Zilog back from Exxon in 1989.  Zilog
+	became a publicly-held company in February, 1991.  In March of
+	1998, Zilog was privatised, as a result of the merger and
+	recapitalisation transaction by Texas Pacific Group (TPG).
+
+	Zilog now produce a range of 8-bit {microcontrollers}, 8-, 16-
+	and 32-bit {microprocessors}, and {digital signal processors},
+	covering the home entertainment, communications, and {embedded
+	systems} markets.
+
+	{(http://zilog.com/)}.
+
+	Address: 910 East Hamilton Avenue, Suite 110, Campbell,
+	CA 95008, USA.
+
+	(1998-09-14)
+
+Zilog Z280
+
+	An enhanced version of the {Zilog Z80} with a 16 bit
+	architecture, introduced in July, 1987.  It added an {MMU} to
+	expand addressing to 16Mb, features for {multitasking}, a 256
+	byte {cache}, and a huge number of new {op codes} (giving a
+	total of over 2000!).  Its internal clock runs at 2 or 4 times
+	the external clock (e.g. a 16MHz CPU with a 4MHz bus).
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+Zilog Z8
+
+	<processor> A family of {microcontrollers} from {Zilog} with
+	on-chip {RAM} and {ROM}.  The Z8 is not related to the {Zilog
+	Z80}, it uses a totally different architecture and
+	{instruction set}.
+
+	Competitors include the {Motorola 6805}/68HC05 family or the
+	{Intel 8051}-family (or i51-family or MCS51-family - there is
+	no standard family name).
+
+	(1995-04-22)
+
+Zilog Z80
+
+	<processor> An 8-bit {microprocessor}.  It was released in
+	July 1976 with a 2.5 MHz {clock rate}.  The Z80 was a much
+	improved {Intel 8080} (as was the {Intel 8085}).  It also used
+	8-bit data and 16-bit addressing, and could execute all of the
+	{8080} {op codes} as well as 80 new ones, instructions that
+	included 1, 4, 8 and 16-bit operations and even block move and
+	block I/O instructions.  The {register set} was doubled, with
+	two banks of registers (including A and F) that could be
+	switched between.  This allowed fast {operating system} or
+	{interrupt} {context switch}es.  It features 3 types of
+	interrupt mode.
+
+	The Z80 also added two {index registers} (IX and IY) and
+	relocatable {vectored interrupts} (via the 8-bit IV register).
+	Like many processors (including the {8085}), the Z80 featured
+	many undocumented op codes.  Chip area near the edge was used
+	for added instructions, but fabrication made the failure of
+	these high.  Instructions that often failed were just not
+	documented, increasing chip yield.  Later fabrication made
+	these more reliable.
+
+	The thing that really made the Z80 popular was the memory
+	interface - the CPU generated it's own {RAM} {refresh}
+	signals, which meant easier design and lower system cost.
+	That and its {8080} compatibility and {CP/M}, the first
+	standard {microprocessor} {operating system}, made it the
+	first choice of many systems.
+
+	In addition to the original Z80 (2.5 MHz) there are the {Zilog
+	Z80A} (4 MHz), {Zilog Z80B} (6MHz) and {Zilog Z80H} (8 MHz)
+	versions.  The popular {Hitachi HD64180} processor family adds
+	peripherals and an {MMU} to the Z80.
+
+	The {Zilog Z280} was an enhanced version with an {MMU} and
+	many new {op codes}.
+
+	The Z80 was used in the first {Nintendo} {Game Boy}.  A
+	{Sharp} Z80 work-alike was used in the {GameBoy Color},
+	running at 4 MHz for GameBoy software or at 8 MHz for Game Boy
+	Color software.  The Z80 was used in the {Sega Master System}
+	and the {Game Gear}.  It was also used in the {Sega Genesis}
+	for hardware reverse compatibility with the Sega Master System
+	through a special cartridge.
+
+	{Gaby Chaudry site (http://gaby.de/z80/)}.
+
+	(2004-06-10)
+
+Zilog Z8000
+
+	<processor> A {microprocessor} from {Zilog} introduced not
+	long after the {Intel 8086}, but with superior features.  It
+	was basically a 16-bit processor, but could address up to 23
+	bits in some versions by using {segment registers} (to supply
+	the upper 7 bits).  There was also an unsegmented version, but
+	both could be extended further with an additional {MMU} that
+	used 64 {segment registers}.
+
+	Internally, the Z8000 had sixteen 16-bit {registers}, but
+	register size and use were exceedingly flexible.  The Z-8000
+	registers could be used as sixteen 8-bit registers (only the
+	first half were used like this), sixteen 16-bit registers,
+	eight 32-bit registers, or four 64-bit registers, and included
+	32-bit multiply and divide.  They were all general purpose
+	registers - the {stack pointer} was typically register 15,
+	with register 14 holding the stack segment (both accessed as
+	one 32-bit register for painless address calculations).
+
+	The Z8000 featured two modes, one for the {operating system}
+	and one for user programs.  The user mode prevented the user
+	from messing about with {interrupt} handling and other
+	potentially dangerous stuff.
+
+	Finally, like the {Zilog Z80}, the Z8000 featured automatic
+	{DRAM refresh} circuitry.  Unfortunately it was somewhat slow,
+	but the features generally made up for that.  Initial {bugs}
+	also hindered its acceptance (partly because it did not use
+	{microcode}).  There was a radiation resistant military
+	version.
+
+	There was a later 32-bit, {pipelined} version, the {Zilog
+	Z80000}.
+
+	(1997-12-16)
+
+Zilog Z80000
+
+	<processor> A later version of the {Zilog Z8000}, expanded to
+	32 bits internally and with a 6-stage {pipeline}.
+
+	(1997-12-16)
+
+Zilog Z80A
+
+	<processor> A version of the {Zilog Z80} {microprocessor} with
+	a 4 MHz {clock rate}.
+
+	(1995-04-24)
+
+zip
+
+	1. <tool, compression, file format> To create a compressed
+	{archive} (a "zip file") from one or more files using
+	{PKWare}'s {PKZIP} or a compatible {archiver}.  Its use is
+	spreading from {MS-DOS} now that portable implementations of
+	the {algorithm} have been written.
+
+	zip is also the name of a {Unix} archiving utility compatible
+	with {PKZIP}.  {unzip} is the corresponding de-archiver.
+
+	See also {gzip}, {tar and feather}.
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+	2. <storage> {Zip Drive}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	3. <functional programming> {zip function}.
+
+Zipcode
+
+	<language> A parallel language at {Lawrence Livermore}(?).
+
+	(1996-08-26)
+
+Zip disc
+
+	{Zip drive}
+
+Zip disk
+
+	{Zip drive}
+
+Zip Drive
+
+	<hardware, storage> A {disk drive} from {Iomega Corporation}
+	which takes removable {hard disks} storig 100 to 750
+	{megabytes}.  Both internal and external drives are
+	manufactured, making the drive suitable for {backup}, mass
+	storage or for moving files between computers.  Software is
+	included to help with file organisation.  The internal {SCSI}
+	model offers up to 60 MB / minute transfer rate.
+
+	The Zip drive was awarded {Byte}'s Readers' {Hardware Choice
+	Award 1996 (http://byte.com/art/9607/sec11/art1.htm)}.  It was
+	superceded by the {Jaz} drive which takes one {gigbyte} disks.
+
+	(2008-01-21)
+
+zip file
+
+	{zip}
+
+zip function
+
+	<functional programming> A {function} that takes two lists and
+	returns a list of pairs.  The idea can easily be extended to
+	take N lists and return a list of N-{tuples}.
+
+	(2008-03-29)
+
+zipped
+
+	{zip}
+
+zipped file
+
+	{zip}
+
+zipperhead
+
+	<abuse> An {IBM} term for a person with a closed mind.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+zm
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Zambia.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+ZMODEM
+
+	<protocol> A file transfer protocol with error checking and
+	crash recovery.  Developed by Chuck Forsberg.  Its transfer
+	rate is similar to {YMODEM-g}.  Like YMODEM-g, ZMODEM does not
+	wait for positive acknowledgement after each block is sent,
+	but rather sends blocks in rapid succession.  If a ZMODEM
+	transfer is cancelled or interrupted for any reason, the
+	transfer can be resurrected later and the previously
+	transferred information need not be resent.
+
+	{FTP Oakland
+	(ftp://oak.oakland.edu/pub/simtelnet/msdos/zmodem/)}, {FTP PDX
+	(ftp://ftp.cs.pdx.edu/pub/zmodem/)}.
+
+	Telephone: +1 900 737 7836.
+
+	(1996-07-02)
+
+ZOG
+
+	<hypertext> A high-performance {hypertext} system developed at
+	{Carnegie-Mellon University}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+ZOLA Technologies
+
+	<company> Producers of the {Z} {simulation} language.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+zombie
+
+	1. <operating system> {zombie process}.
+
+	2. <chat> A {ghost}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-10-08)
+
+zombie process
+
+	<operating system> (Or "defunct process") A {Unix} {process}
+	that has terminated (either because it has been killed by a
+	{signal} or because it has called {exit}()) and whose {parent
+	process} has not yet received notification of its termination
+	by executing (some form of) the {wait}() {system call}.
+
+	A zombie process exists solely as a {process table} entry and
+	consumes no other resources.  This entry is retained to hold
+	the child's exit status until the parent process wants to
+	retrieve it.  The parent can also be notified asynchronously
+	via a signal of the child's termination.
+
+	Zombie processes can be seen in "ps" listings occasionally
+	(with a status "Z" in some versions).
+
+	Compare {orphan process}.
+
+	(1997-10-08)
+
+zone
+
+	A logical group of {network} devices on {AppleTalk}.
+
+	(1994-11-30)
+
+Zoo
+
+	{Berkeley Yacc}
+
+zoo
+
+	<tool, file format> A data {compression} program and format by
+	Rahul Dhesi.  Zoo is reported to use the same {Lempel Ziv}
+	algorithm as {LHA}.  It is available for many {platforms} and
+	{source} is available.  .zoo archives are handled by many
+	other PC archiving programs.
+
+	Version 2.10 was released in 1989.  Search the web for zoo210
+	to obtain an executable.
+
+	{Description (http://sources.isc.org/archiver/zoo2.txt)}.
+
+	(2000-07-05)
+
+zoom
+
+	<graphics> To show a smaller area of an {image} at a higher
+	magnification ("zoom in") or a larger area at a lower
+	magnification ("zoom out"), as though using a zoom lense on a
+	camera.
+
+	Unlike in an optical system, zooming in on a computer {image}
+	does not necessarily increase the amount of detail displayed
+	since this is limited by what is actually stored in the image.
+	Similarly, you cannot zoom out beyond the full size of the
+	image.
+
+	(1997-10-24)
+
+Zoomer
+
+	<computer> A {PDA} from {Casio}, based on the {GEOS}
+	{microkernel} {operating system}.
+
+	{(http://biostat.washington.edu/zoomer.html)}.
+	{(http://eit.com/mailinglists/zoomer/resources.html)}.
+
+	{Usenet} newsgroup: {news:comp.sys.pen},
+	{news:comp.sys.handhelds}, {news:comp.sys.palmtops}.
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+ZOPL
+
+	<language> A {block structured}, untyped low-level language
+	used on computers manufactured by {Geac}.
+
+	[Dates?  Reference?  Stands for?]
+
+	(2002-02-24)
+
+zorch
+
+	/zorch/ 1. [TMRC] To attack with an inverse heat sink.
+
+	2. [TMRC] To travel with velocity approaching lightspeed.
+
+	3. [MIT] To propel something very quickly.  "The new comm
+	software is very fast; it really zorches files through the
+	network."
+
+	4. [MIT] Influence.  Brownie points.  Good karma.  The
+	intangible and fuzzy currency in which favours are measured.
+	"I'd rather not ask him for that just yet; I think I've used
+	up my quota of zorch with him for the week."
+
+	5. [MIT] Energy, drive, or ability.  "I think I'll {punt} that
+	change for now; I've been up for 30 hours and I've run out of
+	zorch."
+
+	6. [MIT] To flunk an exam or course.
+
+	7. Computing power.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1997-07-09)
+
+Zork
+
+	<games> /zork/ The second of the great early experiments in
+	computer fantasy gaming; see {ADVENT}.  Zork was originally
+	written on {MIT-DM} during the late 1970s, later distributed
+	with {BSD Unix} as a patched, sourceless {RT-11} {Fortran}
+	binary (see {retrocomputing}) and commercialised as "The Zork
+	Trilogy" by {Infocom}.  The Fortran source was later rewritten
+	for portability and released to {Usenet} under the name
+	"Dungeon".
+
+	Both Fortran "Dungeon" and translated {C} versions are
+	available from many {FTP archives}.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-09-21)
+
+zorkmid
+
+	<games> /zork'mid/ The canonical unit of currency in
+	hacker-written games.  This originated in {Zork} but has
+	spread to {nethack} and is referred to in several other games.
+
+	[{Jargon File}]
+
+	(1998-09-21)
+
+z/OS
+
+	<operating system> An {operating system} from {IBM}.
+	According to IBM, it is a secure, scalable, high-performance
+	enterprise operating system on which to build and deploy
+	Internet and {Java}-enabled applications, providing a
+	comprehensive and diverse application execution environment.
+
+	{(http://ibm.com/servers/eserver/zseries/zos/)}.
+
+	(2008-01-22)
+
+zr
+
+	<networking> The old {country code} for Zaire.
+
+	"{cd}" is now used instead, since Zaire changed its name to
+	the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+zsh
+
+	{Z shell}
+
+Z shell
+
+	(zsh) 1. {sh} with list processing and {database}
+	enhancements.
+
+	Version 2.1.o (before 1995-10-30).
+
+	{(ftp://cs.ucsd.edu/pub/zsh/zsh2.1.0.tar.Z)}.
+
+	2. A {Unix} command interpreter {shell} by Paul Falstad
+	<pf@ttisms.com> some time before 1993-03-23.  It is similar
+	to, but not completely compatible with, {ksh}, with many
+	additions to please {csh} users and some {tcsh} features.  zsh
+	supports editing of multi-line commands in a single buffer;
+	variable editing; a command buffer stack; {recursive}
+	{glob}bing; manipulation of {arrays}; and spelling correction.
+
+	zsh uses {GNU} {autoconf} so should compile and run on any
+	modern version of UNIX, and many not-so-modern.
+
+	Latest version: 4.0.6, as of 2002-10-02.
+
+	{zsh home (http://zsh.org/)}.
+
+	(1995-10-31)
+
+ZUG
+
+	A low-level {Awk}(?) from {Geac}.
+
+	(1995-01-23)
+
+Zulu time
+
+	{Coordinated Universal Time}
+
+ZUSE
+
+	<language> An LL(1) {parser generator} by Arthur Pyster of the
+	{University of California at Santa Barbara}.  ZUSE requires
+	{Pascal}.
+
+	(1986-09-23)
+
+Zuse
+
+	<language> (After {Konrad Zuse}) A descendant of {Ada},
+	{Modula-2}, {Mesa} and {Oberon-1}, described by Christian
+	Collberg <collberg@dna.lth.se> in his PhD thesis 1991.
+
+	Zuse supports several levels of information hiding.  The Zuse
+	type system includes fully hidden types (similar to {Modula-2}
+	{opaque types} but without any implementation restriction),
+	semi-open pointer types (same as {Modula-2} {opaque types}),
+	extensible {record types} (similar to {Oberon-1} public
+	projection types but without the compiler hint), {enumeration}
+	types, extensible enumeration types, and extensible {subrange
+	types}.
+
+	A type can also be protected by specifying the operations that
+	particular modules may perform (similar to {C++} {friend
+	classes} and {Ada} {private types}).  Zuse also includes
+	hidden and extensible constants and hidden inline procedures.
+	In order to support the higher levels of information hiding
+	the implementation employs partial intermediate code linking.
+
+	A version for {Sun-3} is available.
+
+	(1999-02-18)
+
+Zuse, Konrad
+
+	{Konrad Zuse}
+
+zw
+
+	<networking> The {country code} for Zimbabwe.
+
+	(1999-01-27)
+
+ZX-80
+
+	<computer> {Sinclair}'s cheap {personal computer} with
+	built-in {BASIC}, launched at the end of January 1980 at a
+	computer fair in Wembley, UK.  The processor was an {NEC
+	780-C} running at 3.25 MHz.  It had 1KB of {RAM}, externally
+	expandable to 16KB, and 4KB of ROM.  It had RF video output to
+	a TV, displaying 24 lines by 32 characters of monochrome text.
+	An audio cassette recorder was used to save programs.
+
+	The ZX-80 was sold in kit form for £79.95 or ready-built for
+	£99.95.  It was used by many UK hobbyists as a means of learning
+	the basics of computing.  Some remember the 1KB ZX-80 for the
+	claim in its advertising that you could control a nuclear power
+	station with it.
+
+	The ZX-80 was succeeded by the {ZX-81}.
+
+	{(http://home.t-online.de/home/p.liebert/zx80_eng.htm)}.
+
+	{Planet Sinclair (http://nvg.ntnu.no/sinclair/)}.
+
+	{The Sinclair Story
+	(http://sincuser.f9.co.uk/046/sstory.htm)}.
+
+	(2002-08-30)
+
+ZX-81
+
+	<computer> An even more successful version of the {Sinclair}
+	{ZX-80}, featuring a large {uncommitted logic array} instead
+	of much discrete logic, an improved {BASIC}, and rather more
+	expandability (it could take 16kb {RAM} packs).  It was
+	launched around 1981 and was eventually replaced by the
+	{Spectrum}.
+
+	(1995-11-04)
+
+zxnrbl
+
+	<jargon> /sner'b*l/ Incorrect data introduced by transmission
+	errors; any corrupted or uninterpretable data.
+
+	The word originated in a 1978 advertisement for a
+	Mockingboard, which "makes frogs croak, princesses shriek, and
+	martians zxnrbl."
+
+	"It's not misspelled on the original page.  The Internet must
+	have zxnrbled it on the way to you."
+
+	(1997-03-16)
+
+ZX Spectrum
+
+	<computer> {Sinclair}'s first personal computer with a colour
+	display.  The Spectrum used the {Zilog Z80} processor like its
+	predecessors the {ZX-80} and {ZX-81}.  It was originally
+	available in 16k and 48k versions using cassette tape and
+	later grew to 128k and sprouted {floppy disks}.  It had a
+	wider and more solid case and a marginally better "dead flesh"
+	keyboard.  Unlike the earlier models, it didn't require the
+	presence of a cold carton of milk to prevent it overheating.
+	It was possibly the most popular home computer in the UK for
+	many years.
+
+	The {TK-90X} was a clone.
+
+	(1995-11-04)
+
+Zynet Ltd.
+
+	<company> A UK {Internet service provider} offering full
+	{Internet Protocol} connection by any reasonable means for any
+	number of computers from individual {dial-ups} to {leased
+	line} connections to entire networks.
+
+	Zynet is a sister company of {Minerva Software} and thus claim
+	a better than average understanding of the needs and
+	idiosyncracies of {Acorn} systems and will be offering special
+	services for education.
+
+	{(http://zynet.co.uk/)}.
+
+	E-mail: <zynet@zynet.co.uk>.
+
+	Telephone: +44 (1392) 426 160.  Fax: +44 (1392) 421 762.
+
+	Address: Minerva House, Baring Crescent, Exeter EX1 1TL, UK.
+
+	(1995-01-31)
+
+ZyXEL
+
+	A {modem} manufacturer.
+
+	{(ftp://ftp.zyxel.com/pub/other/zyxel)}.
+
+	E-mail: <tech@zyxel.com>, <sales@zyxel.com>.
+
+	Telephone: +1 800-255-4101 (Sales), +1 714-693-0808 (tech), +1
+	714-693-0762 (BBS), +1 714-693-8811 (fax).
+
+	Address: 4920 E. La Palma, Anaheim, CA 92807, USA.
+
+	(1994-10-31)
+
+|
+
+	{vertical bar}
+
+~
+
+	{tilde}
+
+£
+
+	{pound sign}